Compilation Work On

COMPILATION WORK ON

SARPAGAŅDHĀ

SUBMITTED BY NAME

: RINSIYA.P.E

ROLL NUMBER

:

MANNAM AYURVEDA CO-OPERATIVE MEDICAL COLLEGE PANDALAM, PATHANAMTHITTA

MANNAM AYURVEDA CO-OPERATIVE MEDICAL COLLEGE PANDALAM, PATHANAMTHITTA

CERTIFICATE Certified that this is the bona fide compilation work on Sarpagaņdhā done in Dravyaguna Vijnana during the year 2008-09 by the candidate Rinsiya .P.E Register Number In charge

DATE:

H.O.D

Int. Examiner

Ext. Examiner

SARPAGAŅDHĀ (അമÂപ്പൊരി)

INDEX PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1. DRAVYA GUNA

:

5

2. INTRODUCTION TO AYURVEDA 3. SARPAGAŅDHĀ INTRODUCTION

: :

6 9

: : : : : : : : : : : :

13 13 13 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 20 21

PART 2 PHARMACOGNOSY 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

BOTANICAL NAME FAMILY VERNACULAR NAMES SYNONYMS MEANING OF TERMS DIFFERENT VARIETIES DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT HABIT AND GENERAL FEATURES MORPHOLOGY EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY a. BARK b. LEAVES c. FLOWERS

d. FRUITS e. COROLLA f. CALYX g. SEGMENTS h. TUBE i. LOBES j. DISK k. DRUPES l. INFLORESCENCE m. BRACTS n. PEDICELS o. PEDUNCLES p. PETIOLES q. SEEDS

: : : : : : : : : : : : : :

14. MACROSCOPICAL DESCRIPTIONS 15. MICROSCOPICAL DESCRIPTIONS 16. HISTOLOGY 17. PARTS USED

: : : :

23 24 25 27

: : : : : :

29 29 31 32 34 35

PART 3 PHARMACOLOGY 18. PROPERTIES 19. ACTION & USES 20. SPECIFIC FORMULATIONS & PREPARATIONS 21. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 22. DOSAGE 23. THERAPEUTIC USES

24. INDICATIONS 25. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 26. IDENTITY,PURITY & STRENGTH 27. T.L.C

: : : :

37 38 39 39

: : : :

41 42 48 49

PART 4 28. RESEARCH WORKS 29. REFERENCE 30. CONCLUSION 31. BIBLIOGRAPHY

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

DRAVYA GUNA Dravya guna is the basic subject of Ayurveda though not enumerated in Astānga Ayurveda. That is the eight broad branched one. Dravya guna may be called the Materia Medica of Ayurveda which includes pharmacology, pharmaco-therapeutics and pharmacognosy.The subject was taught in Guru-Sisya parampara, totally as a practical one and hence it was not discussed as a separate subject in the pre-historical age. Later many books were written and the latest classical book is Bhavaprakasa Nigendu of 16 th century A.D in Sanskrit. Many translation and commentaries of it are available in Hindi as well as in other Indian languages, some of which are of very high standard

INTRODUCTION Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Folk (tribal) medicines are the major systems of indigenous medicines. Among these systems, Ayurveda is the most developed and widely practiced in India. Ayurveda, dating back to 1500-800 BC has been an integral part of Indian culture. The term comes from the Sanskrit root AÉrÉ AÉrÉÑ (life)

and uÉãS

and

uÉãS

(knowledge). As the name implies

it is not the science of treatment of the ill but covers the whole gamut of happy human life involving the physical, metaphysical and the spiritual aspects. Ayurveda recognizes that beside a balance of body elements, one has to have an enlightened state of consciousness, sense organs and mind has to be perfectly healthy. Ayurveda by and large is an experience with nature and unlike in western medicine, many of the concepts elude scientific explanation. Ayurveda is gaining prominence as the natural system of health care all over the world Today this system of medicine is being practiced in countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan while the traditional system of medicines in other countries like Tibet,Mangolia and Thailand appear to be derived from Ayurveda. Phytomedicines are also being used increasingly in Western Europe. Recently the U.S. government has established the “Office of alternate medicine” at the national institute of health at Bethesda and its support to alternate medicine include basic and applied research in traditional systems of medicines such as Chinese, Ayurveda etc with a view to access the possible integration of effective treatment with modern medicine.

The Ayurvedic system of Medicine is prevalent in India since the Vedic period and as early as the dawn of human civilization. Though Ayurveda has undergone many changes in the course of its long history it still remains as the mainstay of medical relief to a large section of the population of nation. Due to urbanization dwindling of forest, the Vaidya by and large is no longer a self contained unit collecting and preparing his own medicines as before. He has now to depend on the newly developed agencies like one collecting and supplying the crude drugs and the other undertaking mass production of medicines in the Ayurvedic pharmaceutical units run on the commercial scale. India, due to its unique variety of geographical and climatic factors, has had a rich and variety flora of medicinal plants since the Vedic period. No wonder that out of a total number of over 15000 plant species in India about 2000 are known to have medicinal properties and some of them are even used as home remedies in the rural and remotest parts of the country. The vastness of the country with its inadequate means of communication and facilities for transport of drugs coupled with diverse regional languages resulted into a multitude of synonyms i.e., names in regional languages. Further, Ayurveda being a science put into professional practice on umpteen occasions to try newer drugs locally available led to the successful use of several other drugs with therapeutic value similar to those drugs which are originally equated with the classical Ayurvedic drugs, but later assumed the name of the very same classical drug and continued to be locally collected, sold and used in that name since the main classical drug was famous yet locally unavailable and substitution was a necessity. Later in the first half of the century, while scientifically identifying the drugs in vogue

in different regions, the scientist found that there were more than one species, belonging even to different families of plants, claiming the same classical name of the Ayurvedic drug.” Brahmi” would be a great example to be cited. This created a sensation that there existed a great controversy about the identity of Ayurvedic drugs and that there were more than one independent drug claiming the classical name of the drug and one drug therefore having different scientific identities. This innocent impression of scientists was further exaggerated during the alien rule to run down the claim of Ayurveda as a cultural heritage of India out of patriotism. All such drugs with a multiple claim on the classical name in different provinces were stamped as controversial drugs without going into their genesis basically as therapeutic equivalents. Ayurveda had never been static. Its practitioner had been innovative and dynamic in the therapeutic practice and carried on clinical trials out of the local flora and discovered newer medicines with same therapeutic practice and carried on as the classical drug which might have been then either locally unavailable or perhaps demanding heavy prices. These newer drugs have been accepted by the practicing profession as substitutes. In fact on study of Ayurvedic literature on comes across several references of permitting the use of substitute drug when the classical drug is not available. This is based on the therapeutic equivalence and clinical efficiency.

SARPAGAŅDHĀ INTRODUCTION ‘Sarpagandha’ is considered to be a later entry into Indian Materia Medica. ‘Sarpasugandha’ of Vedic literature is considered to be ‘Sankhapuspi’ but not Rauwolfia. Though Naakuli is described in Jaimini Brahman, its identity is also doubtful. Thakurji quoted that ‘Sarpagandha/Sarpasugandha’ is mentioned by Susruta and Vagbhata only. (Susruta Samhita Kalpasthan 5/84;7/29; Uttarasthan 60/48;Astanga Hrdayam Chikitsa 14/106; Astanga Hrdaya Uttarasthan 5/3).

The identity of ‘Sarpagandha’ is controversial from the beginning. Susruta quoted ‘Sarpagandha’ among Aparajitha gana in the context of Manasa rogas. Dalhana commented “ uÉwÉÉïxÉÑ NûɧÉÉMüÉUÉ “ In this context which indicates more about a mushroom. Majority of scholars are of the opinion that Naakuli described in the nighantus is the real ‘Sarpagandha’ Bapalaji reported that according to Bengali Kavirajas, Rauwolfia Serpentina is one of the three types of Raasna i.e, Mula Raasna. However this plant is famous as ‘Sarpagandha’ today. The roots are considered to be useful in treatment of hypertension and insanity. Many consider this to be Naakuli on Gandha Naakuli and so it is supposed to be the Raasna. It is also noticed that Rauwolfia canescens is used as Sarpagandha in some places.

Caraka described Nakuli Dvaya (Nakuli and Gandha Nakuli)[Charaka Samhita Chikiltsa Sthan 5/52). Thus Thakunji quotes that the age of synonyms like sugandha etc, is common to more than one plant appears to be the reason behind such controversies. Sugandha appears to be accepted as the synonym of Rasna, Sariva and Gandha Nakuli. Nakuli might be denoted with synonyms like Sarpagandha and Sarpasugandha. Therefore it is suggested that Rauwolfia Serpentina and Aristolochia indica may be Nakuli and Gandha Nakuli respectively. Similarly Mukta which is a synonym of Nakuli or Sarpagandha may be Rauwolfia which may also be used as a substitute for real Rasna. In fact Mukta is the only corect name that indicates Rauwolfia Serpentina due to its pearl-like red berries(Mukta). Sarpagandha is mainly indicated in the Ayurvedic texts in Vata rogas,Apasmara and Unmada. Its indication is basically the contribution of Dr.K.C.Bose and Dr.Sen who have studied the effect of Sarpagandha on hypertension but did not report or publish it from London which is needed to get the authentic recognition among the medical fraternity. Dr.Rustumjal Vakil who published about the hypertensive property of Rauwolfia serpentine root is now given the honor of discovery.

PART 2 PHARMACOGNOSY

BOTANICAL NAME

: Rauwolfia serpentina (Linn) Benth Ex Kurz (Ophioxylon serpentinum Linn)

FAMILY

: Apocynaceae

MORPHOLOGICAL

:

1.VERNACULAR NAMES

:

Sanskrit

: Naakuli,Candrika,Chandramarah

Bengali

: Chaandar

English

: Rauwolfia root, Serpentina root

Gujrati

: Amelpodee

Hindi

: Chhota chand, Dhaval barua

Kannada

: Sutranabhu, Patalagaruda, Sutranabhi

Malayalam: Amalpori, Cuvanna amalpori Marathi

: Adkai, Chandra

Oriya

: Dhanbarua. Sanochado

Tamil

: Sarppagandhi, Sivan amalpodi

Telugu

: Sarpagandhi, Palalagandhi

2.SYNONYMS

Chandramarah Dhavala Vitapa Naakuli Sarpasugandha Sugandha Mukta Nakulesta Meaning of Terms Chandramarah

: A tree having pearl like red berries

Dhavala

: As being possessed with white flowers

Vitapa clusters

: As flowers and seeds are found in

Nakuli

: Favorite of mongoose

Sarpagandha

: Which emits the smell of snakes

Sarpasugandha

: Which emits the odor of snakes

Sugandha

: Possessed with smell

Mukta

: Having pearl like red berries

Nakulesta

: Favorite of mongoose

DIFFERENT VARIETIES At present another species of Rauwolfia i.e ,Rauwolfia tetraphylla is being widely supplied as Sarpagandha.

About seven species of Rauwolfia are uninvestigated. Eight other species are mentioned. They are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Rauwolfia canescens Rauwolfia micrantha Rauwolfia densiflora Rauwolfia perakensis Rauwolfia vomitoria Afz Rauwolfia caffra Sond Rauwolfia natalensis Sond Rauwolfia nitide Jacq

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Rauwolfia is found throughout India, as forest undergrowth. It grows in waste places and shady forests in India. It is now considered as an endangered species in many parts of India

HABITAT AND GENERAL FEATURES Sarpagandha is a perennial under shrub widely distributed in India in the Sub-Himalayan tracts upto 1000m as well as in the lower ranges of the eastern and Western Ghats and in the Andamans.

It is found usually in moist deciduous forests at altitudes ranging from sea- level to 1200m. It is seldom found in evergreen forests except at their very edges and is absent in open country. The plants are more frequent at the shade of Shorea, Ficus, Terminalia, Holarrhena, Cassia, Dalbergia, Mangifera and Adina sps. Sometimes they are found growing between clumps of Calamus. In the Deccan they are found associated predominantly with bamboo forests, particularly in freshly deforested areas.

Although the range of distribution of Rauwolfia is very wide its occurrence is sporadic. The plants usually grow scattered, very seldom close to each other. It is noteworthy that wherever plants of Rauwolfia serpentine have been found, they are growing in close proximity to the beaten tracts or to sites of habitation whether ancient or recently abandoned.

An erect evergreen perennating undershrub,15-45 cm (rarely 90 cm) high glabrous or rarely pubescent. Leaves 3 to 4 natally whorled,

rarely opposite, the main nerves slender and usually arched, flowers in coreymbose umbellate cymes, peduncles alternate with terminal leaves or axillary, calyx 5 lobed, corolla tube cylindrical, dialated opposite the stamens, the mouth constricted, the throat usually 5, overlapping to the left, stamens 5, included on the corolla tube, filaments very short, anther small, acute ,the cells rounded at the base ,Disk cup shaped or annular, ovary of 2 distinct or connate carpels, ovules 2 in each carpel, collateral style, filiform, stigma calyptriform at the base, the tip bifid. Fruit of 2 connate or distinct drupes, each with a crustaceous 1 seeded pyrene, seeds ovoid, testa thin, albumen, fleshy, cotyledons flat radicle superior.

MORPHOLOGY A small erect shrub or undershrub with red pedicles and calyx, leaves three in a whorl, thin, gelatinous, bright green above, flowers white often tinged with violet in irregular corymbose cymes, fruits drupes, purplish black when ripe. The roots when dry are very hard, less flexible tortuous with a yellowish brown surface provided with vertical and irregular cracks or wrinkles, when rubbed with water yields a light yellowish tinged paste. The bark does not separate easily from the woody portion, when dry but separates easily in fresh conditions.

EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY A Small erect shrub rarely reaching, in the Bombay presidency, 0.9m high.

BARK :- It is pale, rarely lenticullate. LEAVES:-

They are 3 in a whorl, thin, glabrous, bright green above, rarely, opposite, elliptic, lanceolate or obovate or acute or acuminate, pale in color beneath, base tapering, main nerves 8-10 pairs, slender, somewhat obscure owing to the blade running down into the petiole, 7.5-18 by 2.5-6.3 cm thin.

FLOWERS:-

In many flowered cymes, flowers are white often tinged with violet, in many flowered irregular corymbose cymes.

FRUITS:-

Obliquely ovoid, drupes, purple black, when ripe

COROLLA:- is salver shaped, tube cylindric, white or tinged with red, 1-1.5 cm, long, or rarely a little longer.

CALYX:- glabrous, bright red. SEGMENTS:- 2.5 m long, lanceolate TUBE:- Slender, swollen a little above the middle, LOBES:- 3mm long, elliptic, oblong, rounded at the apex DISK:- cup shaped, membraneous, obscurely lobed DRUPES:- Single or didymous and connate more or less deeply, about 6 mm in diameter, purplish black when ripe.

INFLORESCENCE:- With red pedicles and calyx and white corolla is striking

BRACTS: Beneath the pedicels triangular, acute, 1-1.5 mm long PEDICELS:- Stout, 3-6 mm long, bright red PEDUNCLES:- 5-12.5 cm long PETIOLES:- 8 mm long, somewhat obscure owing to the blade running down into the petiole

SEEDS:- Ovoid Flowers and fruits almost throughout the year but mainly during February to May.

DESCRIPTION MACROSCOPICAL DESCRPTION The roots are cylindrical. The main root reaches a length of 30-45 cms, the diameter of the root varies from 0.3 to a little over 1 cm. The external surface of the root is slightly rough and wrinkled and show distinct longitudinal ridges with cracks. The longitudinal ridges are not straight but they are interlocked to one another exhibiting a reticular appearance. Only a few lateral roots are sometimes met with numerous wiry rootlets are found. The outer surface is pale brown. The bark is easily removable in small patches exposing the pale yellow wood. The fracture is short. The root is odour less but has a bitter taste. The cut end of the root shows a pale brown cork showing ridges and furrows on the outside, a pale yellow white middle portion and a central pale yellow woody portion which forms the major portion of the root. Numerous faint lines are seen radiating from the center. In a root about 6mm in diameter the cork is about 1.5 mm in thickness, the rest of the bark 1.5 mm in thickness and wood 3mm in diameter.

MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION An outer layer in a transverse section of the root is the cork which is stratified and consisting of 18 rows of cells of which cells of 8 to 12 layers are smaller suberized and unlignified cells of remaining layers large, rubberized and lignified phelloderm parenchymatous, some cells packed with starch grains and prismatic and clusters crystals of calcium oxalate; secondary phloem tissue consists of sieve cells, companion cells and parenchymatous cell containing starch grains and crystals of calcium oxalate,phloem fibers absent, phloem parenchyma occasionally filled with granular substances, starch grains mostly simple but compound granules also occur with 2 -4 components, individual granules spherical about 5-15µm in diameter, with well marked hilum simple or split in a radiate form. Stone cells are absent(distinct from many other species such as R. canescens,R. micrantha, R. densiflora ,R. perakinsis and R. vomitoria), secondary xylem is characterized by well developed lignified medullary rays of about 1-5 cells wide but uniseriate rays one more prominent, vessels singly or in pairs, xylem parenchyma cells lignified ,fribers present. Cells of medullary rays thick walled and filled with starch grains and calcium oxalate prisms

POWDER Coarse to fine, yellowish brown, free flowing, odour slight, bitter in taste, characterized by spherical, simple to compound starch grains, calcium oxalate prisms and clusters, vessels with simple perforation

occasionally tailed,tracheids lignified,xylem fibers irregular in shape,occurs singly or in small groups,walls lignified,tips occasionally forked or truncated, wood parenchyma cells are filled with calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains, stone cells, phloem fibers absent.

HISTOLOGY An outer layer in the transverse section of the root is the cork which is stratified and consisting of 18 layers of cells. The outermost 3-5 rows are tangentially elongated and the cells are narrow thin walled tubular, tubular cells measuring 40 to 57 µ in length tangentially and 10-19 µ in width. Inner to this is a zone of 3-5 rows of radially elongated brocher, thin walled polygonal cells which measure 38-90µ in length radially and 35-57µ in width tangentially. The next 5 rows of cells are slightly tangentially elongated and measure 36-56µ tangentially and 26-55µ radially. The inner 2 to 3 rows measure 1535µ radially. The outer most narrow cork cells have suberized but unlignified walls while rest of them have lignified and suberized walls.

PHELLOGEN Phellogen is distinct consisting of one or two rows of tangentially elongated rectangular cells which measure 23-25µ in length and 810µ in width PHELLODERM Consists of 7-10 rows of regular slightly thick walled cellulose cells without inter cellular spaces. The phelloderm cells just inner to phellogen are smaller rectangular tubular ones where as the inner phelloderm cells are slightly irregularly arranged. The phelloderm

cells measure 14-70µ in length tangentially and 12-65 in width radially and these cells contain numerous starch grains

PROLIFERATED TISSUE Inner to the phelloderm 7-9 rows of slightly tangentially elongated thin walled parenchyma cells are met with. The cells are large oblong, polygonal or rounded ones contain many starch grains. The cells posses large intercellular spaces. The cells of the proliferated tissue measure 45-95µ,30-57µ. These cells are slightly irregularly arranged. The inner bark consists of numerous broad distal ends of medullary rays which alternate with narrow radial strips of phloem. Phloem parenchyma, sieve tube and companion cells are distinct. Phloem parenchyma cells measure 4-30µ X 2-27µ. A few phloem parenchyma cells contain starch grains. A few cells in the proliferated tissue and also a few phloem parenchyma cells contain some granular substances which becomes brown with Sudan III

PARTS USED ROOT

PART 3 PHARMACOLOGY

PROPERTIES Rasa

: Katu, Tikta

Guna

: Laghu ,Ruksha

Virya

: Ushna

Vipaka

: Katu

Karma

: Kapha-vata hara, Nidrajanaka, Depana, Rucya Vishaguna, Pachana, Mutrala

ACTION & USES Deepana, Kaphahara, mutral (diuretic), pachana, rucya, vatahara, vishaghna. The decoction of the root is used in labours to increase uterine contractions. The juice of the leaves is used as a remedy for the removal of opacities of the cornea. It is highly reputed for hypertension, and is useful in strangury, fever, wounds, colic, insomnia, epilepsy, giddiness, dyspepsia, and vitiated conditions of kapha and vata.

The decoction of the root in Java, it is used as an anthelminthic. In Mumbai, most of the labourers who come from the southern Konkan keep a small supply of the root, which they value as a remedy in painful affections of the bowels. In the Konkan, the root with Aristolachia indica is given in cholera in colic, one part of the root with 2 parts of Holarrhena root and 3 parts of Jatropha curcas root is given in milk. In fever, the root with Andrographis, ginger and black salt is used. The dose of the combined drugs in each case is from 3-4 tolas. The root is used in the Mundas as a snake remedy. The inhabitants of Mecassan use the petioles as an antidote for ipoh. Root acts also as febrifuge. The hypnotic and sedative actions of the drug were known to the poorer classes in Bihar and the practice of putting children to sleep by this drug is still present in certain parts of that province. The Ajmalin group acts as general depressant to the heart, respiration and nerves and the serpentine group paralyses the respiration and depresses the nerves but stimulates the heart. The alkaloid isolated by Sen & Bose injected intravenously in cats showed high stimulation of the uterine musculature. The decoction of root promote expulsion of the foetus. Root is used for hypochondria and irritative conditions of central nervous system. In fever the root with Andrographis paniculata, ginger and black salt is used

SPECIFIC FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS Sarpagandhadi choorna Sarpagandhi yoga Sarpagandhi Vati, Serpassil Tablets Sarpagandhi Gheena Vati.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS 1). According to the book “Dravya Guna Vijnan” by Dr.J.L.N. Sastry it is mentioned as the following Ajmalicidine,ajmalicine,rouhimbine,reserpiline,reserpine,sarpagine,s erpentine,serpentinine,yohimbine, ajmalimine, ajmaline, rauwolfinine(perakinine), sandwicolidine, serpentine etc. Reserpine(an indole alkaloid) is havinh anti-hypertensive and tranquilizing property.Ajmaline in combination with other hypotensive agents is used in the treatment of H.T.N complicated with arrhythmia. 2). According to the book “Oushada sasyangal” by Dr.S.Neshamani, it is mentioned as following Ajmaline 0.1%,ajmalinine 0.05%, Ajmalicine 0.02%,serpentine 0.08%,serpentine,reserpine,reserpinine. In roots resin, starch. In leaves potassium,carbohydrates,iron,manganese. 3). According to the book “The Indian Materia Medica with Ayurveda, Unani and Home remedies” the constituents are Root contains an alkaloid “ophioxylin”,an orange colored principles, resin, starch and wax. The total yield of alkaloid is 0.5%. Five crystalline alkaloids isolated are 1.Ajmaline(C 20H26O2N2 )

;M.P-1580-1600;0.1%

2.Ajmalinine(C20H23O4N)

;M.P-1800-1810;0.05%

3.Ajmalicine(C20H2304N)

;M.P-2500-2520;0.02%

4.Serpentine(C21H23O4N)

;M.P-1530-1540;0.08%

5.Serpentinine(C21H 23O4N) ;M.P-2630-2650;Decomposes

Other constituents are Phytosterol Oleic acid Unsaturated alcohols of formula C25H44O2

DOSAGE Dose of combined drug is from 1-2 tolas Dose of 20-30 grains of the powdered root twice daily for reduction of blood pressure and giving sedative effects Insomnia -3-6g Hypertension 1-2 g Schizophrenia 3-6 g

THERAPEUTIC USES(AAMAYIKA PRAYOGA) Anidra(Insomnia) Apasmara(epilepsy) Bhrama(disorientation) Jvara(Fever) Krimiroga(worm infections) Mada roga Unmada Raktavata Manasa roga(mental ailements) Vrana(injuries) Hypertension Schizophrenia Giddiness The root with Aristolochia indica is given in cholera,in colic 1 part of the root with two parts of Holarrhena root and 3 parts of Jatropha curcas root is given in milk In fever the root with Andrographia,ginger and black salt is used. The root is used as a remedy for snake bite. The petioles as an antidote for ipoh. The doses of 20-30 grains of the powdered root twice daily produces not only sedative effects but also a reduction of the blood pressure.

In Visucika- Sarpagandha with warm water. In Atisara- Powders of Sarpagandha & Iswari roots In Sarpavisa- 10-20 g of root powders of sarpagandha is grained with water and used internally.

INDICATIONS Cholera Colic Insomnia Hypochrondria Irritative conditions of central nervous system Expulsion of foetus Fever Insanity Hypertension Corneal opacity Snake bite Scorpion bite Painful affections of bowels Schizophrenia Injuries Raktavata Worm infections Apasmara Bhrama Giddiness

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Anthelmintic Thermogenic Diuretic Sedative property Febrifuge Hypnotic action Depressant Antidote Laxative Anti diarrhoreal Root acts also as febrifuge Sleep drug for children in Bihar Ajmalin group acts as general depressant In fever, its root with Andrographis paniculata,ginger and black salt is used In labours decoction of its root used to increase uterine contraction and for expulsion of foetus. Antidote for ipoh, scorpion bite, snake bite. In cholera Sarpagandha with warm water is given. Powders of sarpagandha and Iswari roots are used in diarrhea.

IDENTITY,PURITY & STRENGTH 1) Foreign matter not more than 2 percent. 2) Total ash not more than 8 percent. 3) Acid-insoluble extractive not less than 4 percent. 4) Alcohol-soluble extractive not less than 4 percent. 5) Water soluble extractive not less than 10 percent. T.L.C T.L.C of the methanol and ammonia extract of root powder on slice gel ‘G’ plate using Toluene:Ethyl acetate: Diethylamine (70:20:10) shows eight spot on spraying with Dragondroff reagent at Rf 0.11, 0.13, 0.25, 0.37, 0.47, 0.51, 0.61 and 0.82 (all reddish brown). The spot at Rf 0.82 is of reserpine.

PART 4 RESEARCH WORKS REFERENCE CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

RESEARCH WORKS 1. Siddiqui and Siddiqui have examined the root chemically (Journ. Ind. Chem. Soc; VIII, 1931; IX, 1932) 2. The pharmacological action of ajmaline was determined by Chopra, Gupta and Mukherjee ( 20 th Ind. Sc. Congress; Patna; 1933) 3. Sen and Bose (1931) studied the pharmacological actions of the drug on higher animals, eg:- cats. They found that the watery extract of the whole drug when injected intravenously in animals produces no appreciable effect. The resins have also been separately tried but without much effect on the system excepting a slight stimulation of the uterine musculature. The alkaloids isolated by them, however showed very definite results. The blood pressure showed a slight fall and the respiration was slightly stimulated. The heart muscle was depressed and the plain muscle like that of small intestine,uterus etc was relaxed. 4. Roy(1931) found that the reflexes and the sensation of pain are not affected by ordinary doses of the drug, however if the dose is large it produces deep sleep, the reflexes and sensation of pain are diminished and death may result from asphyxia due to paralysis of the respiration center. The heart goes on beating for some time after failure of respiration. Further research work should be called for from the Department of Pharmacology, school of Tropical medicine, Culcutta.

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(UÉeÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

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(6) aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑü sÉÏ (i)

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(xÉÉãRûsÉÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ) (ii)

lÉÉMÑüsrÉÉ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉ xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉÏhÉïmȨ́ÉMüÉ DµÉËU xÉÑUxÉÉ UÉxlÉÉ pÉÑeÉ…¡ûSqÉlÉÏwrÉiÉå

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(xÉÉåRûsÉÌlÉbÉhOÒû È) (iii) lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ xÉmÉïaÉlkÉÉ cÉ xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ pÉÉåÌaÉÎlkÉMüÉ xÉæuÉ xÉmÉïxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉ iÉjÉÉ cÉÏËUiÉmȨ́ÉMüÉ

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(kÉluÉliÉUÏrÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

( 7)qÉWûÉxÉÑaÉlkÉÉ AlrÉÉ qÉWûÉ xÉÑaÉlkÉÉ cÉ xÉÑuÉWûÉ aÉlkÉlÉÉMÑüsÉÏ xÉmÉÉï¤ÉÏ lÉÉMÑüsÉå¹É cÉ cNû §ÉMüÐ ÌuÉwÉqÉÉÌSïlÉÏ

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PROPERTIES AND USES (1)

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(aÉhÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ) (2)

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(pÉÉuÉmÉëMüÉzÉÈ) (3)

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(UÉeÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ) (4)

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(kÉluÉliÉUÏrÉ ÌlÉbÉhOÒû È) (5)

lÉMÑüsÉã¹É MüOÒûÎxiÉ£üÉ MüwÉÉrÉÉãwhÉÉ ÌlÉrÉcNûÌiÉ | uÉëhÉM×üqÉÏlÉç xÉmÉïsÉÔiÉÉuÉ×ͶÉMüÉZÉÑÌuÉwÉÇ aÉUqÉç ||

(Mæü.ÌlÉ) (6)

lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ ÌuÉwÉWØûSè SÒ¹É uÉÉiÉurÉÉÍkÉÌuÉlÉÉzÉlÉÏ ||

(xÉÉåRûsÉÌlÉbÉhOÒ ûÈ)

SOME SPECIAL USES

(1)

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(MæürrÉSãuÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ) (2)

lÉÉMÑüsÉÏ ÌuÉwÉWØûSè SÒ¹É uÉÉiÉurÉÉÍkÉlÉÉÍzÉlÉÏ

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(xÉÉåRûsÉÌlÉbÉhOÒûÈ)

CONCLUSION Ayurveda never had been static. Its practitioners had been innovative and dynamic in the therapeutic practice and carried on clinical trials out of the local flora and discovered newer medicines, with same therapeutic practice and carried on as the classical drug which might have been then either locally un-available or perhaps demanding heavy prices. These newer drugs have been accepted by then practiced profession as substitution. Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentine Benth ex Kurz) has its own significance in the field of medicinal plants of India. It is used as main ingredient in many medicinal preparations as well as used as antidotes in the bites of poisonous reptiles and insects.. Invention of new species of the same family will be a milestone in the field of Ayurveda.

BIBILIOGRAPHY 1. The Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia of India -Government of India 2. Pharmacognosy of Ayurvedic Drugs- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Kerala. 3. Dravya Guna Vijnana- Dr. J.L.N.Sastry 4. Ayurveda vijnana Kosha – Vaidyabhushanam Raghavan Thirumulpadu 5. Ousadha sasyangal- Dr.S.Nesamani 6. Internet www.medicinalplants.com www.flowersofindia.com 7. Text book of Dravya Guna- Dr. K .Nishteswar 8. Indian Medicinal Plants, a compendium of 500 species- Arya vaidya sala Kottakkal 9. Pharmacognosy of Indigenous drugs- Central council for research in Ayurveda & Siddha 10. Database on Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda- Central council for research in Ayurveda & Siddha.