EXPERIMENT NO. 1 MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A LIQUID NAME
SECTION GROUP #
1. Prado, Mon Patrick M. 2.Publico Jerome R. 3.Rivera Kristian Asterio R. 4.Riñon Daniel S.A. 57045 5
DATE PERFORMED
July 3, 2017
DATE SUBMITTED INSTRUCTOR
July 5, 2017 Engr. L.A. M. Olasiman
I. OBJECTIVE:
The activity aims to understand the concept and relationship between density and specific gravity of a liquid. II. LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):
The students shall be able to: 1. Demonstrate different methods for measuring density and specific gravity of various liquid. 2. Interpret data and relate result to governing scientific principle. 3. Develop professional professional work ethics, including precision, precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow instruction. III. DISCUSSION:
Density is defined as mass per unit volume. It is a measure of the size of the t he molecules and how closely the molecules are spaced in a material. The density of the substance, in general, depends on temperature and pressure. The density of most gases is proportional pressure and inversely proportional to temperature. Liquid is essentially incompressible substance, and the variation of their density with pressure is usually negligible. At 20 °C, for example, the density of water changes from 998
at 1 Atm to 1003 at 100 Atm, a change of 0.5%. The density of liquid depends more strongly on temperature than it does on pressure. At 1 Atm, for example, the density of water changes from 998 at 20 °C to 975 at 75 °C, a change of 2.3%, which can still be neglected in many engineering engineering
analysis.
=
(1)
Sometimes the density of a substance is given relatively to the density if a well-known substance. Then it is called specific gravity or relative density , and as defined as the ration of the density of a substance substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified temperature. Then, Specific gravity of a substance is dimensionless quantity, for liquid the standard substance is water and for gas the standard substance is air at same pressure and temperature. 1
= IV. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT: QUANTITY
1 1 1 1 5
(2)
ITEM Graduated Cylinder Funnel Beaker Weighing scale Different types of liquid
V. PROCEDURE: Based from the name of the experiment, “Measurement of Density and Specific Gravity of a Liquid” , the instructor or professor dictate the students to perform and analyze the indicated experiment by means of measuring the density (ρ) and (ρ) and specific gravity (s.g.) of the different liquid samples that every particular group brought. Safety and precaution is important in conducting, the following procedure are the safety measures which have been practiced upon conducting the experiment:
1. Always wear the laboratory gown preferred by instructor upon performing the experiment in order to avoid getting spills and smudges from the liquids used in the experiment especially for corrosive liquids and flammable liquids. 2. It is necessary to use gloves since the liquid indicated in the experiment are widely used for household tasks or just liquids that is not toxic. 3. We must know the safety precaution to bring or to use flammable liquids with high in (i.e. gasoline, alcohol, etc.) which may be a cause of fire upon conducting the experiment. Before directing the analysis, the professor told us to bring no less than 500mL of various sorts of fluid which is monetarily accessible in any stores in advertise or just in family unit day by day use with a specific end goal to be utilized as a part of the test. It has been reported before the date of the analysis. Following these means are the method directed in the test to quantify the density and specific gravity of the fluid test samples: 1. Borrow and ask the student assistant for a slip at the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory to list down the materials required in leading the experiment.
2. first step, the students must get the mass of the equipment (e.g. graduated graduated cylinder, and beaker) using the weighing scale in order differentiate the raw mass of the liquid excluding the weight of the given equipment. (note that the measuring equipment must set to 0 or in balanced scale so that only the liquid will be calibrated by the weighing scale. ( fig. 1.1)
2
Figure 1.1 Preparation of glass apparatus
3. Use the weighing scale in getting all of the mass of the liquid sample to determine which is the heaviest. Each of the weighing process indicates 5 trials. (fig.2)
Figure 1.2 Determining Liquid Mass using Weighing Scale
4. Getting the mass of each of the liquid, the students also get its density and specific gravity of each which has been done in 5 trials in order to validate which 3
liquid is the heaviest. Refer from the formula of getting the density: ρ-is density; m- mass of the liquid measured v-volume
=
Since density is a quantity which means the degree of compactness of a substance, also, refer from the formula of specific gravity indicated: SG=specific gravity; ρfluid= density of the fluid; ρwater = density of water
=
5. After getting the density of each of liquids, the group representative in the experiment poured the different liquids in a beaker in order to check the concept both theoretical and experimental. It has been indicated that the liquid which has the heaviest density will settle at the bottom of the beaker and the one, which is the lightest, will be the one 6which will remain at the upper part of the mixture (fig. 1)
Figure 1.3 Layers of Liquid 4
6. DATA AND RESULT: LIQUID 1: Glucose
ST. DENSITY: 1.54 g/ml
TRIAL
MASS (grams)
1 2 3 4 5
75.3 91.3 105.5 121.1 135.3
VOLUME (ml)
50 1.506 60 1.522 70 1.507 80 1.513 90 1.503 Table 1. 1 Data and Result of Glucose
LIQUID 2: Joy Dishawashing liquid TRIAL
MASS (grams)
51.5 62.7 72.3 82.7 90.5
1 2 3 4 5
LIQUID 3: Tap Water
SP. GRAVITY % of error 2.2077922 2.328 1.1688312 2.242 2.1428571 2.0914 1.7532468 2.02 2.4025974 2.02
ST. DENSITY: 1.05 g/ml VOLUME (ml)
DENSITY (g/ml)
50 1.03 60 1.045 70 1.032 80 1.033 90 1.005 Table 1. 2 Data and Result of Joy Dishwashing Dishwashing Liquid
SP. GRAVITY 0.726 0.767 0.801 0.835 0.852
% of error 1.9047619 0.4761905 1.7142857 1.6190476 4.2857143
ST. DENSITY: 1 g/ml
TRIAL
MASS (grams)
1 2 3 4 5
48.2 59.3 68.5 76.3 85.8
LIQUID 4: Palm Oil
DENSITY(g/ml)
VOLUME (ml)
DENSITY (g/ml)
50 0.964 60 0.988 70 0.978 80 0.953 90 0.95 Table 1. 3 Data and Result of Tap Water
% of SP. GRAVITY error 3.6 0.586 1.2 0.645 2.2 0.786 4.7 0.778 5 0.834
ST. DENSITY: 0.92 g/ml
TRIAL
MASS (grams)
VOLUME (ml)
DENSITY (g/ml)
1
44.3
50
0.886
SP. GRAVITY % of error 3.6956522 0.576 5
52.2 61.3 70.6 82.2
2 3 4 5
LIQUID 5: Engine Oil TRIAL
60 0.87 70 0.8757 80 0.8825 90 0.911 Table 1. 4 Data and Result of Palm Oil
5.4347826 4.8152174 4.076087 0.9782609
SP. GRAVITY 1.196 1.183 1.127 1.079 1.051
% of error 4.5238095 1.4285714 3.5714286 5.952381 2.3809524
ST. DENSITY: 0.84 g/ml
MASS (grams)
40.1 49.7 56.7 63.5 73.4
1 2 3 4 5
0.62 0.895 0.681 0.719
VOLUME (ml)
DENSITY (g/ml)
50 0.802 60 0.828 70 0.81 80 0.79 90 0.82 Table 1. 5 Data and Result of Engine Oil
7. COMPUTATION: Density and Specific Gravity Computation Liquid 1: Glucose
= / / = = . = . = . = . = .
Computation of TRIAL
1
2
3
4 5
Density:
DENSITY (g/ml)
2.328
2.242
2.091
2.02 1.89
Computation of Specific Gravity:
= . / / = . / . / / = . / . / / = . / .// / = . .// / = .
SP. GRAVITY
2.328
2.242
2.091
2.02 1.89
Table 1. 6 Specific Gravity Computation of Glucose
6
Liquid 2: Joy Dishwashing liquid
=
= / / Computation of Specific Gravity:
Computation of TRIAL
1
2
3
4
5
Density:
= .. = .. = .. = .. = ..
DENSITY (g/ml)
0.726
0.767
0.801
0.835
0.852
= . / / = . / = ./ / . / / = . / . / / = . / . / / = . /
SP. GRAVITY
0.726
0.767
0.801
0.835
0.852
Table 1. 7 Specific Specific Gravity Computation of Joy Dishwashing Liquid
7
Liquid 3: Tap Water
= / /
Table 1. 8 Specific Gravity Computation of Tap Water
=
Computation of Specific Gravity:
Computation of TRIAL
1
2 3
4 5
Density:
= .. = .. = .. = .. = ..
DENSITY (g/ml)
0.576
0.62 0.895
0.681 0.719
= . / / = . / .// / = . . / / = . / . / / = . / . / / = . /
SP. GRAVITY
0.576
0.62 0.895
0.681 0.719
8
= / /
Liquid 4: Palm Oil
=
Computation of Specific Gravity:
Computation of TRIAL
1
2 3
4 5
Density:
= .. = .. = .. = .. = ..
DENSITY (g/ml)
0.586
0.645 0.786
0.778 0.834
= . / / = . / . / / = . / . / / = . / . / / = . / . / / = . /
SP. GRAVITY
0.586
0.645 0.786
0.778 0.834
Table 1. 9 Specific Gravity Computation of Palm Oil
9
= / /
Liquid 5: Engine Oil
=
Computation of Specific Gravity:
Computation of TRIAL
1
2
3
4
5
Density:
= .. = .. = .. = .. = ..
DENSITY (g/ml)
1.196
1.183
1.127
1.079
1.051
= . / / = . / . / / = . / . / / = . / = ./ / . / / = . /
SP. GRAVITY
1.196
1.183
1.127
1.079
1.051
Table 1. 10Specific 10Specific Gravity Computation of Engine Oil
Computation of percentage of error Glucose Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4` Trial 5
%error=
% of error 2.207792
%error=
1.1688312
%error=
2.1428571
%error=
1.7532468
%error=
2.4025974
.−. × . .−. × . .−. × . .−. × . .−. × . Table 1. 11 Computation of percentage of error for Glucose
10
Joy Dishwashing liquid Trial 1
%error=
% of error 1.9047619
Trial 2
%error=
0.4761905
Trial 3
%error=
1.7142857
Trial 4`
%error=
1.6190476
Trial 5
%error=
4.2857143
..−. × .−. × . .−. × . .−. × . .−. × . Table 1. 12 Computation of percentage of error for Joy Dishwashing Liquid
Tap water Trial 1
%error=
Trial 2
%error=
1.2
Trial 3
%error=
2.2
Trial 4`
%error=
4.7
Trial 5
−. × −. × −. × −. × −.. ×
% of error 3.6
%error=
5
.−. × . ..−. × .−.. × .−.. × .−. . ×
Table 1. 13 Computation of percentage of error for Tap Water Palm Oil Trial 1
%error=
% of error 3.6956522
Trial 2
%error=
5.4347826
Trial 3
%error=
4.18152174
Trial 4`
%error=
4.076087
Trial 5
%error=
0.9782609
Table 1. 14 Computation of percentage of error for Palm Oil Engine Oil Trial 1
%error=
% of error 4.5238095
Trial 2
%error=
1.4285714
Trial 3
%error=
3.5714286
Trial 4`
%error=
5.952381
Trial 5
%error=
2.3809524
.−. × . .−. × . ..−. × ..−. × ..−. ×
Table 1. 15 Computation of percentage of error for Palm Oil
11
8. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: The group has observed that as the volume of the liquid increase the mass of the liquid will also increase which lead to a greater value in density of the liquid. It is also seen in the tables that the specific gravity of the liquid is identical to the density of the liquid; it has remained identical throughout throughout the five trials of each liquid. The cause for this pattern to happen is the density of water which is the density of water ( ). The standard specific gra gravity vity of the five liquids are not near to the calculated specific gravity gravity
= 1
in the experiment. The standard specific gravity of the five liquids were observed at a location with controlled temperature, since this experiment was not in an ideal setting the specific gravity will not be near the standard value. The errors can also be due to the human error in measuring the volume of the liquid.
9.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
Upon the actual experimentation experimentation liquids used in this experiment tend to manage themselves themselves from the heaviest to the lightest liquid, from bottom to top respectively the divisions divisions of the liquids are noticeable once laid on the top of the other. Liquids in the container doesn’t mix at all liquids used in the experiment have different densities hence it was the factor which made the liquids have their own separation making it impossible to mix the said liquids.
12
EXPERIMENT NO. 2 MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY OF AN SOLID OBJECT NAME
1. Prado, Mon Patrick M. 2.Publico Jerome R. 3.Rivera Kristian Asterio R. 4.Riñon Daniel S.A.
SECTION GROUP #
57045 5
I.
DATE PERFORMED: 8/7/2017 DATE SUBMITTED 8/9/2017 INSTRUCTOR:
SCORE:
Engr. Lester Alfred M. Olasiman
OBJECTIVE:
The activity aims to determine the density and specific gravity of a solid object using water displacement displacement method. II.
LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):
The students shall be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4.
III.
Understand the concepts of mass, volume and density of an solid object. Calculate density of a solid heavier than water by measuring its mass and volume. Interpret data and relate result to governing scientific principle. Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow instruction.
DISCUSSION:
All matter has mass and volume. Mass and volume are the physical properties of matter and may vary with different objects. The amount of matter contained in an object is called mass. Its measure is usually given in grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object. The units for volume including liters (l), meters cube (m 3), and gallons (gal). Most of the substances expand on heating and contract on cooling, but the mass remaining constant for all cases. The density of most of the substances decreases with the increase in temperature and increases with decrease in temperature. But water contracts when cooled up to 40 °C but expands when cooled further below 40 °C. Thus, the density of water is maximum at 40 °C. Volume is a measure of the amount of space an object takes up. When a cylinder is submerged in the water it pushes water out of the way. If you measure the amount the water level increases, you can find the volume of the water pushed out of the way.
13
Figure 2.1 Volume Displacement Method
IV.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT: QUANTITY 1 5 1 5
V.
ITEM Beaker Solid object Weighing Scale Different Liquid
PROCEDURE: Safety Procedure:
Since safety is the most important, the following procedure are the safety measures which have been practiced upon conducting the experiment: 1. Never perform unauthorized work, preparations or experiments experiments 2. Wear the laboratory gown upon performing the experiment in order to avoid getting dirt from the liquids used in the experiment. 3. Use gloves and proper eye protection if necessary. 4. It is prohibited to bring or to use flammable liquids ( i.e. gasoline, alcohol, etc.) which may be a cause of fire upon conducting the experiment. 5. After the experiment clean clean all the apparatus apparatus and equipment equipment used during experiment.
14
Experiment Procedure:
Follow the step by step procedure during experiment. 1. Find the mass of a substance using a digital weighing scale. But it must be calibrated first, its surface must be smooth and no residues of water spills to avoid any corrections in weighing a specific object. And measure the given materials of the experiment include also measurement of the the mass of the beaker in the water.
Figure 2.2 Calibration of digital weighing scale
Figure 2.3 weigh the given material 15
Figure 2.4 Weight of the water
2. Fill a Beaker with large enough to hold the insoluble, irregular solid based on the given materials in this experiment. experiment. Submerged the given given object to the water to a measured level. Record the volume of the water and its displacement.
Figure 2.5 Submerge materials
16
3. Submerge the solid in the graduated cylinder's water. Tap the beaker to allow trapped air bubbles to escape for less errors in calculating the Final volume of the submerge materials. Record the volume of the t he water and the submerged object
Figure 2.6 Measuring displacement of the submerge material
4.
For computing the final volume of the submerge material subtract the volume of the water from the volume of the water with the submerged object. For example, if the water volume initially was 6 milliliters and, after the object was submerged, measured 8 milliliters, then the volume of the object is 2 milliliters. 5. Divide the initial mass measurement by the volume to determine the density of the object. For example, if the mass of the object measured 4 grams and the volume measured 2 milliliters, then the density is 2 grams per milliliter or 2g/ml. 6. Repeat the process for 3 trials per object.
Figure 2 Repeat trials for every material 17
VI.
DATA AND RESULT:
MATERIAL 1: Rock
TRIAL
1 2 3 4 5
LIQUID: Tap Water
MASS (grams) 144.35 86.86 339.7 11.2 131.31
INITIAL VOLUME (mL)
130 280 655 280 656 280 710 280 755 280 Table 2. 1 Density of Rock
MATERIAL 2: Tiles
TRIAL 1 2 3 4 5
INITIAL VOLUME (mL)
1 2 3 4 5
MASS (grams) 247 496 746 996 1240
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
5 300 18 300 25 300 35 300 56 300 Table 2. 2 Density of Tiles
MATERIAL 3: Piece of Steel
TRIAL
DENSITY
1.11g/mL 0.133g/mL 0.52g/mL 0.157g/mL 0.174g/mL
LIQUID: Tap Water
MASS (grams) 29.04 60.09 84.51 109.23 151.31
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
DENSITY
5.08g/mL 3.34g/mL 3.38g/mL 3.21g/mL 2.702g/mL
LIQUID: Tap Water INITIAL VOLUME (mL)
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
40 340 75 340 100 340 140 340 175 340 Table 2. 3 Density of Piece of steel
DENSITY
6.157g/mL 6.613g/mL 7.146g/mL 7.114g/mL 0.864g/mL
18
MATERIAL 4: Stainless
TRIAL 1 2 3 4 5
MASS (grams)
157 189.11 243.37 231.67 420.85
MATERIAL 5: Marble
TRIAL 1 2 3 4 5
MASS (grams)
41.45 93.69 142.42 183.19 229.33
LIQUID: Tap Water
INITIAL VOLUME (mL)
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
360 22 360 35 360 40 360 55 360 58 Table 2. 4 Density of Stainless
DENSITY
6.175g/mL 6.613g/mL 7.146g/mL 7.114g/mL 0.864g/mL
LIQUID: Tap Water
INITIAL VOLUME (mL)
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
340 15 340 20 340 50 340 65 340 85 Table 2. 5 Density of Marble
DENSITY
7.34g/mL 5.40g/mL 6.08g/mL 4.212g/mL 7.256g/mL
19
VII.
COMPUTATIONS:
TRIAL (ROCK)
MASS (grams)
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
1
144.35
130
2
86.86
655
3
339.7
656
4
111.2
710
5
131.31
755
= ⁄ = 144.35 130 =1.11/ = 86.86655 =0.133/ = 339.7 656 =0.52/ = 111.2 710 =0.157/ = 131.31 755 =0.174/ DENSITY
Table 2. 6 Density Computations for Rock
20
TRIAL (TILES)
MASS (grams)
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
1
29.04
5
2
60.09
18
3
84.51
25
4
109.23
35
5
151.31
56
= ⁄ = 29.04 5 =5.08 / = 60.09 g18 =3.34/ = 84.51 25 =3.38/ = 109.23 35 =3.121/ = 151.31 56 =2.702/ DENSITY
Table 2. 7 Density Computations Computations for Tiles
TRIAL (STEEL)
MASS (grams)
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
1
247
40
2
496
75
3
746
100
4
996
140
5
1240
175
= ⁄ = 247 40 = 6.175 / / = 496 g75 =6.613/ = 746 100 =7.46/ = 996 140 =7.114/ = 151.31 175 =0.864/ DENSITY
Table 2. 8 Density Computations Computations for Steel
21
TRIAL (STAINLESS)
MASS (grams)
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
1
157
22
2
189.11
35
3
243.37
40
4
231.67
55
5
420.85
58
= ⁄ = 157 22 = 7.3434 / / = 189.11 g35 = 5.4040 / / = 243.37 40 =6.08/ = 231.67 55 =4.212/ = 420.85 58 =7.256/ DENSITY
Table 2. 9 Density Computations for Stainless
TRIAL (MARBLE)
MASS (grams)
FINAL VOLUME (mL)
1
41.45
15
2
93.69
20
3
142.42
50
4
183.19
65
5
229.33
85
= ⁄ = 41.4515 =2.76 / = 93.69 g20 = 4.6868 / / = 142.42 50 =2.85/ = 183.19 65 =2.82/ = 229.33 85 =2.698/ DENSITY
Table 2. 10 Density Computations for Marble
22
VIII.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
In this experiment for each trial are measured using the digital weighing scale calibrated and for less errors which is set to grams. For measuring the stone, tiles, iron scraps, chromium weights and marbles. The initial volume of all the liquid which we used tap water as a liquid substance in the experiment is measured through the beaker the marking in milliliter and after the material is submerged, the total volume measured is the final volume of this experiment. The volume used in each trial varies due to the limited number of liquid that the groups have, insufficient materials used we generally used tap water as the main liquid of the experiment, however the same principle should be applied. In each trail, after the respective mass and volume are measured using the digital weighing scale and ruler for volume displacement. displacement. The density is computed using the formula of mass divided by volume displacement and it is compared to its standard value regardless of the liquid is submerged to. IX.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
In this experiment we are able to measure mass of solid materials, and the volume Of a liquid substance and related to their density and specific gravity. We establish the relation of the density of an object should be constant regardless of the mass, volume and type of liquid it is submerge to. Because even though we continuously adding mass to the said volume its density is still constant when calculating it. However, we found some errors within the data. This includes the calibration and estimation of displacement of the liquid which is the we must measure the said displacement at the lower meniscus of the beaker for exact measurement of the volume displacement. The surface tension might have something to do with it as the force acting on each are uneven like we have a material materi al that is spherical shaped which is the marbles used. We also include the human errors negligence of the line of sight, parallax effect and measuring without the air bubbles that indicates that the material is fully submerged applying the laws of submerged materials in the liquid. It is recommended recommended to carefully check the materials first it must be polished first because any dirt from the material may affect calibration of the mass and always check the surface area of the experiment that may cost incorrect calibrations and knowledgeable on using the digital weighing scale.
23
EXPERIMENT NO. 3 MEASUREMENT OF WEIGHT AND PRESSURE NAME
1.) Prado, Mon Patrick M. 2.) Publico, Jerome R. 3.) Rivera, Kristian Asterio R. 4.) Riñon, Daniel S.A.
DATE PERFORMED
July 10, 2017
SECTION GROUP #
57045
DATE SUBMITTED INSTRUCTOR
July, 12 2017 Engr. L.A. M. Olasiman
I.
5 OBJECTIVE:
The activity aims to demonstrate the procedure in measuring the area of regular and irregular shapes and sizes using planimeter. II.
LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):
The students shall be able to: 1. Measure the area of regular and irregular shape and size using digital and analog planimeter. 2. Interpret data and relate result to governing scientific principle. 3. Develop professional professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow instruction. III.
DISCUSSION:
A dead-weight piston gauge gauge is used to introduce to students the principles principles of checking and adjusting of manometers – (calibrating principles). The pressure is applied via weights, which are placed on a weight support. The latter has a piston which acts on hydraulic oil in a pipe system, so that a manometer which is also connected to the system should indicate certain pressures. The device contains a Bourdon spring manometer with a transparent dial. The display mechanism and the various adjustment opportunities opportunities are therefore clearly identifiable. Hydraulic oil is used to t o transfer pressure.
24
IV.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT: Equipment
Beaker Rubber hose Weights Bourdon spring manometer Piston Cylinder Vernier Caliper
V.
Quantity
1 2 4 1 1 1 1
PROCEDURE:
Safety Procedure: The following safety procedures are met to avoid any untoward accidents 1. Laying out discarded papers on the table to absorb spilled oil 2. Identification of oil to be used 3. Prohibiting childish act or horse playing 4. Proper and isolated experimental set up
Experiment Procedure: 1. Attach the gage to the stem, B. 2. Select the weight and place it on the vertical piston, A. 3. Move the handle of the adjusting piston C to ensure that the weight and piston are supported by oil, not bottom stop. 4. Spin the vertical piston to ensure it is floating freely. 5. Record the gage reading and the weight. 6. Repeat steps 2 through 5 for increasing and decreasing weights for each gage. Be sure to cover as much of the range of the t he gage that can be achieved with available weights. weights.
25
Figure 3 Materials and Set up
First, we put the palm oil inside the piston cylinder in order to fill the system with it make it sure there’s no air bubble residues which will affect the pressure, after that we calibrate the manometer to make sure it will be accurate when measuring. And then put the piston inside the cylinder do this every trial add another weight on the piston and you take the pressure that resulted r esulted from weight that was added every trial.
Figure 3.2 Data gathering
26
We gather the data based on the pressure of every liquids from the manometer note that the manometer must be calibrated in order to have accurate measurem measurements. ents. And for Vernier caliper must accurately measure the piston diameter and parameters.
Figure 3.3 Computation
From the gathered data, we compute the pressure each and every liquid and repeat it after every trial
VI.
COMPUTATIONS:
% = × 9.10.6433 ×100 14.14.4795 ×100 19.20.3326 ×100 29.30.2862 ×100 34.35.1112 ×100
Percentage of Correlation;
= 92.33 % = 98.40 % = 94.90 % = 96.63 % = 97.13 %
Table 3.1 Computation for Percentage Correlation
27
Theoretical
Computed
= = +
=× = 0. 9 824 9. 8 066 = 1 41000 0.018 1. 4 7707 9. 8 066 = 1 58000 0.018 1. 9 7 9. 8 066 = 1 80000 0.018 2. 9 8387 9. 8 066 = 1 119000 0. 0 18 3. 4 785 9. 8 066 = 1 138000 0.018 ;
Trial 1
;
Trial 1
F=
F =9.6340 N Trial 2
F= 10.43 N
Trial 2
F=
F= 14.7579 N
F=14.4850 N Trial 3
Trial 3
F=
F= 19.31900 N Trial 4
F= 20.357 N
Trial 4
F=
F= 30.282 N
F= 29.262 N Trial 5
Trial 5
F=
F= 34.112 N
F= 35.1167 N
Table 3.2 Computations for F
28
VII.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS: From trial 1, a pressure of 41 KN/m 2 was observed upon adding mass onto the piston, for trial 2 an additional weight was added and a pressure of 58 KN/m 2 registered as the pressure being applied, for trial 3 a pressure of 80 KN/m2 registered in the gauge upon adding up a different onto the piston, for trial 4 a pressure of 119 KN/m2 registered upon adding a bigger weight compared to. The weights added in the previous trials, lastly trial 5 adding up all weights on into the piston a pressure of 138 KN/m2
VIII.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Based from the results and discussion, discussion, it was clearly seen that each and every time a weight is being added onto the piston the pressure will proportionally increase, hence satisfying the formula force over area
Upon the experiment, the equipment to be used wasn’t calibrated to desired zero value which took a lot of time to calibrate, another issue was the tubing where the oil was in and where the pressure is to be subjected. we suggest that it should be replaced with a clearer tubing wherein student’s ca address air bubbles within the tubing that will affect the experimental results and may hamper the students understanding what happened within the experiment.
29
EXPERIMENT NO. 4 MEASUREMENT OF AREA NAME
1. Prado, Mon Patrick 2. Publico, Jerome R. 3. Rinon, Daniel S.A 4. Rivera, Kristian Asterio R.
SECTION GROUP #
57045 5
I.
DATE PERFORMED: August 30, 2017 DATE SUBMITTED: September, 2017 INSTRUCTOR:
SCORE:
Engr. Lester Alfred M. Olasiman
OBJECTIVE:
The activity aims to demonstrate the procedure in measuring the area of regular and irregular shapes and sizes using planimeter. II.
LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):
The students shall be able to: 1. Measure the area of regular and irregular shape and size using digital and analog planimeter. 2. Interpret data and relate result to governing scientific principle. 3. Develop professional professional work ethics, including precision, precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow instruction III.
DISCUSSION:
Planimeters are used to measure areas on maps of any kind and scale, as well as plans, blueprints or any scale drawing or plan. They are often used by surveyors, foresters, geologists, geographers, geographers, engineers and architects. Mechanical (non-digital) planimeters feature a pole arm, tracer arm, tracer magnifier, recording dial, and Vernier measuring wheel. Some models have adjustable length pole and tracer arms, while others are fixed length. All have a reset which returns the measuring dial and Vernier scale to zero before the next use. Digital planimeters are computerized. They give a direct reading of the area traced as square inches or centimeters, with some reading directly in any unit of area including acres, square meters, square kilometers, etc. The most advanced units will also store data for downloading into a personal computer. Most digital planimeters have various memory functions which enable you to add areas, accumulate measurements measurements and average multiple measurements. measurements. Digital planimeters are available with pole arms or rollers. 30
To use a mechanical planimeter, a "constant" is first determined by choosing the shortest possible arm length which will cover the area to measure, and tracing the boundary of a known area Once the known area is traced, you can see how many revolutions the dial scale indicates. The known area divided by the dial reading equals the constant. Once the constant is determined, the measuring dial is reset and the boundary is traced by moving the magnifier over the boundary in a clockwise direction. The reading on the dial is multiplied by the constant to give the desired area of the plot. Digital planimeters require initial settings for units and scale. There is no need to determine a constant when using any digital planimeter.
Figure 4.1 L30 MODEL PLANIMETER
IV.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:
1 set Mechanical Polar Planimeter 5 different figures
31
V.
PROCEDURE:
Experiment Procedure: 1. Before any measurements are attempted, make sure that the measuring surface is suitable. It should not be very glossy, (photographs) too rough, mutilated, torn or patched up with adhesive tape. If the measuring surface is not quite suitable, cover it with a transparent sheet of tracing paper to minimize the problem. Make sure that the measuring table is reasonably flat and that both pole weight and planimeter body operate at the same elevation. 2. Assemble your instrument as shown shown on figure 15. and and select select the the tracer tracer arm length most suitable suitable for your application.
Figure 4.2 Assembly of Planimeter
3. Place the tracer point TP of your planimeter in the approximate center of the area to be measured. Position the pole weight in such a manner, that the pole arm P and the tracer arm T form a 900 angle (approx.) as shown in figure 2. 4. Make a quick cursory tracing around the area to t o be measured to make sure that the measuring wheel does not run over paper edges and that the area can be covered in one single continuous operation. 5. Select a starting point S somewhere on the area periphery and move the tracer point TP over it as shown in figure 3. 6. Set the measuring mechanism to zero or take an initial reading. 7. While keeping the tracer point TP precisely over the peripheral line, move the tracer around the area in a clockwise direction until the circuit is closed and the starting point S is reached again. Important: While measuring, keep the instrument level on the measuring surface to avoid a lift off the measuring wheel. 8. Read the result off the measuring mechanism. mechanism.
32
Figure 43 area periphery
9. If the counter was cleared prior to the measuring process, the result "N" can readily be used to obtain the actual area measurement. 10. If you took an initial readout prior to the measurement, it must be subtracted from the final readout to obtain "N". 11. For 1:1 measurements expressed in inch2 or cm2, multiply the result "N" by the "u" value given for your model 10 or 20 or, if your instrument is a model 30, by the "u" value for the arm extension used. 12. For scale measurements to be expressed in ft2, acres, mile 2, m2, ha, km2, multiply "N" by CA. (= Scale Area Constant)
33
VI.
DATA AND RESULTS:
Figure
Dial
Major Wheel
Minor Wheel
Vernier
Result
Area in2
% Error
1. Square
0
4
2
8
0428
4.28
7%
2.Triangle
0
2
0
2
0202
2.02
1%
3.Rectangle
1
0
3
8
1038
10.38
3.8%
4.Triangle(BIG)
0
8
1
0
0810
8.1
1.23%
5.Trapezoid
0
5
6
6
0566
5.66
5.67%
Table 4.1 Area of Figures VII.
COMPUTATIONS: Figure
Square
Triangle
Triangle(BIG)
Rectangle
Trapezoid
Computed
Measured A = N x u A = S2 = (2)2 A = 0428 x 0.01 A = 4 in2 A = 4.28 in2 A = N x u A = A = 0202 x 0.01 A = 2 in2 A = 2.02 in2 A = N x u A = A = 0810 x 0.01 A = 8 in2 A = 8.1in2 A = N x u A = L x W = (5x2) A = 1038 x 0.01 A = 10 in2 A = 10.38 in2 A = N x u A = A = 0566 x 0.01 A = 6 in2 A = 5.66 in2 Table 4.1 Computations for Percentage Error
12 ℎ 12 ℎ
12 + + ℎ
% Error
−. 100= 7% −. 100= 1% −. 100= 1.25% −. 100= 3.8% −. 100= 5.67]3.8%
34
VIII.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
While the level of exactness in comes about feasible in the different operations of estimation with the Planimeter as depicted in the past parts has been given in the talk of the utilization of the Planimeter in those portrayals, it will be of enthusiasm for determination and give a clearer comprehension of the general subject of the precision of Planimeter estimation to give the consequences of the investigations which have been made at different circumstances to decide the relative and real level of exactness which might be unquestionably unquestionably expected in the different types of operation. Not exclusively is an information of the level of precision achievable achievable in these operations of the best conceivable incentive incentive as outfitted proof of the dependence which might be set in all aftereffects of estimations along these lines got, yet they fill the additional need of demonstrating the practically boundless estimation of the guide these instruments are fit for rendering in each type of Engineering work and giving them the high place in the rundown of the Engineer mechanical aides for which that exactness and versatility so famously fits them. In this experiment a planimeter is utilized to quantify the region of a regular shape, it is finished by simply following the outer line of the area, starting from the center and to an edge which will serve as a starting point. IX.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
The precision of our examinations relies upon two components components one is the natural factor and the other is human error. Environmental Work
The working region can influence the precision of the trial esteem. On the off chance that the surface is not leveled the roller in the planimeter. Additionally if the testing subject is not in great conditions the outcome will not be right.
Human Error
A few people get preferred outcomes over others. A decent eye, an enduring hand and tolerance when following the blueprint are most critical for good outcomes. Great light and a happy with working position likewise assume a conclusive part.
Recommendation
To have precise results in conducting the experiment we should consider the environment and the human error that will occur in the experiment to lessen the discrepancy. Also we should consider the condition of the test subject to have a proper evaluation ev aluation in conducting the experiment.
35
EXPERIMENT NO. 5 MEASUREMENT OF HUMIDITY NAME
1. Prado, Mon Patrick 2. Publico, Jerome R. 3. Riñon, Daniel S.A 4. Rivera, Kristian Asterio R.
SECTION GROUP # I.
557045
DATE PERFORMED
July 12,2017
DATE SUBMITTED INSTRUCTOR
July 26, 2017 Engr. L.A. M. Olasiman
OBJECTIVE:
The activity aims to understand the concept and relationship between temperature (dry bulb and wet bulb) to humidity.
II.
LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):
The students shall be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
III.
Discuss the principle of measurement of humidity using psychrometric psychrometric analysis. Determine the temperature (dry bulb and wet bulb) using sling psychrometer. Compute the humidity in different selected location. Interpret data and relate result to governing scientific principle. Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow instruction.
DISCUSSION:
Measuring temperature to determine relative humidity (RH) can be accomplished with a psychrometer, a relatively simple and reliable instrument when properly used.
36
Figure 5.1 Sling Psychrometer
The psychrometer is used to make spot readings, to take readings in areas where there are no hygrothermographs or other monitoring devices, and to calibrate hygrothermographs and hygrometers. The advantages of these instruments are its simple design due to easy to use somehow low cost, and portability. The sling psychrometer is composed of two thermometers secured to a fr ame. The two types of frame either pivots on a handle or is attached to a handle by means of a chain. A cotton wick, which is wetted prior to use for relative humidity purposes, covers covers the bulb of one of the thermometers. This thermometer thermometer is referred to as the wet bulb, while the other thermometer is termed the dry bulb. The dry bulb measures room temperature. The thermometers may be graduated in degrees Celsius(°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F). By using a psychrometric chart or slide rule to compare the dry bulb (room temperature) reading to the wet bulb reading, the relative humidity is determined. Sling psychrometers are available in various sizes ranging from pocket-size models to larger units approximately a foot in length. The longer the thermometer, the smaller the increments, and the more accurate the reading. However, the sling s ling psychrometer though this simple and reliable measuring device, can be incorrectly used; with proper instruction and practice, Heuser can become adopt at measuring relative humidity.
37
Figure 52 Psychrometric Chart
38
I.
MATERIALS & EQUIPMENTS: 1 Psychrometer Psychrometer Distilled water or Deionized water Medicine dropper
II.
PROCEDURE:
Safety Procedure:
Read both thermometers when they are dry, they t hey should register the same temperature. Otherwise, results may be inaccurate and irrelevant in conducting conducting this experiment. Through the saturate of the wick on the wet bulb using distilled or deionized water only. Tap water may contain salts and other contaminants contaminants that could prevent uniform evaporation, thus
I.
MATERIALS & EQUIPMENTS: 1 Psychrometer Psychrometer Distilled water or Deionized water Medicine dropper
II.
PROCEDURE:
Safety Procedure:
Read both thermometers when they are dry, they t hey should register the same temperature. Otherwise, results may be inaccurate and irrelevant in conducting conducting this experiment. Through the saturate of the wick on the wet bulb using distilled or deionized water only. Tap water may contain salts and other contaminants contaminants that could prevent uniform evaporation, thus interfering with an accurate reading. Some wick materials may contain different variation of sizes that interferes with proper wetting. It is advisable to wash a new wick in distilled water to re- move the sizing before installing to the psychrometer. Make sure the wick is securely tied with the string or white sewing thread to the bulb while wet to allow it to conform to the bulb while drying. First, tie the wick onto the stem near the bottom of the thermometer; second, tie the wick at the top of the bulb; third, stretch the wick over the t he bulb and tie it firmly f irmly below the bulb. Avoid touching or refrain from touching touching the wick with bare bare fingers. Oils and dirt dirt that accumulate on the wick from handling or improper storage will result r esult in erroneous readings. Change the wick when it becomes dirty or other sediments of dust may secluded. Make sure that there is sufficient space to swing the psychrometer psychrometer safely to avoid casualties. Splashes of water may fly off the wick as the psychrometer psychrometer it is whirled. Use caution that the droplets do not land on surroundings and make sure there are no people surrounding in conducting this experiment. Thermal heat from the body and moisture example is the breath (inhale and exhale) may affect the reading, so hold the psychrometer at arm’s length when swinging it or above shoulder level.
39
Experiment Procedure:
Whirl the psychrometer rapidly in circular motion for at least one minute, but not more than three. The dry bulb thermometer simply reads the temperature of the surrounding surrounding air. As the wet bulb passes through the air, water evaporates from the wick causing the wet bulb thermometer to read a lower temperature than the dry bulb. When this procedure happens, the wet wick becomes dry because it has a cooling effect on the wet bulb thermometer example the effect of blow drying from the hair blower, so the temperature of the wet bulb thermometer will decrease as the Psychrometer is continuously continuously swung until its moisture content of the wet wick reaches equilibrium point of this experiment. Just continue whirling the psychrometer until the wick achieves equilibrium with the surrounding air otherwise the result of this experiment, the wet bulb temperature will be too high and the relative humidity determination will be irrelevant. Based from the safety procedure of the psychrometer it should not be whirled too long. Otherwise it will cause the wick to dry out and the wet bulb temperature to rise from its minimal reading, thus resulting in an erroneous relative humidity reading. Soon as the swinging of the psychrometer is stopped, quickly read the thermometer. Take not always read the wet bulb temperature first, since it will begin to rise once the instrument is stopped. The readings from the wet bulb and the dry bulb are then used to determine the relative humidity from a psychrometric chart or slide rule that is provided with the instrument. Readings taken from charts are generally more accurate than those from a slide rule because the slide rule introduces another interpretive factor. Some charts require that the wet bulb temperature first be subtracted from the dry bulb temperature. Other charts allow for direct comparison of the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures. Do the experiment in every part of the school premises at least 5 different pla ces of the school in open grounds or inside the facilities of the school. do the experiment 5 trials t rials each for accurate measurement for average data. Get the other samples of experiment from other groups. For comparison of data and for the calculations of humidity in other facilities of the school. So that this experiment will not conduct so much time in getting the data.
40
Figure 6 Conducting of Experiment at Machine Shop Lab (OZ 1st Floor)
Figure 7 Conducting of Experiment at C.P.E Dept. (OZ 2nd floor)
41
Figure 5.5 Conducting Conducting the Experiment Physics Dept. (OZ 3rd floor)
Figure 8 Conducting the Experiment at Chemistry Lab (OZ 4th floor)
42
IV.
DATA & RESULTS:
Location
Trials
Dry Bulb Temp
Wet Bulb Temp
(°C)
(°C)
Relative Humidity
Specific Humidity
(%)
( )
% Saturation
Machine Shop
1
26
25
92
19.8
87
CpE Dept.
2
24
22
84
16
86.3
Physics Dept.
3
25.25
23.5
88
17.5
87
OZ 4th Floor Chemistry Lab
4
25.5
23.5
83
17.3
87.2
OZ Annex Bldg.
5
22.5
21.5
91
15.7
85.88
Table 5.1 % Saturation
Location
Trials
Dry Bulb Temp
Wet Bulb Temp
Relative Humidity
(°C)
(°C)
Specific Humidity
% Saturation
(%)
( )
FRC 1st Floor
1
32.5
26.5
64
19.7
89.35
FRC 2nd Floor
2
32.5
26.8
65
20
89.37
FRC 3rd Floor
3
32.9
26.8
63
19.9
89.28
FRC 4th Floor
4
33
26.9
63.1
20
89.6
FRC 5th Floor
5
33.5
27.3
63
20.6
89.82
Table 5.2 % Saturation
43
Table 5.3 % Saturation
Location
Trials
Dry Bulb Temp (°C)
Wet Bulb Temp (°C)
Relative Humidity
Specific Humidity
% Saturation
(%)
( )
OZ 1st Floor
1
31
27
74
21.2
89.1
OZ 2nd Floor
2
33
27
64.5
20.3
89.5
OZ 3rd Floor
3
30
25.5
69
18.8
88.5
OZ 4th Floor
4
32.5
26.5
64
19.8
89.3
OZ 5th Floor
5
33
27
64.5
20.3
89.5
Table 5.3 % Saturation
Location
Trials
Dry Bulb Temp (°C)
Wet Bulb Temp (°C)
Relative Humidity
Specific Humidity
% Saturation
(%)
( )
OZ Gate
1
27.83
26.33
89
21.1
88.25
ST Gate
2
28
26.5
89.8
21.5
88.3
ST Chapel
3
28.5
26
81
20.2
88.15
LM Library
4
27.5
25.5
84
19.8
87.93
Pharmacy
5
27.5
25.5
84
19.8
87.93
Table 5.4 % Saturation
44
Location
Trials
Dry Bulb Temp
Wet Bulb Temp
Relative Humidity
(°C)
(°C)
Specific Humidity
% Saturation
(%)
( )
FRC Court
1
20.33
20
98
14.6
85.10
FRC 1st Floor
2
21
20
91
14.3
85.23
FRC 2nd Floor
3
21
20
91
14.3
85.23
FRC 3rd Floor
4
22
20
83
14
85.43
FRC 4th Floor
5
22
20
83
14
85.43
Table 5.5 % Saturation
45
V.
COMPUTATIONS:
Table 5.6 Computations Dry and Wet Bulb Location: Machine Shop
°° °° °° °°
= 26° +2 26° = 2625°° + 25° = 2 = 25°
°° °°
= 24.5°2+ 26° =25.21.255°°+26.5° = 2 =23.5°
°° °° °° °°
= 26° +2 25° =25.23°5°+ 24° = 2 =23.5°
Trial 1
Dry Wet
26 25
Trial 2
Dry Wet
26 25
Dry Wet
24 21
Dry Wet
24 23
Dry Wet
24.5 21.5
Dry Wet
26 25.5
Dry Wet
26 23
Dry Wet
25 24
Dry Wet
23 22
Dry Wet
22 21
Location: CpE Dept. Trial 1 Trial 2 Location: Physics Dept. Trial 1 Trial 2 Location: OZ 4th Floor Chemistry Lab Trial 1 Trial 2 Location: OZ Annex Bldg. Trial 1 Trial 2
= 24° +2 24° = 2421°° + 23° = 2 = 22°
= 23° +2 22° =22.22°5°+ 21° = 2 =21.5°
46
VI.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor is the gaseous state of water and is invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood of precipitation, dew, or fog. Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation moisture from the skin. This effect is calculated in a heat index table or humidex. The amount of water vapor that is needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature temperature of a parcel parcel of water becomes becomes lower lower it will eventually reach reach the point point of saturation saturation without adding or losing water. In this experiment we are instructed i nstructed to take the humidity level from different locations within the school, we have chosen to take experimental values at the OZ building from Ground floor to the chemical laboratory. Here we took 5 different trials per location, as we performed the experiment we noticed that there is no significant change per trial, if there is a change its nearly negligible for it change for only a fraction yielding almost the same value from the other trial VII.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
Humidity is the presence of water in the air, as seen on the tables above the specific humidity in the air would would decrease as the dry bulb temperature in the air increases, therefore therefor e the dry bulb temperature is inversely proportional to the relative. The wet bulb temperature is always less than the dry bulb temperature it can also be observed that the relative humidity will increase as the wet bulb temperature increase therefore the relative humidity is directly proportional to the wet bulb temperature. One possible source of error could be misreading of the sling thermometer and of the psychometric chart.
.
47
EXPERIMENT NO. 6 B MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID FLOW NAME
1Prado, Mon Patrick M. 2.Publico, Jerome R. 3.Riñon, Daniel S.A 4.Rivera, Kristian Asterio R.
SECTION GROUP #
57018 5
I.
DATE PERFORMED: September 28, 2017 DATE SUBMITTED October 2, 2017 INSTRUCTOR:
SCORE:
Engr. Lester Alfred M. Olasiman
OBJECTIVE:
The activity aims to understand the concept and application of different flow measuring measuring device such as Venturi meter, orifice plate, pitot tube and rotameter. II.
LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):
The students shall be able to: 6. 7. 8. 9.
III.
Discuss the principle of different flow fl ow measuring device and its functions. Demonstrate the different method of determining the flow of liquid in a system. Interpret data and relate result r esult to governing scientific principle. Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow instruction.
DISCUSSION:
Fluid flow devices fall fall into a number of device device categories as well as fluid classes. classes. In general, we can split the fluids into two classes; gasses and liquids. Within these two broad classes are a number of special classes that one should should be careful of. Flammable liquids liqui ds and gasses require special handling, as do those that are at temperature temperature extremes (cold or hot). When selecting a transducer, transducer, you should be cautious that the device you are selecting is compatible with the fluid and conditions you hare working working with. A few examples examples would be acids, acids, food grade grade liquids, and DI water. Surprisingly de-ionized water is an extremely harsh liquid that can cause serious headaches. Orifice Plate
These plates are generally installed install ed by trapping it between two pipe flanges. Pressure taps on each flange allow you you to easily measure the pressure pressure differential across across the plate. This pressure pressure differential, along with the dimensions of the plate, are combined with certain fluid properties to determine the flow through the pipe.
48
Figure 9 Orifice Plate
Venturi Flow Meter
The Venturi flow meter, while considered an obstruction flow meter, is less of an obstruction than the orifice type. It still does have a certain certain amount of pressure pressure drop, but it is significantly less less than the orifice type meter.
Figure 10 Venturi Flow Meter Pitot Tube
The Pitot tube is a simple device that allows for the measurement of the flow pressure in a moving fluid. This device is a section section of tube that measures the the pressure at the tip and the pressure at the side of the tube. Reading this differential pressure and applying Bernoulli’s equation will allow for the calculation of the fluid velocity.
49
Figure 6B.3 Pitot Tube
Rotameter Meter
The rotameter is a variable area meter that employs a vertical tube of varying diameter, with an object inserted in it. This object is known known as the float. This type meter is used oonly nly in a vertical position, as gravity is a primary force involved in the calibration of the device. The float is moved vertically in the variable diameter tube by a combination of buoyancy buoyancy forces and flow pressure forces. forces. The flow pressure forces are created by the fluid trying to move around the float, by using the gap between the float and the sides of of the tube. As the forces move the float up the tube, the widening gap between the tube and the float fl oat allow these forces to be reduced, r educed, and gravity tends to force the float back down the tube toward the bottom. At the equilibrium point for a given flow, the forces of flow and buoyancy in the vertical direction are balanced by the mass of the float being pulled down by gravity.
50
Figure 6B.4Rotameter IV.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:
V.
Flow Measurement Test Rig Hydraulic Bench
PROCEDURE:
Safety Procedure: 10. Place the flow meter test rig on the hydraulic bench and ensure that it is level for accurate
reading. It must be placed correctly for water from the tank can flow continuously.
Figure 6B.5 Flow Measurement Test Rig Installation 51
11. Connect the inlet pipe to the bench supply and outlet pipe into the volumetric tank. Then secure the end of the pipe to prevent it to move due to water pressure.it must locked and secure to avoid leakage or bursting of water due to high pressured water.
Figure 6B.6 Installation of pipes
12. Start the pump and open the bench valve and the test rig flow control valve, to flush the system. The bench valve is located to the lower part of the bench if all of the needed materials are installed including the manometer.
Figure 6B .7 Set up of the Flow Measurement Test Rig 52
13. To bleeding the air in the system: close both the bench and test rig valves. Then Open the air bleed screw and remove the cap from the adjacent air valve. 14. Connect a tubing from the air valve volumetric tank. From connecting this tubing, the flow is constant. 15. Open the bench valve and allow flow through the manometer tube to purge the air out.
16. Then tighten air bleed screw and partly open the test rig valve and partly closed the bench valve. Within this try 5 trials of adjusting the bench valve 17. Now open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to be drawn into the top of the manometer tubes and retighten the screw when the manometer level reach a convenient height. Then read the measured flowrate flowrate in the manometer manometer
Figure 6B.8 Manometer Measurement of flow rate 53
Experiment Procedure: 1. Set 5 trial test per volume flow rate by means of rotameter. 2. Record each elevation in manometer per point per trial. 3. Compute the necessary data needed in data sheet A and B following the formula based on the discussion. Formulas and Standard Values: Test Pipe Area
(A1): 7.92 x 10 – 4 m2
Orifice Area
(A2): 3.14 x 10 – 4 m2
Orifice Plate Flow rate:
Venturi Meter Area (A3): 1.77 x 10 – 4 m2
= −− ∗ √ 2ℎ 2ℎ
Where C d d is the discharge coefficient for meter (0.63), Δh is the head difference in manometer reading for orifice.
Venturi Meter Flow rate:
= −− ∗ √ 2ℎ 2ℎ
Where C d d is the discharge coefficient for meter (0.98), Δh is the head difference in manometer reading for orifice.
54
Set up of the flow measurement flow test rig:
Figure 6B.9 Two-Dimensional Representation of Measurement flow test rig
55
VI.
DATA AND RESULTS:
SHEET A. Manometer Head Rotameter Reading (L/mi)
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
7
175
150
165
160
110
110
90
95
8
190
160
175
170
115
115
95
105
9
195
160
180
175
120
120
95
105
10
215
170
195
185
130
130
105
110
11
220
175
205
195
140
140
105
115
Table 6B.1 Manometer Head Results
56
SHEET B. Computed Data
Orifice Plate Flow % error
Rotameter Reading Head loss (Ha= h4-h5)
Venturi meter Head loss (Hv= h1-h3)
Rotameter Reading (m3/s)
Venturi meter (m3/s)
Orifice Plate (m3/s)
Venturi meter Flow % error
Orifice Plate Head loss (H0= h6-h8)
1.1667x10-4
1.4847 x10-4
1.1690 x10-4
27.26%
0.19%
50
10
15
1.3333 x10-4
1.8184 x10-4
9.5945 x10-5
36.38%
28.04%
55
15
10
1.5 x10-4
1.8184 x10-4
1.1690 x10-4
21.22%
22.07%
55
15
15
1.6667 x10-4
2.0097 x10-4
1.3498 x10-4
20.58%
19.01%
55
20
20
1.8333 x10-4
2.3475 x10-4
1.5091 x10-4
0.81%
17.68%
55
25
25
SHEET B. Computed Data
Orifice Plate Flow % error
Rotameter Reading Head loss (Ha= h4-h5)
Venturi meter Head loss (Hv= h1-h3)
Rotameter Reading (m3/s)
Venturi meter (m3/s)
Orifice Plate (m3/s)
Venturi meter Flow % error
Orifice Plate Head loss (H0= h6-h8)
1.1667x10-4
1.4847 x10-4
1.1690 x10-4
27.26%
0.19%
50
10
15
1.3333 x10-4
1.8184 x10-4
9.5945 x10-5
36.38%
28.04%
55
15
10
1.5 x10-4
1.8184 x10-4
1.1690 x10-4
21.22%
22.07%
55
15
15
1.6667 x10-4
2.0097 x10-4
1.3498 x10-4
20.58%
19.01%
55
20
20
1.8333 x10-4
2.3475 x10-4
1.5091 x10-4
0.81%
17.68%
55
25
25
Table 6B.2 Computed Data
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VII.
COMPUTATIONS:
Rotameter Reading Head Loss Trial 1 2
= ℎ ℎ
=160110 =170115
= 50 = 55
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VII.
COMPUTATIONS:
Rotameter Reading Head Loss
= ℎ ℎ
Trial
=160110 =170115 =175120 =185130 =195140
1 2 3 4 5
= 50 = 55 = 55 = 55 = 55
Table 6B.3 Computations for Rotameter Reading Head Loss
Venturi meter Head loss
Trial 1 2 3 4 5
= ℎ ℎ =175165 =190175 =195180 =215195 =220205
= 10 = 15 = 15 = 20 = 15
Table 6B.4 Computations for Venturi Meter Head Loss
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Orifice Plate Head loss
= ℎ ℎ =11095 =115105 =120105 =130110 =140115
Trial 1 2 3 4 5
= 15 = 10 = 15 = 20 = 25
Table 6B.5 Computations for Orifice Head loss Venturi meter
Trial
1
2
3
− 0. 9 8 3. 1 410 = 3.1410− ∗ √ 29.810.01 =1.484710− 1 (7.9210−) 410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.01515 = 0.9883.3.3.11410 − =1. 8 18410 − 1 (7.9210−) 410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.01515 = 0.9883.3.3.11410 − =1. 8 18410 − 1 (7.9210−) 59
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410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.022 = 0.9883.3.3.11410 1 (7.9210−−) − 3. 0. 9 8 8 3. 1 410 = 3.1410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.01515 1 (7.9210−)
4
5
=2.099710− =1.818410−
Table 6B.6 Computations for Venturi Meter
Orifice Plate Trial
1
2
3
4
5
− 3. 0. 6 3 3 3. 1 410 = 3.1410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.01515 1 (7.9210−) 410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.011 = 0.6333.3.3.11410 1 (7.9210−−) − 3. 0. 6 3 3 3. 1 410 = 3.1410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.01515 1 (7.9210−) − 3. 0. 6 3 3 3. 1 410 = 3.1410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.022 1 (7.9210−) − 3. 0. 6 3 3 3. 1 410 = 3.1410− ∗ √ 29.8110.0.02525 1 (7.9210−)
3
= 1.1690104 = 9.5945105 = 1.1690104 = 1.3498104 = 1.5091104
Table 6B.7 Computations for Orifice Plate
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Venturi meter Flow % error Trial
1 2 3 4 5
× % − . × −| × % |.× − . × − . × −| × % |.× − − . × − |. ×. .×× | % × − − . × −| × % |.× − − . × − |.× . × | .×− × %
Venturi Meter Reading % error 27.26% 36.38% 21.22% 20.58% 0.81%
Table 6B. 8Computations for Venturi Meter Flow %Error
Orifice Plate Flow %error Trial
× %
Orifice Plate Flow % error
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1 2 3 4 5
− . × −| × % |.× − − . × − |.× . × | % × − . × −| × % |. ×−. .×× − − −| × % |.× . × − − . × − |.× . × | .×− × %
0.19% 28.04% 22.07% 19.01% 17.68%
Table 6B.9 Computations for Orifice Plate Flow %Error
VIII.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
The experiment used a hydraulics bench with different flow measuring devices, namely rotameter, venture meter, and orifice plate. The readings of all the different flow measurement devices are read through a series of manometer. The elevation in manometer point per trial were recorded and the researchers observed that as the rotameter reading increases, the venturi meter and orifice plate also increases. Meanwhile, Meanwhile, the pipeline of h4 and h5 are connected with the venturi meter, thus we get the venturi meter head loss by getting the difference of the two. The pipeline of h6 and h8 are connected with the orifice plate so we can obtain the reading by getting the difference of h6 and h8.
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IX.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
This experiment focuses on how different flow measuring devices devices measures the water flow rate on the hydraulic bench. The flow measurement devices used for the experiment are rotameter, venturi meter, and orifice plate meter. In order to evaluate how efficient each flow measuring devices, the head sample measurement are measured and then their flow rates are computed. With all the data gathered, we can compute the percent error with the flow rate of the rotameter as a basis. For this experiment, the orifice plate is the most efficient compared to the venturi because of its low percent error.
EXPERIMENT NO. 7 CALORIMERTY EXPERIMENT NAME
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
SECTION GROUP # I.
DATE PERFORMED:
SCORE:
DATE SUBMITTED: INSTRUCTOR:
Engr. Lester Alfred M. Olasiman
OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the heat capacity of an adiabatic calorimeter. An adiabatic calorimeter is an apparatus used to measure heat changes for experiments 63
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done at constant pressure. Heat capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the heat of a system one degree Centigrade. To determine the heat capacity of the calorimeter, a solution of hydrochloric acid was standardized and the temperature change from the reaction between the acid and a base (NaOH) in the calorimeter was observed. This temperature change was then related to the energy that evolved. II.
LEARNING OUTCOME (LO):
The students shall be able to: 4. To find out the heat released or changed in a reaction. 5. Interpret data and relate result to governing scientific principle. 6. Develop professional work ethics, including precision, neatness, safety and ability to follow instruction. III.
DISCUSSION: Styrofoam cup is a very good insulator. The loss of energy to the experiment’s surrounding will be less in the styrofoam cup compare to the beaker. In Styrofoam, the molecules are intertwined and the trap air inside the Styrofoam. You can squeeze the cup a nd force some of the air out. As the water molecules collide with the polystyrene and air, a variety of types of collisions occur. The kinetic energy does not pass from molecule to molecule in an orderly pattern. This means much more time is required for the temperature of the outside of the cup to be the same as the temperature of the water. Because of this, we can conclude that Styrofoam is a better insulator than a breaker.
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Fig 7.1 Set up of Calorimeter
IV.
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT: QUANTITY 2 2 0.5, 1 ,2 0.5, 1 ,2 1 2 1
V.
ITEM Thermometers Styrofoam cups moles of HCl moles of NaOH
Stopwatch Beakers Scissors
PROCEDURE: Safety Procedure:
Since safety is the most important, the following procedure are the safety measures which have been practiced upon conducting the experiment: 6. Never perform unauthorized work, preparations or experiments experiments 7. Wear the laboratory gown upon performing the experiment in order to avoid getting dirt from the liquids used in the experiment. 8. Use gloves and proper eye protection if necessary. 9. It is prohibited to bring or to use flammable liquids ( i.e. gasoline, alcohol, etc.) which may be a cause of fire upon conducting the experiment. 10. After the experiment clean clean all the apparatus apparatus and equipment equipment used during experiment.
Experiment Procedure:
Follow the list of procedure during experiment. experiment. 1. Get a borrower slip at the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory to list down the materials and equipment needed in conducting the experiment. (Refer from Part IV for the materials. 2. Prepare 2 Styrofoam cups. Cut a little bit of one Styrofoam cup and place it on the top of the other cup, so it will looks like a shaker. Make sure you can still open it so you can pour the chemicals later. 3. Make a hole on the top of the cup to put the thermometer.
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4. Take 100 ml of a Sodium Hydroxide and Hydrochloric Acid with concentration of 0.5M. Put it in two separated beakers beakers and measure the temperature of both mixtures. Write the data. 5. Pour NaOH and HCl together to the Styrofoam cup. Quickly and carefully close the Styrofoam cup with the other Styrofoam and put the thermometer in. Count the initial temperature. 6. Stir the combined chemicals slowly with the thermometer (in case you don’t have a stirrer) and record the temperature changes for 240 seconds. 7. After 240 seconds, seconds, pour the combined combined chemicals chemicals out of the Styrofoam. Styrofoam. 8. Repeat step 5-12 for 1M and 2M, but make sure you’ve washed the Styrofoam before repeating the steps.
VI.
DATA AND RESULT:
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Molarity Temperature Sodium Hydroxide Molarity Temperature
Time (second)
0.5M
1M
2M
Table 7.1 Data and Result
Table 7.2 Data and Result
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VII.
COMPUTATIONS:
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VIII.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS:
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IX.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION:
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LABORATORY EXPERIMENT REPORT RUBRIC STUDENT/S STUDENT/ S NAME: __________________________________ __________________ _________________ _ ____ SEM, S.Y. ______________ ________ ___________________ ____________________________ _____________ ____ ______________ ___________________ _____ SECTION: ___________________ ___________________________ ________ INSTRUCTOR: INSTRUCT OR: ______________________________ ________________ ________________________ __________ COURSE TITLE: ___________________ _______________________ ____
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SO(b) Ability to design and conduct experiments , as well as to analyze and interpret data
PI
Analyze data gathered from conducted experiment/s Interpret results obtained from conducted experiment/s Conduct experiments according to standard procedure/s
CO Prepare a technical report of the experiment activities Criteria
Exemplary (4)
Clear, Drawings and accurate Diagrams diagrams are (20 %) included and make the experiment easier to understand. Diagrams are labeled neatly and accurately. Professional looking and Data (20 %) accurate representation of the data in tables and/or graphs. Graphs and tables are labeled and titled.
Capable (3)
Developing (2)
Beginning (1)
Diagrams are Diagrams are included and included and are labeled are labeled. neatly and accurately.
Needed diagrams are missing OR are missing important labels.
Rating
Score
Accurate Accurate Data are not representation representation shown OR are of the data in of the data in inaccurate. tables and/or written form, graphs. but no graphs Graphs and or tables are tables are presented. labeled and titled.
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Some Some No Calculation All (20 %) calculations calculations calculations calculations are shown and are shown and are shown and are shown OR the results are the results are the results results are correct and correct and labeled inaccurate or labeled labeled appropriately. mislabeled. appropriately. appropriately The The The The Analysis relationship relationship relationship relationship (20 %) between the between the between the between the variables is variables is variables is variables is not discussed and discussed and discussed but discussed. trends/patterns trends/patterns no patterns, logically logically trends or analyzed. analyzed. predictions Predictions are are made made about based on the what might data. happen if part of the lab were changed or how the experimental design could be changed. Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion No conclusion includes includes what was included Conclusion includes (20 %) whether the whether the was learned in the report findings findings from the OR shows supported the supported the experiment. little effort and hypothesis, hypothesis reflection. possible and what was sources of learned from error, and the what was experiment. learned from the experiment. ScoreEquivalent Grade-
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Score 4 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1
Equivalent Grade 100 97 94 91 88 85 82 79 76 73
Score 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1
Equivalent Grade 70 67 64 61 58 55 52 49 46 43
Score 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
Equivalent Grade 40 37 34 31 28 25 22 19 16 13 10
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