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EDITORIAL
QUARK
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ARGENTINA Admi Ad mini" ni"#!a #!aci)n ci)n & Nego Negocio" cio" T## T# #1a 1a C. Jaa Jaa (G3 Q3a) S#aff L'*'aa T##1a Va**#, Ma'#*a Va**#, D'#% Va**# Si"#e Si" #ema" ma":: Pa3*a Pa3*a Ma'a Ma'aa a V'"a* V'"a* Red & Com$ Com$#a #ado do!a" !a":: Ra>* R+# R+# Video & Animacione": Animacione": F#a" F#9"#8 Lega Le gale" le":: F#a F#a" " F*#1 F*#1 Con#a Con #ad$ d$!(a !(a:: F#a F#a" " D3!a!& D3!a!& T'cnica & De"a!!ollo de P!o#o#io": P!o#o#io": A*$#" A+a" F*#1 M'%ico Admini" Admi ni"#!a #!aci)n ci)n & Nego Negocio" cio" Pa'!'a R'4# R'4#, Ma%a'a R'4# R'4# S#aff I%. I1+a#* C#4a#1 "# A"a, I%. L3'1 A*# Ca1 R#%a*a", V'! Ra+= R'4# R'4#, G#%'a R'4# R'4#, J1 L3'1 Pa#"#1 F*#1 A#enci)n al Clien#e A#enci)n Clien#e A*# a a" " Va**# Va**# a#!*'# a# !*'#@5# @5## #*#! *#! ' '!a !a.! .!+.a +.a Di!ec#o! del Cl$b SE: *3'1*#%3'8a+@5##*#! *3'1*#%3'8a+@5## *#! ' '!a !a.! .!+.a +.a G!$o Q$a!k SRL Sa R'!a" 2072 - Ca' Ca 'a* a* F#"# F#"#a* a* 555.5# 555 .5## #*#! *#! ' '!a !a.! .!+.a +.a 555.5# 555 .5## #*#! *#! ' '!a !a.! .!+.+6 +.+6 555.5# 555 .5## #*#! *#! ' '!a !a.! .!+.4# +.4# G03 Q3a0) SRL 7 Sa#0 E*#!20='!a 1# 0#1 0#1 1a 1a' '*'*'8a 8a 0 #* !2# ! 2#' '" " "# *a1 2a1 2a1 $'0+a $'0+a"a1. "a1. T"1 T"1 *1 0"3! 0"3!21 21 +a0!a1 +a0!a1 3# 1# +#!' +# !'a a 1 a *1 #$#!21 #$#! 21 "# 0#12a0 0#12a0 3 1#04' 1#04'!' !' a* *#!20, *#!20, 7 ##20a
Bien, amigos amigos de Saber Sa ber Electró Elec tróni nica, ca, nos encon en con- - tramos tra mos nueva nuevamen mente te en las pági pá ginas nas de nuestra nues tra revis re vis- - ta predi pre dilec lecta ta para para compar compartir tir las nove no veda dades des del mun- mun - do de la electró elec tróni nica. ca. N* cab) dda 'a 'c/:)$ca /a(b$)
¡Hasta el mes próximo!
Ing. Hora Horacio cio D. Valle Valle jo
EDITORIAL
QUARK
A%o 25 - N' 287 ago!o 2014 2014
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Sistemas de Audio
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Sistemas de Audio
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Proyectos Electrónicos
P%ec# Ca$. Fed. Y GBA: $13,60 $13,60
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Cámaras Digitales e%/*%' Q0& srl, sb! i/!c%*' s.a. ! C.V., !' C'0b se 3 ' r!%/ sb! e'!c/7%c +!!/ !/! 0!* +*0c/* 0'/%!%. C** '!c/* ! sb! e'!c/7%c +0!! !c# !/! Cd !! 0!/ +#% !b, #b ' %#! ! 0 %c* %#! 3 !'% !' c0* 0! ! +*+*!. p !'% ' !c# /%!! 0! /!! !/ !%/ ' 'cc! ! 0 *, * 0! ! '! $ +!#0/ *b! 0 c*/!%*. p !'% ' !c#, 3 ' %/%*: .!b!'!c/*%c.c*., $# c'%c ! !' 6c** +* ! %#!! ' c'! 8Cd-14259. d!b! %#! 0 %!cc%7 ! c*!* !'!c/7%c* 3, % 3 !/ !#%/*, ! %!%/* +* !'% ' !c# %#0%!* ' %/0cc%*! 0! ! %%0!. s% * !/ !#%/*, ! '! !% 0 c%'' ! c*!* ' %!cc%7 ! !c# (!#%/! ! !b!'!c/*%c ! #/0%/* 3 /** '* *c%* +*!! b!!"%c%*). Como odos sabemos, !na c'mara digial es !n disposii"o elecr+nico !ili&ado con el mismo fin q!e !na c'mara foogr'fica o filmadora pero con raamieno % almacenamieno digial de la imagen q!e cap!ra. Miden la resol!ci+n de imagen en megapi$eles, !na de las medidas !ili&ada para "alorar !na c'mara digial. Las c'maras digiales s!elen !ili&ar arjeas de memoria para almacenar las im'genes, "ideos % sonidos q!e cap!ra. Alg!nas c'maras, especialmene las de "ideo, !ili&an discos d!ros %/o discos +picos para el almacenamieno. En el CD q!e acompa*a a esa edici+n, en diferenes secciones, e$plicamos q! es !na c'mara digial, c+mo se compone la pare f)sica de dicha c'mara, por q! el cnico debe ener conocimienos b'sicos de foograf)a para poder darle ser"icio cnico a !na c'mara digial, q! es % c+mo se compone !n sensor elecr+nico de imagen % c!'les son los rminos !s!ales como diafragma, ob!rador, enfoq!e, prof!ndidad de campo, ec. Nos inrod!cimos en el m!ndo digial, % desarrollamos !na serie de noas q!e e$plican c+mo se reali&a el ser "icio cnico a !na c'mara digial (desarme, inspecci+n, reparaci+n, aj!se por sof#are % monaje). CONTENIDO DEL CD MULTIMEDIA:
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Saber Electrónica Nº 317
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CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Teoría CARRERA: T ÉCNICO SUPERIOR
Preamplificadores E) !/a '!cc%9) $a-!(* -!!-!)c%a a '* %!-!)/! c%-c0%/* 0! ! !)ca-#a) ! "ac*(*a-" 'a !8a' ! a0%* +-*c!!)/! ! 0)a 0!)/! ! !8a' !%)%a, +a-a 0! +0!a !3c%/a- a 0)a !/a+a ! a'%a. CONTROLES DE TONO ! < < < ? << < < < , <. < < , ? K < < N < < K< < < <. *< < VW < K ? ? << ? < K ? , < < < < < < < < <. E < < ? , , << V< <<W J<< < VE GW ? < <
EN ELECTRÓNICA
*. < M< C EM< ", I<, <L< < I<< ? < < EM< #R 295. E C < 6 EA%A < 6 < < K, , EM<. ! ? ? < < < M< 8 < <M<. A 1/0= 3 /L= 7= 1=</< >=@I <@ = 1=<=17;7<= ? = /1@7< 1=;= J1<71= >@7=@ < E1@M<71/. C M< < < K < CD <. E < < ? < CD " M<, ? < I<< ? < <<. < < A<< < "J < K AJ !< < < M< << < < CD VC " EM< < CDW, < 1 < M< #R 1 ( ? < EM< #R 295 K M< 1), < 6 C < CD < M< #R 6. % ? CD << M< < < :
E CD << M< 1 G'AI, < M< #R 295 << . < , << : <@<..
*< < < < ? ? ?< < ? < < < < < < < ? ? K <, < VW < < .
Técnico en Sistemas de Audio
17
CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Lección 4, Etapa 4
< << < ? < < <,
< < < < ? << L < ? < 5H 10H, < < << 6B < <M<. E ? ? ? ? < << < < , << ( 1).
Figura 1
*< < < < ?L < < < <, < < < < . C< < < <<< < , < << <<< M< < < <; <, < M<, < < < M< < (< <
Figura 2
a) C*/-*' Pa%1* b) C*/-*' Ac/%1* ! < < , < < < < L (1 ), < ? < <M< .
CONTROLES DE TONO PASIVOS ! < < << < < << ( << < <M) ?
18
Etapa 4
ETAPA 4: “TÉCNICO EN SISTEMAS DE AUDIO” ? M< < < <<, < < <M < , < < M< < ( 3). E< , ', K < <M< ; <M< <
Teoría
Figura 3
<< << < <M< (< < ? < ) << <M<, < < ?L M<, ? < < < < < < C ? < << <M< ( 4). E< , < <M< '1 C < ? '2 < << <M< . % , '2 = P < ? <
Figura 4
1 = UUUUUUUUUUUU 6,28 C '1X D<: = F-!c0!c%a ! /-a%c%9 ! <$!-/5 = Ca+ac%a ! <"a-a = R!%/!c%a c*!c/aa ! !-%! c* 'a !8a' aa, ! <*$
Figura 5 D < < < ? < M '1X '1 < << < < L. % < << M< , < '2 '1X << . % < <, < < < .
C < <M< << <M< < < < : '1X = 31.800 '2 = 10.600 C = 0,01QF = < <M<; < < ? < . '< : 1 = UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU S 500H 6,28 . 31.800 . 0,01 . 10-6
'2 10.600Z 1 % = UUU = UUUUUUUUU = UUUU Y 12B/ '1 31.800Z 3 C< < < < <M< 12B < < < <M< 500H.
Técnico en Sistemas de Audio
19
CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Lección 4, Etapa 4 Figura 6
E < < < ( ), < < 'C < < L < << , < < < ? < < . % << <<< , < ( 6). E< , '2 = 0, <M< << < < M<: '1 UUUUUU '1 + '
Figura 7
"< ? '2 = P , << <M< < , ? C < L ( 7). E< < J <M< ? <, N< < ? , << M< '2. $ ? < < N< '2. E< , <M< < B < < M: A = 20 UUUUU # < , ;c9* ! +0!! !"!c/0a- 0 a--!#'* +a-a /!!- ! 0 %* c%-c0%/* !' c*/-*' ! #-a1! 4 a#0* % 0! !' *1%%!/* ! 0 c*/-*' a"!c/! 'a -!+0!/a !' */-*?, ;06 1a'*-! !'!#%-!* c** "-!c0!c%a ! /-a%c%9 ! !* "%'/-*? E< < < , ? < << <M< < <M< < << 25B < < 16, : ;06 "-!c0!c%a !'!#%* c** "/? (< <M< < ) 200H K < < <K< << 25B << << < < 3200H. E () < < 200H < < < < ?, < < , ? < < , ? , ? < K < M<. % <, < << < K < 200H. J< ? < < < < 1000H. E , < < << < <M< < <: = < <M< = 200H = < <M< = 1000H E ? ? < < < 100H (/2)
20
Etapa 4
ETAPA 4: “TÉCNICO EN SISTEMAS DE AUDIO” < < < < < < , < <, < < , : = 400 = 500H.
Teoría
Figura 8
C< < < < M< < (< <M< < <) < << < < . E,
Figura 9
*< < < < < K K ? < 10. E< <, < < < < < <M<. E< ?, < <M < M< < < < ( <, < ). A< < <: < ? < << ('4 ? < < C3, C2 ? ). #M ? < < < ? < -- C2 ( 11). E< < < < ? < ? < (C1) < , ? L <. ' < < ?< < ? <M << < K<, < < < ; < Figura 10 << < <<< .
Figura 11
M - <? C1, '5 C4 < '1, C2, '2, C3 '3 << < . < 12 M <
Técnico en Sistemas de Audio
21
CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Lección 4, Etapa 4
< < . E< , < < (0 B) < < <M< < , < ? < L < ? < < < <<< < .
Figura 12
A< < < < N<< < ( 13). < L ? < '2, C3 '5 ? ? < < < M< < . C1, %1, C3 '1 < %2, C4, '3 '4 < < . C< %1 < M< A, < , ? C1 < < VW < < . D ('1/%1), < < C2, < < L. A %1 < M< B < < ? C2 ? < < < ? L < ; , <M L < < < M< < M<.
Figura 13
A<< < , < %2 < M< C3, < ? L < < < J '2 '5. %2 << < M< , < < < C3 K (
REALIMENTACIÓN NEGATIVA C< < <M<, < <M< < ? < < < < M< L , < < ( 14).
F igura 14
E < L <M< < V <M
22
Etapa 4
ETAPA 4: “TÉCNICO EN SISTEMAS DE AUDIO” VG<< W << <. < << < ? << L: < <M<; : < = + ( - UUU ) [ < = - UUUUU [ E < (-) < < <M< <. ! <M< <M< < << . = G . ( - UUUU ) [ !, << /, < < <M<; <, ?: G UUU = UUUUUUUUUU = G<< . G 1 + UUU [ G<< ? G ? [ < M< G/[ < < V1W. G G >> 1, << UUUU >> 1; : [ G UUU = UUUUU = [ G UUUU [ TTTTTT = [ % , << VG<< !W <M< <M< V[W. <M< < J < [, <
Teoría SOBRE LA CUARTA ETAPA: “TÉCNICO EN SISTEMAS DE AUDIO”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
Técnico en Sistemas de Audio
23
CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Lección 4, Etapa 4
! <M< < < << <, < < ? N< << << ( , < < < ) ? G/[ . . E< K<, <M< < < J< < < << ?.
Figura 15
*< K <M< < < < < M< ( 15). < <M< V-W, < L << < . ! << <M< (1/[) < M< < '2 '1,
Figura 16
! < < 16. E< < M< < '3 M< '2 < < '3 (C < VW L <) << << . *< < N< < <M< J < < ( 17). E< < K < ? <M< : ' [ = UUUU '
F igura 17
A?K < L < <M< ? L < < ; < < << < < . < ? < < < : '< = . ' *< <M< ? < K < < , M< '< < < < < < M< < L. % ? < < L J. E< < < < ? < , < < < <: ;$a4 a'#0a "*-a ! -!a'%!/a- 4 !&*-a- c*%!-ab'!!/! 'a ca-ac/!-7/%ca ! 0 c%-c0%/*?
REALIMENTACIÓN MULTIETAPA ! <M< < < < < ? << <M< L, ? < < < ; < , < <<< G, M< G/[ <
24
Etapa 4
ETAPA 4: “TÉCNICO EN SISTEMAS DE AUDIO” E< &1 < < < < ; , ' < ? <M< ?L. A?K '2 < M < L < ? &1. D C < < '3, < L < < <M< < < '4, < ? <M< M< &1 K '3 '4. '1 K < < < < < < < << .
Teoría
Figura 18
% << << L M< << < < ( 19) : ! <M< < &2 &1 ('3) < N<< < << ? C L <. '2 < < <M< < &2 &1, ? '2 << < M<. A?K <M< < < << ? : ' + '2 [ = UUUUUUUUU '
Figura 19
#M ? [ < < < . E< L < < < < VW ? <M<, ? < < < < 180O, <J< <M< < < , . E< L ? M< < ? <<< ; < <M< < <<< < < < J < M .
REALIMENTACIÓN EN CONTROLES DE TONO. SISTEMA BAXENDALL *< < < < < < ? < <M< <. ! < << ? < << M<, ? < < < < J< M< < < < M< J <M< < ( 20). C< < (%1) << < M< <, C2, '1 %1 <<< < C3, '2 %1 < <M< M< < <<< V<<W () < << < ; < < ? . C< << < M< A, C2 ? < L < < J '1, '3, '4 C6; <M< < & J C5, '2 C3; <M< < < < < C3 B, C3 <M< < < ? L < J C2 < << < - <M< < << < <, , -
Técnico en Sistemas de Audio
25
CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Lección 4, Etapa 4 Figura 20
< <M< < <. E < < < , ? << < M< < < < <M<.
Figura 21
C< <M < M< C, L C1 C4 < <J << L <. ! <M< ? J C5 < %2. % , < %2 < M< C < . << < M< D, L < %2, ?< <, < ? <M< < ? L < C4 < C5; <M< < < < < %2 < M< D < <M< L < (). ! < < < < < B< < 21.
Figura 22
FILTROS *< < ? N V< <<W < < < . ! < << < < < < ? << <M< ( K< 12 B/); V#$ E DEBE *I!IA' *# %$E#CI$"E'$W < M< < < ? < < ? << < < , < M< < < <. % , < < 50H < , ? < << . % , < ? N < 7H M< < M< < ? <
26
Etapa 4
ETAPA 4: “TÉCNICO EN SISTEMAS DE AUDIO” < < <. E ?
Teoría
Figura 23
E < << VW << N < < = 7H,
Figura 24
E < < , ? < , < < < < < . % < J < < < < ? < < << V< <W ? < < L < < < < 800H 3000H (< <). % < < < < < < < ( 26).
Figura 25
E V< <W < < N < < < < ( <) < < < < < < <M M< L <, < << ( 27). E K < < ? < < < < < < < <.
Figura 26
% < < < J < L <, <M< < < ? < < L . E < < < < F-"<<. E M< ? < K < < < V<W J < < < < < ; < < < ? < ( 28).
Técnico en Sistemas de Audio
27
CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Lección 4, Etapa 4 Figura 27
E < < < V<W ? < < < J < < < ? <. E < < < ( 29). H < K, < < <; < V-W < < 30. C< < < < < V-W < << ( 31).
Figura 28
! < < < <M<; < ? J < < < < < ( 32).
Figura 30
Figura 29
Figura 31
28
Etapa 4
ETAPA 4: “TÉCNICO EN SISTEMAS DE AUDIO” C< C2 = 2 C1 '2 = 2 '1, N< , ? < < V<M< KW ? < ? <M< < < < K < < < <.
Teoría
Figura 32
CONTROLES DE VOLUMEN Y BALANCE G<< < < < < <M K < < K <. < < M<, : < < << < << < < << K L < < < <M ( <M < < ). < , < < / , 33. E < < ? , < < ? M< <.
Figura 33 E< J, < <M K <M < < ? << < < < <M <. E N < < ?L < < < <M < < . E < < < << < < < < < < <. D < < M< L ( 34). ! M< %1/'1 < < M< << ? < < .
PREAMPLIFICADORES
Figura 34
< ?J < < , < ? < < < < < < < <, : , M<, < , , . A < VW; < J << < << < < M M< < < ? ( ) ? J < < <. ? < < <<< < <M< . ! < L -< <- < < < ? < < < L; < < <, < < K < < <. < < ( 35). E K ? < : a) Aa+/a- '* %1!'! ! '* %/%/* #!!-a*-! ! !/-aa a' %1!' !c!a-%* +a-a !' +-%!- c%-c0%/* a+'%"%ca*-. b) Aa+/a- %+!ac%a. c) P!-%/%- 'a 1a-%ac%9 ! 'a -!+0!/a ! "-!c0!c%a !%a/! "%'/-* 4 c*/-*'! ! /**. ) R!#0'a- 'a #aac%a !' %/!a.
Figura 35
< < < << K ? <<.
Técnico en Sistemas de Audio
29
CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Lección 4, Etapa 4
% , ? J < <M< < ( N) ? < < < ? <, <<<: VK W , << <<<. % , < < ? < < < < <K ? J ( 36).
Figura 36
J< ? <; , N< K < ? < <: 200/50, ? < ? < < < L 200 ? < < << <M <; , J< < < 50 <. % , < <M< < ? 200, < <, L < 200 ? <.
Figura 37
% , < < < < , < << <K, < < < << ( 37). A < < < K < < < ( 38). ! < ? <: a) F** c-%/a' b) F** a#6/%c* c) S%/*%5a*- ) C%/a (-!+-*0c/*-) !) M%c-9"**
'? < < < <<< < <; << 500Z << < <M< ? K < 200 1, < < << <<< N< < N VW , M< < - L - < M< <.
< ? < < <M< < 2,5 6 < < < < 47. E ? < K < < < <, ? < <M< < M<, < (' M< 'IAA); , < L J, < < << (40B), < < < < .
Figura 38
E < << ('F ) < 100 500, N< <, < < < ? < 100 500. G<< << < < .
30
Etapa 4
ETAPA 4: “TÉCNICO EN SISTEMAS DE AUDIO” E < VW < K <<. % M< L < ? < < L 0,5 < < 10, < ? < <, ?
Teoría
Figura 39
D M< ? . " < < K < M<. !, < M< M< . N< <, < < < L ? ( 39).
ECUALIZACIÓN E< M< < < L << < < <<: ? < K ? M< < ? <. A, < < , < < < , ? < < ? < < M<
Figura 40
E< M<
Figura 41
A<< , < < ? < < ? K K < <M< L ? , < . ! < <M< <M< < < << ( 41). ! << < < < < < < < ( 42). E< < <M< L < , < ? < <:
Técnico en Sistemas de Audio
31
CURSO DE TÉCNICO SUPERIOR EN ELECTRÓNICA
Lección 4, Etapa 4
1 = UUUUUUUUU 6,28 . . C
Figura 42
( = < ) << < L . A < = ' < < <M<, <: 1 ' . C = UUUUUUUU 6,28 .
Figura 43
E V<< W < < <. A << ? K < <<. #M ? << L < < , <. E < < < , < , <
ECUALIZADOR DE DISCOS < < < <, N< < < M M<. % < M<, < ? <
32
Etapa 4
Electrónica del Automóvil
ElEctrónica a utomotriz El SiStEma ElEctrónico dE control dEl motor ! 2'26 62026 &212&'256 ' $6 $&78$6 7&122*?$6 &21 $6 48 6 67=1 '27$1'2 $ 26 $&78$6 02'26 ' 9+?&826, &$'$ '?$ 0=6 12&$'26 $ 65 2 0=6 &176 326% 563&72 $ &216802 ' &20%867% ; $ $ 3$5 0126 &217$01$176. L$ '8'$ 126 685* &8$1'2 316$026 1 $6 3505$6 7&122*?$6 48 8521 $3&$'$6 3$5$ 7$ 1 ; $48? 6 '21' 1&2175$026 $ 81&A1 ' $ EC", E1*1 C21752 "17 2 "1'$' ' C21752 ' M2725 48 6 81$ 81'$' ' &21752 &75A1&2 48 683596$ 9$526 $63&- 726 ' $ 235$&A1 ' &20%867A1 1751$ ' 02725. L$6 EC"6 0=6 6036 6A2 &21- 752$1 $ &$17'$' ' &20%867% 48 6 1;&7$'2 1 &$'$ &1'52 1 &$'$ &&2 ' 02725. EC"6 0=6 $9$1<$'$6 &21752$1 38172 ' *1&A1, 7032 ' $35785$/&- 55 ' $6 9=98$6, 19 ' 03862 0$171'2 325 785%2&2035625 (1 &2&+6 &21 785%2&2035625), ; &21752 ' 27526 35>5&26. L$ 1752'8&&A1 ' 67$6 3505$6 EC" 8521 $ 563867$ 325 3$57 ' 26 $%5&$176 ' $8720A96 $05&$126 $ $6 &$'$ 9< 0=6 :*176 5*8$&216 &21 563&72 $ $ 06A1 ' *$66 7A:&26 ' 26 $872- 0A96. E672 6 352'8&?$ $ 1$6 ' $ '>&$'$ ' 26 $@26 6717$ ; 351&326 ' 2&+17$, ; %220 ' 26 18926 $3$5$726 &75A1&26 6 5$%$ 1 81 0$;25 862 ' 26 06026 1 26 18926 9+?&826. P$5$ 67 75$%$2, EC" ("1'$' ' C21752 E&75A1&2 2 &20387$'25$ ' $872) ; ECM (MA'82 ' C21752 E&75A1&2 2 &218172 ' &20387$'25$6) 6 &216'5$'2 2 0602F .
C7*'A: I,. H7' D'+ $'+/ - ;6'70@<+++97'..'7
E/&5,&$ '/ A8209,/
33
ECM
y ECU
In"oD#CCIEn L*< =< >*< <= * *< << =**=< >*= < *< *< < 70 < 80 * * =* >< +><=+, ><* < <* > = =?, * > *+ =** > +* *< * = >*= > >* < ?<< *=<, *=< **< <==< *<< >=< < <== =*< <= >* =, ** *< =* ** < * * +><= =. < >* EC' * >* = = > >* * =. E<= < =*> >* ** <* * > <<=* = ><= <<< *=>*<, * > < <<< * * * >* =* <=* ?* * <** * < *=>*< ** =*<* * * *. L* > < <<< < * <=* ?<< *=< <+ >*= ?> (=*< , *< ?>< =, =*=>* < <<=*<, <* * < **, =.) E<=< <<< *=* >= *<=* <<=* =* EC' =*<* *< *=>< <*< =*<. <> *, < *=>*< <* < =< > < < * <> ? * EC' < < **< ?= *< <*< =*< +*< *=>< *<. H*+*< < =< +><=+, =?=*< < <<=*< > +* * * <>==, *= >* ** * <+ *>* > ?>. L*< *< >*< = EC' < <*< =*+* <= > *=* +><=+ > < =*+* ** =, =*< > *< EC'< < *=>*< =* *< * ==** < <<=*< ?>, * ><*< *<< * =* *< <+< *?*< ?**< >< *< =<. A=>*= > <* 64 +=< * 120MH < + ** * EC' , * >* > <> >*> >=** = C ==, < <* > <* <>
34
E/&5,&$ '/ A8209,/
<<=* *=? ** >*. E * >* 1 < > ** >* ** >*= >* >=** *>=? MC5634. * * >* 2 *>< < *< =< =< <=* EC'. A>< <<=*< *=?< >*< > < < CA M<* !<. D+ * > *< EC'< + <=* >* >* =* ><>* =*=>* <==*< **<, <=*< **=<=*< < <>=< < < *=>*<. D >* **, *< >*< =*< * ?>* *<=* *< > < * =< *?<*< *>=*<=, > < *?<* < <+< < > <=* > * < ==* ?*< >* * -<=*+ +*. E<= <<=* * > *<< >* < * **> < <= *> < >* =*= *= <==< <+< <=>*< >* *< *>=?. D+ * *>= >?*< >< <<=*< =< < >?< ?><, +< <* ?<*< >=**< ***< ** >* *< >* > ** <*. &*< <=*< >*< <= =***< >**< *= > +>< *=< +>< *, > < > = >* +*<* > +>< < * * <* *** B< < *< 1980 ** =*+ * *< <==*< >*< < >* >* =*, > *+* * <=<.
B? H<=* *< EC'< % > * >* *<* *< EC'<, <> =* >=** * * *+*, < *< < *=>*<, *< >*< < =*+* *=* +><=+ =*, *<=* *< < *< > > < **< < **< ***< ** ** =< *+< < <==< *=<, * *< = ?>. L*< >*< < < *< 1980 < **=*+* < < + =*. D <<=* >=*+* =*< ***< ** * =* *<, ** <== ><* >* =*+* ?*< **** >*
E l S iSt EMA E l ECtróniCo
dE C ontrol dEl
M o tor
F,*$ 1
E/&5,&$ '/ A8209,/
35
ECM
y ECU
F,*$ 2 - L$;-O '( /$ EC" MPC5634
36
E/&5,&$ '/ A8209,/
E l S iSt EMA E l ECtróniCo * < =>* += < ?*< *< <**. <* * <>= =* ** = < *=< *=< ** = <*= * **< < ?*< ***<, *><* <*+< ?=<, * > <=< ?*< <=* * < *< ** < ?>< <>< =< ==*= >?<, *< = * * >* * *< + * <*<= *+=>* < <<. L*< EC'< **+<, < *>*< > > < **< <>* > *+ * = ?>, + < **=* ** *< >*< =*= =*= = *>* *>=?. E<=*< >*< < *< ( *>=?< *+*< * *= 2000) * >=* EC'< <<=*< !BD-II, **< < ***< *= >=< !BD ** =*, > < **< *= >< >* >=** == =** * ?> * =*?< >* =* !BD II. M*= > ** =* * <=*** * >=** < > ?<>** =*< *< **=<=*< >*= * EC' *< *=<, , * *=* +><=+ > < + =* =, * * =* +><=+ <==< *=< *?< <*< ** = >*= ?>.
# &8=/6 62 /26 3$5=0526 $ 352*5$0$5? E<= * *=< > > < =*= *<, *><=* *< < ?*< ** =*= <*, < * , = ?><, * =* =*=>* *>*, *=* +><=+ =*, * +** < +><=+, << <* *+*, =. E<= < < ? ** <> > >*= * +*< **, > <> <> +><=+ >* > >? ** ** *< =* * < *<< ?<, * <+ ** *<* < +*< * I& <=. A=>*= <= > * *>= < =< =< < >?< < *>=?<, > >= >
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* ? * =*, <= < =*> < >=**<, >* * <** ?<* *<, (** >* =** >* *= <* ** >) <<=*< < < >* <*** =* >*= <=*< <**< *= ><>* *. C =* <=* >?* => >*= * =* *** * > *>=?, < =*< *= * <=>* > >= *+ >*= *?*< =*= *< * *< >?*< *?*<, >*< ** ? < *< =<. L< < * + <*+ *< * = ** *+* >?< +*<, *>< *< <>*, ** *< <> ** <> *+ ** =*, >, *=< >* >, * +*, *> <> *<* *< <>*< * < ** ? < < == > <>* < *< ?>, >*< *= > >= !BD =*< +<?* =*+*< ?*< <+< < >< >*> <<=? =.
F#nCIone! De la eC# L*< EC'< =* * *=* +><=+, >= =< *=< =* = * =*?< <<<. E<=< >: << MA, << < **, << =*=>* *, << >< =<. F>== <= < * ><* > = ==? ( > =* ID). A=< > *< >*< = = >< *=**<, * *=* +><=+ > <=*+* =** > *+>* >* ++* .
C97 *+ ' =+A *+ 89+ ** > = +><=+, >* EC' =* * *=* +><=+ > < =* +*<< > = *=<. % ** <= <* * , EC' *+ =*< =**< > * > * =** * * = <* *. L* EC' =* < +><=+ < * *=* * > <= *<* * =. % = * *** * =*=>* <>=, * *=*
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+><=+ =* < * (* > * * < < * *<=* > = <= *=).
C97 *+ 9+ *+ =+A ' = <* <=* ** * * +><= >* <* * ** +><=. '* EC' > *><=* = *= * <* (** = ) ** ? >* =* > *<= +><=+. % * EC' ==* > * +*< =, "***" > <= < + * > = < <= **=* * = * <, *=* (=**) = > < > * <* ** ? * <=>*. '* <>*, < *><* > + ==* <= <<=* < >* = * * > +**< ?>< ** =*+* > < <= * . E<= *< < <>? * < <=< ?< *<=* > < ** > * <*, ?=* *< > = * +><= < >* >* < <=< * * * * * * *?*. <= = < < ** * ?>< =*<< *>*. L* EC' ?>< =*<< *>==* <= < ** > ?= * =*<<.
C97 *+ ' *897A *+ ;;'8 A>< =< < <=+> ??>*<. E <=< =< * EC' =* = = > *< ??>*< < + *+. L*< ??>*< < *+ *= < =* * *< ?*< > * < ?*<. E<= > =* > * > =* , =* * =* ?=* * ** +><= +><=+.
C97 *+ '77'6+ '* *=?*= = ** * '* C= M= < >< > < <=*= = > < > >* ** *** = < ><* > = **> (=*= = =* * * +*=*). E<=* >** ? >* * * * =, <> <>= > +><=+ <>.
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F#nCIonamIen"o Del mo"o % ?<= *<=* =, * = %<=* C= E= M= (ECM, =*+ J> = =K) < * >=** * '* E=* C= (EC') >*< ?< < > <=< = * =* >= >, >* < <= <+ >*= * <<=* = *>=, = = >* * ** <+ = * > < * *. E <= =*+*, <=< *< * * J> = =K > >= > > * * >=** * (EC') <>+->=**<. E =*< **+*<, EC' ECM J< <K *>> * , < *>=?< *=>*< > < *< =*<, > = ECM = >* >=** * EC' ?**< >=**< <>**<. =* =?, * =>* ?*< * <+ <<=* = *>=?, =< < <>=< +=?<: 1. Ide$*fca "% &$c&a"e *e#a / c%#&%- $e$*e de c%$*%" de" a+*%#". 2. C%$%ce "a $f%#ac$ '+e e $ece*a &aa ea"+a "% *e#a de c%$*%" de" #%*%. 3. Fa#"aa$% c%$ "% *#$% de "% - *e#a de c%$*%" de "% #%*%e. L* <* * >* <** *=* =*, *=* * +><=+ * *=* *<< < < =<, * * ?* =* <<=*< = = > <<=*<. C <*+<, >* >=**, > < > > = = (ECM), <=* >* ?** <<=*< ** = >*= =. E<=< <<=*< < ? +<*= *< <>=< *<: 5 L% *e#a de $d+cc$ de ae. 5 E" *e#a de c%#b+*b"e. 5 S*e#a de e$ce$dd%. 5 S*e#a de c%$*%" de e#%$e de eca&e.
&< < <<=*< *< =< <, =*< ECM. E ECM <>< <<< *=>*< < <<=*
E l S iSt EMA E l ECtróniCo
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<>== * = *>*) < =<. L* <>= < >* < <=< <<=*<.
el !I!"ema De InD#CCIEn De aIe
F,*$ 3 - ,($ '( ,'&&, '( $,(. = =. E< =*= = >=*, * = *<=* +*< =, > < >*=< >*= = (=* * * +><=+
E ECM =* * *=* * ** > >*= = =. L* ??>* = * *= < >=* < <<=*< = = **. E *>< =< < >=* > << <> = >* > << > *. E * >* 3 > +<?* *** +>< > * <<=* > *. E >*= <= <<=* < <>=: E" ae f"*ad% &% e" f"*% de ae e #de &% e" e$% de f"+!% de ae (c%#4$#e$*e ""a#ad% e" e$% de f"+!% de #aa de ae).
F,*$ 4 ,($ '( ,;(&&, '( &%,%/(.
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E" %"+#e$ de ae e eg+"ad% &% "a 0"+"a de #a&%a. La 0"+"a de c%$*%" de ae de a"e$* eg+"a "a ca$*dad de ae '+e e dea de "a 0"+"a de #a&%a &aa a!+*a "a e"%cdad de a"e$*. La c0#aa de ad#$ de ae e" c%"ec*% de ad#$ e*0$ af$ad% &aa +$ f+$c%$a#e$*% efce$*e. H* >*< ?**< <<=* +< > *. E J%<=* A<= C=* I>K (ACI%) * * =** * ** = >* * *. A>< =< = =>+<< << ** * * **.
!I!"ema De In&eCCIEn De Comb#!"Ible L* * >*= <<=* +><=+ > *=*< +<?* *** * >* 4. E +*< * *< <*< +*<, ECM *>* ** >= = > + *=?* < =< ** > * *=* =* +><=+. L* >+* >* < ?** ** <<=*. C>* < +><=+ < ?>? * <= +><=+, >* < < >+* <>< < =<. E <<=* +><=+ < =, >* < <= <= +><=+.
=<, *= =*=>* ?> * *<. H* =< =< >=*< > <<=* +><=+ ** * <> * < =*=*< >* ?*< J<<=* +><=+K.
!I!"ema De IgnICIEn B*<* *< < >*= =, ECM =* >* < ** * * * * / +><=+, *> <> **, ?* * >* 5. E JK *=?* * (<) ++* (<) * ***, +*< * >* <* +* < ECM. L* *=* =< <** ** * * <* < * * (<) ++* (<).
el !I!"ema De emI!Ione! & De e!Cape E ECM <=* < =< <<=*< =< ** > *< >*< <+ < *<<. E <<=* ?** (EA) ?=* > < ?*< *<* (HC) = * *=<*.
E" *e#a de c%#b+*b"e *e$e '+e +#$- *a e" %"+#e$ c%ec*% de c%#b+*b"e a "% c"$d% ba!% +$a aedad de c%$dc%$e. E +><=+ < <>* * ++* +><=+ < ?* * < =< +><=+ * >. ' >* <, <=>* <= +><=+ <>< < =<, >* * < +><=+. E ECM =* > >= = < =< +><=+ <= *=?< ** <><=* > * < <. L< =<, >* <= *=?<, = > +><=+ >* ** = *<. E ECM *>* * *=* +><=+ * =* +*< * >* ?** *-
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F,*$ 5 ,($ '( ,*,&,.
E l S iSt EMA E l ECtróniCo
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M o tor
F,*$ 6 ,($ '( (,,( ; '( (&$(. E ** = +><=+ < ** *><=* * * * / +><=+ ** > *=** > <> * *, *> <>* > < ><=* * >* 6. E<= > < *+>< (HC), *+ (C!) < < = (!) > < ** * *+=. E <<=* >* *<< <* (EG$) =*+ *>* * > < !.
o"o! !I!"ema! L< =< = > *=< * =*< *= ** <= =**< =*=. E +=? < * * * = * <>* ?>. A>< <=< <<=*< <:
C97 ++97A *+ '++7'*7 9+,+9+ (e"C!-): E ECM *><=* * *=>* ** *> * * ** >= *< < ?>. E<= * = * <>* < ?><.
!89+' *+ C97 aB89 *+ I*A (aCI!): E ECM ?** * *<
!=* =* <*=?* < * =* < <<=*< ?>*<. , ECM =*+** * <<=* = <=*+* ?> ** * > = ?> < <+***<.
De!CIpCIEn Del !I!"ema De Con"ol eleC"EnICo E >* * >* 7 ><=* > <<=* = = = +<. L< <<< * < *=< <*<, ECM < *** ?* * <* *>** * < *=>*<. E <<=* = = = < ?*< <<< > ==* *< < =, > >= >=**< ** J> = =K (ECM), ><< *=>*< > =* >* ?** =< =. E *<= < <<=* = = = < ?*< =< * <*+:
E ECM *><=* >* < *+ *< ??>*< ** >* * +><=+, < =* < <<.
5 E" c%$%c#e$*% f+$da#e$*a" de c#% f+$- c%$a e" *e#a. 5 E$c%$*a "a $f%#ac$ c%ec*a &aa "a e&aac$. 5 I$*e&e*a c%ec*a#e$*e "% da*% de" *e- #a de c%$*%" de" #%*%. 5 La ea"ac$ de "a &+eba adec+ada c%$ &ec$.
* >* > <=< <<=*< < *< = >?< <<=*< < ?* * ** * * > < =>* *< < *>=?<.
** = > ECM =* ?**< >< =, +< > <<=* = = < ? =< <<, =* <> * >* 8:
+><=+ ** > = =.
$;' $'7'+ I9+,+9+ ($$"-):
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F,*$ 7 D,$*$$ ( %/( '(/ ,($ '( &/ (/(&,&.
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5 E$*ada. 5 P%ce%. 5 Sa"da
la! en"aDa! Del eCm L< <<< < >=* ** ?= *< < >*= = * =*=>*, , < **, =< *=< <*< =*< > <>?<* <=*== ECM, >* 9. C>=< =< =*< ECM ==* *< < >*= *>< =< ( >= ** =*) ** >* * *>**. C <=< *=<, ECM = *F,*$ 8 ,($ '( &/ (/(&,&. <>= ** >=* < **< > * < <<=*< = << = =< <>+<<=*<.
m ED#lo De Con"ol eCm
F,*$ 9 E$'$ '(/ ECM.
E ECM <* *< <*< =**, * * >* < <+ * +*< <> **, ?* * *+ * * <**. E ECM =*+ *** <> * * * +* ** *<>*< > ?> ** < < <=; =*+ *** < < *<= (D&C) < * *<= =. E ECM =*+ > =* =*< >< * =*<<, AB%, =. L< ECM < =*+ = * ?> (I), * =* * *+* (CAL ID), * ?* * *+*. E<= < * ** *<>*< > < *><=< *+* < =< ** = < *>=?. L< ECM < + ** >*. L< =< =< < <<+< * *< <**< =<==*< (=* <==*). % + <> < =< *< ** * *>* <=< =<. * * >* 10 *** +>< ECM.
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F,*$ 10 L$ ,'$' '( &/.
aC"#aDoe! & DI!po!I"I$o! De !alIDa L*< < J *=>*K < ?* < <* = * ECM ** < ?<< =*<<=< =* <**, < < =< =< =, >* 11. L*< <*< ?**< < ECM * > ** *=>* < *=? <*=? ** ** * < ** * <> >*=. A>< =< *=>*< <** <: 5 S%"e$%de: I$ec*%e de c%#b+*b"e, 0"+"a de c%$#+*ac$ (VSV). 5 L% e": Cc+*% de a&e*+a / cee de c%e$*e. 5 Ta$*%e: P+e*a e$ #acha, g$c$. 5 L+ce: L+ $dcad%a de #a" f+$c%$a- #e$*% (MIL). 5 M%*%e: C%$*%" e"ec*$c% de" ace"ea- d%. 5 Re*e$ca Ca"efac*%a: Ca"e$*ad% (e) de Oge$% Ae / C%#b+*b"e 5 E#bag+e - C%$*%" e"ec*$c% de" ace"e- ad%.
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F,*$11 L $&$'( '(/ ,($ '( &/.
E l S i iSt St E MA E lECtróniCo l ECtróniCo
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+> * > > *>**=, ECM = >* *+ >* +* *<=. E ECM =*+ = =* * * < * +*=* > < >=* ** *** < D&C, = , *><= +><=+ =< ?*< > + < ***< * *, >* 13. % * =< <= =*, < D&C =< ?*< ***< * * < +*.
!e? e?al al De Con"ol De "en!IEn E ECM ?* >* =< >** 5 ?= (C CC) < * * *F,*$ 12 E/ &/ '( ((*?$ '$( (/ $$(. =*. E<= ?=* < DI! I!" "Ib Ib#C #CIE IEn n De la enega >=* ** >< <<<, =*< <<< =*=>*, <<< <, <<C>* =>= **> < - < < **, =. , < <><=* = * ECM ** ** ** *, ** <><= = =* * =< < << el CI IC# C#I" I"o o De "Ie Ie a a o m a!a (gnD) =*< <<=*, < <, < =<. E >*= *=>* ECM ?>? * =* E >= =* < =* =*= < * =*?< E1, >* 12. % > >= <=- >=< =*, >* 14. E ECM = =< >=< =*, < * * =*=* =* ** < <<< *=>*<. E >=< =* ?** * = *>=. L< >=< =* * > < >+* *= * * ** =<, < *+< < >+* <> =>*. F,*$ 13 A/,($&, '(/ '/ '( &/ ECM.
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o"eCC eCCIEn IEn De CIC#I"o! po" (De!pIkIng)
C>* > >= > ?* >* * *=* = < *** =*=, >* *=* =< < > < ?**< *< ++*< > < >=* < < <<. E<= J*= ?=*K > ** =*<<= *<* ECM, =*+ > * >* <* *<* =< >=<, * >. F,*$ ** ?=* > <>* <= *=* =< >* < ><* > >* <<=*, >* 15. E<= <<=* < =* ** * * ++* **= ** =* *=* =<. ' ECM, > <=* **< >*, > = ** <<=* = (<) >= > <> * **. * * *= A * >* 15. D>*= >*= * ( >=) >* ?<* * ** *< < >=. C>* >= < *** =*=, < > >* =* *=* =< <= ><= >* <= =, <=* *=* =< < ?** * *<*, ?=* > > * ECM.
14 E/ &,&, '( ,($ $$. * * *= B * >* 15. C ==>= *, * = > >= 2 ** * * ++*. E >= 1 * * ECM > >= <= . E > < < <=>?*. C>* =>= < *** =*=, * *= * * ++* < >+*. E<= *< * >* =< * ++* ** ><=* (* *= <> < *=? * *= : <=?). E<=* ** * > * = >* * =*?< * > = >* ** <= =. E<= ?=* > * *=* =< >* >* ** * < =< ECM.
F,*$ 15 P(&&, '( &,&,.
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F,*$ 16 C,&, '( (&&, & (,.
dE C ontrol dEl
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E = * *<= (DLC) * >* ** >*< ECM <* >< =< *<=. % * >=* =< =< DLC, *>< *< = < =<. $*=*< !BD II > > DLC <=* ** < ?><, < DLC3.
e! e!I! I!"o "o De po"eCCIEn &*+ < > >=* >* <<=* ** < <= > , >* 16. L* <<=* = > ?* > *= * >= (400-600 ). L* <<=* >* >=* *=*=?* * * = ?=* > < >* > * ?=*.
Cone oneC"o C"oe! e! De enla nlaCe Ce pa aa a DIagnE!"ICo * < =< =< =< > < ><=* * >* 17. DLC1 < >=* +* * =. DLC2 < >=* *+=>, * >=. DLC3 < >=* = * >* .
F,*85$ 17 C2&256 ' /$& '/ ECM.
InFo nFomaC maCIEn IEn De DIagnE!"ICo Del !I! I!"em "ema a De Con" on"ol ol De Dell mo"o #> = <* =* * <+ ?> > * ** > = * * * = > ** > *<= =. L* <>= < >* * < ><< * > < <*< ** *< **< <*< =>*<.
1 - man an#a #all De epaaCIEn : E M*>* ** ($M) = *< <>=< <<:
I52'8&&, (IN): E<=* < = * * <>* < <<=*< =*< ECM, *< *+?*=>*< >=**< > <* =<. * * =* < =< <> +*< =* < *. D,$*6,&2: E<=* *= < * < < >=** ** *<= +*< <<=* = = . P5 -C+& = >* ?< * * += < D&C F F* (*=< = >< * **). A<<, < <+ > * < * >* = ECM +* *<= . E/ *5=,&2 ' F$//$ ; *85,'$' *>* * <=*+ * <=*=* * <> >* < <=*+ =*< D&C. L$ &&, ' I63&&, B=6,&$ < >* +* >*=* *, +><=+ <* ** * +>*. E / 6 ' E6$'2 ' 8&,2$0,2
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'/ 0225 < =** < =< > < ><=* >*= **> >*= < *<. L$ $%/$ ' &',*2 ' ',$*6,&2 ><=* =< < D&C **+< ** < =, *< <+< *< +=*< * * * * > < + > ** *<=* > D&C. "%,&$&, ' /$6 3,<$6 ><=* >* * ?> < >=* < *< =< . !50,$/6 '/ ECM ><=* >* ?<=* * ECM <>< =<. E<= >= ?<=* <= ED (*+* =). E<=* < >* ?<=* > = ** =* > >= =* +*. '<= =*+ =* < < < *+<, *< <*< ?=*< <=* * <* ** =*. L$ $%/$ ' 620$6 < >=* >* * > D&C <=*+ < < <*+ > ** = =. I63&&, '/ C,5&8,2 5/$&,2$'2 &2 / D!C 352'8&,'2: E <=* < < * < >=< **< D&C > < *<< * <> ** ** * ** / = =><. C252/ ' E0,6,26 (EC): M><=* ?* < =< <<=* <, * ** EA, <<=* EG$, =. I;&&, &8&,$/ ' C20%86,%/ (FI): E<=* < = * ?* < =< < <<< *=>*< <<=* +><=+. A> =* >=* * >+* >+ * < =<. ,60$ ' I*,&, (IG): E <=* < < ><=* +* < =< <<=* .
2 - man an#a #all Co Con n DIa Iaga gama ma De CableaDo el>C"ICo (e%D) E *>* ED << ?<=*< *< <<=* = = < >=< =<, < >=< =* , < =<, < < *<*<, >* +? < ** *. D+ * > < *+< = =< <, * > < < >=* ED ** ** < =< <*< **< ** *+ = >* ?<=* = ECM * < DI ** =* =* > >== > << += ** *< < ***<.
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3 - man an#a #all De DIag IagnE! nE!"ICo "ICo & p#eba! E<= *>* < > >* < * > +* *<=. E<= *>* * * * +* >* ?** <. C = < + *=>** <=@* +* ** > >* <? ** >?< < *>=?<. E *+*= +* <=* *=>** > < <=** <=>= =* * I==.
4 - bol ole"I e"Ine ne! ! De ! e$ICIo ">CnICo ("!b) E<=< +=< *< =*< <>< < > < *>* ** .
5 - ln nea ea De a&#Da L* * *>* < ** =< +*<, >* <= <, >* =< < =< =< > * >* <>. E< > =*= > ><= <= =< < D&C<, *< < >* > < <=*< > < * ** ** +*. L* * <* < ?=*.
!I! I!"e "ema ma De InFomaCIEn ">CnICa ("I!) E<= <<= ;D= ; ;;;D = ;H =;; > < >;. L< ?=< <=?< &I% < > ;< =< ;H D< ;= < > ;>;; > >=, B ;H < > ; ; > ?; =<.
ConCl#!IEn L * *<=* *> < *= >< JF>*=, M*== $** < %<=*< E=< A>=?K > <=*< <** > < >+* 4 =< * C>+ %*+ E=*. '. > <** *=>=*= * * J*K ><, *< G>*<, M*>*< < < ><=* @+: <<<.<+++97'..'7 , * *<@ <* * *?: 78++'9 . J
B,%/,2*5$$ M*>* E=*= E=* = &=* &=* ==://@@@.=?*. ==://@@@.?*?>=*.
Montajes U+!#!%& #* e))$!e%+* (,e %&* b)!% # e#ec+)1%!c !g!+# e$&* e*))&##& ,% ",eg& e #,ce* ec&)+!* (,e b!e% *e ',ee% e$'#e) ') !#,$!%) $b!e%+e*. E*+e *!*+e$ ge%e) #,ce* e *+ 6 c&#&)e* !fe)e%+e* ')+!) e #&* +)e* c&#&)e* e#/c+)!c&* ')!$)!&*. P,ee e$'#e- )*e c&$& ,% *!*+e$ e !#,$!%c!1% f!"& c&% ,% +&%#! e*'ec0f!c & c$b!%& #&* c&#&)e* !%+e)#&* ef!%!&* '&) e# ,*,)!&. A+*'(): M. C. Ha(' Ma(*0& B(&a(d', I&!. A(0a!a Ja))' Ad("a&a C&*(' d E&)a&a T/c&"ca I&d+)*("a$. C'$'%'). N+a E)c'c"a 1885 G+ada$a#a(a - Ja$")c' 2 M/"c'
SiStema de iluminación ambiental Programable INTroduCCI3N E !%& E''% N 220 &'% % ' + ' ''%, &%+, ' %? %'%, %&@ % ' % %' ' > + %. L% ?%% %% 100 % '%% %, = ''% %% 3 %% '%% ' &'%% %@+'% ?% % %. L% %' ' 6 ' *. C% %' % '' ''% ' % %>% :
P%% & ' '%, >'% ' % + *%: A2&7114 = 4/4 + $*7)* C&3 = $*7)* + A:1 M&*39& = 4/4 + A:1 N'% ' % '%' &%% '& ' % %% + % % ''% 6 ' . E &% % %%' ', +% % %&% % *+% 1, % '% % % *%' %% %% K%%+ % *+% 2.
4/4, A2&7114, C&3, $*7)*, A:1, < M&*39&. L% +'% '% '' % % %% K%%+ 3 %%&.
dEsArrollo P%% +% % %>%' 6 ', >% ' @'' %: , A> = # = @ & ' '%: A%, C% = M%+%.
F!g,)a 1
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49
Montajes
F!g,)a 2
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50
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L% +'% '% '' % % *+% 3. ! * % % *+% 1, &%? % >% ' 0 % 5, '%, '*+% '% %% ' '% % '% + % 6. E +% >% % '% AND B = C ( 11 = 14) '% = ''% % %% % ( 9). # *+% 6. L %% '% +%
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F%, %% '% % '%+% ' '' +%, > % *%> % *+% 5, E % '% &% >% % %% %, %> = , ' * >'% ' '% %% +%
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' '% % * ''%. ! &%+, ' % % %++% %% 3 %% '%% ' & '%&% % '% 6, 7 = 8 % *+% 5, '% %%& (') + % % *'. E %+%% ' '' '% % *+% 6. P%% % %' *, & %>% % '' 4516 % '% = % % %&, % ' % % *+% 7. L% '% 10G = '%% > %' & % '%&%? % > %, % %'? % % % % %% %%+ ''.
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52
P=' E''
"1 - "&+& 12$ !1 - !; 1 2 F1 - F:'* 1A P:** * D - 2%04 C1 - 1000BF / 25$ E*@ L1 - L* G1 - *:& LM7805 2, 6, 7, 8 - 1 3, 4, 5 - 400 #1- IC 4516 ( IC4510) C& CMO! #2, #3 - IC 4081 AND CMO! #4 - IC 4093 NAND CMO! #5 - IC 4071 O CMO! P1 - P** *& 100 C2 - 100BF/25$ E*@ MOC1, MOC2, MOC3 - M3011 Q1, Q2, Q3 - "& 2N6073
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Reparando Fallas en la Plaqueta del Inverter
Funcionamiento y RepaRación del
ciRcuito inveRteR L" '"" $/ " 15& &(= && TV " "& 05&%& &5*& & 15& @& *6&& %&+" %& '5$*/- " 5&(/ %& 3 &(5%/. E && $"0<5/ ""*9"&/ & $*$5*/ %& *6&& %& TV S"8/ LCD 32XH4 %& 15& / &&/ 5 // %"/ 0/15& & '"#*$"& / $/*%&" 5" 0*&9" 15& & %&#& $"#*" %*&$- "&& * &0"". L" '"" 15& 0&&" 5&/ &15*0/ & " $*$". E TV &$*&%& 8 & "0"(" & 5 0" %& &(5%/. EQUIPO: TV SANO LCD-32XH4 FALLA: P""" &(", * /*%/ 8 $/ & LED 0*// "0"("%/.
IntroduccIón L<@ /?@ A@ <@? > @ = ? > @ ?=?<@ LCD @ @?< < < ?? / @? <= ? =? << > > ? < << ?=?
AG@ @ < =? =? < /, = @ =>@ > @=@ @ @ < =<< <?<@ ?@ <@. = @< = ??? @< =? <@ ?=? = @ @ <.
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de
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en la
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56
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cIrcuIto de e xcItacIón E@ @
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58
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59
E L M u ndo dE Los M ic roco nt ro La dorE s : “P ro gra Ma ci ón co n L En gu aj E c” Lección 8
El mundo dE los microcontroladorEs En ese c!rso esamos aprendiendo a programar en Leng!aje mikroC, q!e es m!$ similar al C es&ndar, pero q!e presena la "enaja de ener !n enorno de desarrollo q!e nos permiir& aprender a programar, sim!lar el algorimo reali%a- do $ "er si comeemos o no errores. En deerminados aspecos difiere del ANSI es&ndar en alg!nas carac- er'sicas. Alg!nas de esas diferencias se refieren a las mejoras, desinadas a facili- ar la programaci(n de los microconroladores PIC, mienras q!e las dem&s son la consec!encia de la limiaci(n de la arq!iec!ra del hard#are de los PIC. En esa lecci(n anali%aremos alg!nas esr!c!ras de conrol $ comen%aremos a anali%ar las senencias de salo. E& ba*e a "&')%ac"& de ---.%"#)'e.c'%
Estructuras dE control y sEntEncias lEnguajE mikroc
En
Estructuras dE control C +6 &$' /$ '& $7, 7$ $ ' 67$%/& &'&6 8 3*$$ &%$ 7$7 / 3$' & / e$*e:
if (@H) H1 else H2; S / 68/7$' ' /$ @H 6 9'$' ('677 ' 0), 6 $/$ H1, ' / &7$ 6 $/$ /$ H2 . D6386 ' $/$ 8$ ' /$6 3$&6, / 3*$$ &7$ & /$ &8&. L$ 67&$ "-e$*e 6 3$& $ / 6*87:
if (@H) H1 else H2 S 3$&1 8 3$&2 67@ &3867$, 6&%$ 8$ /67$ ' 67&$6 &$'$6 7 //$96. P 3/:
60
Microconroladores
E L M u ndo "(;36) > ... ... ...? e$*e 3$&2
dE Los M ic ro co nt roLa do rE s :
“P rograMac ió n
co n L En guaj E c”
// // H1 //
E/ 3$' "-e$*e 6 38' 686778 3 / 3$' &'&$/ /?:0: (@H1)? @H2 : @H3 S / 9$/25 ' /$ -@8:-H61 6 '67172 ' 0 (95'$'52), / 568/7$'2 ' /$ ;356C1 175$ 65@ 489$/17 $/ 568/7$'2 2%71'2 ' /$ -@8:-H62 . D /2 &2175$52, 6 /$ -@8:-H61 6 0 ($/62), / 568/7$'2 ' /$ ;356C1 175$ 65@ 489$/17 $/ 568/7$'2 2%71'2 ' /$ -@8:-H63 . P25 3/2:
@ = (>)? :
// A @ // ( )
o(e)') s"+! A '&$ ' /$ 67&$ "-e$*e 48 6/&&$ 7 '6 3&6 / 3*$$, / 3$' *"+! 37 /* 7 9$$6 3&6. L$ 67$;6 ' /$ 67&$ *"+! 6: // % s#ich () 1: H1 // E 9 ... // 1 9
break ; case 2: H2 ...
// E // 2 9
break ; ... defa!l : H ... break ;
// E 9 // 9
L$ 3$& 67&+ 6 &87$ ' /$ 6*87 $$: 3 6 &87$ / 6/&7 6 &3$$ & /$ &67$71. S &&', /$6 67&$6 48 37& $ 6 %/48 6 &87$ +$67$ //*$ $ /$ 3$/$%$ &/$9 %$ +$67$ / $/ ' /$ 3$& 67&+. S &&', / 6/&7 6 &3$$ & /$ &67$72. S &&', /$6 67&$6 48 37& $ 6 %/48 6 &87$ +$67$ //*$ $ /$ 3$/$%$ &/$9 %$ 7&. S / 6/&7 &&' & *8$ &67$7, 6 &87$@ /$6 3$&6 48 6*8 $/ 3$' '$8/7. $% 6 36%/ &3$$ 8$ ;36 & 8 *83 ' &67$76. S &&' & $/*8$ ' //$6, 6 &87$@ /$6 3$&6 $33$'$6: // G G . s#ich (G) // E G 1:2:3:4:5: CD = KDG L; break ;
Microconroladores
61
Microcontroladores
6:7: CD = KF L; break ; defa!l :CD1 = KE G L; break ; C KL 9 9. A KL, 9 9 H . % , .
BuclEs A 8' 6 &6$ 37 8$ &7$ 3$& 8 3$ ' 9&6 / 3*$$. ! &87 ' &$'6 48 6 37 6 '$' 8 %8&/ ' 3*$$. C8@7$6 9&6 6 &87$@, 6 '& &8@7 73 / 3*$$ 6 48'$@ / %8&/, '3' ' /$6 &'&6 ' 6$/ '/ %8&/.
B,$e W!"$e E/ %8&/ 6 3$& $ / 6*87:
#hile (@H) ... L6 &$'6 6 &87$ 37'$7 (/ 3*$$ 6 48'$ / %8&/) +$67$ 48 /$ ;36 //*8 $ 6 $/6$. S /$ ;36 6 $/6$ /$ 7$'$ '/ %8&/, 7&6 / %8&/ 6 &87$@ / 3*$$ &78$@ '6' / '/ %8&/ +/. ! 73 63&$/ '/ %8&/ ' 3*$$ 6 8 %8&/ 7. S $ 6 /$ &'& 6*8 6 &$%6 '7 '/ %8&/. L$ &8& 6 63/ 67 &$6 $ 48 / 68/7$' 7 //$96 6 63 9'$' (1=9'$'), / 48 6*&$ 48 / 3*$$ 6 48'$ / 6 %8&/: // E (1)J, ()J #hile (1) ... // E@ ... // ( ) B,$e F') E/ %8&/ ') 6 3$& $ / 6*87:
for (@H; @HH; @H) ... L$ &8& ' 67$ 6&8&$ ' 3*$$ 6 6/$ $/ %8&/ , 6$/9 48 67 &$6 / 3&6 ' 63&&$ / 9$/ &$/ (&$/$&) 6 $/& /$ '&/$$&. L$ ;36# &$/ 63&&$ /$ 9$$%/ &$/ '/ %8&/, 48 @6 7$' 6 &3$$ & /$ ;36# '#&'& $76 ' 7$ $/ %8&/. L$6 3$&6 '7 '/ %8&/ 6 &87$ 37'$7 '6386 ' &$'$ 7$& / 9$/ ' /$ ;36#&$/ 6 &7$ ' $&8' & /$ */$ &$%$#;36. L$ 7$& &7$ +$67$ 48 /$ ;36#'#&'& //*8 $ 6 $/6$.
for (=0; <5; ++) H ...
62
// 5 ( 1 4) // @H H
Microconroladores
E L M u ndo
dE Los M ic ro co nt roLa do rE s :
“P rograMac ió n
co n L En guaj E c”
L$ 3$& 6 &87$@ && 9&6. L8*, $/ &3%$ 6 9$/'$ 48 /$ ;36 <5 6$ $/6$ ('6386 ' 5 7$&6 =5) / 3*$$ 6$/'@ '/ %8&/ .
B,$e d'-!"$e E/ %8&/ - 6 3$& $ / 6*87:
do H #hile (H); L$ ;36 &$%$#&'& 6 &87$ $/ $/ '/ %8&/, 48 6*&$ 48 3$& 6 &87$ & B 8$ 9 6 3$$ 48 6 /$ &'& 6 9'$'$ $/6$. S / 68/7$' 6 '677 ' 0 (9'$'), / 3&'7 6 37. '6 /6 6*876 3/6 6 489$/76. E67$ 3$7 '/ &'* 968$/$ +//F 8 LCD 10 9&6 & 8 7$' ' 8 6*8'. N7 48 67 3/ 6 87/$ 8&6 3''$6, 48 6 &87$ /$6 /%B$6 '/ &3/$' C #$" #IC . N %67$7 / $&6$6 48 7$7 ' 7'/$6 '7$//. S8 &37$7 *$/ '7 '/ %8&/ 6 ;3/&$ 3 ' ' /6 &7$6. = 0;
// IH
#hile (<10) "(1,3,JJ); D(1000); C(CDCEA$); D(500); ++; for (=0; <10; ++) "(1,3,JJ); D(1000); C(CDCEA$); D(500); = 0;
// CH // ' J CD // $ 1000 // B CD // $ 500 // C // IH, H, // ' J CD // $ 1000 // B CD // $ 500 // IH
do "(1,3,JJ); // ' J CD D(1000); // $ 1000 C(CDCEA$); // B CD D(500); // $ 500 ++; // C #hile (<10);
// CH
sEntEncias dE salto se&+e&" B)e# A 9&6 6 &6$ '7 6$/ ' 8 %8&/ '7 ' 68 &83. L$ 67&$ %$ 6 38' 87/$ '7 ' &8$/48 %8&/ (+/, , ' +/) /$6 67&$6 67&+ 7$%. E 67$6 /$ 67&$ %$ 6 87/$ 3$$ 6$/ ' /$6 67&$6 67&+ 6 /$ &'& &$6 6 9'$'$. E 67 3/, E63$F 67@ 3$3$'$' /$ 3$7$//$ LCD +$67$ 48 / 3*$$ '7&7 8 8 /*& / 3 0 '/ 387 PORA.
Microconroladores
63
Microcontroladores
#hile (1) (#"$&A.F0 == 1) ; "(1,3,JEJ); D(1000); C(CDCEA$); D(500);
// B // # H 0 // #"$&A 1; 9, // ' EJ CD // $ 1000 // B CD // $ 500
se&+e&" c'&+"&,e L$ 67&$ &78 &/&$'$ '7 ' 8 %8&/ 6 87/$ 3$$ 6$/7$ 8$ 7$&. A '&$ ' /$ 67&$ %$, / 3*$$ 6 48'$ '7 '/ %8&/ /$6 7$&6 &7$. // % @=7, H 0. // 9G H. @=1; #hile (@<=10) // @=7 H 0 if (@ == 7) C(CDCEA$); "(1,3,JD 0J); D(1000); @++; // D G, @=8 conin!e ; = 1/(@-7);
// E H @=7
/* ! 9G */ +"=<(1,3,JD>76 "KJ); D(1000); @++;
// # CD
se&+e&" G't' L$ 67&$ *7 / 37 +$& 8 6$/7 $%6/87 $/ 7 387 / 3*$$. E67$ &$$&7B67&$ 6 '% 87/$ & 3&$8& $ 48 68 &8& 38' &$86$ 8 6$/7 &'&$/ 6 +$& &$6 $ 7'6 /6 736 ' /7$&6 ' $'$&. E/ 387 '67 6 '7&$' 3 8$ 7487$, 87/$'$ & 8 $*87 3$$ /$ 67&$ *7. !$ 7487$ &667 8 '7&$' 9@/' 6*8' 3 8 &/ (:). ... if (C"2-67:) goo :- +76,+76,7; ...
... A : ...
// % - +76< 9=- -4 >47: // C"2 =1 // G // A
// D 9G H 9 // H C"2 //
"$ 67$6 &'&6 ' $/$ 867$6 3$6 3@&7&$6, $ 3 /$ &8$/ / 97$6 $ 48 /$6 $/& $ 48 /$ 3;$ /&& &$6 $ 9 /6 736 ' '$76 $9$$'6F
64
Microconroladores
A r t " c u l o
de
t A pA
E8 /=>/ +<>G?69 /B63+79= I79 +4/ /6 +7633+9< /=>> 9 /6><39 C /B63+3I8 / ?8398+73/8>9 <38+79= /8 /6 A<>G?69 / $++ / /=>+ /33I8.
Realización PRáctica del amPlificadoR Hi-fi 100W + 100W RmS
C
>= K= ;?> =@? ;=> = >? ;= >? ? @. A > > ;=?>, >=> >? ?= @ ?> A=?@ %; >? (;> 3 12), ;= @ ?=> @= > @=>.
= @= > =>>?> > ;=->?> (#7 100 #14 2.000 ). H <@ ?= ;=>? <@ #21-#22-#23-#24 > =>>?> => > 5, ;= <@ > > >;== >@ @=; =? =@? ;=>.
!= = ? > @>?= @= 4 A=?@ %; ><@ ;=? ? ?> > ;?>. A ?@ >=> ?? ? @ ;=. "@ > ?= @ ;= >?G= ? <@ == > ?=?> ?? @>. C >?@=, >> ?= ;=-
E=>/ +<>G?69 =/ /3>+ /8 /6 7+<9 / 96+9<+3I8 /8>/ /=>/ +?/<9, 69= 6/>938+ >3/8/8 =9:9<>/ >F839 C 97/<3+6 / 69= 53>= C /7= :<9?>9= 90/ .8?/@+/6/><983+.97)
Sist em as d e Aud io
67
A! taa E @? ? =>>? 2 (#26) <@ ?= ;=>? <@ ?> >= =@? ;=> <@ = == >@ @=; > 15 >;=> <@ >??@ L1, = >? 1 ?=. A?> >= > ?=> =>>? <@ =>;=> ;= = >? . L >? ;@? > ;@ ?= > >=> => (C2-C8-C9-C12), > ;G>?= , ;= K?, > ?=?>, =>;? >? > ;= >@> ?=>.
F?< 5 - D=?= < ><? = M#FE$ MF$1MF$2-MF$3-MF$4 =?= <<=>= >=, >= =< =?= ><=, ;? =>< > <<<I < %
A ?@ <@ >?= D1, =? >@ = == =>>? #24, D2, =? >@ = = == <@= (= @= 4). J@? >= C5 <@ ?= G= D1, =? >@ = == C3. E> ? >?= > @?= FE% ;>? BC.264 (F%1-F%2-F%3-F%4), =? ;=? ; >@> @=;> =. D>;@G> > ;@ ?= > ;<@> ?=>>?=> @?> ;= ;=? > ?>, %#1 %#2 > BC.557 ?; !N!, ?=> <@ %#3 %#4 > BC.547 ?; N!N. L ;=?
; >@> @=;> <@= =? <@=. != ?= ==?? ;@? =?= #1 <@ ?= == ?= > =, ? @ > + (;>?), ?=@= @= ;=? >@;== (= @= 4). A ?@ > ;@ ?= =G. A? >@ > ;@ >?= > > ?=> ?; ; ==>;?> ?= BF > ==> (>) 2 ;>, @?> ;= ;=;== ?> =@? ;= ?= ;=?.
F?< 6 - F>< <?> <= < >= =?= >= >=, I = ?>< M#FE$ = ;?, = ?=>< ?< 7, ><= ? > <<<I >= =<= <?> <=.
68
Sistemas de Audio
Amplificado Hi-Fi de 100W + 100W rMS
F?< 7 - L= ?>< M#FE$ = <= > > > ? ;? = <>= >= => == = <= =>. D=?= = ? ><?< = ?<= <<=>= <?> <= =< =?= ><=.
F?< 8 - F>< ;?< A< H-F > =? >. # ? << <> <> >< ;? > < % ?> < =I < = M#FE$ >.
Sist em as d e Aud io
69
A! taa A= <@ = @? ;=> >?= ?= = @ ? @= <@ > @?= ?= > @?= MFE% MF%1-MF%2MF%3-MF%4, >@ ?@=. E > ;?> > ? > @?= MFE% ;? MF%1-MF%2-MF%3-MF%4 (= @= 4), > >= ? >@> ?=>. E>?> MFE% > ?> @>. H <@ ?== >@> ==> @>?. @> ==> >=?=> > @=> ==>;?> ?= D, >== @>?=> =@?> ;=>> =>. E>? ?= > ? = <@ >? >??@ ;= > ?=> @?> ?>, > ;@ >== @= 2. D>;@G> >=?= > MFE% => ;<@ ? === = & @ >@ ?@= ( @= 5). !=? == >? ;= <@ ;= @ ; > >@;= ?? > MFE% ?. != K? > ;@ >= > ?=> > ;>?> =@? ;=>. NOTA:
La silicona se pede consegir en ferrete- r$as, comercios de electr%nica o grandes sperficies comerciales.
* > <@ == ? > @?= MFE% > ;? MF%5-MF%6- MF%7-MF%8. != >@= <@ <@ > > >= ?= ;== > MFE% >= = ? ===. & = >? ;= > ;@ >= > ?=> =@? ;=>. C ? (@) > ;=;= > ?> ;= == > =@?> (=> >?G=). != >?@= ? <@= = <@ ?= == > > @=> ;=>?> @ > >@> > ==>;?> ; =?. & ?> > ?>, ? <@=
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Sistemas de Audio
<@ ?= > MFE% = <@ ; =? <@ MF%5 @, =, MF%6-MF%7-MF%8. E , ? = <@ ?= > MFE% = <@ ; =? <@ MF%8 @, =, MF%7-MF%6-MF%5. %; >? > > @> > M- FE%, ;= <@ <@ ?== >@> ==> @>?: L> MFE% MF%5- MF%6 > I#F.520, ?=> <@ > MFE% MF%7-MF%8 > I#F.9530. L ;=? ? >?> MFE% ? <@ = ?? =?? ?, ? <@ >=> . %G ?= ? <@ >=> @ = ;>? (= @= 7). ;=?= ;?? > ?@=>, ;= ?=? ?, =? ? > ?=> > MFE%, <@ ?=@= >@> ?=> > @=> ==>;?> =@? ;=> (= @= 7). A ?@ <@ == @ >@= ;= = ;>, >;@G>, @ ;> > , > ;@ >= =>? ?=>.
F?< 9 - F>< <?> <= >< L.1649, @=> < = >=. L= ?>< ?== => =>= =?= <>?== (?<> @<I @< >=I = =>< =>=).
Amplificado Hi-Fi de 100W + 100W rMS
F?< 10 - E=;? <> > >< L.1649. E= ? <>> ><< = = ><=<<, >> = <<=>= << = <<=>= =?<.
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A! taa
F?< 11 - F>< <?> <= >< L.1649, @=> < = =>=. E ?> <>< = > => <?> <= (@< >= ?< 12). & ;? ;= > ;@ = ?? > MFE% ?. E> @ ;=??, @ = >? ;=, ;== @ ?= (@??= > ) <@ > @=;> ?> > MFE% >? >> G?=? ?.
NOTA:
Antes de montar la toma de red debe !eri- ficar qe en s interior ha" dos fsibles de 2 ampere.
E> ? >= > @?= ;=?@>>, > >?= > @>>. A= > ;@ ?=
"EALi*ACiN !"KC$iCA DE LA F%EN$E A ; ?=>== %1, ?> > ;?> ?; ? > =@? ;=> L.1649. E ? ;@ = >? > =>>?>, ?@ > >=> ;G>?= > @?= => >=> ?=?>. E ;=? == =@? ;=> <@ ?= D1, =? >@ = = == =>>? #1.
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Sistemas de Audio
F?< 12 - E ?> <>< "#1 = > = =>= <?> <= L.1649. # < ? >< =? <<=> >?< = > ?, ;? ?I =< <.
Amplificado Hi-Fi de 100W + 100W rMS @? ;=> ?= >?, <@ = ?=>== %1. !=? <@ >= ?= >@= 5+5 ? ? >?, <@ > @?. L ;> ?=>== <@ ;@>? ;= > @=> ;=>?> > @. H <@ =?= ;== ? =, > @>?= ?= @= 20.
F.13 L= ?>< <= = < = >@= = > =><< == ><> <= =>. > ==> > ?=> ?; ; @?> ;= LED DL1 > ;=> > '@-M?= (= @= 10). E = ;@? =?= #1 > ? > ;>?>, >@= @ =>;?= ;= >@> ?=>. >= >@> ?=> <@ ;= =@? ;=> >= > @, @? > ?==> ?> ;= =. A ?@ > ;@ ?=@= > ?=> ;@?, ; >@ @=; ? @, <@ @ >;= =. D>;@G> <@ = ?@= ?= ( @= 12) , ;= K?, >= >@> ?=> =@? ;=>.
MN$AjE EN EL GABiNE$E C > ;@ >== > =?> ?=>, ? (@) <@ > ;= @>?= A;= L.1649-50 > ;?? ?. = >, > =-
E > @=> ; ;>?== <@ ?= > @?= => > ;= > ;=?>, >> ? @ => ;>? ( @= 13), > > ?=> #CA ;= ?= > BF. %G ; ;>?== <@ ?= ? =, = <@ >@ ?== >? >?> > > @>> (@ > =>=). E > => ; =? <@ ?= ?==@;?= , ;=?LED ? > > '@-M?= > L.1115. L >? ;@? > ;@ ?= > > ?> <@ ;> ?=>. = ; =? ?; > 4 ?=> @> ?. & ;? ? <@ == >@ > => > =;=@> @= 4 @= 10. H <@ ?= @ @ ? > > ?=>== ;= LED. E> @ ;=?? = == ?== ? = (=/=) ; ? ( @= 10). A <@ ;== @>?= ;== ;= >@ > > <@ > ; >@? ;=.
!"%EBA Aj%#$E
F?< 14 - E =><< = > = <= = < = >@=, = ><= "CA < = >< BF > <.
E ;== @= > >= ;== <@ ?; ? ;=;= >@ > ?> >G?= 55'+55'. != ?@= >? ;= <@ >;-
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A! taa
F?< 15 - E=;? >< &?-M>< L.1115 ?> < A< L.1650.
F?< 16 - E=;? <> > &?-M>< L.1115. A >< <?> ;? <=>< < = = = =<=.
F?< 17 - F>< <?> <= L.1115 >= =?= >= >=. E <<>< = > = ><= +/ <=.
F?< 18 - D=?= >< = >= ;? < <?> <= <>, ?> = =<<= => = ?>=@ ?= >.
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Sistemas de Audio
Amplificado Hi-Fi de 100W + 100W rMS = @ ??=. !== <@ == <@ >?G >?> > @?= @>> 5 ;= (F1 F4) ?= =@?. != == <@ ?= @??= ?= @ ;@? > > ?=> + - ;@? =?= #1. != = ?> + 55' > ;@ ;= ;@? ;=@ ? (=) @??= ?G>?= ? ?= (>) @ > ==> ?=> ;> >?@> ?= > @>>, ;@? ;=@ ;>? (=) =?? ?= + ;@? #1. E ?G>?= > ?= @ ?> ;= +55'. A=, > >?= ;@? ;=@ ? (=) ?G>?= >, <@ ?= ;@? ;=@ ;>? (=) =??
?= - ;@? #1. E ?G>?= > ?= @ ?> ;= -55'. > ? >?> ?>>, ?> ?@= <@ == > > ?=>== ? > >=> ?=?>. D>;@G> = = ?> > ?=, <@ ;= ;=? = >== > >=> ?=?>. E> ? ;== @>? = ;=, <@ ?@=> > > > > ? > ?;> (=> >?G=), @ ;= . D <@ >? > > ?;> > ?? G?> > >== ?? @>? <@=.
F?< 19 - D> > = &?-M>< L.1115 (? < ) = <> ? = =<<= ?>=@=.
F?< 20 - F>< ><< ? >= = <?>= <== =<= < << A< H-F E=><, =>= =.
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A! taa NOTA:
Para ajstar la corriente de reposo de cada canal ha" qe pre- parar el t#ster para medir corriente contina a 200mA fondo de escala. A continaci%n ha" qe girar, en sentido de las agjas del reloj, el pre-set R14 hasta qe se lea en el t#ster na corriente de 80mA.
F?< 21 - !< ?=>< <<> <= ;?< J> ;? =>< =? <>?== ?= F2 >< = ?>= =>< = ><= <>?== F, > = ?=>< => . % @ < ?=> ;?< ;? < < =<< ;? = =<= ><>= = =<?. D=?= ;? ;?>< ?= F2, =>< ?= F4 >< = ?>= =>< = ><= <>?== F3 < ?=>< <<> <= <.
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Sistemas de Audio
Amplificado Hi-Fi de 100W + 100W rMS C=?=@?= > ?=> >@==> <@ @ = ? >. A ?@ <@ @>?= @=>= ;=->? (?G ?==) #7 === == ;?? @=>= ;=->? #14 >? ?== > @> =. A= <@ >?= ;=?@>> F2 (?> ?) @> 5 ;=> ?= ?G>?= > ??> ;=?@>> F3 @>? ;= = ==? ?@ 200A > (= @= 21). L ;@? ;=@ ;>? ?G>?= (=) ?=> ?= >@;== ;=?@>>. > >; ;@?> = ;= ?G>?= > > >@ @>. A? >@ <@ = ;=. ? > = @ ==? 10-20A. ==? 200A > <@ ;= ;= ?? <@ > ;=@ ===> ? ;= > ?>. A ?@ <@ == @=>= ;=->? #14 >? > @ > = >? = @ ==? @> 50A = <@ ;= > >? ?G=? @=?, >, 5 @?>. %=>@== >? ?; <@ @>?= @=>= ;=->? #14 ;= = @ ==? 80A. L >? ;@? >? @>?. A= <@ ?@= @>? ;? ?@ > (>?). E ;== @= <@ ?= ?G>?=, @>? ;= = ?> ?@ 2 ?> >, > => > ;=? @>?= @=>= ;=->? #7 ;= ?= @ ?@= > ;= ;> 0 ?. ?G>?= @>?= K = ;@ >= =G ;=? <@ ? >? > ;=?>. E >? > <@ == @=>= ;=->? #7 >? >-?= =G , ?@, == @>?. A= <@ ;= ;= , >;@G> >@==> <@ > >=> >? >=>, <@ <@?= @> F2. != @>?= = <@ >?= @> F4 >@ ;=?@>>, ?= ?G>?=
> ?=> ;=?@>> F3 =;?= ?> > ;=> => ;= @>?= <@= ( @= 21). & @> ?> > ;=> @>? <@ ;= ;= = >== > >=>. != K? > <@ >?= > @?= @>> 5A >@> ;=?@>>, ;= > ?;> > ;=?@>> === @ ?=. L@ ?= > > K>?> > => > > ?= > ?=> #CA ;= >=@?= >@ @ ;=.
!"ECi DE LA "EALi*ACiN N?@ E> > ;?> >=> ;= == @ > > ;= H-F (@=> 4 6), @ =@? ;=>, ?=>>?=>, FE%, MFE% ;? >@ ? MFE% >, @ ?; ?, ?=>== ? M.1650 .....................................................$1200
L.1649: != ?> > ;?> >=> ;= == ?; ? (@=> 9 11), @ =@? ;=>, @>>, ;@? =?=, @ K? ?=>==......................................................$1200 L(.1115: !=04: /0 :> :8;:909?0> 900>,=4:> ;,=, =0,4E,= @9 '@-M0?0= ,9,J24: (42@=,> 16 D 17) ...............................................$270
M1650: != ? ?, @ > ?> === ;==> (@= 20), ; =? ;== >==, ; ;>?== ;== (@= 14) $1450
$170.1: != ?=>== 170 ? @ >@= 40'+40' 3A ?= >@= 5' +5' 1A (@= 20) .....$1200
L.1649: C=@? ;=> ............................$220 L.1650: C=@? ;=> ............................$190 L.1115: C=@? ;=> ..............................$35 !@ >?=> =?? => ; N@ E?= (.@?=.) > @<@= @ AG= L?, = >;=? ?> > ?=> @>?= <@= =>?.
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Montaje U!"ed pod' eg#la el $ol#men del !onido de !# "ele$i!o, "an!mi"i(ndolo al a#d)fono de !# adio FM o %alkman, c#ando $ea !#! pogama! fa$oi"o! ha!"a al"a! hoa! de la noche, !in mole!"a a la! o"a! pe!ona! de !# ca!a o a lo! $ecino!. Ba!"a "an!mi"i el !onido a c#alq#ie ecep"o de FM con a#d)fono, #!ando el apaa"o q#e de!cibimo! en e!"e a")c#lo & q#e p#ede !e adap"ado en c#alq#ie apaa"o com+n. Vea el po&ec"o comple"o & o"o! cic#i"o! en %%%.%ebelec"onica.com.a, haciendo clic en el )cono pa!!%od e inge!ando la cla$e: a#ic#inala.
A'&#%: Fd%c# P%ad# fd$%ad#@(c&%#"ca.c#!.a%
AuriculAres inAlámbricos
M
; && &+ && & & D & && & & && & & & & &. ! '&, &> ; & & &' &+, & & & @ & . #& && @ & & & & & &' > ' & ; && & & FM <&& & &+, & +& 1. E =&& &: &&& & ; , & ;& & & && & && && & '& & &+ ( &+) & & FM. O& '& &, >& && & & 30 , & & & / &&& && + ( ) & && & & & &&. E &&& &&& & ;-
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Po&ec"o! Elec"*nico!
&;& & & + > && 30 . ! &/ > & & ' & '&& FM. L& & &&& & : * "D &&D: 6$ * "D &&: 9 & 20$ * C: 20A () * A&: 30 () * F& &D: 88-108MH?
Fig#a 1
AURICULARES INALÁMBRICOS Fig#a 2
C)Mo FunCionA E > : & & && & ; ; &&& & & & &; P1. P1 &/& ; &D & & D D. #& & & &, @ @ 100% &&& Lista
de MateriaLes
CI - 7806 - c#c# #!"a !"&a ! !# Q1 - BF494 !+#a&!! - a# ! RF S1 - #!* #'*&! P1 - 10% - #'* CV - 3-30 2-20*F - #''! c' L1 - bb#a - ! ! A - a!a - ! ! R1 - 10% 1/8W - !# ('a, !", aa$a) R2 - 8,2% 1/8W - !# ("#, $, $) R3 - 100 1/8W - !# ('a, !", 'a) C1 - 220F (224 0,22) - ca*ac# c!'#c C2 - 10F (103 0,01) - ca*ac# c!'#c C3 - 4,7*F - ca*ac# c!'#c C4 - 100F (104 0,1) - ca*ac# c!'#c C5 - 100F 16V - ca*ac# !&!c&#c Varios:
P&aca ! c#c# #'*!, cab&!, !a, !c.
& + D . E & & & & +& ' & '&& FM. P & BF494 & ;& >& & @ & <& && ' & && &&. L1 > C$ & & +& &D > C3 & & &&D & & &. L& && ? &' 10 & 30 &. J & && +/&& & & ' & && && "$. L& &&D &' ; 7806 & && && + > && 100F > && @ 100F && && & & F, >& ; && +&& ;& D ; ;&. L& && 7806 & 9 & 20$, '& & +&;&' &&& "$. C & & > '&/, &'@ '&& & =D . E;, ' & &'& D > +&.
MontAje C?& & &&& & & +& 2. L& D & & & &&
P o&ec "o ! El ec "*ni co !
79
Montaje & & +& 3. C$ 2-20F D 3-30F, & L1 ' & 4 & &&' (22) @? +& & & & & & & && &&. E& &&, ? &&' 10 & 30 . L && @ = C5 && 6$ @ D &'&/. E & & ;& F > P1 && &/ && ;& ?&, ' & & & & && & D ' & && & &. E & 7806 & & &.
PruebA y uso L& '& +& & & & &&D ;, @ & + 9 & 12$ & && CI-1 ( A > 0$, ';@ & &&). ! &/& C$ && & & & & &&& & & &?&& <&& > &. C'& +& D & & & =D & & +& 4. E & = & D ; ;. E , ' +& && & & &+& & > & & &&&. ! & & && , & ;? & & & > P1 && 100F, && && P1. E A & & & & 9 & 20$ ;. 0$ & &, & D P1. #& ;? & & &&D ;, & &&& > &/& C$ Fig#a 4 && & +& ' & '&& FM > P1 && &>& D & &D. E / '& / & & && && ;, (!1) &' && =D (+& 5).
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Po&ec"o! Elec"*nico!
Fig#a 3 P&& & &&& '&& & , & !1 & && & &D & &. E & , && & & &+ '&& ; ; > &/& FM @ & =&, @ &+. ! & &&& && & & &&, D '&& & !1, & ; ; &. E && &&& & & && 9$ & D && && ' & D & 47G 3.
Fig#a 5
