Comparing and contrasting Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two Factor (Hygiene and Motivation Theories! "y# $l%&or 'eresom, School of Hygiene-M Hygiene-Mbale bale,, Address# P.O Box 221, Mbale, Uganda, Uganda, East Afica Afica,, )mail# !l"#o$oc#et%ail.co%
$ntrod%ction
Moti Moti&a &ati tion on is a 'ell 'ell eco ecogn gni( i(ed ed conc conce) e)tt in Mana Manage ge%e %ent nt and and *ead *eade esh shi) i) Pac Pacti tice ce of Oganisat Oganisations. ions. Moti&ation Moti&ation a%ong e%)loyees in oganisat oganisations ions is a #ey Manage+s Manage+s f"nction. f"nction. Moti&a Moti&ati tion on theoi theoies es hel) hel) %anage %anages s to "ndes "ndestan tand d the best best a))oach a))oaches es to "se to %oti&a %oti&ate te E%)loyees. A%ong A%ong the 'old+ 'old+ss %ost %ost ead, ead, and disc"s disc"ssed sed %oti&a %oti&atio tion n theoi theoies es ae Abaha% Abaha% Maslo' Maslo'++s Hieachy of eeds and He(beg+s 'o acto /Hygiene and Moti&ation0 theoies, the aticle belo' atte%)ts to co%)ae and contast the Abaha% Maslo'+s Maslo'+s Hieachy of eeds and He(beg+s He(beg+s 'o acto /Hygiene and Moti&ation0 theoies. *efinition of Motivation
Moti Moti&at &atio ion n is a cad cadin inal al and yet yet co%) co%)li licat cated ed f"nct f"nctio ion n that that Mana Manage ges s %"st %"st )ef )efo o% % in oganisations fo thei s"&i&al and s"ccess. Moti&ation in oganisations deals 'ith the 'o#es+ beha&io" to'ads 'o#. aft .* and Macic. /233145130 defines %oti&ation as 6the intenal and extenal foces that ao"se enth"sias%, desie, )")ose, and )esistence to )"s"e a cetain co"se of action.7 and M"llins *.8 /233945:;0 also descibes %oti&ation as 6the diection and )esistence of action. !t is concened 'ith 'hy )eo)le choose a )atic"la co"se of action in )efeence to othes, and 'hy they contin"e 'ith a chosen action, often o&e a long )eiod, and in the face of diffic"lties and )oble%s.7 Moti&ation in e%)loyees can be based "ndestood in te%s of the so"ce of focestangible+ e'ads s"ch as salay and an d finge benefits, sec"ity, )o%otion, contact of se&ice, the 'o# en&ion%ent and conditions of 'o#. S"ch tangible e'ads ae often dete%ined at the oganisational le&el and %ay be lagely o"tside the contol of indi&id"al %anages 'hile intinsic %oti&ation is elated to >)sychological+ e'ads s"ch as the o))ot"nity to "se one+s one+s ability ability,, a sense of challenge challenge and achie&e%ent, achie&e%ent, ecei&ing ecei&ing a))eciati a))eciation, on, )ositi&e )ositi&e
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two Two Factor Theories ?By4 !l"#o @eeso% il"#o$oc#et%ail.co%
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ecognition, and being teated in a caing and consideate %anne. he )sychological e'ads ae those that that can "s"ally be dete%ined by the actions and beha&io"s of indi&id"al %anages. Moti&a Moti&ati tion on of 'o#e 'o#ess 'hen )o)e )o)ely ly and effic efficien iently tly )efo )efo%ed %ed by Manage Manages s 'ill 'ill lead lead to incea inceased sed )od"c )od"cti& ti&ity ity,, ob satis satisfac factio tion, n, ceati ceati&it &ity y, inno&a inno&ati& ti&enes eness, s, incea inceased sed o"t)"t o"t)"tss and oganisat oganisational ional go'th. go'th. A %anage sho"ld caef"lly caef"lly and s#illf"ll s#illf"lly y channel %oti&ation %oti&ation effects effects to'ads the acco%)lish%ent of oganisational goals. Abra Abraham ham Maslow Maslow’’s Hier Hierar arch chy y of need needss and and He Herz rzbe berg’ rg’ss two facto factorr (H (Hygi ygien enee and and Motivation theories
heoy of the Hieachy of needs by Abaha% Maslo' and the He(beg+s t'o facto theoy /Hygiene and Moti&ation0 theoy ae both exa%)les of %oti&ational theoies. he theoy of Hieachy of needs 'as )o)osed by Abaha% Maslo' in 1;5C and )"blished in 1;95 afte analy(ing analy(ing eseach eseach 'o#s in the aeas of h"%an %oti&ati %oti&ation. on. Maslo' Maslo' )o)osed a Hieachy of h"%an needs based on t'o go")ings that is deficiency deficiency needs and go'th needs. At the le&el of deficiency needs, each lo'e need sho"ld be %et befoe one %o&es to the next highe le&el. Once each of these needs has to be satisfied, if at so%e f"t"e ti%e a deficiency is detected, the indi&id"al 'ill act to e%o&e the deficiency. he le&els of needs incl"de )hysiological needs safety safety needs, social needs o belonging belonging needs, estee% estee% needs and self-act"a self-act"ali(at li(ation ion (Huitt, W., 2007). he 'o factos /Hygiene and %oti&ation0 theoy 'as )o)osed by edic# He(beg in 1;9;. He )ost"lated that thee ae so%e ob factos that es"lt in satisfaction 'hile thee othe ob facto factoss that that )e&en )e&entt dissat dissatisf isfact action ion.. he ob facto factoss that that es"lt es"lted ed in satisf satisfact action ion ae called called Moti&ating factos /o Moti&atos0 Moti&atos0 and incl"de es)onsibility, es)onsibility, achie&e%ent, the 'o# itself and ecognition 'hile the issatisfying factos ae called Hygiene factos and incl"de technical s")e&ision, !nte)esonal elationshi) 'ith )ees, salay, 'o#ing conditions and stat"s. he o))osi o))osite te of 6satis 6satisfac factio tion7 n7 is 6no satisf satisfact action ion77 and the o))osi o))osite te of 6dissa 6dissatis tisfac factio tion7 n7 is 6no dissatisfaction.7/ Management Management Study Guide, 2017). Comparing and contrasting Maslow’s theory and Herzberg’s theory
hee ae %any disting"ishing feat"es bet'een Maslo'+s Hieachy of theoy and He(beg+s 'o facto facto theoy theoy. A#ani, @./23110 @./23110 has s"ggested s"ggested the follo'ing follo'ing as disting"is disting"ishing hing feat"es feat"es bet'een the t'o theoies na%ely %eaning of the theoy, theoy, basis of the theoy, theoy, nat"e of theoy, theoy, a))licability of the theoies, desci)ti&e o )esci)ti&e, and %oti&atos. !n elation to the %eaning of these theoies, Maslo'+s theoy is based on the conce)t of h"%an needs and as 'ell as thei satisfaction 'hile He(beg+s theoy is based on the "se of %oti&atos 'hich incl"des incl"des achie&e%ent, achie&e%ent, ecognition ecognition and o))ot"nity o))ot"nity fo go'th. go'th. Accoding Accoding to Da", Da", A. /231C0 the ationale behind the Maslo'+s theoy of hieachy of needs is based on the fact that %anag %anage ess need need to iden identi tify fy sta state tegi gies es that that they they 'ill 'ill foll follo' o' to %a#e %a#e thei thei e%)l e%)loye oyees es o s"bodinates beco%e self-act"alised since s"ch e%)loyees ae li#ely to 'o# at thei %axi%"% Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two Two Factor Theories ?By4 !l"#o @eeso% il"#o$oc#et%ail.co%
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ceati&e ceati&e )otentials )otentials , on the othe hand in He(begs He(begs theoy theoy , needs can only be %et tho"gh a t'o 'ay )aadig% /t'o factos0 'itho"t a s)ecific hieachy , so this that the needs %"st be f"lfilled ies)ecti&e of thei nat"e. On the basis of these theoies, Maslo'+s theoy is based on the hieachy of h"%an needs. He identi identifie fied d fi&e fi&e sets sets of h"%an h"%an needs needs /on )ioi )ioity ty basis0 basis0 and thei thei satisf satisfact action ion in %oti&a %oti&ati ting ng e%)loyees 'hile He(beg efes to hygiene factos and %oti&ating factos in his theoy. Hygiene factos ae disatisfies 'hile %oti&ating factos %oti&ate the s"bodinate. !n &ie' of Maslo'+s theoy, ya%eh, 8. /231C0 o)ines that identification of the e%)loyee needs and s"))oting the% to f"lfill those needs is a )aa%o"nt es)onsibility of Manages and ogani(ations sho"ld ceate an ogani(at ogani(ational ional c"lt"e 'ith &al"es and no%s that h"%an eso"ce eso"ce de)at%ents de)at%ents 'ill follo' 'hen )lanning o)eations fo thei ogani(ations beaing in %ind the e%)loyee elationshi) as a #ey h"%an eso"ce aea fo stengthening. he He(beg+s t'o facto theoy diffeentiates the factos bet'een intinsic %oti&atos and extinsic %oti&atos 'ithin the 'o#)lace and th"s if an e%)loye o %anage is tying to incease ob satisfaction and "lti%ately ob )efo%ance fo an e%)loyee o co'o#e, they need to addess those factos that effect one+s ob satisfaction. /iley,S.23390
Fonsideing the nat"e of the theoy, Maslo'+s theoy is the %ost )o)"la and 'idely cited theoy theoy of %oti&a %oti&ati tion on and has 'ide 'ide a))lic a))licabi abilit lity y /A#an /A#ani, i, @. 23110. 23110. Maslo' Maslo' )o)os )o)osed ed the Hieachy of needs in 1;5C, ecei&ing both )ositi&e and negati&e citicis%s. he Hieachy of needs theoy is easy to "ndestand and i%)le%ent o'ing to the fact the needs and thei go")ing accoding to le&els hel)s to ex)lain the ode fo i%)le%enting of stategies to satisfy the%. he theoy also )oints o"t an aay of e'ads that if follo'ed can hel) ogani(ations to f"lfill thei h"%an eso"ces %andate in a %oe syste%atic %anne. %anne. Maslo'+s theoy is f"the %oe s"itable and a))licable to all ty)es of oganisations beca"se it in&ol&es all fo%s of e'ads 'hich a))ly to all e%)loyees. On the othe side, He(beg+s theoy disco&eed in 1;9; is a %odification of Maslo'+s Maslo'+s theoy of Moti&ation, the theoy+s theoy+s concen is on the factos in a 'o#)lace that ha&e an infl"ence of the le&el of )efo%ance of the e%)loyees, this theoy ecogni(es the need to se)aate 'hat the ob )o&ides to the e%)loyees and 'hat can %oti&ate the e%)loyee, theefoe the theoy is a))licable in in "ndestanding %oti&ation of caee e%)loyees in ogani(ations ogani(ations 'hose inteest is not financial e'ads and othe )ac#ages b"t fo ecognition, caee ad&ance%ent, challenging tas#s at 'o# a%ong othes. Accod Accoding ing to A#ani, A#ani, @., /231 /23110, Maslo' Maslo'++s theoy theoy is desci desci)ti )ti&e &e and si%)le si%)le in nat"e nat"e it identifies and defines all the needs that h"%ans can ha&e 'hich Manages need to be a'ae of as they %a#e atte%)ts to %oti&ate the s"bodinates "nde thei s")e&ision. On the othe hand, He(beg+s theoy is )esci)ti&e nat"e that is to say it identifies so%e factos as lo'e le&el /hygiene factos0 and 'hich do not eG"ie %oti&ation and classifies othes as highe ode /%oti&ating factos0 and being the only ones that eG"ie %oti&ation. !n elation to Moti&atos, accoding to Maslo'+s Hieachy of needs theoy, all needs can act as %oti&atos, 'ith lo'e needs eG"iing to be satisfied fist befoe s"ccessi&e highe ode needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two Two Factor Theories ?By4 !l"#o @eeso% il"#o$oc#et%ail.co%
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and these needs co&e all as)ects as)ects that affect affect the e%)loyee e%)loyee at 'o#, th"s the )i%ay %oti&atos %oti&atos ae )hysiological, safety, social , estee% and self act"ali(ation needs, 'hile He(beg in his d"al facto %odel , hygiene factos /lo'e le&els0 do not act as %oti&atos, only highe ode needs /achie&e%ent, ecognition ,challenging 'o#0 act as %oti&atos. he t'o theoies ha&e si%ilaities and these incl"de the follo'ing a%ong othes !n the fist case, these t'o theoies that Maslo'+s Hieachy of needs and edeic# He(beg+s t'o actos 'ee all )o)o"nded to ex)lain ho' e%)loyees at 'o# can %oti&ated and f"the ho' Manage Managess can %oti&a %oti&ate te thei thei e%)loy e%)loyees ees in a 'o#)l 'o#)lace ace,, th"s th"s they they both both %oti&a %oti&atio tional nal theoies. theoies. "the%oe, "the%oe, both theoies ae categoi(ed categoi(ed as content content theories theories 'hich ae theoetical )es)ecti&es 'hich stess the need fo the analysis of h"%an needs and they also )o&ide the insight into the needs of )eo)le in oganisations 'hich can hel) %anages "ndestand ho' these needs can be satisfied in a 'o#)lace /aft .* and Macic. . , 23314512-51C0. Secondly Secondly, both theoies attest to the fact all e%)loyees ha&e s)ecific s)ecific needs 'hich %anage%ent %anage%ent sho" sho"ld ld ident identif ify y and and %eet %eet,, once once thes thesee needs needs ae ae %et %et then then the theee 'ill 'ill be inc incea ease sed d 'o# 'o# )od"cti&ity and o"t)"t. Both theoies also e%)hasi(e that if the needs of the e%)loyees ae not identified then the es"lt 'ill be de%oti&ation. Both Both theoi theoies es also also belie& belie&ee that that needs needs )esen )esentt in a )eson )eson 'ill 'ill infl"e infl"ence nce h"%an h"%an beha&i beha&io" o".. Accoding to aft .* and Macic. /2331451C0, the need fo fo food, achie&e%ent o %onetay e'ad di&e )eo)le to s)ecific beha&ios in atte%)t to f"lfill those needs. Fonsideing this theef theefoe oe %anage %anages s need need to "ndest "ndestand and the diffe diffeent ent needs needs of the e%)loy e%)loyees ees and )e)a )e)aee %anage%ent syste%s that hel) the% to %eet these needs. *astly, anothe as)ect abo"t both theoies is that they s"ggest s)ecific iss"es that %anage%ent can do to hel) and s"))ot thei e%)loyees beco%e self-act"ali(ed. he t'o theoies s)ecify the citeia as 'hat %oti&ates )eo)le ho'e&e, this not f"lly t"e since beca"se of othe factos li#e c"lt"es, social stat"s diffeent d iffeent )eo)le )ecei&e needs diffeently. diffeently. "the%oe, both "the%oe, both theoies also s"ggest the diffeence in needs a%ong h"%an beings 'hich i%)lies that diffeent things %oti&ate diffeent )eo)le. Concl%sion
Both theoists, Abaha% Maslo' and edeic# He(beg %ade a significant contib"tion to the #no'le #no'ledge dge of e%)loy e%)loyee ee and 'o#)l 'o#)lace ace %oti&a %oti&atio tion n as a #ey co%)one co%)onent nt of ogan ogani(a i(atio tional nal beha&io" and %anage%ent by inco)oating the need theoy into the 'o# en&ion%ent. !t is theefoe i%)otant to ecogni(e the fact %any of the defining %oti&ational stategies c"ently "sed by Manages ha&e a stong elationshi) 'ith these theoies. Ho'e&e, in te%s of the content, )")ose and a))lication, the t'o theoies ae diffeent fo% one anothe. anothe.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two Two Factor Theories ?By4 !l"#o @eeso% il"#o$oc#et%ail.co%
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+eferences
Comparee Maso! Maso! and Her"#e Her"#errg theory theory o$ Moti%a Moti%atio tion& n& etie&ed etie&ed on A&ra A&rani ni !'! !'! (,-. (,-.. .!! Compar h"sday, 19th 8"ne 231: at 11.33a% 11.33a% fo%4 '''. '''. #alyan-city.blogs)ot.co%<2311<35
+nteracti%e. Kaldosta, H%itt0 1! 1! (,--2! Maslo's Hieachy of needs. ducationa *sychoogy +nteracti%e. th @A4 Kaldost aldostaa State State Uni&e Uni&esit sity y. eti etie&ed e&ed on Monday Monday,, 12 8"ne 8"ne 231: 231: at ;.33a% ;.33a% fo% fo%,, htt)4<<'''.ed)sycinteacti&e.og
-eha%iour, Se%enth dition& dition& Edinb"g, M%llins /!5! (,--6! Management and rganisationa -eha%iour, England, Peason Ed"cation *i%ited Page 5:;J. Management 7t%dy '%ide! (,-.2! Her"#ergs Her"#ergs theory& etie&ed etie&ed on ednesday ednesday, 15th 8"ne 231: at 13.33a%J fo%, ''' '''.%anage%entst"dyg"ide.co%
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two Two Factor Theories ?By4 !l"#o @eeso% il"#o$oc#et%ail.co%
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