MåülSìÏrÉ ÌuɱÉsÉrÉ xÉÇaÉPûlÉ pÉÑuÉlÉåzuÉU xÉÇpÉÉaÉ KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGTHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION
AkrÉrÉlÉ xÉWûÉrÉiÉÉ /xÉÉqÉaÉëÏ STUDY / SUPPORT MATERIAL 2012 – 13
Mü¤ÉÉ – XI/ CLASS – XI
MÇürÉ!"ûU ÌuÉ#ÉÉlÉ COMPUTER SCIENCE
MåülSìÏrÉ ÌuɱÉsÉrÉ xÉÇaÉPûlÉ$ ¤Éå%ÉÏrÉ MüÉrÉÉ&sÉrÉ$ ÉëaÉÌiÉ ÌuÉWûÉU$ qÉÇ'ÉåzuÉU$ pÉÑuÉlÉåzuÉU – 751 – 751 017 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
REGIONAL OFFICE, PRAGATI VIHAR MANCHESWAR, BHUBANESWAR ODISHA - 751017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHIEF PATRON
:
SHRI AVINASH DIKSHIT
COMMISSIONER, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN NEW DELHI
PATRON
:
MS R KALAVATHI
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION
ADVISORS
:
SHRI MVRK SASTRY
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION SHRI GSN REDDY
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION
CO!ORDINATOR
:
SHRI SK CHOPDAR
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CHIEF PATRON
:
SHRI AVINASH DIKSHIT
COMMISSIONER, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN NEW DELHI
PATRON
:
MS R KALAVATHI
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION
ADVISORS
:
SHRI MVRK SASTRY
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION SHRI GSN REDDY
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION
CO!ORDINATOR
:
SHRI SK CHOPDAR
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER COMMISSIONER KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN BHUBANESWAR REGION
STUDY MATERIAL PREPARATION COMMITTEE
CONVENER
:
SHRI SK BEHURA
PRINCIPAL, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO. 1, UNIT – I, BHUBANESWAR
MEMBERS
:
SH ARUN KUMAR
PGT!COMP.SC.", KV NO.1, #ND SHIFT, BHUBANESWAR SH KAMAL KANT GUPTA
PGT!COMP.SC.", K.V. NO.-#, SV NAGAR ,VSKP SH ANIL KUMAR S S
PGT!COMP.SC.", K.V. NO.-1, SV NAGAR,VSKP SH MUNENDRA PRAKASH
PGT!COMP.SC.", K.V., WALTAIR,VSKP
PREFACE
Kendriya Vidyalayas are pace setting institutions spread across the length and breadth of this vast country including a few in the foreign lands. Text books are like the sumptuous meals but a few students do need a digestive tablets to digest the food. The condensed versions of the text books is what the study material is. For the academic year 202!"# the task of preparing the study material has been entrusted with Kendriya Vidyalaya $angathan# %hubaneswar&egion for the students of 'lass () in 'omputer $cience. *very effort has been made by four of your chosen +,Ts -'omputer $cience to present the material in brief but not compromising on the matter to the presented. $tress has e/ually been laid on the 1Ts -igher 1lder Thinking $kills /uestions# as well as the simpler concepts. ll the four +,Ts -'omputer $cience $h. run Kumar# $h. Kamal Kant ,upta# $h. nil Kumar $ $# $h. 3unendra +rakash deserve the appreciation for their efforts. ) am sure# the support material will definitely of help to our students to prepare for the examinations besides helping them in understanding the sub4ect.
(R. KALAVATHI) DEPUTY COMMISSIONER KVS, BHUBANESWAR REGION
SUPPORT MATERIAL COMPUTER SCIENCE 2012!13 CBSE Mark Distribution for different Units S" N# 1 2 3 5
U$%& N'() UNIT 1 C#(-.&)* F.$'()$&'" UNIT 2 I$&*#.&%#$ &# C UNIT 3 P*#*'((%$ M)&##"#4 UNIT 5 P*#*'((%$ %$ C
M'*+,
10 1$ 10 %& T#&'" M'*+,
S. N". 1 2
Weigh!ge " #i$$e%e& $"%' "$ *ei"& F"%' "$ +*ei"& M!%, $"% e!-h *ei"& Ve%/ Sh"% A&e% +*ei"& (VSA) 01 Sh"% A&e% +*ei"&3 T/4e 1 (SA1) 02 Sh"% A&e% +*ei"&3 T/4e II (SAII) 0 L"&g A&e% +*ei"&3 (LA) 0 T"!
S. N. 1 2
8i$$i-*/ Le9e "$ +*ei"& Ei'!e# 8i$$i-*/ Le9e E!/ A9e%!ge 8i$$i-*
60
N". "$ +*ei"& 0 1 05 05 2
T"! M!%, 0 26 15 20 70
Pe%-e&!ge "$ *ei"& 15: 70: 15:
INDEX T#-%,
SN#
PAGE NO
1
U$%& 1 : C#(-.&)* F.$'()$&'",
07
2
U$%& 2 : I$&*#.&%#$ &# C
26
3
U$%& 3 : P*#*'((%$ ()&##"#4
50
5
U$%& 5: P*#*'((%$ %$ C
53
8
S'(-") P'-)*,
118
Unit-1 C#(-.&)* F.$'()$&'",
O9)&%;):
T# %(-'*& %$!)-& +$#<")) #= #(-.&)* *)"'&) 9',% &)*(%$#"#%),
T# %$."'&) &) ,+%"", #= %(-")()$&'&%#$ #= 9',% &)#*4 %$ &*#.9"),##&%$ &) ,#=&<'*) > '*<'*) -*#9")(,
W'& %, C#(-.&)*?
C'()*+ / 2342 4+'4 234 +6+ +/ 8 2+ / )*+ 9'( +6 */ 2 )'4/// +6/ 2+ *2 +6 4'+' '9 /+ '9 /+*4+'/ !42 )':(" 2 :3/ +6 /*+ !'*+)*+" 2 /3/ '*+)*+ 9' +6 9*+* */. I+ 4 )'4// ;'+6 *(4 2 '-*(4 !+6(+4 2 ':4" 44*+'/. A 4'()*+ 6/ 9'* 9*4+'/< . 44)+/ 2+ ;. )'4/// 2+ 4. )'2*4/ '*+)*+ 2. /+'/ /*+/
I$-.& P*#),,%$ O.&-.& S&#*')
I)*+ !D+"< I)*+ / +6 8 9'(+' +2 +' 4'()*+ 9'( +6 )*+ 234/. I+ / +6 4'4+' '9 ++/, *(;/, (:/ +4. P'4//< P'4// / +6 ')+' '9 2+ / ) :3 /+*4+'. I+ / +'+= + )'4// '9 +6 4'()*+ /=/+(. O*+)*+< O*+)*+ / +6 )'4//2 2+ :3 ;= 4'()*+ 9+ 2+ )'4//:. O*+)*+ / /' 42 / R/*+. W 4 /3 +6/ /*+/ +6 /+': 234/ 9' +6 9*+* */. C#(-.&)* S4,&)(
A '9 +6 4'()'+/ '9 4'()*+ /=/+( 4 ; /*((>2 8+6 +6 /() ?*+'/. COMPUTER SYSTEM @ HARDWARE SOFTWARE USER H28 @ I+ D34/ P)6 D34/ A )6=/4 )+/ '9 +6 4'()*+ !' 3=+6: +6+ 8 4 +'*46" '8 / H28. S'9+8 @ P':(/ S'9+8 :3/ +:4 +' +6 4'()*+. USER @ P/', 86' ')+/ 4'()*+. G)$)*'&%#$ #= #(-.&)*: F%*,& G)$)*'&%#$ @150!87:
T6 9/+ :+' 4'()*+/ */2 344*( +*;/ (46 :*: 8/ */2 9' :3: +6 /+*4+'/. T6/ 4'()*+ 8 : /> +6 )':((: 8/ 2994*+ +/. T6 4+4+=
4'/*()+' 8/ 3= 6:6. S'( 4'()*+/ '9 +6/ :+' ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC UNIVAC-1. S)#$ G)$)*'&%#$@187!73:
I #2 :+' 4'()*+/, 344*( +*;/ 8 )42 ;= +//+'/. T6= ?*2 '= 110 '9 )'8 ?*2 ;= +*;/. T6/ :+' 4'()*+/ :+2 // 6+ 8 ;. T6 9/+ ')+: /=/+( 23')2 +6/ :+'. T) T%* G)$)*'&%#$@175!61:
T6 %2 :+' 4'()*+/ )42 +//+'/ 8+6 I+:+2 44*+ '8 / 46). F'( S( /4 +:+2 44*+/ 8646 62 10 +//+'/ ) 46), +46'':= 23')2 +' MSI 44*+/ 8+6 100 +//+'/ ) 46). T6/ 4'()*+/ 8 /(, 9/+ (' ;. H:6 3 :*:/ 3+2 +6/ :+'. T) =#.*& G)$)*'&%#$@162! -*),)$&:
LSI VLSI 8 */2 +6/ :+'. A/ /*+ (4')'4//'/ 4( +' /+4. T6 4'()*+/ */: +6/ +46'':= '8 +' ; M4' C'()*+/. H:6 4)4+= 62 2/ 8 3+2. T6 / :+ 23')(+ 2+ 4'((*4+'. T) F%=& G)$)*'&%#$ @P*),)$& > B)4#$:
F9+6 :+' 4'()*+: 234/, ;/2 ' +94 +:4, /+ 23')(+, +6'*:6 +6 /'( ))4+'/, /*46 / 3'4 4':+', +6+ ;: */2 +'2=. T6 */ '9 ) )'4//: 2 /*)4'2*4+'/ / 6): +' ( +94 +:4 +=. *+*( 4'()*++' 2 ('4* 2 '+46'':= 8 24= 46: +6 94 '9 4'()*+/ =/ +' 4'(. ARCHITECTURE OF COMPUTER
I$-.& D);%),: T6'/ 234/ 8646 6) +' + 2+ +' 4'()*+ /=/+(. E:. K=;'2, M'*/,
T'*46/4, B4'2 R2, S4, MICR, OMR +4.
B 4'2 R2
MICR */2 B
OMR!U/2 9' /8 /6+ 3*+'"
O.&-.& D);%),: T6'/ 234/ 8646 6) +' 2/)= +6 )'4//2 9'(+'. E:. M'+', P+,
P'++, P'4+'
P+
P'++
P'4+'
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT @CPU
T6 ( 4'()'+ +' ( 4'()*+ ')+ / +6 4'()*+ 46) ' (4')'4//'. T6/ / 92 +' / +6 C+ P'4//: U+ !CPU" 2 / 6'*/2 +6 4'()*+ 4/. T':+6, +6= /' 42 +6 CPU. I+ )9'(/ +6(+4 2 ':4 ')+'/. T6 CPU !C+ P'4//: U+" / +6 234 +6+ +)+/ 2 4*+/ /+*4+'/.
P'4//' M)(#*4< I+ 94++/ +6 ((;4 )'8 +' 4'()*+ /=/+(. I+ 9/ +' +6 )6=/4 234/
*/2 +' /+' )':(/ !/?*4/ '9 /+*4+'/" ' 2+ !.:. )':( /++ 9'(+'" ' +()'= ' )(+ ;// 9' */ 4'()*+ ' '+6 2:+ 4+'4 234. T6 +( )(= (('= / */2 9' +6 9'(+' )6=/4 /=/+(/ 8646 9/+ !.. RAM", / 2/+4+' 9'( /4'2= (('=, 8646 )6=/4 234/ 9' )':( 2 2+ /+': 8646 /'8 +' 44// ;*+ '99 6:6 (('= 4)4+=. P(= (('= /+'2 ' /4'2= (('= / 42 3+* (('=. P(= M('= 4 ; 4+:'>2 / V'+ M('= N'-V'+ M('=. V#"'&%") ()(#*4@RAM
V'+ (('= / 4'()*+ (('= +6+ ?*/ )'8 +' (+ +6 /+'2 9'(+'. M'/+ ('2 /(4'2*4+' 3'+ (('= / +6 S++4 RAM ' 2=(4 RAM. SRAM +/ +/ 4'++/ / ': / +6 )'8 / 4'4+2 2 / /= +' +94 +' ;*+ *// / +//+'/ ) ;+.
D=(4 RAM / (' 4'()4+2 +' +94 +' 2 4'+' 2 2/ :* 9/6 4=4/ +' )3+ +/ 4'++/ ;: '/+. H'83, DRAM *// '= ' +//+' 2 4)4+' ) ;+, '8: + +' 46 (*46 6:6 2/+/ 2, 8+6 (' ;+/ ' (('= 46), ; (*46 46) ) ;+. SRAM / '+ 8'+686 9' 2/+') /=/+( (('=, 86 DRAM 2'(+/, ;*+ / */2 9' +6 446 (('/.. N#$ V#"'&%") M)(#*4 @ROM
N'-3'+ (('= / 4'()*+ (('= +6+ 4 + +6 /+'2 9'(+' 3 86 '+
)'82. E()/ '9 '-3'+ (('= 9/6 (('= 2 ROMPROMEPROMEEPROM (('= !*/2 9' 9(8 /*46 / ;''+ )':(/". C') M)(#*4:
C46 (('= / 2'( 44// (('= ! RAM" +6+ 4'()*+ (4')'4//' 4 44// (' ?*4= +6 + 4 44// :* RAM. A/ +6 (4')'4//' )'4/// 2+, + ''/ 9/+ +6 446 (('= 2 9 + 92/ +6 2+ +6 !9'( )3'*/ 2: '9 2+", + 2'/ '+ 63 +' 2' +6 (' +(-4'/*(: 2: '9 2+ 9'( : (('=. I+ / '9 +8' +=)/- L1 446 / ' +6 /( 46) / +6 (4')'4//'. L# / */*= /)+ /++4 RAM !SRAM" 46). S)#$'*4 M)(#*4:
A. H2 D/ !L'4 D/" B. O)+4 D//< CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW C. P D3 D. F'))= D// F. M('= C2/ G. E+ H2 D/ H. B* R= D/
B".!R'4 D%,+:
B*-= !'+ B*-=" /' '8 / B*-= D/4 !BD", / +6 ( '9 8 ')+4 2/4 9'(+. T6 9'(+ '99/ (' +6 93 +(/ +6 /+': 4)4+= '9 +2+' DVD/ 2 4 6'2 *) +' #5GB ' /:-= 2/4 2 50GB ' 2*-= 2/4. W6 4*+ ')+4 2/4 +46'':/ /*46 / DVD, DVDR, DVDRW, 2 DVD-RAM = ' 2 / +' 2 2 8+ 2+, +6 8 9'(+ *// ;*-3'+ / /+2, 64 +6 ( B*-=.
U$%&, #= M)(#*4:
T6 /(/+ *+ / ;+, 8646 ( +6 0 ' 1. 1 ;+ @ 0 ' 1 1 B=+ @ J ;+ 1 N;; @ $ ;+ 1 K' B=+ @ 10#$ B=+@ # 10 B=+ 1 M: B=+ @ 10#$ KB@ # 10 KB 1 G: B=+ @ 10#$ MB@ # 10 MB 1 T B=+ @ 10#$ GB@ #10 GB 1 P+ B=+ @10#$ TB@ # 10 TB 1 E B=+ @10#$ PB@ # 10 PB 1 ++ B=+ @ 10#$ EB@ #10 EB 1 Y'++ B=+ @ 10#$ B@ #10 B B##&%$
T6 )'4// '9 '2: +6 /=/+( 9/ '9 +6 ')+: /=/+( 9'( +6 2/ +' +6 4'()*+ (('= +' 4'()+ +6 44*+= ?*(+ '9 +6 4'()*+ /=/+( / 42 ;''+:. T4-), #= B##&%$:
T6 +8' +=)/ '9 ;''+:< C#" B##&%$: I9 +6 4'()*+ / '99 /++ 2 8 ;''+ +6 4'()*+ ;= )//: +6 )'8 /8+46 ON 9'( +6 CPU ;' +6 + / 42 / 4'2 ;''+:.
W'*( B##&%$: I9 +6 4'()*+ / 2= ON 2 8 /++ + ;= )//: +6 RESET ;*++' 9'( +6 CPU ;' ' CTRL, ALT 2 DEL = /(*+'*/= 9'( +6 =;'2 +6 + / 42 8( ;''+:. T4-), #= C#(-.&)* O$ &) 9',%, #= <#*+%$ -*%$%-") ' A$'"# C#(-.&)*
A ': 4'()*+ / 9'( '9 4'()*+ +6+ *// continuous )6=/4 )6'( /*46 / 4+4, (464, ' 6=2*4 ?*++/ +' ('2 +6 )';( ;: /'32. E:< T6('(+, S)2'(+, P+' )*() 24+', M*+(+
9 D%%&'" C#(-.&)*
A 4'()*+ +6+ )9'(/ 44*+'/ 2 ':4 ')+'/ 8+6 ?*++/ )/+2 / 2:+/, */*= +6 ;= *(; /=/+(. H49*% C#(-.&)* @A$'"# D%%&'"
A 4'(;+' '9 4'()*+/ +6'/ 4); '9 )*++: 2 '*+)*++: ;'+6 2:+ 2 ': /:/. A 6=;2 4'()*+ /=/+( /+*) '99/ 4'/+ 994+3 (+6'2 '9 )9'(: 4'() /(*+'/. T6 /+*(+/ */2 (24 /44 / +6/ 4+:'=. O$ &) 9',%, #= S%) ' S.-)* C#(-.&)*
T6 9/+/+ +=) '9 4'()*+. S*)4'()*+/ 3= )/3 2 ()'=2 9' /)4>2 ))4+'/ +6+ ?* ((/ ('*+/ '9 (+6(+4 44*+'/. F' (), 8+6 9'4/+: ?*/ /*)4'()*+. O+6 *// '9 /*)4'()*+/ 4*2 (+2 :)64/, 9*2 2=(4 44*+'/, *4 := /46, 2 )+'*( )'+'. PARAM, P4 F'/'3 +6 /*)4'()*+ (2 2.
9 M'%$=*'() C#(-.&)*
A 3= : 2 )/3 4'()*+ 4); '9 /*))'+: 6*22/, ' 3 +6'*/2/, '9 *// /(*+'*/=. I +6 646= +6+ /++/ 8+6 /() (4')'4//' ! 8+46/, 9' ()" + +6 ;'++'( 2 ('3/ +' /*)4'()*+/ + +6 +'), (9(/ */+ ;'8 /*)4'()*+/. I /'( 8=/, (9(/ (' )'89* +6 /*)4'()*+/ ;4*/ +6= /*))'+ (' /(*+'*/ )':(/. B*+ /*)4'()*+/ 4 4*+ /: )':( 9/+ +6 (9(.
M%$% C#(-.&)*
A (2/>2 4'()*+. I /> 2 )'8, (4'()*+/ ;+8 workstations 2 mainframes . I +6 )/+ 242, +6 2/+4+' ;+8 : (4'()*+/ 2 /( (9(/ 6/ ;*2, 6'83, / 6/ +6 2/+4+' ;+8 /( (4'()*+/ 2 8'/++'/. B*+ :, (4'()*+ / (*+)'4//: /=/+( 4); '9 /*))'+: 9'( $ +' ;'*+ #00 *// /(*+'*/=. G=, /3/ 4'(/ +6/ 4+:'=. M%*# C#(-.&)*
. D),+&#- C#(-.&)*: )/' ' (4'-( 4'()*+ /*994+ +' 9+ ' 2/. . L'-&#- C#(-.&)*: )'+; 4'()*+ 4'()+ 8+6 +:+2 /4 2 =;'2. I+ / := /( /> +6 2/+') 4'()*+ 2 : +6 '+;'' 4'()*+. . P'"(&#- C#(-.&)*/D%%&'" D%'*4 /N#&)9##+ /PDA,: 62-/>2 4'()*+. P(+')/ 63 ' =;'2 ;*+ +6 /4 /3/ ;'+6 / )*+ 2 '*+)*+ 234. ) W#*+,&'&%#$,
A +( ' 2/+') 4'()*+ +8'. I +6/ 4'++, 8'/++' / */+ :4 +( 9' *// (46 !4+ (46" 4'+/+ +' /3 ' (9(.
S#=&<'*)
S'9+8, /()= +6 4'()*+ )':(/. T6 /+*4+'/ :3 +' +6 4'()*+ +6 9'( '9 )':( / 42 S'9+8. S'9+8 / +6 /+ '9 )':(/, 8646 */2 9' 299+ )*)'//. A +6 )':(/ */2 4'()*+ +' )9'( /)494 +/ / 42 S'9+8. T4-), #= ,#=&<'*)
1. S4,&)( ,#=&<'*): ' O-)*'&%$ S4,&)( S#=&<'*)
DOS, W2'8/ P, W2'8/ V/+, UL*, MACOS +4. 9 U&%"%&4 S#=&<'*)
W2'8/ E)' !FF'2 M:(+", C'()//' T'', A+-V*/ U++/, D/ D9:(++', D/ C, B4U), W), WRAR +4 L'$.') P*#),,#*,
C'(), I+)+ 2 A//(; #. A--"%'&%#$ ,#=&<'*): ' P'+') S#=&<'*)
M/. O994 #00%, M/. O994 #007, M4'(2 !D(83, F/6, F62", A2'; !P:M, P6'+'S6')" 9 T'%"#*) #* C.,&#( S#=&<'*)
S46'' M:(+ /=/+(, I3+'= M:(+ S=/+(, P=' /=/+(, 94 /=/+(
+4.
O-)*'&%$ ,4,&)(
O)+: /=/+( / )+9'( ;+8 628 2 */ 8646 / /)'/; 9' +6 (:(+ 2 4''2+' '9 4+3+/ 2 +6 /6: '9 +6 /'*4/ '9 4'()*+. I+ 6'/+/ +6 /3 ))4+'/ +6+ * ' 4'()*+ 2 62/ +6 ')+'/ '9 4'()*+ 628. F.$&%#$, #= #-)*'&%$ S4,&)(: • • • •
P'4//' M:(+ M('= M:(+ F M:(+ D34 M:(+
T4-), #= O-)*'&%$ S4,&)(: •
R)'"!&%() O-)*'&%$ S4,&)(: I+ / (*++/: ')+: /=/+( +6+ (/ + 4*+:
-+( ))4+'/. E() '9 U/< .:. 4'+' '9 *4 )'8 )+/, ' 9:, 46(4 )'4//: 2 +994 4'+' /=/+(/,
•
S%$") U,)* S4,&)(,: P'32/ )+9'( 9' '= ' */ + +(. T6= )')*=
//'4+2 8+6 D/ T') ')+: /=/+( 8646 * ' /+2' /=/+(/ 86 ' */ 44'*+/ ?*2. E()< DOS. •
M."&% U,)* S4,&)(,: P'32/ :*+2 44// 9' *(; '9 *// ;= (+:
2+;/ '9 '8 *//.R9/ +' 4'()*+ /=/+(/ +6+ /*))'+ +8' ' (' /(*+'*/ *//. A'+6 +( 9' (*+-*/ / +( /6:. E< A (9(/ (*+-*/ /=/+(/. E()< U •
M."&%!&',+%$ '$ S%$")!&',+%$ O-)*'&%$ S4,&)(,: W6 /: )':( / '82 +'
* + +(, +6 /=/+( / :'*)2 *2 +6 /:-+/: /=/+( 4+:'=, 86 4/ +6 ')+: /=/+( '8/ 9' 4*+' '9 (*+) +// + +(, + / 4//92 / (*++/: ')+: /=/+(. •
D%,&*%9.&) O-)*'&%$ S4,&)(: A ')+: /=/+( +6+ (:/ :'*) '9 2)2+
4'()*+/ 2 (/ +6( )) +' ; /: 4'()*+ / '8 / 2/+;*+2 ')+: /=/+(. D/+;*+2 4'()*++'/ 42 '*+ ' (' +6 ' (46. W6 4'()*+/ :'*) 8' 4'')+', +6= ( 2/+;*+2 /=/+(. C#((#$"4 .,) #-)*'&%$ ,4,&)( UNIX: P''*42 yoo-niks, )')* multi-user , multitasking ')+: /=/+( 23')2 + B
L;/ +6 = 170/. UNI 8/ ' '9 +6 9/+ ')+: /=/+(/ +' ; 8++ 6:6-3 )':((: :*:, (= C. T6/ (+ +6+ + 4'*2 ; /+2 ' 3+*= = 4'()*+ 9' 8646 C 4'() /+2. LINUX: P''*42 lee-nucks ' lih-nucks. A 9=-2/+;*+; ') /'*4 ')+: /=/+( +6+
*/ ' *(; '9 628 )+9'(/. T6 L* 8/ 23')2 (= ;= L*/ T'32/ 2 + / ;/2 ' U. B4*/ +/ 9, 2 ;4*/ + */ ' (= )+9'(/, 4*2: PC/ 2 M4+'/6/, L* 6/ ;4'( +(= )')* ++3 +' )')+= ')+: /=/+(/. W%$#<,: M%*#,#=& W%$#<, / // '9 :)64 +94 ')+: /=/+(/ 23')2, (+2, 2 /'2 ;= M4'/'9+.M4'/'9+ +'2*42 ')+: 3'(+ (2 Windows '
N'3(; #0, 1J5 / 22-' +' MS-DOS /)'/ +' +6 :'8: +/+ :)64 */ +94/ !GUI/".Q# M4'/'9+ W2'8/ 4( +' 2'(+ +6 8'2/ )/' 4'()*+ (+ 8+6 '3 0 (+ /6, '3+: M4 OS, 8646 62 ; +'2*42 1J$.T6 ('/+ 4+ 4+ 3/' '9 W2'8/ / W2'8/ 7 +6 ('/+ 4+ /3 3/' / W2'8/ S3 #00J R# +6 ('/+ 4+ ('; 3/' / W2'8/ P6' 7.5. SOLARIS: S#"'*%, / U ')+: /=/+( ':= 23')2 ;= S* M4'/=/+(/. I+ /*)/22 +6 S*OS 1%. O*'") S#"'*%, , / + / '8 '8, 6/ ; '82 ;=
O4 C')'+' /4 O4/ 4?*/+' '9 S* *= #010.
BOSS< BOSS !B6+ O)+: S=/+( S'*+'/" GNUL* 2/+;*+' 23')2 ;= C-DAC !C+ 9' D3')(+ '9 A2342 C'()*+:" 232 9'( D; 9' 64: +6 */ '9 F O) S'*4 S'9+8 +6'*:6'*+ I2. T6/ / (/ (' + +6 /4*+= )+ 2 4'(/ 8+6 /= +' */ ))4+' +' 62 ='* D/+'). M#9%") OS: A ('; ')+: /=/+(, /' 42 ('; OS, / ')+: /=/+( +6+ /
/)494= 2/:2 +' * ' ('; 234/ /*46 / ('; )6'/, /(+)6'/, PDA/, +;+
4'()*+/ 2 '+6 6262 234/. T6 ('; ')+: /=/+( / +6 /'9+8 )+9'( ' +') '9 8646 '+6 )':(/, 42 ))4+' )':(/, 4 * ' ('; 234/. •
A$*#%: A2'2 / L*-;/2 ('; )6' ')+: /=/+( 23')2 ;= G'':.
A2'2 / *?* ;4*/ G'': / 4+3= 23'): +6 )+9'( ;*+ :3: + 8= 9' 9 +' 628 (*94+*/ 2 )6' 4/ 86' 8+ +' */ A2'2 ' +6 234/. •
S4(9%'$: S=(; / ('; ')+: /=/+( !OS" +:+2 + ('; )6'/ +6+ '99/
6:6-3 '9 +:+' 8+6 4'((*4+' 2 )/' 9'(+' (:(+ !PIM" 9*4+'+=. S=(; OS 4'(;/ (228 8+6 8// 4'((*4+'/ +6'*:6 +:+2 (;' 2 +6 +:+' '9 3 2 PIM 9*4+'+= !:2 2 4'+4+/". T6 S=(; OS / ') 9' +62-)+= 23')(+ ;= 2)2+ /'9+8 32'/, +)/ IT 2)+(+/, +8' ')+'/ 2 S=(; OS 4//. LANGUAGE PROCESSORS < S4 4'()*+ 628 / 4); '9 *2/+2: '= (46
3 /+*4+'/, S' + / 4//= +' 4'3+ +6 HLL +' M46 L3 L:*:. T6 +6 L:*: )'4//'/< A. C#(-%")*: I+ / +/+' 8646 4'3+/ +6 HLL :*: +' (46 :*: ' :'. A S'*4 )':( H:6 L3 L:*: :+ 4'3+2 +' O;4+ P':( M46 L3 L:*:. B. I$&)*-*)&)*: I+ / +/+' 8646 4'3+/ +6 HLL :*: +' (46 :*: ;= . I+ +/ ' /++(+ '9 HLL 2 4'3+/ + +' (46 4'2 8646 / ((2+= 4*+2. I+ (+ +6 2 '9 /)+ 4'()+'*. H'83, I+ / /'8 )'4//: / 4'() +' 4'(). C. A,,)(9")*: I+ +/+ +6 //(;= :*: +' (46 4'2. M%*#-*#),,#*:
A (4')'4//' / /(4'2*4+' 46), 8646 / (*94+*2 */: +6 L: S4 +:+' !LSI" ' V= L: S4 I+:+' !VLSI", 8646 4'()// A+6(+4 L':4 U+, C'+' *+ 2 C+ P'4//: U+ !CPU" 9;4+2 ' /: 46). T)*(%$#"#%),: R)%,&)*,: A :/+ / 3= /( ('*+ '9 3= 9/+ (('= +6+ / ;*+ +' +6 CPU !4+
)'4//: *+" '2 +' /)2 *) +/ ')+'/ ;= )'32: ?*4 44// +' 4'(('= */2 3*/. A 2+ (*/+ ; )/+2 :/+ ;9' + 4 ; )'4//2. F' (), 9 +8' *(;/ +' ; (*+)2, ;'+6 *(;/ (*/+ ; :/+/, 2 +6 /*+ / /' )42 :/+. B.,:
A 4'4+' '9 8/ +6'*:6 8646 2+ / +/(++2 9'( ' )+ '9 4'()*+ +' '+6. Y'* 4 +6 '9 ;*/ / 6:68= ' 8646 2+ +3/ 8+6 4'()*+. W6 */2 94 +' )/' 4'()*+/, +6 +( bus */*= 9/ +' internal bus . T6/ / ;*/ +6+ 4'4+/ +6 + 4'()*+ 4'()'+/ +' +6 CPU 2 ( (('=. A ;*// 4'//+ '9 +8' )+/ -- 22// ;*/ 2 2+ ;*/. T6 2+ ;*/ +/9/ 4+* 2+ 86/ +6 22// ;*/ +/9/ 9'(+' ;'*+ 86 +6 2+ /6'*2 :'. T6 4'+' ;*/ / */2 ;= +6 CPU +' 24+ 2 ('+' +6 4+'/ '9 +6 '+6 9*4+' / '9 +6 4'()*+. I+ / */2 +' +/(+ 3+= '9 232* /:/ !2, 8+, +*)+, 4'82:, 2 /' 9'+6" 4//= +' 4'+' 2 4''2+ +6 ')+'/ '9 +6 4'()*+. T6 /> '9 ;*/, '8 / +/ width, / ()'++ ;4*/ + 2+(/ 6'8 (*46 2+ 4 ; +/(++2 + ' +(. F' (), 1&- ;+ ;*/ 4 +/(+ 1& ;+/ '9 2+, 86/ %#-;+ ;*/ 4 +/(+ %# ;+/
C"#+ ,-)): A/' 42 clock rate, +6 /)2 + 8646 (4')'4//' 4*+/ /+*4+'/.
E3= 4'()*+ 4'+/ + 4'4 +6+ :*+/ +6 + + 8646 /+*4+'/ 4*+2 2 /=46'>/ +6 3'*/ 4'()*+ 4'()'+/. T6 CPU ?*/ 92 *(; '9 4'4 +4/ !' clock cycles" +' 4*+ 46 /+*4+'. T6 9/+ +6 4'4, +6 (' /+*4+'/ +6 CPU 4 4*+ ) /4'2. C'4 /)2/ )//2 (:6+> ! MH>" ' ::6+> !!GH>". 17 9%& M%*#-*#),,#* < I+ 24+/ +6 82+6 '9 +6 :/+/. A 1&-;+ (4')'4//' 4 )'4//
2+ 2 (('= 22/// +6+ )/+2 ;= 1& ;+/. E:. J0J& )'4//' 32 9%& M%*#-*#),,#*: I+ 24+/ +6 82+6 '9 +6 :/+/. A %#-;+ (4')'4//' 4 )'4// 2+ 2 (('= 22/// +6+ )/+2 ;= %# ;+/. E:. I+ J0%J& )'4//', I+ J0$J& 75 9%& M%*#-*#),,#* < I+ 24+/ +6 82+6 '9 +6 :/+/ /)4 6:6-/)2 /+': 8+6 +6 CPU. A %#-;+ (4')'4//' 4 )'4// 2+ 2 (('= 22/// +6+ )/+2 ;= %# ;+/. E:. P+*( 2* 4', 4' # 2*'. 12 9%& M%*#-*#),,#*: I+ 24+/ +6 82+6 '9 +6 :/+/. A 1#J-;+ (4')'4//' 4 )'4// 2+ 2 (('= 22/// +6+ )/+2 ;= 1#J ;+/. E:. I+ 4' 7 D%==)*)$) 9)&<))$ RISC > CISC '*%&)&.*) RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing): 1. RISC sytem has reduced number of instructions. 2. erforms only basic functions. !. "ll #$$ su%%ort is done in software. &. "ll o%erations are register to register. CISC @C#(-") Instruction Set Computing): 1. " large and 'aried instruction set. 2. erforms basic as well as com%le( functions. !. "ll #$$ su%%ort is done in #ardware. $. )emory to memory addressing mode EPIC !E)4+= P I/+*4+' C'()*+:"<
I+ / &$-;+ (4')'4//' /+*4+' /+, '+= 292 2 2/:2 ;= H8++ P42 2 I+, +6+ )'32/ *) +' 1#J : 2 9'+: )'+ *+ :/+ / 2 *// s%eculati'e loading , %redication , 2 e(%licit %arallelism +' 44'()/6 +/ 4'()*+: +//. B= 4'()/', 4*+ %#-;+ CISC 2 RISC (4')'4//' 46+4+*/ 2)2 ' %#-;+ :/+/, ;46 )24+', (('=
+4=, 2 ()4+ )/(, 8646 4'/22 // 994+ ))'46 (4'46+4+* 2/:. PORTS< A )'+ / +94 ;+8 +6 ('+6;'2 2 + 234. D99+ +=)/ '9 )'+
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('*/, ' =;'2 8'*2 ; 4'4+2 3 / )'+/. S 4;/ 46) +' ( +6 ) 4;/ 2 / +' /62 9'( +94. A/' 42 4'((*4+' )'+. P P'+ !LPT )'+/"< I+ /*))'+/ ) 4'((*4+' .. + 4 /2 /3 ;+/ /(*+'*/=.I+ )'32/ (*46 6:6 2+ +/9 /)2 4'()/' 8+6 / )'+. A/' 42 L P+ P'+. USB @U$%;)*,'" S)*%'" B., "< I+ / 8 +=) '9 / 4'4+' +6+ / (*46 9/+ +6 +6 '2
/ )'+/. USB / /' (*46 /(+ 2 (' 3/+ /4 + '8/ +6 2/= 46: '9 *) +' 1#7 USB ))6/ 4'4+2 +' ' )'+. I+ )'32/ )*: )= 4'((*4+'. PS/2 P#*& : PS# )'+/ /)4 )'+/ 9' 4'4+: +6 =;'2 2 ('*/ +' /'( PC /=/+(/.
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P*'&%) S),,%#$: 1. W646 4+'4 234 3+' ;'*:6+ 3'*+' 4'()*+/] A/. M4')'4//' #. W646 (('= / /)'/; 9' ;''+: '9 /=/+(. A/. ROM %. W6 2' ='* 92 ': 4'()*+/ 2= 9] A/. I B-/)2'(+, 3'+(+ $. W6+ 2' ='* ( ;= +( 9(8] A/. S'9+8 !)':(/ ' 2+" +6+ 6/ ; 8++ '+' 2-'= (('= !ROM". F(8 / 4'(;+' '9 /'9+8 2 628. ROM/, PROM/ 2 EPROM/ +6+ 63 2+ ' )':(/ 4'22 ' +6( F(8. 5. W6+ 2' ='* ( ;= :*: )'4//'/] W6= 8 2 +] !D' ='*/9" &. G3 = () '9 6=;2 4'()*+ 2= 9. A/. I (24 /44- T' (/* +6 6+ ;+, ;''2 )//* +4. 7. C 8 +6 '9 4'()*+ /=/+( 8+6'*+ ')+: /=/+(] */+9= ='* /8. !D' ='*/9" J. F9+6 :+' '9 4'()*+ / /=(;' '9 +:4. W6=] A/. D* +' 3+' '9 ';'+4/ . W646 / ;++ 9' +/+' 86=] C'() ' I+)+. !D' ='*/9" 10. W6+ 2' ='* ( ;= D9:(++'] !D' ='*/9" 11. W6+ 2' ='* ( ;= RISC CISC] !D' ='*/9" 1#. W646 )'+ ('*/ /6'*2 ; 4'4+2] A/. PS# )'+ 1%. W6+ 2' ='* ( ;= LPT )'+] A/. L P+ T( 1$. W6+ / 2994 ;+8 USB F8 P'+] A/. USB / 6'/+ ;/2, ( 234 (*/+ 4'4+ +' 4'()*+ 86 F8 / )-+'-). F8 / /'*:6+ 9' 6:6 /)2 234/ 8+6 (' 2+ 4(4'2/. 15. W6+ / 446 (('=] !D' ='*/9" 1&. C'3+ +6 9''8:/< . 101001.0101 +' 24( . !#%&"J +' B= . !#&&"10 +' H24( 3. !AF#"1& +' B= 3. 0101110.1010110 +' H24(
UNIT!2 I$&*#.&%#$ &# C C CHARACTER SET
C64+ /+ / //+ '9 32 464+/ +6+ :*: 4 4':> . A 464+ 4 )/+/ = ++, 2:+, ' = '+6 /: . F''8: /'( '9 +6 C 464+ /+. LETTERS A +' 2 +' > DIGITS 0 - SPECIAL SYMBOLS -X ^ [ Q _` @ a@ b . < c WHITE SPACE B /)4 , 6'>'+ +; ! - ", 4: +* , N8, F'( 92. OTHER CHARACTERS #5& ASCII 464+/ / 2+ ' / +/. TOKENS:
T6 /(/+ 4 *+ )':( / '8 / +'. A +' 4 ; = =8'2,I2+9,L+/, P*4*++'/, O)+'/. KEYWORDS :
T6/ +6 /32 8'2/ */2 ;= +6 4'(). F''8: /'( '9 +6 K=8'2/. *+' 4'+* 9'+ 8 /:2 3'+ /6'+ ': 4// /+*4+ / 2+ 92 )3+ +=)29 3'2 +()+ 4+46 92 />'9 *' :/+ :'+' IDENTIFIERS:
A ;+= ( 4'//+: '9 ++/ 2 2:+/ +' 2+9= )+4* 8'2.C / 4/ //+3 / + ++/ *)) 2 '8 4/ ++/ 299+=. T6 9/+ 464+ (*/+ ; ++ . +6 *2/4' 4'*+/ / ++ P +(5J0 /##% d2'/ dHI%dK LITERALS:
T6 2+ +(/ 8646 3 46: +6 3* +6'*:6'*+ +6 )':( *. T6 /3 2 '9 +/< • • • •
I+: 4'/++ C64+ 4'/++ F'+: 4'/++ S+: 4'/++.
I$&))* #$,&'$& :
I+: 4'/++ 86' *(;/ 8+6'*+ = 94+' )+. A +: 4'/++ (*/+ 63 + /+ ' 2:+ 2 (*/+ '+ 4'+ = 24( )'+. I+ (= 4'+ +6 ' d. A *(; 8+6 ' /: / //*(2 / )'/+3. .: 15, 1%00, -5J75. C'*'&)* C#$,&'$&:
A 464+ 4'/++ / /: 464+ 8646 / 4'/2 8+6 /: ?*'++' (/. .: A
F"#'&%$ #$,&'$&:
N*(;/ 8646 63: +6 94+' )+ 92 / 9'+: *(;/ ' 4'/++/. + (= ; )'/+3 ' :+3 *(;. A *(; 8+6 ' /: / //*(2 +' ; )'/+3 *(;. .: #.0, 17.5, -0.00#5& S&*%$ L%&)*'",:
I+ / /?*4 '9 ++/ /*'*22 ;= 2'*; ?*'+/. E.: e;4f.
PUNCTUATORS:
C
T6 9''8: 464+/ */2 / )*4+*+'/ 8646 /' '8 / /)+'/ Q _ `
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T6/ 24+/ /: 2 (*+2(/' = /*;/4)+/ T6/ 24+ 9*4+' 4/ 2 9*4+' )(+/. I24+ +6 /++ 2 2 '9 4'()'*2 /++(+/. T6/ / /++(+ +(+'. I+ 24+/ ;2 /++(+ I+ / */2 / )'+ 24+' T6/ *2/ +6 9'( :*(+ /+/ '9 *4+' )'+'+=) +' 24+ 3; *(; '9 :*(+/. I+ / */2 / //:: ')+'. T6/ / */2 / ))'4//' 24+3/.
OPERATORS:
T6/ +6'/ 4 *+/ +6+ +:: /'( 4'()*++' 86 ))2 +' 3;/ 2 '+6 ';4+/ )//'. F''8: /'( ')+'/ */2 C U= ')+'/< T6'/ 8646 ?* '= ' ')2 +' +::. .:. , , , -- a . B= ')+'/< +6/ ?* +8' ')2/ +' ')+ *)'. F''8: /'( '9 +6 B= #-)*'&#*, A*%&('&% #-)*'&#*, :
d AX
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b // +6 a> G+ +6 b@ L// +6 ?* +'. @ :+ +6 ?* +'. @@ ?* +'. a@ '+ ?* +'.
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] !?*/+' " < ! 4'' "
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@ //:(+ ')+' X@ A//: P'2*4+. @ A//: ?*'++ @ //: R(2 @ A//: ;+8/ AND ^@ A//: ;+8/ OR. Z@A//: ;+8/ OR
C#$%&%#$'" #-)*'&#* @ ?
T6 4'2+' ')+' 3*+/ )//' +*: 3* 9 +6+ )//' / +* 2 299+ ' 9 +6 )//' / 3*+2 / 9/. I+/ 9'(+ /< 4'2+' ] /*+1 < /*+# .: 7@@5 ] $ < % +*/ %, /4 7 / '+ ?* +' 5. C#((' #-)*'&#* @
T6 4'(( ')+' !," / */2 +' /)+ +8' ' (' )//'/ +6+ 4*22 86 '= ' )//' / )4+2. W6 +6 /+ '9 )//'/ 6/ +' ; 3*+2 9' 3*, '= +6 :6+('/+ )//' / 4'/22. F' (), +6 9''8: 4'2< @ !; @% , ; # " W'*2 9/+ //: +6 3* % +' ;, 2 +6 //: ;# +' 3; . S', + +6 2, 3; 8'*2 4'+ +6 3* 5 86 3; ; 8'*2 4'+ 3* %. E-"%%& &4-) ',&%$ #-)*'&#*
T=) 4/+: ')+'/ '8 ='* +' 4'3+ 2+*( '9 :3 +=) +' '+6. T6 /3 8=/ +' 2' +6/ C. T6 /()/+ ', 8646 6/ ; 6+2 9'( +6 C :*:, / +' )42 +6 )//' +' ; 4'3+2 ;= +6 8 +=) 4'/2 ;+8 )+6// ! " < + 9'+ 9 @%01$ @ ! + " 9 T6 )3'*/ 4'2 4'3+/ +6 9'+ *(; %.1$ +' +: 3* !%", +6 (2 / '/+. H, +6 +=)4/+: ')+' 8/ !+". A'+6 8= +' 2' +6 /( +6: C / */: +6 9*4+' '++'< )42: +6 )//' +' ; 4'3+2 ;= +6 +=) 2 4'/: +6 )//' ;+8 )+6//<
@ + !9 " B'+6 8=/ '9 +=) 4/+: 32 C. ,%)#=@
T6/ ')+' 44)+/ ' )(+, 8646 4 ; +6 +=) ' 3; +/9 2 +*/ +6 /> ;=+/ '9 +6+ +=) ' ';4+< @ />'9 !46" T6/ 8 //: +6 3* 1 +' ;4*/ 46 / '-;=+ ': +=). T6 3* +*2 ;= />'9 / 4'/++, /' + / 8=/ 2+(2 ;9' )':( 4*+'.
I$-.& O.&-.& @I/O I$ C T) #.& O9)&:
T6 4'*+ ';4+ /2/ +' +6 /+22 '*+)*+ 234. 4'*+ /2/ '*+ )*+ +' +6 /4 . ('+'. T6 /=+ '9 #.& / / 9''8/< 4'*+bb 2+. .: * here a can be any 'ariable+ 4'*+bb T) %$ #-)*'&#* :
T6 4 ')+' / */2 +' :+ )*+ 9'( +6 =;'2. W6 )':( 46/ +6 8+6 4, +6 */ + +6 =;'2 4 + 3*/ 24+= +' 3;/. T6 /=+ '9 %$ / / 9''8/< 4 3;( .: * here ch can be any 'ariable+ 4 46 •
Basic structure of a C++ program:
F''8: / +6 /+*4+* '9 C )':( +6+ )+/ /+: ' +6 /4< c4*2b'/+(.6 3'2 ( !" _ 4'*+bbf S+*2= (+ 9' C// If `
T6 )':( )'2*4/ 9''8: '*+)*+< S&.4 ('&)*%'" =#* C"',, XI
T6 ;'3 )':( 4*2/ +6 ;/4 (+/ +6+ 3= C )':( 6/. L+ */ 464 + ;=
c4*2b'/+(.6 < T6/ 4*2/ +6 ))'4//' 24+3 4*2 8646 4*2/ +6 62 9 '/+( +6 )':(. ;#% ('%$ @ <+6/ / +6 /++ '9 4'()+' 9' +6/ )':(. E3= C )':(/ 4'()+' /++/ 8+6 +6 ('%$ @ ;#% / +6 =8'2 */2 86 +6 9*4+' 6/ ' +* 3*/.
_ < +6/ / +6 /++ '9 +6 4'()'*2 ;'4 '9 ( !".
4'*+bbf S+*2= (+ 9' 4// If< +6/ /++(+ )+/ +6 /?*4 '9 /+: S&.4 ('&)*%'" =#* "',, XI +' +6/ '*+)*+ /+( .. ' ('+'. E3= /++(+ +6 ;'4 8 ; +(+2 ;= /(4'' !" 8646 /)49/ 4'() +6 2 '9 /++(+. COMMENTS %$ ' C -*#*'(:
C'((+/ +6 +6+ 4'() :'/ +' 4'() ' 4*+. T6 +8' +=)/ '9 4'((+/ C. 1. S%$") "%$) #(()$&: T6/ +=) '9 4'((+ 24+3+/ '= +6+ 86 4'((+ / ))2. S: 4'((+/ ))2 8+6 +6 6) '9 e f . .: 4'*+bb+'(''8 / 6'2= +6 ;'3 / )'42: 8+6 /' 4'() 8'+ 44// +6/ . #. M."&% "%$) C#(()$& : T6/ T=) '9 4'((+ 24+3+/ :'*) '9 / 86 ))2. T6/ +=) '9 4'((+/ ))2 8+6 +6 6) '9 +6 ')+'/ eXf 2 eX f. T6/ 4'((+ ( 8+6 X 2 2 *) 8+6 X. T6/ (/ 3= +6: +6+ 9/ ;+8 X2 X / 4'/22 3 +6'*:6 + / /)2 4'// (= /. .: _
c4*2b'/+(.6 + ( !"
4'*+bb e 6' 8'2f / +6/ / +6 )':( +' )+ 6' 8'2 F' 2('/++' '9 4'((+/ X / ` I +6 ;'3 )':( +6 /++(+/ ;+8 / 2 / 8 ; :'2 ;= +6 4'(). CASCADING OF OPERATOR: W6 /69+ ')+'/ ! 2 " */2 (' +6 ' +( /: /++(+ +6 +
/ 42 / 4/42: '9 ')+'/. ) DATATYPES IN C:
#.& *#"" ') )$"
A 2++=) / */+ +)++' ))2 +' /+: '9 ;=+/. D+ C '9 +8' +=)/< 1.S() F*2(+ 2++=)/ . #.S+*4+*/D32 2++=)/.
S%(-") /F.$'()$&'" '&' &4-),:
W6 )':((:, 8 /+' +6 3;/ '* 4'()*+/ (('=, ;*+ +6 4'()*+ 6/ +' '8 86+ 2 '9 2+ 8 8+ +' /+' +6(, /4 + / '+ :': +' '44*)= +6 /( ('*+ '9 (('= +' /+' /() *(; +6 +' /+' /: ++ ' : *(;, 2 +6= '+ :': +' ; +)+2 +6 /( 8=. T6 (('= '* 4'()*+/ / ':>2 ;=+/. A ;=+ / +6 ((*( ('*+ '9 (('= +6+ 8 4 (: C. A ;=+ 4 /+' +3= /( ('*+ '9 2+< ' /: 464+ ' /( +: !:= +: ;+8 0 2 #55". I 22+', +6 4'()*+ 4 ()*+ (' 4'() 2+ +=)/ +6+ 4'( 9'( :'*): /3 ;=+/, /*46 / ': *(;/ ' '-+: *(;/. N+ ='* 63 /*((= '9 +6 ;/4 9*2(+ 2+ +=)/ C, / 8 / +6 : '9 3*/ +6+ 4 ; )/+2 8+6 46 '< N'()
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T6 2++=)/ 8646 +4+2 232 9'( 9*2(+ 2+ +=)/ 42 232 2++=)/. T6/ 2++=)/ 4 ; 232 ;= */: +6 24+' ')+' ' )*4+*+'/ 9' .: A=/, 9*4+', P'+, C// , S+*4+*, *' +4. C"',, : A 4// )/+/ :'*) '9 /( ';4+/. T' )/+ 4// C + '99/ */
292 2++=)/ 42 CLASS .O4 C// 6/ ; 292 C, O;4+ ;':: +' +6+ 4// 4 /= ; 4+2. A C// ;/ +6 /( +'/6) +' ';4+ +6+ +=) 2'/ +' 3;. S=+ '9 CLASS< C// 4//d( _ P*%;'&):
D+ ((;/ 1 e
D+ ((;/ M(; 9*4+'/ 1 e M(; 9*4+'/ P.9"%:
D+ ((;/ 1 e D+ ((;/ M(; 9*4+'/ 1 e M(; 9*4+'/ `2 '9 4// C// ( ';4+ '9 C// 4+: ';4+ '9 4//. P3+ 2 P*;4 +6 44// /)49/ +' +6 4//. STRUCTURE:
A S+*4+* / 4'4+' '9 3;/ '9 299+ 2+ +=)/ 942 *2 ' ( .I+ /' (= 63 /( 2+ +=)/. T6 44// +' /+*4+* 3;/ / ;= 29*+ :'; . +6= 4 ; 44//2 )*;4= +6'*:6'*+ +6 )':(. S=+ '9 /+*4+*. /+*4+ /+*4+*d( _ S+*4+* 3; 1 S+*4+* 3; ` 2 '9 /+*4+* S&*.&.*)$'() ,&*.&.*) #9)&
4+: ';4+ 3; '9 /+*4+*.
.: /+*4+ /+*2+ _ + ' 9'+ (/ ` S&.)$& ,
A44// +' /+*4+* 3;/ S+*4+* 3; 4 ; 44//2 ;= +6 ';4+/ '= / /6'8 ;'8 .:
,&*.&.*) #9)&$'() ;'*%'9") ,&.)$& *#""
6 /+*2+ / +6 /+*4+* 2 ' / +6 ((; '9 +6 /+*4+*. UNION :
A (('= '4+' /62 ;+8 +8' 299+ 3;/ '9 299+ 2++=)/ + 299+ +(/ / '8 / U'. D9: *' / /( / 29: +6 /+*4+*. S=+ '9 U' <
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A 94 / ++3 ( 9' ';4+. A 94 3; )'32/ / 9' )3'*/= 292 3;. A 94 24+' 4'//+/ '9 ;/ +=) , !()/2", 94 3; ( ?*+2 +' 3; ( .+6 : /=+ 9'( '9 24: 94 3; / / 9''8/. T=) 9d3; @ 3;d( W6 / +=) / = 32 C 2++=), 9d3; / +6 ( '9 94 3; +6+ 8 )'+ +' 3; 2'+2 ;= 3;d(. .:
+ @ 10 + ;@
+6 +6 3*/ '9 ' %, 10 2 +6 3* '9 9 %, '",# 10 C#$,&'$& :
T6 =8'2 4'/+ 4 ; 222 +' +6 24+' '9 ';4+ +' ( +6+ ';4+ 4'/++ +6 +6 3;. T6*/ +6 3* (2 4'/++ 4 '+ ; +2 2*: +6 )':( *. S=+
#$,& &4-) $'();'".)
4'/+ + .')80 + 24/ 4'/++ (2 / .') '9 +=) +: +6+ 6'2/ 3*
P*)-*#),,#* D%*)&%;),: Q%$".) / +6 ))'4//'
24+3 */2 C )':(/. T6/ /++(+ +/ +6 4'() +' 4*2 +6 /)492 9 +' +6 )':(. T6/ / 4'()2 ;= +6 )'4//' ;9' +6 4'()+' '9 +6 )':(. .: c4*2b'/+(.6 +6 ;'3 4*2 +6 62 9 iostream +' +6 )':( 9' +6 /(''+6 *: '9 +6 )':(.
C'()+' 2 L: C#(-%"'&%#$ 9/ +' +6 )'4//: '9 /'*4 4'2 9/ !.4, .44,
' .4))" 2 +6 4+' '9 ';4+ 9. T6/ /+) 2'/+ 4+ =+6: +6 */ 4 4+*= *. I/+2, +6 4'() (= )'2*4/ +6 (46 :*: /+*4+'/ +6+ 4'/)'2 +' +6 /'*4 4'2 9 +6+ 8/ 4'()2. F' /+4, 9 ='* 4'() !;*+ 2'+ " +6 /)+ 9/, ='* 8 63 +6 ';4+ 9/ 4+2 / '*+)*+, 46 8+6 +6 ( b9(.' ' b9(.'; !+6 +/' 8 2)2 ' ='* 4'()". E46 '9 +6/ 9/ 4'+/
+/+' '9 ='* /'*4 4'2 9 +' (46 :*: 9 -- ;*+ ='* 4+ * +6( =+a Y'* 2 +' +* +6( +' 4*+;/ ='* ')+: /=/+( 4 */. T6+/ 86 +6 4'(/ . L%$+%$ 9/ +' +6 4+' '9 /: 4*+; 9 9'( (*+) ';4+ 9/. I +6/ /+), + / 4'((' +6+ +6 8 4'() ;'*+ *292 9*4+'/ !4'(('=, ( +/9". D*: 4'()+', 9 +6 4'() 4'*2 '+ 92 +6 29+' 9' )+4* 9*4+', + 8'*2 */+ //*( +6+ +6 9*4+' 8/ 292 '+6 9. I9 +6/ /+ +6 4/, +6/ ' 8= +6 4'() 8'*2 '8 -- + 2'/+ '' + +6 4'++/ '9 (' +6 ' 9 + +(. T6 , ' +6 '+6 62, (= '' + (*+) 9/ 2 += +' 92 94/ 9' +6 9*4+'/ +6+ 8+ (+'2. ERRORS:
T6 (= +=)/ '9 ' +6+ 4'*+2 2*: +6 )':( *. 9''8: /'( '9 +6(< 1. C#(-%")* )**#* .< T6 '/ 4'*+2 2*: +6 4'()+' )'4// 42 C'() '. C'() ' '9 +8' +=)/ • •
S=+ '. S(+4 '. S4$&' E**#* <
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
M)*+'/ +6 ')+'/ */2 8+6 +6 /+' ')+' bb +' ('29= ' ()*+ +6 8= 2+ / 2/)=2. T6 +8' +=)/ '9 ()*+'/ )$" 2 ,)&< 1. T) )$" ('$%-."'&#* : T6 2 ()*+' '*+)*+/ 8 . I+ +/ +6 4'() +' 2 +6 '9 2/)=. 4'*+ bb e endriya idyalaya Sangathan fbb2 4'*+bb e #uman Resource and e'elo%ment/ T6 '*+)*+ '9 +6 ;'3 4'2 8 ; endriya idyalaya Sangathan #uman Resource and de'elo%ment
#. T) S)&< M'$%-."'&#* < T6 ,)&< ()*+' 4*// +6 *(; ! ' /+:" +6+ 9''8/ + +6 /+( +' ; )+2 8+6 92 $ 464+/ 82 86 / +6 :*(+/ +' ,)&< @$ I$*)()$& '$ D)*)()$& O-)*'&#*, %$ C:
T6 4/ ')+' !" 2 +6 24/ ')+' !--" 4/ ' 2*4 ;= ' +6 3* /+'2 3;. T6= ?*3+ +' @1 2 +' -@1, /)4+3=. T6*/< C C @1 C@C1 ?*3+ +/ 9*4+'+=< +6 +6 '9 +6( 4/ ;= ' +6 3* '9 C. A 464+/+4 '9 +6/ ')+' / +6+ + 4 ; */2 ;'+6 / )9 2 / /*99. T6+ (/ +6+ + 4 ; 8++ +6 ;9' +6 3; 2+9 !" ' 9+ + !". A+6'*:6 /() )//'/ ' ;'+6 63 4+= +6 /( (:, '+6 )//'/ 8646 +6 /*+ '9 +6 4/ ' 24/ ')+' / 3*+2 / 3* '*+ )//' +6= (= 63 ()'++ 2994 +6 (:<
I +6 4/ +6+ +6 4/ ')+' / */2 / )9 !" +6 3* / 4/2 9)=#*) +6 /*+ '9 +6 )//' / 3*+2 2 +69' +6 4/2 3* / 4'/22 +6 '*+ )//' E'(-") 1
B@% A @B
!6 A 4'+/ $, B 4'+/ $".
I 4/ +6+ + / */2 / /*99 !" +6 3* /+'2 ' / 4/2 '=&)* ;: 3*+2 2 +69' +6 3* /+'2 ;9' +6 4/ ')+' / 3*+2 +6 '*+ )//'.
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I E() 1, B / 4/2 ;9' +/ 3* / 4')2 +' A. W6 E() #, +6 3* '9 B / 4')2 +' A 2 +6 B / 4/2. P*'&%) S),,%#$:
1. W6+ / +6 ( '9 +6 9*4+' +6+ /6'*2 ; )/+ 4 )':(] A/<(!" #. W6+ C 4'((+/] A/< 4'((+/ + 2'4*(++' '9 )':( 8646 6)/ +6 )':( 9' (= )*)'//. %. W6+ / 2++' '9 )':(] A/< I+ / +6 /=/+(+4 8= '9 8+: +6 )':( 8646 (/ + 3= 4 2 2;. $. W6+ / c4*2 24+3/] A/ <+ /+*4+/ +6 4'() +' 4*2 +6 4'++/ '9 +6 9 4'/2 8+6 +6 ;4+/ +' +6 /'*4 9. 5. W6+ / ' '9 (!" 4 )':(] A/
%. W+ +6 3*/ 9' 2 ; ' , 9''82 ;= 3* '9 4 9+ +8' ; /. A/< 4'*+bbb;bb[[bb4 10.W6+ +=) '9 '/ '44*/ 86 )':((:] A/< T6 +6 +=)/ '9 '/ := '44* < 1.S=+ ' #.S(+4 ' %.T=) '. 11. H'8 ')+' / 299+ 9'( ')+'] A/< ')+' / */2 +' 92 +6 ?*'++ 86/ ')+' / */2 +' 92 +6 (2. 1#. W646 +=) '9 ')+' / */2 +' 4'() +6 3*/ '9 ')2/] A/< R+' ')+'/. 1%. H'8 8 ='* + +6 '2 '9 3*+' '9 ')+'] A/< W 4 */ )+6// +' + +6 '2 '9 3*+' '9 ?*+'. 1$. W6+ / +6 *= ')+'] W+ # *= ')+' . A/ < T6 ')+' 8646 2/ '= ' ')2 / 42 / *= ')+' .T6 !4(+" 2 d d!24(+" ')+'/. 15. W6+ / '*+)*+ ')+' 2 )*+ ')+'] A/< T6 '*+)*+ ')+' !ebbf" / */2 +' 24+ 3* +' /+22 '*+)*+. T6 )*+ ')+' !ef" / */2 +' 2 3* 9'( /+22 )*+. 1&. W6+ 8 ; +6 '*+)*+ '9 9''8: 4'2< 3'2 (!" _ + @5 4'*+bbbbbb 4/42: )'4//: /++/ 9'( :6+ +' 9+ ` A/. 7 5 5 17. W6+ 8 ; +6 '*+)*+ '9 9''8: 4'2< 3'2 (!" _ + @5 4'*+bb 3*/ 8 ;< & & 7 !F'( 9+ +' :6+" ` A/. 1 1J. W6+ 8 ; +6 '*+)*+ '9 9''8: 4'2< 3'2 (!" _ I+ @5, @ 4'*+bb ` A/. 1J !B4*/ 3*+' '9 )//' 9/+ '9 )9 3*+2, +6 +/ 3* / //:2 +' '44*4/ '9 3;"
U$%&!3 PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGY S&4"%,&% G.%)"%$),:
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F''8: +6 464+/+4/ '9 :''2 )':(. 1. E99 E994+ 4+3 3 22 994 994 + + < < T6 )':( )'2*4/ 4'4+ /*+/ 2 / 9/+, +: +' 44'*+ +6 (('= 4'/++/. 4'/++/. #. U/ 92= 92=< T6 )': )':( ( /6'*2 /6'*2 ; */ 92= 92=.. +6 */ /6'*2 /6'*2 '+ ; 4'9*/2 4'9*/2 2*: +6 )':( 4*+' . T6 */ /6'*2 :+ 4'4+ 24+' 2 +/ 86 6 / :': +6'*:6 +6 )':(. %. S9 2'4*(+: 2'4*(+: 4'2< A :''2 :''2 )':( )':( (*/+ 63 /9 /9 2'4*(+: 2'4*(+: 4'2. 4'2. T6/ 4'2 8 6) +6 )':(( +' 2+9= +6 )+ '9 +6 /'*4 4'2 2 49= +6 (: +6 )':(.
$. R;< T6 :''2 )':( )':( /6'*2 ; ; +' 4') 4') *) 9'( = *)4+2 *)4+2 /+*+'/ 8': 2+ ' ' 2+. 5. P' P'+; ;< T6 )':( )':( /6'*2 ; ; +' * * ' = )+9'(, )+9'(, +6/ )')+= // // +6 */ '9 )':( 299+ /+*+'/. S&'), #= P*#*'( D);)"#-()$& P*#),,:
A )':( )':( 23')(+ 23')(+ )'4// / +6 /+) ;= /+) )'4// 4'3+: +6 )*+/ +' '*+)*+/. 1. A=/ A=//< /< +6/ / +6 +6 ()' ()'+ ++ + )6/ )6/ 86 86 +6 ?* ?*( (+/ +/ '9 +6 +6 )': )':( ( :+62 2 +6 )';( / 442 2'82. A :'+6( / 9'(*+2 8646 :3/ +6 /'*+' 9' +6 )';(. #. D/ D/: : < I +6/ +6/ )6/ )6/ '9 2/ 2/: : M'2 M'2 / 23 23' ') )22 8646 8646 I '' '' '9 )':( . +6/ )6/ :3/ +6 94 +' +6 )':(. O*+)*+/ 2/:2 +6/ )6/. %. C'2: C'2: < I +6/ /+: +6 :' :'+6( +6( / +/+ +/+22 +' +6 )':( )':( 42 42 /'*4 /'*4 4'2 */: /'( )':((: :*:. $. C'() C'() +6 )': )':(< (< I//* 4'() 4'() 4'((2 4'((2 :/+ :/+ /'*4, /'*4, 2 9 9 = 4'() 4'() '/ +6+ /. 5. E4*+ E4*+ +6 )':(< )':(< A ' ' 9 )':( )':( 9+ 9+ 4'()+ 4'()+' ' / )*+ +' * +' )'2*4 )'2*4 +6 '*+)*+. T6/ )6/ / 42 *-+(, +6 )6/ '9 )':( 4*+' 2*: 2*: 8646 )':( /+*4+'/ 42 '*+. R#9.,&$),,:
R';*/+// / +6 ;+= '9 +6 )':( +' ;'*4 ;4 ' 2 +' 4'+* ')+: 8+6 +/ 3'(+. D'4*(++' D'4*(++' 9/ 9/ +' 8++ 2/4)+'/ 2/4)+'/ /)494+', /)494+', 2/: 2/: 4'2 22 4'(( 4'(( +/ +/ , + + 22 + + +' )': )': ( ( 864 86466 ( ( // (' (' 2 2; ; 22 *2/+2;. U// '9 2'4*(++'< 2'4*(++'< 1. T6/ T6/ ; ;4'( 4'(/ / */9* */9* +9 +94 4 ;+8 ;+8 +46 +464 4 )/' )/' 22 ' ' +46 +464 4 )/'.
D#.()$&'&%#$:
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PROBLEM SOLVING METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIUES:
T' 23') 994+ 2 994+3 )':(/ 8 /6'*2 2')+ )') )';( /'3 /'3:: (+ (+6' 6'2' 2'': ':== 22 */ )) ))' ') )+ + +46 +46?* ?*/. /. F''8 F''8: : /'( /'( '9 +6 (+6'2/ 2 +46?*/ +' 23') :''2 )':(. 1. U2/+2 +6 )';( )';( 8 < 9' :''2 )':( )':( ' /6'*2 /6'*2 *2/+2 *2/+2 +6 )';( )';( 8 . ' /6'*2 '8 86+ 4+= / )4+2 9'( +6 )';(. K'8: +6 )';( 8 / +6 69 8= 2'.
#. A=> A=> +6 +6 )': )':( (.. < = => >:: +6 +6 )'; )';( ( 3'3 3'3// 2+ 2+9= 9=: : +6 )': )':( ( /)494+' 2 29: 46 )':(/ ((*( *(; '9 )*+/ ?*2 9' '*+)*+ 2 )'4//: 4'()'+/. %. C'2 )': )':( ( < T6/ /+) / +6 4+* 4+* ()( ()(++ ++' ' '9 +6 )':( )':(.. I +6/ )':( )':( :'+6( / +/+2 +' )':((: :*:. +6/ + / //+ +' 242 8646 +46?* ' ':4 8 ; (' ))')+ 9' 4'2:. $. T/+ 2 D;*: D;*: )':(.< )':(.< O4 +6 /'*+' /'*+' :'+6( :'+6( / 4'22 4'22 +6 + + /+) / +' +' +/+ 2 2;*: +6 )':(. T/+: / +6 )'4// '9 92: '/ )':( 2 2;*::: / '9 4'4+: +6 '/. T6 23')2 )':( / )*+ +' +/+ 299+ 4'2+'/ 2 392 + 299+ 3 9' +/ )') 2 994+ 8':. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
UNIT!5
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Y'* 63 / +6 )3'*/ *+ +6+ )':( / ()(++' '9 :'+6( !/+)/ 3'32 )';( /'3:" */: )+4* )':((: :*: C , C , 3 +4. I '* 4/ 8 */: C / 6:6 3 :*: !HLL" +' 4'2 '* )':(/. A )':((: :*: C / 63: ;*2 '9 )':((: (+/ +'/ , 2+9/ , 3;/ , 4'/++/ , ')+' /=(;'/ , )*4+*+' /=(;'/ +4. !)/ 9 +' *+ 9 ='* 63 '+ + +6/ +(/." . A +6/ )':((: (+/ 6)/ )':(( +' 8+ /() C )':(/ / /6'8 ;'8 < program 1.1 // a simple program in C++ to add two integers #include
void main( ) { int a = 0 , b = 0 ; cout<<”Input two numbers”; cin>> a>>b; cout<<”The sum of numbers are: ” << (a+b); }
T6 ;'3 )':( / 3= ;/4 )':( 8646 // +8' +: 3*/ 9'( */ 2 )+/ '*+ +6 /*(. I +6 ;'3 )':( ='* (= ';/3 +6+ 3'*/ )':((: (+/ < c b ! " _ @ , ; bb + 3'2 ( eI)*+ +8' *(;/ e ;: */2.
W#*+ #.& 4#.*,)"= :
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rogram 1.2 %rogram to im%lement the %roblem described by flowchart-2
c4*2b'/+(.6 3'2 (! " _ + *( @ 0 24: 3; *( 4'*+bbfI)*+ +6 *(; ='* 8+ +' 464f 4*( I)*++: 3* '9 %= ! % @@ 0 " 464: 86+6 / 23/; ;= % , 4'/2 +6 9/+ 6'(;*/ '9 +6 9'846+-# %= ! 5 @@ 0 " 464: 86+6 / 23/; ;= 5 , 4'/2 +6 /4'2 6'(;*/ '9 9'846+-#
4'*+bbfT6 *(; ='* )*++2 / 23/; ;= ;'+6 % 2 5f )+61 )",)
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W#*+#.& 4#.*,)"= : D8 9'846+/ 9' )';( /+*+' ;" :3 ): '. $, 2 +6 92 86+6 +6 )';( 9''8/ 9'8 ' 4'2+' 9'8 ] C64 + '*+ 8+6 ='* +46.
1.1. : Iterati!e Flow " C#clic Flow :
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" W6+ 8 6)) 9 +6 4=44 )+6 '9 4*+' 3 :+/ 22] T6 4=44 )+6 '9 4*+' ' I++' )';( )/+2 ;= 9'846+-% 2/ 9',) #$ &) N# ;'".) #= &) "#% @ $ 50 ? +)-& %$ *#(9., T6/ N# 8 ; :+2 86 8 ;4'( =+6: :+ +6 $0. N'8 + */ 4'3+ +6 ;'3 9'846+ -% C )':(. Y'* (= '+ *2/+2 +6 )+/ '9 )':(/ 6, /' 2'+ 8'= + 8 ; 2/4;2 +6 + )+ '9 +6 46)+. rogram 1.! %rogram to im%lement the %roblem described by flowchart-2
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L'' + +6 9*4+' 29+' '9 +6 ;'3 9*4+' , /4 +6 9*4+' / +: +6 +8' ?*2 )*+/ 8+6 +/ /4') */: 4'*+ 2 4, 8 62 '+ )//2 = )(+/ +' 9*4+' +6*/ 8 63 )+ +6 )+6// ! " ()+=. A/' / +6 9*4+' 24+= )+/ +6 '*+)*+ +6 / ' 2 +' +* = 3* 9'( +/ /4'), 64 +* +=) / 3'2. T6 ':4 '9 +6 9*4+' / /() < 8 92: +6 6:6/+ '9 +6 +8' *(;/ 2 +6 *: '') 9'( 1 +' +6 6:6/+ *(; 2 46 ++' 8 92: '*+ 86+6 +6 ++' 3* 232/ ;'+6 +6 *(;/ , 9 + +6 8 )*+ +6+ ++'/ 3* +' 3; 649 , 46:: +6 '2 3* '9 3; 649. T6*/ + +6 2 '9 +6 '') +6 649 / 9+ '*+ 8+6 +6 H:6/+ C'((' F4+' 2 8 )+ + 8+6 4'*+. 3unction !.& 0 function to find the Sim%le Interest on a gi'en %rinci%al , rate , and time where the default 'alue of the time %arameter is ke%t 1 yr.
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86 2++=) / 32 +=) ! +, 9'+...", ( / 32 2+9 2 +6 (+/ 92 !8646 / 8=/ 4'/2 /?* ;4+/ Q ", /)49/ 6'8 (= '9 +6/ (+/ +6 = 6/ +' 4'+. T69', '2 +' 24 = 42 (=A / +6 ' /6'8 +6 ;'3 2:( + / / /() /< int myArr [5]; NOTE< T6 ele*ent/ 92 8+6 ;4+/ 1 2 8646 )/+/ +6 *(; '9 (+/ +6 = / :': +' 6'2, (*/+ ; #$,&'$& 3*, /4 =/ ;'4/ '9 '-2=(4 (('= 86'/ /> (*/+ ;
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W6 24: :* = '9 '4 /4') !8+6 9*4+', 9' ()", 9 8 2' '+ /)49= '+68/, +/ (+/ 8 '+ ; +>2 +' = 3* ;= 29*+, /' +6 4'++ 8 ; *2+(2 *+ 8 /+' /'( 3* +6(. T6 (+/ '9 :'; 2 /++4 =/, ' +6 '+6 62, *+'(+4= +>2 8+6 +6 29*+ 3*/, 8646 9' 9*2(+ +=)/ +6/ (/ +6= 92 8+6 >'/. I ;'+6 4//, '4 2 :';, 86 8 24 =, 8 63 +6 )'//;+= +' //: + 3*/ +' 46 ' '9 +/ (+/ ;= 4'/: +6 3*/ ;4/ _ `. F' ()< int myArr [5] = { 16, 2, 77, 40, 12071 ;
T6/ 24+' 8'*2 63 4+2 = +6/<
T6 ('*+ '9 3*/ ;+8 ;4/ _ ` (*/+ '+ ; : +6 +6 *(; '9 (+/ +6+ 8 24 9' +6 = ;+8 /?* ;4+/ Q . F' (), +6 () '9 = (=A 8 63 242 +6+ + 6/ 5 (+/ 2 +6 /+ '9 + 3*/ 8+6 ;4/ _ ` 8 63 /)492 5 3*/, ' 9' 46 (+. W6 +>+' '9 3*/ / )'322 9' =, C '8/ +6 )'//;+= '9 3: +6 /?* ;4+/ ()+= Q . I +6/ 4/, +6 4'() 8 //*( /> 9' +6 = +6+ (+46/ +6 *(; '9 3*/ 4*22 ;+8 ;4/ _ `< int *yrr 1 2 = { '&, ", 44, #, '"#4' };
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(=AQ# @ 75
declaration of a new array access to an element of the array.
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S'( '+6 32 ')+'/ 8+6 =/< (=AQ0 @ (=AQ @ 75 ; @ (=A Q# (=AQ(=AQ @ (=AQ# 5 program 4.1
adding all the elements of an array
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N'+4 6'8 9+ +6 32 4'++ * 464+ ![0" 6/ ; 4*22 '2 +' 24+ +6 2 '9 +6 /?*4. T6 )/ := 4'' )/+ 46 (+/ 8+6 *2+(2 3*/. I$%&%'"%'&%#$ #= $.""!&)*(%$'&) '*'&)* ,).)$),
B4*/ =/ '9 464+/ '2= =/ +6= 9''8 +6 /( */. F' (), 9 8 8+ +' +> = '9 464+/ 8+6 /'( )2+(2 /?*4 '9 464+/ 8 4 2' + */+ = '+6 =< char *yword1 2 = { 6, e, l, l, o, 7# };
I +6/ 4/ 8 8'*2 63 242 = '9 & (+/ '9 +=) char +>2 8+6 +6 464+/ +6+ 9'( +6 8'2 6ello )*/ * 464+ 7# + +6 2. B*+ =/ '9 char (+/ 63 22+' (+6'2 +' +> +6 3*/< */: /+: +/. I +6 )//'/ 8 63 */2 /'( ()/ )3'*/ 46)+/, 4'/++/ +6+ )/+ + /+:/ '9 464+/ 63 2= /6'82 *) /3 +(/. T6/ /)492 4'/: +6 ++ +' ;4'( /+: + ;+8 2'*; ?*'+/ !". F' ()< +6 /*+ /< / 4'/++ /+: + +6+ 8 63 )';;= */2 2=. D'*; ?*'+2 /+:/ ! ) are literal con/tant/ who/e type i/ in 8act a n$llter*inated array o8 character/. 9o /trin: literal/ enclo/ed between do$ble $ote/ alway/ ha+e a n$ll character (7#) a$to*atically appended at the end. here8ore we can initialie the array o8 char ele*ent/ called *yword with a n$ll-ter*inated /e$ence o8 character/ by either one o8 the/e two *ethod/% char *yword 1 2 = { 6, e, l, l, o, 7# }; char *yword 1 2 = 6ello;
I ;'+6 4// +6 = '9 464+/ (=8'2 / 242 8+6 /> '9 & (+/ '9 +=) 46< +6 5 464+/ +6+ 4'()'/ +6 8'2 H' )*/ 9 * 464+ ![0" 8646 /)49/ +6 2 '9 +6 /?*4 2 +6+, +6 /4'2 4/, 86 */: 2'*; ?*'+/ !" + / ))22 *+'(+4=. P/ '+4 +6+ 8 +: ;'*+ +>: = '9 464+/ +6 ('(+ + / ;: 242, 2 '+ ;'*+ //:: 3*/ +' +6( '4 +6= 63 2= ; 242. I 94+ ;4*/ +6/ +=) '9 *-+(+2 =/ '9 464+/ :* =/ 8 63 +6 /( /+4+'/ +6+ 8 63 8+6 = '+6 =, /' 8 '+ ; +' 4')= ;'4/ '9 2+ 8+6 //:(+ ')+'. A//*(: (=/++ / 46Q 3;, )//'/ 8+6 /'*4 4'2 < (=/++ @ H' ; *y/text12 = 6ello;
8'*2 $#& ; 32, +6 8'*2 ;< *y/text = { 6, e, l, l, o, 7# };
T6 /' 9' +6/ (= ;4'( (' 4'()6/; '4 ='* '8 ;+ (' ;'*+ )'+/, /4 +6 + 8 ; 492 +6+ = / 94+ 4'/++ )'+ )'+: +' ;'4 '9 (('=. U/: *-+(+2 /?*4/ '9 464+/ N*-+(+2 /?*4/ '9 464+/ +6 +* 8= '9 ++: /+:/ C, /' +6= 4 ; */2 / /*46 (= )'42*/. I 94+, :* /+: +/ 63 +6/ +=) ! char12" 2 4 /' ; */2 ('/+ 4//. F' (), cin 2 co$t /*))'+ *-+(+2 /?*4/ / 32 4'+/ 9' /?*4/ '9 464+/, /' +6= 4 ; */2 24+= +' +4+ /+:/ '9 464+/ 9'( cin ' +' /+ +6( +' co$t. F' ()< )':( $.& null-terminated se9uences of characters
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A/ ='* 4 /, 8 63 242 +6 =/ '9 char (+/. T6 9/+ +8' 8 +>2 8+6 /+: + 4'/++/, 86 +6 +62 ' 8/ 9+ *+>2. I = 4/, 8 63 +' /)49= +6 /> '9 +6 =< +6 9/+ +8' ! $e/tion 2 :reetin:" +6 /> 8/ ()4+= 292 ;= +6 :+6 '9 +6 + 4'/++ +6= 8 +>2 +'. W6 9' yo$rna*e 8 63 )4+= /)492 +6+ + 6/ /> '9 J0 46/. P':( $. 7 )':( +' 4'*+ +'+ *(; '9 3'8/ )/+ /+: < c4*2b'/+(.6 c4*2b/+2'.6 + (! " _ 46 /+:Q%5 + 4'*+ @ 0 4'*+bbfI)*+ /+:f :+/!/+:" ;= 9*4+' /+2'.6 +' )*+ /+: 9'!+ @ 0 /+:Q a@ 0 " _ 9! /+:Q @@ ZZ /+:Q @@ ZZ /+:Q @@ ' ZZ /+:Q @@ * ZZ /+:Q @@ ZZ /+:Q @@ A ZZ /+:Q @@ E ZZ /+:Q @@ O ZZ /+:Q @@ U ZZ /+:Q @@ I " _ 4'*+ ` ` ` I +6 ;'3 )':( +6 '') / ++2 + +6 464+ + +6 '4+' (+46/ 8+6 * 464+, ;4*/ 9+ +6+ +6 / ' 464+ 9+ +' ; /42. S' /4: '9 464+/ 9'( 9/+ +' /+ 464+ / 2' */: 9' '') 2 9 3'8/ 9'*2 4'*+ )/ 4(+:. S&*%$ *)"'&) "%9*'*4 =.$&%#$, :
T6 98 /+: +2 ;= 9*4+'/ 62 9 /+:.6 8646 3= */9* 86 8 8' 8+6 /+:/. T6= < " ,&*")$@ '* : + 44)+/ /+: / )(+ 2 +*/ +6 :+6 '9 +6 /+: .. *(; '9 464+/ 8+6 +6 /+:. F' () /+!eH*=f" 8 +* &. " ,&*-4@'* '* : + 44)+/ +8' /+:/ / )*+ )(+/ 2 +6 4')/ +6 /4'2 +' +6 9/+. F' () < 46 (/+Q @ eS*/6f 46 =/+Q#0 /+4)=!=/+ , (/+" 4')/ 4'++ '9 (/+ +' =/+ )*+/!(/+" )+/ S*/6
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3" ,&*(-@'* '* < + 44)+/ +8' )(+/ 2 +6 4'()/ +6 4'++ )6;+4=, +6 ' 8646 4'(/ 9/+ +6 4/ 46+ 6/ 4'/22 +' ; '8. T6/ 9*4+' +*/ +6 3* / +:. T6 +: 4 ; < 0 < 9 +6 +8' /+:/ ?* 3 < 9 +6 9/+ /+: / ;:: +6 +6 /4'2 -3 < 9 +6 /4'2 /+: / ;:: +6 +6 9/+. T6 ;'3 4'()/' / 4/ //+3 , 9 8 8+ +' )9'( 4/ //+3 4'()/' +6 8 63 +' + '+6 3/' '9 +6 9*4+' 42 / /+4()! " E() < 9! /+4()!eK(f , e(f" a@ 0" 4'*+bbfN'+ ?*f / 4'*+bbf?*f
53 M."&%%()$,%#$'" '**'4, M*+2(/' =/ 4 ; 2/4;2 / =/ '9 =/. F' (), +8' 2(/' = 4 ; (:2 / ;2(/' +; (2 '9 (+/, '9 +6( '9 /( *9'( 2+ +=). +8'DA )/+/ ;2(/' = '9 % ) 5 (+/ '9 +=) +. T6 8= +' 24 +6/ = C 8'*2 ;< int two?rr 132152;
2, 9' (), +6 8= +' 94 +6 /4'2 (+ 3+4= 2 9'*+6 6'>'+= )//' 8'*2 ;< two?rr1'2132
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24/ = 8+6 char (+ 9' 46 /4'2 )6, +6+ / (' +6 % ;' 46/. S' +6/ 24+' 8'*2 4'/*( (' +6 % ::;=+/ '9 (('=a rogram &.2 %rogram to show use of a 2 array
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8+6 ' 2 +' ( = '+6 ('294+'/ +' +6 )':(. A=/ / )(+/ A+ /'( ('(+ 8 (= 2 +' )// = +' 9*4+' / )(+. I C + / '+ )'//; +' )// 4'()+ ;'4 '9 (('= ;= 3* / )(+ +' 9*4+', ;*+ 8 '82 +' )// +/ 22//. I )4+4 +6/ 6/ ('/+ +6 /( 994+ 2 + / (*46 9/+ 2 (' 994+ ')+'. I '2 +' 44)+ =/ / )(+/ +6 '= +6: +6+ 8 63 +' 2' 86 24: +6 9*4+' / +' /)49= +/ )(+/ +6 (+ +=) '9 +6 =, 2+9 2 ) '9 3'2 ;4+/ Q. F' (), +6 9''8: 9*4+'< 'oid proced$re (int ar:12)
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Sample Paper - III Subject – Computer Science
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Sample Paper - I Subject – Computer Science
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Sample Paper - Subject – Computer Science
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