Compound-Complex Sentences Pada tulisan sebelumnya anda sebenarnya sudah banyak melihat contoh-contoh kalimat sederhana (simple sentences), kalimat majemuk (compound sentences), dan kalimat kompleks (complex sentences). Tulisan ini hanya mereview sedikit apa perbedaan antara ketiga jenis kalimat tersebut. Jika anda butuh contoh kalimat tambahan, dapat anda baca di topik Connjunctions dan penggunaannya. penggunaannya. Are you ready? Let’s start from simple sentences.
Simple sentences Simple sentence (kalimat sederhana), juga disebut independent clause, adalah kalimat yang memiliki satu subject dan satu verb (predicate), dan sudah dapat mengekspresikan suatu kejadian/aktivitas secara utuh. Kalimat yang menggunakan subject majemuk (seperti pada contoh 2) atau verb majemuk (seperti pada contoh 3) juga dikatagorikan sebagai kalimat sederhana.
Contoh: 1. I am going to study Japanese next year. 2. Jenny and Joni went to the shopping mall last night. 3. Ronny goes to the library and reads everyday. Note: Contoh 2 memiliki subject majemuk yaitu Jenny dan Joni, sedangkan Contoh 3 memiliki verb majemuk yaitu goes dan reads.
Compound sentences Compound sentence (kalimat majemuk) adalah kalimat yang mengandung sekurang-kurangnya dua independent clause yang dihubungkan oleh coordinating conjunctions, conjunctions, correlative conjunctions,, atau semicolon (i.e. ; ). conjunctions Contoh: 1. Some of the campers went into the woods to find dry tree branches for cooking, and the others built the tents. 2. Rini and Rere are chitchatting by the door, John is reading his book, Dodo is flattering Angelina on the class corner, but Didit is sleeping on his desk. (chitchat = ngobrol, flatter = merayu). 3. I had nothing to do last night, so I went out to see a movie by myself. (by myself = alone = sendirian, tanpa teman). 4. Neither my parents nor I heard of my cousin’s accident. (Baik orang tua saya maupun saya tidak mendengar tentang kecelakaan (yang dialami) sepupu saya). 5. My parents went to Puncak for their vacation; my brother and I went to Bali for ours. Note: Kalimat ini mengandung dua independent clause yang dihubungkan oleh semicolon. Penggunaan semicolon merupakan alternatif untuk menggabungkan independent clause tanpa menggunakan conjunction. Kalimat ini juga dapat ditulis
menjadi: My parents went to Puncak for their vacation, but my brother and I went to Bali for ours. (i.e. semicolon diganti dengan tanda koma dan coordinating conjunction but).
Complex sentences Complex sentence (kalimat kompleks) adalah kalimat yang memiliki satu main clause/independent clause dan sekurang-kurangnya satu anak kalimat/dependent clause (subordinating clause). Anak kalimat biasanya berupa adverbial clause (i.e. clause yang diawali oleh subordinating conjunction (i.e. although, because, ect.) atau berupa adjective clause (i.e. clause yang diawali oleh relative pronoun (i.e. who, that, which, ect. ). Pada kalimat kompleks, jika kalimat pokoknya (main clause) dihilangkan, anak kalimat akan memiliki makna yang belum lengkap.
Contoh: 1. Because I didn’t go to school last week, I didn’t know (that) there would be an exam today. 2. I was studying English when my friend came . (Saya sedang belajar bahasa Inggris ketika temanku datang). 3. I seldom get good grades although I always study hard. (Saya jarang dapat nilai bagus walaupun saya selalu belajar dengan keras). 4. Besides we have to study grammar, we also must know how to speak fluently. (Selain kita harus belajar tatabahasa, kita juga harus tahu bagaimana cara berbicara dengan fasih). 5. I have received the letter that you sent me last week . (Saya telah menerima surat yang kamu kirim minggu lalu). 6. My dad bought this book , which is a hundred pages long, in Jakarta. (Papa saya membeli buku ini, yang tebalnya 100 halaman, di Jakarta). 7. The person whom you met yesterday is my sister. (Orang yang kamu temui kemarin adalah adik (perempuan) saya). 8. Because she is a nice person , she has many friends who are willing to help her . (Karena dia orang yang baik, dia punya banyak teman yang sudi menolongnya). 9. My dad bought this book , which is a hundred pages long , when he was in Jakarta . 10. Even though he is a good looking person, I will never be attracted to him because the girl whom he just dumped is my sister . (dump = campakkan). Note: a) Contoh 1-4 adalah adverbial clause, contoh 5-7 adalah adjective clause. Contoh 8 -10 masing-masing mengandung 2 anak kalimat. Coba tentukan mana adverbial clause dan mana adjective clausenya. b). Gunakan relative pronoun which jika adjective clausenya hanya merupakan informasi tambahan yang tidak begitu penting (i.e. jika dihilangkan tidak merubah makna kalimat) dan, ingat, tanda koma dibutuhkan sebelum dan sesudah adjective clause tersebut.
Compound-complex sentences
Jika sebuah kalimat mengandung sekurang-kurangnya dua independent clause dan sekurangkurangnya satu dependent clause, kalimat tersebut disebut compound-complex sentence.
Sentences: Simple, Compound, and Complex
Experienced writers use a variety of sentences to make their writing interesting and lively. Too many simple sentences, for example, will sound choppy and immature while too many long sentences will be difficult to read and hard to understand. This page contains definitions of simple, compound, and complex sentences with many simple examples. The purpose of these examples is to help the ESL/EFL learner to identify sentence basics including identification of sentences in the short quizzes that follow. After that, it will be possible to analyze more complex sentences varieties. SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought. In the following simple sentences, subjects are in yellow, and verbs are in green.
A. Some students like to study in the mornings. B. Juan and Arturo play football every afternoon. C. Alicia goes to the library and studies every day. The three examples above are all simple sentences. Note that sentence B contains a compound subject, and sentence C contains a compound verb. Simple sentences, therefore, contain a subject and verb and express a complete thought, but they can also contain a compound subjects or verbs. COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.) Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are in red.
A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping. C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping. The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping" first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping." How can the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two clauses? What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the meaning of the sentence? COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when required) are in red.
A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow. D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying. When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong. Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with the independent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of English will often hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence. COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent clause. The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are also underlined.
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetics. B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf. C. The house which AbrahAM Lincoln was born in is still standing. D. The town where I grew up is in the United States. Adjective Clauses are studied in this site separately, but for now it is important to know that sentences containing adjective clauses are complex
Using Clauses as Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs If a clause can stand alone as a sentence, it is an independent clause , as in the following example: Independent
the Prime Minister is in Ottawa
Some clauses, however, cannot stand alone as sentences: in this case, they are dependent clauses or subordinate clauses . Consider the same clause with the subordinating conjunction "because" added to the beginning: Dependent
when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa
In this case, the clause could not be a sentence by itself, since the conjunction "because" suggests that the clause is providing an explanation for something else. Since this dependent c lause answers the question "when," just like an adverb, it is called a dependent adverb clause (or simply an adverb clause, since adverb clauses are always dependent clauses). Note how the clause can replace the adverb "tomorrow" in the following examples: adverb
The committee will meet tomorrow. adverb clause
The committee will meet when the Prime Minister is in Ottawa.
Dependent clauses can stand not only for adverbs, but also for nouns and for adjectives.
Noun Clauses A noun clause is an entire clause which takes the place of a noun in another clause or phrase. Like a noun, a noun clause acts as the subject or object of a verb or the object of a preposition, answering the questions "who(m)?" or "what?". Consider the following examples: noun
I know Latin. noun clause
I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.
In the first example, the noun "Latin" acts as the direct object of the verb "know." In the second example, the entire clause "that Latin ..." is the direct object. In fact, many noun clauses are indirect questions: noun
Their destination is unknown. noun clause Where they are going is unknown.
The question "Where are they going?," with a slight change in word order, becomes a noun clause when used as part of a larger unit -- like the noun "destination," the clause is the subject of the verb "is." Here are some more examples of noun clauses: about what you bought at the mall
This noun clause is the object of the preposition "about," and answers the question "about what ?" Whoever broke the vase will have to pay for it.
This noun clause is the subject of the verb "will have to pay," and answers the question "who will have to pay?" The Toronto fans hope that the Blue Jays will win again .
This noun clause is the object of the verb "hope," and answers the question "what do the fans hope?"
Adjective Clauses An adjective clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adjective in another clause or phrase. Like an adjective, an adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun, answering questions like "which?" or "what kind of?" Consider the following examples: Adjective
the red coat Adjective clause
the coat which I bought yesterday
Like the word "red" in the first example, the dependent clause "which I bought yesterday" in the second example modifies the noun "coat." Note that an adjective clause usually comes after what it modifies, while an adjective usually comes before. In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns "who(m)," "that," or "which." In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing: informal
The books people read were mainly religious. formal
The books that people read were mainly religious. informal
Some firefighters never meet the people they save. formal
Some firefighters never meet the people whom they save.
Here are some more examples of adjective clauses: the meat which they ate was tainted
This clause modifies the noun "meat" and answers the question "which meat?". about the movie which made him cry
This clause modifies the noun "movie" and answers the question "which movie?". they are searching for the one who borrowed the book
The clause modifies the pronoun "one" and answers the question "which one?". Did I tell you about the author whom I met?
The clause modifies the noun "author" and answers the question "which author?".
Adverb Clauses An adverb clause is a dependent clause which takes the place of an adverb in another clause or phrase. An adverb clause answers questions such as "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?". Note how an adverb clause can replace an adverb in the following example: adverb
The premier gave a speech here. adverb clause
The premier gave a speech where the workers were striking.
Usually, a subordinating conjunction like "because," "when(ever)," "where(ever)," "since," "after," and "so that," will introduce an adverb clause. Note that a dependent adverb clause can never stand alone as a complete sentence: independent clause
they left the locker room dependent adverb clause
after they left the locker room
The first example can easily stand alone as a sentence, but the second cannot -- the reader will ask what happened "after they left the locker room". Here are some more examples of adverb clauses expressing the relationships of cause, effect, space, time, and condition: cause
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle because the uncle had murdered Hamlet's father.
The adverb clause answers the question "why?". effect
Hamlet wanted to kill his uncle so that his father's murder would be avenged.
The adverb clause answers the question "with what goal/result?". time After Hamlet's uncle Claudius married Hamlet's mother, Hamlet wanted to kill him.
The adverb clause answers the question "when?". Note the change in word order -- an adverb clause can often appear either before or after the main part of the sentence . place Where the whole Danish court was assembled, Hamlet ordered a play in an attempt to prove
his uncle's guilt.
The adverb clause answers the question "where?". condition If the British co-operate, the Europeans may achieve monetary union.
The adverb clause answers the question "under what conditions?"
Complex Sentences 1. Although Rina are sicked, but she went to school. S V S V O 2. Because computer can proccesed data quickly, it is a helpful S V O Adv S V
in our modern life. O 3. When yudha was reading newspaper, his girlfriend gave cake S V O S V O 4. After we finished this task, we went to the cinema. S V O S V O 5. If you called me bofore, i wait you. S V O S V O
Some people buy expensive cars simply because they can . adverb clause
Many people hope that Canada can resolve its economic problems . 1. noun clause The bankers need to know what they should do . 1. noun clause Which one is the person who stole your car ? 1. adjective clause
Wherever there is a large American city , there will be poverty.
1. adverb clause The books which the professor assigned were very expensive. 1. adjective clause Canada might give up its marketing boards if the European Community gives up its grain subsidies . 1. adverb clause That is the place where Wolfe's and Montcalm's armies fought . 1. adjective clause Unless the crown can make a better case , the accused murderer will not be convicted.
1. adverb clause It is important to ask whether the wedding is formal or semi-formal . 1. noun clause
http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/claustyp.html http://swarabhaskara.com/sentence-components/simple-compound-complex-sentences/
