¿Cómo Escribir Canciones Y Componer Música?.pdf [by \ autor: A. M. Rothman]

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L` artl, à mõsdha, l` rudnf y às habhdfbls

¶Quä ls l` artl6 L` artl hfmf hrlahdøb. L` artl hfmf hfbvlbhdøb. Ndjlrlbhda nl` artl y uba bfrma tähbdha. L` artl hfmf lxprlsdøb. Mõsdha y rudnf. L`lmlbtfs nl à mõsdha. @a plrsplhtdva ilnfbístdha. L` frnlb nl `fs sfbdnfs. @a mõsdha hfmf `lbcuael. @a habhdøb. W[DML[A WA[^L5 ¶HØMF HFMWFBL[ MÕXDHA6

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Hapítu`f D - ¶Quä ls uba habhdøb6, 14

Ndjlrlbhda lbtrl à habhdøb y à mõsdha. @a ml`fnía hfmf habhdøb. @a jubhdøb nl à prfnuhhdøb y `fs arrlc`fs. [lcàs y cäblrfs musdha`ls. @a `ltra. @fs sfbdnfs musdha`ls y às s íàkas. Hapítu`f DD - @a ml`fnía, ;;

¶Quä ls uba ml`fnía6 @a jfrma ml`øndha. Ml`fnías kulbas f maàs. L` hfbtrastl lb às ml`fnías. [aplar f habtar. Ml`fnías vlrtdha`ls y ifrdzfbta`ls. Lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls. Hfbsdnlrahdfbls para uba ml`fnía habtana. Hapítu`f DDD - Lstruhtura nl uba habhdøb, ;3

Lstruhtura míbdma nl uba habhdøb. Dbtrfnuhhdøb. Zlrsf. Wrllstrdkd``f. Lstrdkd``f. Wulbtl musdha`. Futrf, hfna f jdba`. @a lstruhtura nl à h abhdøb mfnlrba. Lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls. Hapítu`f DZ - ^dpfs nl habhdfbls, 8;

Ndjlrlbtls nl habhdfbls slcõb su jfrma f ls truhtura. Habhdfbls lstábnar pfp, `dbla`ls y prfcrlsdvas. Mltas, fkeltdvfs, nurahdfbls. Zlbtaeas y nlsvlbtaeas. Lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls. Hapítu`f Z - L`lmlbtfs nl uba habhdøb, 8<

Ml`fnía. Armfbía. [dtmf. Xd`lbhdfs. @a `ltra. Amkdlbtl. Ljlhtfs Ljlhtfs sfbfrfs. Jrasls f jd``s. ^dmkrl. Hapítu`f ZD - ¶Quä bahl prdmlrf, à mõsdha f à `ltra6, >1

Hfmlbzar pfr à `ltra. Lmplzar pfr à ml`fnía. Wartdr nl à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls. Lmplzar pfr l` rdtmf. Dbdhdar hfb uba jrasl. Hfmlbzar pfr l` títu`f. Wartdlbnf nl ub kradbstfrm. Hapítu`f ZDD - ^lfría nl `fs trls ahfrnls, >8

Mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb hfb 8 ahfrnls. [lqudsdtfs. Ahfrnls prdmardfs D, DZ DZ,, Z. @a Z3. Lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls. Hapítu`f ZDDD - Dbtrfnuhhdøb a à prfcrlsdøb nl a hfrnls, ><

@as bftas lb hfmõb. Wrfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls kasanfs lb l` prdmlr ahfrnl kasl (f tøbdha) mayfr. Wrfcrlsdfbls näkd`ls y prfcrlsdfbls julrtls y su r làhdøb hfb às slhhdfbls. Wrfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls kasanfs lb uba tøbdha mlbfr. Hapítu`f DY - Dbtrfnuhhdøb a à sustdtuhdøb nl ahfrnls, <7

¶Quä ls uba sustdtuhdøb6 ¶Hømf sl iahl6 @a rlàtdva mlbfr. Hapítu`f Y - Nlsarrf`àr à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls, <1

@a rlàtdva mlbfr. Jubhdfbls nl `fs ahfrnls. Jubhdøb tfba`. Jubhdøb nfmdbabtl. Jubhdøb suknfmdbabtl. [lsfùhdøb, tlbsdøb y pasf. ¶Hømf sl rllmpàzab6 LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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Hapítu`f YD - Hfmpfblr hfb uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls, <>

Ndjlrlbhdas nl uba habhdøb hfb nfs prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls. Fkeltdvfs, nlsajífs y mltas. Lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls. Hfbtrastl y jfrma ml`øndha. Hfbtrastl a partdr nl arrlc`fs, hapas y nlsarrf``f5 tähbdha. Hf`hiøb. Hfbtrastl sd`lbhdf/sfbdnf. Wlbsar lb hapas. [dtmfs. Hfbtrapubtf. Hfbstrudr l` h`dma. Wulbtl. Hapítu`f YDD - @fs cabhifs, <9

Hfbhlptf nl cabhif f iffo. ^dpfs nl cabhifs5 [dtmf, ml`fnía, ml`fnía, jdcura rítmdha f mftdvf musdha`, jrasls. jrasls. mlmfrda, rlpltdhdøb y hfbtrastl. Hapítu`f YDDD YDDD - @fs mftdvfs, mftdvfs, :1

Hfbhlptf nl mftdvf musdha`. Ndjlrlbhda lbtrl mftdvf musdha`, cabhif y ml`fnía. L` mftdvf musdha` lb à habhdøb. Hrlar uba habhdøb utd`dzabnf mftdvfs musdha`ls. Lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls. Hapítu`f YDZ - Hfmpfblr a partdr nl ub mftdvf mftdvf musdha`, :>

Hfmpfblr lb rlàhdøb a uba dnla musdha`. Kd``dl Elab, nl Mdhial` Eahosfb. Mftdvf musdha`. Nlsarrf`àr à dnla. Zardahdfbls. Hfbtrastl. Lsqulma nl habhdøb hfb ub mftdvf musdha`. Nlta``ls jdba`ls5 Dbhfbvlbdlbtls, prfk`lmas y sfùhdfbls. Hapítu`f YZ - Hfmpfsdhdøb pfr hapas, :9

Hfbhlptf nl hfmpfsdhdøb pfr hapas. L` sfbdnf hfmf hapas. Lshu`pdr uba habhdøb. Lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls. ¶Hømf jubhdfba6 ¶Quä blhlsdtf6 [fmplhaklzas musdha`. ^dpfs nl hapas. Ahàrahdfbls. Hapítu`f YZD - Hfmpfblr a partdr nl jracmlbtfs musdha`ls, 38

@a mõsdha hfmf jracmlbtf. Xlhhdfbls y vul`tas. Harahtlrístdhas nl à slhhdøb. @a vul`ta y às prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls. Harahtlrístdhas nl à vul`ta. ¶Hømf rlhfbfhlr uba vul`ta f slhhdøb6 Habhdfbls hfmf slhhdfbls f vul`tas. Lelmp`fs. Hfmpfblr a partdr nl jracmlbtfs musdha`ls. [lsumlb. Hapítu`f YZDD - L` äbjasds musdha`, 97

Hfbhlptf nl äbjasds. L` äbjasds lb à mõsdha. ^dpfs nl äbjasds musdha`ls5 `fs rítmdhfs, `fs ml`øndhfs. @fs hfbhlptua`ls. @fs amkdlbta`ls. ¶Hømf sl lbjatdza6 L`lmlbtfs para lbjatdzar. Xdmu`tabldnan. Xdmu`tabldnan. L` usf nl `fs hfrfs. L` sd`lbhdf. s d`lbhdf. Äbjasds pfr klat f rdtmf. L` äbjasds nl ub hfbhlptf. Ndjlrlbhda nl pàbfs f rlpltdhdøb vlrtdha`. L` äbjasds pfr sdcbdjdhanf. Hfbhùsdøb. Hfbhùsdøb. Hapítu`f YZDDD - Nlta``ls jdba`ls5 @f qul bf pulnlb pulnlb ja`tar, 9<

Ml`fnía. [dtmf. Lstruhtura. Amkdlbtl. Lblrcía. H`ímax. Dbtlrprltahdøb. Dbtrfnuhhdøb. Cabhif (Iffo). Hfbtrastl. [lpltdhdøb. Zardahdøb. XLC\BNA WA[^L5 ¶HØMF LXH[DKD[ \BA HABHDØB6 Hapítu`f YDY - Lshrdkdr uba habhdøb, 4;

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Mõsdha y paàkras. Wartdr nl uba ml`fnía. ¶Hømf lmplzar6 Clblrar ub patrøb. ¶Hømf acrlcar à `ltra6 Nlsarrf`àbnf `fs vlrsfs. @a `ltra jfrzana. Hapítu`f YY - @as jfrmas nl` hfbtlbdnf hfbtlbdnf lb à habhdøb, 49

Jfrmas clblra`ls nl à habhdøb. Idstfrdas. Hfbsdcbas. Wrdmlra plrsfba. Nlshrdptdvas. Bfb s lbsl. Hapítu`f YYD - Ndsparanfrls hrlatdvfs, hrlatdvfs, 177

^dpfs nl Hidspas. ¶Hømf jubhdfba l` prfhlsf hrlatdvf6 . ^dpfs nl asfhdahdfbls. Nlshrdphdøb. Nlshrdphdøb. Hfmparahdøb5 Xdmd`dtun/Ndjlrlbhda. Xdmd`dtun/Ndjlrlbhda. ^dlmpfs. Barrahdøb. Xueltfs. @ucarls. Xlbtdmdlbtfs. Fpfsdhdøb. Hfmp`lmlbtardfs. Wftlbhda`ls. Dbtlrrfcabtls. [dmas. Hausa y ljlhtf. Hapítu`f YYDD - Wautas para nlsarrf`àr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb, 17:

L` títu`f lb à habhdøb. Bf ls ub `dkrf, tampfhf uba pfsta`. Mabtlbcab l` lbjfqul. Mabtäb l` hfbhlptf. Iacab qul `fs ahfrnls sl suhlnab. Ftra vlz l` cabhif. Jáhd` nl rlhfrnar. [lpltdhdøb. Nlb`l à vul`ta. Dmáclbls l dnlbtdjdhahdøb. Hapítu`f Hapítu` f YYDDD - @a rdma y su sfbdnf, 117

Hfbhlptf nl rdma. Hàsdjdhahdøb nl às rdmas slcõb su sfbdnf. [dma Wlrjlhta. [dma Dmplrjlhta. [dma Ja`sa. [dma akdlrta y rdma hlrrana. [dma Dbtlrdfr y rdma lxtlrdf r. Bfta jdba`. Hfbslefs y rlsumlb. Hapítu`f YYDZ - @a rdma y `fs vlrsfs, 11<

Hàsdjdhahdøb nl às rdmas slcõb su ndstrdkuhdøb lb `fs vlrsfs. [dma hfbtdbõa. [dma clmlà. [dma akrazana. [dma a`leana. [dma a`tlrbana. [dma lbhanlbana. [dma lbhanlbana lb lsha`lra. [dma lb lhf. [dma dbtlrba, [dma partdna, [dma nl tmlsds. Bfta jdba`. Hapítu`f YYZ - [dmas a`tlrbatdvas y ljlhtfs sfbfrfs, 1;3

Ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl hfmpfblr `fs vlrsfs. A`tlrbatdvas a` usf h`ásdhf nl às rdma. Ljlhtfs y lbjásds sfbfrfs. A`dtlrahdøb. Ifmfdftl`lutfb. Warfbfmasda. Asfbabhda. Wf`íptftfb. Xdmd`dhanlbhda. Hahfjfbía.

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Hapítu`f YYZD - @as paàkras y às slhhdfbls, 18>

@a lshrdtura ahulrnf hfb à slhhdøb5 vlrsfs, lstrdkd``f y pulbtl. @a jfrma. @as paàkras qul sl usab. Hapítu`f YYZDD - Lstruhturas lsplhda`ls y rlhursfs nl lstd`f, 183

Jfrmas y lstruhturas lsplhda`ls. Lpímfbl. Jrasl rlhurrlbtl. Jrasl aplrtura. Jrasl hfbhùsdva. @íblas dmparls. @íblas parls. @íblas jdba`ls. Abájfra, lpíjfra y para`l`dsmf. [lnup`dhahdøb. Zlrsf lbhanlbanf. Zlrsf akrazanf. Lpaba`lpsds. Lpabástrfjl. [ltruähabf. Dbtlrrfcahdøb rltørdha. Lxhàmahdøb. Lstruhturas frdcdba`ls. Hapítu`f YYZDDD - ¶Hømf lshrdkdr pfätdhamlbtl6, 1<>

Nfhl pubtfs para nlsarrf`àr ub ljlhtf pfätdhf lb ub tlxtf partdlbnf nl uba jrasl hfrrdlbtl y h ftdndaba. Hapítu`f YYDY - Wartdr nl uba jrasl, 1<3

@a jrasl hfmf mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb. @a sfbfrdnan nl às jrasls. L` artl nl uba jrasl hftdndaba . Hapítu`f YYY- Mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb5 L` Xhat, 1<4

¶Qul ls l` Xhat6¶Dmprfvdsar f hfmpfblr6 ¶Hømf utd`dzar l` Xhat para hfmpfblr6 Lelmp`fs nl sdàkas. Nlsarrf`àr uba ml`fnía. [llmpàzar `fs sfbdnfs pfr paàkras. L` Xhat y sus vardahdfbls5 Bfb sl bsl sfbcs. Habhdfbls qul utd`dzab Xhat. Hapítu`f YYYD - ¶Hømf hrlar dmaclbls hfb paàkras6, 1:>

Hfbhlptf nl mltájfra. Hfbhlptf nl mltfbdmda. Hfbhlptf nl sdbähnfqul. Ndjlrlbhdas lbtrl mltájfra y mltfbdmda. ¶Hømf utd`dzar às mltájfras y às mltfbdmdas lb habhdfbls6 Hapítu`f YYYDD - ¶Hømf lshrdkdr jrasls frdcdba`ls6, 131

Hfbhlptf y jubhdfbamdlbtf nl` fxímfrfb. Lelmp`fs. L` fxímfrfb fxímfrfb lb à habhdøb. L` p`lfbasmf y l` lpítltf. [lnubnabhdas lstd`dstdhas para lbjatdzar. Hfbhùsdøb. Hapítu`f YYYDDD - @a lbumlrahdøb, 13<

¶Quä ls à lbumlrahdøb6 ^dpfs nl lbumlrahdøb. @a lbumlrahdøb lb à habhdøb. @a lbumlrahdøb lb `fs vlrsfs. Lbumlrahdøb lstruhturana f rlhurrlbtl. Bf sf `f lb `fs vlrsfs. @a lbumlrahdøb hfmf tlmátdha nl uba habhdøb. @a lbumlrahdøb y sus ljlhtfs lb l` tlxtf. Ftras habhdfbls qul utd`dzab l` rlhursf. Hapítu`f YYYDZ- @a plrsplhtdva, 191

Hfbhlptf nl plrsplhtdva. @a plrsplhtdva lb à hfmpfsdhdøb nl habhdfbls. Wubtf nl vdsta nl` sueltf5 prdmlra plrsfba, fkslrvanfr, bfsftrfs. L` sueltf ahtfr. ahtfr. ¶A qudäb `l habtamfs6 L` lshlbardf. @a plrsplhtdva nlsnl ndjlrlbtls ábcu`fs. Hfbhùsdøb. Hapítu`f YYYZ - @a Lshlba, 199

¶Quä ls uba lshlba6 Bf ls uba nlshrdphdøb bd uba idstfrda. ^dpfs nl lshlbas. Wrlcubtas para nlsarrf`àr uba lshlba. L` pubtf nl vdsta y `fs tdlmpfs. Atlmpfra`dnan f trabstlmpfra`dnan. @a lshlba hfmf vardahdøb lb à `ltra iakdtua`. L` eulcf lbtrl à mõsdha y à `ltra. Habhdfbls qul utd`dzab à lshlba hfmf rlhursf. Hapítu`f YYYZD - \ba kulba `ltra, 14>

Hfbhlptf y hua`dnanls nl uba kulba `ltra. Aeustarsl a à ml`fnía. Xdmp`lza Xdmp`lza y Hàrdnan. @a `ltra y à mõsdha lstáb lb plrjlhta armfbía. Wubtf nl vdsta õbdhf. BF a `fs lstlrlftdpfs. ‐@a prfjubndnan” Hapítu`f YYYZDD - ¶Quä iahlr sd bf ml custa à `ltra nl md habhdøb6, 14:

Wrfk`lmas y sfùhdfbls. Hfbslefs l dnlas jdba`ls. ABLYF

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Xdstlma nl bftahdøb nl jfrma nl às habhdfbls, ;71 Hdjranf amlrdhabf, ;7; L` sdstlma Basivd``l, ;7: Xdstlma nl âkàtura (ÂK), ;74 Matlrda` andhdfba`5 Cuía nl `lhtura, ; 11 Matlrda` andhdfba`5 Lelrhdhdfs, ;1< Kdk`dfcrajía, ;13


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Nlndhanf a tfnfs `fs qul tdlblb a`cf para nlhdr y bf lbhulbtrab às paàkras.

W[LJAHDF hfmpfblr uba habhdøb parlhl ``lvar ub ia`f nl mdstlrdf y lbdcma, nl dbspdrahdøb jabtástdha, nl truhfs slhrltfs y hfmp`lednan kík`dha. sdb lmkarcf y sdb nunas, ndhia

hfmp`lednan ls aparlbtl y surcl hfmf hfbslhulbhda nl à ja`ta nl matlrda`, aubqul akubna à kdk`dfcrajía tlørdha sdb jdbls práhtdhfs, y nl à rltdhlbhda nl `fs mõsdhfs a hfmpartdr su hfbfhdmdlbtf. lstl `dkrf bahdø hfmf uba rlspulsta a lstas harlbhdas y a partdr nl` abá`dsds nl às habhdfbls y à hfmubdhahdøb, nl su prfhlsf nl hrlahdøb, nl `fs mätfnfs nl hfmpfsdhdøb, `fs ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs y arrlc`fs pfsdk`ls, así hfmf às ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl plbsar y fír à mõsdha. lb lstas pácdbas lbhfbtraráb dnlas, apubtls, bftas y rlj`lxdfbls sfkrl l` mfnf nl hfmpfblr y lshrdkdr habhdfbls? a`cubas nl l`às, dbhùsf, ub tabtf hfbtrandhtfrdas lbtrl sí, puls lxdstlb ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl plbsar y hfmprlbnlr à mõsdha. pfr lsf, lstl ls ub `dkrf nl rlcàs ilhias para rfmplrsl. hfmpfblr uba habhdøb ls a`cf jáhd`, slbhd``f y ndvlrtdnf, y lstl `dkrf dbtlbta nar hulbta nl l``f. pfr lsf, lstá pàbtlanf nl à mablra más práhtdha pfsdk`l, nl eabnf nl ànf, lb `f pfsdk`l, `fs tlhbdhdsmfs para qul hua`qudlra pulna lbtlbnlr`f sdb dmpfrtar su bdvl` musdha`. pfr supulstf, a`cubfs hapítu`fs rlqudlrlb ub mayfr hfbfhdmdlbtf musdha` pfr à hfmp`lednan nl` tlma, plrf lstl hfbfhdmdlbtf pulnl anqudrdrsl jáhd`mlbtl lb ub `dkrf kásdhf nl tlfría musdha` f hfmp`ltabnf à dbjfrmahdøb hfb ftrfs hapítu`fs nl lstl mdsmf `dkrf. à dnla nl lsta fkra ls mftdvar l` aprlbndzael musdha` lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, nlsmdtdjdhar à supulsta hfmp`lednan nl à mõsdha y hfmpartdr lsfs slhrltfs qul à mayfría nl `fs artdstas cuarnab hfb rlhl`f.


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H@\K NL @LH^F[LX NL LXH[DKD[ HABHDFBLX ¡qulrlmfs acranlhlr`ls pfr su apfyf! para hfrrlspfbnlr`ls ilmfs hrlanf l` hùk nl `lhtfrls nl Lshrdkdr habhdfbls. habhdfbls. a` slr sfhdfs, rlhdkdráb `dkrfs cratds y ftrfs klbljdhdfs lxhùsdvfs. `dbl, hfmf amazfb, app`l sd iab hfmpranf lstl `dkrf lb a`cuba tdlbna fb `dbl, stfrl f cffc`l pày, y qudlrlb slr partl nl` hùk nl `lhtfrls, pulnlb lbvdar ub hfmprfkabtl nl hfmpra a `lhtfrlsGlshrdkdrhabhdfbls.hfm.ar. sd iab hfmpranf lstl `dkrf ndrlhtamlbtl lb bulstra tdlbna fb `dbl5 `dbl5 ¡j l`dhdtahdfbls pfrqul ya sfb sfl`dhdtahdfbls hdfs!

MÁX DBJF[MAHDØB sd sl qulnab hfb cabas nl `llr más, f qudlrlb `llr matlrda` bulvf, vdsdtlb bulstrf pfrta`5 www.lshrdkdrhabhdfbls.hfm.ar. aií pfnráb lbhfbtrar bfvlnanls

sfkrl l` mubnf nl à mõsdha, hfbhursfs, bulvfs artíhu`fs y tfnf `f qul bf lbtrø lstl `dkrf.

¶HØMF @LL[ LX^L @DK[F6 pulnlb lmplzar a `llr lstl `dkrf pfr nfbnl `ls custl, puls hana hapítu`f pulnl slr akfrnanf pfr slparanf l dbndvdnua`mlbtl. sdb lmkarcf, ls rlhfmlbnak`l `llr `fs hapítu`fs lb frnlb, ya qul sl lbhulbtrab ndspulstfs a mfnf nl cuía. à prdmlra partl lstá nlndhana a à mõsdha, a às ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl plbsar à mõsdha, `fs mltfnfs nl hfmpfsdhdøb, `fs tdpfs nl habhdfbls, sus l`lmlbtfs y ftrfs rlhursfs. à slcubna partl lsta nlstdbana a à lshrdtura, a` prfhlsf nl lshrdkdr l` tlxtf nl uba habhdøb, prlstabnf atlbhdøb a hømf jubhdfba à ubdøb lbtrl paàkras y mõsdha, y tfnf `f rljlrdnf a hfmpfblr uba habhdøb a partdr nl à `ltra. a` jdba`, lbhfbtraráb ub ablxf hfb matlrda` andhdfba`, pfr lelmp`f, `fs `fs sdstlmas nl bftahdøb, lelrhdhdfs y uba cuía nl `lhtura.

@AX [LC@AX NL @A MÕXDHA a `f àrcf nl lstl `dkrf lbhfbtraráb rlcàs sfkrl hømf sl nlkl iahlr mõsdha. ls dmpfrtabtl hfbfhlr lstas rlcàs, plrf nlplbnl nl ustlnls, hfmf artdstas, sd às qudlrlb hump`dr f bf. nlklmfs saklr qul à mõsdha bf tdlbl rlcàs, y `fs ndjlrlbtls cäblrfs musdha`ls sfb à prulka nl l``f. hfmprfkarlmfs qul, uba vlz lstak`lhdna uba rlcà, sdlmprl aparlhl uba lxhlphdøb, sdmp`lmlbtl pfrqul a `fs artdstas `ls lbhabta rfmplr às rlcàs. prfbtf, lsa lxhlphdøb sl hfbvdlrtl lb à bfrma nl usf, lb ftra rlcà qul pdnl slr qulkrana. lb ftras paàkras, aubqul às rlcàs mlbhdfbanas lb lstl `dkrf parlzhab nltlrmdbabtls, nlklb slr tfmanas hfmf ub hfbslef, uba suclrlbhda, lbtlbndnas hfmf à jfrma lb qul sul`lb iahlrsl às hfsas, l` mfnf hfmf sul`lb plbsarsl, f às nltlrmdbahdfbls nl ub cäblrf lstak`lhdnf. a à ifra nl hfmpfblr, nlklb hrlar sus prfpdas rlcàs nl hfmpfsdhdøb, para nlhdndr nl quä jfrma y hfb quä l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls vab a iahlr l` trakaef. dbhùsf, lb a`cõb mfmlbtf, nlklráb dr más `lefs, rfmpdlbnf y hfbtrandhdlbnf sus prfpdas rlcàs musdha`ls. plrf para l``f slrá blhlsardf hfbfhlr y lbtlbnlr às rlcàs más kásdhas y usua`ls tabtf nl `fs cäblrfs musdha`ls, hfmf nl à tlfría musdha`.

JF[MA^F NL HABHDFBLX T [LJL[LBHDAX apa rlhlb lb l` sdcudlbtl jfrmatf5 Dbtärprltl às habhdfbls hdtanas lb lstl `dkrf aparlhlb - Habhdøb. Habhdøb. l``f sl nlkl a à crab habtdnan nl vardahdfbls, y rlvlrsdfbls, así hfmf a às ndjlrlbhdas nl dbtlrprltahdøb lbtrl `fs ndstdbtfs artdstas. lb à mayfría nl `fs hasfs, sl iahl rljlrlbhda a à vlrsdøb más pfpuàr f à más slbhd`à nl lbhfbtrar, para qul l` `lhtfr pulna ia`àrà jáhd`mlbtl. lb muhifs ftrfs hasfs, tamkdäb, sl dbhùyl uba rljlrlbhda a` autfr f hfmpfsdtfr, así hfmf ftrfs natfs andhdfba`ls qul pulnlb slr nl dbtlräs. `dkrf , sd nlslab fktlblr dbjfrmahdøb andhdfba` sfkrl uba habhdøb hdtana lb l` `dkrf, pulnl hfbsu`tar www.a``tilmusdh.hfm.


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DB^[FN\HHDØB

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DB^[FN\HHDØB

L@ A[^L, @A MÕXDHA, L@ [\DNF T @AX HABHDFBLX dmacdblmfs qul ndkueab ub carakatf lb ub papl`? va`l prlcubtarsl5 ¶Ls artl6 artl6 ¶y sd l` carakatf julra nl pdhassf6 pfsdk`lmlbtl julsl hfbsdnlranf artl pfrqul `f idzf pdhassf ¶plrf ls ahasf l` bfmkrl nl uba plrsfba `f qul ndjlrlbhda l` artl nl `f qul bf `f ls6

¶Q\Ä LX L@ A[^L6 l` artl lstá lb tfnfs ànfs”, ànfs”, sl sl sul`l ajdrmar, `f hua` bfs rlmdtl a` hfbhlptf nl nl ‐ l` qul ‐tfnf ‐tfnf ls ls artl”, artl”, jrasl jrasl nl haklhlra nl à artdsta p`ástdha marta mdbueíb. sd tfnf ls artl, surcl fkvdamlbtl à prlcubta hfbtrarda5 hfbtrarda5¶Quä ¶Quä bf ls artl6 à rlspulsta qul iahl lxtlbsdvf l` hfbhlptf nl artl a tfnf `f lxdstlbtl bfs fk`dca a plbsar qul ‐`f qul bf lxdstl” bf ls artl. lbtfbhls, à lbtfbhls, à prdmlra hfbhùsdøb ls qul ‐`f ‐`f qul qul bf jul hrlanf”, ‐`f ‐`f qul qul bf lxdstl” lxdstl” bf bf ls artl. ub árkf`, uba pdlnra, uba mfbtaña slríab lelmp`fs nl fkras artístdhas, pfrqul lxdstlb y julrfb hrlanas. pfr supulstf, lsta dnla sl rlàhdfba hfb à nl ub nl qul l` mubnf mubnf hrlanf pfr ndfs, a` slr hrlanf ls a`cf artístdhf. más a``á nl à jl y nl qul slamfs rl`dcdfsfs f bf , pfnlmfs rlshatar nl lstl hfbhlptf à nljdbdhdøb nl5 artl hfmf hrlahdøb. sdb lmkarcf sd lxhùdmfs à vdsdøb rl`dcdfsa nl` mubnf hfmf hrlahdøb ndvdba, uba pdlnra bf pulnl hfbsdnlrarsl uba fkra artístdha. uba pdlnra ls a`cf prllxdstlbtl y, lb hfbslhulbhda, bf iay ub mfmlbtf qul pulna slñaàrsl hfmf l` nl su hrlahdøb. lbtfbhls aquí aparlhl ftrf hfbhlptf5 l` artl ndjdlrl nl à batura`lza y nl à ndvdbdnan? ls hrlanf pfr l` slr iumabf. plrf lstf bfs pàbtla uba bulva prlcubta qul rlspfbnlrlmfs ùlcf5 ¶^ ¶^fnf fnf `f qul iahl i ahl l` slr iumabf iu mabf ls artl6 saklmfs qul tfnf `f qul iahl l` slr iumabf ls uba hfbvlbhdøb, l` `lbcuael, à paàkra, `f qul `llmfs, à hfmdna qul hfmlmfs f dbhùsf l` hømf nlkl lstar jfrmana uba jamd`da. lb hfbhùsdøb, nljdbdmfs l` mubnf pfr hfbvlbhdøb. kaef ta`ls rlcàs y nljdbdhdfbls, nía a nía, hfbshdlbtlmlbtl f dbhfbshdlbtlmlbtl, bfs custl f bf bfs custl, ahlptamfs lstas hfbvlbhdfbls. bf sf`f às ahlptamfs, às lsplramfs y às rlprfnuhdmfs. lb ftras apaàkras, l` slr iumabf sl pusf nl ahulrnf y nljdbdø parámltrfs pfr `fs hua`ls hu a`ls ndjlrlbhdar nl `f qul ls artl y `f qul bf bf `f ls. lb hfbslhulbhda, pfnlmfs ajdrmar5 L` artl ls uba hfbvlbhdøb. hfbvlbhdøb . LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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¶HØMF HFMWFBL[ MÕXDHA6

@A HFBZLBHDØB ¶Xd l` artl ls uba hfbvlbhdøb quä ndjlrlbhda iay lbtrl l` artl y às bfrmas tähbdhas6 ndhif nl ftrf mfnf5 ¶Quä ndjlrlbhdas iay lbtrl à hrlahdøb artístdha y à hrlahdøb tähbdha6, ¶quä ndjlrlbhda iay lbtrl ub huanrf y uba bfrma nl tl`lvdsdøb hfmf pfr lelmp`f à Wa`-B, sd amkfs sfb hrlanfs y amkfs sfb hfbvlbhdfbls nl` slr iumabf6. l` artl, a ndjlrlbhda nl ftras hfbvlbhdfbls, kusha a traväs nl à hrlahdøb lxprlsar a` slr iumabf, `fcrar pàsmar f trabsmdtdr a`cuba nl às hua`dnanls prfpdas nl` ifmkrl5 ub slbtdmdlbtf, uba lmfhdøb f uba dnla. lxdstlb ndjlrlbtls artls, plrf hana uba nl l`às, pfr ndjlrlbtls mlndfs, plrsdcul l` mdsmf jdb. lbtfbhls pfnríamfs nlhdr qul l` artl, pfr lslbhda, kusha à lxprlsdøb nl lstas hua`dnanls nl` slr iumabf. r lsumdlbnf, l` artl ls uba hfbvlbhd lsumdlbnf, hfbvlbhdøb øb qul sl ndjlrlbhda nl ftras hfbvlbhdfbls iumabas pfrqul kusha ku sha trabsmdtdr, lxpàyar, lxpàyar, slbtdmdlbtfs, dnlas f lmfhdfbls.

L@ A[^L LX LYW[LXDØB ftra tlfría ajdrma qul l` artl ls à sdmp`l lxprlsdøb nl` slr iumabf. bf

dmpfrta quä f hømf, puls sdmp`lmlbtl `f õbdhf lslbhda` ls lxprlsarsl. sdb lmkarcf, l` artl va más a``á nl à vahía lxprlsdøb nl` slr iumabf. puls lstf bfs rlmdtl l` nd`lma sfkrl l` va`fr artístdhf nl ub crdtf, nl cf`plar hfb `fs puñfs l` pdabf f uba pdà nl mdlrna. l` nljlhar pfnría slr hfbsdnlranf artl puls lxprlsa `f más prfjubnf nl` slr iumabf, `f más vdshlra`, `f más p rdmdtdvf y kásdhf. ¶plrf ls artl6 lb prdmlr ùcar, hfmf mlbhdfbamfs abtlrdfrmlbtl, l` artl ls uba hfbvlbhdøb f uba ruptura nl lstas hfbvlbhdfbls. lb slcubnf ùcar, l` artl ls à lxprlsdøb nl` slr iumabf hfb rlsplhtf a uba dnla, slbtdmdlbtf f lmfhdøb. lb hfbslhulbhda, hfb rlsplhtf a `fs lelmp`fs qul pàbtlamfs, ub crdtf bf ls artl, plrf sd sl lbhulbtra lb l` tfbf anlhuanf ls habtar. uba pdà nl mdlrna bf ls artl. plrf sd dbvfùhra uba hrítdha a `f qul lbtlbnlmfs hfmf ar tl, f a su tratf, lsta ‐sdmp`l mdlrna”, mdlrna”, sl sl trabsjfrma lb artl, puls pu ls bfs trabsmdtl uba dnla, ub slbtdmdlbtf, uba lmfhdøb, ta` hfmf rla`dzø pdlrf mabzfbd lb su fkra Mdlrna nl artdsta f hfmf mulstra l` jamfsf >※88‸ nl efib hacl, uba fkra musdha` qul pulnl slr lelhutana pfr hua`qudlr dbstrumlbtf f dbtärprltl, puls sfb huatrf mdbutfs y trldbta y trls slcubnfs nl sd`lbhdf. l` artl ls à kõsqulna nl lxprlsdøb hfb rlsplhtf a uba dnla, slbtdmdlbtf f lmfhdøb, para su trabsmdsdøb l dnlbtdjdhahdøb, hfbjfrml a uba hfbvlbhdøb f lb hfbtra nl l`à. l` artl bf ls à vahía lxprlsdøb nl` slr iumabf.


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@A MÕXDHA, L@ [\DNF, @AX HABHDFBLX T L@ A[^L às nljdbdhdfbls más h`ásdhas, aqul`às qul sl pulnlb lbhfbtrar lb hua`qudlr

mabua`, tutfrda` f huanlrbf nl apubtls nl ub lstundabtl nl hfbslrvatfrdf, dbndhab qul à mõsdha ls l` artl nl hfmkdbar `fs sfbdnfs. sdb lmkarcf, kdlb saklmfs qul à mõsdha bf ls l` õbdhf sfbdnf, pfrqul tamkdäb bfs lbhfbtramfs hfb l` rudnf. lbtfbhls surclb às prlcubtas5 ¶Quä ls à mõsdha6 ¶Hømf nljdbdmfs à mõsdha6 ¶Quä slpara à mõsdha nl` rudnf6 uba prdmlra rlspulsta bfs ndrá qul à mõsdha ls à hfmkdbahdøb nl `fs sfbdnfs y sd`lbhdfs. l` prfk`lma aquí ls qul bf bfs ls pfsdk`l ndjlrlbhdar l` rudnf nl à mõsdha, puls lb amkfs aparlhlb `fs mdsmfs l`lmlbtfs5 sfbdnfs y sd`lbhdfs. lstf bfs ``lva a ftra pfstura qul ajdrma qul, à crab ndjlrlbhda lbtrl rudnf y mõsdha ls qul, l` prdmlrf rlsu`ta mf`lstf y ls nlsacranak`l, mdlbtras qul à mõsdha ls acranak`l a `fs fínfs. sdb lmkarcf, bf tfnas às plrsfbas aprlhdab hfmf nlsacranak`ls `fs mdsmfs sfbdnfs? y ls pfr lstf pfsdk`l dbjlrdr qul ub sfb dnf pulnl slr rudnf f mõsdha lb jubhdøb nl` hfbtlxtf, nl` custf, nl à hu`tura y nl à tf`lrabhda a` rudnf. va`l rlhfrnar, pfr lelmp`f, l` fndf nl `fs panrls a` rudnf nl` rfho abn rf``. lsta plrsplhtdva ilnfbístdha bf lstak`lhl bdbcuba ndjlrlbhda lbtrl mõsdha y rudnf, pfrqul saklmfs qul lxdstlb rudnfs nlsacranak`ls así hfmf acranak`ls y mõsdha acranak`l f nlsacranak`l. lsta plrsplhtdva pàbtla, lbtfbhls, qul ndstdbcudr à mõsdha nl` rudnf nlplbnl mlramlbtl nl` pàhlr dbndvdnua` f nl `fs jahtfrl s hu`tura`ls. ftra plrsplhtdva sfstdlbl qul à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl rudnf y mõsdha ls à `øcdha nl sus l`lmlbtfs. lb ftras paàkras, à mõsdha ls frnlb, mdlbtras l` rudnf ls hafs. ls nlhdr, à mõsdha pàbtla ub patrøb nanf pfr l` frnlb nl sus l`lmlbtfs, lb hamkdf, l` rudnf ls hafs, auslbhda nl ub frnlb. l` prfk`lma qul bfs prlslbta lstl hfbhlptf nl à mõsdha, pfr lelmp`f, ls qul l` martd``lf nl ubfs fkrlrfs, f l` sfbdnf mlhábdhf nl ubas máqudbas, prlslbtab ub patrøb nl sfbdnfs, qul nlsnl lsta plrsplhtdva slríab ha`djdhanfs hfmf mõsdha. aifra kdlb, pfnlmfs lstak`lhlr qul lb à mõsdha lxdstlb lxdstlb trls l`lmlbtfs kásdhfs5 ml`fnía, armfbía, rdtmf. saklmfs qul, lb prdbhdpdf, l` rudnf ls harlbtl nl ml`fnía, y nl armfbía y, pfr ftrf ànf, pulnl slr rítmdhf f bf. a lstfs trls l`lmlbtfs nlklmfs acrlcar à `øcdha, puls ls lvdnlbtl lvdnlbtl qul lb à mõsdha lxdstl lxdstl ub frnlb y ndspfsdhdøb nl lstfs l`lmlbtfs mlbhdfbanfs y qul `fs mdsmfs bf sl ia`àb ndspulstfs a`latfrda f haøtdhamlbtl. dmacdblb lb uba jákrdha l` sfbdnf nl à rlpltdhdøb nl uba máqudba. lsta prfnuhl ub ljlhtf rítmdhf sdmdàr a ub crupf nl tamkfrls sfbabnf, ¶plrf iahl mõsdha6 uba sdmp`l fkslrvahdøb mfstrará qul bf iay ml`fnía bd armfbía, tab sf`f rdtmf. y l` rdtmf ls tab sf`f ub l`lmlbtf nl à mõsdha, plrf bf ls à mõsdha lb sí. a partdr nl lsta prlmdsa, tamkdäb pfnlmfs plrmdtl nljdbdr sd ub páearf iahl mõsdha f bf. lvdnlbtlmlbtl ub páearf qul habta uba ml`fnía, plrf tampfhf iahl mõsdha pfrqul lxdstl uba harlbhda nl `fs nlmás l`lmlbtfs (l` rdtmf y à armfbía). lb ftras paàkras, pfnlmfs lbtlbnlr su sfbdnf hfmf uba ml`fnía plrf bf ls mõsdha. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lstl lbjfqul bfs plrmdtl ndjlrlbhdar hàramlbtl hàramlbtl à mõsdha nl` rudnf, a` nljdbdrà, hfmf uba suma nl às partls qul à hfmpfblb, plrf bf sl pulnl hfbsdnlrar mõsdha às partls pfr sí mdsma. lb hfbhùsdøb, pfnlmfs nljdbdr hfmf mõsdha a à suma y l` frnlb nl, a` mlbfs, nfs nl `fs sdcudlbtls l`lmlbtfs sfbfrfs5 ml`fnía, armfbía y rdtmf. va`l acrlcar qul, tamkdäb pulnl lstar hfmpulsta pfr ftrfs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls mlbfrls, hfmf `fs mftdvfs, l` tdmkrl, `fs hfrfs, l` hfbtrapubtf, f às jrasls musdha`ls, lbtrl ftrfs. y aquí sl pàbtla ftrf dbtlrrfcabtl5 ¶Xl pulnl iahlr mõsdha a partdr nl` rudnf6 hàrf qul sí, plrf sakdlbnf qul à mõsdha ls uba hrlahdøb y uba hfbvlbhdøb nl ub frnlbamdlbtf nl `fs l`lmlbtfs sfbfrfs. frnlbar ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs ‐rudnfsfs” prfnuhl mõsdha. aubqul nl` mfnf dbvlrsf, l` cf`plar hfb `fs puñfs l` tlhànf nl ub pdabf bf prfnuhl mõsdha. à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl mõsdha y rudnf lstá nltlrmdbana pfrqul à mõsdha lstá hfmpulsta pfr l` frnlbamdlbtf `øcdhf nl sus l`lmlbtfs sfbfrfs5 ml`fnía, armfbía y rdtmf, mdlbtras qul l` rudnf ls à harlbhda nl a`cubf f nl vardfs nl lstfs l`lmlbtfs y su frnlb. pfr õ`tdmf, ls blhlsardf rlhfrnar qul sd lbtlbnlmfs a à mõsdha hfmf artl, lsta nlkl hfbtar hfb hfb ub õ`tdmf l`lmlbtf5 l` artdsta nlkl lxpàyar f trabsmdtdr sus slbtdmdlbtfs, dnlas f lmfhdfbls lb à fkra.

¶@A MÕXDHA \B @LBC\AEL \BDZL[XA@6 ubf nl `fs nlkatls más abtdcufs ls sd s d à mõsdha ls ub `lbcuael. lstf dmp`dharía

qul lxdstl ub sdstlma nl sdcbfs musdha`ls para nlhdr hfsas musdha`mlbtl, ta` hfmf lxdstl ub sdstlma nl sdcbfs para hfmubdharsl fra`mlbtl f pfr lshrdtf. sd kdlb pfnlmfs lbhfbtrar hdlrtas sdmd`dtunls lbtrl mõsdha y `lbcuael, pfr lelmp`f, à hfbstruhhdøb nl jrasls, à sdbtaxds, l` tfbf, l` vfùmlb , f dbhùsf ls pfsdk`l `llr y lshrdkdr mõsdha nl mablra muy sdmdàr a` `llr y lshrdkdr ub `lbcuael. sdb lmkarcf, à mõsdha harlhl nl sdcbdjdhanf. à mõsdha hfmubdha nl mablra sdmdàr a uba sfbrdsa, bfs prfnuhl y trabsmdtl a`lcría, plrf bfs vlmfs dbhapahdtanfs nl lxp`dhar l` pfrquä nl lsta a`lcría. pfr supulstf, tamkdäb pulnlb trabsmdtdrsl ftrfs slbtdmdlbtfs hfmf trdstlza, plrf nl dcua` mfnf bf pfnlmfs lxprlsar à hausa nl lstl slbtdmdlbtf. l` psdhø`fcf pau` lhomab, nlmfstrø qul às lmfhdfbls sfb ubdvlrsa`ls lb l` slr iumabf, quä lxdstlb lmfhdfbls kásdhas y lstas sl lxprlsas nl à mdsma jfrma lb tfnf l` mubnf. à crab prlcubta ls5 ¶Lstas lmfhdfbls pulnlb slr p`lbamlbtl lxprlsanas f rlhfbfhdnas lb à mõsdha6. ub lstundf rla`dzanf pfr l` nr. îfmas j rdtz, nl` dbstdtutf max pàbho nl rdtz, a`lmabda, sl prlcubtø sd `fs asplhtfs lmfhdfba`ls nl à mõsdha fhhdnlbta` lrab aprlhdanfs pfr clbtl qul bf iakíab sdnf lxpulstfs prlvdamlbtl a lsta mõsdha. à lxplrdlbhda hfbsdstdø lb iahlr lshuhiar lsta mõsdha, rfho, eazz, eazz, h`ásdha, a `fs `fs dbtlcrabtls nl à trdku maja, lb hamlrõb. fkvdamlbtl, bubha iakíab lshuhianf mõsdha fhhdnlbta` y sl `l pdndø qul rlàhdfbarab `f qul lshuhiakab hfb ndjlrlbtls LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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jftfs nl clbtl lxprlsabnf lmfhdfbls. à asfhdahdøb lbtrl às harahtlrístdhas nl à mõsdha y às lxprlsdfbls nl às jftfs jul tfta`. pfr lsta hausa, ls pfsdk`l lstak`lhlr qul à lxprlsdøb y l` rlhfbfhdmdlbtf nl às lmfhdfbls lb à mõsdha ls a`cf ubdvlrsa`. hua`qudlr slr iumabf pfnría rlhfbfhlr lmfhdfbls lb à mõsdha, a` mlbfs lb à mõsdha fhhdnlbta`, nl à mdsma mablra lb à qul sl rlhfbfhlb às lxl xprlsdfbls jahda`ls iumabas, hfmf à sfbrdsa. va`l nlstahar qul à asfhdahdøb nl à mõsdha hfb às lmfhdfbls ls dbndsplbsak`l lb à trandhdøb nl à mõsdha fhhdnlbta`, mdlbtras qul lb ftras trandhdfbls hu`tura`ls, à mõsdha ls aprlhdana lb jubhdøb nl ftras hua`dnanls, hfmf à hffrndbahdøb nl` crupf lb nltlrmdbanfs rdtua`ls, pfr su rlàhdøb hfb à ndvdbdnan, à macda, f à hura nl lbjlrmlnanls, lbtrl ftras jubhdfbls.

@A HABHDØB sd kdlb à mõsdha pfnría slr hfbsdnlrana ub `lbcuael, lxp`dhákamfs qul sl lbhulbtra `dmdtana a à ifra nl hfmubdhar dnlas más hfmp`leas. à habhdøb rfmpl

lsta `dmdtahdøb. nljdbdmfs abtlrdfrmlbtl, à mõsdha hfmf l` frnlbamdlbtf `øcdhf nl a` mlbfs nfs nl sus l`lmlbtfs5 ml`fnía, armfbía y rdtmf. à habhdøb va ub pfhf más `lefs y acrlca ub bulvf l`lmlbtf5 à tlxtua`dnan. lb às habhdfbls sl rllmpàza l` sfbdnf nl às bftas musdha`ls, nl à ml`fnía pfr l` sfbdnf nl às síàkas, y prfbtf sl armab paàkras y frahdfbls. sl ftfrca ub sdcbdjdhanf a lsa ml`fnía qul sl habta, nl mablra qul à jrasl ml`øndha sl trabsjfrma lb uba jrasl tlxtua`. a` asfhdar lstfs sfbdnfs rlsa`tamfs, hfbtamfs `f qul bfs trabsmdtl à mõsdha plrf hfb paàkras. pfr lelmp`f, sd abtls kushákamfs trabsmdtdr à dra lb à mõsdha cf`plabnf às tlhàs nl` pdabf hfb à runlza nl` fndf, aifra pfnlmfs habtar ¡Lstfy muy lbfeanf! l dr más `lefs hfbtabnf l` pfrquä. sd l` artl ls à lxprlsdøb nl` slr iumabf, sdb nunas à habhdøb pfsdkd`dta à lxprlsdøb artístdha más làkfrana, puls suma a à mõsdha ub bulvf l`lmlbtf muhif más hfmp`lef y hf`frdnf5 à pflsía. à rlprlslbtahdøb nl uba tfrmlbta sl kasará bf sf`f lb l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls, sfbdnfs y rdtmfs. hfb às habhdfbls sl pulnl dr mas `lefs y hfbtar à idstfrda sfkrl hømf bfs lbhfbtrø uba tfrmlbta lb l` mlndf mar lb bulstrf plqulñf kftlhdtf nl papl`. lb às habhdfbls aparlhlb às síàkas y hfb l`às às paàkras y às frahdfbls. à mõsdha sl harca hfb nl paàkras. ya bf sf`f sl tfha uba ml`fnía, ya bf sf`f sl trabsmdtl lsa lblrcía nl à mõsdha, sdbf qul sl hulbta uba idstfrda. Iay tabtas idstfrdas hfmf habhdfbls, y nl lsf trata lstl `dkrf.


13

W[DML[A WA[^L HFMWFBL[ MÕXDHA

HAWÍ^\@F D

¶Q\Ä LX \BA HABHDØB6 qudzás rlsu`tl lstõpdnf lxp`dhar slmleabtl fkvdlnan ubf pfbl à randf, prlbnl à tl`lvdsdøb, hamdba pfr à ha``l y aií lstáb. às habhdfbls lstáb lb tfnfs ànfs. lsulbab pfr md``fbls y hana nía sl hrlab md`ls nl bulvas habhdfbls. sdb lsulbab r

lmkarcf, `f más fkvdf y hftdndabf ls, clblra`mlbtl, `f mlbfs hfmprlbndnf. prlcubtarsl quä ls uba habhdøb ls à prdmlra prlcubta qul nlkl iahlrsl a`cudlb qul va a lshrdkdr uba? uba ? lbtfbhls5 ¶Quä ls uba habhdøb6¶Hømf rlhfbfhlmfs uba habhdøb6 huabnf a`cudlb sd`ka uba habhdøb, pfnlmfs rlhfbfhlrà crahdas a à ml`fnía. bf ls nlkdnf a à armfbía, bd a` rdtmf, bd a sus arrlc`fs, bd a` sf`f, bd a bdbcub ftrf l`lmlbtf musdha`. lbtfbhls pfnlmfs lstak`lhlr qul5 uba habhdøb ls uba ml`fnía. pfr supulstf, uba habhdøb lsta hfmpulsta pfr mõ`tdp`ls l`lmlbtfs, plrf `f qul bfs plrmdtl rlhfbfhlrà y ndjlrlbhdar uba nl ftras ls pfr à ml`fnía. Huabnf sl rlcdstra uba habhdøb, sl rlcdstra su ml`fnía. lstf ls `f más dmpfrtabtl nl uba habhdøb. asdmdsmf, asdmdsmf, crab partl nl` äxdtf f nl à pfpuàrdnan nl uba habhdøb, clblra`mlbtl, rlhal lb su ml`fnía. bf sl trata nl ml`fnías hfmp`dhanas hfb hdlbtfs nl bftas, sdbf ml`fnías kdlb sdmp`ls y hfb harahtlrístdhas õbdhas. huabtf más plcandza y mlmfrak`l sla, más jáhd` slrá nl rlhfrnar y tlbnrá más pfsdkd`dnanls nl slr ub äxdtf, pfrqul à clbtl sl ahfrnará nl l`à. plbslmfs lb huábtas vlhls bfs vdmfs ^DW5 \ba habhdøb pulnl lstar hfbjfrmana pfr uba f vardas ml`fnías, sla pfr às slhhdfbls sfrprlbndnfs sd`kabnf f tararlabnf uba qul à hfbjfrmab f pf r à apardhdøb nl habhdøb qul ajdrmamfs qul bf bfs custa f ndjlrlbtls vfhls qul habtab. qul lshuhiamfs a` pasar. y más crahdfsf aõb ls narsl hulbta qul à crab mayfría nl à mõsdha qul lshuhiamfs `f iahlmfs nl jfrma dbvfùbtarda5 lb à kabna nl sfbdnf nl uba pl`íhuà, lb à puk`dhdnan, lb à ha``l, huabnf sa`dmfs nl bfhil, lb ub kar, lb uba pàza, lthätlra. pfr supulstf, l` äxdtf nl uba habhdøb bf sf`f nlplbnl nl à ml`fnía, plrf tlblr uba kulba ml`fnía ls ub lxhl`lbtl dbdhdf para tlblr uba habhdøb qul à clbtl rlhulrnl. bf ls jáhd` hfmpfblr uba kulba ml`fnía, ls más jáhd` lskfzar uba tlfría jd`fsøjdha qul lshrdkdr uba kulba ml`fnía. muhias vlhls sl na pfr hasua`dnan? LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

14


ftras pfr dbspdrahdøb nurabtl muhif trakaef, y ftras vlhls nl fínf y hfb sulrtl. lb síbtlsds, à õbdha õbdha jfrma nl nar hfb uba kulba ml`fnía ls hfmpfbdlbnf, y hfmpfbdlbnf.

@A W[FN\HHDØB T @FX A[[LC@FX l` äxdtf nl às habhdfbls pfp, así hfmf nl ftrfs cäblrfs, rlhal lb à suma nl às ml`fnías y nl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls hfmf mftdvfs, hfbtrastl, tlbsdøb, armfbías vfha`ls, rdtmfs, lthätlra. lb à mõsdha hfmlrhda`, lbtlbndna hfmf aqul`à aqul`à mõsdha qul sl vlbnl f hfbsuml masdvamlbtl. anlmás nl n l `fs jahtfrls bf musdha`ls, hfmf à ndjusdøb y l` maroltdbc, l` äxdtf nl uba habhdøb nlplbnl bf sf`f nl à ml`fnía, sdbf nl` nlsarrf``f, à prfnuhhdøb y `fs arrlc`fs nl à mdsma. ls nlhdr, l` slhrltf lstá lb `fcrar lba`tlhlr às prfpdlnanls nl à ml`fnía. muhias ftras vlhls, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, pfr à harlbhda nl uba ml`fnía julrtl, sl kusha lba`tlhlr ub l`lmlbtf slhubnardf, l` hua` sl trabsjfrma lb l` l`lmlbtf prdbhdpa` nl à habhdøb5 l` rdtmf sd ls uba habhdøb para kadàr, ub rdjj sd ls uba habhdøb nl rfho, ub mftdvf musdha`, lthätlra. sdb lmkarcf, clblra`mlbtl, à dnla a à ifra nl hfmpfblr uba habhdøb ls lba`tlhlr, y nlstahar à ml`fnía qul va a slr habtana. lb tärmdbfs h`ásdhfs lstf sl `fcra pfr à armfbías y l` rdtmf, plrf muhias ftras vlhls jubhdfbab hfmf hf mf hapas nl hlkf`às hfb às hua`ls a à ml`fnía prdbhdpa` sl `l sumab ftras ml`fnías, mftdvfs musdha`ls y arrlc`fs musdha`ls. lstf hrla ub tfnf rítmdhf-ml`øndhf, qul sdrvl para clblrar ub äbjasds, ub hfbtrapubtf, uba slbsahdøb rítmdha, pfr lelmp`f. lstl eulcf nl lba`tlhlr às prfpdlnanls nl à ml`fnía, a partdr nl` hfbtrastl, à vardahdøb, nl` hfmpartdr bftas nl à ml`fnía hfb ftrfs l`lmlbtfs, nl` sa`drsl nl` patrøb, nl` hfmpartdr tdlmpfs f bf, nl hfbtrapfblr uba ml`fnía hfb ftra, nl à mfnuàhdøb, nl` sustdtudr ahfrnls, y à utd`dzahdøb nl mftdvfs lbtrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs, ls `f qul lbrdqulhl a uba habhdøb y ls `f qul sl hfbfhl hfmf arrlc`fs. lb muhifs cäblrfs, `fs arrlc`fs sfb ya bfrmas dmpulstas y kdlb nljdbdnas. ls nlhdr,, sd qudlrlb qul su habhdøb sla nl ub nltlrmdbanf cäblrf, lsta nlkl arrlcàrsl nlhdr nl ahulrnf hfb hdlrtas jfrma`dnanls. pfr lelmp`f, sd sl tratara nl lshrdkdr ub kf`lrf, sl supfbl qul lstl nlkl slr rfmábtdhf? sd iahlb ub tabcf f uba sa`sa, iay qul rlspltar su rdtmf harahtlrístdhf. lstas rlcàs pulnlb slr tlmátdhas, nl lstd`f, nl rdtmf, f nl dbstrumlbtahdøb, lbtrl ftras. sdb lmkarcf, qudlb rfmpl a`cubas rlcàs y sfrprlbnl hfb `fs arrlc`fs ls l` qul `fcra nlstahar su habhdøb pfr sfkrl às nlmás qul sulbab dcua`. va`l mlbhdfbar qul `fs arrlc`fs, anlmás, plrmdtlb qul uba mdsma habhdøb sl lbhuanrl nlbtrf nl ndjlrlbtls cäblrfs musdha`ls. lstf suhlnl pfrqul à ml`fnía, aqul``f qul bfs plrmdtl rlhfbfhlr à habhdøb, plrmablhl dbtahta mdlbtras sl arrlcàb `fs nlmás l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls para aeustar`fs a` lstd`f f cäblrf lb l` hua` qulrlmfs `fcrar à habhdøb. va`l hfmparar à habhdøb Lurytimdhs - Xwllt Nrlams,, hfb à vlrsdøb ‐rfho dbnustrda`” Mard`yb Mabsfb - Xwllt Nrlams. Nrlams Nrlams. ls así qul muhias ftras vlhls, habhdfbls ‐vdleas” ‐vdleas” sfb sfb rlarrlcànas hfb l`lmlbtfs f dbsLXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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trumlbtfs más mfnlrbfs. pfnlmfs hfmparar, Wrdma` Xhrlam - Xfml Zl`vlt Mfrbdbc, à hua` ls uba vlrsdøb l`lhtrøbdha nl à habhdøb pfp nl `fs :7 nl `ll Iaz`lwffn y babhy sdbatra.

@A @L^[A hfmf vdmfs abtlrdfrmlbtl, qul uba habhdøb ls ml`fnía (f uba suma nl

ml`fnías), así hfmf nl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs. lb ub slcubnf pasf, nlklmfs hfmprlbnlr à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl às habhdfbls y à mõsdha. lb às habhdfbls à ml`fnía ls habtana, y tdlblb ub l`lmlbtf tlxtua`. pfr su partl, lb à mõsdha bf lxdstlb `fs l`lmlbtfs tlxtua`ls f l` sdcbdjdhanf, sf`f iay ub sfbdnf nanf pfr às bftas musdha`ls. lbtfbhls, a à ifra nl hfmpfblr uba habhdøb nlklmfs nar a `fs sfbdnfs musdha`ls ub slbtdnf, ub sdcbdjdhanf. `fs sfbdnfs nl ^DW5 Lbtlbnlr l` hfbhlptf ls slbhd``f5 sd`klb l` Jl`dz hump`lañfs y ùlcf hábàs bftas qul hfbjfrmab uba ml`fnía sl tlbà. Wrulklb hamkdar à `ltras y ¡`dstf! trabsjfrmab lb síàkas? à jrasls musdha`ls, lb jrasls nl tlxtf hfmpulstas pfr paàkras qul bfs ndhlb a`cf. para hrlar uba habhdøb, à tlfría ls muy sdmp`l5 sl l`dcl uba ml`fnía y sl rllmpàzab às bftas musdha`ls pfr paàkras qul lbhaelb anlhuanamlbtl lb `fs tdlmpfs y nurahdøb nl lstas bftas qul hfmpfblb à ml`fnía. pfr supulstf, tamkdäb pulnl narsl l` prfhlsf dbvlrsf nl partdr nl ub tlxtf y tratar nl lbhfbtrar à ml`fnía. pfr lelmp`f, à habhdøb nl Efab Mabul` Xlrrat Habtarls lstá hfmpulsta pfr trls lstrfjas nl à fkra hampfs nl hastd`à nl abtfbdf mahianf. lb ftras paàkras, l` prfhlsf nl hfmpfblr uba habhdøb, bf ls sf`f hfmpfblr mõsdha f lshrdkdr ub tlxtf, sdbf qul dbvfùhra l` prfhlsf nl ubdr `fs sfbdnfs musdha`ls a sfbdnfs vfha`ls. lstfs sfbdnfs hfmpulstfs pfr síàkas pulnlb tlblr slbtdnf f bf. plrf sd qulrlmfs hfbtar a`cf, blhlsardamlbtl lstfs sfbdnfs jfrmaráb paàkras, às jrasls musdha`ls jfrmab jrasls tlxtua`ls y sl hulbta a`cf5 uba idstfrda, ub mlbsael, uba dnla, ub slbtdmdlbtf, lthätlra. lstl prfhlsf ls rlàtdvamlbtl jáhd`, à hulstdøb rlsdnl lb nar hfb uba ml`fnía y tlblr a`cf qul nlhdr, f a` mlbfs dbtlbtar trabsmdtdr `f qul à ml`fnía qudlrl trabsmdtdrbfs hfb su lblrcía. à slcubna partl nl` äxdtf nl uba habhdøb lstá lb `fcrar lbhfbtrar às paàkras anlhuanas para lsa mõsdha, para lsa lblrcía.¶Quä lblrcía. ¶Quä bfs prfnuhl à habhdøb6¶Quä bfs qudlrl nlhdr à ml`fnía6 r lhulrnlb5 sdmp`lmlbtl nlklb pfblr`f lb paàkras. lhulrnlb5


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HAWÍ^\@F DD

@A ML@FNÍA hfmf vdmfs lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr, ubf nl `fs l`lmlbtfs más dmpfrtabtls y

sdcbdjdhatdvfs nl uba habhdøb ls à ml`fnía. ¶Wlrf quä ls `f dmpfrtabtl lb uba ml`fnía6 ¶Quä iahl qul uba ml`fnía sla más rlhfrnana qul ftras6 lb lstl hapítu`f bfs anlbtrarlmfs lb à ml`fnía, lb sus jfrmas, lb `fs asplhtfs jubnamlbta`ls a à ifra nl plbsar lb uba ml`fnía qul pulna slr habtana.

¶Q\Ä LX \BA ML@FNÍA6 à ml`fnía ls l` dbcrlndlbtl más dmpfrtabtl nl uba fkra musdha` y ls à ahtrdz prdbhdpa` nl uba habhdøb. à ml`fnía ls uba suhlsdøb nl sfbdnfs nl ndjlrlbtls

a`turas (cravls f acunfs, a `fs qul `àmamfs bftas ), frcabdzanfs nl ta` mablra bftas), qul prfnuhlb jrasls qul tdlblb ub slbtdnf (sd bf slríab bftas a` azar) y qul aparlhlb a `f àrcf nl à habhdøb. lb ftras paàkras, à ml`fnía ls uba jrasl musdha` hfmpulsta pfr bftas. más anlàbtl vlrlmfs qul, lb à habhdøb, lsta jrasl musdha` ls uba jrasl tlxtua` nfbnl `fs sfbdnfs nl às bftas sl rlmpàzab pfr l` sfbdnf nl síàkas. Iay qul lbtlbnlr qul à ml`fnía ls dbslparak`l nl` rdtmf, pulnl lxdstdr ub rdtmf sdb ml`fnía, plrf bf iay ml`fnía sdb rdtmf. ls dbndsplbsak `l hfmprlbnlr qul uba habhdøb sl vul`vl õbdha pfr lstl atrdkutf5 à ml`fnía. lb rlsumlb5 uba ml`fnía ls uba suhlsdøb nl sfbdnfs nl ndstdbta ndstdbta a`tura y nurahdøb, abdmanfs pfr ub rdtmf.

¶Q\Ä LX @F MÁX DMWF[ÂB^L NL \BA ML@FNÍA6 lb uba ml`fnía, `f lslbhda` ls hømf sl ndstrdkuylb sus sfbdnfs, às a`turas nl lstfs sfbdnfs y `fs rdtmfs nl às bftas. lsta ndstrdkuhdøb hrla `f qul sl `àma jfrma ml`øndha.

¶Q\Ä LX @A JF[MA ML@ØNDHA6 à jfrma ml`øndha sl rljdlrl a à jfrma nl à `íbla nl à ml`fnía lb à habhdøb.

lb paàkras más sdmp`ls, aùnl a hømf lstá armana à ml`fnía, sd às bftas suklb f kaeab, sd tdlblb rdtmf f más kdlb tdlblb ub haráhtlr `dsf y rlpltdtdvf, nfbnl slbhd`àmlbtl sl rlpdtl sdlmprl à mdsma bfta.


;;


ftrf pubtf a tlblr lb hulbta ls qul tfnas às partls nl uba habhdøb tdlblb uba

ml`fnía5 lstrdkd``f, vlrsfs, pulbtls y cabhifs. lb clblra`, à ml`fnía tdlbnl a slr más a`ta, a hfbtlblr bftas más acunas, lb l` lstrdkd``f qul lb `fs vlrsfs. lstf sl nlkl a qul `fs vlrsfs sul`lb tlblr ub haráhtlr más rlj`lxdvf, nanf pfr às bftas cravls y pfr plqulñfs sa`tfs nl dbtlrva`fs, mdlbtras qul l` lstrdkd``f sul`l slr más ajdrmatdvf, lxp`fsdvf y h`dmátdhf, harahtlrístdhas nanas pfr `fs crabnls sa`tfs nl dbtlrva`fs y pfr às bftas más acunas. pfr õ`tdmf, ls blhlsardf nlstahar qul à lblrcía ls muhif más a`ta lb l` pulbtl qul lb l` lstrdkd``f. ¶para quä6 para nar uba slbsahdøb nl mayfr lblrcía y tlbsdøb, pfrqul l` pulbtl sul`l slr l` pubtf hu`mdbabtl nl tfna à habhdøb ya qul prfhlnl a à hfbhùsdøb nl à fkra musdha`.

¶Q\Ä NLJDBL Q\L \BA ML@FNÍA XLA K\LBA F MA@A6 à habtdnan nl bftas bf dbjùyl para qul uba ml`fnía sla hfbsdnlrana kulba f maà. `f qul à nljdbl ls su jfrma? l`à nljdbl l` atrahtdvf y à frdcdba`dnan nl à habhdøb. ls `f qul bfs dbvdta dbvdta a habtarà. bf iay qul hfbjubndr lstf hfb hfmp`lednan, pfrqul iahlr uba ml`fnía hfmp`lea ls ub lrrfr. às ml`fnías, lb à habhdøb, pfr

rlcà clblra`, sul`lb slr sdmp`ls, slbhd`às, kl`às y atrahtdvas a` fínf. l` pubtf más nlstahak`l lb à ml`fnía, pfr `f tabtf, ls à jfrma. lb ftras paàkras, sd qudlrlb qul à clbtl rlhulrnl sus habhdfbls, nlklb lshrdkdr ml`fnías mlmfrak`ls, ls nlhdr, hfb jfrma. para `fcrar lstf ls blhlsardf qul à ml`fnía tlbca uba jfrma slbhd`à, plrf `àmatdva5 qul suka, y qul kael, qul bf sl lstabqul lb ub ùcar. a lstfs va``ls y mfbtañas nl à ml`fnía sl `fs hfbfhl hfmf à jfrma ml`øndha. ifrdzfbta`ls,, à `íbla ml`øndha às ml`fnías pulnlb ndvdndrsl lb nfs tdpfs5 ifrdzfbta`ls lstá hfmpulsta pfr bftas hlrhabas, ls nlhdr, nlhdr, bf iay uba crab ndstabhda lbtrl às às bftas qul à hfmpfblb y vlrtdha`ls vlrtdha`ls,, prlslbtab crabnls sa`tfs nl dbtlrva`fs f ndstabhdas lbtrl às bftas qul hfmpfblb à `íbla ml`øndha. uba `íbla ml`øndha pàba u ifrdzfbta` bf hfbnlba a` jrahasf a à habhdøb, plrf uba ml`fnía hfb más jfrma vul`vl a à habhdøb más dbtlrlsabtl y atrahtdva, krdbna más pàhlr a` fylbtl y iahl qul à habhdøb sla más jáhd` nl rlhfrnar. r lhfrnar. anlmás qul, à habhdøb anqudlrl dnlbtdnan y sl vul`vl õbdha. ub lelmp`f nl kulba jfrma ml`øndha, ls à habhdøb A`dhda Olys - Tfu Nfbt Obfw My Baml. Baml. va`l prlstar atlbhdøb a, hømf à jfrma nl à ml`fnía vlrtdha` va nlshlbndlbnf a` habtar ‐yfu nfbt obfw my baml” baml” iahl qul à jrasl sla tfta`mlbtl mlmfrak`l y õbdha. ftrf lelmp`f ls à habhdøb nl Cakrdlà Hd`md - Xwllt Akfut Ml, nfbnl à jdcura ml`øndha qul aparlhl lb a` jdba` nl à jrasl "dj tilrl's `lssfbs tf kl `l-l-larbln", ls lxtrafrndbarda. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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õ`tdmf lelmp`f ls à habhdøb nl Kd``y Efl` - \ptfwb Cdr`, lb à qul hana partl tdlbl uba ilrmfsa ml`fnía, plrf sdb nunas, l` maravd``fsf cabhif5 "fi fi fi fi", iahl dmpfsdk`l bf qulrlr habtarà. para saklr más sfkrl às ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl à ml`fnía ls rlhfmlbnak`l dbvlstdcar l` hfbtfrbf ml`øndhf y à tlxtura musdha` . ub

HA[AH^L[ÍX^DHAX NL @A ML@FNÍA às ml`fnías pfsllb ndjlrlbtls harahtlrístdhas qul nab ùcar a su jfrma. às

harahtlrístdhas prdbhdpa`ls, qul nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta a à ifra nl hfmpfblr uba ml`fnía f nl hfbtrastarà hfb ftra slhhdøb, sfb5 -

lxtlbsdøb nl à jrasl. frma5 ashlbnlbtl, nlshlbnlbtl, mdxta. frma5 j ndstabhda nl dbtlrva`fs f sa`tfs5 ifrdzfbta` f vlrtdha`. apardhdøb nl sd`lbhdfs. acrupahdøb y jdcuras. dbdhdf y hfbhùsdøb nl à jrasl. anfrbfs5 `dcanuras, arrastrls, jfrzamdlbtfs, y ftras tähbdhas.

s l rljdlrl a `f àrca f hfrta qul ls l s à ml`fnía, ls nlhdr, à lxtlbsdøb nl à jrasl sl a à habtdnan nl hfmpasls qul dmp`dha su lxtlbsdøb. à jfrma nltlrmdba sd à ml`fnía ls ashlbnlbtl, nlshlbnlbtl f mdxta, nlplbndlbnf nl às bftas qul tdlbnlb a sukdr f a kaear. kaear. ls muy dmpfrtabtl prlstar atlbhdøb a lsta harahtlrístdha a à ifra nl hfmpfblr uba ml`fnía para ftra slhhdøb nl à habhdøb, puls sd tlblmfs uba ml`fnía hfb uba jfrma ashlbnlbtl muy marhana, pfsdk`lmlbtl à bulva slhhdøb à hfbtrastarlmfs hfb uba ml`fnía nlshlbnlbtl. à ndstabhda lbtrl às bftas sfb `fs dbtlrva`fs, qul marhab sd lb à ml`fnía fhurrlb sa`tfs crabnls f plqulñfs, pfr lelmp`f, sd sukdmfs uba bfta f bfs sa`tlamfs huatrf. ml`fnías hfb crabnls sa`tfs prfnuhlb jfrmas más vlrtdha`ls, mdlbtras qul plqulñfs sa`tfs sul`lb clblrar jrasls f ml`fnías hfb jfrmas más ifrdzfbta`ls. lstl tdpf nl ml`fnías ls más rlj`lxdvf y clblra`mlbtl sl utd`dza lb `fs vlrsfs, mdlbtras qul lb `fs lstrd^DW5 Lshu`pdr à jfrma nl à ml`fnía ls ub kd``fs sul`lb usarsl ml`fnías más vlrtdlxhl`lbtl dbdhdf para fktlblr uba crab habhdøb. ha`ls, puls sfb mas muhif más `àmatdvas à apardhdøb nl `fs sd`lbhdfs ls ub pubtf muy dmpfrtabtl5 nøbnl, hømf y huábnf sl usab clblra ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs. pfr lelmp`f, slrá ndstdbtf ndspfblr nl sd`lbhdfs lb l` prdmlr tdlmpf, nurabtl à ml`fnía f a` jdba`. à acrupahdøb y às jdcuras sl rljdlrlb a hømf lstá hfmpulsta à ml`fnía5 ¶huá` ls à jdcura prdbhdpa`5 kàbha, blcra, hfrhila, lthätlra6, ¶hømf sl LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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acrupab lstas jdcuras6. lb ftras paàkras, pfnlmfs hfbtrastar acrupamdlbtfs nl jdcuras plqulñas, hfmf hfrhilas hfbtra bftas àrcas, hfmf kàbhas f rlnfbnas, lb à ml`fnía nl ftra slhhdøb. pfr ftrf ànf, nlklmfs nlstahar qul às bftas plqulñas nab uba slbsahdøb nl mayfr vl`fhdnan, mdlbtras qul às bftas àrcas prfnuhlb à dmprlsdøb nl lxtlbsdøb f amp`dtun `f huá` ls muy kulbf para uba ml`fnía habtana. amkas bfs plr^DW5 Wara lùndr à mfbftfbía lb uba habmdtlb clblrar tlbsdøb y, sdb nunas, nun as, `f hdøb, lvdtlb à slmleabza nl às ml`fnías, más rdhf ls hfmkdbaràs. prlstlb atlbhdøb atlbhdøb a à prdmlra y à õ`tdma bfta y a quä jdcuras à hfmpfblb. l` dbdhdf y hfbhùsdøb nl à jrasl ls ftrf nlta``l muy dmpfrtabtl a tlblr lb hulbta. pfnlmfs tlblr ndjlrlbtls ml`fnías, plrf à rlpltdhdøb nl à jfrma lb l` dbdhdf f lb l` jdba` nl à ml`fnía iará qul sulblb muy sdmdàrls. nlklmfs prlstar atlbhdøb, lb lsplhda` a à ifra nl hfbtrastar nfs ml`fnías, lb lsplhda` nl nfs slhhdfbls ndjlrlbtls y hfbslhutdvas, para qul bf dbdhdlb f tlrmdblb nl dcua` jfrma f dbhùsf lb à mdsma bfta, lsplhda`mlbtl sd sl trakaea hfb l` jfrmatf nl vlrsf y lstrdkd``f. sd lstf suhlnl, `f mlefr ls mfndjdhar uba nl às ml`fnías f hfmpfblr uba bulva para `fcrar ub mayfr hfbtrastl. pfr supulstf, tfnf nlplbnl nl à dbtlbhdøb nl` hfmpfsdtfr. `fs anfrbfs bfs rlmdtlb a` mfnf hfmf arrlcàmfs à ml`fnía, ls nlhdr, a `dcanuras, trdbfs, jfrzamdlbtfs y ftras ndjlrlbtls tähbdhas qul qul bfs plrmdtlb nlhfrarà. ls rlhfmlbnak`l r lhfmlbnak`l bf rlpltdr `fs anfrbfs sd kushamfs hfbtrastar ndjlrlbtls ml`fnías f `fcrar uba hàra ndjlrlbhdahdøb nl às slhhdfbls.

L@ HFB^[AX^L ls pfsdk`l utd`dzar ndjlrlbtls jfrmas ml`øndhas para clblrar ub hfbtrastl lb uba habhdøb. a`cubas dnlas5 a) usar tdlmpfs hfrtfs lb `fs vlrsfs, mdlbtras sl lmp`lab tdlmpfs más àrcfs lb l` lstrdkd``f (f vdhlvlrsa). k) l` usf nl bftas más acunas lb l` lstrdkd``f y l` usf nl bftas más cravls lb `fs vlrsfs. h) ndspfblr lb `fs vlrsfs à ml`fnía más `íbla` f rlpltdtdva (ml`fnía ifrdzfbta`)? y lb l` lstrdkd``f usar uba nl mayfr a`tura f kaeana (ml`fnía vlrtdha`). vlrtdha`). n) sd l` vlrsf kaea, l` lstrdkd``f sukl (f vdhlvlrsa). l) h fbtrapfblr uba tfba`dnan trdstl a uba tfba`dnan a`lcrl. pfr lelmp`f, ahfrnls mlbfrls hfbtrapulstfs a ahfrnls mayfrls. j) fpfblr uba ml`fnía hfb muhias pausas lb hfbtrapfsdhdøb a ftra hfmpulsta hfb bftas àrcas. c) lmp`lar jrasls nl àrca lxtlbsdøb fpfbdäbnfàs a jrasls nl hfrta lxtlbsdøb. i) j rasls anfrbanas f lelhutanas hfb hdlrta tähbdha, pfr lelmp`f `dcanuras, rasls trdbfs, lb hfbtrapfsdhdøb a ftra tähbdha, anfrbf, f a uba lelhuhdøb bfrma`.


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[AWLA[ F HABÂ[ muhias vlhls, sul`l narsl à hfmpfsdhdøb nl uba ml`fnía lb à hua` prdma à rlpltdhdøb rápdna nl pfhas bftas. lstf plrmdtl clblrar ub ljlhtf nl raplf qul sl prfnuhl pfr l` lxhlsf nl uba ml`fnía ifrdzfbta`, nl bftas hfrtas plrf muy rápdnas y muy rlpltdnas, f pfr à rlpltdhdøb akusdva nl ub bfta sfà. aquí l` `ímdtl lbtrl raplar y habtar ls muy nl`canf. ls uba jfrma ndjlrlbtl y jáhd` nl hfmpfblr uba ml`fnía, y `fcrar hfbtrastl. lb `fs õ`tdmfs añfs, iab aparlhdnf crab habtdnan nl ‐pslunf raplrfs”, prdbhdprdbhd pa`mlbtl lb cäblrfs hfmf l` rlccaltøb, l` pfp f à mõsdha l`lhtrøbdha, `fs hua`ls bf raplab sd bf qul habtab crab habtdnan nl lstl tdpf nl ml`fndas. sd kdlb lstl mltfnf plrmdtl clblrar crab hfbtrastl nl n l jfrma muy slbhd`à, l` crab dbhfbvlbdlbtl ls quä bf prfnuhl uba ml`fnía frdcdba` f qul l` fylbtl pulna rlhfrnar lelmp`fs h`ásdhfs sfb às habhdfbls, [lubdfb - @djl Ds A [fho (Kut til [andf [f``ln Ml) y à nl Kd``y Efl` - Sl Ndnb't Xtart til Jdrl.

HFBXDNL[AHDFBLX HFBXDNL[AHDFB LX WA[A \BA ML@FNÍA HABÂNA sd kushamfs uba ml`fnía para habtar nlklmfs tlblr hudnanf nl bf lxhlnlrbfs lb à jfrma nl à ml`fnía. uba ml`fnía hfb lxhlsf nl sa`tfs, crabnls nl dbtlrva`fs,

clblrará uba ml`fnía ndjíhd` nl habtar. pfr lsf, nlklmfs tlblr hudnanf a à a`tura qul ``lvamfs às bftas, sd lstas vab a slr sl r habtanas, así hfmf lb à lxtlbsdøb nl às bftas. dmacdblmfs qul ¡nlklmfs habtar uba bfta sfstlbdna nurabtl ;7 hfmpasls! lb hfbhùsdøb, à ml`fnía nlkl slr iumabamlbtl pfsdk`l nl habtar, ls nlhdr, iahl ja`ta hfbtlmpàr `fs `ímdtls nl à vfz lb à dbtlr prltahdøb, así hfmf às pausas para rlspdrar.

[LX\MLB - `f qul dnlbtdjdha a uba ml`fnía ls su jfrma f hfbtfrbf. - à habtdnan nl bftas qul partdhdpab lb à jrasl musdha` bf ls dmpfrtabtl. - à ml`fnía ls à suma nl `fs sfbdnfs (bftas musdha`ls) hfb l` rdtmf. - hana partl nl à habhdøb usa uba ml`fnía õbdha qul hfbtrasta hfb à ml`fnía nl ftra slhhdøb. - à ml`fnía tdlbnl a a`habzar mayfr a`tdtun lb l` lstrdkd``f. - à tøbdha tdlbnl a aparlhlr más slcudnf lb à ml`fnía nl `fs lstrdkd``fs qul lb à nl `fs vlrsfs. - Hfbtfrbf ml`øndhf sl nlbfmdba a à `íbla qul nljdbl à jfrma nl à ml`fnía. - pulnls utd`dzar l` rdtmf para hrlar à ml`fnía, y à à ml`fnía para hrlar rdtmf. - sd às ml`fnías vab a slr habtanas anlmás nlklrás hfbsdnlrar5 a) qul lstä nlbtrf nl `fs `ímdtls nl à vfz iumaba, l` sa`tf nl fhtavas, f qul bf sla muy a`ta f muy mu y kaea para l` a`habhl à vfz. k) qul bf tlbca jrasls f bftas más àrcas qul à rlspdrahdøb iumaba. h) qul iahlb ja`ta nlear sd`lbhdfs f pausas para qul l` dbtärprltl pulna rlspdrar. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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HAWÍ^\@F DDD

LX^[\H^\[A NL \BA HABHDØB ls dmpfrtabtl frnlbar bulstras dnlas musdha`ls para lvdtar l` hafs y `fcrar qul bulstra hfmpfsdhdøb tlbca slbtdnf. às habhdfbls tdlblb uba lstruhtura kásdha míbdma nl vlrsf-lstrdkd``f. a lsta lstruhtura sl `l dbtlcrab ndstdbtfs l`lmlbtfs qul hana artdsta utd`dza para hfmpfblr à habhdøb a su custf y fktlblr ndjlrlbtls rlsu`tanfs. a à ifra i fra nl lshrdkdr uba habhdøb, `f dnla` ls lmplzar pfr p fr à lstruhtura míbdma5 vlrsf lstrdkd``f vlrsf lstrdkd``f

pfstlrdfrmlbtl, a hana habhdøb sl `l acrlcab f qudtab ndstdbtfs ndstdbtfs l`lmlbtfs hfb l` jdb nl anfrbar, anfr bar, hfbtrastar, hfbtrastar, nlsarrf`àr, hrlar tlbsdøb f ub amkdlbtl. bf iay rlcàs, lstf nlplbnl nl hana artdsta, nl às blhlsdnanls nl à habhdøb y nl `f qul sl kusha trabsmdtdr. pfr lelmp`f, iay habhdfbls qul harlhlb nl lstrdkd``f f qul hulbtab hfb muhias ftras slhhdfbls andhdfba`ls. sdb lmkarcf, trakaear hfb uba lstruhtura míbdma nl vlrsf-lstrdkd``f ayuna a lvdtar à mayfría nl `fs prfk`lmas más hfmubls y prfpfrhdfba uba lxhl`lbtl kasl para nlsarrf`àr à habhdøb.

L@LMLB^FX Q\L HFBJF[MAB \BA HABHDØB DB^[FN\HHDØB ls uba partl õbdha qul aparlhl a` dbdhdf nl à habhdøb. hfmf dbtrfnuhhdøb sul`l usarsl uba armfbía, hfb uba ml`fnía f ub jraslf, lsplhda`mlbtl hfmpulsta para lstl dbdhdf f hfb uba vardahdøb nl à ml`fnía f mftdvf prdbhdpa`. à dbtrfnuhhdøb sdrvl para dr ‐iahdlbnf” ‐iahdlbnf” sfbar sfbar à habhdøb, ls nlhdr, suclrdr, suclrdr, dr abtdhdpabnf `f qul sl va a lshuhiar. à dbtrfnuhhdøb (eubtf hfb l` lstrdkd``f) ls à partl más dmpfrtabtl nl à habhdøb lb à mõsdha hfmlrhda`, puls ls `f prdmlrf qul lshuhia l` põk`dhf. lb tärmdbfs musdha`ls, à dnla prdbhdpa` nl à dbtrfnuhhdøb dbtrfnuhhdøb ls haptar à atlbhdøb, clblrar ub amkdlbtl y prlslbtar uba armfbía. ftras vlhls, sl usab partls lslbhda`ls nl` lstrdkd``f, hfmf à ml`fnía f à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls. âmkdäb, LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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sul`lb lmp`larsl sfbdnfs f ahfrnls sfstlbdnfs para clblrar tlbsdøb. âmkdäb nlklmfs mlbhdfbar à ja`sa dbtrfnuhhdøb,, huya jdba`dnan ls clblrar ub nlstrfnuhhdøb hfbhdlrtf sfkrl `f qul va a lshuhiar, pfr lelmp`f, prfpfbdlbnf uba armfbía f rdtmf muy ndjlrlbtls a` nl à habhdøb.

^DW5 L` prdmlr mdbutf nl à habhdøb ls muy dmpfrtabtl, nlklb tlblr lb hàrf `f qul qudlrlb `fcrar `fcrar..

slcõb às blhlsdnanls nl` artdsta, à dbtrfnuhhdøb sdrvl para5 a) haptar à atlbhdøb. k) prlparar l` amkdlbtl nl à habhdøb. h) prlslbtar f suclrdr l` mftdvf, à dnla prdbhdpa` nl à fkra musdha` f à armf-

bía. à dbtrfnuhhdøb prfmlndf nura lbtrl < y 1< slcubnfs, aubqul lb a`cubas hab-

hdfbls sl prf`fbca más nl ub par nl mdbutfs. pfr supulstf, lstf nlplbnl nl à lxtlbsdøb nl à habhdøb y l` cäblrf musdha`. uba nl às dbtrfnuhhdfbls más frdcdba`ls ls à nl à habhdøb nl Navdn @ll [fti - Taboll [fsl, [fsl , lb à hua` l` habtabtl iakà hfb à cudtarra, tfhana pfr Xtlvl Zad.

ZL[XF l` vlrsf ls à slhhdøb nfbnl sl nlsarrf`àb à dnla musdha` y, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, à `ltra nl à habhdøb. hfb ä`, aparlhl à `írdha, sl bfs hulbta nl quä trata à habhdøb, y ya iay uba armfbía kdlb lstak`lhdna. à nurahdøb nl `fs vlrsfs y su habtdnan abtls nl` lstrdkd``f varía nl habhdøb lb habhdøb. lb clblra`, `fs vlrsfs sul`lb tlblr uba lxtlbsdøb qul akarha lbtrl nfs y huatrf hfmpasls qul sl rlpdtlb lbtrl nfs y huatrf vlhls, nlplbndlbnf nl su nurahdøb, vl`fhdnan y nl à habtdnan nl `íblas. va`l rlmarhar qul, huabnf nfs f más slhhdfbls nl uba habhdøb tdlblb kásdhamlbtl à mdsma mõsdha y ndjlrlbtl `ltra, a lsas partls sl às hfbsdnlra vlrsfs nl à habhdøb. habhdøb. lb clblra`, às dnlas musdha`ls nl `fs vlrsfs tdlbnlb a hfbtrastar hfb l` lstrdkd``f.

W[L-LX^[DKD@@F l` prllstrdkd``f ls ub pasael f arrlc`f musdha` qul plrmdtl uba trabsdhdøb nl à armfbía. l` prl-lstrdkd``f hump`l à jubhdøb nl hfblhtar l` vlrsf hfb l` lstrdkd``f. huabnf l` vlrsf y l` lstrdkd``f hfmpartlb l` mdsmf patrøb armøbdhf, l` prl-lstrdkd``f dbtrfnuhl ub bulvf patrøb armøbdhf para lvdtar qul l` lstrdkd``f sl lstabqul lb à mfbftfbía. lb hfbhùsdøb, l` prl-lstrdkd``f ls utd`dzanf para clblrar ub qudlkrl lb uba habhdøb, sd lsta hfmpartl ub mdsmf patrøb armøbdhf, ar møbdhf, f para clblrar uba ubdøb lbtrl l` vlrsf y lstrdkd``f. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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LX^[DKD@@F lb l` ámkdtf nl à pflsía, sl nljdbl a` lstrdkd``f hfmf ub plqulñf crupf nl vlrsfs qul sl rlpdtlb. lb à mõsdha, lb hamkdf, l` lstrdkd``f ls uba lstrfja qul sl rlpdtl vardas vlhls lb uba hfmpfsdhdøb. à prdbhdpa` jubhdøb nl` lstrdkd``f ls nlstahar à dnla nl à habhdøb, tabtf lb à `ltra hfmf lb `f musdha`. lb ftras paàkras, l` lstrdkd``f kásdhamlbtl sl usa para nlstahar l` rljráb f à jrasl nl uba habhdøb. lstf suhlnl pfrqul l` lstrdkd``f sul`l tfmar à jfrma nl uba ajdrmahdøb y tlblr ub haráhtlr mlbfs barratdvf qul l` tlxtf nl `fs vlrsfs. ls nlhdr, lb `fs vlrsfs sul`l hfbtarsl à idstfrda, mdlbtras qul lb l` lstrdkd``f sul`l lxp`dhdtarsl à dnla clblra` nl à habhdøb. rlhulbtlmlbtl, l` lstrdkd``f hfbtrasta hfb `fs vlrsfs lb rdtmf, ml`fnía y rlhulbtlmlbtl, j armfbía y, anlmás sul`l tlblr más ndbamdsmf f mayfr dbstrumlbtahdøb, aubqul tamkdäb sl pulnl trakaear lb l` lstrdkd``f hfb `fs sd`lbhdfs para `fcrar lsta ruptura hfb rlsplhtf a `fs vlrsfs. ndhif nl ftrf mfnf, `fs lstrdkd``fs sul`lb usar uba ml`fnía ndjlrlbtl nl `fs vlrsfs. pfr lelmp`f lb à habhdøb nl Hidhacf - T fu—rl fu—rl til Dbspdratdfb f hfmf lb [.L.M. - Dt — —s til Lbn fj til Sfr`n as Sl Obfw Dt (abn D Jll` Jdbl). lb prfmlndf, l` lstrdkd``f aparlhl lbtrl `fs :7 y 47 slcubnfs. huabnf nfs f más partls nl uba habhdøb tdlblb dnäbtdha mõsdha y `ltra, lstas slhhdfbls sfb hfbsdnlranas lstrdkd``fs nl habhdfbls blhlsdtab ub ^DW5 Bf tfnas às habhdfbls à habhdøb. lb à mõsdha hfmlrhda`, hfmlrhda` , ls à lstrdkd``f. Xd uba jrasl f lstruhtura sl rlpdtl partl más dmpfrtabtl nl à habhdøb y mumuhif lb `fs vlrsfs, pulnlb u td`dza td`dzarr ub slcubnf vlrsf para nar adrl bulvf hias vlhls ls rlpltdna a` dbdhdf y a` jdba` nl à mdsma, pfsdk`lmlbtl hfb uba `dclra vardahdøb.

W\LB^L M\XDHA@ l` pulbtl musdha` f krdncl (lb dbc`äs), ls ub dbtlrùndf qul hfblhta nfs partls nl uba habhdøb, hfbstruylbnf uba armfbía lbtrl amkas. l` pulbtl ayuna a qul à habhdøb bf hadca lb uba mfbøtfba sdmltría pfr à rlpltdhdøb prlnlhdk`l nl à jørmuà vlrsf-lstrdkd``f. à dnla prdbhdpa` nl` pulbtl ls tralr a`cf bulvf, rlbfvar l` adrl, y sul`l slr usanf para ``lvar à habhdøb a ub h`ímax nl máxdma tlbsdøb qul sdrvl para prlparar y abubhdar l` jdba`. muhias ftras vlhls sl utd`dza l` pulbtl hfmf ub dbtlrùndf musdha`. lb à mõsdha rfho, l` pulbtl sul`l aparlhlr hfmf l` sf`f nl cudtarra, l` hua` clblra`mlbtl suhlnl nlspuäs nl` slcubnf vlrsf, lb rlmpàzf nl` tlrhlr vlrsf. l` lstrdkd``f pfstlrdfr a` pulbtl ls, usua`mlbtl, l` õ`tdmf, y lstl tdlbnl a rlpltdrsl iasta hlrrar à habhdøb. sl hfbsdnlra hfbsdnlra pulbtl pulbtl a à pdlza musdha` ndjlrlbtl nl` vlrsf y nl` lstrdkd``f y qul sl lbhulbtra hlrha nl` jdba` nl à habhdøb. ubf nl `fs pulbtls más lxdtfsfs nl `fs õ`tdmfs tdlmpfs ls l` nl à habhdøb nl `fs Cubs B' [fsls Bfvlmklr [adb. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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F\^[F, HFNA F JDBA@ uba nl às hulstdfbls pfstlrdfrls a à hrlahdøb nl à habhdøb ls hømf lsta

nlkl tlrmdbar. Iay muhias jfrmas y vardabtls pfsdk`ls5 a vlhls, sul`l usarsl ub qudlkrl krushf clblranf pfr ub sd`lbhdf rlplbtdbf, pfr uba suhlsdøb nl ahfrnls f ub arrlc`f. plrf, sdb nunas à jfrma más hfmõb nl hlrrar uba habhdøb ls à rlpltdhdøb nl` lstrdkd``f iasta l` sd`lbhdf, práhtdha hfbfhdna lb dbc`äs hfmf Janl fut . ftras vlhls, sl utd`dza à rlpltdhdøb nl à mõsdha nl à dbtrfnuhhdøb f uba vardabtl hfb l` mdsmf ljlhtf. y lb ftrfs hasfs, sl nlsarrf`à uba slhhdøb jdba` nlbfmdbana futrf qul sl harahtlrdza pfr pfsllr mõsdha prfpda. l` jdba` nl uba habhdøb ls uba nl às hulstdfbls más dmpfrtabtls, bf musdha`mlbtl iakàbnf, plrf sí lb huabtf a` amkdlbtl y `fs ljlhtfs . bf sl prfnuhl à mdsma tlbsdøb lb l` fylbtl/põk`dhf, huabnf uba habhdøb tlrmdba krushamlbtl lb sd`lbhdf? lstf clblra muhiísdma más tlbsdøb qul huabnf à habhdøb, sdmp`lmlbtl, sl nlsvablhl. l` jdba` ls ub l`lmlbtf qul sl nlkl tlblr muy lb hulbta lb à hfmpfsdhdøb nl ub ndshf f lb l` pày`dst l` pày`dst nl ub rlhdta`. va`l mlbhdfbar qul, muhias vlhls, `fs jdba`ls nl às habhdfbls lb `fs rlhdta`ls sul`lb tlblr vardahdfbls rlsplhtf a à hfmpfsdhdøb frdcdba`, prlhdsamlbtl, para `fcrar lstfs ljlhtfs nl mayfr f mlbfr tlbsdøb lb à hfbhùsdøb nl à habhdøb, tabtf lb su vlrsdøb para l` rlhdta` hfmf lb à nl` ndshf. Hidhacf - ;< fr : tf >, nl ls ub kulb lelmp`f nl hdlrrl hfb mõsdha frdcdba`. lb à mõsdha h`ásdha l` hdlrrl f jdba` nl à fkra sl nlbfmdba hfna hfna.. @as lstruhturas más usana lb à habhdøb pfpuàr mfnlrba5

lstfs tdpfs nl lstruhturas sfb `fs más jrlhulbtls. lb às habhdfbls nl rfho sul`l tlblr ub nlsarrf``f h`dmátdhf nl mlbfr a mayfr, y ls lb l` pulbtl nfbnl clblra`mlbtl aparlhl l` sf`f nl cudtarra, sdlbnf l` mfmlbtf hõ`mdbl nl à habhdøb. à mdsma jørmuà sl utd`dza lb à mõsdha pfp. à dbtrfnuhhdøb sul`l slr uba vardahdøb nl` lstrdkd``f y sl tdlbnl a prlshdbndr nl` prl-lstrdkd``f. l` lstrdkd``f, lbtfbhls, ls à partl hõ`mdbl nl à habhdøb y l` pulbtl, lb vlz nl slr ub sf`f nl cudtarra, ls LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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uba vardahdøb f pasael musdha` qul hfbtrasta hfb l` rlstf nl à habhdøb. à habhdøb pfp sul`l tlrmdbar lb lstrdkd``f. lb às habhdfbls nlbfmdbanas hfmf habtautfr , sfb aqul`às lb às qul prdma à idstfrda, sl harahtlrdzab pfrqul hulbtab hfb más vlrsfs, f `fs vlrsfs sul`lb slr más àrcfs, clblra`mlbtl nana à blhlsdnan nl hfbtar uba idstfrda. uba jfrmuà muy usua` ls à hfbtrapfsdhdøb nl nfs tdpfs nl vlrsfs ndjlrlbtls pfr `f hua`, a vlhls, sul`lb bf tlblr lstrdkd``f. lb l`às sl utd`dza ub pulbtl f dbtlrùndf musdha` aprfxdmanamlbtl a à mdtan, para nar ub adrl bulvf y lvdtar qul à habhdøb sl vul`va mfbøtfba. sd kdlb bf sfb uba lstruhtura nl às más iakdtua`ls, lstl tdpf nl habhdøb sul`lb aparlhlb lb tfnfs tdpfs nl cäblrfs musdha`ls. a ndjlrlbhda nl à lstruhtura iakdtua` nl às habhdfbls pfp f rfho qul qul sul`lb tlrmdbar muy lbärcdhas y lxp`fsdvas, lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls bf blhlsardamlbtl tlrmdbab lb h`ímax nanf qul sul`lb hfbhùdr nl ahulrnf a` jdba` nl à idstfrda y sus pfsdkd`dnanls5 trdstl, a`lcrl, mlàbhø`dhf, lthätlra.

HFBH@\XDØB para jdba`dzar, hakl nlstahar qul `fs nfs l`lmlbtfs kásdhfs qul jfrmab à hfùmba vlrtlkra` nl à habhdøb sfb5 `fs lstrdkd``fs y `fs vlrsfs. hfmf ilmfs vdstf, à `ltra sl nlsarrf`à lb `fs vlrsfs, mdlbtras qul lb `fs lstrdkd``fs sl usa para nlstahar à dnla nl à habhdøb lxprlsana lb uba jrasl f rljráb rljráb.. à dbtrfnuhhdøb, l` prl-lstrdkd``f y l` futrf sfb l`lmlbtfs fphdfba`ls (pulnlb lstar f bf prlslbtls) qul sdrvlb para nlsarrf`àr y nlhfrar à habhdøb, clblrar amkdlbtl, tlbsdøb y h`ímax f uba ruptura. hfmf lstfs l`lmlbtfs bf sfb fk`dcatfrdfs a à ifra nl hfmpfblr uba habhdøb, hana mõsdhf `fs utd`dza a su custf.

[LX\MLB - à lstruhtura kasl nl vlrsf-lstrdkd``f ls uba nl às mlefrls jfrmas nl frcabdzar uba habhdøb. - sl nlklb acrlcar f qudtar partls nl ahulrnf a às dbtlbhdfbls hfmpfsdtdvas y às blhlsdnanls nl à habhdøb. - à dbtrfnuhhdøb ls uba nl às slhhdfbls qul más atlbhdøb nlklmfs prlstar. nlklmfs tlblr lb hàrf `f qul qulrlmfs `fcrar. - l` vlrsf ls à slhhdøb nfbnl sl nlsarrf`àb à dnla musdha` y, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, à `ltra nl à habhdøb. - l` lstrdkd``f sul`l slr uba nl às partls más h`dmátdhas nl à habhdøb. - l` pulbtl pfnlmfs utd`dzar`f para clblrar ub hfbtrastl lb à prfpda habhdøb. - bf tfnas às habhdfbls blhlsdtab lstrdkd``f. - à habhdøb jubhdfba hfmf tfta`dnan pfr `f qul tfnas às slhhdfbls nlklb lstar hfblhtanas - ls rlhfmlbnak`l lxplrdmlbtar hfb ndjlrlbtls tdpfs nl lstruhturas.


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HAWÍ^\@F DZ

^DWFX NL HABHDFBLX sd iab lshuhianf kastabtl mõsdha y iab prlstanf sujdhdlbtl atlbhdøb, iakráb

bftanf qul às jfrmas nl às habhdfbls sl rlpdtlb. lstf bfs plrmdtl hata`fcar a às habhdfbls slcõb su jfrma. pfr jfrma bfs rljlrdmfs a à lstruhtura, a hømf lstáb frcabdzanas às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls, huábtfs l`lmlbtfs tdlblb, y hømf sl rlpdtlb. lxdstlb trls tdpfs ndjlrlbtls nl habhdfbls slcõb su jfrma f lstruhtura5 lstruhtura5 lstábnar pfp,, `dbla`ls y prfcrlsdvas. pfp

HABHDFBLX LX^ÁBNA[ WFW à nlbfmdbahdøb pfp vdlbl nl à paàkra ‐pfpuàr”. sl usa à lxprlsdøb

mõsdha pfpuàr lb hfbtrapfsdhdøb a à mõsdha h`ásdha f nl ‐l`dtl”. lb lb ub prdmlr mfmlbtf, `f ‐ pfpuàr” pfpuàr” lra hfbsdnlranf a`cf blcatdvf. lb à lb à ahtua`dnan, lb hamkdf, lsta hàsdjdhahdøb sl rljdlrl a `f masdvf. à jfrma lstábnar lb à habhdøb ls hfmf à iamkurculsa nl MhNfba`n's MhNfba`n's55 sdlmprl dcua` y pulnl vardar muy pfhf nl habhdøb lb habhdøb. pfnlmfs lbhfbtrar crab habtdnan nl lelmp`fs nl lstas habhdfbls, qul sfb à amp`da mayfría, y à lstruhtura sul`l ap`dharsl a tfnfs `fs cäblrfs musdha`ls. lstl tdpf nl habhdøb ls muy õtd` para hfmpfblr habhdfbls sdmp`ls y slbhd`às. sul`l lstar dbtlcrana pfr nfs l`lmlbtfs lb hfbtrastl5 vlrsf-lstrdkd``f , así hfmf pfr uba vardahdøb lb à armfbía hfbfhdna ^DW5 Xd rlhdäb hfmdlbzab a hfmpfblr, `f dnla` ls lmplzar hfb uba lstruhtura kásdha nl hfmf ub pulbtl qul sul`l ukdharsl a` vlrsf/lstrdkd``f. Lstf lvdtará qul hadcab lb l` jdba` nl à habhdøb y sdrvl hfmf hfbtrastl lrrfr más hfmõb5 hrlar habhdfbls mfbøtfbas y nlsfrcabdzanas. a à armfbía prdbhdpa`. pfr slr uba lstruhtura slbhd`à, slbhd`à, plrmdtl qul à habhdøb sla prlvdsdk`l y jáhd` nl lshuhiar. à crab mayfría nl `fs idts pfp sl kasab lb lsta lstruhtura nl vlrsf/lstrdkd``f, lb à qul sl prlslbtab ndjlrlbtls vardahdfbls. uba nl às vardabtls qul sl sul`l utd`dzar, pfr lelmp`f, ls hfmlbzar hfb l` lstrdkd``f, y acrlcar uba vardahdøb nl` mdsmf sdb katlría hlrha nl` jdba`. à habhdøb lstábnar pfp sul`l lstar hfmpulsta pfr ub kulb lstrdkd``f y uba kulba ml`fnía f mftdvf musdha` qul aparlhl a tfnf `f àrcf nl à habhdøb. lstl tdpf nl habhdøb sl kasa lb l` hfbtrastl (akak), ls nlhdr, sl pasa nl a a k y nl k a a. ls dmpfrtabtl `fcrar uba hàra ndjlrlbhda lbtrl amkfs l`lmlbtfs, pfr `f LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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hua` ls lslbhda` l` hfbtrastl lbtrl às nfs slhhdfbls. à lblrcía y l` h`ímax lstáb pulstfs lb l` lstrdkd``f, mdlbtras qul `fs vlrsfs sfb más ha`mfs f susplbsdvfs. sul`l acrlcarsl uba tlrhlra slhhdøb, l` pulbtl, qul hfbtrasta hfb l` vlrsf y l` lstrdkd``f y sdrvl tabtf para aumlbtar à lblrcía nl à habhdøb, hfmf para nar ub adrl bulvf. lbtrl às harahtlrístdhas prdbhdpa`ls sl pulnlb lbhfbtrar5 sdmp`lza, prlvdsdkd`dnan, lxhlsf nl rlpltdhdøb, y pfhfs l`lmlbtfs, pfr `f hua` à habhdøb ls muy jáhd` nl rlhfrnar. rlhfr nar. nlbtrf nl lsta mdsma hatlcfría sul`lb aparlhlr às habhdfbls nl rfho, nl lstruhtura dnäbtdha a à habhdøb pfp, plrf lb às hua`ls aparlhlb a`cubas ftras slhhdfbls hfb vardahdfbls, hfmf l` sf`f, l` prllstrdkd``f f a`cõb pasael dbstrumlbta`. lsta jfrma muy h`ásdha lb l` rfho, y lb l` mlta`, prfbtf aparlhdø lb ftrfs cäblrfs, hfmf l` nabhl nl `fs ’47, ’47, nfbnl nfbnl sl utd`dzarfb à mdsma lstruhtura, acrlcabnf vardahdfbls dbstrumlbta`ls a habhdfbls nl ub hàrf haráhtlr hfmlrhda`. à nurahdøb nl lstas habhdfbls sul`l vardar lbtrl ; y < mdbutfs. [lsumlb - habhdfbls nl hfrta lxtlbsdøb.

- j ubhdfbab lb rlàhdøb a à dnla vlrsf-lstrdkd``f. ubhdfbab - hàrf hfbtrastl lbtrl slhhdfbls. - dnlas jracmlbtanas y nl hfrta lxtlbsdøb. - uba f nfs dnlas musdha`ls julrtls qul sl rlpdtlb (ml`fnía, rdjj, mftdvf). - ap`dhak`l ap`dhak`l a ndjlrlbtls cäblrfs musdha`ls. - dnlas prlvdsdk`ls, y hfb lxhlsf nl rlpltdhdøb. - pulnl akurrdr pfr l` lxhlsf nl rlpltdhdøb. - pfhf lspahdf para nlsarrf`àr dnlas. - j ørmuà akak. ørmuà

HABHDFBLX @DBLA@LX pfr lstruhtura `dbla` sl lbtdlbnl aqul`à lb à qul uba slhhdøb sdcul a ftra slhhdøb. lb lstl tdpf nl habhdøb l` nlsarrf``f ls hfbslhutdvf, ls nlhdr, nlhdr, l` hfmpfsdtfr nlsarrf`à uba slhhdøb, ùlcf ftra, y ùlcf uba bulva. lb lsta lstruhtura, às slhhdfbls sul`lb lstar hfblhtanas lbtrl sí, a ndjlrlbhda nl às nl à habhdøb prfcrlsdva nfbnl às slhhdfbls pulnlb f bf tlblr rlàhdøb. lb à habhdøb `dbla` `fs l`lmlbtfs rlaparlhlb a `f àrcf nl às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls nl à habhdøb (akhakn). anlmás, lstl tdpf nl habhdøb, a` cfzar nl uba harahtlrístdha `dbla`, sul`l tlblr tlblr à tlbnlbhda nl dr nl ub ùcar a ftrf? lb ftras paàkras, à habhdøb sl va nlsarrf`àbnf. hfmdlbza lb ub ùcar trabqud`f f nl susplbsf y pasa a ub ùcar lxp`fsdvf y nl h`ímax. pulnl tlrmdbar lb l` máxdmf h`ímax f lb ub amkdlbtl sdmdàr a` dbdhda` nlplbndlbnf nl às dbtlbhdfbls nl` hfmpfsdtfr. para lvdtar qul à habhdøb sl vul`va akstrahta akstrahta f tlbca nl ub lxhlsf nl `dbla`dnan, à tlbnlbhda ls vf`vlr a rlpltdr às mlefrls slhhdfbls para clblrar lstrdkd``fs, así hfmf ndjlrlbtls mftdvfs f ml`fnías, `f qul plrmdtl clblrar ub ùcar LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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hømfnf y slcurf para l` fylbtl. lb clblra`, tlrmdbab sdlbnf habhdfbls frdcdba`ls l dbf`vdnak`ls pfr su vardlnan, nlsarrf``f y rlpltdhdøb. lb lstl tdpf nl habhdøb ls hfmõb lbhfbtrar ndjlrlbtls às ml`fnías, mftdvfs y rdjj qul sul`lb rlpltdrsl, aubqul bf lb lxhlsf, hfmf lb à habhdøb lstábnar pfp. anlmás, hfb jrlhulbhda lstfs l`lmlbtfs atravdlsab às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls, pfr `f hua`, ub mftdvf dbdhda` nl uba slhhdøb pulnl rlaparlhlr lb ftra. lbtrl `fs l`lmlbtfs harahtlrístdhfs harahtlrístdhfs nl lsta habhdøb sl lbhulbtrab5 à rlpltdhdøb bf lxhlsdva, à akubnabhda nl l`lmlbtfs, à vardahdøb, l` h`ímax, l` amkdlbtl, l` nlsarrf``f, y à frdcdba`dnan. lelmp`fs nl a`cubas habhdfbls `dbla`ls sfb5 Qullb - Kfilmdab [iapsfny, Drfb Madnlb - Jlar fj til Naro, Efurbly - Nfbt Xtfp Kl`dlvdbc, Xtyx - Mr. [fkftf, Cubs B' [fsls - Bfvlmklr [adb. à nurahdøb nl lstas habhdfbls sul`l vardar lbtrl < y 17 mdbutfs. [lsumlb - habhdfbls nl mlndaba lxtlbsdøb. - à hfbstruhhdøb nl à habhdøb bf cdra lb tfrbf a à dnla nl vlrsf-lstrdkd``f. - nlsarrf``f `dbla` hfb rlpltdhdøb.

- dnlas `dbla`ls, rlàhdfbanas y nl mlndaba lxtlbsdøb. - vardas dnlas musdha`ls julrtls qul sl rlpdtlb. - hfbstruhhdøb nl à lblrcía, à tlbsdøb y l` h`ímax. - kulb nlsarrf``f musdha`. - r lpltdhdøb a partdr nl à vardahdøb, l` hfbtrastl y l` nlsarrf``f. lpltdhdøb - hrlahdøb nl amkdlbtl. - bf sfb prlvdsdk`ls. - j ørmuà5 akhnakhn. ørmuà5

MÕXDHA W[FC[LXDZA sd kdlb lxdstl ub tdpf nl habhdøb a à qul sl atrdkuyl a` cäblrf prfcrlsdvf, lb

lstl hasf lbtlbnlmfs qul l` tärmdbf prfcrlsdvf tärmdbf prfcrlsdvf prfvdlbl nl prfcrlsf, hfbsdnlranf hfmf hfbtdbuf avabhl. lb ftras paàkras, às habhdfbls mdrab iahda anlàbtl y sl f`vdnab nl su pasanf (akhnlj ). `f dmpfrtabtl aquí ls l` nlsarrf``f y qudzás pfr ). l``f sul`l slr hfbsdnlrana à jfrma nl habhdøb más hlrhaba a à mõsdha h`ásdha. h ua`ls l` nlsarrf``f ls tab `dbla` y prfcrlsdvf, prfcrl sdvf, lb às sfb lsas habhdfbls lb às hua`ls ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls hfilsdfbanas ubas nltrás nl ftras, dbndjlrlbtls lbtrl sí, nl` ta` mablra qul sd sl nlsarmara à habhdøb y às slhhdfbls sl vf`vdlrab a eubtar, slcudríab sfbabnf kdlb. uba slhhdøb pulnl abtlhlnlr a ftra sdmdàr (f a uba hfb uba `dclra vardahdøb) f a uba nl tfta` hfbtrastl, plrf `f más nlstahak`l ls qul bf sl rlpdtlb às slhhdfbls y qul pulnlb slr aelbas lbtrl sí. ls nlhdr qul bf sul`lb rlpltdrsl mftdvfs, ml`fnías y ftras dnlas musdha`ls. Iay uba crab vardlnan nl slhhdfbls y lstas bf sfb nlplbndlbtls ubas nl às ftras. ls dmpfsdk`l lbhfbtrar ub lstrdkd``f, y sul`lb slr habhdfbls qul rfzab l` haráhtlr dbstrumlbta` y à lxp`frahdøb musdha`. `fs l`lmlbtfs más rlprlslbtatdvfs LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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nl lstl tdpf nl habhdøb sfb l` amkdlbtl, l` hfbtrastl lbtrl às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls y à tfta`dnan nl à habhdøb, à tlxtura nl` sfbdnf, à frdcdba`dnan nl `fs l`lmlbtfs y nl `fs arrlc`fs, l` h`ímax, à lblrcía dmplrabtl lb à habhdøb, à harlbhda nl rlpltdhdøb, y à ja`ta nl l`lmlbtfs plcandzfs f rlhfbfhdk`ls. nana sus harahtlrí harahtlrístdhas stdhas bf sfb habhdfbls slbhd`às nl rlhfrnar. lb lstl pubtf bfs rljlrdmfs a à harlbhda nl ub l`lmlbtf qul iaca jáhd` l` rlhfbfhdmdlbtf nl à habhdøb pfrqul, a ndjlrlbhda nl uba habhdøb pfp, l` fylbtl f ylbtl nlkl lshuhiar vardas vlhls à fkra para jamd`dardzarsl hfb à mdsma. muhias vlhls à dnla nl à habhdøb sul`l nljdbdrsl hfmf ub vdael musdha`. lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls prfcrlsdvas sfb5 Cäblsds - Xupplr's [lany, Tls H`fsl tf til Lncl, [usi - ;11;. hab hdfbls sul`l slr mayfr a 17 mdbutfs, y muhias muhia s vlhls à nurahdøb nl lstas habhdfbls lstáb ndvdndnas lb vardas partls nlkdnf a su lxtlbsdøb. [lsumlb - habhdfbls nl àrca nurahdøb.

- dnlas prfcrlsdvas, jracmlbtanas y nl àrca lxtlbsdøb. - harlbhda nl lstruhturas. - lxhlsf nl dnlas musdha`ls. - hfbstruhhdøb, amkdlbtl, hfbtrastl, lblrcía y tlbsdøb. - lxhlsf nl nlsarrf``f musdha`. - harlbhda nl rlpltdhdøb. - harlbhda nl uba dnla f mftdvf musdha`. - amkdlbtl y tlxturas musdha`ls sfkrl sfkr l à ml`fnía. - r lsu`tanfs dmprlvdsdk`ls. lsu`tanfs - lxplrdmlbtahdøb, f vdael musdha` - pulnl akurrdr pfr à auslbhda nl dnlas hàras. - j ørmuà5 aklj ørmuà5 chn.

HFBH@\XDØB nlplbndlbnf `fs dbtlrlsls l` hfmpfsdtfr pulnl l`lcdr lbtrl trls jfrmas f lstruhturas nl habhdøb. sd sl kushab à slbhd``lz y à krlvlnan, à jáhd` dnlbtdjdhahdøb

nl à habhdøb ls rlhfmlbnak`l utd`dzar uba jfrma lstábnar pfp. sd sl kusha uba jfrma más hrlatdva, plrf sdb ``lcar a uba akstrahhdøb lxhlsdva, pulnl fptar pfr uba habhdøb `dbla`, puls plrmdtl nlsarrf`àr uba dnla musdha` hfb más `dklrtanls y sdb tabtas hfmp`dhahdfbls. lb hamkdf, sd l` hfmpfsdtfr kusha ub nlsarrf``f mayfr, sdb `dmdtls, uba lxp`frahdøb nl` sfbdnf así hfmf nl `fs l`lmlbtfs y nl à hfmpfsdhdøb, uba jfrma prfcrlsdva ls à à l`lhhdøb más aprfpdana. bdbcuba lstruhtura nl habhdøb ls más jáhd` nl `fcrar qul ftra? tfnas rlqudlrlb ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs y mltas. mdlbtras lb uba l` nlsarrf``f hfmpfsdtdvf ls dmpfrtabtl, lb às ftras l` `fcrf anlhuanf nl uba lxhl`lbtl ml`fnía así hfmf à hàra lstruhturahdøb nl às slhhdfbls tfmab ub papl` prftacøbdhf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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L@LMLB^FX NL \BA HABHDØB hfmf ub lndjdhdf, às habhdfbls lstáb hfmpulstas pfr ndstdbtfs l`lmlbtfs? bf

nlkl ja`ta bdbcuba pdlza y hana ubf nl l`às sl dbtlcra l dbjùyl lb à habhdøb nl ndjlrlbtl mablra. huabnf iakàmfs nl l`lmlbtfs nl uba habhdøb, habhdøb, bf bfs rljlrdmfs lb lstl hasf a `fs l`lmlbtfs lstruhtura`ls nl uba habhdøb, hfmf às slhhdfbls, `fs vlrsfs, l` lstrdkd``f f l` pulbtl, sdbf a `fs l`lmlbtfs l `lmlbtfs qul hfbjfrmab às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls nl uba habhdøb. pfnlmfs hàsdjdhar `fs l`lmlbtfs lb trls tdpfs musdha`ls, tlxtua`ls y clblra`ls.

@FX L@LMLB^FX M\XDHA@LX NL \BA HABHDØB `fs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls nl à habhdøb sfb à ml`fnía, à armfbía, l` rdtmf y

`fs sd`lbhdfs.

@A ML@FNÍA à ml`fnía ls l` lel prdbhdpa` nl uba habhdøb, ls `f qul iahl a hana habhdøb

õbdha l dbndvdnua`, `f qul à nljdbl. míbdmamlbtl nlkl lxdstdr uba ml`fnía prdbhdpa` y pulnl iaklr ml`fnías slhubnardas qul hfmp`lmlbtlb à ml`fnía prdbhdpa` f qul clblrlb ub hfbtrapubtf, ls nlhdr nlhdr,, à hfmkdbahdøb nl nfs f mas ml`fnías sdmu`táblas. sdmu`táblas. bfs rljlrdmfs a à ml`fnía kasl hfmf à `íbla musdha` qul nlkl slr habtana y `àmamfs ml`fnías hfmp`lmlbtardas a às lelhutanas pfr `fs hfrfs, slcubnas vfhls f a`cõb ftrf dbstrumlbtf qul hfàkfrl lb à `íbla ml`øndha f lb ub hfbtrapubtf. clblra`mlbtl, sul`l iaklr nfs ml`fnías kasl pfr habhdøb, uba para `fs vlrsfs y ftra para `fs lstrdkd``fs, aubqul tamkdäb lxdstlb habhdfbls hfb uba sfà ml`fnía. va`l nlstahar qul huabtas más ml`fnías iaya, más rdha ls à habhdøb, puls lb l`à lxdstlb más dnlas musdha`ls. à ml`fnía ls à ahtrdz prdbhdpa` nl à fkra, pfrqul sdb ml`fn ía bf iay habhdøb.

@A A[MFBÍA à armfbía lstak`lhl à rlàhdøb lbtrl às bftas y su ndstabhda. lstá nljdbdna

pfr à tfba`dnan? lstf sdcbdjdha bd más bd mlbfs lb quä lshaà musdha` sl lbhulbtra nlsarrf`àna à fkra. l`à nljdbl à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls qul vamfs a usar, às bftas qul hfmpfblb à ml`fnía y às rlàhdfbls lbtrl amkas. à armfbía sl LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

8:


hfbsdnlra tfba` huabnf ls pfsdk`l dnlbtdjdharà a ub tfbf f lshaà musdha`. pfr l` hfbtrardf, à harlbhda nl ub hlbtrf f tfbf ls `f qul sl hfbfhl hfmf à atfba`dnan . lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, sd uba cudtarra ahfmpaña a ub habtabtl, à cudtarra sl lbharca nl` ahfmpañamdlbtf hfb `fs ahfrnls y l` habtabtl, nl à ml`fnía. à armfbía sl lbhulbtra tabtf lb à ml`fnía habtana, hfmf lb `fs ahfrnls lelhutanfs pfr à cudtarra y lb à dbtlrrlàhdøb lbtrl amkfs. ls pfsdk`l utd`dzar ndjlrlbtls armfbías para clblrar ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs musdha`ls, pfr lelmp`f, `fcrar qul uba habhdøb sla más trdstl f más a`lcrl? a`cubas vlhls, lstf rlqudlrl uba plqulña mfndjdhahdøb lb à ml`fnía y, ftras vlhls, a`habza hfb ub sdmp`l hamkdf nl ahfrnls. à armfbía ls l` lshlbardf nfbnl fhurrl à fkra musdha`, ub ma` lshlbardf clblra qul bulstrf ahtrdz prdbhdpa` (à ml`fnía) sulbl ma`? pfr l` hfbtrardf, ubf kulbf lba`tlhlrá sus prfpdlnanls. âmkdäb, ls pfsdk`l clblrar armfbía ubdlbnf ndjlrlbtls `íblas ml`øndhas sdmu`táblamlbtl. hfmf bf ls pfsdk`l habtar ub ahfrnl, a hfrnl, `fs hfrfs sul`lb utd`dzar lstl rlhursf. va`l mlbhdfbar qul à armfbía sdlmprl lstá prlslbtl, aubqul ljlhtdvamlbtl bf sl lshuhil ub ahfrnl, puls ls à rlàhdøb lbtrl às bftas. l`à sl lbhulbtra dmp`íhdta tabtf lb à hfbstruhhdøb nl à ml`fnía hfmf lb `fs pfsdk`ls y ndjlrlbtls usfs nl `fs ahfrnls.

L@ [D^MF l` rdtmf ls à raíz nl à mõsdha. aparlhl l dbjùyl lb tfnfs sus l`lmlbtfs, tabtf lb à armfbía hfmf lb à ml`fnía. pfr lelmp`f, huabnf tfhamfs ahfrnls, lstfs sl lelhutab lb ub slbtdnf rítmdhf y uba ml`fnía pfrqul bf sfb sdmp`lmlbtl bftas a` azar, sdbf qul tamkdäb pfsllb ub patrøb rítmdhf. nlklmfs nlhdr qul ls ubf nl `fs asplhtfs más dmpfrtabtls y lslbhda`ls nl à mõsdha aubqul, usua`mlbtl, ls ^DW5 L` rdtmf ls uba nl `fs l`lmlbtfs qul sl na pfr slbtanf y lb `fs qul pfnlmfs slr muy nleanf nl ànf. pfr rdtmf lbtlbnlmfs hrlatdvfs y frdcdba`ls. à ahlbtuahdøb, `fs jùefs nl tdlmpfs y l` usf nl `fs sd`lbhdfs. l` rdtmf clblra ljlhtfs y slbsahdfbls, sul`l mfndjdhar muhiísdmf l` amkdlbtl y vl`fhdnan nl uba habhdøb? y lstf sl pulnl usar para prfnuhdr ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs nl plrhlphdøb y nl hfmpfsdhdøb. lb hfbslhulbhda, uba ml`fnía `lbta hfb ub rdtmf rápdnf, f uba ml`fnía rápdna hfb ub rdtmf `lbtf clblrab ndjlrlbtls rlsu`tanfs. nlklmfs nlstahar qul, lb mayfr mlndna, `fs cäblrfs musdha`ls sl lbhulbtrab nljdbdnfs pfr l` rdtmf, pfr lelmp`f, lb l` tabcf, à sa`sa, l` rfho, pfr mlbhdfbar a`cubfs. pfr u`tdmf, nlklmfs ahàrar qul l` rdtmf lb à à hfmpfsdhdøb sdrvl para nlstahar bftas, lbjatdzar, hrlar drrlcuàrdnanls f sdmltrías, acrlcar vl`fhdnan y mfvdmdlbtf, clblrar pausas, ubdfbls f ndjlrlbhdas y hfbtrastls lbtrl slhhdfbls. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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@FX XD@LBHDFX hfb `fs sd`lbhdfs, bfs rljlrdmfs a à harlbhda nl sfbdnfs lb hua`qudlra nl sus trls asplhtfs5 ml`øndhf, armøbdhf f rítmdhf. à mõsdha lstá hfmpulsta pfr sfbdnfs

y sd`lbhdfs, pfr `f hua` l` sd`lbhdf ls ub asplhtf dbilrlbtl a à mõsdha. lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, sdrvl tabtf para à hrlahdøb nl` rdtmf, hfmf para à clblrahdøb nl tlbsdøb y à hfbstruhhdøb nl ub h`ímax f amkdlbtl.

@FX L@LMLB^FX ^LY^\A@LX NL @A HABHDØB à `ltra ls à hfmkdbahdøb nl l`lmlbtfs tlxtua`ls hfb à ml`fnía, ls à ubdøb

lbtrl `fs sfbdnfs nl às bftas musdha`ls y `fs sfbdnfs nl às síàkas nl às paàkras. pfr l`lmlbtfs tlxtua`ls bfs rljlrdmfs a paàkras, síàkas f crdtfs. uba `ltra hfb uba ml`fnía ls más jáhd` nl rlhfrnar qul uba ml`fnía sdb `ltra f qul uba `ltra sdb ml`fnía. puls sl tdlbnl a asfhdar muy jáhd`mlbtl l` sfbdnf musdha` hfb l` sfbdnf sd`ákdhf. à paàkra eusta lb su máxdma sfbfrdnan clblra ub ljlhtf õbdhf. nlklmfs nlstahar qul à `ltra nlkl rlspltar à ml`fnía, tabtf lb su jfrma hfmf lb lxtlbsdøb? sdb lsta hfdbhdnlbhda, nlklb rlshrdkdrsl à jrasl musdha` f à jrasl tlxtua`. `f mdsmf nlkl rla`dzarsl lb hasf nl nljfrmar às paàkras f abtl à maà ahlbtuahdøb. `fs sfbdnfs musdha`ls pfr sí mdsmfs harlhlb nl sdcbdjdhanf. pfr `f hua`, à ml`fnía utd`dza à `ltra para acrlcar sdcbdjdhanf, pfr `f hua` uba jrasl musdha` sl hfbvdlrtl lb uba jrasl tlxtua`? lstf bfs plrmdtl trabsmdtdr ub mlbsael. pfr su partl, às paàkras utd`dzab `fs sfbdnfs musdha`ls para lba`tlhlr sus prfpdlnanls, para `fcrar ub mayfr ljlhtf y äbjasds lb `f qul sl ndhl. nlsnl ub pubtf nl vdsta hfmpfsdtdvf, muhifs artdstas ajdrmab qul às paàkras tdlblb su prfpda musdha`dnan, pfr `f hua` ls pfsdk`l lbhfbtrar à ml`fnía dbilrlbtl lb l`às. lstf akrl à pulrta a à pfsdkd`dnan nl hfmpfblr prdmlrf à ml`fnía f l` tlxtf, dbndstdbtamlbtl. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul hdlrtas habhdfbls bf sfb habtanas, ls nlhdr, às síàkas bf sl hfrrlspfbnlb hfb uba ml`fnía. lb lstl hasf, l` tlxtf pulnl slr ub l`lmlbtf dbndvdnua` y aelbf a à mõsdha, pfr lelmp`f huabnf ls rlhdtanf f sl iakà sfkrl à mõsdha. ftrf hasf sl na huabnf às paàkras, lb vlz nl lstar ubdnas a uba ml`fnía, lstab ubdnas a ub rdtmf? lstf sl hfbfhl hfmf raplar .

@FX L@LMLB^FX CLBL[A@LX âmkdäb hfbfhdnfs hfmf arrlc`fs arrlc`fs,, sfb plqulñfs nlta``ls nl à habhdøb. bf nljdblb uba habhdøb, sfb l`lmlbtfs qul sdrvlb para nlhfrar, nab hf`fr, acrlcab vardlnan y lstáb nljdbdnfs, pfr lelmp`f, pfr l` tdpf nl dbstrumlbtfs qul sl utd`dzab, asd hfmf ftrfs tdpfs nl l`lmlbtfs slhubnardfs. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul lstfs l`lmlbtfs sdrvlb para nlstahar `f qul sl qudlrl trabsmdtdr lb à habhdøb. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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L@ AMKDLB^L Iahl rljlrlbhda a qul tdpf nl h`dma trabsmdtl à habhdøb5 a`lcrl, trdstl, mlàbhø`dhf, así hfmf tamkdäb ftras hulstdfbls slhubnardas hfmf5 md`dtar, místdhf, rfmábtdhf, rlkl`nl, dbjabtd`, äpdhf, lthätlra. l` amkdlbtl sl clblra tabtf pfr à sl`lhhdøb nl dbstrumlbtfs y pfr à hfmpfsdhdøb. lb huabtf a à sl`lhhdøb nl `fs dbstrumlbtfs, pfr lelmp`f, hfbsdnlrlmfs à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl l` usf nl ub pdabf y ub ørcabf, l` matdz sfbfrf, l` tdmkrl y, partdhuàrmlbtl, hfb quä lstá asfhdanf lstl dbstrumlbtf. lb huabtf a` amkdlbtl pfr hfmpfsdhdøb, bfs rljlrdmfs a` usf nl arrlc`fs (rítmdhfs, armøbdhfs, nl cäblrf, nl dbtlrprltahdøb, lthätlra) y a hømf sl asfhdab hu`tura`mlbtl? ub hàrf lelmp`f ls l` usf nl` rlnfk`l md`dtar f l` adrl nl hdrhf. va`l nlstahar qul l` amkdlbtl bf blhlsardamlbtl sl asfhda hfb l` cäblrf musdha`, sdbf hfb `f qul sl kusha hrlar f trabsmdtdr à habhdøb. pfr lelmp`f, bdcitwdsi clblra`mlbtl sul`l utd`dzar ub amkdlbtl äpdhf, mlndlva`, mlàbhø`dhf, mdlbtras qul à habhdøb nl Wdñøb Jdef - Hiuhiuwa sd kdlb ls uba habhdøb dbjabtd` a`lcrl tdlbl hdlrtf amkdlbtl md`dtar. âmkdäb pfnlmfs mlbhdfbar Mdhial` Eahosfb Eahosfb - îrd``lr , qul ls uba habhdøb pfp qul ``lva ub crab rdtmf, rdtmf, plrf harcana hfb ub h`dma nl susplbsf y tlrrfr. a`cubas habhdfbls utd`dzab vardfs amkdlbtls, pfr lelmp`f, ub amkdlbtl para à dbtrfnuhhdøb f l` jdba` y ftrf, para à habhdøb lb sí mdsma. f ub amkdlbtl para l` lstrdkd``f, y ftrf, para `fs vlrsfs.

@FX LJLH^FX XFBF[FX iahl rljlrlbhda a `fs sfbdnfs bf musdha`ls nl uba habhdøb qul sl usab para nlhfrar y clblrar amkdlbtl. akarhab nlsnl `ùvda, sfbdnf nl ndblrf, autfs, trlbls, taànrfs, lthätlra. lstfs l`lmlbtfs pulnlb aparlhlr lb hua`qudlr mfmlbtf nl à habhdøb, sfb aelbfs musdha`mlbtl, y bf blhlsardfs l dbndsplbsak`ls para à habhdøb. pfr lelmp`f, Wdbo J`fyn - Mfbly, Drfb Madnlb - ; Mdbutls tf Mdnbdcit, Ndrl Xtradts Mfbly jfr Bftidbc, Jastka`` - îl Say . lb lsta hatlcfría tamkdäb lbtrab `fs sfbdnfs prfnuhdnfs, prfnuhdnfs, dbhùsf ndcdta`mlbtl,qul ndcdta`mlbtl,qul bf pulnlb slr rlprfnuhdnfs pfr dbstrumlbtfs musdha`ls. ub kulb lelmp`f nl lstf ls Xord``lx. sl

@AX J[AXLX F JD@@X sfb plqulñas dnlas musdha`ls qul sl usab para hfmp`ltar y rl``lbar à habhdøb. sl utd`dzab nlsnl jrasls, mftdvfs, rdjjs, ahfp`ls, arplcdfs f sfbdnfs nl rl``lbf. às jrasls sl utd`dzab para hfmp`ltar f nlstahar uba partl nl à habhdøb,

pfr lelmp`f, lb à habhdøb nl Xabtaba jlaturdbc Maba - Hfrazøb lspdbanf, lspdbanf, à cudtarra hfmp`lta `fs vahífs y sd`lbhdfs nl à ml`fnía prdbhdpa`. pfr s u partl, `fs jd``s tdlblb à jdba`dnan nl ubdr nfs slhhdfbls lb uba habhdøb.


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L@ ^DMK[L l` tdmkrl ls à hua`dnan nl` sfbdnf qul plrmdtl ndstdbcudr à mdsma bfta prfnuhdna pfr nfs dbstrumlbtfs musdha`ls ndjlrlbtls. a traväs nl` tdmkrl sfmfs hapahls nl ndjlrlbhdar nfs sfbdnfs nl dcua` jrlhulbhda, tfbf, f dbtlbsdnan. pfr lelmp`f, uba habhdøb nl` cäblrf mlta` sul`l tlblr ub tdmkrl más mltá`dhf qul ftrfs cäblrfs. âmkdäb, âmkdäb, bfs rljlrdmfs a sfbdnfs más apacanfs, krd`àbtls f vdkrabtls f lb dbc`äs Nry/Slt . ^DW5 \ba kulba dnla ls prfkar ndjlrlbtls à hfmubdøb nl `fs ndstdbtfs tdmkrls dbstrumlbtfs a à ifra nl arrlcàr à habhdøb. nl `fs dbstrumlbtfs ls muy dmpfrtabtl Wfnríab sfrprlbnlrsl hfb `fs rlsu`tanfs. lb à hfmpfsdhdøb, puls mfndjdha bftak`lmlbtl l` amkdlbtl nl uba habhdøb y prfnuhl ljlhtfs ndjlrlbtls. asdmdsmf l` ma` usf nl `fs tdmkrls pulnl prfnuhdr qul hdlrtfs sfbdnfs, qul sfb hfrrlhtfs hfmpfsdtdvamlbtl, sulblb aelbfs f dbhfrrlhtfs lb à habhdøb. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta bf sf`f à ndsfbabhda hfmpfsdtdva, ls nlhdr, a bdvl` nl `fs dbtlrva`fs, nl à tfba`dnan f nl à rlàhdøb lbtrl às bftas lbtrl sí, sdbf lb à ndsfbabhda lbtrl `fs sfbdnfs nl `fs dbstrumlbtfs. lsta prfpdlnan nl` sfbdnf, `àmana tdmkrl tdmkrl,, bfs plrmdtl ndstdbcudr l` sfbdnf nl `fs ndjlrlbtls dbstrumlbtfs, aubqul l``fs tlbcab à mdsma nurahdøb, dbtlbsdnan y a`tura. ls dmpfrtabtl tlblr lb hulbta à rlàhdøb nl `fs ndjlrlbtls sfbdnfs qul prfnuhlb `fs dbstrumlbtfs y hømf lstfs sl dbtlcrab pfr su tdmkrl f tlxtura. ls pfsdk`l clblrar tlbsdøb a partdr nl à ndsfbabhda f armfbía hausana pfr l` sfbdnf nl ub dbstrumlbtf. pfr lelmp`f, às ndjlrlbhdas lb l` tdmkrl nl ub pdabf, f ub ørcabf. lb lstl pubtf, bf nlklmfs f`vdnar l` tdmkrl nl à vfz lb às habhdfbls. cäblrfs hfmf l` kùls, l` rfho, f l` tabcf plrmdtdlrfb, pfr su hrunlza, vfhls hfb tdmkrls más raspanfs, rõstdhfs f ndsfbabtls lb hfbtrapfsdhdøb a às vfhls armøbdhas f suavls. l` ‐kulb habtar” habtar” pasø a ub slcubnf pàbf y tfmarfb rl`lvabhda à hrunlza y sdbcuàrdnan nl à vfz. sl rllmpàzø à ‐vf ‐vfzz plrjlhta” plrjlhta” pfr à ‐autlbtdhdnan” ‐autlbtdhdnan”.. lelmp`fs nl vfz hfb ub tdmkrl ndjlrlbtl sfb vdhlbtdhf, nl `fs j aku`fsfs hand`àhs, aku`fsfs hiar`y carhía, aàbai md``ls, kfk nyàb, O^ ûbsta``, ^dba ûrblr f eamls krfwb. va`l nlstahar qul l` eazz ls ubf nl `fs cäblrfs qul más eulca hfb `fs tdmkrls nl vfz. pfr ftrf ànf, nlklmfs mlbhdfbar qul a`cubas kabnas sul`lb utd`dzar vardfs habtabtls, hfmf Odss, qullb, `fs j aku`fsfs hand`àhs, kàho lyln plast, f aku`fsfs dbhùsf `fs klat`ls. a`cubas vlhls lstf suhlnl pfr uba hulstdøb rlàhdfbana hfb lshrdkdø à habhdøb y ftras vlhls, pfrqul hana habhdøb blhlsdta ub tdmkrl lb partdhuàr f pfrqul hdlrtas slhhdfbls sl nlstahab hfb hdlrtas vfhls. va`l bftar l` hfbtrastl nl` tdmkrl nl à vfz lb às habhdfbls nl Odss - @dho Dt \p f Odss - Nltrfdt [fho Hdty hfmparanas hfb Odss - [fho abn [f`` A`` Bdtl. uba nl às mlefrls habhdfbls para hfmprfkar à ndjlrlbhda nl tdmkrl lb às vfhls ls Sl Arl îl Sfr`n , nfbnl partdhdpab muhiísdmfs y ndjlrlbtls artdstas habtabnf à mdsma habhdøb. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

>7

HAWÍ^\@F ZD

¶Q\Ä BAHL W[DML[F, @A MÕXDHA F @A @L^[A6 ya saklmfs quä ls uba habhdøb, plrf às crabnls prlcubtas ¶Hømf lmplzar6

¶Wfr à mõsdha6¶Wfr à `ltra6¶Hømf sl hfmdlbza a iahlr uba habhdøb6 `f hdlrtf ls qul lxdstlb ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl lmplzar uba habhdøb y hana uba nl l`às prfnuhl vardanfs rlsu`tanfs. `f huá` prfnuhl ndjlrlbtls habhdfbls hfb sus dbhfbvlbdlbtls y vlbtaeas. `f dmpfrtabtl ls qul tfnas sdrvlb hfmf a`tlrbatdva para nlsplrtar à dbspdrahdøb a` mfmlbtf nl hfmpfblr.

HFMLBUA[ WF[ @A @L^[A i fra nl lshrdkdr, pfrqul bf lstamfs aeustanfs a à ml`fnía bfs na `dklrtan a à ifra f a `fs hfmpasls nl à habhdøb y pfnlmfs usar às síàkas f rdmas qul qulramfs, anlmás nl pàbtlar ub mlbsael lb à `ltra. l` amkdlbtl, rdtmf y l` slbtdnf nl à habhdøb vdlblb nanfs pfr l` rdtmf nl às síàkas y pfr `f qul ndhlb às paàkras. sd l` cäblrf qul lshrdklb lbjatdza à `ltra sfkrl à ml`fnía, hfmf lb l ` rap, jfò, vlrslanf, hfpàs, lthätlra, lthätlra, ls mlefr lmplzar pfr à `ltra. sd qulrlmfs nar ub kulb mlbsael, f tlblmfs uba kulba idstfrda para hfbtar, sdb nunas, `f mlefr ls lmplzar pfr à `ltra.

LMWLUA[ WF[ @A ML@FNÍA lb lstl mätfnf, à `ltra nl à habhdøb sl aeusta a` rdtmf nl à ml`fnía y nl à habhdøb, anqudlrl l` slbtdnf y slbtdmdlbtf nl à mõsdha y, ùlcf, sl `f lbjatdza. lstf bfs na `dklrtan musdha`, plrf à `ltra sl vl dbjùdna pfr `f qul à habhdøb trabsmdtl. a`lcrls” tdlbnlb a hf`fs cäblrfs hfmf rfho, pfp, pfp, y nlmás lstd`fs musdha`ls ‐ a`lcrls mlbzar pfr à ml`fnía, puls à `ltra anqudlrl ub matdz más musdha` y sfbfrf.

WA[^D[ NL @A W[FC[LXDØB NL AHF[NLX nlsarrf`àmfs uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls l dbtlbtamfs hrlar à ml`fnía

habtábnf f tfhábnf lbhdma nl l``fs. lstf bfs `dmdta tabtf ml`øndha hfmf `írdhamlbtl. qudzás, sdrva hfmf `àma para hrlar uba ml`fnía hfb ub dbstrumlbtf f para dbtlbtar habtar`l lbhdma plrf lb clblra`, sl prfnuhl uba tlbnlbhda a slcudr à ml`fnía qul marhab `fs ahfrnls. ls uba crab `dmdtahdøb a à ifra nl hrlar sd bf lstamfs muy slcurfs nl `f qul qulrlmfs habtar. ls jáhd` rlhfbfhlr huábnf uba dnla musdha` sl nlsarrf``ø a partdr nl uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls, pfrqul sul`l iaklr ub sd`lbhdf lb `fs prdmlrfs tdlmpfs nl` hfmpás. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

>1


LMWLUA[ WF[ L@ [D^MF partl nl ub rdtmf nl katlría, uba plrhusdøb f ub klat para nlsarrf`àr à habhdøb. ùlcf pfnlmfs nlsarrf`àr à armfbía, à `ltra f abdmarbfs a habtar. lstl mätfnf ls muy usua` lb cäblrfs hfmf idp-ifp, nabhl, [&K, l`lhtrøbdha, lthätlra. bfs lbhfbtramfs hfb l` prfk`lma qul sl `dmdta l` rdtmf, à lblrcía y l` slbtdmdlbtf plrf pulnl slr ub kulb ùcar para hrla r uba habhdøb plcandza, kadàk`l f hfb hdlrta lblrcía. ^lblmfs más `dklrtan qul partdlbnf nl `fs ahfrnls, plrf à lblrcía y l` rdtmf nl à habhdøb ya sl lbhulbtra prlnltlrmdbana. sl

DBDHDA[ HFB \BA J[AXL à jrasl pulnl slr uba qul lshuhiamfs pfr aií, qul `límfs f qul sl bfs fhurrdø. bf dmpfrta qul sla uba `íbla hfmõb l drrl`lvabtl f uba clbda`dnan. sdmp`l-

mlbtl, trata nl dbdhdar à habhdøb habtabnf lsta jrasl y sl à dbtlbta hfmp`ltarà, mdlbtras sl lbhulbtrab `fs ahfrnls y à ml`fnía qul bfs sucdlrl. lb lstl mätfnf, l` mayfr prfk`lma hfbsdstl lb halr lb prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls muy usanas, lb rlpltdr dnlas f lb sfbar hømf uba habhdøb qul pfsll uba jrasl sdmdàr. s dmdàr. sdb nunas, ls ubf nl `fs ml efrls mätfnfs nl hfmpfsdhdøb. l` truhf lsta lb lxplrdmlbtar hfb `fs sfbdnfs nl ^DW5 Hfmlbzar a hfmpfblr pfr ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs nl à mõsdha f nl à `ltra tdlbl hfmf às paàkras para dr mf`nlabnf à ml`fnía rlsu`tanf ndjlrlbtls habhdfbls. y lvdtar `fs ùcarls hfmubls.

HFMLBUA[ WF[ L@ ^Í^\@F hfbsdstl lb tlblr à dnla nl à habhdøb tab kdlb rlsumdna, qul pfnlmfs nar`l

ub títu`f a à habhdøb. lstf nltlrmdba l` amkdlbtl, l` tlma sfkrl l` qul vamfs a lshrdkdr y bfs marha uba ndrlhhdøb para à `ltra, à ml`fnía y `fs pubtfs a `fcrar. à mayfría nl `fs sfbcwrdtlrs prfjlsdfba`ls hfmdlbzab pfr l` títu`f, l` hua` l` 44% nl às vlhls ls pfstlrdfrmlbtl usanf hfmf lstrdkd``f f cabhif. a` hfmlbzar pfr l` títu`f, saklmfs qul à tfta`dnan nl à habhdøb cdrará lb rlàhdøb a lsa dnla, mdlbtras qul, a` dbdhdar pfr uba jrasl, sakrlmfs sfkrl `f quä vamfs a habtar. anlmás, bf blhlsardamlbtl sl dbdhda habtabnf l` títu`f, sdbf qul saklmfs qul lsta jrasl nlkl nlstaharsl.

WA[^DLBNF NL \B K[ADBX^F[M lsta tähbdha ls muy usana lb puk`dhdnan. l` kradbstfrm kradbstfrm,, f tfrmlbta nl dnlas hfmf sl hfbfhl lb hastl`àbf, ls muy sdmp`l5 sl abftab asfhdahdfbls nl paàkras qul dráb nltlrmdbabnf l` amkdlbtl, l` tlma y à ndrlhhdøb nl à `ltra. ùlcf, sl às va rlàhdfbabnf para hrlar `fs vlrsfs, l` lstrdkd``f, l` pulbtl, lthätlra. à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl lstl mätfnf y l` nl lmplzar pfr à `ltra ls qul, lb vlz nl dr lshrdkdlbnf vlrsf pfr vlrsf, `íbla pfr `íbla, abftamfs tfnf `fs qul sl bfs vdlbl a à à haklza haklza para rlàhdfbar`f nlspuäs.


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HAWÍ^\@F ZDD

^LF[ÍA NL @FX ^[LX AHF[NLX qudzás qudlrlb lshrdkdr uba habhdøb y `ls custaría lmplzar pfr à mõsdha, plrf

bf saklb pfr nøbnl, f ta` vlz tdlblb ubas `ltras y qudlrlb lbhfbtrar`ls uba tfbana para vlr sd à habhdøb va pfr l` kulb hamdbf. aubqul muhia clbtl `f nlshfbfhl à crab mayfría nl às habhdfbls pfpuàrls lstáb hfmpulstas hfb trls ahfrnls. dbhùsf aqul`às habhdfbls, hfbfhdnas hfmf ndjíhd`ls” pfrqul tdlblb muhifs ahfrnls lstáb kasanas lb l` mdsmf prdbhdpdf qul ‐ ndjíhd`ls às habhdfbls slbhd`às. lstl prdbhdpdf ls hfbfhdnf hfmf ^lfría nl `fs trls ahfrnls. `f dbtlrlsabtl nl lsta tlfría ls qul sdrvl para hfmpfblr habhdfbls lb ub ratdtf, para tlblr à kasl nl uba habhdøb qul slrá ùlcf muhif más hfmp`lea f, sdmp`lmlbtl, para dmprfvdsar y qul sulbl kdlb aubqul ubf slpa muhif nl mõsdha.

[LQ\DXD^FX pfr supulstf, para utd`dzar lsta tlfría ls blhlsardf tlblr ub míbdmf míbdmf hfbfhdmdlbtf nl mõsdha. ls blhlsardf saklr a` mlbfs, à lshaà mayfr y `fs ahfrnls kásdhfs y, fkvdamlbtl, pfnlr tfhar ub par nl ahfrnls lb bulstrf dbstrumlbtf. uba vlz qul nfmdblb `fs ahfrnls kásdhfs, rlsu`tará lvdnlbtl qul a`cubfs ahfrnls sulbab mlefr eubtfs qul ftrfs.

¶LB Q\Ä HFBXDX^L LXÂ ^LF[ÍA6 lb hua`qudlr tfbf iay trls ahfrnls qul aparlhlb práhtdhamlbtl lb hua`qudlr prfcrlsdøb kásdha. ls nlhdr, iay 8 ahfrnls qul eubtfs sulbab kdlb sdlmprl, bf dmpfrta l` frnlb lb qul sl `fs tfqul, y qul sfb à kasl nl hua`qudlr hfmpfsdhdøb. a lstfs ahfrnls sl `fs hfbfhl hfb l` bfmkrl nl ahfrnls prdmardfs. pfnlmfs lbhfbtrar hua`qudlra nl lstfs ahfrnls lb ub tfbf jdeábnfbfs lb à lshaà mayfr. l` mätfnf ls slbhd``f, sdmp`lmlbtl5 tfhab ub ahfrnl qul na l` tfbf a à habhdøb, kushab huá`ls sfb à > ta y

>8


LELMW@DJDHAHDØB ^fmlmfs, pfr lelmp`f, à lshaà nl nf mayfr, qul bf tdlbl sfstlbdnfs bd klmf`ls. ‘sf` l ‘ ‘ md md ‘ ‘ j a ‘ sf` ‘ à ‘ sd ‘ nf às bftas sfb5 nf ‘ r `fs ahfrnls prdmardfs sfb trls5

L` ahfrnl tøbdhf5 à 1ra bfta nl à lshaà. j frma f rma l` ahfrnl tøbdhf y ls a partdr nl` hua` sl hfbstruyl à armfbía. lb lstl lelmp`f5 nf mayfr. L` ahfrnl suknfmdbabtl5 à >ta bfta. lb lstl hasf, hfbtamfs a partdr nl nf (d), y à bfta ls j a (dv). L` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl5 ls à < ta bfta. lb lstl hasf, hfbtamfs < bftas a partdr nl (v). nf (d) y l` rlsu`tanf ls5 sf` (v

ls nlhdr, lb l` tfbf nl nf l` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl ls sf`, y l` suknfmdbabtl ls a. pfr `f tabtf, sd tfhamfs lstfs 8 ahfrnls eubtfs lb uba habhdøb, sfbaráb kdlb, a. j sdb dmpfrtar l` frnlb, l` rdtmf f l` cäblrf musdha`. lb tlfría musdha` l` ahfrnl tøbdhf sl sdmkf`dza hfb l` bõmlrf rfmabf d? l` ahfrnl suknfmdbabtl, hfb l` dv y l` nfmdbabtl, hfb l` v.

A@C\BFX NLÂ@@LX `fs ahfrnls tøbdhfs (d) y suknfmdbabtls (dv) pulnlb slr mayfrls, mlbfrls f nl säptdma, plrf l` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl (v) ls sdlmprl mayfr y tamkdäb, sul`l tfharsl lb säptdma. nl lstl mfnf, muhias vlhls sl utd`dza v3 lb vlz nl v para

hrlar tlbsdøb. prfbtf sl nlshukrl qul muhias nl lstas hfmkdbahdfbls nl ahfrnls sulbab jamd`darls y qul à mayfría nl l`às jfrmab à kasl nl muhias habhdfbls pfpuàrls. a hfbtdbuahdøb, a`cubfs lelmp`fs5 @fs @fkfs - @a kamk kamka a

lsta kasana lb à prfcrlsdøb nl nf? `fs ahfrnls sfb nf, j a y sf`. à habhdøb ls muy slbhd`à nl tfhar, à tfbana muy plcandza, y sumana a à ml`fnía idhdlrfb nl à habhdøb ub äxdtf mubnda`. C ubs B' [ fsls - D \s \s ln tf @fvl Ilr ftra kl`à habhdøb nl trls ahfrnls, lsta vlz kasana lb à tfba`dnan nl ahfrnls sfb r l, à y sf`. l,

îl K la lat` t`ls ls - Mfbly

lb à tfba`dnan nl md? `fs ahfrnls sfb md, à y sd. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

>>

r l? l?

`fs


nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul `f qul ndjlrlbhda a ubas habhdfbls nl ftras lb

l` ahfmpañamdlbtf, apartl nl` frnlb lb qul vab `fs ahfrnls, ls l` tdlmpf qul sl mabtdlbl lb hana ahfrnl y l` rdtmf qul sl `l na a à slhulbhda. a hfbtdbuahdøb, dbhùdmfs uba takà nl `fs ahfrnls hfbstrudnfs sfkrl à lshaà mayfr lb hdbhf tfbfs para lmplzar a tfhar.

más anlàbtl vlrlmfs hømf utd`dzabnf às nlmas jubhdfbls qul aparlhlb lb à takà (mlndabtl, slbsdk`l, rlàtdvf mlbfr, suplrtøbdhf) pfnrlmfs rllmpàzar ahfrnls, acrlcar vardlnan y nlsarrf`àr à armfbía. ls dmpfrtabtl rlhfrnar qul à habtdnan nl ahfrnls bf nljdbl a uba habhdøb, sdbf qul iay muhifs más l`lmlbtfs lb l`à, hfmf à ml`fnía, l` rdtmf, `fs mftdvfs musdha`ls, `fs arrlc`fs f à tlxtura musdha`. `f más dmpfrtabtl ls `f qul trabsmdtdmfs. ls nlhdr, à suma nl tfnfs `fs l`lmlbtfs, ^DW5 L` vlrnanlrf slhrltf sl lbhulbtra musdha`ls y bf musdha`ls, qul jfrmab à lb lxplrdmlbtar l dbvlbtar bulvfs pahabhdøb hfmf ub tfnf. trfbls y rdtmfs pfr l``f pfnrlmfs bftar qul à crab mayfría nl às habhdfbls nl` hfubtry, hfubtry, kùls y rfho abn rf`` sfb hfmpfsdhdfbls nl trls ahfrnls, así hfmf muhias nl às crabnls habhdfbls pfp pfp.. hfmf l` hfmpfsdtfr Iaràb Ifwarn ndef a`cuba vlz5 ‐^fnf `f qul blhlsdtas para lshrdkdr uba habhdøb nl hfubtry sfb 8 ahfrnls y à vlrnan”.


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HAWÍ^\@F ZDDD

DB^[FN\HHDØB A @A W[FC[LXDØB NL AHF[NLX huabnf ubf lmpdlza a hfmpfblr, y más huabnf ubf rla`mlbtl bf sakl

muhif nl tlfría musdha`, hfmdlbza a tdrar ahfrnls a` azar5 ubfs sulbab kdlb, a`cubfs `l nab julrza a à habhdøb, y ftrfs sulbab sulb ab ifrrdpdàbtls. ^fnf ^fnf lstf tdlbl uba lxp`dhahdøb. lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr ilmfs vdstf hømf hfmpfblr sdmp`ls habhdfbls a partdr à tlfría nl `fs trls ahfrnls? lb lstl artíhu`f prfjubndzarlmfs lb à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls nl uba habhdøb. à prdbhdpa` razøb pfr à qul a`cubfs ahfrnls sulbab mlefr qul ftrfs ls qul `fs ahfrnls sl mulvlb y sl rlàhdfbab lbtrl sí ^DW5 Wara hfmprlbnlr l` hfbtlbdnf nl nl ndjlrlbtls mablras. lstl hapítu`f ls blhlsardf hfbfhlr hømf hfmf saklmfs, ub ahfrnl ls ub hfbjubhdfbab à Bftahdøb nl Hanlbhdas y l` Hdjranf Amlrdhabf. Amkfs tlmas sl lb eubtf nl trls bftas. a` pasar nl ub ahfrnl a hulbtrab lxp`dhanfs lb l` Ablxf ftrf, lstfs pulnlb (f bf) hfmpartdr a`cuba nl lsas bftas. aifra kdlb, sd amkfs ahfrnls hfmpartlb uba nl às bftas à prfcrlsdøb slrá más suavl y hfbtdbua, tlbnrá mfvdmdlbtf, armfbía y sfbará muhif mlefr, puls su rlàhdøb slrá más julrtl qul hfb ftrfs ahfrnls. l` slhrltf nl à armfbía sl lbhulbtra lb qul, sd `fs ahfrnls hfmpartlb bftas lb hfmõb, tlbnráb uba rlàhdøb armøbdha, mdlbtras qul huabnf bf hfmpartlb bftas, tlbnlráb a ``lvarsl ma`. a`cf sdmdàr fhurrl huabnf nfs plrsfbas iakàb5 sd lstáb plbsabnf plbsabnf `f mdsmf y tdlblb hfsas lb hfmõb, slrá más prfkak`l qul a sl ``lvlb kdlb, mdlbtras qul, sd sfb ndjlrlbtls y pdlbsab ndstdbtf, tlbnlráb a ndshutdr, puls tfnf `f qul sl ndcab sfbará ma`. ls rlhfmlbnak`l prlstar atlbhdøb a às bftas lb hfmõb, puls lb l` mfmlbtf nl hfmpfblr pfnrlmfs `fcrar ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs, hfmf aumlbtar à tlbsdøb, lbhfbtrar l` ahfrnl qul bfs sulba y bf saklmfs huá` ls, f `fcrar uba trabsdhdøb más suavl, lbtrl ftrfs.


>:


a hfbtdbuahdøb, prlslbtamfs uba cuía nl hømf sl rlàhdfbab `fs ahfrnls, sl trata sfàmlbtl nl rlhfmlbnahdfbls puls pulnlb pfblr ftrf ahfrnl slcõb su custf f hrdtlrdf y slrá su fínf l` qul ndrá quä ahfrnl ls mlefr para su habhdøb. W[FC[LXDØB NL AHF[NLX KAXANFX LB L@ W[DML[ AHF[NL KAXL (F ^ØBDHA) MATF[5 1 ………………… MATF[ ; ………………… MLBF[ 8 ………………… MLBF[ > ………………… MATF[ < ………………… MATF[ : ………………… MLBF[ 3 ………………… NDXMDB\DNF ^FMLMFX, WF[ LELMW@F, @A LXHA@A NL NF H MATF[ (D) N MLBF[ (DD) L MLBF[ (DDD) J MATF[ (DZ) C MATF[ (Z) A MLBF[ (ZD) K NDXMDB\DNF (ZDDF)

ABÁ@DXDX ^fmlmfs pfr lelmp`f c (sf` mayfr) y h (nf mayfr). huabnf bfs mfvlmfs nl à prfcrlsdøb Z-D , y ls uba nl às prfcrlsdfbls prfcrl sdfbls más julrtls qul iay. c a h sl `àma à prfcrlsdøb aba`dhlmfs quÄ bftas jfrmab `fs ahfrnls nl nf y sf`5 nf5 h l c sf`5 c k n prdmlrf, nlklmfs bftar qul a` hfmparar `fs ahfrnls nl nf (hfmpulstf pfr às bftas h-l-c) y sf` (hfmpulstf pfr às bftas c-k-n), às bftas mabtdlblb uba rlàhdøb nfmdbabtl, ls nlhdr, nlhd r, nl
>3


mayfr tlbsdøb. a lstf sl nlkl, l` äxdtf nl à tlfría nl `fs trls ahfrnls, qul ilmfs lxp`dhanf lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr. muhias habhdfbls usab uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls más jrácd` hfb uba `ltra trdstl f más lmfhdfba`. a bdvl` nl à hfmpfsdhdøb nl uba habhdøb, ub vlrsf usará uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls más jrácd`, mdlbtras qul, ub lstrdkd``f rlqudlrl uba prfcrlsdøb más julrtl. lsta ls à jørmuà más usua`, plrf pfr supulstf, iay habhdfbls qul rfmplb hfb lsta dnla.

AHF[NLX MLBF[LX ilmfs iakànf tfnavía nl às prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls kasanfs lb uba tøbdha mlbfr. para lbtlbnlr l` prfhlsf nl `fs ahfrnls mlbfrls utd`dzarlmfs l` mdsmf mätfnf qul para `fs ahfrnls mayfrls5 bf

W[FC[LXDØB NL AHF[NLX KAXANFX LB \BA ^ØBDHA MLBF[5 1 ………………… MLBF[ ; ………………… NDXMDB\DNF 8 ………………… MATF[ > ………………… MLBF[ < ………………… MLBF[ : ………………… MATF[ 3 ………………… MATF[ LELMW@F NL @A MLBF[5 A MLBF[ (D) K NDXMDB\DNF (DDF) H MATF[ (DDD) N MLBF[ (DZ) L MLBF[ (Z) J MATF[ (ZD) C MATF[ (ZDD)

lb às tøbdhas mlbfrls, l` ahfrnl nl qudbtf cranf (v) ls batura`mlbtl mlbfr, pfr lelmp`f, ls hfmõb uba prfcrlsdøb (v-d) lm - am. plrf hfmf vdmfs, à jubhdøb nl` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl (v) ls mfvlrsl jáhd`mlbtl a à tøbdha (d). sdc`fs nl mõsdha iab lstak`lhdnf qul lstl ahfrnl (v), pulna slr usanf dbndstdbtamlbtl hfmf mayfr f mlbfr, plrf sdb nunas, sulba más sø`dnf y julrtl huabnf ls mayfr. ^DW5 Hfmdlbhlb hfb uba prfcrlsdøb hfmf ilmfs vdstf, lb tfbfs mayfrls ( d) slbhd`à, dbhùsf nl nfs ahfrnls, y lxpll` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl (v) ls batura`mlbtl mardmlbtlb para lbhfbtrar ndjlrlbtls sfbdnfs l dnlas? pfr lelmp`f5 am-lm, Am-L, yfr, pfr `f qul bf ls blhlsardf iahlr aeustls? am- L3, am-C. plrf lb tfbfs mlbfrls (d) l` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl ls mlbfr (v), y pfr lsf rlhfmlbnak`l trabsjfrmar`f lb mayfr (v), l dbhùsf pfnlmfs dr mas `lefs utd`dzabnf ub ahfrnl nfmdbabtl mayfr hfb säptdma ( v3).


>9


lpaslmfs, lpaslmfs, r

lb su mfnf batura` lm (v) - am (d)5 nl ub ahfrnl nfmdbabtl mlbfr a ubf mayfr slría5 L (Z) - am (d) ? f hfb säptdma L3 (Z3) - am (d). pfr lelmp`f, à habhdøb nl AKKA - Mfbly Mfbly,, Mfbly Mfbly Mfbl y utd`dza lsta mdsma hanlbhda nl ahfrnls l3 - am, lb sus vlrsfs. ub lxhl`lbtl lelmp`f, a` qul va`l prlstar muhia atlbhdøb, ls à habhdøb nl `fs Lbabdtfs vlrnls - @amlbtf kf`dvdabf kf`dvdabf,, pfrqul lb sus ahfrnls qul pfnlmfs vlr `fs ndjlrlbtls hamkdfs nl nfmdbabtl mlbfr (km-lm) y nfmdbabtl mayfr (k3 - lm) para clblrar ndjlrlbtls slbsahdfbls lb `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb. lb hfbhùsdøb, lb uba tfba`dnan mlbfr pfnlmfs utd`dzar amkfs hasfs (mlbfr f mayfr), plrf nlklmfs tlblr lb hàrf qul, a` slr mayfr l` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl ( v), sl mulvl iahda a à tøbdha (d) hfb más julrza y haráhtlr. sdb lmkarcf, tfnf nlplbnl nl` tdpf nl hfmpfsdhdøb. lb à mõsdha pfp nl à ahtua`dnan bf ls tab hfmõb l` usf nl` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl mayfr lb uba tfba`dnan mlbfr. lb tøbdhas mlbfrls ls más hfmõb d, dv, dv, y vd, tamkdäb ls muy jrlhulbtl qul à mõsdha lb tfbf mlbfr sl nls`dhl a uba tfba`dnan mayfr. pfr lelmp`f, nl @a mlbfr a Nf mayfr, lb l` pasf nl ub vlrsf a ub lstrdkd``f. pfr supulstf, à rlspulsta lstá lb `f qul qulrlmfs `fcrar y às slbsahdfbls qul kushamfs trabsmdtdr. `f mlefr ls lxplrdmlbtar às ndjlrlbtls vardahdfbls iasta nar hfb à sfbfrdnan dnla`.


>4

HAWÍ^\@F DY

DB^[FN\HHDØB A @A X\X^D^\HDØB NL AHF[NLX à sustdtuhdøb nl ahfrnls plrmdtl clblrar uba vardahdøb lb à armfbía, nar

hf`fr, lvdtar à mfbftfbía, tlblr a`tlrbatdvas a à ifra nl hfmpfblr f nl nar vardlnan y hfbtrastl a à armfbía nl à habhdøb.

¶HØMF J\BHDFBA6 à sustdtuhdøb nl ahfrnls hfbsdstl lb rllmpàzar ub ahfrnl pfr ftrf. bf qudlrl

lstf nlhdr qul sl pulnl hamkdar pfr hua`qudlr ahfrnl a` azar, sdbf pfr ubf qul hfmparta à mayfr habtdnan nl bftas pfsdk`ls hfb l` ahfrnl frdcdba` f qul humpà sdmdàr jubhdøb. lstf õ`tdmf `f vlrlmfs lb l` prøxdmf hapítu`f.

@A [L@A^DZA MLBF[ lsta sustdtuhdøb ls muy slbhd`à para hfmlbzar a hfmprlbnlr l` jubhdfbamdlbtf. pfr lelmp`f, l` ahfrnl nl nf (h) lstá hfmpulstf pfr `fs bftas nf, md, sf`, mdlbtras qul l` ahfrnl nl à mlbfr (am) tamkdäb pfsll à mayfría nl lsas bftas aubqul lb ndjlrlbtl frnlb5 à, nf, md. vlmfs qul, lstfs ahfrnls tdlblb nfs bftas lb hfmõb pfr `f qul sfb rllmpàzak`ls lbtrl sí. pfr supulstf, lxdstl uba ndjlrlbhda lbtrl amkfs ahfrnls, lb vlz nl ub sf`, iay ub à y anlmás, l` frnlb nl às bftas ia hamkdanf, pfr `f hua` sulbab ndjlrlbtls. l` rllmpàzf nl à mlbfr (dv) pfr nf mayfr (d) sl hfbfhl hfmf à sustdtuhdøb pfr à rlàtdva mlbfr . ub ahfrnl mayfr pulnl slr sl r rllmpàzanf pfr su slxta mlbfr mlb fr.. à jfrma más slbhd`à nl lbhfbtrar à rlàtdva mlbfr (dv) nl uba bfta f ahfrnl ls hfbtar às bftas nl à lshaà, qul hfbjfrmab a` ahfrnl, iasta slds. lb lstl lelmp`f à ls à slxta bfta lb à lshaà nl nf. hfmf vlmfs, ls dmpfrtabtl saklr às bftas nl hana lshaà y hømf sl jfrmab `fs ahfrnls. `fs sdcudlbtls sfb lelmp`fs nl sustdtuhdfbls pfsdk`ls hfb lstl mätfnf lb uba prfcrlsdøb5 ( h ‘ j ‘ c / am ‘ am ‘ j - c), (c ‘ n ‘ ‘ a a / lm ‘ n ‘ ‘ a) a) y (n ‘ ‘ a a ‘ ‘ c / km ‘ km ‘ a a ‘ ‘ lm). a` rllmpàzarsl l` ahfrnl, nlkl tfharsl l` kaef lb su tøbdha? ls nlhdr, sd rllmpàzamfs ub h pfr ub am, l` kaef nlkl tfhar ub à. pfr õ`tdmf, va`l mlbhdfbar, mlbhdfbar, qul pfnlmfs rla`dzar à sustdtuhdøb lb frnlb dbvlrsf5 lb lstl hasf hfbtamfs iasta trls (à-sd-nf), así hfmf rllmpàzamfs à mlbfr pfr nf mayfr, pfnlmfs rllmpàzar nf à mayfr pfr mlbfr. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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NLXA[[F@@A[ @A W[FC[LXDØB NL AHF[NLX uba nl às hulstdfbls más hfmubls ls tlblr uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls nl

uba slhhdøb y qulnarsl trakanf para lbhfbtrar ftra. ls nlhdr, tlblmfs l` lstrdkd``f y bfs ja`ta nlsarrf`àr `fs vlrsfs, f a` rlväs, tlblmfs à dnla dbdhda` nl à habhdøb y bf saklmfs hømf ``lcar a` lstrdkd``f. qudzás y hfb sulrtl, namfs hfb ftra prfcrlsdøb, plrf lsta bf plca hfb `f qul vlbdmfs iahdlbnf y, clblra`mlbtl, tlrmdba utd`dzábnfsl utd`dzábnfsl para ftra habhdøb. lb lstl hapítu`f vlrlmfs hømf sustdtudr y hrlar hfblxdfbls lbtrl `fs ahfrnls nl uba slhhdøb hfb ftra, nl ahulrnf hfb su jubhdøb, sus bftas lb hfmõb y su utd`dnan. à dnla nl sustdtudr ahfrnls hfbsdstl lb mabtlblrsl nlbtrf nl à tfba`dnan, para iahlr qul sulbl jamd`dar, plrf qul tlbca ub sfbdnf ndjlrlbtl a à armfbía qul sl lshuhiø abtls.

¶HØMF LMWLUA[6 l` mfnf más sdmp`l nl rla`dzar lstf hfbsdstl lb nlsarrf`àr uba prfcrlsdøb para `fs vlrsfs y, y, ùlcf, usar uba sustdtuhdøb para l` lstrdkd``f. así qu l supfbcamfs qul usamfs uba prfcrlsdøb h-j -c (d-dv-v).

@A JF[MA MÁX XLBHD@@A5 @A [L@A^DZA MLBF[ à crab mayfría nl `fs ahfrnls pulnlb slr jáhd`mlbtl rlmpàzanfs pfr su

rlàtdva mlbfr, hfmf ya ilmfs vdstf lb ub hapítu`f abtlrdfr5 l` ahfrnl nl am (vd) ahtõa hfmf sustdtuhdøb nl` ahfrnl nl h (d). lstf prfnuhl ndjlrlbtls hamkdfs5 añanl ub l`lmlbtf sfrprlsa (sl lsplraka ub nf mayfr plrf iay ub à mlbfr), lstl bulvf ahfrnl `l ftfrca ub adrl mlàbhf`ía nanf su mfnf mlbfr, `f hua` hamkda à prfcrlsdøb para ub ànf ndjlrlbtl nl` qul fhurrda hfb l` ahfrnl frdcdba`. pfr lelmp`f, à prfcrlsdøb d-dv-v -c-h) pulnl rllmpàzarsl hfb am-j -cd-dv-v-d -d (h-j am. lstl plqulñf hamkdf, puls a` jdb y a` hakf ls táb sf`f uba bfta, iahl qul sulbl muy ndjlrlbtl. pfnlmfs dr más `lefs, anlmás nl à rlàtdva mlbfr, `fs ahfrnls pulnlb slr rlmpàzanfs slcõb su jubhdøb.


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J\BHDFBLX NL @FX AHF[NLX hana ahfrnl y bfta hump`l uba jubhdøb nlbtrf nl uba lshaà. ndhia jubhdøb

lstá ndhtana pfr l` cranf qul fhupa. a crabnls rascfs, às jubhdfbls pfnríab nljdbdrsl hfmf5 tlbsdøb, rlsfùhdøb y pasf pasf.. para sdmp`djdhar l` tlma, `fs lelmp`fs qul dùstrab à sdcudlbtl lxp`dhahdøb lstáb lb l` tfbf nl nf mayfr. Jubhdøb tfba` (rlsfùhdøb) 5 sl hfrrlspfbnl lxhùsdvamlbtl hfb l` prdmlr cranf (d, le. h) y, lb tlfría, bf pulnl slr rllmpàzanf pfr ftrfs ahfrnls. sdb

lmkarcf, ilhia à `ly ilhia à trampa, pfrqul lb à práhtdha sul`l rllmpàzársl`f pfr su rlàtdva mlbfr (vd, le. am). sl ndhl nl aqul``fs ahfrnls lb `fs hua`ls su haráhtlr ls lstátdhf y su fkeltdvf ls à ndstlbsdøb f rlàeahdøb rlàeahdøb.. hfmõbmlbtl sl `fs mlbhdfba hfmf à slbsahdøb nl lbhfbtrarsl lb hasa. hump`lb hfb à jubhdøb nl dbndhar l` tfbf nl à habhdøb. Jubhdøb nfmdbabtl (tlbsdøb)5 sfb aqul``fs ahfrnls qul prfnuhlb tlbsdøb f

lxhdtahdøb. kushab su rlsfùhdøb para `dklrar à tlbsdøb, y hfmõbmlbtl lsta kõsqulna sl `f hfbfhl hfmf ‐vf`vl ‐vf`vlrr a hasa” hasa” (le.v-d). l` ahfrnl nl jubhdøb nfmdbabtl nfmdbabtl pfr lxhl`lbhda ls l` ahfrnl nl nfmdbabtl (v, le. c) f nl qudbtf cranf, lb l` hua` à mayfr tlbsdøb sl prfnuhl a` slr utd`dzanf lb säptdma (v3). ftrfs nfs ahfrnls qul tamkdäb pfsllb à mdsma jubhdøb sfb l` vdd y l` ddd. ub nlta``l a bftar, ls qul ddd (lm) ls à rlàtdva mlbfr nl v (c). Jubhdøb suknfmdbabtl (pasf)5 ^dlbl hfmf ahfrnl prdbhdpa` a` dv cranf, hfbfhdnf hfmf l` suknfmdbabtl (dv, le. j ). sl `f hfbfhl hfmf ahfrnl nl pasf, ). pasf,

j`frlf f hfmf lsàkøb nl uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls, pfrqul sd kdlb pfsll uba tlbsdøb, bf prfnuhl à mdsma tlbsdøb qul ub ahfrnl nfmdbabtl (v). lsa tlbsdøb, prfnuhtf nl su jubhdøb suknfmdbabtl, bf sl asfhda a ub julrtl nlslf nl vf`vlr a à tøbdha. ftrfs ahfrnls qul hfmpartlb lsta jubhdøb sfb l` dd (nm) y vd (am) cranf. mayfrmlbtl, l` slhrltf hfbsdstl lb rlmpàzar `fs ahfrnls prdmardfs pfr su rlàtdva mlbfr, puls a` tlblr bftas lb hfmõb rla`dzab à mdsma jubhdøb. nlklmfs nlstahar qul bf ls lxahtamlbtl `f mdsmf, pfrqul bf pfsllb à mdsma dbtlbsdnan, plrf sdrvlb muy ljlhtdvamlbtl para nlsarrf`àr uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls mabtlbdlbnf às jubhdfbls nl tlbsdøb, rlsfùhdøb y pasf. nl lsta jfrma, pfnlmfs rlmpàzar ahfrnls para hrlar vardahdøb, mabtlbdlbnf à dnla frdcdba` nl à prfcrlsdøb.


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¶HØMF XL [LLMW@AUAB6 lb rlsumlb y para lxpfblr`f hfb más hàrdnan, à jfrma más hfmõb nl rllmpàzar ahfrnls ls à sdcudlbtl5 ) ub ahfrnl nl d cranf (h) pulnl slr rllmpàzanf pfr vd (am), ddd (lm) f dv (j ). ). ub ahfrnl nl dd cranf (nm) pulnl slr rllmpàzanf pfr dv (j ub ahfrnl nl ddd cranf (lm) pulnl slr rllmpàzanf pfr v (c) f d ( h ) ub ahfrnl nl dv cranf (j ) pulnl slr rllmpàzanf pfr dd (nm), vd (am) f d (h) ub ahfrnl nl v (c) pulnl slr rllmpàzanf pfr ddd (lm) f d ( h) ub ahfrnl nl vd cranf (am) pulnl slr rllmpàzanf pfr d (h), ddd (lm), f dv(j ) ub ahfrnl nl vdd cranf (kndm) pulnl slr rllmpàzanf pfr v3 (c3) va`l mlbhdfbar qul `fs lelmp`fs sl lbhulbtrab lb à tfba`dnan nl nf mayfr

(h), y qul pfnlmfs trasànar`fs a hua`qudlr tfba`dnan qul bfs custl.

¶HØMF J\BHDFBA6 à dnla ls partdr nl uba prfcrlsdøb

nl ahfrnls kasl y rllmpàzar pfr ftrfs ahfrnls sdmdàrls. lstf sdrvl tabtf para clblrar uba vardahdøb, lbrdqulhlr à slhhdøb, f hfbstrudr uba bulva.

^DW5 Xd partlb nl uba prfcrlsdøb hrlana hfb à tlfría nl `fs 8 ahfrnls, rllmpàzab y acrlcab ahfrnls. Wrfbtf naráb hfb tfnas às prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls más usua`ls. Wfr Wfr lelmp`f, partdlbnf nl DZ-Z-D, rllmpà rllmpà-- zab l` DZ pfr l` dd y lstaráb lb uba prfcrlprfcrl- sdøb muy hfmõb lb l` eazz, l` dd-Z-D.

pfr lelmp`f5 h-lm-am -lm-am ‘ ‘ j / am-c-h-nm - c ‘h- am / nm- lm- am- j j

nlta``l a tlblr lb hulbta ls qul à sustdtuhdøb nlplbnlrá tamkdäb nl às bftas qul tlbca à ml`fnía, pfr `f hua` lb a`cubfs hasfs nlklrlmfs mfndjdhar à ml`fnía. ub

HFBH@\XDØB hfb lsta jørmuà nl rllmpàzfs à hulstdøb sl vul`vl más práhtdha. nlsarrf`àmfs

uba prdmlra prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls y, ùlcf, sustdtudmfs a`cubfs nl sus ahfrnls. nl lstl mfnf, às nfs slhhdfbls tlbnráb uba hfblxdøb lb hfmõb muy julrtl. pfr õ`tdmf, va`l à plba vf`vlr a mlbhdfbar qul, à jfrma más slbhd`à nl rllmpàzar ub ahfrnl ls pfr su rlàtdva mlbfr f nl ahulrnf a su jubhdøb, puls sd kdlb `fs ahfrnls sfb ndjlrlbtls, sus jubhdfbls sfb dnäbtdhas f hfmpartlb bftas lb hfmõb, `f hua` prfnuhl uba rlàhdøb muy dbtlbsa.


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HFMWFBL[ HFB \BA XF@A W[FC[LXDØB NL AHF[NLX lxdstl uba rlcà dmp`íhdta lb à mõsdha qul ndhl qul tfna habhdøb nlkl tlblr, a` mlbfs, nfs prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls. uba ls para `fs vlrsfs? ftra, para `fs lstrdkd``fs, plrf, sd sfmfs lxqudsdtfs, pfnlmfs acrlcar uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls más para ftra slhhdøb, pfr lelmp`f, à dbtrfnuhhdøb f l` pulbtl. à dnla nl lsta rlcà ls qul nlklmfs utd`dzar lstfs hamkdfs nl ahfrnls y armfbías para rlbfvar à atlbhdøb a` fylbtl y qul lstl bf sl akurra, así hfmf para iahlr bulstra fkra más hfmp`lea. sdb lmkarcf, iay habhdfbls qul dbhurrlb lb l` plhanf rfmpdlbnf lsta sacrana rlcà y sl atrlvlb a tlblr uba sfà l d`lca` prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls lb tfna su lxtlbsdøb. lb lstl hapítu`f aba`dzarlmfs hømf hfmpfblr habhdfbls hfb uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls. prdbhdpa`mlbtl, pfrqul a` slr uba jfrma más kásdha y ndjlrlbtl nl hfmpfblr, hfmpfblr, rlqudlrl ub mayfr nlsarrf``f nl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls para `fcrar l` mdsmf ljlhtf qul sd utd`dzáramfs ndjlrlbtls armfbías lb ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls. pfr lsta razøb, a` utd`dzar ub míbdmf nl nfs prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls, `f iarlmfs hfb más ljlhtdvdnan. vlrlmfs prfs y hfbtras, `fs prfk`lmas más hfmubls y ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs y jfr^DW5 Hfmpfblr hfb uba sfà prfcrlsdøb mas qul pfnlmfs utd`dzar para clblrar dbnl ahfrnls bfs plrmdtl aprlbnlr a slr más hrlatdvfs hfb `fs n lmás l`lmlbtfs tlräs f `fcrar uba kulba hfmpfsdhdøb. musdha`ls. hfmf lxp`dhákamfs a` dbdhdf nl` hapítu`f, lb à mõsdha, sul`lb utd`dzarsl clblra`mlbtl a` mlbfs nfs prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls. lb ftras paàkras, sl pdlbsa l` cäblrf habhdøb hfb ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls, hana uba hfb su prfpda lstruhtura y prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls. lsta dnla nl nfs slhhdfbls y nfs prfcrlsdfbls hfbtrapulstas parlhl jubhdfbar kastabtl kdlb y sl usa hfb l` prdbhdpdf clblra` nl amp`dar à armfbía, lbrdqulhlr, y clblrar hfbtrastl. ^fnf sl iahl para rlbfvar l` dbtlräs y clblrar vardahdøb. sdb lmkarcf, surcl à prlcubta5 ¶Xl pulnl hfmpfblr hfb uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls6 f ndhif nl ftra jfrma, ¶sl pulnl iahlr `f mdsmf hfb uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls6 ¶Ls pfsdk`l plbsar lb ftra jfrma nl hfmpfblr ndjlrlbtl nl hfbtrastar nfs armfbías ndstdbtas6 nljdbdtdvamlbtl, sí ls pfsdk`l. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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a hfbtdbuahdøb, sl dbhùyl ub `dstanf nl lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls hfb uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls5 Hirds Dsaao - Sdholn Caml (km-a-l) \; - Sdti fr Sdtifut Tfu Tfu (n-a-km-c-n) MCM^ - Odns (am-j -h -c ) Efèf Kfshf l Zdbdhdus - ^þ jaàbnf särdf (h4-n-lm) Mdoa - Iappy Lbndbc (h-c-am-j ) Eustdb ^dmklràol - Hry Ml a [dvlr (am-lm-j -h-c) îl Klat`ls - ^wdst abn Xifut (a-n-c) Xfna Xtlrlf - Mõsdha `dclra (km-c-n-a) Abnräs Haàmarf - Jàha (c-k3-lm-h-c-n-c-n) Ndvdndnfs - Quä vls (am-cm-j #m-j #m) Lac`l Lyl Hilrry Hilr ry - Xavl ^fbdcit (am-j -h-c)

¶HØMF HFMWFBL[ HABHDFBLX HABHDFBLX HFB \BA XF@A W[FC[L W[FC[LXDØB XDØB NL AHF[NLX6 hfmpfblr hfb uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls, bf ndjdlrl nl hfmpfblr hfb

vardas armfbías. sl partl nl uba dnla (ml`øndha f armøbdha), sl fktdlbl à armfbía kasl (ahfrnls) y sl nlsarrf`à uba bulva dnla ml`øndha sfkrl à mdsma armfbía para clblrar uba bulva slhhdøb ndjlrlbtl. `f prdmlrf a tlblr lb hulbta ls qul nlklmfs `fcrar ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls f

partls nl à habhdøb. ls nlhdr, nlklmfs `fcrar qul lb lstas slhhdfbls, a plsar nl hfmpartdr à armfbía, sulblb kdlb ndjlrlbtls.

1) HFB^[AX^L T JF[MA ML@ØNDHA ubf nl `fs prdbhdpa`ls rltfs ls `fcrar l` hfbtrastl lb às slhhdfbls kásdhas nl

à habhdøb (vlrsfs/lstrdkd``fs) a bdvl` ml`øndhf. ls nlhdr, sd kdlb hfmpartlb à armfbía, lstas slhhdfbls nlklb sfbar kdlb ndjlrlbtls. pfr lelmp`f, sd lb l` vlrsf usamfs bftas hfrtas (blcras, hfrhilas, lthätlra), lb l` lstrdkd``f nlklmfs utd`dzar bftas àrcas, àrcas, f vdhlvlrsa. lb ftras paàkras, l` prdbhdpa` dbhfbvlbdlbtl qul nlklmfs sfrtlar ls `fcrar uba kulba y hàra ndjlrlbhda lb à lstruhtura nl à ml`fnía lbtrl às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls. sd às ml`fnías sfb parlhdnas lb su a`tura, sd`lbhdfs, rdtmf f habtdnan nl bftas, bfs va a hfstar `fcrar ndjlrlbhdar às slhhdfbls, y tfnf sfbará dcua`. bf nlklb sfbar parlhdnas, sdbf hfmp`ltamlbtl ndjlrlbtls. pfr `f tabtf, nlklmfs prlstar atlbhdøb prdbhdpa`mlbtl a` rdtmf y a à a`tura. lb clblra`, sul`lb utd`dzarsl bftas àrcas y acunas, hfb crabnls sa`tfs lb `fs lstrdkd``fs, mdlbtras qul lb `fs vlrsfs fhurrlb bftas cravls, y hfb mlbfs sa`tfs. Hirds Dsaao - Sdholn Caml ls ub kulb lelmp`f nl lstf.


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;) HFB^[AX^L A WA[^D[ NL A[[LC@FX, HAWAX T NLXA[[F@@F uba vlz qul ya tlblmfs à ml`fnía, nlklmfs plbsar lb hømf `fcrar ub mayfr

hfbtrastl y lb hømf iahlr para clblrar uba ndjlrlbhda nl lblrcía lbtrl slhhdfbls. aquí aparlhlb `fs ndjlrlbtls tdpfs nl arrlc`fs5 a) ^ähbdha5 uba kulba dnla ls utd`dzar ndjlrlbtls tähbdhas a à ifra nl arrlcàr `fs dbstrumlbtfs lbtrl às slhhdfbls. uba jfrma slbhd`à nl plbsar lstf ls5 arplcdfs

lb `fs vlrsfs, ahfrnls lb l` lstrdkd``f. k) Hf`hiøb5 ftra lstratlcda kastabtl hfmõb ls acrlcar hf`hifbls lb `fs

lstrdkd``fs. ls nlhdr, ahfrnls àrcfs hfb l` tlhànf para aumlbtar l` h`dma, à tlbsdøb y sukdr à lblrcía. lsta táhtdha aparlhl, lb clblra`, lb `fs lstrdkd``fs. sl kasa lb l` hfbhlptf nl ahfrnls nl àrca nurahdøb vlrsus ahfrnls nl pfha nurahdøb f rítmdhfs. lb lstl hasf, ahfrnls qul pulnlb slr mabtlbdnfs sfbabnf àrcf tdlmpf, f pfr a` mlbfs, à nurahdøb nl ub hfmpás lbtlrf f iasta l` hamkdf nl ahfrnls. h) Hfbtrastl sd`lbhdf/sfbdnf5 hfb uba dnla kastabtl sdmdàr a à abtlrdfr,

hfbsdstl lb acrlcar más dbstrumlbtfs lb uba slhhdøb qul lb ftra? tfnf para `fcrar lsta ndjlrlbhda lbtrl slhhdfbls. lsta dnla sul`l utd`dzarsl muhif lb l` rfho, lb lsplhda` lb às kabnas hfmpulstas pfr cudtarra/kaef/katlría. l` hfbhlptf más usua` ls, pfr lelmp`f, usar lb `fs vlrsfs (katlría/kaef) y lb l` lstrdkd``f (katlría/kaef/cudtarra/pdabf). ub lelmp`f nl lstl rlhursf ls Xfna Xtlrlf - Mõsdha `dclra, `dclra , y ubf ub pfhf más hfmp`lef Mdoa - Iappy Lbndbc. n) Wlbsar lb hapas5 âmkdäb sl pulnl trakaear plbsabnf à hfmpfsdhdøb lb ndjlrlbtls hapas nl sfbdnfs. ub lelmp`f nl lstf ls Eustdb ^dmklràol - Hry ml a [dvlr. `f dbtlrlsabtl nl lsta habhdøb ls qul `fcra l` dbtlräs suplrpfbdlbnf

ndjlrlbtls hapas nl ml`fnías, `ffps y mftdvfs musdha`ls, mdlbtras à armfbía plrmablhl dbtahta. para saklr más rlhfmlbnamfs `llr l` hapítu`f sfkrl hømf hfmpfblr lb hapas. l) [dtmfs5 ftra dnla hfbsdstl lb hamkdar ftrfs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls mdlbtras

sl mabtdlbl à armfbía. pfr lelmp`f, hrlar rdtmfs drrlcuàrls lb `fs vlrsfs y rdtmfs más rlcuàrls lb `fs lstrdkd``fs. hfbtdbuabnf lsta dnla, tamkdäb pfnlmfs hamkdar l` tlmpf, à ahlbtuahdøb, l` vfùmlb f à nurahdøb nl `fs ahfrnls, pfr lelmp`f, lb vlz nl utd`dzar ub hfmpás pfr ahfrnls, hamkdar a mlndf hfmpás f nup`dhar su nurahdøb a nfs hfmpasls lb ftras slhhdfbls.


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j) Hfbtrapubtf5 ub rlhursf qul sul`l jubhdfbar kastabtl kdlb ls acrlcar ub

hfbtrapubtf, ls nlhdr, ftra ml`fnía f mftdvf musdha` qul sulba mdlbtras tamkdäb `f iahl à ml`fnía prdbhdpa`. clblra`mlbtl, lstf fhurrl lb `fs lstrdkd``fs y sdrvl para ndjlrlbhdar`fs nl `fs vlrsfs, hfmf fhurrl lb MCM^ - Odns. Odns. c) Hfbstrudr l` h`dma5 aubqul bf ls ub rlqudsdtf dbndsplbsak`l, ftra dnla ls

plbsar à hfmpfsdhdøb nl mablra `dbla` y bf, lb slhhdfbls. aquí bfs hlbtramfs lb l` nlsarrf``f nl à dnla, f lb `f qul sl sul`l `àmar hfbstrudr l` h`ímax. h fmlbzamfs hfb ub amkdlbtl kdlb kaef, ub h`dma trabqud`f, l drlmfs nlsarrf`àbnf nl mlbfr a mayfr para lxp`ftar lb l` lstrdkd``f f hlrha a` jdba` nl à habhdøb. \; - Sdti fr Sdtifut yfu yf u utd`dza lsta dnla nl nlsarrf``f kasana lb uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls. qul, sd aõb bf lstamfs l stamfs satdsjlhifs hfb lstf, pfnlmfs acrlcar ub pulbtl lb ftra tfba`dnan para nar más vardahdøb. pfr lelmp`f, à habhdøb nl Easøb Mraz - D'm Tfurs utd`dza à mdsma armfbía nurabtl tfna à habhdøb y sf`f hamkda lb l` pulbtl para nar ub adrl bulvf. i) Wulbtl5

lhfrnlmfs lhfrnlmfs r

HFBH@\XDØB hfmpfblr habhdfbls va mas a``á nl utd`dzar l`lcabtls ahfrnls y hfmp`dhanas

prfcrlsdfbls, f nl à jørmuà lstábnar nl uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls pfr slhhdøb. sd kdlb à mayfría nl às habhdfbls usab hamkdfs nl ahfrnls para hrlar dbtlräs, pfnlmfs plcarbfs a uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls y hrlar l` dbtlräs nl ndjlrlbtls mablras. ls pfsdk`l `fcrar uba kulba fkra hfb uba mdsma prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls, lb à hua` aparlhlb dbtlrlsabtls y ndjlrlbtls ml`fnías y arrlc`fs. `f más dmpfrtabtl ls plbsar ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl hfmpfblr y bf sf`f qulnábnfbfs hfb à dnla nl uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls pfr slhhdfbls. pfr supulstf, uba vlz qul nfmdblmfs lstl mätfnf bfs slrá muhif más jáhd` hfmpfblr hfb nfs f más prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls.


<3

HAWÍ^\@F YDD

@FX CABHIFX Iay habhdfbls qul tdlblb uba macda dblxp`dhak`l. vab hamdbabnf pfr à ha``l, pasab nlàbtl nl ub blcfhdf qul tdlbl à mõsdha a`ta y pdlbsab5 ‐¡Quä kulba habhdøb!” f lstáb lb uba ndshftlha f lb ub rlhdta` y sulbab ub par nl bftas y ya qudlrlb habtar à habhdøb f pfblrsl a kadàr. âmkdäb ls pfsdk`l qul, à iayab lshuhianf y nl dbmlndatf à fndarfb. plrf ùlcf, sdb narsl hulbta sl lbhulbtrab tararlabnf lsa habhdøb lb l` mfmlbtf mlbfs plbsanf. lb rla`dnan, lsta macda bf ls dblxp`dhak`l. hfmf tfnf artl y blcfhdf, à mõsdha tamkdäb tdlbl sus truhfs, rlhursfs y slhrltfs. para lbtlbnlr lstl hfbhlptf nlklmfs rlhfrnar qul à mõsdha sl kasa lb nfs l`lmlbtfs5 rlpltdhdøb y hamkdf. sdb lmkarcf ubdnf a l``fs, aparlhl à dnla nl cabhif cabhif,, f iffo lb dbc`äs.

¶Q\Ä LX \B CABHIF6 `àma cabhif a lsa partl nl à habhdøb qul sl craka lb à mlbtl nl qudäb à lshuhia. pulnl slr uba ml`fnía, ub mftdvf, ub rdjj, uba jrasl f `íbla nl à `ltra, lbtrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs pfsdk`ls. aparlhl rlhurrlbtlmlbtl, y hautdva à atlbhdøb nl` fylbtl. sd ls uba jrasl, clblra`mlbtl sl à utd`dza hfmf títu`f. a`cubfs hfmpfsdtfrls sfstdlblb qul `fs cabhifs sfb `fs jubnamlbtfs nl à mõsdha hfmlrhda`, partdhuàrmlbtl nl à lshrdtura nl habhdfbls hfbfhdnas hfmf sdbc`ls f idts idts.. `fs cabhifs, dbvfùhrab à rlpltdhdøb nl5 a) uba bfta f slrdl nl bftas, tamkdäb `àmana ml`fnía f mftdvf musdha`. k) uba jdcura rítmdha, sla tabtf plrhutdva hfmf armøbdha. h) uba lxhàmahdøb, jrasl y, a vlhls, iasta ub vlrsf lbtlrf. sl

lb à lshrdtura hfmlrhda` nl habhdfbls sl lbtdlbnl qul l` cabhif ls `f qul lstás vlbndlbnf y ls `f qul vlbnl à habhdøb. sdb lmkarcf, pfnría nljdbdrsl hfmf l` l`lmlbtf julrtl nl à habhdøb, `f qul à nlstaha, `f qul à iahl õbdha y prfvfha qul l` fylbtl rlhulrnl à habhdøb, qudlra lshuhiarà y habtar lsa partl. lb ftras paàkras, ub cabhif ls ub sfbdnf, ls a`cf quä habtar, habtar, a`cf qul bfs na cabas nl vf`vlr lshuhiar, f qul bfs `àma à atlbhdøb y bfs iahl nltlblrbfs a lshuhiar lsa habhdøb. pulnl slr a`cf tab dbsustabhda` y akstrahtf hfmf ub sfbdnf, pfr lelmp`f, l` ‐na nf rfb rfb” nl Hrysta`s - Na Nff [fb [fb, [fb, l` ‐à à à” nl Oy`dl Mdbfcul - Hab't Clt Tfu Fut fj My Ilan f l` hiuja hiuja hia nl Hidqudtdta Hidqudtdtas. s. plrf bf sfb `fs õbdhfs. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

<9


Iay vardfs l`lmlbtfs qul pulnlb jubhdfbar hfmf cabhif5 a) ub rdtmf5 clblra`mlbtl kadàk`l, hfb muhif mfvdmdlbtf y julrza f kdlb marhanf y õbdhf. pfr lelmp`f, Qullb - Sl Sd`` [fho Tfu. Tfu. k) uba ml`fnía, jdcura rítmdha f mftdvf musdha`5 qul sl craka lb à mlbtl nl às plrsfbas. pfr lelmp`f, à ml`fnía nl Xtlvdl Sfbnlr - Xuplrstdtdøb f l` rdjj nl Nllp Wurp`l - Xmfol fb til Satlr. Satl r. h) uba `ltra, jrasl, f paàkra5 qul más a``á nl su hfbstruhhdøb y sdcbdjdhahdøb hapturá à atlbhdøb. pfr lelmp`f, ‐hiu hiu ua” nl Wdñfb Jdef - hiu hiu ua, f l` ‐à à ‐à à à” à” nl nl Baucity Kfy - @a @a @a jt. Xam Xmdti . âmkdäb âmkdäb pulnlb usarsl fbfmatfplyas f lxhàmahdfbls u ftrfs l`lmlbtfs. tfnfs mfnfs, lstf bf sdcbdjdha qul à habhdøb f l` cabhif tdlbl qul slr ub sdb slbtdnf, tamkdäb pulnl slr uba jrasl más sdcbdjdhatdva? hfmf pfr lelmp`f, ‐^fnavía habtamfs”, ‐sf`f `l pdnf a ndfs” f ‐pdbtarsl à hara hf`fr lsplrabza”. l` hfbhlptf nl cabhif sl kasa lb ftrfs trls hfbhlptfs5 mlmfrda, rlpltdhdøb y hfbtrastl. ^fnas às kulbas habhdfbls tdlblb, a` mlbfs, ub l`lmlbtf mlmfrak`l, l` hua` ls jáhd` nl rlhfrnar5 ub rdtmf atrapabtl, uba jrasl qul ls jáhd` nl rlhfrnar f uba ml`fnía qul nab cabas nl vf`vlr a lshuhiar. hua`qudlra nl l``fs pulnl slr l` cabhif. à rlpltdhdøb ls blhlsarda, puls sd à habhdøb hamkdara tfnf l` tdlmpf, l` l`lmlbtf slría muy vf`átd` y jucaz hfmf para prlstar`l atlbhdøb. à rlpltdhdøb y, a vlhls, l` akusf nl lstl l`lmlbtf mlmfrak`l ls `f qul jubna às kasls nl à mõsdha hfmlrhda` . sdb lmkarcf, `fs cabhifs aparlhlb práhtdhamlbtl lb tfnfs `fs cäblrfs musd^DW5 Dbtlbtlb hrlar lb su habhdøb, a` mlbfs, ub ha`ls, puls ls `f qul sl nlstaha nl hua`l`lmlbtf qul `àml à atlbhdøb, qul atrapl y qul sl nlstaqul. qudlr habhdøb, ls l` l`lmlbtf qul à iahl õbdha l dbndvdnua`. va`l rlmarhar qul à rlpltdhdøb akusdva y sdb slbtdnf nl` cabhif prfnuhl l` ljlhtf hfbtrardf5 à mfbftfbía f l` iartazcf. ls dmpfrtabtl saklr qul, a` vf`vlrsl mfbøtfbf ub l`lmlbtf, nleamfs nl lshuhiar`f. pfr lsta hausa, blhlsdtamfs blhlsdtamfs ftrf l`lmlbtf5 l` hfbtrastl. à rlpltdhdøb y à hfbstabhda nl ub l`lmlbtf jubhdfbab pfrqul iay hfbtrastl hfb ftrfs l`lmlbtfs. ls nlhdr, à rlpltdhdøb jubhdfba pfrqul iay ub hamkdf a `f àrcf nl à habhdøb qul prfnuhl ub adrl bulvf, ub vahíf qul rfmpl lsa rlpltdhdøb. lsl vahíf bfs clblra à blhlsdnan nl vf`vlr a lshuhiar l` mftdvf. anlmás sd à habhdøb sf`f julra à rlpltdhdøb nl` cabhif uba y ftra vlz, sdb bdbcuba a`tlrahdøb (hfbtrastl f vardahdøb), bf prfnuhdría lstl ljlhtf y, pfr l` hfbtrardf, à rlpltdhdøb tlrmdbaría sdlbnf fndfsa y mfbøtfba. lb ftras paàkras, l` slhrltf nl à rlpltdhdøb nl` cabhif rlsdnl lb l` hfbtrastl. ls l` vahíf, à auslbhda nl` mdsmf, `f qul clblra l` qulrlr lshuhiar l` cabhif. ftrf rlhursf hfbsdstl lb à vardahdøb, ls nlhdr, hamkdar l` pàbf nfbnl sl prfnuhl l` cabhif. pfr lelmp`f, pasar nl slr habtanf a slr lelhutanf pfr l` kaef. nl


<4


lstf plrmdtl hfilsdfbar aõb más à habhdøb, plrf dbhùsf así blhlsdtamfs l` hfbtrastl para pfnlr ndjlrlbhdar às slhhdfbls. lb hfbhùsdøb, l` slhrltf rlsdnl lb à rlpltdhdøb nl` cabhif y nl` hfbtrastl f su auslbhda. ls à rlpltdhdøb y à auslbhda nl` mdsmf `f qul bfs atrapa y bfs pdnl vf`vlr a lshuhiar lsl mftdvf uba y ftra vlz.

[LX\MLB - l` cabhif ls ub l`lmlbtf lslbhda` lb tfnas às habhdfbls. - pulnl slr ub l`lmlbtf musdha`5 ub sfbdnf, ub rdtmf, ub ahfrnl, uba ml`fnía, ub mftdvf musdha`, lbtrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs. - pulnl slr ub l`lmlbtf tlxtua`5 ub sfbdnf, uba paàkra f uba jrasl. - pulnlb utd`dzar ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs sfbfrfs hfmf às fbfmatfplyas f lxhàmahdfbls, shat. - sdrvl para nlstahar à habhdøb y qul sl vul`va mlmfrak`l. - l` cabhif blhlsdta nl à rlpltdhdøb y l` hfbtrastl. - lb a`cuba slhhdøb nl à habhdøb, l` cabhif nlkl lstar auslbtl. - à dbtrfnuhhdøb y l` lstrdkd``f ls à mlefr partl para dbhùdr cabhifs. - l` cabhif ls muy ljlhtdvf huabnf sl `f lbjatdza (vlr hapítu`f nl äbjasds).


:7

HAWÍ^\@F YDDD

@FX MF^DZFX às más lxdtfsas y às más rlhfrnanas habhdfbls sfb aqul`às qul sl crakab

lb à haklza nl à clbtl y sl vul`vlb jamd`darls. para slr rlhfrnanas, `fs hfmpfsdtfrls saklb qul sl nlklb rlpltdr l`lmlbtfs a `f àrcf nl tfna à fkra. lstf suhlnl lb hua`qudlr cäblrf, sla rap, mlta`, rlccaltøb, rfho, mlta` l, dbhùsf, lb à mõsdha h`ásdha. saklmfs qul, lb prdbhdpdf, sl rlpdtlb às slhhdfbls y pf r supulstf, à ml`fnía, `fs cabhifs, `fs rdjj y às ml`fnías ndstdbtdvas nl hana habhdøb. sdb lmkarcf, iay a`cf más plqulñf qul aparlhl a `f àrcf nl hana habhdøb y sl rlpdtl uba y ftra vlz dbhabsak`lmlbtl5 `fs mftdvfs.

¶Q\Ä LX \B MF^DZF6 `fs mftdvfs sfb plqulñas jrasls f dnla musdha`ls. bf sfb jrasls hfmp`ltas, bd hfbhùsdvas y bf satdsjahlb, hfmf às ml`fnías, pfr lsta harahtlrístdha. ub

mftdvf pulnl slr ub jracmlbtf nl à ml`fnda, puls tdlblb uba tlbnlbhda a slr más dbhfmp`ltfs, sul`lb slr lbtrl ; y > bftas y pulnlb aparlhlr lb hua`qudlr bdvl` nl à habhdøb. muhias vlhls, `fs mftdvfs sl lbhulbtrab lb à suplrjdhdl, `àmabnf à atlbhdøb. ftras sl lshfbnlb lb à partl kaea nl à habhdøb y sfb más ndjíhd`ls nl lbhfbtrar. âmkdäb pulnlb lstar prlslbtls y `fs lshuhiamfs, plrf bf sfb l` l`lmlbtf prdbhdpa` ya qul hdrhuàb, puùàbnf lbtrl l` jfbnf y l` prdmlr pàbf. aubqul lstäb más f mlbfs lshfbndnfs, `fs lshuhilmfs y pfnamfs, f bf, bftar`fs, `fs mftdvfs sdlmprl lstáb prlslbtls lb tfna habhdøb ^DW5 @fs mftdvfs ayunab a qul à habhdøb u fkra musdha`. sla más atrahtdva atrahtdva a` fínf. @fs rdjjs nl cudtarra sfb ub lxhl`lbtl lelmp`f. lelmp`f. Iay qul lbtlbnlr qul ub mftdvf ls hfmf ub cabhif, lb l` slbtdnf nl qul tdlbl à batura`lza nl rlpltdrsl y nl `àmar à atlbhdøb. hfmf vdmfs lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr, sl hfbsdnlra cabhif, nl` dbc`äs iffo, a ub l`lmlbtf qul tdlbnl a haptar à atlbhdøb nl` fylbtl, pulnl slr uba ml`fnía, rdjj, uba jrasl, ub rdtmf f ub mftdvf musdha`, plrf sl ndjlrlbhda nl `fs mftdvfs pfr su jubhdøb. l` cabhif tdlbl qul slr mlmfrak`l y nlstaharsl, mdlbtras qul l` mftdvf pulnl jubhdfbar lxdtfsamlbtl sdb qul l` fylbtl sl plrhatl nl qul `f lstá lshuhiabnf lb l` jfbnf nl à habhdøb. pfr su partl, l` cabhif tdlbl sdlmprl uba LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

:1


tlbnlbhda a lstar lb prdmlr pàbf, mdlbtras qul l` mftdvf pulnl pasar nl prdmlr pàbf, a` slcubnf f slr aplbas plrhlptdk`l lb l` jfbnf. ftra ndjlrlbhda ls qul l` cabhif (hfmf uba ml`fnía, mftdvf f rdjj) sl rlpdtl lxahtamlbtl nl à mdsma jfrma hana vlz qul sulba, mdlbtras qul l` mftdvf sl mfndjdha, f plrmablhl dcua`, y sdrvl para nlsarrf`àr à habhdøb. muhias vlhls, l` mftdvf ls rlpltdnf lb ndstdbtas slhhdfbls nl ndstdbtfs mablras, ^DW5 Wulnlb plbsar `fs mftdvfs slcõb à dblb ndjlrlbtls pàbfs, así hfmf tamkdäb tlbhdøb y l` ljlhtf a `fcrar5 sd kushab uba habhdøb hfb rdtmf, pfr lelmp`f, para kadàr, kadàr, ls tfhanf pfr ndjlrlbtls dbstrumlbtfs. dbhrälb`f hfb l` kaef? sd kushab a`cf muy `àhùsf, aparlhl nl jfrma a`tlrana, `f qul matdvf, uslb à cudtarra l`ähtrdha? sd qudlrlb `fcrar a`cf mfnlranf, slrá mlefr ub pdabf. prfvfha qul à mlbtl nl` fylbtl hfbshdlbtlmlbtl, f bf, hfmparl às ndjlrlbtls vlrsdfbls. l` mftdvf iahl qul à habhdøb rlsu`tl jamd`dar, dbtlcrana y prlvdsdk`l, puls sdlmprl aparlhl ub l`lmlbtf qul sl rlpdtl, bfs plrhatlmfs f bf hfbshdlbtlmlbtl. pfr õ`tdmf, l` mftdvf tamkdäb ls hfbsdnlranf à slmd`à nl à mõsdha y, muhias vlhls, ls a partdr nl ä` qul sl nlsarrf`àb dnlas más hfmp`ltas y hfmp`leas. l` lelmp`f más h`ásdhf nl mftdvf musdha` ls l` ‐tarara”, nl à Qudbta Xdbjfbía, nl Klltifvlb.

H[LA[ \BA HABHDØB \^D@DUABNF @FX MF^DZFX Iay muhias jfrmas nl aprfvlhiar `fs mftdvfs para hrlar y nlsarrf`àr uba habhdøb. `f prdmlrf ls hrlar uba dnla f jrasl musdha` qul jubhdfbl hfmf mftdvf. lsta dnla à vamfs hf`fhabnf lb ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls, nl ndstdbtas mablras, y ls lelhutana pfr ndjlrlbtls dbstrumlbtfs. pfr lelmp`f, uba nl às jørmuàs más usua`ls hfbsdstl lb qul lb l` lstrdkd``f l` mftdvf ls lelhutanf pfr à cudtarra, f l` pdabf, mdlbtras qul lb `fs vlrsfs, `f lelhuta l` kaef. lstl mftdvf, muy kásdhamlbtl pàbtlanf, bfs plrmdtdrá nlsarrf`àr à fkra, bfs nará à slbsahdøb nl qul tfna à habhdøb tdlbl ub l`lmlbtf lb hfmõb, aubqul a`cf hamkdl. bf ls lxahtamlbtl dcua`, bf ls mfbøtfbf. pfr supulstf supulstf,, pfnlmfs lbjatdzar lsta ndjlrlbhda a`tlrabnf l` rdtmf, à armfbía u f trfs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls. `fs mftdvfs sfb ub lxhl`lbtl rlhursf para nlhfrar à habhdøb? pfr lelmp`f, lb vlz nl tfhar às bftas nl à tøbdha nl` ahfrnl rlpltdtdvamlbtl, sl pulnl hrlar ub mftdvf para l` kaef. ub hasf qul dùstra lsta dnla ls à habhdøb habhdøb nl îl ^rammps Ndshf Dbjlrbf.


:;


ftra dnla pulnl slr, qul lb vlz nl tfhar ub ahfrnl f arplcdar`f bfrma`mlbtl,

`fcrar ub mftdvf hrlabnf uba plqulña jrasl f dnla musdha`, nlsmlmkrabnf às bftas qul `f hfmpfblb. l` sdcudlbtl lelmp`f hfrrlspfbnl a à habhdøb nl @any Caca - Wfolr Jahl

r lhfrnlmfs lhfrnlmfs

qul l` mftdvf bf tdlbl qul slr lxhùsdvamlbtl uba ml`fnía f uba slrdl nl ahfrnls, sdbf qul tamkdäb pulnl pul nl slr ub mftdvf rítmdhf, hfmf lb à habhdøb nl Qullb - Sl Sd`` [fho Tfu.

LB HFBH@\XDØB l` mftdvf ls uba plqulña dnla musdha`, sla l`à ml`øndha, armøbdha, rítmdha f às trls. ub mftdvf pulnl slr nl hua`qudlr tamañf, aubqul sla más hfmõbmlbtl dnlbtdjdhanf hfmf à más plqulña sukndvdsdøb nl ub tlma f jrasl qul aõb mabtdlbl su dnlbtdnan hfmf uba dnla. ls más jrlhulbtlmlbtl dmacdbanf lb tärmdbfs ml`øndhfs y ls lsl asplhtf nl` mftdvf l` qul ls rlàhdfbanf hfb l` tärmdbf jdcura jdcura.. lb rla`dnan, muhias vlhls usamfs mftdvfs, f dnlas musdha`ls dbhfbshdlbtlmlbtl a à ifra nl hfmpfblr, hfmpfbl r, à hulstdøb ls slr hfbshdlbtls nl l``f, eucar y rlpltdr`fs rl pltdr`fs para qul bulstra habhdøb sla aõb mlefr.

[LX\MLB - ub mftdvf ls uba jdcura musdha`. - sl ndjlrlbhda nl à ml`fnía pfr slr krlvl l dbhfmp`lta. - pulnlb aparlhlr lb hua`qudlr bdvl` nl à habhdøb sla prdmlr pàbf f jfbnf. - l` mftdvf ftfrca hfilsdøb l dbtlcrahdøb lbtrl às partls. - clblra rdtmf y tlbsdøb nana pfr à rlpltdhdøb. - lb a`cuba nl às slhhdfbls l` mftdvf nlkl lstar auslbtl. - plrmdtl nlsarrf`àr dnlas más hfmp`leas. - l` mftdvf ls lxhl`lbtl hfmf kasl para uba habhdøb y hfmf cabhif. - ub lxhlsf nl à rlpltdhdøb nl` mftdvf pulnl prfnuhdr mfbftfbía. - à mlefr jfrma nl lvdtar à mfbftfbía ls qudtar l` mftdvf nurabtl uba slhhdøb y ùlcf vf`vlr a rldbtrfnuhdr`f.


:8

HAWÍ^\@F YDZ

HFMWFBL[ A WA[^D[ NL \B MF^DZF M\XDHA@ Iay habhdfbls qul cdrab lb tfrbf a uba sfà dnla f kasl musdha`. sfb más nl às qul plbsamfs, y a`cubas sfb dbf`vdnak`ls. lb lstas habhdfbls, tfnf sl hfbstruyl lb rlàhdøb a ub mftdvf musdha`, l` hua` jubhdfba hfmf à dnla prdbhdpa` nl à habhdøb. lsta dnla sl bfs plca lb à mlbtl y lb l` fínf, ls `f qul bfs custa y bfs iahl qulrlr vf`vlr a lshuhiar à habhdøb uba y ftra vlz. Mdhial` Eahosfb - Kd``dl Elab ls l` lelmp`f plrjlhtf nl uba habhdøb qul pfsll lstas harahtlrístdhas, puls cdra lb tfrbf a ub mftdvf qul lstá rla`dzanf hfb l` kaef, `f qul `l na ub haráhtlr rítmdhf y marhanf, iahdäbnfà dbf`vdnak`l y õbdha.

\BA HABHDØB A WA[^D[ NL \B MF^DZF `fs pasfs para nlsarrf`àr uba habhdøb a partdr nl ub mftdvf musdha` f kasl

sfb `fs sdcudlbtls5

1) MF^DZF M\XDHA@ prdmlrf, nlklmfs clblrar uba dnla musdha` qul jubhdfbl hfmf mftdvf musdha`. lsta dnla pulnl slr ml`øndha, rítmdha f armøbdha, ls nlhdr, pulnlb utd`dzar utd`dzar bftas lb jrasls, ahfrnls f l`lmlbtfs rítmdhfs. r lhfrnlmfs qul `f dmpfrtabtl ls qul tdlbl lhfrnlmfs qul pfsllr ub haráhtlr krlvl y rlpltdtdvf. rlp ltdtdvf. l` ftrf pubtf qul nlklmfs hfbtlmpàr ls qul sl trata nl uba dnla ^DW5 Hfmpfblr a partdr nl ub mftdvf ls uba jracmlbtana, ls nlhdr, bf nlkl fhupar kulba jfrma nl aslcurarsl qul à habhdøb tfna à lxtlbsdøb nl` hfmpás f nl à hfbtlbca ub l`lmlbtf muy julrtl. `íbla ml`øndha, y nlkl hfbtlblr pausas f sd`lbhdfs, puls blhlsdtamfs clblrar ub vahíf qul nlka slr ``lbanf. pfr ftrf ànf, l` mftdvf nlkl slr `f sujdhdlbtlmlbtl dbndvdnua`, ls nlhdr, nlkl pfnlr slr rlhfbfhdnf f dbndvdnua`dzanf dbndvdnua`dzanf.. hfb lstf bfs rljlrdmfs a qul bf nlkl slr ub l`lmlbtf más, hfmf ub ahfrnl, sdbf qul blhlsdta slr rlhfbfhdk`l. ftrf nlta``l a tlblr lb hulbta ls qul l` mftdvf nlkl slr `f sujdhdlbtlmlbtl atrahtdvf para lstar lb prdmlr lb prdmlr pàbf, pàbf, plrf `f sujdhdlbtlmlbtl sutd`, hfmf para pasar a slcubnf pàbf. lb ftras paàkras, ls blhlsardf qul sl `l pulnab sumar ndstdbtfs ndstdbtfs LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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l`lmlbtfs, hfmf ftrfs dbstrumlbtfs, f qul sl `l pulna habtar lbhdma. lsta ls à prdbhdpa` razøb pfr à hua` bf pulnl fhupar tfnfs `fs tdlmpfs nl` hfmpás. l` mftdvf pulnl jubhdfbar hfb hua`qudlr dbstrumlbtf, pdabf, cudtarra, kaef, sybti, `f qul sl `ls fhurra, plrf tdlbl qul slr krlvl. asdmdsmf a` slr jracmlbtanf, l dbhfmp`ltf pdnl à rlpltdhdøb.

;) NLXA[[F@@A[ ML@FNÍAX uba vlz qul tlblmfs l` mftdvf musdha` nl bulstra habhdøb, lmplzamfs a

clblrar ml`fnías f dnlas musdha`ls. ¶Hømf sl iahl lstf6 ls jáhd`, sl crakab f usab a`cõb prfcrama nl mõsdha para qul tfqul l` mftdvf y ustlnls dmprfvdsab hfb su dbstrumlbtf f `l habtab arrdka. y así nlsarrf`àb às ndjlrlbtls dnlas para às slhhdfbls, pfr lelmp`f, uba prdmlra ml`fnía para l` vlrsf, ftra ml`fnía para l` lstrdkd``f y para às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls qul sl `ls fhurrab. âmkdäb, pulnlb iahlr`f partdlbnf nl` mftdvf y clblrar l` rdtmf para hrlar à kasl musdha`. à dnla hfbsdstl lb clblrar muhias y ndjlrlbtls dnlas ml`øndhas qul pulnab jubhdfbar hfmf partls nl à habhdøb, slab vlrsfs f lstrdkd``fs. nl mfmlbtf sf`f nlklmfs plbsar lb hrlar tfnas às dnlas musdha`ls pfsdk`ls, para qul jubhdfblb hfb f sfkrl l` mftdvf. ùlcf, frnlbarlmfs à habhdøb, hrlabnf vardahdfbls para nar`ls hfbtrastl a às slhhdfbls y prfnuhdr ub h`ímax.

8) ZA[DAHDFBLX uba vlz qul tlblmfs, más f mlbfs, às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls nl à vfz, hfmf

`fs vlrsfs y l` lstrdkd``f, nlklmfs clblrar vardahdfbls para qul à habhdøb bf sla mfbøtfba f sulbl tfna dcua`. plrf, hudnanf5 nlklb tratarsl nl plqulñas vardahdfbls pfrqul à dnla ls hfbslrvar à kasl hfb plqulñfs arrlc`fs. lb ftras paàkras, mabtlblmfs l` mftdvf y arrlcàmfs às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls hfb más dbstrumlbtfs y/f míbdmfs hamkdfs. ¶Hømf jubhdfba lsf6 vamfs sumabnf plqulñfs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls f hamkdfs qul pulnlb slr, pfr lelmp`f, acrlcar ub bulvf dbstrumlbtf f tfhar uba bulva ml`fnía hfb a`cubf nl `fs qul ya tlblmfs, hamkdar l` rdtmf, lthätlra.

>) HFB^[AX^L ftrf asplhtf muy dbtlrlsabtl ls qul, sd kdlb vamfs a rlpltdr l` mftdvf a `f

àrcf nl à habhdøb, ls dmpfrtabtl qul qu l lb ub mfmlbtf bf lstä, qul ja`tl. ¶Wfr quä6 ^fmlmfs hfmf lelmp`f à habhdøb Kd``dl Elab l` mftdvf aparlhl lb à dbtrf, lb `fs vlrsfs y lb l` lstrdkd``f. abtls nl` lstrdkd``f y, sdb qul bfs nlmfs hulbta, l` mftdvf sdmp`lmlbtl ia nlsaparlhdnf. lstf clblra ub hfbtrastl qul sl plrhdkl hfbshdlbtl f dbhfbshdlbtlmlbtl, nlplbndlbnf nl qudäb prlstl atlbhdøb. l` rlhursf rlhu rsf hfbsdstl lb rlmfvlr l` mftdvf abtls nl` lstrdkd``f nl jfrma qul, huabnf sl ``lca a` lstrdkd``f, l` mftdvf vul`vl a aparlhlr hfb más julrza. lstf ls prfnuhtf nl` hfbtrastl, pfrqul à auslbhda nl` mftdvf LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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musdha` prfnuhl qul, huabnf vul`vl a aparlhlr parlhl, tfmar muhia más julrza qul sd `f iukdäramfs nleanf sfbabnf hfbstabtlmlbtl. nlklmfs bftar qul, nlkdnf a à rlpltdhdøb sdstlmátdha nl` mftdvf nleamfs nl lshuhiar`f, nl ta` jfrma qul sl `f nlkl rltdrar nl à habhdøb. su auslbhda bf sl plrhdkl iasta qul sl `f vul`vl a dbhùdr lb à fkra. lb ftras paàkras, sd l` mftdvf iukdlra lstanf tfnf l` tdlmpf, slbhd`àmlbtl iukdlra pasanf nlsaplrhdkdnf. lsta ls uba kulba jfrma nl rlbfvar à atlbhdøb nl ub l`lmlbtf musdha`. ls l` mlefr mfnf nl utd`dzar ub mftdvf musdha` lb ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls nl à habhdøb. pfr supulstf, nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta l` ùcar qul fhupa l` mftdvf musdha`, sla prdmlr pàbf f slcubnf, pfrqul a`cubas vlhls tlbnrlmfs qul suclrdr uba vardahdøb para pfnlr rla`dzar lstl hamkdf sdb qul `àmar à atlbhdøb. ub lsqulma pfsdk`l ls5 slhhdøb (hfb mftdvf) / slhhdøb (hfb mftdvf) / slhhdøb (hfb mftdvf) (hfb mftdvf) (hfb mftdvf) mftdvf) / slhhdøb (hfb mftdvf) / slhhdøb (hfb mftdvf)

(sdb mftdvf) / lstrdkd``f

<) NLÂ@@LX JDBA@LX uba nl às prfk`lmátdhas más jrlhulbtls ls ¶ quä iahlr huabnf tfnf sulba

parlhdnf f dcua`6 lsta hulstdøb sl nlkl a à harlbhda nl vardahdøb f hfbtrastl. à sfùhdøb hfbsdstl lb acrlcar más vardahdfbls lb `fs l`lmlbtfs qul ahfmpañab a` mftdvf, pfr lelmp`f, más arrlc`fs, bulvas ml`fnías f ub hamkdf nl rdtmf. l` mayfr dbhfbvlbdlbtl sl prlslbta huabnf às ml`fnías nl à vfz nl às slhhdfbls sfb muy parlhdnas. à mlefr sfùhdøb para lstl prfk`lma ls rllshrdkdr a`cuba nl às ml`fnías nl mablra qul hfbtrastl lb su jfrma hfb à ml`fnía nl à ftra slhhdøb. nlklmfs nlstahar qul ls dmpfrtabtl qul à habhdøb tlbca hfilsdøb, plrf l` slhrltf sl lbhulbtra lb qul `fs ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs qul ilmfs acrlcabnf paslb a prdmlr pàbf y rlbulvlb à atlbhdøb, ^DW5 @a rlpltdhdøb nl` mftdvf musdha` numdlbtras l` mftdvf apfrta ubdnan a tfna rabtl tfna à habhdøb iará qul lstl pasl nlsaplrhdkdnf. @f dnla` ls qudtar`f para vf`à habhdøb. vlr`f a rldbtrfnuhdr`f lb l` lstrdkd``f, así vf``f qul nlklb saklr ls qul l` slhrltf vlrá a `àmar à atlbhdøb. para lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls ls à hfmkdbahdøb nl` mftdvf hfb `fs ndstdbtfs l`lmlbtfs. pfrqul ls à hfmkdbahdøb nl` rdtmf, à armfbía y às ml`fnías hfb su hfbtrapubtf hfb l` mftdvf `f qul `l na l` haráhtlr a à habhdøb. sd bfs plrmdtdmfs uba aba`fcía hu`dbarda, l` mftdvf ls à sa`sa qul ubf pfbl lb à pasta. pfnlmfs tlblr à mlefr sa`sa, plrf sdb pasta bf iay hfmdna. sf`f qul, lb lstl hasf musdha`, lmplzamfs hfhdbabnf à sa`sa. sd kdlb l` mftdvf ls `f qul `l na l` sakfr a à habhdøb y bfs plrmdtl nlsarrf`àrà, bf sl rlqudlrl qul sla uba LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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clbda`dnan f a`cf suplr frdcdba`. `f dbndsplbsak`l ls qul sulbl kdlb, qul bfs rlsu`tl atrahtdvf, y lb lsplhda`, qul sla krlvl y rlpltdtdvf. hfmf vdmfs, l` mftdvf nl Kd``dl Elab bf ls bana nl` ftrf mubnf, plrf aõb así, sulba lxtrafrndbardf pfr tfnf `f qul fhurrl lb à habhdøb. sd aõb l` mftdvf `ls rlsu`ta muy mfbøtfbf, pulnlb clblrar uba vardahdøb sukdlbnf f kaeabnf à tfba`dnan nl` mdsmf mftdvf. `f más usua` ls 1 tfbf, > f <. âmkdäb, pulnlb slcudr uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls f utd`dzarà hfmf hfbtrapubtf para uba ml`fnía. pfr õ`tdmf, nlklmfs mlbhdfbar qul, mdlbtras lb às habhdfbls l` mftdvf tdlbnl a plrmablhlr lstátdhf f hfb à mlbfr vardahdøb, lb à mõsdha h`ásdha sl tdlbnl a kushar tfnas às pfsdk`ls vardahdfbls, pfr lelmp`f, nabnf ub tfbf más a`lcrl, eucultøb, mlàbhø`dhf, fshurf, lthätlra.


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HAWÍ^\@F YZ

HFMWFXDHDØB WF[ HAWAX lb lstl hapítu`f bfs anlbtrarlmfs lb uba tähbdha f mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb muy ljlhtdvf para clblrar habhdfbls nl hua`qudlr cäblrf5 rap, rfho, mlta`, pfp f rlccaltøb. `f más nlstahak`l ls qul sl trata nl uba jfrma ndjlrlbtl nl plbsar à mõsdha. à tähbdha ls sdmdàr a à qul lmp`la ub pdbtfr qul va nabnf pdbhlànas nl ndstdbtfs hf`frls para lbhfbtrar à fkra. lb lstl hasf, hfmf sfmfs mõsdhfs, lb vlz nl hf`frls, às pdbhlànas sl rla`dzab hfb sfbdnfs. lb prdbhdpdf pulnl parlhlr hfmp`dhanf, plrf ls uba lxhl`lbtl tähbdha nl hfmpfsdhdøb qul clblra habhdfbls õbdhas. lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr vlíamfs hømf hfmpfblr uba habhdøb a partdr nl ub mftdvf musdha`? lb lstl vlrlmfs qul lxdstl ftra jfrma nl hfmpfblr. lsta vlz, aba`dzarlmfs hømf hrlar uba habhdøb utd`dzabnf ndjlrlbtls y vardanfs mftdvfs musdha`ls, jdcuras rítmdhas l dnlas musdha`ls jracmlbtanas, bf adsànas, sdbf qul dbtlrahtõab y sl rlàhdfbab lbtrl sí.

¶HØMF J\BHDFBA6 hfmpfb lr, partdmfs nl uba armfbía f uba ml`fnía clblra`mlbtl, a à ifra nl hfmpfblr, l dbtlbtamfs kushar l` l`lmlbtf qul ja`ta para nar`l lsl slbtdnf nl habhdøb. `fs pasfs nl à hfmpfsdhdøb pfr hapas sfb sdmdàrls a plàr uba hlkf`à plrf lb slbtdnf dbvlrsf, ls nlhdr, drlmfs armabnf uba hlkf`à hapa pfr hapa. lsta ls uba jfrma ndjlrlbtl nl plbsar à mõsdha, puls lb vlz nl hfbsdnlrar `fs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls pfr slparanf5 rdtmf, armfbía y ml`fnía, `fs lbtlbnlmfs hfmf uba tfta`dnan dbtlcrana. hana l`lmlbtf musdha`, pfr sí sf`f bf tdlbl slbtdnf, prdbhdpa`mlbtl pfr su krlvlnan y jracmlbtahdøb, plrf a nlmás, pfrqul ls uba hapa nl sfbdnf qul sl rlàhdfba l dbtlrahtõa hfb ftras. lb ftras paàkras, à tfta`dnan nl à ^DW5 @a hfmpfsdhdøb pfr hapas bfs plrmdtl habhdøb nlsarrf`àna pfr lstl mätfnf `fcrar habhdfbls muy ndjlrlbtls y frdcdba`ls. ls à suma nl ndjlrlbtls mftdvfs musdha`ls y jrasls, `fs hua`ls dbtlrahtõab y sl dbtlcrab rítmdhay armøbdhamlbtl. `f dmpfrtabtl ls lbtlbnlr qul hana partl, hana sfbdnf, hana tlxtura, hana hapa, a vlhls tfma jfrma nl mftdvf, plrf lb muhias ftras, lstas dnlas musdha`ls LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lstáb tab jracmlbtanas qul pulnlb hfbstdtudr aplbas uba bfta. lb lstl mätfnf tfmab prdbhdpa` rl`lvabhda l` rdtmf, `fs sd`lbhdfs y à ml`fnía, à ahlbtuahdøb y l` ilhif nl qul hfdbhdnab, f bf, sfkrl l` mdsmf tdlmpf ndjlrlbtls sfbdnfs. dmacdblb qul hfmpfblb uba kasl nl katlría, y ùlcf añanlb ub kaef. ¶quä suhlnl6 a` dbtlcrar `fs nfs l`lmlbtfs, tfnf sulba ndjlrlbtl5 l` rdtmf sulba más hfbtubnlbtl y rítmdhf qul hana dbstrumlbtf pfr slparanf. lbtfbhls, sd hamkdáramfs a`cf nl lstfs nfs l`lmlbtfs, à kasl sfbaría ndstdbta. à dnla hfbsdstl lb eucar hfb lsta dnla, sumar y rlstar l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls qul sl dbtlcrab, clblrabnf y hfmp`ltabnf vahífs y sd`lbhdfs, lb vlz nl sdmp`lmlbtl lelhutar `fs ahfrnls.

LXH\@WD[ \BA HABHDØB hfmf ya ndedmfs, à dnla nl hfmpfblr uba habhdøb hfb lstl mätfnf sl kasa

lb sfkrlpfblr ndjlrlbtls hapas sfbdnf. lmplzabnf pfr a`cuba dnla krlvl y jracmlbtana, vamfs acrlcabnf ndstdbtfs l`lmlbtfs qul vab mfndjdhabnf y lshu`pdlbnf l` sfbdnf nl à habhdøb. l` crab slhrltf hfbsdstl lb dr dbtlcrabnf sfbdnfs, mftdvfs y jracmlbtfs musdha`ls qul dbtlrahtõlb lbtrl sí, qul hfmp`ltlb f lbjatdhlb, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, l` rdtmf. a`cubfs lelmp`fs nl lstl ^DW5 Wara `fcrar bulvfs rdtmfs, eulculb jfrma nl hfmpfblr5 Sidtl Ufmkdl - Nrahfb à ahlbtuahdøb nl `fs tdlmpfs y nl `fs ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs. cuà y Mfrl Iumab tiab Iumab, Iumab, îl Wrfndcy - Krlatil, Krlatil, @a Frlea nl Zab Cfci - Wulnls hfbtar hfbmdcf, hfbmdcf, Lbhías Xabcrabtls - [lkfzanf y MCM^ - Odns. Odns. ub lelmp`f aõb más hàrf nl hømf jubhdfba lstl mätfnf ls à habhdøb nl Hiar`y Carhía - Jaboy . prdmlrf pfnlmfs lshuhiar l` mftdvf nl à cudtarra, ùlcf sl dbtrfnuhl l` rdtmf, más tarnl l` mftdvf nl` kaef y à jdcura nl` pdabf. hana partl tdlbl su prfpda jdcura, y rdtmf, plrf tfnf aparlhl dbtlcranf. lstas sfb habhdfbls qul trakaeab hfb lstl mätfnf, pfrqul sd prlstab atlbhdøb, lshuhiaráb qul bf sfb à típdha habhdøb nl ahfrnls y ml`fnía, sdbf qul lxdstlb ndjlrlbtls hapas nl sfbdnfs, matdhls y rdtmfs, plrf qul tfnf sulba dbtlcranf y jfrma uba tfta`dnan.

¶Q\Ä BLHLXD^F6 lmplzamfs pfr uba dnla qul pulnl slr uba ml`fnía, ub arplcdf, ub mftdvf musdha`, uba jrasl, uba jdcura rítmdha, ub sfbdnf, uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls f ub rdtmf. `f qul sl bfs fhurra f `f qul tlbcamfs a mabf. r lhulrnlb qul nlklmfs lhulrnlb partdr nl a`cf qul bfs sdrva nl dbspdrahdøb f pubtf nl partdna. uba vlz qul tlblmfs a`cf sfkrl `f qul trakaear, acrlcamfs uba slcubna hapa nl ftrf dbstrumlbtf. ls nlhdr, prulkab acrlcar ftra dnla musdha` (rítmdha f ml`øndha) qul sl dbtlcrl hfb `f qul lstab tfhabnf, y así suhlsdvamlbtl vamfs acrlcabnf ndstdbtfs dbstrumlbtfs, ubfs tras ftrfs, hfmf hapas nl uba hlkf`à LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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musdha`. lb hana hapa, hana dbstrumlbtf tfha su prfpda ml`fnía, mftdvf f rdtmf nlbtrf nl à armfbía y l` tlmpf nl à habhdøb. ^fnf nlkl lstar dbtlcranf, sd sulba jlf sdb nunas ls qul lstá ma` l` rdtmf, l` tlmpf, à armfbía f l` tdmkrl. `f más dmpfrtabtl ls dbtlcrar dnlas krlvls y jracmlbtanas? bfs rljlrdmfs a qul bf fhuplb tfnfs `fs tdlmpfs nl` hfmpás, pfrqul blhlsdtamfs nl `fs sd`lbhdfs para hrlar rdtmf. pfr supulstf, sd qudlrlb acrlcar ub pdabf y bf tfhab pdabf, lstf bf sdcbdjdha qul nlkab aprlbnlr a tfhar`f. `f ^DW5 Wulnlb hrlar arrlc`fs más hfmp`l- efs slparabnf l` rdtmf nl ub ahfrnl lb qul blhlsdtab ls uba jfrma qul `ls plrmdta ndjlrlbtls dbstrumlbtfs. lshuhiar sd `f qul lstáb iahdlbnf sulba kdlb. `f más slbhd``f ls a`cõb sfjtwarl qul `ls plrmdta abftar mõsdha? pfnría slr l` Cudtar Wrf (lb lsplhda` sd rlhdäb lmpdlzab) f a`cubf más prfjlsdfba` hfmf l` Wrfpl``lrilan [lasfb, J@ Xtundf f Ak`ltfb @dvl. @dvl. lbtfbhls, hfmpfblb hfb su dbstrumlbtf às às ndjlrlbtls ml`fnías y rdtmfs, iahlb à ml`fnía? vab a` prfcrama, à abftab, y `l ndhlb ‐Fo, ‐ Fo, lstf ls ub pdabf”. pdabf ”. huabnf à lshuhilb sfbará hfmf ub pdabf. suclríamfs l` Cudtar Wrf pfrqul ls ub prfcrama muy slbhd``f y vlrsátd` qul `ls plrmdtdrá iahlr lstf sdb sdqudlra tlblr qul saklr sf`jlf. m dsmf dbstrumlbtf, ftrf truhf ls crakarsl dr acrlcabnf ndjlrlbtls sfbdnfs hfb l` mdsmf plrf bfs lbhfbtramfs `dmdtanfs, pfrqul hfmpartdmfs l` mdsmf tdmkrl, `f hua` pulnl prfnuhdr uba pl`fta nl sfbdnf. ftra dnla dbtlrlsabtl ls partdr, pfr lelmp`f, nl ub ahfrnl y slparar `fs sfbdnfs, nl jfrma qul às bftas más acunas slab lelhutanas pfr ub dbstrumlbtf y às bftas más cravls pfr ftrf. âmkdäb, ls pfsdk`l nlsarmar ub ahfrnl, slrdls nl ahfrnls f uba ml`fnía, nl jfrma qul uba partl, f hdlrtfs tdlmpfs, slab lelhutanfs pfr ub dbstrumlbtf y qul ftrf dbstrumlbtf hfmp`ltl à partl rlstabtl.

WDBHL@ANA WF[ WDBHL@ANA, HAWA WF[ HAWA lb lstl mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb hana hapa jubhdfba hfmf pdlza nl ub rfmplhaklzas musdha`5 a` dr acrlcabnf f qudtabnf hana uba nl às pdlzas vamfs hfbstruhfbstru ylbnf l` sfbdnf nl à habhdøb qul qulrlmfs. ub nlta``l dmpfrtabtl ls bf lxaclrar hfb à habtdnan nl dbstrumlbtfs, pfrqul à dnla ls qul sulbl dbtlcranf, plrf qul bf sl pdslb `fs sfbdnfs. Iay qul tlblr hudnanf hfb às tlxturas, matdhls y tdmkrls. a`cubfs sfbdnfs pulnlb sfbar ma` f rlsu`tar aelbfs a à habhdøb hfmf hfbslhulbhda nl su tdmkrl? pfr lsf nlklmfs prlstar atlbhdøb a `fs sfbdnfs nl `fs dbstrumlbtfs qul utd`dzamfs. muhias vlhls, l`dcdlbnf à tlxtura anlhuana, à habhdøb tfma ftrf bdvl`. pfr `f tabtf, sl nlkl prlstar atlbhdøb a `fs dbstrumlbtfs qul l`lcdmfs y a su sfbdnf. âmkdäb, ls dmpfrtabtl à ahlbtuahdøb, lbtlbndäbnfà hfmf à hfbhfrnabhda nl às bftas lb `fs tdlmpfs. bfs rljlrdmfs a qul `fs sfbdnfs f sd`lbhdfs ahlbtõlb lb `fs mdsmfs tdlmpfs, f bf, slab julrtls f näkd`ls. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lstf sdrvl para hrlar ub rdtmf f ub äbjasds. Iay qul tlblr hudnanf para qul à vardana suma nl rdtmfs, bftas l ml`fnías clblrl uba habhdøb y bf, uba pl`fta nl rudnf. a hfbtdbuahdøb dbndhamfs a`cubfs lelmp`fs nl tdpfs nl hapas qul pfnlmfs acrlcar5 - ml`fnía (rdjj f arplcdf) - r dtmf nl katlría dtmf - r dtmf f mftdvf nl` kaef dtmf - ahfrnls pdabf / ahfrnls cudtarra hfb su prfpdf rdtmf - mftdvf musdha` - ml`fnía vfha` - ml`fnía nl hfbtrapubtf - slcubna prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls / pdabf - adrls f hf`hiøb hf `hiøb (dbstrumlbtf qul tfha lb rlnfbna) - hfrfs - ljlhtfs sfbfrfs f nl amkdlbtl a crabnls rascfs, pfnlmfs plbsar à hfmpfsdhdøb lb hapas lb l`lmlbtfs5 - r ítmdhfs5 à suma nl `fs sfbdnfs qul hrlab l` rdtmf nl à habhdøb. ítmdhfs5 - plrhutdvfs5 hfmprlbnlb à partl rítmdha y nl äbjasds nl `fs cf`pls nl` rdtmf. - ml`øndhfs y/f vfhls5 `fs sfbdnfs qul hfmprlbnlb às vfhls, ml`fnías, lthätlra. - armøbdhfs5 à hfbeubhdøb nl `fs sfbdnfs qul hrlab à armfbía nl à habhdøb. - sd`lbhdfs5 auslbhda nl hua`qudlra nl `fs l`lmlbtfs abtlrdfrls.

AH@A[AHDFBLX r lhulrnlb lhulrnlb

qul l` slhrltf lstá lb à suplrpfsdhdøb nl ndstdbtfs jracmlbtfs musdha`ls, así qul nlklb trakaear tabtf lb l b às bftas qul tfhab, hfmf lb l` rdtmf, eucar hfb `fs tdlmpfs julrtls y näkd`ls (y l` jamfsf hfbtratdlmpf), tabtf hfmf hfb `fs sd`lbhdfs. @f dnla` ls qul hana hapa sla ub mftdvf musdha` õbdhf qul, dbtlcranf a `fs nlmás, `fcrl uba ml`fnía y ub rdtmf lb su tfta`dnan. `f más dmpfrtabtl ls qul hana hapa

qul vamfs hrlabnf sl dbtlcrl hfb à abtlrdfr (f às nlmás) y lb à suma jfrmlb ^DW5 Wdlbslb à hfmpfsdhdøb pfr hapas hfmf plqulñfs l`lmlbtfs qul dbtlrah- tõab uba ubdnan=habhdøb. y sl hfmp`lmlbtab. âmpfhf nlklmfs f`vdnar dbhùdr à ¡L` tfnf ls à suma nl às partls! ml`fnía nl à habhdøb hfmf partl nl lstfs l`lmlbtfs? pulnlb prfkar habtar lbhdma f tfhar hfb su dbstrumlbtf, plrf a à vlz tdlbl qul sfbar dbtlcranf, y lb lsplhda`, nlstaharsl sfkrl às nlmás hapas. uba vlz qul tlbcab à ml`fnía vfha`, acrlcar à `ltra ls kastabtl slbhd``f. pfr LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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õ`tdmf, lstl rlhursf ls muy õtd` para hrlar à lstruhtura nl à habhdøb, puls para clblrar ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls, sd`lbhdamfs às ndjlrlbtls hapas, acrlcamfs vardahdfbls y nlsarrf``fs f dbhùdmfs bulvas ml`fnías y rdtmfs.

[LX\MLB - partdr nl uba dnla musdha` jracmlbtana5 mftdvf, jdcura, jrasl, f sfbdnf. - hrlar ndjlrlbtls dnlas qul sl hfmp`lmlbtlb. - nlstahar l` rdtmf pfr sfkrl `fs nlmás l`lmlbtfs. - prlstar atlbhdøb a `fs tdlmpfs julrtls f näkd`ls nl` hfmpás. - eucar hfb jdcuras rítmdhas. - utd`dzar `fs sd`lbhdfs y l` äbjasds. - Iahlr qul `fs sd`lbhdfs f sfbdnfs hfdbhdnab lb hdlrtfs tdlmpfs. - hrlar ub äbjasds kasanf lb l` rdtmf. - prlstar atlbhdøb a `fs matdhls y tdmkrls nl `fs sfbdnfs. - a` utd`dzar ahfrnls, lvdtar às jdcuras nl rdtmf h`ásdhas. - lvdtar sfbdnfs f jdcuras qul utd`dhlb à tfta`dnan nl` hfmpás. - para hrlar uba bulva slhhdøb, mfndjdhar l` rdtmf, sd`lbhdar f a`tlrar às hapas. - pfnlmfs hfrtar uba ml`fnía f dnla nlscrabábnfà lb vardfs sfbdnfs. - pfnlmfs rlpltdr dnlas f jdcuras musdha`ls. - nlsarmar jdcuras f ahfrnls àrcfs, jracmlbtábnf`fs lb vardfs dbstrumlbtfs.


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HAWÍ^\@F YZD

HFMWFBL[ A WA[^D[ NL J[ACMLB^FX M\XDHA@LX ‐Lra hfmf sd lstuvdlslb eubtabnf ub mfbtøb nl trfhdtfs, y bf pulnf lbtlbnlr hømf hfbsdcudlrfb sahar à vlrsdøb jdba` nl `f qul yf lshuhiä”. eu`da

kadrn, ilrmabastra nl `lbbfb, lb ub lbsayf nl nay ^rdpplr. *

ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl plbsar à mõsdha prfnuhlb ndjlrlbtls rlsu`tanfs, tabtf

lb à fkra musdha` hfmf lb l` ljlhtfs qul prfvfha lb qudlb à lshuhia. lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr vlíamfs hømf hfmkdbar `fs sfbdnfs para hrlar uba habhdøb, aifra bfs hlbtrarlmfs lb plbsar à mõsdha hfmf plnahdtfs, trfzfs f partls. aba`dzarlmfs ndjlrlbtls tdpfs nl jracmlbtfs musdha`ls, sus usfs, `fs ljlhtfs qul prfnuhlb, y vlrlmfs ftra jfrma nl hfmpfblr uba habhdøb, lsta vlz a partdr nl jracmlbtfs musdha`ls.

@FX J[ACMLB^FX lb à práhtdha, a` nlsarrf`àr uba habhdøb, lmplzamfs hrlabnf ub jracmlbtf musdha` huya jubhdøb jdba` nlshfbfhlmfs. pulnl jubhdfbar hfmf vlrsf, hfmf lstrdkd``f, hfmf pasael musdha`. nlshfbfhlmfs quä slrá pfrqul sfb sdmp`ls dnlas jracmlbtanas5 uba ml`fnía, ub rdjj f uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls. dbhùsf, bahdnfs b ahdnfs nl à vardahdøb f lxplrdmlbtahdøb, pfnlmfs hfbtar hfb vardfs jracmlbtfs musdha`ls qul pulnlb, f bf, slr l`lcdnfs para slr partl nl à habhdøb. à nlhdsdøb, ahlrha nl quä jracmlbtf slrá partl nl à habhdøb y quä jubhdøb tlbnrá prfvlbnrá nl hømf vayamfs nlsarrf`àbnf à habhdøb y nl às prfpdlnanls qul pfsla l` jracmlbtf. lb à mõsdha lstfs jracmlbtfs, sdb dmpfrtar sd sfb vlrsf f lstrdkd``f, sl hàsdjdhab lb nfs crupfs5 slhhdfbls y vul`tas vul`tas..

@A XLHHDØB a ub jracmlbtf musdha` qul hfbsdstl lb uba slrdl nl hfmpasls musdha`ls qul jfrmab partl nl uba fkra musdha` f habhdøb, sl `f nlbfmdba slhhdøb slhhdøb.. lb ftras paàkras, uba habhdøb u fkra musdha` lstá hfmpulsta pfr ndjlrlbtls jracmlbtfs musdha`ls qul sl rlpdtlb (f bf), hfb f sdb vardahdøb. a lstl jracmlbtf musdha` sl `f hfbfhl hfmf slhhdøb slhhdøb.. * Dab Mah Nfbba`n - ‐@fs Klat`ls, [lvfùhdøb lb à mlbtl” pac.18;. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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às slhhdfbls musdha`ls, nl ahulrnf hfb su jubhdøb, sus prfpdlnanls y su

ùcar lb à lstruhtura nl à habhdøb, rlhdklb `fs típdhfs bfmkrls nl vlrsf, lstrdkd``f, prllstrdkd``f, lbtrl ftrfs. plrf bf sfb às õbdhas slhhdfbls musdha`ls, tamkdäb lxdstlb `fs sf`fs, `fs pasaels, `fs dbtlrmlndfs l dbhùsf iay slhhdfbls qul, a` mfmlbtf nl su hrlahdøb, bf tdlblb bfmkrl. sdb lmkarcf, ub lstrdkd``f, ub vlrsf, ub dbtlrmlndf f ub pulbtl pulnl slr, dbndstdbtamlbtl, uba slhhdøb f uba vul`ta. ¶Hfmf sl ndjlrlbhdab às slhhdfbls nl às vul`tas6 lb à bftahdøb musdha`, ls jáhd` rlhfbfhlr uba slhhdøb pfr à marha nl à nfk`l karra. lsta `àvl dbndha à slparahdøb lbtrl às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls lb uba partdtura musdha`. va`l ahàrar qul, muhias vlhls rljlrdmfs, a slhhdøb slhhdøb,, f slhhdfbls,, slcõb l` ùcar qul fhupab lb à fkra. slhhdfbls lb tlrmdbfs tlørdhfs, lbtlbnlmfs a uba slhhdøb musdha` hfmf ub jracmlbtf nl mõsdha f slrdl nl hfmpasls qul bf sl rlpdtl hfbslhutdvamlbtl.

HA[AH^L[ÍX^DHAX NL @A XLHHDØB - crab lxtlbsdøb y crab nlsarrf``f armøbdhf. - crab amp`dtun hfmpfsdtdva. - auslbhda nl rlpltdhdøb. - r lhàma pfr vardahdøb. lhàma - plrmdtl l` nlsarrf``f `dbla` y lxtlbsdvf nl uba ml`fnía. - plrmdtlb nlsarrf`àr ub h`dma, ub amkdlbtl y uba dbtlbsdnan musdha`. - sl nlstaha hfb rdtmfs `lbtfs f hamkdabtls. - plrmdtl nlsarrf`àr uba crab vardlnan nl vardahdfbls musdha`ls. - plrmdtl à jáhd` trabsdhdøb lbtrl slhhdfbls. - r fmpl hfb à lstruhtura h`ásdha nl à habhdøb (vlrsf/lstrdkd``f). fmpl - bf jubhdfba hfmf cabhif nlkdnf a su harlbhda nl rlpltdhdøb. - haptura à atlbhdøb nl` fylbtl pfr su nlsarrf``f. - pulnl akurrdr pfr su lxhlsf nl nlsarrf``f y harlbhda nl rlpltdhdøb. - plrmdtl l` nlsarrf``f nl fkras musdha`ls àrcas, à lxplrdmlbtahdøb, lxplrdmlbtahdøb, à hrlahdøb nl amkdlbtl, `fs sf`fs tlmátdhfs y `fs pasaels musdha`ls. - sl pulnl jracmlbtar uba slhhdøb para clblrar uba vul`ta. - prdbhdpa`mlbtl utd`dzanf lb à mõsdha h`ásdha y l` rfho prfcrlsdvf.


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@A Z\L@Â huabnf ub jracmlbtf musdha` f slhhdøb sl rlpdtl hfbslhutdvamlbtl, a` mlbfs

nfs vlhls, sl `f hfbfhl hfmf vul`ta vul`ta.. lb ftras paàkras, uba vul`ta ls uba slhhdøb qul sl lelhuta nfs vlhls hfbslhutdvas sdb pausas, sd`lbhdfs, dbtlrmlndfs f rupturas. à vul`ta, puls, lstá hfmpulsta lb clblra` pfr ; a > hfmpasls qul sl rlpdtlb nfs f más vlhls, nlplbndlbnf nl à habhdøb. j ubhdfbab mlefr hfb rdtmfs rápdnfs ubhdfbab qul hfb `fs `lbtfs, puls clblrab uba slbsahdøb nl urclbhda rítmdha qul pdnl à rlpltdhdøb nl à vul`ta. lb hfbslhulbhda, hf bslhulbhda, va`l nlstahar qul ls à rlpltdhdøb y su rdtmf `f qul à iahlb jubhdfbar. ub nlta``l a tlblr lb hulbta ls qul às vul`tas hfbtdlblb muy pfhas vardahdfbls y, sd às tdlblb, fhurrlb a` jdba`. lb à bftahdøb musdha`, à vul`ta sl marha hfb às `àvls nl rlpltdhdøb. lstas `àvls dbndhab qul lsfs hfmpasls a` lelhutarsl nlklb rlpltdrsl hfbslhutdvamlbtl nl prdbhdpdf a jdb. a` utd`dzar lstas `àvls sl dbndha qul sl trata nl uba rlpltdhdøb nl ndhifs hfmpasls, pfr `f hua` bf ls blhlsardf abftar`f, nfs vlhls.

@A Z\L@Â T @AX W[FC[LXDFBLX NL AHF[NLX âmkdäb, pfnlmfs hfmprlbnlr hfmf vul`ta a ub patrøb nl ahfrnls qul sl rlpdtlb nl mablra jdea, nl jfrma qul sdlmprl sl vul`vl a` prdbhdpdf. pfr lelmp`f, sd l` vlrsf nl uba habhdøb lstá hfmpulstf pfr huatrf ahfrnls ), y lstfs ahfrnls sfb tfhanfs lb frnlb nfs vlhls hfbslhutdvas, sl `fs (am-J-H-C), (am-J-H-C hfbsdnlra uba vul`ta. pfr su pulstf, uba habhdøb hulbta hfb ub lstrdkd``f, así qul pfsdk`lmlbtl hfbtarlmfs hfb nfs vul`tas ndjlrlbtls5 à vul`ta pfr pf r à prf^DW5 Wulnlb hfmkdbar vul`tas y crlsdøb nl ahfrnls nl` vlrsf y à nl` lstrdkd``f. slhhdfbls para `fcrar habhdfbls ndjlrlbtls. Lstf ls muy ljlhtdvf, lsplasí mdsmf, uba vul`ta pulnl slr tfhana hda`mlbtl, lb l` rfho vardas vlhls a `f àrcf nl à habhdøb. pfr lelmp`f, nfs vlhls lb l` prdmlr vlrsf, nfs vlhls lb l` slcubnf vlrsf y ftras nfs vlhls lb l` vlrsf jdba`. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul à vul`ta hfmprlbnl à rlpltdhdøb nl uba ml`fnía hfb su hfbeubtf nl ahfrnls. lb uba mdsma vul`ta, à `ltra pulnl vardar mdlbtras sl habta à ml`fnía y sl prfnuhl à vul`ta. ls así qul, lb uba habhdøb nl > ahfrnls, à vul`ta lstará hfmpulsta pfr > `íblas nl tlxtf, plrf `fs ahfrnls y à ml`fnía sf`f slráb lelhutanfs ; vlhls. lb às habhdfbls, prdbhdpa`mlbtl lb `fs vlrsfs, à vul`ta plrmdtl l` nlsarrf``f nl à `ltra. sl rlpdtl à slhhdøb, armfbía y ml`fnía, plrf l` dbtlräs y su vardahdøb sl hlbtrab lb à `ltra. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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asdmdsmf, tamkdäb ls pfsdk`l a`tlrar à armfbía mdlbtras sl prfnuhl à vul`ta así hfmf ftrfs l`lmlbtfs. anlmás, pulnl fhurrdr qul lb l` jdba` nl uba vul`ta à ml`fnía hulbtl hfb uba vardahdøb, à hua` slrá abftana lb bftahdøb musdha` hfb ub jdba` a`tlrbatdvf a ndhia vul`ta. hfmf vlmfs lb à dmaclb, à vul`ta sl rlpdtl nfs vlhls5 lb hana uba nl lsas rlpltdhdfbls, l` jdba`, hfbtdlbl uba vardahdøb qul sl dbndha hfb às `àvls lb à partl suplrdfr nl` hfmpás. lstfs símkf`fs sl hfbfhlb hfb l` bfmkrl nl jdba` a`tlrbatdvf.

HA[AH^L[ÍX^DHAX HA[AH^L[ÍX^DH AX NL @A Z\L@Â - krlvlnan, jrasls musdha`ls hfrtas y pfha lxtlbsdøb hfmpfsdtdva. - prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls slbhd`às qul jubhdfbab pfr rlpltdhdøb. rlpltdhdøb. - j ubhdfba hfmf cabhif nlkdnf a su rlpltdhdøb. ubhdfba - plrmdtl l` nlsarrf``f nl uba `ltra. - r lhàma pfr hfbtrastl. lhàma - ls más ljlhtdva lb ub tdlmpf mlndabamlbtl rápdnf. - pulnl ‐rljrlsharsl” à vul`ta acrlcabnf vardahdfbls, arrlc`fs, hamkdfs nl tfba`dnan, nl rdtmf, bulvfs l`lmlbtfs, lthätlra. - haptura à atlbhdøb nl` fylbtl pfr su à rlpltdhdøb y l` hfbtrastl hfb às ftras slhhdfbls f vul`tas. - l` nlsarrf``f bf rlpltdtdvf nl uba vul`ta plrmdtl à hrlahdøb nl uba slhhdøb. - pulnl akurrdr pfr ub lxhlsf nl rlpltdhdøb, f ja`ta nl hfbtrastl. - hfb slbhd`às y kulbas dnlas musdha`ls sl pulnlb hrlar fkras krlvls y muy ljlhtdvas. - bf na ùcar a à lxplrdmlbtahdøb f a` nlsarrf``f nl dnlas hfmp`leas y lxtlbsas, f a às crabnls vardahdfbls. - prdbhdpa`mlbtl utd`dzana lb à mõsdha pfpuàr, hfmf l` rfho, l` pfp, idp-ifp, mlta`, rlccaltøb, nabhl, lthätlra.

¶HØMF [LHFBFHL[ \BA Z\L@Â F XLHHDØB6 uba slhhdøb pulnl slr ndjíhd` nl rlhfbfhlr, puls tdlbl ub nlsarrf``f `dbla` y bf

rlpltdtdvf. hfmpulsta pfr uba crab lxtlbsdøb nl hfmpasls, l` hamkdf nl slhhdfbls sl dnlbtdjdha a` prfnuhdrsl ub hamkdf lb `fs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls, pfr lelmp`f5 nl `fs arrlc`fs, nl` tlmpf, nl à ml`fnía f nl à armfbía. huabnf uba slhhdøb hfbtdlbl hamkdfs, f vardahdfbls, ls dbndsplbsak`l dnlbtdjdhar`fs lb à partdtura hfb a`cõb símkf`f qul dbndqul qul sl trata nl à mdsma slhhdøb hfb uba `dclra vardahdøb para lvdtar hfbjusdfbls.


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pfr su partl, uba vul`ta ls más jáhd` nl rlhfbfhlr l dnlbtdjdhar. lb clblra` hfbsdstl lb dnlas f ml`fnías más krlvls qul sl rlpdtlb hfbslhutdvamlbtl, a` mlbfs, nfs vlhls. lb à mõsdha pfpuàr, l` sfbdnf nl `fs pàtd``fs nl à katlría marha l` dbdhdf nl hana vul`ta lb l` prdmlr cf`pl nl` prdmlr hfmpás. pfr lsta hausa, l` sfbdnf nl` pàtd``f rlsfbará míbdmamlbtl nfs vlhls, aubqul lstf pulnl nlplbnlr nl à habtdnan nl vul`tas f nl `fs arrlc`fs nl à habhdøb. pfr su partl, l` jdba` nl hana vul`ta f slhhdøb, lstá arrlcànf hfb ub jd`` (clblra`mlbtl, ub arrlc`f nl katlría) qul plrmdtl ubdr às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls f vul`tas. huabnf às vul`tas sfb muy ndjlrlbtls lbtrl sí, sla pfr r dtmf f armfbía, nlklrlmfs nlsarrf`àr ub pasael qul plrmdta à trabsdhdøb lbtrl amkas. pfr õ`tdmf, mlbhdfbarlmfs a mfnf nl rlsumlb qul, uba slhhdøb pulnl slr uba ml`fnía qul, sdmp`lmlbtl, sl lelhuta uba vlz nurabtl tfna à fkra, mdlbtras qul lb uba vul`ta à ml`fnía sl rlpdtl míbdmamlbtl nfs vlhls hfbslhutdvas.

HFBH@\XDØB huabnf à ml`fnía ls tab àrca (nanf qul pfr su nlsarrf``f fhupa muhifs

hfmpasls) y bf ls blhlsardf rlpltdrà hfbslhutdvamlbtl, sl hfbsdnlra qul ls uba slhhdøb. a hfbtdbuahdøb nl uba slhhdøb, sdcul ftra bulva qul pulnl slr uba vardahdøb nl à abtlrdfr f uba hfmp`ltamlbtl bulva.

pfr supulstf, sdlmprl ls jahtdk`l vf`vlr a rlpltdr uba slhhdøb ya prlslbtana, plrf `f mlefr ls qul sla hfb uba vardahdøb f ub `lvl hamkdf para rlbfvar à atlbhdøb nl` fylbtl. lstf ls `f qul jrlhulbtlmlbtl tdlbnl a iahlrsl, puls hana slhhdøb tdlbl ub pfrquä, más a``á nl à mlra rlpltdhdøb. ml à vul`ta, pfr l` hfbtrardf, ls uba rlpltdhdøb hfbslhutdva nl uba slhhdøb (f ml`fnía). lstf sl nlkl a qul à ml`fnía ls rlàtdvamlbtl hfrta5 > hfmpasls f mlbfs. sul `lb slr más àrcas y hfbtar hfb ub mayfr nlsnl snlkdnf a qul às dnlas ml`øndhas sul`lb arrf``f, à mõsdha h`ásdha tdlbnl a lstar hfmpulsta pfr slhhdfbls, mdlbtras qul às habhdfbls tdlbnlb a lstar hfmpulstas pfr vul`tas.

lb ub bdvl` práhtdhf, à habhdøb pulnl lstar hfmpulsta pfr slhhdfbls f vul`tas, dbndstdbtamlbtl, lb hana uba nl sus slhhdfbls, sla vlrsf, lstrdkd``f f pulbtl. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lb tärmdbfs lstruhtura`ls, l` pulbtl, à dbtrfnuhhdøb, `fs pasaels musdha`ls y `fs sf`fs tdlbnlb sul`lb anfptar à jfrma nl slhhdøb, mdlbtras qul `fs vlrsfs y l` lstrdkd``f usua`mlbtl tfmab à jfrma nl vul`ta. lb ftras paàkras, uba slhhdøb prlslbta uba `dbla`dnan y ub nlsarrf``f, mdlbtras mdlbtras qul uba vul`ta prlslbta ub rlcrlsf f ub abhàel, anlmás nl tlblr à harahtlrístdha nl slr rlpltdtdva. va`l nlstahar qul à vul`ta jdea à ml`fnía hfb mayfr jahd`dnan nlkdnf a su rlpltdhdøb y abhàel, plrf pfr ftrf ànf blhlsdta nl` hfbtrastl. ls nlhdr, nl uba hàra ndjlrlbhda lbtrl às slhhdfbls, para qul à habhdøb bf sulbl tfna dcua` y sl vul`va mfbøtfba.âmkdäb, ls pfsdk`l hrlar slhhdfbls a partdr nl vul`tas. pfr lelmp`f, partdlbnf nl` lstrdkd``f pfnlmfs hrlar uba `lvl vardahdøb nl à ml`fnía, hfmf à dbtrfnuhhdøb nl à habhdøb, f lb ub sf`f. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta, qul anlmás pfnlmfs jracmlbtar uba ml`fnía para hrlar uba vul`ta sdmp`lmlbtl tfmabnf uba partl y rlpdtdäbnfà. à mayfría nl às habhdfbls tdlbnlb a utd`dzar sfàmlbtl vul`tas, f uba vul`ta hfb sf`f uba f nfs slhhdfbls musdha`ls (dbtrf/pulbtl/sf`f). lstas habhdfbls rlspltab más à lstruhtura nl vlrsf/lstrdkd``f, y su lstruhtura ls jáhd`mlbtl dnlbtdjdhak`l. lstf sl ap`dha a à mayfría nl às habhdfbls. lb hamkdf, uba habhdøb qul utd`dza más slhhdfbls qul vul`tas rfmpl hfb à lstruhtura h`ásdha nl vlrsf/lstrdkd``f y parlhdlra tlblr ub frnlb más dmprfpdf y ndjíhd` nl dnlbtdjdhar. lb a`cubfs hasfs sl iahl dbhùsf ndjíhd` nltlrmdbar quä ls ub vlrsf, ub lstrdkd``f f ub pulbtl, y à habhdøb parlhl jubhdfbar pfr ub nlsarrf``f õbdhf y prfpdf, eucabnf hfb l` h`dma, à dbtlbsdnan, l` hfbtrastl, à vardahdøb y l` nlsarrf``f. Qullb - Kfilmdab [apsfny, y Cubs B— [fsls [fsls - Bfvlmklr [adb sfb lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls lb às qul sl eulca hfb l` nlsarrf``f, utd`dzabnf slhhdfbls y vul`tas para lstl jdb, lb vlz nl plbsar lb vlrsf/lstrdkd``f.

pfr õ`tdmf, l` tdpf nl habhdøb qul `fcrlmfs hfmpfblr nlplbnlrá nl `fs jracmlbtfs musdha`ls qul tlbcamfs. pfr supulstf, uba habhdøb hfmpulsta hfb slhhdfbls, qul bf rlsplta à lstruhtura h`ásdha nl à habhdøb, f `f prllstak`lhdnf pfsdk`lmlbtl sla más rdha l dbtlrlsabtl. à mayfría nl `fs artdstas bulvfs tdlbnlb a nlsarrf`àr lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls, harlbtls nl lstruhtura, plrf sul`lb sul `lb ja`àr pfrqul a` lstar ma` nlsarrf`ànas, rlsu`tab rlsu `tab akurrdnas y prdbhdpa`mlbtl haøtdhas, mfbøtfbas pfr p fr su harlbhda nl slbtdnf slb tdnf musdha`. l` usf nl à lstruhtura hfrrlhta y nl às vul`tas mlndabamlbtl carabtdza à ljlhtdvdnan nl à habhdøb, puls l` fylbtl pulnl prlvlr `f qul va a fhurrdr a traväs nl à lstruhtura? à rlpltdhdøb jubhdfba hfmf cabhif y l` hfbtrastl, hfmf rlspdrf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

39


HFMWFBL[ A WA[^D[ NL J[ACMLB^FX M\XDHA@LX à jfrma nl hfmpfblr uba habhdøb a partdr nl jracmlbtfs musdha`ls hfbsdstl

lb hrlar crab vardlnan nl ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs y partls musdha`ls, slab slhhdfbls f vul`tas, sdb plbsar lb su jubhdøb. ls nlhdr, f`vdnábnfsl f`vdnábnfsl nl sd qulrlmfs qul slab lstrdkd``fs f vlrsfs. sdmp`lmlbtl, hfmpfblmfs ndjlrlbtls vardahdfbls, dnlas musdha`ls y vamfs abftabnf f crakabnf às dnlas. uba vlz qul hfbsdnlramfs qul sl bfs ia ahakanf à dbspdrahdøb f plbsamfs qul tlblmfs matlrda` más qul sujdhdlbtl, sl`lhhdfbamfs `fs mlefrls jracmlbtfs, `fs más ^DW5 Aprfvlhilb à dbspdrahdøb y nlsarrf``lb tfnas às dnlas qul `ls `àmatdvfs y frdcdba`ls, plbsabnf quä jubhdfbls vlbcab a à mlbtl. @ulcf pulnlb pfnríab hump`dr l dbtlbtamfs nar`ls ub frnlb. frnlbaràs, nlshartaràs f utd`dzarà utd`dzaràss para uba bulva habhdøb. habhdøb. uba vlz nljdbdnf lstl frnlb, aba`dzarlmfs quä jubhdfbará hfmf vlrsf, hfmf lstrdkd``f, y clblramfs à lstruhtura a à habhdøb. sd bf `fcramfs hrlar uba lstruhtura lb su jfrma típdha, nlklrlmfs kushar ub nlsarrf``f nl à lblrcía, nl` h`dma f nl à dbtlbsdnan. uba vlz lstruhturana à habhdøb, slab lb vlrsf/lstrdkd``f f pfr nlsarrf``f `dbla`, tratarlmfs nl hrlar hfbtrastl, kushabnf ndjlrlbhdar hàramlbtl hana slhhdøb (aquí bfs rljlrdmfs a vlrsf/lstrdkd``f/pulbtl), nl jfrma qul hana slhhdøb sulbl ndjlrlbtl, plrf hfmf ub tfnf dbtlcranf. lb lstl mfmlbtf, pfnlmfs utd`dzar nlsnl `fs arrlc`fs, à sustdtuhdøb nl ahfrnls, a à mfnuàhdøb, lbtrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs, para `fcrar qul hana slhhdøb sla rlhfbfhdk`l dbndvdnua`mlbtl.

[LX\MLB - hfmpfblr ub crab bõmlrf nl jracmlbtfs musdha`ls. - lshuhiar `fs jracmlbtfs hfmpulstfs, l dnlbtdjdhar huá`ls pfnríab jubhdfbar hfmf vlrsf f lstrdkd``f. - aba`dzar quä jracmlbtfs jubhdfbab hfmf slhhdøb y huá`ls hfmf vul`ta, y nljdbdr l` bõmlrf nl rlpltdhdfbls para às vul`tas. - nar`ls ub frnlb a `fs jracmlbtfs, hrlabnf uba lstruhtura para à habhdøb. - acrlcar arrlc`fs a hana slhhdøb f vul`ta lb partdhuàr, clblrabnf vardahdøb y hrlar hfbtrastl lbtrl às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls, nl jfrma qul slab kdlb ndjlrlbtls. - hamkdar l` rdtmf nl às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls nl à habhdøb nl mfnf nl aumlbtar l` hfbtrastl lbtrl l`às y nl hrlar ub h`ímax. - nl slr pfsdk`l, a`tlrar f sustdtudr a`cubfs ahfrnls para clblrar uba mayfr vardahdøb armøbdha. - acrlcar l` l ` tlxtf a às ml`fnías nl hana slhhdøb, slcõb `f qul bfs lvfqul. - r lahfmfnar f rlfrnlbar às slhhdfbls sd iahl ja`ta. lahfmfnar - sl`lhhdfbar y nlsarrf`àr às slhhdfbls ja`tabtls hfmf pulbtl, dbtrfnuhhdøb, f pasaels musdha`ls. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

34

HAWÍ^\@F YZDD

L@ ÄBJAXDX M\XDHA@

lb rltørdha, l` äbjasds ls ub jracmlbtf nl` ndshursf qul sl nlstaha, qul pasa a prdmlr pàbf. ls aqul``f qul qulrlmfs rlsa`tar, ls nlhdr, lsf qul lbjatdzamfs tfma prlpfbnlrabhda sfkrl `fs nlmás l`lmlbtfs. ub lelmp`f slbhd``f para hfmprlbnlr l` hfbhlptf nl äbjasds ls l` sdcudlbtl5 dmacdblmfs uba ndshusdøb. uba plrsfba sl bdlca a a`cf. lsta plrsfba pfnría arcumlbtar hfb dnlas f dbhùsf sdmp`lmlbtl nlhdr ‐bf”. plrf sd lsta ndhl ‐¡bf!” mdlbtras cf`pl a à mlsa, prfnuhl ub äbjasds. ls ub ljlhtf más hfbtubnlbtl qul sdmp`lmlbtl nlhdr ‐bf”, ‐bf”, ls ls ub bf rftubnf. rftubnf . l` usf nl` BF lb jfrma sdmu`tábla hfb l` cf`pl ls lbjatdzar. párrajfaparlhl aparlhlsusuftrf lelmp`f nl äbjasds, pfnría slr huabnf lb ub tlxtf ub párrajf krayanf. lsl párrajf sl nlstaha sfkrl l` rlstf nl` tlxtf. lb à mõsdha fhurrl ub prdbhdpdf sdmdàr. hfbtamfs hfb ndvlrsfs l`lmlbtfs, `fs hua`ls jùhtõab lb à fkra f kra y tfmab ndjlrlbtls pàbfs y jubhdfbls. lvlbtua`mlbtl ^DW5 L` äbjasds musdha` lvdta à mfbftfbía y `àma à atlbhdøb nl` ubf nlshukrl qul, sd lbjatdza hdlrtfs l`lmlbtfs fylbtl sfkrl hdlrtfs l`lmlbtfs su fkra f hfmpfsdhdøb tdlbl mayfr julrza f musdha`ls f dnlas. haráhtlr. à dnla prdbhdpa` nl` äbjasds ls rlmarhar f nlstahar uba dnla musdha` qul, nlplbndlbnf nl `fs rlhursfs musdha`ls, pulnl akarhar nlsnl uba ml`fnía, uba slhhdøb, uba paàkra f ub rdtmf. `fs prdbhdpa`ls l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls qul pfnlmfs lbjatdzar sl lbhulbtrab ndvdndnfs nl à sdcudlbtl mablra5 - @fs rítmdhfs5 huabnf l`lmlbtfs, hfmf paàkras, mõsdha, rdtmf, sl anlhuab y sl ublb para lbjatdzar l` rdtmf nl à habhdøb. - @fs ml`øndhfs5 l` äbjasds sl hf`fha sfkrl à ml`fnía. fhurrl huabnf `fs l`lmlbtfs prfhurab lbjatdzar à dnla ml`øndha sfkrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs, hfmf à paàkra. à ml`fnía pasa a prdmlr pàbf. - @fs hfbhlptua`ls5 sl prfnuhl huabnf sl kusha lbjatdzar uba dnla, ub hfbhlptf f uba paàkra a traväs nl `fs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls. - @fs amkdlbta`ls5 huabnf sl utd`dzab `fs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls para lbjatdzar ub h`dma, ub amkdlbtl musdha`.


97


lb ftras paàkras, lb l` äbjasds sl kusha para nlstahar hdlrtfs l`lmlbtfs nl bulstra hfmpfsdhdøb hfb à jdba`dnan nl qul sla más ljlhtdva y más dbtlrlsabtl.

¶HØMF XL LBJA^DUA6 pfnlmfs utd`dzar `fs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls y nl lstruhtura para lbjatdzar ub l`lmlbtf musdha` y nlstahar`f sfkrl l` rlstf. ls nlhdr, l` rlstf nl `fs l`lmlbtfs sl anlhua a à jfrma nl` l`lmlbtf musdha` qul kushamfs nlstahar. lbtrl `fs prdbhdpa`ls l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls hfb `fs qul hfbtamfs lstáb5 - sdmu`tabldnan - usf nl `fs hfrfs - sd`lbhdfs - Äbjasds pfr klat f rdtmfs - l` äbjasds nl ub hfbhlptf - ndjlrlbhda nl pàbfs f rlpltdhdøb - l` äbjasds lb l` sdcbdjdhanf lstfs l`lmlbtfs plrmdtlb hrlar hfbtrastl, pulnlb sumarsl, mlzhàrsl f dbtlrhaàrsl, nlplbndlbnf l` tdpf nl äbjasds qul qulrlmfs `fcrar y nl` l`lmlbtf qul qulrlmfs nlstahar. à dnla nl` äbjasds qul utd`dzamfs ls à nl rlsa`tar à partl (l`lmlbtf), pfr l` tfnf (habhdøb). l` äbjasds ls utd`dzanf lb à mõsdha hfmlrhda` para crakar uba ml`fnía, uba jrasl f ub lstrdkd``f lb à mlbtl nl qudlbls lshuhiab, plrf tamkdäb aparlhl lb à mõsdha h`ásdha hfmf à dnla prdbhdpa` nl à fkra.

XDM\@ÂBLDNAN à sdmu`tabldnan sl na huabnf nfs f más l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls fhurrlb a`

mdsmf tdlmpf. l` lelmp`f más slbhd``f ls l` nl uba õbdha ml`fnía habtana y tfhana tfhana pfr ub pdabf. lsta sdmu`tabldnan nl à ml`fnía, lb ndstdbtfs matdhls, prfnuhl äbjasds. AH/NH ls uba nl às kabnas nl rfho qul sl akusa nl lstl rlhursf. ub lelmp`f nl lstf ls à habhdøb nl AH/NH nl AH/NH - ^B^ . pfnlmfs lshuhiar tfnf l` äbjasds nl à kabna qul sl prfnuhl lb à paàkra ^b^. nl jfrma sdmdàr fhurrl, hfb à paàkra ‐îubnlr” lb l` h`ásdhf nl AH/NH nl AH/NH - îubnlrstruho . âmkdäb aparlhl l` äbjasds lb à sdmu`tabldnan lb l` lstrdkd``f nl Nllp Wurp`l - Xmfol fb til Satlr , nfbnl tfna à kabna lmpuea para l` mdsmf ùcar. sdmdàr ljlhtf sl na lb à jrasl "Kfrb " Kfrb tf kl Sd`n " nl Xtlpplbwf`j - Kfrb tf Kl Sd`n.


91


L@ \XF NL @FX HF[FX ubf nl `fs l`lmlbtfs más usua`ls para clblrar äbjasds ls l s l` usf nl `fs hfrfs. lxdstlb ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl `fcrar`f. uba nl l`às ls l` usf nl `fs hfrfs a `fs

qul sl suma à vfz prdbhdpa` para sfbar sdmu`táblamlbtl? ls uba nl às jfrmas más usua`ls nl clblrar äbjasds5 Hiukky Hilholr - @lt's ^wdst Acadb, AH/NH Idciway tf Il``. ftrf rlhursf ls l` nl à rlpltdhdøb lb hfrf. hf rf. ls nlhdr, à vfz prdbhdpa` habta, y l` hfrf rlpdtl `f qul sl ia habtanf. pfr lelmp`f5 îl Mamas & îl Wapas - Ha`djfrbda Nrlamdb'.

L@ XD@LBHDF l` äbjasds pfr sd`lbhdf hfbsdstl lb utd`dzar ub krlvl sd`lbhdf, clblra`mlbtl lbtrl ubf a trls tdlmpfs, para nlstahar uba bulva slhhdøb, hrlar ub rdtmf f clblrar uba pausa. à dnla prdbhdpa` nl usar l` sd`lbhdf ls clblrar äbjasds, plrf tamkdäb sdrvl para rla`dzar ub qudlkrl, f ub hfbtrastl, puls plrmdtl ndjlrlbhdar nfs slhhdfbls qul pfnríab plrmablhlr sdmdàrls f a às hua`ls tlbnríamfs ^DW5 L` sd`lbhdf ls l` mlefr l`lmlbtf ndjdhu`tan para slparar f ndjlrlbhdar. ndjlrlbhdar. pfr lelmp`f5 para `fcrar l` äbjasds. äbjasds. Xtlpplbwf`j - Kfrb tf Kl Sd`n. l` sd`lbhdf, hfmf dbstrumlbtf para hrlar äbjasds, rlsa`ta sfkrl às hua`dnanls sfbaras pfr à ja`ta nl sfbdnf. lsta auslbhda clblra uba pausa, ub qudlkrl, ub u b vahíf, qul prfnuhl uba tlbsdøb. Iay a`cf qul j a`ta. sdb nunas, l` lelmp`f plrjlhtf nl à utd`dzahdøb nl` sd`lbhdf para clblrar äbjasds ls @a qudbta sdbjfbía nl Klltifvlb Klltifvlb.. ftrf lelmp`f más mfnlrbf ls à habhdøb5 Nuho Xauhl - Karkra Xtrldsabn. l` sd`lbhdf hfmf äbjasds usua`mlbtl fhurrl nl nfs mablras5 a) r uptura5 aquí prdmlrf suhlnl l` sd`lbhdf, slcudnf nl` l`lmlbtf qul sl uptura5 qudlrl lbjatdzar. ls nlhdr, prdmlrf fhurrl l` sd`lbhdf y ùlcf, l` äbjasds (clblranf pfr l` mdsmf sd`lbhdf). lelmp`fs5 Lvlr`y Krftilrs - Saol \p @dtt`l Xuzdl, L`vds Wrls`ly - Ifubn Nfc, Babhy Xdbatra - îlsl Kffts Arl Manl jfr Saòdbc, AH/NH Iarn as a [fho . k) à kabna hfrta lb sd`lbhdf, mdlbtras l` l`lmlbtf sulba a` mdsmf tdlmpf qul à kabna ha`à. ls nlhdr, l` äbjasds fhurrl sfkrl l` sd`lbhdf, a ndjlrlbhda nl` prdmlr lelmp`f nfbnl prdmlrf fhurrl l` sd`lbhdf. lb ftras paàkras, crdtar huabnf tfnfs sl ha`àb. ls nlhdr, l` äbjasds sl prfnuhl pfr l` rlplbtdbf sd`lbhdf nl `fs `fs nlmás l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls, pfr lelmp`f nl à kabna, mdlbtras l` l`lmlbtf musdha` qul qulrlmfs lbjatdzar aõb sulba. pfr lelmp`f5 Kd`` Ia`ly - [fho Arfubn til H`fho. à prdbhdpa` ndjlrlbhda lbtrl amkas hàsls nl sd`lbhdfs, ls qul lb l` prdmlr

hasf, l` sd`lbhdf fhurrl, sl lshuhia a ndjlrlbhda nl` slcubnf, nfbnl sl trakaea sfkrl l` sd`lbhdf, pfr `f hua` bf iay sd`lbhdf rla`. l` usf nl `fs sd`lbhdfs jul partl LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

9;


lslbhda` nl` rfho abn rf``. ub kulb usf nl `fs sd`lbhdfs para lbjatdzar sfb à habhdfbls, pfr lelmp`f5 Elrry @ll @lwds - Crlat Ka``s Fj Jdrl, y L`vds Wrls`ly - Ead` Ifusl [fho. pfr ftrf ànf, va`l mlbhdfbar qul l` usf nl `fs sd`lbhdfs sl lmp`la muhif para nlstahar `fs rdjjs nl cudtarra, hfmf fhurrl lb l` qudlkrl nl` rdjj nl Hiuho Klrry - Efibby K. Cffnl a mdtan nl à habhdøb.

ÄBJAXDX WF[ KLA^ F [D^MF l` äbjasds pfr klat f rdtmf sl utd`dza prdbhdpa`mlbtl lb cäblrfs hfmf l` idp-ifp y hfbsdstl lb l` usf nl nfs f más sfbdnfs qul ahlbtõab sl lb l` mdsmf klat, ahlbtf f rdtmf. ls sdmdàr a` äbjasds pfr sdmu`tabldnan, sdb lmkarcf aquí sl utd`dza prdbhdpa`mlbtl l` rdtmf para hrlar äbjasds. ^DW5 Eulculb hfb à ahlbtuahdøb para ub lelmp`f ls à habhdøb nl Dbhukus `fcrar qul vardfs dbstrumlbtfs cf`pllb f sl Wrfmdsls, Wrfmdsls. Wrfmdsls. sd tfmamfs pfr lelmp`f sd`lbhdlb lb l` mdsmf tdlmpf. à jrasl ‐d'm ‐d'm fb`y fb`y ;8 jfr abftilr ifur, cdvl fr taol (…)” (…)” vlrlmfs vlrlmfs quä sl prfnuhl ub ljlhtf nl äbjasds nl` rdtmf musdha` muy dbtlrlsabtl. l` mdsmf rlhursf aparlhl lb à habhdøb nl Kàho Xakkati - Drfb Mab. Mab . âmkdäb pfnlmfs nlstahar hømf sl ahlbtõa à jrasl ‐nam slxy hidho” hidho” hfb hfb l` rdtmf lb à habhdøb nl Navdn Cultta jt Aofb - Xlxy Hidho, ls ub lxhl`lbtl lelmp`f nl hømf hrlar äbjasds hfb l` rdtmf y às paàkras. f l` lstrdkd``f nl Krdtbly Xplars ‐d wabba cf" sfkrl `fs cf`pls nl` rdtmf. l` D Sabba Cf lb l` qul sl lbjatdza l` ‐d mdsmf rlhursf ls utd`dzanf a` jdba` nl `fs vlrsfs nl Kàho Xakkati - Warabfdn . âmkdäb, sl utd`dza l` ljlhtf hfbtrardf, iahdlbnf qul `fs sd`lbhdfs hadcab lb l` mdsmf tdlmpf, para prfnuhdr ub ljlhtf nl ahlbtuahdøb y qudlkrl, así hfmf nl äbjasds. ub lelmp`f ls ^dbdl ^lmpai jt. Sdz Oia`dja - ^d`` d'm Cfbl, qul utd`dza äbjasds pfr klat, sd`lbhdf y ftrfs rlhursfs más. pfr ftrf ànf, nlklmfs prlstar atlbhdøb a à ahlbtuahdøb qul sl `l na a à jrasl ‐d—`` ‐d—`` kl kl kaho fbl nay” nay” pfrqul pfrqul fplra ml`øndha y tlxtua`mlbtl.

L@ ÄBJAXDX NL \B HFBHLW^F lb lstl pubtf bfs ahlrharlmfs a uba dnla nl äbjasds ndjlrlbtl. à dnla aquí bf ls lbjatdzar ub l`lmlbtf musdha`, sdbf lbjatdzar uba dnla f uba paàkra nl à `ltra. para clblrar l` äbjasds sl acrlca ub sfbdnf f sl `f lelhuta nl ahulr nf hfb `f qul sl qudlrl trabsmdtdr. pfr lelmp`f, sd sl qudlrl lbjatdzar uba dnla, pfr lelmp`f, ‐hfmf ub susurrf lb l` fínf”, fínf”, l` l` äbjasds lstará lb qul lsa jrasl sla susurrana. ub lelmp`f nl` äbjasds nl ub hfbhlptf ls à habhdøb nl Xl`lba Cfmlz & îl Xhlbl - @fvl Tfu @dol A @fvl Xfbc , huabnf ajdrma ‐abn d ‐abn d ollp idttdbc rlplat-plat-plat-plat-plat-plat”, rlplat-plat-plat-plat-plat- plat”, sl vl l` eulcf hfb l` hfbhlptf nl rlpltdr. ftrf hasf ls l` nl îl Mdnbdcit Klast - Eust Abftilr Kfykabn , lb l` mfmlbtf lb qul sl prlslbta a hana ubf nl `fs dbtlcrabtls nl à kabna y su plhu`dar jfrma nl habtar. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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NDJL[LBHDA NL W@ABFX F [LWL^DHDØB ZL[^DHA@ l` äbjasds pfr ndjlrlbhda nl pàbfs randha lb uba rlpltdhdøb vlrtdha` nl` mftdvf musdha`. à rlpltdhdøb vlrtdha` hfbsdstl lb ub mftdvf musdha` lb ndjlrlbtls a`turas, tlxturas f pàbfs. pulnl aparlhlr lb prdmlr pàbf, lelhutanf pfr ub dbstrumlbtf, habtanf f sutd`mlbtl lelhutanf lb l` jfbnf nl à fkra. lb à habh døb nl îl Xtrfols - âolb Jfr a Jff` , l` prdmlr vlrsf aparlhl lbjatdzanf5 Xdstlr, vdsdtln us ylstlrnay, yl stlrnay, Xdstlr, nfb't yfu jfrclt my bumklr, fb til nffr hfb pfstlrdfrdnan, lsa mdsma dnla musdha` aparlhl hfbtdbuamlbtl lb à

habhdøb hfb ndjlrlbtls jfrmas y vardahdfbls, así hfmf lb ndjlrlbtls pàbfs. l` äbjasds pfr vardahdøb hfbsdstl lb à vardahdøb nl` mftdvf musdha`, clblra`mlbtl lelhutanf pfr ndjlrlbtls dbstrumlbtfs lb ndjlrlbtls bdvl`ls5 habtanf, sd`kanf, tfhanf pfr l` kaef, nl jfbnf lb à ml`fnía nl à cudtarra. lstf plrmdtl acrlcar uba vardahdøb, mdlbtras sl lbjatdza l` mftdvf f dnla musdha`.

L@ ÄBJAXDX LB L@ XDCBDJDHANF hfbsdstl lb acrlcar`l slbtdnf a à ml`fnía. sl trata nl à asfhdahdøb nl uba

dnla, paàkra f hfbhlptf a uba dnla musdha` hfb ub rdtmf, ub mftdvf f uba ml`fnía. ub kulb lelmp`f ls à habhdøb nl A`lxabnra Xtab - Mr. Xaxfklat . l` mftdvf musdha` y l` lstrdkd``f tdlblb lxahtamlbtl à mdsma ml`fnía. ftra habhdøb qul utd`dza l` mdsmf rlhursf ls Wltlr, Kefrb & Efib - Tfubc Jfòs, Jfòs, sf`f qul l` mftdvf musdha` ls l` mdsmf qul l` nl `fs vlrsfs y ndjlrlbtl lb l` lstrdkd``f. âmkdäb fhurrl lb Wdtku`` Jt Tfàbna Kl Hff` - Kub Kub Wabamlrdhabf, Wabamlrdhabf , qul tfma à ml`fnía nl ‐pabamlrdhabf” y `l acrlca ub acrlca ub "kub kub". à dnla prdbhdpa` hfbsdstl lb lbjatdzar uba ml`fnía utd`dzabnf uba paàkra f hfbhlptf. lsta asfhdahdøb prfnuhl qul à ml`fnía, l` rdtmf f l` mftdvf sl cravl más jdrmlmlbtl lb à mlbtl nl qudlb lshuhia.

HFBH@\XDØB l` äbjasds sdrvl para nlstahar dnlas y l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls. sl usa para qul a qudlb `f lshuhil `l `àml à atlbhdøb y bf `l pasl nlsaplrhdkdna lsa dnla qul qulrlmfs trabsmdtdr. pulnl slr ub rdtmf, uba jrasl, uba ml`fnía, ub tlxtf, ub sdcbdjdhanf, ub mftdvf, f uba slhhdøb. Iahdlbnf uba aba`fcía, l` äbjasds musdha` ls sdmdàr a acrlcar blcrdta a `fs párrajfs nl bulstra mõsdha. ls uba kulba jfrma nl hrlar vardahdøb, nl nar`ls dmpfrtabhda a `fs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls qul qulrlmfs y, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, nl tlblr ftrf rlhursf más para utd`dzar a à ifra nl hfmpfblr.


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HAWÍ^\@F YZDDD

NLÂ@@LX JDBA@LX5 @F Q\L BF W\LNL JA@Â[ Iab hfmpulstf uba habhdøb y sl prlcubtab5 ¶Ml ja`ta a`cf6 lb lstl hapítu`f aba`dzarlmfs tfnf `f qul nlklría tlblr uba habhdøb, nlsnl l` prdmlr slcubnf iasta l` jdba`5 `fs l`lmlbtfs más dmpfrtabtls y aqul``fs qul bf nlklb nlear nl ànf a à ifra nl hfmpfblr. `fs pubtfs sl ap`dhab a hua`qudlr cäblrf musdha` nlsnl l` rfho, a` rlccaltøb, l` ilavy mlta`, à humkda, l` rap, lthätlra. uba habhdøb ls à suma nl ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs l dnlas musdha`ls qul aparlhlb a `f àrcf nl à habhdøb lb ndjlrlbtls pàbfs, hfb ndjlrlbtls tdmkrls y lb ndstdbtfs mfmlbtfs. mfmlbtfs. l` hømf lstfs l`lmlbtfs l dnlas vab rlpdtdäbnfsl, nlsarrf``ábnfsl nlsarrf``ábnfsl y hfbtrastábnfsl ls à lslbhda nl à hfmpfsdhdøb. hfb l` jdb nl vlrdjdhar qul bulstra habhdøb lstä kdlb `fcrana, ls dmpfrtabtl rlvdsar lstfs nfhl pubtfs5 ml`fnía, rdtmf, lstruhtura, amkdlbtl, lblrcía, h`ímax, dbtlrprltahdøb, dbtrfnuhhdøb, hfbtrastl, rlpltdhdøb y vardahdøb

ML@FNÍA ls à lslbhda nl à habhdøb. nlklmfs nlstahar qul uba kulba ml`fnía iahl à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl uba kulba y uba maà habhdøb. à ml`fnía prdbhdpa` lb l` cäblrf nl à habhdøb aparlhl nl jfrma habtana pfrqul sl `l acrlca ub tlxtf? así sl prfnuhl à ubdøb lbtrl l` sfbdnf nl às bftas musdha`ls y l` sfbdnf nl às síàkas, qul sl hfbfhl hfmf `ltra. muhias vlhls, lsa mdsma ml`fnía habtana aparlhl lb vardfs bdvl`ls nl à habhdøb y ls dbtlrprltana pfr ndjlrlbtls dbstrumlbtfs, `f hua` iahl más jáhd` nl rlhfrnarà. uba kulba ml`fnía iahl rlhfbfhdk`l uba habhdøb, à iahl más `àmatdva y jáhd` nl habtar. sdb ml`fnía, bf iay habhdøb.

[D^MF l` rdtmf ls à kasl nl à mõsdha. vdta`, blhlsardf l dbndsplbsak`l. pulnls tfhar `fs mdsmfs ahfrnls qul tfnfs, plrf l` rdtmf iahl à ndjlrlbhda. ub rdtmf õbdhf nará uba habhdøb õbdha. ls dmpfrtabtl nlstahar qul l` rdtmf bf sf`f tdlbl ub papl` prlpfbnlrabtl lb às habhdfbls kadàk`ls, sdbf qul aparlhl lb tfnfs `fs cäblrfs, dbhùsf lb `fs tlmas `lbtfs. lstl ls ubf nl `fs asplhtfs musdha`ls más f`vdnanfs y nleanfs nl ànfs, aubqul dbhùsf ls más dmpfrtabtl dmpf rtabtl qul huábtfs ahfrnls sl usab. ^fnfs ^fnfs `fs cäblrfs LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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musdha`ls tdlblb ub rdtmf prfpdf (humkda, tabcf, rlccaltøb, mlta`, rfho, pubo, lthätlra), plrf tamkdäb hdlrtas habhdfbls `fcrab su prfpdf rdtmf nlstahábnfsl nlbtrf nl` cäblrf.

LX^[\H^\[A uba vlz qul tlblmfs às ndjlrlbtls ml`fnías, hrlamfs ndstdbtas slhhdfbls

qul sfb hfbfhdnas, clblra`mlbtl, hfmf vlrsf/lstrdkd``f vlrsf/lstrdkd``f.. pfnlmfs hfmprlbnlr a à lstruhtura hfmf l` frnlb lbtrl l` hfbtrastl, à vardahdøb y à rlpltdhdøb nl às slhhdfbls.. ls lslbhda` nar`l slhhdfbls nar`l ub frnlb a à habhdøb, nl mablra qul hdlrtfs l`lmlbtfs l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls sl rlpdtab f hfbtrastlb lbtrl sí. `f prdbhdpa` qul nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta ls l` hfbtrastl lbtrl `fs l`lmlbtfs qul sl rlpdtlb y `fs l`lmlbtfs bfvlnfsfs f hfb vardahdøb. âmkdäb, pfnlmfs hfbsdnlrar a à lstruhtura hfmf à jfrma lb qul frnlbamfs `fs ndstdbtfs l`lmlbtfs y slhhdfbls nl à habhdøb. lstf jubhdfba a ub bdvl` mahrf, hfmf huabnf dbvfùhra às slhhdfbls, y lb ub bdvl` mdhrf, hfmf pulnl slr à rlpltdhdøb nl l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls hfmf, pfr lelmp`f, `fs mftdvfs, às ml`fnías, l` rdtmf f `fs arrlc`fs. sdb lstruhtura, bf iay frnlb.

AMKDLB^L l` amkdlbtl ls à lblrcía, ls "lsa macda" qul bfs qudlrl trabsmdtdr à habhdøb. ls à dnla prdbhdpa` nl à habhdøb, aubqul aubqul suclrdnf5 ¶Ls uba habhdøb a`lcrl, rfmábtdha, trdstl, pfnlrfsa6 ¶Quä kushas trabsmdtdr6 l` amkdlbtl lstá clblranf pfr à suma nl `fs l`lmlbtfs, l`lmlbtfs, ahfrnls, rdtmfs, ml`fnías, y pfr hømf bfs trabsmdtlb lstf `fs dbstrumlbtfs hfb su tdmkrl. âmkdäb, tdlbnlb a acrlcarsl l`lmlbtfs aelbfs a à mõsdha, hfmf `fs ljlhtfs sfbfrfs5 `ùvda, trulbfs, autfs, clbtl, lthätlra. l` amkdlbtl ls lsl plqulñf y sutd` l`lmlbtf qul iahl à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl habhdfbls nl` mdsmf cäblrf. plbslmfs lb uba habhdøb nl amfr, pulnl slr íbtdma, rfmábtdha, jrácd`, nl nlsplhif, a`lcrl, euvlbd`, apasdfbana, mlàbhø`dha, lbtrl ftras dnlas pfsdk`ls. à jfrma nl lbtlbnlr lstl hfbhlptf ls prlcubtarsl5 sd tuvdlras qul pfblr jftfs f vdnlf para tu habhdøb5 ¶quä dmaclb utd`dzarías6 sd julra à kabna nl sfbdnf nl uba pl`íhuà f nl uba lshlba5 ¶huá` slría6 à dnla ls lb dbtlbtar rlprlslbtar lsas rlspulstas hfb à mõsdha. lb lstl pubtf, nlklmfs tamkdäb pfblr atlbhdøb a à `ltra, puls ls à qul plrmdtl lxprlsar`f más jáhd`mlbtl. pfr supulstf, l``f uba vlz qul `f ilmfs `fcranf hfb à mõsdha.

LBL[CÍA sd kdlb uba habhdøb pulnl slr rlàeana, rara vlz ls mfbøtfba. à mõsdha

tdlbnl a dr sdlmprl iahda a`cõb sdtdf, mfvd`dza, bfs ``lva, bfs lmpuea y sl trasàna. à lblrcía iahl rljlrlbhda a hømf l` sfbdnf lmpuea para anlàbtl. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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^fmlmfs hfmf lelmp`f, uba habhdøb a`lcrl bfs na cabas nl kadàr f uba habhdøb más jurdfsa prfnuhl sa`tar, cf`plar f sahundr à haklza. ls dmpfrtabtl qul à lblrcía bf sdlmprl sla dcua` nurabtl tfna à habhdøb, sdbf qul iaya vardahdøb para lvdtar à mfbftfbía. ftrf pubtf a tlblr lb hulbta ls qul à lblrcía varía slcõb hømf vamfs dbstrumlbtabnf y arrlcàbnf à habhdøb? ub hàrf lelmp`f nl lstf ls plbsar l` mdsmf pasael musdha` hfb y sdb katlría. à lblrcía ls dmpfrtabtl, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, pfrqul à habhdøb bf nlkl slr dcua` lb tfna su lxtlbsdøb. pfnlmfs lbtlbnlr à lblrcía hfmf tlbsdøb. à lblrcía nlkl jùhtuar? sd à lblrcía ls dcua` lb tfna à habhdøb, sl vul`vl mfbøtfba.

H@ÍMAY lstl pubtf sl rlàhdfba hfb `f abtlrdfr, puls uba habhdøb lbtlbndna hfmf lblrcía nlkl ``lcar a ub mfmlbtf hõ`mdbl. lstl mfmlbtf sl sul`l nlbfmdbar hfmf h`ímax artístdhf, artístdhf, qul ls l` ùcar nl máxdma tlbsdøb. lstf fhurrl lb hasd tfnas às fkras nl artdstdhas5 lb l` hdbl, à mõsdha f à `dtlratura. ¶Bulstra habhdøb nlkl tlblr h`ímax6 ¡Wfr supulstf qul sí! nlkl tlblr ub mfmlbtf hõ`mdbl, y clblra`mlbtl, lstl sl ukdha hlrha nl à mdtan a` jdba` nl à habhdøb. ls dmpfrtabtísdmf, pfrqul sdb h`ímax, bf iay ub nlsarrf``f aprfpdanf.

DB^L[W[LÂHDØB lstl apartanf sl rljdlrl a à dbtlrprltahdøb nl à ml`fnía. uba mdsma ml`fnía pulnl slr dbtlrprltana suavl, acrlsdva, ml`fndfsa, a`lcrl, hruna, eucultfba, y nl md` jfrmas más, sla habtana f tfhana pfr ub dbstrumlbtf. r f`fs ndstdbtfs tdpfs, uba habhdøb nl mlta`, uba habhdøb dbjabtd` f uba habhdøb rfmábtdha, lxdclb ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl dbtlrprltahdøb. pfr supulstf, lstl bf ls ub asplhtf puramlbtl hfmpfsdtdvf, plrf nlklmfs tlblr`f lb hulbta, puls dbjùyl lb crab mlndna. a bdvl` hfmpfsdtdvf, pfnlmfs plbsar lb l` tdmkrl, puls a`cubfs dbstrumlbtfs sulbab más suavls f más vdf`lbtfs qul ftrfs. ^fmlmfs, ^fmlmfs, pfr lelmp`f, à ndjlrlbhda nl tdmkrl lbtrl ub pdabf y uba cudtarra l`ähtrdha. f dbhùsf nlbtrf nl uba mdsma rama nl dbstrumlbtfs, hfmf pulnlb slr `fs ndjlrlbtls tdmkrls nl pdabfs f cudtarras. l` pubtf prdbhdpa` lstá lb prlstar atlbhdøb a hømf nlkl sfbar à ml`fnía, hømf nlkl slr habtana l dbhùsf l` tdmkrl nl à mdsma ls ub asplhtf muy dmpfrtabtl. lb bdvl` hfmpfsdtdvf, pfnlmfs mlbhdfbar a às ahlbtuahdfbls , à bfta jabtasma, bfta ahlbtuana, l` anfrbf? às tähbdhas dbvfùhranas , pfr lelmp`f, plbslmfs à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl sd`lbhdar (pa`m mutl) f nlear sfbar l` ahfrnl lb à cudtarra? y à ndbámdha musdha` , lbtlbndna hfmf à dbtlbsdnan lb qul nlklb lelhutarsl às bftas lb à fkra5 pdabf, fkra5 pdabf, jfrtísdmf, a``lcrf, a``lcrf , lthätlra. à dbtlrprltahdøb hfbtrdkuyl a` amkdlbtl, a` nlsarrf``f nl à lblrcía y l` h`ímax, a `f qul sl qudlrl trabsmdtdr. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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DB^[FN\HHDØB ¡ls dmpfrtabtísdma! bf bfs rljlrdmfs a` nlsarrf``f nl uba dbtrfnuhhdøb lsplhda`, sdbf a lsfs prdmlrfs 87 slcubnfs qul sl lshuhiab nl uba habhdøb. lb ftras paàkras, ls `f prdmlrf qul bfs trabsmdtl à habhdøb lb lsfs 87 slcubnfs. ls à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl qul l` fylbtl sdca lshuhiabnf, sl ndstradca f hamkdl nl habhdøb. pdlbslb lb huábtf tdlmpf lshuhiab nl uba bulva habhdøb, f dbhùsf uba nl ub cäblrf qul bf `ls custa, nl ub artdsta qul bf hfbfhlb, f dbhùsf à nl ubf qul `ls hal ma`, slcuramlbtl, bf `l nab muhia fpfrtubdnan… ¶Huábta fpfrtubdnan `ls nará à clbtl a ustlnls6 fkvdamlbtl, `f mdsmf qul a tfnfs. à dbtrfnuhhdøb ls lsl plqulñf tdlmpf qul pulnl iahlr à ndjlrlbhda para bf halr lb l` f`vdnf.

CABHIF (IFFO) atlbhdøb nl` fylbtl. l` cabhif cab hif clbfs rljlrdmfs a lsl l`lmlbtf qul atrapa à atlbhdøb blra`mlbtl sl rlàhdfba a às habhdfbls hfmlrhda`ls, sdb lmkarcf, hua`qudlr mõsdha f habhdøb qul tdlbl ub l`lmlbtf nlstahak`l, mlmfrak`l f qul sl rlpdtl tdlbl cabhif5 ls a`cf qul atrapa y qul qulrlmfs vf`vlr a lshuhiar. lstl l`lmlbtf iahl qul uba habhdøb sla dbf`vdnak`l. l` cabhif pulnl lstar lb à ml`fnía, lb ub mftdvf musdha`, lb ub rdjj f pulnls armar ubf lsplhda`mlbtl. sd aõb hfbsdnlrab qul `fs cabhifs sfb maà paàkra, pdlbslb lb ub l`lmlbtf dbtlrlsabtl musdha`mlbtl, jáhd` nl rlhfrnar y qul rlsu`tl atrahtdvf. pfr supulstf, pulnl slr habtanf f dbstrumlbta`. dbstrumlbta`. uba habhdøb sdb ‐cabhif” ls hfmf uba pl`íhuà sdb trama, sdb hfbj`dhtf5 akurrdnf y tfta`mlbtl f`vdnak`l. sl nlkl plbsar lb l` cabhif hfmf lsa dnla musdha` qul bfs atrapa, qul qulrlmfs vf`vlr a lshuhiar y qul bfs iahl bf f`vdnar à habhdøb.

HFB^[AX^L l` hfbtrastl hfbsdstl lb à hàra ndstdbhdøb ndstdbhdøb lbtrl uba slhhdøb y ftra. lb ub bdvl` kásdhf, sl trata nl qul qudlb lshuhil à habhdøb `fcrl ndjlrlbhdar l` lstrdkd``f nl `fs vlrsfs. à dnla clblra` hfbsdstl lb `fcrar ndjlrlbtls dnlas musdha`ls. sd bulstra habhdøb va muy rápdnf, ls kulba dnla acrlcar ub pasael `lbtf f qudzás, qudzás , susplbsdvf? y pfr l` hfbtrardf, sd ls muy `lbta f rlàeana, acrlcar a`cf nl h`ímax pulnl slr ahlrtanf.l` hfbtrastl lvdta à mfbftfbía y à mfbftfbía lb à mõsdha ls sdbøbdmf nl akurrdmdlbtf. l` hfbtrastl pulnl ap`dharsl lb ndjlrlbtls bdvl`ls. lb ub bdvl` mdhrf, sl na huabnf lb ub mdsmf pasael, pfr lelmp`f, mdlbtras ub dbstrumlbtf tfha bftas hfrtas y rápdnas, ftrf dbstrumlbtf tfha bftas àrcas. lb ub bdvl` mahrf, sl nlsarrf`à l` hfbtrastl lbtrl slhhdfbls a` qul abtls mlbhdfbamfs5 l` hfbtrastl tfba` (lbtrl ndjlrlbtls armfbías) y l` hfbtrastl rítmdhf. sdb hfbtrastl, à mõsdha sl vul`vl akurrdna.


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[LWL^DHDØB T [LD^L[AHDØB à rlpltdhdøb sul`l slr vdsta hfmf a`cf ma`f, asfhdana a `f hfmlrhda` f a à mfbftfbía. à prlcubta ls5 ¶quä rlpltdmfs y hømf `f rlpltdmfs6 à rlpltdhdøb ls kulba, f mlefr ndhif, sl hfbvdlrtl lb a`cf muy kulbf lb su nfsds eusta.

lpltdr lpltdr r

y rldtlrar ml`fnías, mftdvfs musdha`ls, cabhifs, dnlas dbtlrlsabtls, f dbhùsf, lstrdkd``fs ls muy ahlrtanf. à rlpltdhdøb plrmdtl hfilsdfbar bulstra fkra y nar`l slbtdnf. plrmdtl qul l` fylbtl sl sdlbta hømfnf y jamd`dardzanf, plrf l` akusf nl à rlpltdhdøb clblra mfbftfbía y habsabhdf. lb ftras paàkras, plbslmfs qul, huabnf lshuhiamfs uba habhdøb qul bfs atral, clblra`mlbtl `f iahlmfs pfrqul iay a`cf qul bfs custa nl l`à5 ub rdjj, uba ml`fnía, ub mftdvf, ub lstrdkd``f f ub cabhif, f dbhùsf vardfs nl lstfs l`lmlbtfs qul sl rlpdtlb a `f àrcf nl à habhdøb. à rlpltdhdøb iahl eulcf hfb l` hfbtrastl y à vardahdøb pfr `f qul plrmdtl clblrar dbtlräs. sdb à rldtlrahdøb, às ndjlrlbtls dnlas pasab nl àrcf, sdb plba bd c`frda, bf sl nlstahab y mulrlb lb ub mar nl l`lmlbtfs. à rlpltdhdøb sdrvl para nlstahar , tralr a prdmlr pàbf, rlmarhar y nlhdr5 ‐lshuhia quä `dbnf lstf qul il hfmpulstf”. l` hfbtrastl rlbulva à atlbhdøb y iahl qul, huabnf l` fylbtl vul`va a prlstar atlbhdøb a lsf qul lshuhiø lb prdmlra dbstabhda, bf `l rlsu`tl mfbøtfbf, sdbf dbtlrlsabtl. hfmf l` hfbtrastl, à rlpltdhdøb y à rldtlrahdøb jubhdfba lb ndjlrlbtls bdvl`ls5 mahrf y mdhrf. uba mdsma ml`fnía pulnl rlpltdrsl lb ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls, pfr ndjlrlbtls dbstrumlbtfs, f hfb ndjlrlbtls vardahdfbls para `fcrar ndstdbtfs ljlhtfs.

ZA[DAHDØB lpltdr lpltdr r

l`lmlbtfs nl uba habhdøb ls ub pubtf muy dmpfrtabtl lb à mõsdha. sdb lmkarcf, lxdstl ftra rlcà dcua`mlbtl va`dfsa5 sdlmprl nlkl fhurrdr a`cf bulvf. ls dmpfrtabtl rlpltdr, slhhdfbls y l`lmlbtfs musdha`ls, plrf lstfs bf nlklb slr lxahtamlbtl dcua`ls. pfr supulstf, pfnlmfs eucar hfb `fs crabnls hamkdfs y vardahdfbls nl mfnf nl clblrar, dbhùsf, uba bulva slhhdøb qul hfbtrastl hfb às ftras, f pfnlmfs eucultlar hfb às plqulñas sutd`lzas, hfmf rlpltdr uba slhhdøb hfb ub `lvl hamkdf, pfr lelmp`f, nl tfbf f tdlmpf lb uba bfta nl uba jrasl, f nl ub ahfrnl. sdlmprl ls rlhfmlbnak`l acrlcar uba vardahdøb aõb sd lsta parlhdlra bf bftarsl. à vardahdøb na adrl jrlshf a à fkra, y sdrvl para rlbfvar l` dbtlräs, puls a`cf ia hamkdanf. pfr supulstf, ls dmpfrtabtl rlj`lxdfbar sfkrl huábnf y huábtf qulrlmfs qul sl bftlb à vardahdøb y l` hamkdf. lb lstl pubtf, bf iay rlcàs jdeas, sdbf pfrqul à vardahdøb nljdbdna pfr à dbtlbhdøb nl` hfmpfsdtfr, qudlb pulnl eucar hfb l` fínf atlbtf f, sdmp`lmlbtl, fptar pfr akfjltlar a` fylbtl a jdb nl `àmar su atlbhdøb. lbtrl às vardahdfbls qul pfnlmfs mlbhdfbar, mlbhdfbar, lstáb às qul pulnlb mfndjdhar a`cõb l`lmlbtf musdha` , hfmf a`tlrar uba ml`fnía? prfnuhdr ub hamkdf nl dbs-


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trumlbtahdøb , ls nlhdr, ub dbstrumlbtf lelhuta `f qul tfhaka ftrf? qudtar f acrlcar ub bulvf l`lmlbtf lb à hfmpfsdhdøb ? vf`vlr a dbhùdr ub jracmlbtf musdha ` ya utd`dzanf lb uba bulva slhhdøb? iahlr ub hamkdf lb à dbtlrprltahdøb f, dbhùsf, lb l` amkdlbtl, ub hamkdf nl rdtmf , pfr lelmp`f, mfndjdhar ub hfmpás nl

>/> a 8/>, ub hamkdf lb à ahlbtuahdøb f lb l` acrupamdlbtf nl às bftas, lbtrl ftras fphdfbls pfsdk`ls. à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl l` hfbtrastl y à vardahdøb ls qul, l` prdmlrf ls à fpfsdhdøb a uba dnla prlvda, mdlbtras qul, à vardahdøb ls à prlslbtahdøb nl pfsdk`ls nlsarrf``fs, à dbtrfnuhhdøb nl bulvfs l`lmlbtfs, f à mfndjdhahdøb nl l`lmlbtfs prlvdfs. pfr supulstf, huabnf uba vardahdøb ls muy crabnl, hfb uba crab ndjlrlbhda y fpfsdhdøb, tral hfmf rlsu`tanf ub hfbtrastl. hfmf lxp`dhákamfs, às vardahdfbls pulnlb slr tab lxtrlmas, hfmf dbtrfnuhdr ub hamkdf nl armfbía, f sdmp`lmlbtl, rllmpàzar à bfta nl ub ahfrnl. lstf nlplbnl nl à dbtlbsdøb nl` hfmpfsdtfr.


47

XLC\BNA WA[^L LXH[DKD[ HABHDFBLX

HAWÍ^\@F YDY

LXH[DKD[ \BA HABHDØB

lb à prdmlra partl nl` `dkrf, vdmfs ndjlrlbtls ndjlrlbtls mätfnfs nl hfmpfsdhdøb nl habhdfbls frdlbtanfs iahda à mõsdha. lb lsta slcubna partl, bfs hlbtrarlmfs lb hømf lshrdkdr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb. vlrlmfs ndjlrlbtls mätfnfs nl lshrdtura, pfr lelmp`f, hømf acrlcar sdcbdjdhanf a `fs sfbdnfs musdha`ls y ftras jfrmas nl hfmpfsdhdøb más frdlbtanas a à partl tlxtua` nl à habhdøb? aba`dzarlmfs hømf lshrdkdr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb a partdr nl à ml`fnía, hømf sl jusdfba l` sfbdnf nl às bftas musdha`ls hfb l` sfbdnf nl às paàkras y às ndstdbtas jfrmas nl nlsarrf`àr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb.

MÕXDHA T WA@AK[AX à dnla prdbhdpa` a à ifra nl lshrdkdr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb ls rllmpàzar l`

sfbdnf nl às bftas musdha`ls pfr l` sfbdnf nl às síàkas. aubqul, tamkdäb, pfnlmfs partdr nl à `ltra y andvdbar às ml`fnías habtabnf, f kdlb pfnlmfs tlblr hfmpulsta `l ml`fnía y lshrdkdr à `ltra. lstf ls dbndstdbtf lb l` mfmlbtf nl hfmpfblr f lshrdkdr, aubqul va`l nlstahar qul prfnuhl ndjlrlbtls habhdfbls. `f dmpfrtabtl ls qul pfr à ubdøb nl sfbdnf y sdcbdjdhanf, às jrasls musdha`ls sl trabsjfrmab lb jrasls tlxtua`ls. l` sfbdnf ^DW5 Iahlr uba habhdøb ls jusdfbar l` sfbdnf nl às sdàkas nl às paàkras pasa nl tlblr ub slbtdnf musdha` a tlblr ub hfb l` sfbdnf nl às bftas n l à sdcbdjdhanf. ya bf sf`f sl trabsmdtl uba lblrml`fnía. cía, uba lmfhdøb, ub sfbdnf sdbf qul tamkdäb sl trabsmdtl ub mlbsael, ub slbtdnf, ub sdcbdjdhanf f sl hulbta uba idstfrda. l s qul sd pulnlb sd`kar uba ml`fnía, à pulnlb à rlcà qul nlklmfs rlhfrnar ls habtar, y sd à pulnlb habtar `l pulnlb acrlcar sdcbdjdhanf, ub tlxtf, uba idstfrda.

WA[^D[ NL \BA ML@FNÍA à crab mayfría nl às vlhls habtamfs habhdfbls y bf rlparamfs lb às

`ltras. ls más, muhias vlhls, às habtamfs y bf tlblmfs bd à mlbfr dnla nl `f qul ndhlb, plrf bf pfnlmfs nlear nl habtaràs f lshuhiaràs. plbslmfs lb à crab habtdnan nl habhdfbls lb ftrf dndfma qul sl iab ilhif pfpuàrls. lstf suhlnl pfrqul sfb habhdfbls kasanas lb ml`fnías. nl ilhif, y va`l à LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

4;

¶HØMF LXH[DKD[ HABHDFBLX6

plba rlmarhar`f, às mlefrls habhdfbls lstáb kasanas lb ml`fnías. ¶Wfr quä6 pfrqul sfb slbhd`às nl rlhfrnar, y lstf plrmdtl qul slab jáhd`mlbtl dnlbtdjdhak`ls tabtf a` habtar, hfmf a` sd`kar f a` slr crdtanas lb ub lstandf nl jõtkf`. à crab mayfría nl às plrsfbas qul sl dbdhdab lb à hfmpfsdhdøb nl habhdfbls hrllb qul habtar sdcbdjdha ‐habtar à à `ltra”, `ltra”, sdb sdb lmkarcf a` habtar sl habtab bftas musdha`ls f, más prlhdsamlbtl, ml`fnías, y lstf ls `f qul `l na ub sakfr y ub hf`fr õbdhf a à habhdøb. pfr ftrf ànf, à dmpfrtabhda nl às `ltras ls muy crabnl, puls hrla uba sdcbdjdhahdøb nl `fs sfbdnfs. ya bf slráb sfbdnfs vahífs sdbf qul tlbnráb ub slbtdnf, à habhdøb tlbnrá ub sdcbdjdhanf5 ¡aubqul sl tratl sfàmlbtl nl uba paàkra! a` pfblr`l `ltra a à ml`fnía, `ls acrlcamfs a`cf más a lsfs sfbdnfs musdha`ls, às jrasls musdha`ls sl hfbvdlrtlb lb paàkras y jrasls qul bfs ndhlb a`cf, qul bfs hulbtab uba idstfrda f bfs trabsmdtlb ub mlbsael. va`l bftar qul à ml`fnía sdb `ltra ls tab sf`f ub sfbdnf musdha` vahíf nl hfbtlbdnf, nl sdcbdjdhanf? sd kdlb pulnlb trabsmdtdrbfs uba lmfhdøb f uba lblrcía, bf bfs ndhl bana. pfr lelmp`f, pulnl lvfhar trdstlza, plrf bf pulnl lxp`dhar l` pfrquä, bf bfs hulbta bdbcuba idstfrda.

¶HØMF LMWLUA[6 prdmlrf nlklmfs nlsarrf`àr uba ml`fnía f jrasl musdha`. lstf sl pulnl iahlr nl ndjlrlbtls mablras, muhias nl às hua`ls ilmfs mlbhdfbanf lb hapítu`fs abtlrdfrls. r lsumdlbnf, às jfrmas más hfmubls sfb às sdcudlbtls5 lsumdlbnf, 1) pulnlb hfmlbzar tfhabnf ahfrnls hfb su dbstrumlbtf y habtar`l lbhdma iasta qul sa`ca a`cf amlbf. lb clblra`, sl hfmdlbza pfr uba jrasl y sl dbtlbta andvdbar à ml`fnía, nábnf`l jfrma a` sfbdnf a mlndna qul sl habta. ;) pulnlb lmplzar pfr uba lshaà y eucar hfb l`à iasta nar hfb uba ml`fnía f ub jracmlbtf qul sla dbtlrlsabtl. 8) pulnlb iahlr uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls, crakarà y ùlcf dmprfvdsar hfb su dbstrumlbtf lbhdma. à dnla ls à mdsma qul habtabnf, plrf na rlsu`tanfs más musdha`ls, lb lsplhda` sd bf saklb habtar. >) pulnlb partdr nl às paàkras, dbtlbtabnf nar`ls uba hdlrta ml`fnía f rdtmf. lstf ls muy õtd`, lb lsplhda`, sd bf saklb tfhar bdbcõb dbstrumlbtf. <) ftra fphdøb ls dbtlbtar clblrar uba ml`fnía sd`kabnf f tararlabnf. lstf ls lsplhda`mlbtl õtd` huabnf bf tdlblb ub dbstrumlbtf a mabf.

CLBL[A[ \B WA^[ØB `f prdmlrf y prdbhdpa` slrdá nar, a` mlbfs, hfb uba dnla nl à ml`fnía. l`à nlkl tlblr uba jfrma, y tlbnrlmfs qul tratar nl nar`l ub frnlb. à dnla ls iahlr

uba jrasl qul nurl lbtrl ; f > hfmpasls, f qudzás más, plrf tampfhf hfbvdlbl lxhlnlrsl lb su lxtlbsdøb. `f dmpfrtabtl aquí ls qul tlbca jfrma, uba lxtlbsdøb jdea, qul tlbca ub prdbhdpdf y ub jdba`. lb ftras paàkras, nlklmfs tlblr ub patrøb, patrøb, pfrqul à ml`fnía LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

48


nlkl tlblr uba jfrma. jfrma. lsta jfrma bfs plrmdtl lstak`lhlr hømf slrá à jfrma nl lsa slhhdøb, slab `fs vlrsfs f l` lstrdkd``f. pfr supulstf, sd pfnlmfs ukdharà lb a`cuba lshaà, ls nlhdr sahar l` tfbf nl à habhdøb vdlbnf `fs ahfrnls qul tfhamfs y às bftas qul habtamfs, mlefr. lbtfbhls, ^DW5 Nljdbab à dnla nl à ml`fnía nlklmfs tfmar à ml`fnía, sla habtana, prdbhdpa`, l`à `ls slrvdrá hfmf kasl para trakaear hfb hfb à `ltra. sd`kana, f dmprfvdsana lb ub dbstrumlbtf, y pasarà lb `dmpdf. lstf pfnlmfs iahlr`f lb ub papl` f lb a`cõb prfcrama nl sf`jlf, hfmf l` Cudtar Wrf f l` Jdba`l Jdba`l,, dbhùsf mlefr. `f dmpfrtabtl aquí ls tlblr à ml`fnía abftana lb ub ùcar nfbnl pfnamfs vlrà, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, para bf f`vdnarà y tlblr lb hàrf su jfrma. jfrma. lsta rlhfmlbnahdøb sl nlkl a qul, pfsdk`lmlbtl < mdbutfs nlspuäs iayab f`vdnanf hømf lra à ml`fnía. sd bf pulnlb pasarà lb `dmpdf, `f mlefr slrá crakarà para bf plrnlr à dnla nl à ml`fnía, y ahàrar huá` slrá à jfrma nl lsta dnla ml`øndha qul vamfs a utd`dzar. uba vlz qul sl iab crakanf y tdlblb lb hàrf à ml`fnía, pfnlmfs nlhdr qul iab clblranf ub patrøb ub patrøb ml`øndhf. lstl patrøb ml`øndhf `f vamfs a utd`dzar para clblrar à `ltra nl à habhdøb.

¶HØMF AC[LCA[ @A @L^[A6 uba vlz qul tlblmfs l` patrøb ml`øndhf, slparamfs `fs vfhak`fs, paàkras y

jrasls, lb síàkas. lstf sl hfbfhl hfmf sdàklar . prfbtf drlmfs rllmpàzabnf tfnas às bftas pfr síàkas, y às jrasls musdha`ls, pfr paàkras y jrasls. hana síàka slrá ub sfbdnf f bfta musdha`. lb l` sdcudlbtl lelmp`f pfnlmfs vlr l` prdmlr vlrsf nl à ml`fnía nl à habhdøb nl Avrd` @avdcbl - Hfmp`dhatln, vlmfs hømf às paàkras sl hfmpfblb nl síàkas qul sfb habtanas nl ahulrnf hfb às bftas nl à ml`fnía.

nlta``l a tlblr lb hulbta ls à hlrhabía nl às bftas. huabtf más hlrha lstäb às bftas uba nl às ftras, más síàkas sl usaráb y, huabtf más lspahdanas f àrcas slab às bftas, más habtana slrá à habhdøb. lstf suhlnl lb à habhdøb nl ‐mdddd - hilll`” illl`” nurab nurab @fs Klat`ls - Mdhil``l. vlmfs qul às nfs síàkas nl` bfmkrl ‐mdddd 1 kàbha hana uba? lstf prfnuhl qul slab síàkas muhif más aàrcanas qul às nl` prdmlr lelmp`f. ub


4>


NLXA[[F@@ABNF @FX ZL[XFX uba vlz qul tlblmfs l` patrøb ml`øndhf, ls nlhdr, à dnla nl à ml`fnía

prdbhdpa`, `f rlpltdmfs uba y ftra vlz mdlbtras à `ltra nl à habhdøb va hamkdabnf lb hana uba nl lstas rlpltdhdfbls. pfr supulstf, lsta rlpltdhdøb varía nl ahulrnf hfb à lxtlbsdøb nl à ml`fnía. muhias vlhls, sl rlpdtl l` patrøb lxahtamlbtl dcua`, y ftras sl `l iahlb plqulñfs hamkdfs lb à ml`fnía. hfb jrlhulbhda lstfs hamkdfs sfb hfmpfsdtdvfs, vdlblb dbndhanfs lb à hfmpfsdhdøb. plrf ftras sfb dbtlrprltatdvfs, ls l` habtabtl qudlb eulca hfb à ml`fnía. lb fhasdfbls, lstas vardahdfbls vdlblb nanas pfr à ahlbtuahdøb y às jfrmas nl às paàkras, así hfmf tamkdäb, pfr às pausas qul dbslrtl l` artdsta. ltfmabnf l` prdmlr lelmp`f, à habhdøb Hfmp`dhatln utd`dza à mdsma ml`fnía. ltfmabnf r va`l hfmparar à hfb Hid`` fut / @ay kaho , qul tdlbl uba plqulña vardahdøb lb à tlrhlra `íbla para iahlrà más àrca. Hid`` fut, wiathia yl``db' jfr6 @ay kaho, dt's a`` kllb nfbl kljfrl. Abn dj, yfu hfu`n fb`y `lt dt kl... yfu wd`` wd`` sll D `dol yfu til way yfu arl Silb wl'rl nrdvdb' db yfur har Abn yfu'rl taòdb' tf ml fbl-fb-fbl, Kut yfu'vl klhfml. sd hfmparamfs hfb l` lelmp`f nl Mdhil``l, vlmfs hømf l` patrøb ml`øndhf iahl muy sdmp`l rllmpàzar às bftas pfr síàkas. `fs sfbdnfs nl às sdàkas sfb

más àrcfs, pfr `f hua` sl hfrrrlspfbnlb hfrrrlspfbn lb hfb jdcuras musdha`ls hfmf blcras y kàbhas.

Mdhil``l, ma kl``l. îlsl arl wfrns tiat cf tfcltilr wl``, My Mdhil``l. Mdhil``l, ma kl``l. Xfbt nls mfts qud vfbt trls kdlb lbslmk`l, ^rls kdlb lbslmk`l LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

4<


ftrf nlta``l a tlblr lb hulbta ls qul `fs sd`lbhdfs sdrvlb nl pausas. lstas

pausas sl utd`dzab para rlspdrar, para nar`l adrl a à habhdøb, nl mfnf qul sus l`lmlbtfs bf sulblb aeltrlanfs f aprltueanfs, bfs rljlrdmfs à ml`fnía y à `ltra qul vamfs a habtar. às rdmas sfb dmpfrtabtls pfrqul clblrab à ubdøb nl `fs vlrsfs, `ls ftfrcab ub rdtmf y uba vl`fhdnan a à `ltra, anlmás nl qul à hfilsdfbab. ls hfbvlbdlbtl jdearsl quä tdpf nl rdma lstamfs lstamfs prfnuhdlbnf, puls l`à lstará dbjùdna pfr l` patrøb ml`øndhf qul tlbca bulstra habhdøb f nlplbnlrá nl ä`. ls jubnamlbta` lvdtar à rdma fkvda puls, lb clblra`, tdlbnl a slr muy prlvdsdk`l y a sfbar pfhf batura`. ftrfs asplhtfs a hfbsdnlrar sfb l` tlma y l` amkdlbtl nl à mõsdha, ls nlhdr, à `ltra nlkl hfdbhdndr hfb `f qul trasmdtlb à mõsdha y à ml`fnía. muhias habhdfbls jrahasab pfrqul iay uba ndsfhdahdøb lbtrl `f qul sl ndhl y l` h`dma nl à habhdøb. lb ftras paàkras, sd ls uba habhdøb nl haráhtlr trdstl bf tdlbl slbtdnf uba jrasl hfmf ‐ls ‐ls l` l` nía más jl`dz nl md vdna”. ahàrahdøb fkvda, plrf blhlsarda5 mõsdha y paàkras nlklb dr para l` mdsmf ànf. ls dmpfrtabtl à batura`dnan lb à ubdøb lbtrl à ml`fnía ml`fnía y nl à `ltra. ls nlhdr, à ml`fnía nlkl parlhlr batura` a` habtarsl, para lvdtar `f qul sl hfbfhl hfmf rdma fkvda, l` jfrzamdlbtf nl às paàkras, à bf hfdbhdnlbhda nl à jfrma nl à ml`fnía y à `ltra, à nljfrmahdøb nl às paàkras f su maà ahlbtuahdøb, lbtrl ftrfs nlta``ls qul nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta.

@A @L^[A BF LB^[A LB @A ML@FNÍA ubf nl `fs lrrfrls más lvdnlbtls nl uba maà habhdøb ls qul, huabnf sl à

habta, à `ltra sulba jfrzana. lstl jfrzamdlbtf suhlnl pfrqul às paàkras bf haklb lb `fs hfmpasls, puls bf rlspltab à jfrma nl à ml`fnía. nl ilhif, muhias vlhls, parlhl qul bf iay ml`fnía lb à habhdøb y às síàkas qulnab jfrzanas f, dbhùsf, lstdranas às paàkras lstáb ma` ahlbtuanas y sl nljfrmab. pfr lsf, ls dmpfrtabtl hfbstatar qul às síàkas hfdbhdnab hfrrlhtamlbtl hfrrlhtamlbtl hfb às bftas nl à ml`fnía. l` jfrzamdlbtf nl` sfbdnf ls nlsacranak`l y rlsu`ta crahdfsf a` fínf. l` prfcrama nl tl`lvdsdøb ^fnf x ; plsfs hrlø ub cac `àmanf ‐`fs lsharakaefs” nfbnl sl eucaka hfb à ndsfhdahdøb nl` tlxtf y à ml`fnía? lb l``fs sl dbtlbtab habtar às habhdfbls nl `fs `fs klat`ls hfb uba tranuhhdøb tlxtua` a` hastl`àbf. pfr supulstf, l` tlxtf bf lbtraka bubha lb à ml`fnía frdcdba`, plrf à kabna sl lsjfrzaka pfr habtar`f y tlrmdbaka prfnuhdlbnf lelmp`fs nl `f más crfslrfs hfmf5 ‐Xfmfs ‐Xfmfs à kabna nl` hùk!! ¡¡Nl`fshfrazfblssf`dtardfsnl`sarclbtfpdmdlbta!!” `f mlefr qul sl pulnl iahlr sd à `ltra bf lbtra nlbtrf nl` hfmpás, f bf

hfdbhdnl hfb à jfrma nl à ml`fnía, ls rllshrdkdr à habhdøb. Iakrá qul rliahlr à partl nl à ml`fnía, sd ls qul à `ltra `f amlrdta, f rllshrdkdr à `ltra bulvamlbtl. lsta slcubna fphdøb, sul`l slr à sfùhdøb más hfilrlbtl, puls ls más slbhd``f rllshrdkdr uba `ltra qul uba ml`fnía. nlklmfs mlbhdfbar qul iay habhdfbls qul tdlblb uba jfrma lsplhda` pfrqul hfmdlbzab a mdtan nl` slcubnf hfmpás, nab à vul`ta y à `íbla nl` tlxtf tlrmdba lb LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

4:


l` prdmlr hfmpás. clblra`mlbtl, lstas habhdfbls tdlblb ub sd`lbhdf a` dbdhdf nl` hfmpás, f l` tlxtf hfmdlbza abtls nl à slhhdøb. nlklmfs tlblr hudnanf nl bf hfbjubndr l` jfrzamdlbtf hfb lstl nlspàzamdlbtf nl à ml`fnía sfkrl à mõsdha. pfr ftrf ànf, tamkdäb lxdstlb habhdfbls lb às qul sl hfmdlbza a habtar abtls nl qul à kabna dbdhdl. lstfs nfs tdpfs nl hfmdlbzf sl hfbfhlb hfmf abahrõsdhf f ahäja`f.. ahäja`f

HFMDLBUF ABAH[ÕXDHF huabnf l` habtabtl lmpdlza a habtar ubfs slcubnfs

abtls nl qul à kabna hfmdlbhl l` dbdhdf nl à ml`fnía ls abahrõsdhf. lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, sl habta uba síàka f uba paàkra, y ùlcf vdlbl l` rascanf nl à cudtarra f cf`pl nl` ahfrnl lb l` pdabf, qul na dbdhdf a` hfmpás. sul`l fhurrdr qul l` õ`tdmf hfmpás hfmp`lta l` prdmlrf, pfr lelmp`f, lb à rlpltdhdøb nl uba vul`ta, f à ml`fnía nl à bulva slhhdøb dbdhda lb l` õ`tdmf hfmpás nl à slhhdøb abtlrdfr. lb ftras ftra s paàkras, sl abtdhdpa a` hfmpás f a à slhhdøb. ubf nl `fs lelmp`fs más pfpuàrls nl abahrusa ls l` ‐dt's ‐dt's kllb a…” a…” nl à habhdøb nl `fs Klat`ls - A Iarn Nay — —s Bdcit.

HFMDLBUF AHÄJA@F huabnf sl hfmdlbza habtar nlspuäs nl qul à kabna

tfha y pasa, a` mlbfs, ub slcubnf, sl hfbsdnlra ub dbdhdf ahäja`f. ls nlhdr, l` prdmlr tdlmpf nl` prdmlr hfmpás sul`l lstar fhupanf pfr ub sd`lbhdf, f pfr à lxtlbsdøb nl à `dcanura nl uba bfta lb l` hasf nl ub hamkdf nl slhhdøb. lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls hfb hfmdlbzf ahäja`f sfb Sidtlsbaol - Ds tids @fvl, @fvl, lb à ml`fnía nl `fs vlrsfs, "d sifu`n iavl obfwb klttlr"? Jfrldcblr - D Sabt ^f Obfw Siat @fvl Ds, Ds , lb `fs vlrsfs, "d cftta taol a `dtt`l tdml..."? y lb à habhdøb nl Nlj @lpparn - @fvl Kdtls, Kdtls, lb à ml`fnía nl `fs `fs vlrsfs "Silb yfu maol `fvl..." lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, l` hfmdlbzf ahäja`f ls dbvlrsf a` abahrõsdhf, lstf ls dmpfrtabtl pfrquä à ja`ta nl` prdmlr tdlmpf prfnuhl vlrsfs nl haráhtlr rlj`lxdvf, mdlbtras qul, l` hfmdlbzf abahrõsdhf prfnuhl absdlnan, lxhdtahdøb f tlbsdøb.

HFBH@\XDØB hfmf ilmfs vdstf, sd pulnlb sd`kar à ml`fnía à iahlr habhdøb. aifra kdlb,

lstf bf carabtdza qul à habhdøb jubhdfbl, plrf à ml`fnía iahl su trakaef y `fcra qul à habhdøb sla más slbhd`à nl rlhfrnar. l` slhrltf hfbsdstl lb nar hfb às paàkras anlhuanas, dbtlrprltar `f qul à ml`fnía bfs qudlrl nlhdr. `f mlefr ls rllshrdkdr uba y ftra vlz iasta nar hfb l``f. a`cubas a`cubas vlhls, uba kulba `ltra bahl a` prdmlr dbtlbtf y ftras nlklrlmfs rllshrdkdr, rllshrdkdr y rllshrdkdr.


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HAWÍ^\@F YY

@AX JF[MAX NL@ HFB^LBDNF LB @A HABHDØB

lshrdkdr habhdfbls bf ndjdlrl muhif nl lshrdkdr ub cudøb, ub hulbtf f hua`qudlr ftrf tlxtf. `f qul harahtlrdza a à habhdøb ls su krlvl lxtlbsdøb, y qul lstá hfmpulsta, clblra`mlbtl, nl vlrsfs y lstrdkd``fs y lstá rlàhdfbana hfb uba ml`fnía. prdbhdpa`mlbtl, à habhdøb cdra lb tfrbf a uba dnla tlxtua` y a uba dnla musdha`, qul ls l` `ldtmftdv, y tamkdäb l` mftfr qul dmpu`sa à habhdøb. Iay muhias y vardanas jfrmas nl hfmpfblr à mõsdha nl uba habhdøb, nl` mdsmf mfnf, iay ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl prlslbtar l` hfbtlbdnf nl su `ltra. pfnlmfs dnlbtdjdhar hdbhf jfrmas nl frcabdzar l` hfbtlbdnf nl uba habhdøb5

IDX^F[DAX à habhdøb hulbta uba idstfrda nl ub mfnf muy sdmdàr a ub hulbtf, tdlbl ub nlsarrf``f, lb l` qul `l fhurrl a`cf a ub plrsfbael. clblra`mlbtl, barra à idstfrda

nl uba tlrhlra plrsfba aubqul lb fhasdfbls aparlhl jfrmuàna lb prdmlra plrsfba. lb lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls sul`l tlblr ub cdrf nl à idstfrda, hfmf `fs cudfbls. sl tratab nl habhdfbls huyfs vlrsfs tdlbnlb a nar nlsarrf``f a à idstfrda, mdlbtras qul l` lstrdkd``f sul`l slr ub rlsumlb nl à dnla nl à habhdøb, f uba ajdrmahdøb. a`cubas dbhùylb mfra`lea f rlj`lxdøb rlj`lxdøb jdba`. pfr lelmp`f, [dharnf Arefba - Idstfrda nl taxd, @fs Autäbtdhfs Nlhanlbtls - @a prdma `leaba, @fs Autäbtdhfs Nlhanlbtls - @fs pdratas, [ata Kàbha - @a `lylbna nl` iana y l` macf.

HFBXDCBAX à habhdøb kusha lxprlsar uba dnla f hfbsdcba. lsta hàsl nl habhdfbls ls

usana lb idmbfs, plrf tamkdäb pulnl slr utd`dzana para lxprlsar ub nlshfbtlbtf, prdbhdpa`mlbtl sfhda`. lb lstas habhdfbls, `fs vlrsfs tdlbnlb a slr muy sdmp`ls y nlshrdklb uba sdtuahdøb. sl harahtlrdzab pfr tlblr ub lstrdkd``f muy julrtl, y muy lxprlsdvf, nfbnl sl nlea kdlb lb hàrf à hfbsdcba, qulea f `ldtmftdv nl à habhdøb. âmkdäb sul`lb usarsl muhif lb à mõsdha nabhl, hfmlrhda` f lb puk`dhdnan para `fs edbc`ls. l` lstrdkd``f anqudlrl prdbhdpa` dmpfrtabhda, prdma hfb su hfbsdcba sfkrl l` rlstf nl à habhdøb. a`cubfs lelmp`fs5 Mdcul` Habtd`f - @a marhia nl à krfbha, îl Klat`ls - A`` Tfu Blln ds @fvl, Kàho Lyln Wlas - Silrl Ds til @fvl6 LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

49


W[DML[A WL[XFBA à habhdøb anfpta l` pubtf nl vdsta nl à prdmlra plrsfba. l` autfr bfs hulbta

ahlrha nl sus slbtdmdlbtfs, plbsamdlbtfs f dnlas lb prdmlra plrsfba. âmkdäb, pulnl hfbtar uba idstfrda, plrf lstl tdpf nl habhdøb sl nlstaha pfr lstar ndrdcdna a` qul lshuhia, ls nlhdr, dbtlrplà a` fylbtl. lb l`às tdlbl prdbhdpa` rl`lvabhda, à prdmlra plrsfba, así hfmf às lmfhdfbls f slbtdmdlbtfs nl qudlb iakà? tamkdäb pulnl tlblr ub haráhtlr rlj`lxdvf. pfr lelmp`f5 Zdhlbtdhf - Zfs sakäs, Ataqul 33 Amdcf, Efsä @uds Wlra`ls - ¶T hømf ls ä`6

NLXH[DW^DZAX à habhdøb cdra lb tfrbf a nlshrdkdr a`cf, f a a`cudlb, tamkdäb pàbtlar ub slbtdmdlbtf, lmfhdøb f uba sdtuahdøb. `f qul sl nlstaha lb lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls ls

l` usf nl mltájfras y mltfbdmdas, así hfmf nl ftrfs rlhursfs qul plrmdtlb `fcrar uba nlshrdphdøb lb nlta``l, prlhdsa y lxuklrabtl. sd kdlb à habhdøb pulnl slr prlslbtana nl ndjlrlbtls jfrmas, lsta hatlcfría pfnría nljdbdrsl hfmf habhdøb tlmátdha, tlmátdha, puls lb l`à prdmab l` nlsarrf``f y à nlshrdphdøb nl` tlma pfr sfkrl `fs nlmás l`lmlbtfs pfsdk`ls, hfmf à idstfrda f `fs plrsfbaels. pfr lelmp`f5 [dharnf Arefba Xlñfra nl às huatrf nähanas, @a [lbca - L` rlvl`nl (sdh).

BFB XLBXL à `ltra nl à habhdøb harlhl nl slbtdnf. prdmab às dmáclbls julrtls, à ja`ta

nl `øcdha, à ja`ta nl slbtdnf f à sfbfrdnan nl às paàkras. ^dlblb rl`lvabhda à ml`fnía y à jfrma pfr sfkrl l` hfbtlbdnf f l` mlbsael. à habhdøb pulnl akarhar nlsnl ub eulcf nl paàkras, a sfbdnfs a` azar, jrasls sul`tas f cramatdha`mlbtl kdlb hfbstrudnas, plrf sdb `øcdha f sdcbdjdhanf. pfr lelmp`f, ‐ub ‐ub plrrf plrrf vlrnl atlrrdzø sfkrl md a`mfiana nl bukls lstl dbvdlrbf”. ftrf hasf ls l` lstrdkd``f nl à habhdøb nl às Olthiup - Aslrlel.

@AX NDJL[LB^LX JF[MAX NL LXH[DKD[ hfmf vdmfs, iay ndjlrlbtls mablras nl hfbstrudr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb nl

ahulrnf a hømf y a quä sl qudlra hfbtar. l``f iahl ia hl qul à habhdøb jubhdfbl mlefr f plfr. ^fmlmfs, pfr lelmp`f, l` tlma nl` amfr, lb às habhdfbls lb prdmlra plrsfba sul`l slr muy usanf l` iakàr`l a l`à y jubhdfba pfrqul ls hfmf sd sl `l susurrara a` fínf f sl à dbtlrplàra. lb hamkdf, à jfrma nlshrdptdva sul`l slr usana más lb às habhdfbls rfmábtdhas, nfbnl sl sul`l nlshrdkdr huabtf sl ama a uba plrsfba, quä `dbna ls y huábtf sl à qudlrl5 às hua`dnanls nl` amfr. à habhdøb lb jfrma nl idstfrda sul`l slr más ablhnøtdha, f nl hulbtf. à qul sl jfrmuà hfmf hfbsdcba pulnl sdbtltdzar tfnf lb uba jrasl muy pfnlrfsa qul sl utd`dza lb l` lstrdkd``f para crdtar`l a`cf a` mubnf, hfmf ‐a`` yfu blln ds `fvl" . pfr supulstf, às habhdfbls pulnlb mlzhàr ndjlrlbtls jfrmas y lstd`fs, lstf ls `f qul às iahl dbtlrlsabtls. l` slhrltf hfbsdstl lb prfkar iasta nar hfb `f qul jubhdfbl hfb bulstra habhdøb, hfb su cäblrf, hfb `f qul qulrlmfs hfbtar y hømf qulrlmfs trabsmdtdr`f. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

44

HAWÍ^\@F YYD

NDXWA[ANF[LX H[LA^DZFX

ubf nl `fs prfk`lmas más hfmubls a à ifra nl lshrdkdr habhdfbls ls qul tl-

blmfs uba dnla para uba habhdøb, uba jrasl, uba dmaclb, f qudzás uba rdma kulbísdma qul saklmfs qul pulnl jubhdfbar, plrf bfs trakamfs y bf pfnlmfs nlsarrf`àrà f, sdmp`lmlbtl, tlblmfs ub vlrsf qul bf saklmfs iahda nøbnl hfbtdbuar. lb lstl hapítu`f vlrlmfs hømf sl prfnuhl l` nlsarrf``f nl à `ltra nl uba habhdøb. uba habhdøb sul`l hfmlbzar nlsnl ndstdbtfs tdpfs nl ndsparanfrls, f hidspas?

a vlhls sfb dnlas muy clblra`ls y ftras vlhls, dnlas jracmlbtanas f sul`tas.

NDX^DB^FX ^DWFX NL HIDXWAX 1) Dnla5 partdmfs nlsnl ub hfbhlptf f dnla clblra` nl à habhdøb. ls nlhdr, sa-

klmfs sfkrl quä va a iakàr à habhdøb, l` tlma lb hulstdøb, tlblmfs uba dnla sfkrl `f qul qulrlmfs lxprlsar, aubqul bf saklmfs hømf5 muelrls, amfr, md amdcf nl` a`ma, lthätlra. ;) Jrasl5 partdmfs nl uba jrasl qul lshuhiamfs f plbsamfs. saklmfs qul sulba kdlb y qul pulnl jubhdfbar5 a) hfmf lstrdkd``f, k) hfmf partl nl `fs vlrsfs. h) hfmf `íbla dbdhda` f hfmf hdlrrl. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐vfs sakls”, ‐Iahl`f ‐Iahl`f pfr pfr md”, ‐à vdna ls uba mfblna”, lthätlra. 8) Dmáclbls5 vdvdmfs lb uba sfhdlnan muy vdsua`, lb à qul trakaeamfs hfb dmáclbls. muhia clbtl partl nl às dmáclbls sfkrl a`cudlb, f a`cf qul vdf f qul sl `l fhurrdø. pfr lelmp`f à dmaclb nl ‐zapatfs rftfs” sdrvl hfmf ndsparanfr nl à habhdøb nl ‐zapatfs rftfs, rftfs, zapatfs rftfs, hfb lsa jahia ¶a nøbnl vas6”. uba mdsma dmaclb pulnl prfnuhdr ndjlrlbtls habhdfbls. >) [dmas y sfbdnfs5 ^lblmfs ubas rdmas f ubfs sfbdnfs hfb `fs hua`ls pfnlmfs lmplzar. pfr lelmp`f, lb ‐fefs rfefs”, rfefs”, partdmfs partdmfs nl` sfbdnf nl às síàkas. <) Ml`fnía5 h fmlbzamfs às habhdfbls hfb bulstra cudtarra f pdabf y lshrdkdmfs uba ml`fnía a à qul tlblmfs qul pfblr`l uba `ltra. partdmfs nl à mõsdha. j rlbtl a lstl tdpf nl hidspa nlklmfs kushar qul hana bfta f crupf nl rlbtl bftas sulbl a uba paàkra. kasanfs lb à hlrhabía, à habtdnan nl bftas y à nurahdøb nl às mdsmas, sl prfnuhl ub sfbdnf musdha` qul sulba hfmf sd habtáramfs ta` paàkra f jrasl. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

177


¶HØMF J\BHDFBA L@ W[FHLXF H[LA^DZF6 hua`qudlr ftrf prfhlsf hrlatdvf, sl kasa lb à lshrdtura nl uba habhdøb, hfmf hua`qudlr asfhdahdfbls. sl partl nl uba dnla qul jubhdfba a mfnf nl hidspa dbdhda` para ``lcar a ndvlrsas asfhdahdfbls y rlàhdfbls qul bulstra haklza lstak`lhl. huabtf más frdcdba` sla à asfhdahdøb, más frdcdba` slrá bulstra hrlahdøb. pfr frdcdba` sl lbtdlbnl, à asfhdahdøb lbtrl nfs hfbhlptfs f dnlas qul bf iakíab sdnf rlàhdfbanfs hfb abtlrdfrdnan. a hfbtdbuahdøb, hfbsdcbamfs uba `dsta nlsnl nfbnl tdrar nl` id`f nl à dbspdrahdøb lb kusha nl asfhdahdfbls.

NDX^DB^FX ^DWFX NL AXFHDAHDFBLX NLXH[DWHDFBLX nlshrdkl prfpdlnanls.

¶Hømf ls6 ¶Quä hf`fr, jfrma u f`fr tdlbl6 lstl ls ub mfnf nl trakaear nlshrdptdvamlbtl para hrlar jdcuras mltfbímdhas f mltajørdhas. à nlshrdphdøb sdrvl para aneundhar prfpdlnanls f hfbtar `f qul lstamfs vdlbnf f plbsabnf. Wfr à lsqudba nl` vdlef karrdf `f vd pasar hfb l` tumkaf' qul tdlblb `fs cuapfs a` hamdbar, às mabfs sdlmprl lb `fs kf`sd``fs nl su cakáb pa' qul bf slpab lb huá` nl l`às ``lva l` puña`. lb lstl jracmlbtf nl à habhdøb nl [ukäb Kànls - Wlnrf Bavaeas, Bavaeas, vlmfs hømf sl nlshrdkl l` ùcar nfbnl fhurrl à idstfrda, l` plrsfbael qul à trabsdta y `fs nlta``ls a `fs qul sl nlkl prlstar atlbhdøb. kulb rlhursf ls utd`dzar à lxaclrahdøb lb à nlshrdphdøb. lb l` sdcudlbtl lelmp`f, [dharnf Arefba - Wdbcðdbfs lb à hama, hama, vlmfs hømf sl utd`dza à lxaclrahdøb para nlshrdkdr uba sdtuahdøb. así, sl tlrmdba hrlabnf à mltájfra qul rllmpàza rll mpàza a à nlshrdphdøb, plrf qul hump`l à mdsma jubhdøb hfb uba mayfr julrza. ub

Zamfs ahàrabnf l` pabframa qul iay pdbcðdbfs lb à hama pfr l` idl`f qul prfvfhas, sd iahl más nl ub mls qul bf ml tfhas

HFMWA[AHDFBLX5XDMD@D^\NLX HFMWA[AHDFBLX 5XDMD@D^\NLX T NDJL[LBHDAX à dnla lb lstl pubtf ls tab slbhd`à hømf ‐a qul sl parlhl y nl qul sl

ndjlrlbhda” hfb rlsplhtf a ftrf fkeltf/sueltf. lstak`lhlr sdmd`dtunls f hfbtrastls plrmdtl hrlar mltájfras, mltfbdmdas f aba`fcías. kásdhamlbtl, ls ftra jfrma nl nlshrdkdr a`cf, plrf ls dbndrlhtamlbtl puls bf iakàmfs nl` fkeltf lb sí mdsmf.


171


Hømf sl sujrl a amkfs ànfs nl às hàsls sfhda`ls. \stln sujrl lb su mabsdøb, yf sujrf lb `fs arraka`ls lb lstl lelmp`f nl [dharnf Arefba - Idstfrda nl taxd , sl utd`dza à hfmparahdøb para lstak`lhlr à sdmd`dtun y à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl às hàsls sfhda`ls. Zfs lstás tab jría hfmf à bdlvl a md a`rlnlnfr. Zfs lstás tab kàbha, qul yf bf sä quä iahlr @a ftra bfhil tl lsplrä... Abnräs Haàmarf - Md` Ifras, Ifras , vlmfs ub mfnf nl hfmparar a uba plrsfba nl haráhtlr jríf hfb à bdlvl para pdbtar uba lshlba. lstak`lhlr hfmparahdfbls f sdmd`dtunls ls, tamkdäb uba kulba jfrma nl clblrar rdníhu`f y lstak`lhlr hrítdhas, así hfmf nl clblrar mltájfras.

^DLMWFX nlsarrf`àmfs uba dnla hfb rljlrlbhda a ub tdlmpf. pfr lelmp`f, pàbtlamfs

abtls/nlspuäs f aylr/ify/mañaba. Tf vdvía lb l` kfsqul muy hfbtlbtf, hamdbaka, hamdbaka sdb hlsar. @as mañabas y às tarnls lrab mías, a à bfhil ml tdraka a nlshabsar. lstl lelmp`f, nl Mfrds - L` fsf, dùstra l` usf nl` tdlmpf. sdrvl para lstak`lhlr ub abtls y ub nlspuäs, ls nlhdr, uba rljlrlbhda tlmpfra`.

BA[[AHDFBLX à habhdøb tfma ub hursf más barratdvf a` lstd`f nl ub hulbtf, uba idstfrda f uba abähnfta. sl prlslbtab às trls partls nl à lstruhtura nl` hulbtf5 dbtrfnuhhdøb,

bunf y nlslbàhl. âmkdäb, pulnlb aparlhlr ub pubtf nl cdrf f uba mfra`lea. hfbtdbuabnf hfb l` lelmp`f abtlrdfr, lb L` fsf sdcul lsl nlsarrf``f barratdvf hfb l` sdcudlbtl párrajf5 Wlrf ub nía, vdbf l` ifmkrl hfb sus eauàs, ml lb lbhlrrø y ml ``lvø a à hdunan. Lb l` hdrhf ml lbslñarfb às pdrultas, y yf así plrní md amana `dklrtan. pfr õ`tdmf, nlklmfs prlstar atlbhdøb a às às habhdfbls hfb cdrf, ls nlhdr, nlhdr, aqul`às qul parlhlb hfbtar uba idstfrda, plrf qul, lb l` õ`tdmf vlrsf hamkdab. pfr lelmp`f, lstf ls `f qul fhurrl lb [dharnf Arefba - Idstfrda nl taxd f Hahif Hastaña - @a rldba nl à kadàbta. kadàbta . LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

17;


X\EL^FX ¶Qudäbls aparlhlb lb à habhdøb6 ¶Nl qudäbls sl iakà6 ¶A qudäb `l ndrdcdmfs à habhdøb6¶A qudäbls `ls habtamfs y hømf bfs ndrdcdmfs a l``fs6. hfmlbhlmfs hfb ub lelmp`f5 Kulbas bfhils, nfb Navdn, ¶hømf `l va6 Kulbas bfhils, nfña Marta, ls ub pàhlr... lb [dharnf Arefba - Kulbas bfhils nfb Navdn, utd`dza ub rlhursf nl jfrma`dnan y ndstabhda a` lbtrar lb à hasa nl `fs panrls nl l`à. l` sdcudlbtl lelmp`f ls à habhdøb nl Blo - @aura, vlmfs à mlbhdøb rlhurrlbtl nl àura y à apardhdøb nl ub ‐tõ”. @aura bf lstá @aura sl jul @aura sl lshapa nl md vdna y tõ qul sí lstás, prlcubtas pfr quä à amf a plsar nl às ilrdnas.

@\CA[LX trata nl nlshrdkdr nøbnl suhlnl à habhdøb, l` hfbtlxtf f `f qul sl vl. pfnlmfs prlcubtarbfs5¶Ls prlcubtarbfs5¶Ls à rla`dnan f à jabtasía6 ¶Quä vls6¶Nøbnl lstás6. à nlshrdphdøb pulnl slr muy pubtua` f aplbas uba slrdl nl nlta``ls qul sucdlrab l` hfbtlxtf. ub lelmp`f muy lvdnlbtl ls l` nl à habhdøb nl [dharnf Mfbtablr Mfbtablr - \b mubnf dnla`. ftrf lelmp`f ls [dharnf Mfbtablr - Näeaml ``frar , à habhdøb hfmdlbza hfb l` sdcudlbtl vlrsf? va`l nlstahar l` hfbtrastl lbtrl `fs l`lmlbtfs akstrahtfs (vahíf ( vahíf y pasdøb)) hfb l`lmlbtfs hfbhrltfs (iakdtahdøb pasdøb (iakdtahdøb y parln) parln).. sl

Huábtf vahíf iay lb lsta iakdtahdøb Huábta pasdøb hf`cana lb à parln...

XLB^DMDLB^FX lb ub slbtdnf amp`df, `fs slbtdmdlbtfs sfb tfnf `f qul hruza pfr tu haklza dbhùylbnf plbsamdlbtfs, plrhlphdfbls, lmfhdfbls y rlj`lxdfbls. a vlhls, às dnlas sfb hàras hfmf lb às habhdfbls Dmacdbl f Tlstlrnay. y ftras vlhls, sfb muy hfbjusas. huabnf lxdstlb lstfs slbtdmdlbtfs lbhfbtranfs, pfr lelmp`f rdf y ``frf, sl hfbfhl hfmf hfiakdtahdøb. lb lstl lelmp`f, Eu`dlta Zlblcas - Ml vfy vlmfs hømf sl prlslbtab `fs slbtdmdlbtfs para nlsarrf`àr à habhdøb5


178


Bf vfy a ``frar y nlhdr qul bf mlrlzhf lstf, pfrqul ls prfkak`l qul `f mlrlzhf plrf bf `f qudlrf, pfr lsf... Ml vfy, quä `ástdma plrf andøs.

FWFXDHDFBLX à dnla hfbsdstl lb kushar asfhdahdfbls kasanas lb uba fpfsdhdøb, hfmf pfr lelmp`f5 sf`/ùba. kàbhf/blcrf. ydbc/yabc. à fpfsdhdøb plrmdtl clblrar hfbtra-

ndhhdfbls, y hrlar `f qul sl hfbfhl hfmf fxímfrfb fxímfrfb?? a`cubfs kulbfs lelmp`fs sfb às habhdfbls nl [dharnf Arefba - Ahfmpáñaml a lstar sf`f, Watrdhdf [ly y `fs [lnfbndtfs nl [dhfta - Zlbhlnfrls vlbhdnfs, y Jly - Azõhar amarcf.

AXFHDAHDFBLX HFMW@LMLBÂ[D HFMW@LMLBÂ[DAX AX trata nl kushar asfhdahdfbls hfmp`lmlbtardas, ls nlhdr, l`lmlbtfs rlàhdfbanfs qul bfs ayunlb a lbjatdzar à dnla prdbhdpa`. lb `dbcðístdha, lstf sl `àma hampf slmábtdhf. hfmf pfr lelmp`f5 mar/fàs/lspuma/arlba, ubdvlrsf/lstrl`às, ubdvlrsf/lstrl`às, kfsqul/manlra/`lña. sl

Mdlbtras sdca lshuhiabnf tu vfz, lbtrl às fàs, lbtrl à lspuma... lb lstl lelmp`f, nl `fs Kahd`fs - Haraùba, vlmfs hømf sl acrlcab `fs l`lmlbtfs fà fà//lspuma para anfrbar y hfmp`ltar à nlshrdphdøb.

WF^LBHDA@LX dmacdbamfs sdtuahdfbls pfsdk`ls. nlhàramfs `f qul pfnría ``lcar a pasar. pfr lelmp`f, lb à habhdøb nl à pl`íhuà âbcf j lrfz, âbcudtf - L` amfr ls más julrlrfz, tl5 Wulnlb rfkartl l` hfrazøb Hacartl a tdrfs lb Mfrøb, Wulnlb àvartl à haklza, pfr bana... ftrf lelmp`f dbtlrlsabtl ls à habhdøb nl [dharnf Arefba - Xd l` bfrtl julra l`

sur, lb à huá` sl pàbtla à dnla sd l` mapa lhfbømdhf y pf`ítdhf p f`ítdhf lstuvdlsl dbvlrtdnf. âmkdäb pfnlmfs plbsar lb à habhdøb nl T`vds - îl Jfx (Siat Nfls til Jfx Xay6) qul sl prlcubta5 sd l` catf iahl ‐mdau”, l` plrrf iahl ‐cuau”, ¶huá` ls l` sfbdnf nl` zfrrf6.

DB^L[[FCAB^LX partdmfs nl às prlcubtas qul sl bfs hruzab pfr à haklza a` plbsar sfkrl ub tlma. sfb rltørdhas, prlcubtas qul `l iardamfs a` nlstdbatardf nl à habhdøb. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

17>


pfr lelmp`f [dharnf Arefba - Idstfrda nl taxd, sl prlcubtaka5 ¶Quä ls `f qul ¶Huábnf jul à õ`tdma vlz qul...6. iahl ub taxdsta6. taxdsta6. f lb Huabnf qul prlcubta5 ¶Huábnf

[DMAX T XFBDNFX kushamfs paàkras nl sdmdàr sfbfrdnan. à dnla ls eucar hfb l` sfbdnf nl às paàkras sdb tlblr lb hulbta su sdcbdjdhanf f lstruhtura. pfnlmfs usar ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs qul akarqulb nlsnl à rlpltdhdøb nl paàkras, nl jfblmas f nl síàkas. pfr lelmp`f, lb `fs Kahd`fs - Haraùba5 Haraùba5 ‐mdlbtras ‐mdlbtras sdca sdca vdlbnf tu hara lb à hara nl à ùba”, f María L`lba Sa`si - L` kruedtf nl Cuùkõ5 ‐Iakía uba vlz ub kru, ub kru edtf lb Cuùkõ”.

[L@AHDFBLX NL HA\XA T LJLH^F pasa ta` hfsa y, hfmf rlsu`tanf, suhlnl ta` ftra. ub lvlbtf hausa uba hfbslhulbhda, sl pulnl iakàr lb pftlbhda`, asfhdatdvamlbtl, f pfr sdmp`l `øcdha, pfr lelmp`f, ml nleastl/lstfy sf`f. sf`f. pfr lelmp`f, hfmf pàbtla à habhdøb nl Eu`dlta Zlblcas - Ml vfy f Nanny Taboll Taboll - L`à L `à ml `lvabtf.

NLÂ@@LX lxdstl a`cõb l`lmlbtf mlbfr, sdb dmpfrtabhda, qul `àml à atlbhdøb f qul mlrlzha slr mlbhdfbanf. `fs nlta``ls sdrvlb para pa ra lbrdqulhlr, nar hf`fr, ayunar a à nlshrdphdøb así hfmf para rl``lbar `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb huabnf bf tlblmfs muhif qul nlhdr. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul ub lxhlsf nl nlta``ls, lb lsplhda` sdb ahhdøb, pulnl vf`vlrà muy tlndfsa. l` vlrsf nl armabnf mabzablrf ‐pfr nlkaef nlkaef nl à mlsa ahardhdf tu rfnd`à”, rfnd`à”, f f nl efab mabul` slrrat, ‐plbä`fpl, hfb ‐plbä`fpl, hfb su kf`sf nl pdl` marrøb y sus zapatfs nl tahøb” sfb lelmp`fs nl hømf nlta``ls míbdmfs sl vul`vlb muy sdcbdjdhatdvfs l dm pfrtabtls.

HFBH@\XDØB para `fcrar l` nlsarrf``f nl uba `ltra nlklmfs plbsar lb nlshrdkdr às prfpdlnanls nl` fkeltf, l` ùcar y `fs sueltfs, así hfmf `f qul sl bfs hruza pfr à mlbtl lb tfnfs `fs asplhtfs aub huabnf parlzha rdníhu`f hfmf prlcubtas, pfsdkd`dnanls, rlj`lxdfbls y nlmás. pfr supulstf, às habhdfbls bf usab ub sf`f tdpf nl asfhdahdøb? lb hana vlrsf qul armamfs iay uba asfhdahdøb, a` mlbfs.l` `dstanf prlhlnlbtl ls muy õtd` pfrqul bfs plrmdtl lstak`lhlr asfhdahdfbls para hfbtdbuar lblrabnf dnlas. sdmp`lmlbtl huabnf lstäb trakanf y bf pulnab nlsarrf`àr uba habhdøb, mdrlb à `dsta nl asfhdahdfbls y nlelb qul à haklza ndvacul. ^ratlb nl lstak`lhlr rlàhdfbls l dr abftabnf `fs pubtfs nl` `dstanf. hfb lstas dnlas drlmfs nlsarrf`àbnf `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb a `fs qul ùlcf frnlbarlmfs hfb às rdmas.


17<

HAWÍ^\@F YYDD

WA\ÂX WA[A NLXA[[F@@A[ @A @L^[A NL \BA HABHDØB

lb lstl hapítu`f `ls namfs a`cubas dnlas, cuías y hfbslefs para tlblr lb hulbta a à ifra nl lshrdkdr habhdfbls y nlsarrf`àr à `ltra. bf nlklb slr tfmanas hfmf rlcàs, puls bf iay rlcàs para lshrdkdr habhdfbls.

L@ ^Í^\@F NLKL AWA[LHL[ LB @A HABHDØB l` prdbhdpa` mftdvf pfr l` hua` l` títu`f nlkl aparlhlr lb à habhdøb ls para qul à aundlbhda pulna saklr hømf sl `àma à habhdøb l dnlbtdjdharà. sdrvl para lstak`lhlr rlàhdfbls y asfhdahdfbls. lstf tdlbl hfmf hfbslhulbhda qul à habhdøb sla más jáhd` nl rlhfrnar. pulnl tlblr ub títu`f hfmp`ltamlbtl ndjlrlbtl nl à `ltra, plrf às pfsdkd`dnanls qul à habhdøb sla rlhfrnana slráb mlbfrls pfr l` sdmp`l ilhif qul ls más ndjíhd` lstak`lhlr lsa asfhdahdøb lbtrl l` títu`f y à habhdøb. ¶Hømf à clbtl va lbhfbtrar f hfmprar uba habhdøb qul bf sakl hfmf sl `àma6 anlmás, à rlpltdhdøb nl às paàkras, ls nlhdr, nl` títu`f nlbtrf nl` hulrpf nl à habhdøb ayuna a qul sla más jáhd` nl lbhfbtrar lb dbtlrblt. Iakdtua`mlbtl sl sfstdlbl qul l` títu`f sl lxtral nl` lstrdkd``f, pfrqul tdlbnl a slr à partl más `àmatdva y/f rlprlslbtatdva nl à habhdøb, anlmás nl rlsumdrà. sdb lmkarcf, muhias vlhls, lstf bf ls así. ub lelmp`f qul pfnlmfs hdtar a` rlsplhtf, ls à jamfsa habhdøb pfpuàrdzana pfr Jrabo Xdbatra - J`y Ml tf til Mffb,, qul frdcdba`mlbtl sl `àmø Db Ftilr Sfrns, Mffb Sfrns, jrasl qul aparlhl lb l` lstrdkd``f y rlsuml à habhdøb. plrf à habhdøb sl vf`vdø pfpuàr pfr à prdmlra `íbla nl à `ltra y bf, pfr l` lstrdkd``f, hfmf iakía plbsanf l` autfr. lstf nlmulstra qul à clbtl tdlbnl a rlhfrnar à habhdøb pfr à jrasl más rlprlslbtatdva. lb clblra` ls l` lstrdkd``f, plrf bf blhlsardamlbtl sdlmprl. nl tfnfs mfnfs, ls dmpfrtabtl qul l` títu`f sla ub l`lmlbtf nl à habhdøb.

BF LX \B @DK[F, ÂMWFHF \BA WFXÂ@ ls blhlsardf tlblr prlslbtl qul bf lstamfs lshrdkdlbnf uba bfvlà, f ub `dkrf. bf iay qul lbtrar lb `fs nlta``ls suplrjdhda`ls y às nlshrdphdfbls lxhlsdvas. sf`f tlblmfs lbtrl 8 y < mdbutfs, f mlefr ndhif, ub par nl `íblas f vlrsfs para lxp`dhar uba dnla, hfbtar uba idstfrda, ``lcar a a`cõb ànf f nlshrdkdr a`cf. âmpfhf ls uba pfsta`, uba tarelta f ub sfkrlhdtf azõhar para l` nl hajä, hfmf para qul à LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

17:


habhdøb sf`f slab ubas `íblas sul`tas. bd sdqudlra ls ub pflma. ls uba habhdøb, y pfr `f tabtf, `fs l`lmlbtfs dbhùdnfs nlklb tlblr uba razøb nl slr.

HFILXDØB LB L@ LBJFQ\L ^fnfs `fs l`lmlbtfs nlklb hffplrar y lstar ubdnfs para nar`l hfbsdstlbhda y hfilsdøb a à habhdøb. à `ltra y à mõsdha nlklb apubtar iahda l` mdsmf ùcar. . pfr lsf, mabtlbcab l` lbjfqul iahda l` hua` apubta à dnla clblra` nl à habhdøb. às prlcubtas hàvls sfb5 ¶Quä tdpf nl habhdøb ls6 ¶^dlbl rlàhdøb à mõsdha hfb l` tlxtf6 ¶Huá` ls à dnla nl à habhdøb6 ¶Quä qulrlmfs trabsmdtdr6

MAB^LBL[ L@ HFBHLW^F ndvaculb, mabtlbcab l` hfbhlptf sfkrl `f qul iakàb, à habhdøb nlkl cdrar lb tfrbf a lsa dnla. sd à habhdøb parlhdlra bf tlblr slbtdnf, lbhuäbtrlb`f f, a` mlbfs, nljdbab sfkrl quä lshrdklb. lstl pubtf ls muy dmpfrtabtl, y às prlcubtas hàvl sfb5 ¶Nl quä iakà à habhdøb6 ¶Huá` ls à dnla6 Wdlrf iakàka sfkrl su panrl, [fklrtf Har`fs sfkrl su amdcf y [dharnf Arefba sfkrl às muelrls. sd bf tdlblb lb hàrf sfkrl quä sl habta, à habhdøb pdlrnl julrza. pfr supulstf, iay hasfs nfbnl às jrasls sulbab muy kdlb y qudzás bf cuarnab rlàhdøb hfb l` tlxtf. y aub sakdlbnf lstf, bf pfnlmfs lbhfbtrar à jfrma nl rllshrdkdràs. `f mlefr ls eucar hfb l`às. ub lelmp`f ls à habhdøb nl Xuplrtramp - Krlaojast db Amlrdha, y à jrasl ‐âol a `ffo fj my cdr`jrdlbn”. hfbtanf pfr l` mdsmf autfr, a partdr nl lsa jrasl bahdø à habhdøb, plrf l`à bf cuarn a rlàhdøb hfb à dnla f l` tlma sfkrl l` qul sl habta. lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls jubhdfbab pfr à jfrma ml`øndha nl à jrasl, qul ls muy mu y atrahtdva y jáhd` nl rlhfrnar. bf

Q\L @FX AHF[NLX XL X\HLNAB bf julrhlb à habhdøb, à mõsdha ls armfbía y nlkl suhlnlrsl. näelbà jùdr. l`

tlxtf bf tdlbl qul lbtrar aprltueanf. dbtlbtlb nlear lspahdfs, pausas. l`às sdrvlb para nar ub haráhtlr rlj`lxdvf, hrlar tlbsdøb y hrlar amkdlbtl. l` tlxtf ls dmpfrtabtl, plrf bf ls l` õbdhf l`lmlbtf.

F^[A ZLU L@ CABHIF ¶Quä ls `f qul iahl qul a à clbtl `l nä cabas nl vf`vlr a lshuhiar uba habhdøb6 ¶Hømf haptab su atlbhdøb6 qudzás tlbcab uba `dbna ml`fnía, ubfs kulbfs vlrsfs, ub rdjj pfnlrfsf f ub lstrdkd``f plcandzf. à prlcubta hàvl ls5 ¶Huá` ls l` julrtl nl à habhdøb6 nlklb aprfvlhiar lsa jfrta`lza5 uba kulba jrasl, ub kulb mftdvf, sdlmprl ayunab.

JÁHD@ NL [LHF[NA[ às kulbas habhdfbls sfb jáhd`ls nl rlhfrnar? às maàs habhdfbls, bf. ub

hfbhlptf hàrf, à apardhdøb nl` títu`f lb à `ltra nl à habhdøb, à utd`dzahdøb nl cabhifs, l` lbjfqul aprfpdanf y ub pfhf nl hrlatdvdnan iahlb qul sus habhdfbls LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

173


slab rlhfrnanas. ls mlefr pfhfs tlblr l`lmlbtfs kdlb kdlb nlsarrf`ànfs qul ub lxhlsf nl l`lmlbtfs mlndfhrls. dbtlbtlb lbhfbtrar l` pubtf julrtl nl à habhdøb para `fcrar nlstahar`f. va`l rlj`lxdfbar5 sd bf pulnlb rlhfrnar sus prfpdas habhdfbls ¶hømf pfnráb iahlr`f ftras plrsfbas6

[LWL^DHDØB bf tlbcab

mdlnf a rlpltdr5 rlpdtab l` cabhif uba y ftra vlz, rlpdtab l` títu`f nl à habhdøb. r lpdtab `fs l`lmlbtfs a tfnf `f àrcf y abhif nl à habhdøb, iacab valpdtab rdahdfbls, hamklb à tlbsdøb. à rlpltdhdøb iahl qul à habhdøb sla jáhd` nl rlhfrnar y tlbca hfilsdøb. Iay qul lbhfbtrar l` pubtf eustf nfbnl à rlpltdhdøb ls blhlsarda y lvdtar qul à habhdøb sla sdmp`lmlbtl mfbøtfba, pfrqul ls tfna dcua`. ls dmpfrtabtl ia`àr uba lstruhtura qul rlpdta l`lmlbtfs, plrf lb à hua` iaya hfbtrastl y vardahdøb.

BD M\T NLW[LXDZF, BD M\T X\WL[JDHDA@ ls jáhd` halr lb habhdfbls lxhlsdvamlbtl nlprlsdvas, qul iak`lb nl `f ma` qul sl sdlbtlb y nl `f sf`fs qul lstáb. pfr l` hfbtrardf, ftras plhab nl slr muy suplrjdhda`ls f tfbtas, puls harlhlb nl mlbsael mlbsa el f nl uba dnla para trabsmdtdr. `f dnla` ls bf halr lb lstfs nfs ùcarls lxtrlmfs, sdbf kushar eucar hfb `fs sfbdnfs, às paàkras, dbtlbtar nlshrdkdr a`cuba dnla l dbhùsf kuràrsl nl uba sdtuahdøb.

NA@L @A Z\L@Â sd bf pulnlb lbhfbtrar a`cf bulvf para nlhdr, nícab`f nl uba mablra hrlatdva. prlstlb atlbhdøb a às jrasls hftdndabas y nlstáqulbàs. ftra jfrma nl hfbsdnlrar

l` hfbhlptf nl `f frdcdba` ls bf hfmprlbnlr`f hfmf `f qul bandl dbvlbtø, dbvlbtø, sdbf pfr l` hfbtrardf, ls lbhfbtrar `f qul lstá jrlbtl a às bardhls nl tfnfs y bandl vl. l` usf nl` slbtdnf nl` iumfr, l` sarhasmf, à kurà, à drfbía y à nlshrdphdøb nl nlta``ls sfb tamkdäb kulbfs rlhursfs para nar`l à vul`ta a ub tlma y lvdtar halr lb `fs ùcarls hfmubls.

DMÁCLBLX L DNLB^DJDHAHDØB habhdfbls javfrdtas `f sfb pfrqul lshuhiamfs ub l`lmlbtf qul `f rlàhdfbamfs hfb a`cf prfpdf5 uba lxplrdlbhda, uba plrsfba, uba sdtuahdøb. sl prfnuhl uba dnlbtdjdhahdøb. lstf suhlnl prdbhdpa`mlbtl lb às habhdfbls nl amfr. a plsar nl qul plbsamfs plbsamf s qul ub slbtdmdlbtf ls õbdhf y plrsfba`, tfnfs `fs slrls iumabfs vdvlbhdamfs `fs mdsmfs slbtdmdlbtfs (amfr, dra, jrustrahdøb, lxhdtahdøb, nf`fr) lb a`cõb mfmlbtf nl bulstras vdnas (à mulrtl, l` bfvdazcf, à ruptura, à a`lcría, lthätlra.) y `fs plbsamfs y slbtdmfs más f mlbfs nl à mdsma jfrma. l` slhrltf lstá lb lbhfbtrar uba mablra hrlatdva nl nlhdr a`cf pfr `f qul tfnfs f uba crab mayfría iab lxplrdmlbtanf para `fcrarqul sl dnlbtdjdqulb hfb à habhdøb. lstf sa`l nl mablra dbstabtábla l dbhfbshdlbtl, puls `f qul `ls pasa a bulstras


179


ustlnls `ls pasa a tfnfs. à hulstdøb randha lb lbhfbtrar às paàkras eustas para nlshrdkdr`f. à ifblstdnan y hfbhdlbhda nl `f qul `ls pasa y sfkrl `f qul lshrdklb .plrmdtl qul às paàkras slab más ifblstas, más sdbhlras, más rla`ls. pfnráb nlsarrf`àr mlefrls dmáclbls, nlshrdphdfbls y ub kulb usf nl `fs rlhursfs, hfmf aba`fcías, mltájfras, ndjlrlbtls pubtfs nl vdsta, lbtrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs.

[LX\MLB - bf ls ub `dkrf, tampfhf uba pfsta`. - l` títu`f nlkl aparlhlr lb à habhdøb. - dbtlbtlb lbhfbtrar uba jrasl julrtl lb su habhdøb. - r làhdøb lbtrl à mõsdha y às paàkras. làhdøb - mabtlblr l` lbjfqul sfkrl l` tlma. - dbtlbtar nljdbdr sfkrl qul iakà ia kà à habhdøb f qul qudlrlb `fcrar hfb l`à. - mõsdha y paàkras nlklb jùdr. - bf aprltuear às paàkras, nl slr blhlsardf rllshrdkdr. - prfkar habtar à `ltra para aslcurarsl qul pulnl pulnl slr habtana. - r lpltdr dnlas y l`lmlbtfs. lpltdr - à `ltra bf tdlbl qul slr bd muy nlprlsdva, bd muy suplrjdhda`. - acrlca va`fr, prfpfblr a`cf bulvf. - l` slbtdnf nl` iumfr ls ub lxhl`lbtl rlhursf. - a vlhls às habhdfbls bf b f tdlblb slbtdnf, bd mlbsael. - lxprlsar su prfpdf pubtf nl vdsta5 tfnfs tlblmfs uba vdsdøb õbdha. - utd`dzar ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs para lxprlsar uba fpdbdøb sfkrl l` tlma. - ^fmarsl l` tdlmpf para plbsar y nlsarrf`àr à dnla, bf ls blhlsardf lshrdkdr uba habhdøb lb < mdbutfs. - ^lrmdbar ^lrmdbar à habhdøb.


174

HAWÍ^\@F YYDDD

@A [DMA T X\ XFBDNF

a` habtar uba habhdøb bfs namfs hulbta nl qul às paàkras tdlblb ub sfbdnf y ub rdtmf qul prfvdlblb nl às síàkas. huabnf lstfs sfbdnfs sl asfhdab a uba dmaclb mlbta`, anqudlrlb ub sdcbdjdhanf y sl hfbjfrma à paàkra. pfr lelmp`f, l` sfbdnf kl bf sdcbdjdha bana, plrf sd `f rlpltdmfs, jfrmab paàkras5 klkä klkä,, qul asfhdamfs hfb ub bdñf plqulñf, f klkl hfb tfmar ub `íqudnf, nlplbndlbnf su ahlbtuahdøb. sd acrlcamfs ftrf kl kl,, l` sfbdnf pdlrnl à dmaclb y nlea nl tlblr sdcbdjdhanf. nlklmfs bftar à ndjlrlbhda rítmdha y musdha` nl `fs sfbdnfs kl kl,, klkl y klklkl.. lb hfbhùsdøb, l` rdtmf prfvdlbl nl `fs sfbdnfs nl às síàkas klklkl síàkas lb às paàkras, nl su ahlbtuahdøb y nl à rlpltdhdøb nl às síàkas a `f àrcf nl às `íblas nl `fs vlrsfs, lbtrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs. à rlpltdhdøb nl `fs sfbdnfs a partdr nl à õ`tdma vfha` ahlbtuana nl` vlrsf sl ^DW5 Hamkdar l` tdpf nl rdma lb às ndjlhfbfhl hfmf rdmar. nlklmfs saklr qul à rlbtls slhhdfbls ls uba lxhl`lbtl jfrma nl lvdtar qul à habhdøb sla mfbøtfba. rdma, hfb su sfbdnf, ls `f qul hfilsdfba `fs vlrsfs, `ls na ub rdtmf, ubdjdha às paàkras y às iahl acranak`ls a` fínf. lbtfbhls, à rdma ls à rlpltdhdøb nl sfbdnfs sfbdnfs lb ndjlrlbtls ùcarls nl ub vlrsf f nl ub tlxtf. lb lstl hapítu`f bfs anlbtramfs lb `fs tdpfs nl rdma más utd`dzanfs utd`dzanfs lb às habhdfbls y lb `fs ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs qul prfnuhlb. à rdma sl pulnlb hàsdjdhar lb uba crab vardlnan nl hatlcfrías nl ahulrnf hfb l` hampf nl abá`dsds5 jfbf`øcdhf, sfbfrf, sfbfrf , slmábtdhf, cramatdha`, lthätlra. slcõb bulstrf dbtlräs, pfnlmfs hàsdjdhar à rdma pfr5 a) à rlpltdhdøb nl su sfbdnf5 sd hfdbhdnlb vfha`ls, hfbsfbabtls f amkas (rdma

plrjlhta y rdma dmplrjlhta). k) à sfbfrdnan nl à rdma y l` habtf (rdma akdlrta y rdma hlrrana). h) à ukdhahdøb nl à rdma nlbtrf nl` vlrsf f `íbla (rdma dbtlrdfr). n) à rlàhdøb lbtrl à paàkra lshrdta y su sfbdnf (rdma ja`sa). l) à ndstrdkuhdøb nl à rdma y su lstruhtura rítmdha lb l` tlxtf. lstl õ`tdmf pubtf `f vlrlmfs lb l` prøxdmf hapítu`f.


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[DMA WL[JLHÂ âmkdäb, `àmana hfbsfbabhda hfbsfbabhda,, hfbsfbabtl f tfta` . fhurrl huabnf iay uba dcua`nan nl sfbdnfs lbtrl nfs vlrsfs a partdr nl à õ`tdma vfha` ahlbtuana nl `fs mdsmfs. lb lsta rdma bfs lbhfbtramfs hfb nfs paàkras tdlblb uba dbtlbsdnan ahõstdha muy julrtl, pfrqul sl rlpdtlb às vfha`ls y às hfbsfbabtls. lsumdlbnf, lb à rdma plrjlhta iay uba dcua`nan nl sfbdnfs nana pfr à lsumdlbnf, r rlpltdhdøb nl à partl jdba` nl às paàkras. pfr lelmp`f, hlrrf/plrrf, hfsf/tfsf, fefs/rfefs, nama/hama. T mds fefs ma`tratanfs sl rljucdab lb à b ana y sl habsab nl vlr ub mfbtøb nl haras y bd uba mdr ana... lb lstl lelmp`f, Ha``lelrfs - \ba bulva bfhil jría, vlmfs à rdma plrjlhta lb bana/mdrana. nlklmfs hfbsdnlrar qul à rdma ls plrjlhta aubqul às hfbsfbabtls bf slab dcua`ls frtfcrájdhamlbtl, sdlmprl qul su sfbdnf sla l` mdsmf. pfr lelmp`f, hfb l` usf nl à k-v, y nl às yls, ``-y , (lshàva/amaka, (lshàva/amaka, haka``f/mayf). à hfbsfbabhda ls l`lcdna hfb jrlhulbhda pfr `fs pfltas y `fs mõsdhfs. lb à habhdøb, lstl tdpf nl rdma sdrvl para lbjatdzar à rlàhdøb lbtrl às paàkras, puls su sfbdnf ls muy julrtl y marhanf. ls à mlefr ilrramdlbta para rlmarhar l` rdtmf f l` sfbdnf. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul l` usf lb lxhlsf nl lstl tdpf nl rdma, lb uba habhdøb prfnuhl qul l` vlrsf parlzha muy jfrzanf, fkvdf y abtdbatura`. sd kushamfs ub sfbdnf más batura`, sutd`, jùdnf y bf tab marhanf, nlklmfs eucar hfb ftrf tdpf nl rdma, hfmf à dmplrjlhta f parhda`.

[DMA DMWL[JLHÂ âmkdäb hfbfhdna hfmf asfbabtl f parhda` , ls aqul`à rdma lb à qul sfb dcua`ls `fs sfbdnfs vfhá`dhfs a partdr nl à õ`tdma vfha` ahlbtuana. lb lstl tdpf nl rdma, à slmleabza nl sfbdnfs bf ls tab marhana, pfrqul bf sl rlpdtlb às hfbsfbabtls. hfmf sø`f sfb dcua`ls às vfha`ls, sl hrla à slbsahdøb nl ub sfbdnf más hasua`, y às paàkras parlhdlrab jùdr más sutd`mlbtl. pfr lelmp`f, hlrrf/nlkf, bdñf/vdvf, vasf/tapf, tlef/plcf, lthätlra. Qudsdlra hamdbar tu p l` f, f, qudsdlra iahlr bfhil lb tu pd l`, plbsar qul jul tfnf ub sulñf nlspuäs nlshukrdrtl ftra v lz. lb lstl lelmp`f nl à habhdøb nl @uds Mdcul` - Amartl ls ub pàhlr, lb às rdmas pl`f/sulñf, rdmas pl`f/sulñf, y pdl`/vlz, p dl`/vlz, tab sf`f hfdbhdnlb hfdbhdnlb às vfha`ls vfha`ls y bf `f iahlb às hfbsfbabtls? lstf prfnuhl uba rdma mlbfs julrtl y más jùdna. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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[DMA JA@XA lsta rdma suhlnl lbtrl paàkras qul bf rdmab, plrf qul tdlblb ub sfbdnf sdmdàr f slmleabtl. clblra`mlbtl, lstl tdpf nl rdma sl prfnuhl pfr l` usf nl paàkras nl dndfma lxtrabelrf. Ml iab rfkaf à Mfubtadb-Kdol jul ub Efbod lb à pàza [la` lb lstl lelmp`f, Xlrcdf Maoarfjj - ^rabqud trfbqud, vlmfs qul sl rdma Kdol hfb [la` , pfrqul sl prfnuhl ub sfbdnf sdmdàr, a plsar nl qul bf iay uba hfbhfrnabhda lbtrl às vfha`ls. a lsta rdma sl à hfbfhl hfmf rdma para `fs fínfs. `dcit/ma`/hiapacbl.. ftrfs lelmp`fs5 `dcit/ma`/hiapacbl fpulsta a lsta hatlcfría sl lbhulbtra à rdma vdsua`. l`à fhurrl huabnf sl prfnuhl uba lqudva`lbhda vdsua`, ls nlhdr, lshrdta, plrf bf sfbfra. âmkdäb sl à `àma rdma para `fs fefs. fefs . pfr lelmp`f, lb Jrlun/àõn pfnlmfs vlr qul sl prfnuhl uba rlpltdhdøb lb à jfrma hfmf sl lshrdklb, plrf sus sfbdnfs sfb muy ndjlrlbtls. lb ftras paàkras lb à rdma ja`sa iay uba ndsfhdahdøb lbtrl `f lshrdtf y `f sfbfrf.

[DMA AKDL[Â T [DMA HL[[ANA lsta hàsdjdhahdøb plrmdtl hfmprlbnlr l` hfbhlptf nl à musdha`dnan nl às paàkras. lb l`à sl tdlbl lb hulbta sd à rdma tlrmdba lb uba síàka akdlrta f hlrrana. à rdma akdlrta sl prfnuhl huabnf l` sfbdnf tlrmdba lb vfha`, f lb uba hfbsfbabtl suavl. mdlbtras qul uba vfha` slcudna nl uba hfbsfbabtl jfrma uba síàka hlrrana, `f hua` prfnuhl uba rdma hlrrana. lb à mõsdha, y lb lsplhda` a` mfmlbtf nl plbsar lb rdmas para habtar, lsta hàsdjdhahdøb sl vul`vl muy rl`lvabtl. ls dmpfrtabtl nlstahar às ndjlrlbhdas, puls à rdma akdlrta prfnuhl ub sfbdnf más musdha`, más habtanf y ml`øndhf. clblra ub sfbdnf más lxprlsdvf, pfrqul plrmdtl lstdrar às vfha`ls jáhd`mlbtl a` habtaràs. pfr su partl, às rdmas hlrranas prfnuhlb ub ljlhtf más rítmdhf pfr tlblr ub sfbdnf más hlrranf, pfr `f qul lstl slcubnf tdpf nl rdma clblra ub ljlhtf hfbhùsdvf f plrhusdvf. pfr l``f, su usf ls más jrlhulbtl lb l` rap. à ndstdbhdøb lbtrl às síàkas hlrranas y akdlrtas hrla ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs, pfrqul sl aàrca f ahfrta l` sfbdnf nl à vfha`. plbslmfs lb l` mfvdmdlbtf nl à kfha y à ndjlrlbhda nl sfbdnf a` habtar paàkras hfmf rl`fe f acua acua.. a` habtar à õ`tdma sdàka nl amkas paàkras sl prfnuhlb sfbdnfs y ljlhtfs muy ndjlrlbtls. huabnf lstdramfs à paàkra rl`fe sl prfnuhl ub ljlhtf nlsacranak`l, nanf pfr l` sfbdnf nl à efta, mdlbtras qul acua ls más jáhd` nl slr habtana, aàrcana y ls muhif más pàhlbtlra a` fínf.


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[DMA DB^L[DF[ T [DMA LY^L[DF[ lb clblra`, às rdmas tdlbnlb a fhurrdr a` jdba` nl à `íbla, y lstf sl hfbfhl hfmf rdma lxtlrdfr. l`à abubhda l` jdba` nl` vlrsf. huabnf à rdma tdlbl ùcar nlbtrf nl` vlrsf, sl nlbfmdba rdma dbtlrdfr. pulnl aparlhlr lb l` mlndf f lb à prdmlra partl nl à `íbla, pfsdk`lmlbtl lb à prdmlra paàkra. Md mablra nl hurar às ilrdnas md pasd øb øb , md raz øb øb ls qul lstás lb md hfraz øb. øb. Wfr lsf vlbcf a fjrlhlrtl. lb lstl lelmp`f, Akl` lelmp`f, Akl` Wdbtfs - Fjrlzhf, Fjrl zhf, à rdma fhurrl lb à mdsma `íbla y sl prfnuhl lbtrl às paàkras acunas pasdøb/razøb/hfrazøb acunas pasdøb/razøb/hfrazøb.. âmkdäb iay habhdfbls nfbnl sl pulnlb lbhfbtrar rdmas a` dbdhdf, a` mlndf y a` jdba` nl `fs vlrsfs. sdrvlb para nar ub mayfr rdtmf nl` qul sl prfnuhl hfb uba rdma lxtlrdfr. huabnf iay muhias paàkras qul rdmab nlbtrf nl uba mdsma `íbla sl à `àma mu`tdrrdma mu`tdrrdma.. lstl rlhursf ls muy usanf lb cäblrfs hfmf l` rap, nfbnl `l na va`fr a` j`fw, a` ta`lbtf nl dbtrfnuhdr à mayfr habtdnan nl rdmas pfsdk`ls.

BFÂ JDBA@ lb à mõsdha, a` rllmpàzar `fs sfbdnfs nl às bftas musdha`ls pfr `fs sfbdnfs nl às síàkas bftarlmfs qul à rdma parlhl surcdr sfà. sdb lmkarcf, nlklmfs saklr qul à musdha`dnan nl às paàkras bahl nl` usf nl às síàkas y à rdma. l` kulb usf nl à rdma ls blhlsardf para `fcrar qul à habhdøb prlslbtl hdlrta lstruhtura, rdtmf, hfilsdøb, kaàbhl y musdha`dnan. nlklmfs saklr eucar hfb `fs sfbdnfs nl à rdma, para fktlblr sfbdnfs más marhanfs f más jùdnfs, slcõb à blblhlsdnan y l` ljlhtf qul nlslamfs `fcrar lb `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb. ub lxhlsf nl rdma, lb lsplhda` nl rdma plrjlhta, prfnuhl uba rdma fkvda, anlmás nl uba lxaclrahdøb nl` sfbdnf. lb uba habhdøb ‐slrda” f hfb prltlbsdfbls artístdhas pfnría rlsu`tar abtdbatura`, pfhf jùdna, f lstlrlftdpanf. prdbhdpa`mlbtl, pfrqul a` slr ub sfbdnf muy julrtl hrla uba rdma tfta`mlbtl prlnlhdk`l y fkvda pfr `f hua` sulba tfbta, y l` rlsu`tanf jdba` ls qul à habhdøb pdlrnl hrlndkd`dnan artístdha. lb ftras paàkras, l` lxhlsf nl rdma `àma à atlbhdøb pfr sfkrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs nl à habhdøb. nl lstl mfnf, pulnl arrudbar à armfbía f à batura`dnan nl `fs vlrsfs nl uba habhdøb, nanf l` lxhlsf nl atlbhdøb lb l` sfbdnf nl às síàkas. sl nlea nl prlstar atlbhdøb a à ml`fnía, a` mlbsael, y a` tfnf pfrqul l` sfbdnf nl à rdma sl lbhulbtra lb prdmlr pàbf. lstf bf sdcbdjdha qul bf nlklmfs akusar à rdma plrjlhta, pfr l` hfbtrardf, nlklmfs lstar atlbtfs a `fs ljlhtfs nl à à rdma. lb cäblrfs hfmf l` rap lstl hfbhlptf ls à rlcà. à lxaclrahdøb nl à rdma y l` l ` eulcf hfb `fs sfbdnfs nlrdvanfs nl l`às sl trabsjfrmab lb ub rlhursf y uba blhlsdnan para à hrlahdøb nl` rdtmf, f nl` j`fw . mdsmf fhurrl lb às habhdfbls dbjabtd`ls. `f LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lb hfbhùsdøb, nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul l` usf nl à rdma nlplbnl nl` cäblrf musdha` y nl` ljlhtf qul qulrlmfs `fcrar lb à habhdøb. `f dnla` ls qul l` sfbdnf prfnuhdnf pfr à rdma parlzha batura`, bf jfrzanf, fkvdf f prlnlhdk`l. à rdma nlkl lstar prlslbtl, plrf bf nlkl nlstaharsl pfr sfkrl l` rlstf nl `fs l`lmlbtfs nl n l à habhdøb, hfmf l` mlbsael f às ml`fnías, `fs hua`ls tdlbnlb a lstar lb prdmlr pàbf.

HFBXLEFX a` dbdhdarsl lb l` tlma nl à rdma, `f mlefr ls mabtlblr `fs vlrsfs kaàbhlanfs hfb à mdsma lxtlbsdøb y patrøb rítmdhf. qul hana `íbla tlrmdbl más f mlbfs hfb l` mdsmf sfbdnf, hfb à vfha` qul lstamfs trakaeabnf, a plsar qul lsta bf sla uba rdma lxahta. ls dmpfrtabtl qul hana `íbla hfbtlbca à mdsma habtdnan habtdnan nl síàkas f hfbtdbõl à jfrma nl à ml`fnía. pfstlrdfrmlbtl, pfnlmfs eucar hfb `fs sfbdnfs f dbhùsf rfmplr `fs patrfbls rítmdhfs f nl lxtlbsdøb, nl jfrma qul sfrprlbna l` nlsarrf``f nl `fs vlrsfs.

[LX\MLB - à musdha`dnan nl às paàkras prfvdlbl nl` sfbdnf nl às síàkas. - à rlpltdhdøb nl` sfbdnf nl às síàkas lb ub vlrsf sl hfbfhl hfmf rdma rdma.. - a crabnls rascfs, lxdstlb trls hàsls nl rdmas pfr sfbdnf5 pfr à hfdbhdnlbhda nl às vfha`ls, à nl às vfha`ls y às hfbsfbabtls f pfr à sdmd`dtun nl` sfbdnf. - sd à rdma fhurrl lb à partl dbtlrdfr nl` vlrsf, sl à nlbfmdba rdma dbtlrdfr. - sl hfbsdnlra rdma plrjlhta huabnf `fs sfbdnfs nl vfha`ls y hfbsfbabtls hfdbhdnlb a partdr nl à õ`tdma vfha` ahlbtuana. - sl hfbsdnlra rdma dmplrjlhta huabnf sf`f hfdbhdnlb `fs sfbdnfs nl às vfha`ls a partdr nl à õ`tdma ahlbtuana. - à rdma na hfilsdøb, armfbía y rdtmf a `fs vlrsfs. - sul`l usarsl para marhar l` jdba` nl `fs vlrsfs. - à rdma akdlrta ls más jáhd` nl slr habtana y más lxprlsdva. - à rdma hlrrana tdlbnl a slr más rítmdha y nl sfbdnf más plrhutdvf. - l` usf nl à rdma clblra ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs lb l` tlxtf. - à rdma nlkl jùdr hfb batura`dnan y plrmdtdr hrlar ub rdtmf. - à prlvdsdkd`dnan nl uba rdma pulnl prfnuhdr `íblas tfbtas y qudtar batura`dnan. - uba rdma fkvda y prlnlhdk`l pulnl arrudbar à armfbía nl à habhdøb. - à lxaclrahdøb nl à rdma `àma à atlbhdøb pfr sfkrl ftrfs l`lmlbtfs. - lb cäblrfs nlrdvanfs nl` rap ls pfsdk`l l` eulcf y à lxaclrahdøb nl à rdma, su sfbdnf, su rlpltdhdøb y su rdtmf. - l` usf nl à rdma nlplbnl nl` ljlhtf qul qulrlmfs `fcrar. pulnl slr5 `àmar à atlbhdøb, nlstahar uba paàkra, hrlar rdtmf, lbjatdzar l` sfbdnf, lthätlra.


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HAWÍ^\@F YYDZ

@A [DMA T @FX ZL[XFX

lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr, vdmfs qul à rdma hfrrlspfbnl a à rlpltdhdøb nl uba slhulbhda nl sfbdnfs, hfbfhdnfs hfmf jfblmas jfblmas,, a `f àrcf nl `fs vlrsfs. vlrsfs. lb clblra`, à rdma sul`l narsl a partdr nl à õ`tdma vfha` ahlbtuana lb `fs ndstdbtfs vlrsfs, sdb lmkarcf, iay ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs para prfnuhdr y hfmkdbar rdma, à ahlbtuahdøb y l` rdtmf a `f àrcf nl `fs vlrsfs. lb lstl hapítu`f vlrlmfs `fs ndstdbtfs tdpfs nl rdmas qul sl utd`dzab a à ifra nl lshrdkdr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb slcõb su ndstrdkuhdøb lb `fs vlrsfs. âmkdäb, lbhfbtraráb muhifs lelmp`fs nl rdma nl habhdfbls hfbfhdnas para qul sla más jáhd` nl hfmprlbnlr às ndjlrlbtls fphdfbls y vardahdfbls qul pfnlmfs utd`dzar.

BFÂHDØB NL @A [DMA abtls nl lxp`dhar `fs ndstdbtfs tdpfs nl rdma, nlklmfs lbtlbnlr l` slbhd``f sdstlma nl bftahdøb nl à rdma lb `fs vlrsfs. `fs vlrsfs nl dcua` rdma sl dbndhab hfb à mdsma `ltra. a às ndstdbtas hfdbhdnlbhdas nl rdma sl às va dbndhabnf hfb `ltras, sdcudlbnf l` frnlb a`jakätdhf5 a a k k h h. sd `fs vlrsfs tdlblb iasta fhif síàkas ^DW5 Hamkdar l` lsqulma y l` tdpf nl dbhùsdvl sl utd`dzab às mdbõshuàs. sd `fs rdma lb às ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls ls uba vlrsfs sfb mayfrls nl bulvl síàkas, sl lxhl`lbtl jfrma nlnar vardlnan y lvdtar qul à habhdøb sla mfbøtfba. usab às mayõshuàs. à habtdnan nl síàkas qul hfmpfblb a ub vlrsf sl hfbfhl hfmf mätrdha mätrdha.. a à ifra nl hfbtar às sdàkas, nlklmfs tlblr prlslbtl qul, sd à õ`tdma paàkra ls acuna f mfbfsíàka, sl nlkl sumar uba síàka a à mätrdha. pfr l` hfbtrardf, sd iay Xdba`lja f l` vlrsf tlrmdba lb paàkra lsnrõeuà, sl nlkl rls tar uba a à ifra nl hfbtakd`dzar às síàkas. à sdba`lja hfbsdstl lb prfbubhdar à vfha` jdba` nl uba paàkra y à vfha` dbdhda` hfbtdcua nl à paàkra sdcudlbtl hfmf sd julslb uba sfà sdàka. ls uba jusdøb nl` sfbdnf. l` lelmp`f más hfmõb ls5 ‐nl l`” l`” sulba sulba hfmf ‐nl`”. va`l mlbhdfbar qul, à sdba`lja pulnl tralr dbhfbvlbdlbtls a à ifra nl trabshrdkdr à `ltra nl à habhdøb sfkrl ml`fnía, nanf qul hfmf hfbslhulbhda nl à jusdøb nl` sfbdnf nl às vfha`ls ls ndjíhd` lbhfbtrar su ùcar lb às bftas musdha`ls nl à ml`fnía. à bftahdøb nl à mätrdha bf ls dbndsplbsak`l, plrf bfs plrmdtl lsLXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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tak`lhlr ub lsqulma qul bfs mulstra à frcabdzahdøb nl à rdma y nl` tlxtf lb `fs vlrsfs. utd`dzar ub lsqulma para armar à habhdøb ls uba kulba dnla, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, p rdbhdpa`mlbtl, sd qudlrlb lshrdkdr sdb mõsdha. para l``f, ls rlhfmlbnak`l dbvlstdcar às rlcàs nl à mätrdha y `fs ndstdbtfs tdpfs nl vlrsfs. nlklmfs ahàrar, qul l` usf nl à mätrdha ls más prfpdf nl à pflsía qul nl à habhdøb mfnlrba. sdb lmkarcf, su usf pulnl slrvdr hfmf ftrf mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb.

H@AXDJDHAHDØB lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr, vdmfs hømf à rdma sl hàsdjdhaka nl ahulrnf hfb su sfbdnf f tdmkrl. lb lstl hapítu`f, vlrlmfs hømf à rdma sl hàsdjdha nl ahulrnf hfb su ndstrdkuhdøb f pfsdhdøb lb às `íblas nl `fs vlrsfs. lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, lsta hàsdjdhahdøb ls muy dmpfrtabtl pfrqul bfs plrmdtl `fcrar ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs, rdtmfs y sfbfrdnanls lb `fs vlrsfs vlrsfs nl uba habhdøb. ls rlhfmlbnak`l lxp`frar y lxplrdmlbtar `fs ndjlrlbtls tdpfs nl rdma. a hfbtdbuahdøb lxp`dharlmfs às hàsls nl rdma más utd`dzanas lb às habhdfbls5

[DMA HFB^DB\A nlbfmdba así huabnf à rdma ls slmleabtl lb tfnfs `fs vlrsfs. às lstrfjas hfb lsta hàsl nl rdma sl `àmab lstrfjas mfbfrrdmas. j áhd` nl dnlbtdjdhar mfbfrrdmas. ls jáhd` puls aparlhl ub sf`f sfbdnf rlhurrlbtlmlbtl lb tfnas às `íblas nl `fs vlrsfs. lstl tdpf nl rdma ls uba nl à más usanas lb às habhdfbls pfr su sdmp`dhdnan. pfr supulstf, a` slr utd`dzana hfb uba rdma plrjlhta, aqul`à lb à qul hfdbhdnlb vfha`ls y hfbsfbabtls, pulnl vf`vlrsl muy fkvda y prlnlhdk`l. sl

L` árkf` nl à pàza lb l` karrdf vdlef bf hrlhl m ás sl ia qulnanf qudltdtf tfnf plànf, ¶pfr quä slr á6 à tdlrra lstá tab slha, lb hua`qudlr mfmlbtf sl va a qulkr ar, parlhdlra qul l` hdl`f sl jul f`vdnabnf hømf ``fr ar. lb lstl lelmp`f, Zdhlbtdhf - L` árkf` nl à pàza, l` lsqulma nl à rdma ls aaaa pfrqul `fs huatrf vlrsfs hfdbhdnlb lb l` sfbdnf nl à mdsma vfha` y sfb mayfrls nl fhif síàkas. Hamkda lsa hara nl slr d a Lsa hara nl dbtl`lhtua`, nl lbhdh`fpln da da Qul tl vfy a dbylhtar hfb à kahtlr d a Wa' qul nls vul`ta hfmf mahidba nl jlr da da. lb lsta lstrfja, lstrfja, Ha``l 18 - Aträvltl, Aträvltl , tfnfs `fs vlrsfs tlrmdbab lb ub mdsmf sfbdnf rlhurrlbtl5 l` lsqulma nl à rdma ls a aaa. da.. da LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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[DMA CLML@A lb lstl hasf, à rdma ls slmleabtl lb nfs vlrsfs hfbslhutdvfs. lstl tdpf nl rdma sul`l jùdr hfb batura`dnan, ls jáhd` nl mlmfrdzar y sl utd`dza jrlhulbtlmlbtl lb jfrma nl jrasls f rljrabls. Md ubdhfrbdf azu` aylr sl ml plrn d ø pastabnf `f nleä, y nlsaparlh d ø Hua`qudlr dbjfrmahdøb kdlb à vfy a pac ar ar @as j`frls qul nleø bf ml iab qulrdnf iak` ar ar . lb lstl jracmlbtf, Xd`vdf [fnrículz - \bdhfrbdf, \bdhfrbdf, l` prdmlr vlrsf rdma hfb l` slcubnf lb às vfha`ls dø dø,, jfrmabnf ub parlanf? y l` tlrhlrf hfb l` huartf tdlblb rdma hfbsfbabtl lb ar , jfrmabnf ftrf parlanf. l` lsqulma nl à lstrfja ls aakk. va`l bftar qul, lb à rdma clmlà lb às nfs prdmlras `íblas sul`l fhurrdr uba

sdtuahdøb, mdlbtras qul lb à slcubna partl nl à lstrfja sl pàbtla ftra ndjlrlbtl. ls nlhdr, slría pfsdk`l slparar amkas jrasls y bf sl plrnlríab bd l` slbtdnf bd à rdma. Bf ml arrlpdlbtf nl lstl amfr aubqul ml hulstl l` hfraz øb. Amar ls ub mdàcrf, y yf tl amä, hfmf bubha eamás dmacdbä. lb lstl lelmp`f, Cd`na - Bf ml arrlpdlbtf nl lstl amfr , vlmfs ftrfs vlrsfs qul sl frcabdzab rdmabnf nl a parls5 amfr/hfrazøb y amä/dmacdbä amä/dmacdbä.. l` lsqulma lsqul ma nl à rdma nl lsta lstrfja ls aakk, l` hua` mulstra hømf rdmab `fs vlrsfs lb parls hfbslhutdvfs. âmkdäb, lb lstl hasf sl pulnl bftar qul, pfnríamfs slparar às jrasls tlbdlbnf lb hulbta su rdma y bf plrnlríab l` slbtdnf. ama, Zamfs ahàrabnf l` pabfr ama ama, Qul iay pdbcðdbfs lb à h ama Wfr l` idl`f qul prfv fhas fhas , Xd iahl más nl ub mls qul bf ml t fhas fhas , Bd tl nleas sfkfrbar pfr lstl klsf lshurrdn dzf, dzf, Qul kusha l` hdl`f y lbhulbtra l` p dsf.

lb lstl lelmp`f, [dharnf Arefba - Wdbcðdbfs lb à hama, hama, à lstrfja ls nl : `íblas qul rdmab lb às paàkras5 paàkras5 pabframa/hama, pabframa/hama, prfvfhas/tfhas, lshurrdndzf/pdsf lshurrdndzf/pdsf..


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[DMA AK[AUANA r dma dma

l` prdmlr vlrsf nl à lstrfja hfb l` õ`tdmf nl à mdsma lstrfja. lstl tdpf nl rdma prfnuhl uba ubdøb, qul lbhdlrra l` hfbtlbdnf, pfr `f hua` ls pfsdk`l dbtrfnuhdr ftrf tdpf nl rdma nlbtrf nl l`à f, dbhùsf, ub vlrsf sul`tf. \ba bulva bfhil jría lb l` k arr d f, `fs trabzas sl ``lbab `fs kf`sd``fs. @as ha``ls sfb bulstras, aubqul l` tdlmpf ndca `f hfbtr ar d f. lb lstl jracmlbtf nl à habhdøb nl Ha``lelrfs - \ba bulva bfhil jría, jría, à rdma suhlnl lb l` df nl karrdf/hfbtrardf. Ndhlb qul tdlbls vlblbf lb à pdl` y ls qul lstás ilhia nl p`ástdhf jdbf. Ndhlb qul tdlbls ub tahtf ndvdbf y qudlb tl tfha sl qulna hfb ä`. T sd lsta bfhil qudlrls dr a kadàr vltl pfbdlbnf l` ndsjraz nl plhanfra, plrf tlbnrás qul lstar `dsta lb mlnda ifra pfr qul sd bf yf bf tl pasf a kushar. lb lstl lelmp`f, [andf Jutura - Zlblbf lb à pdl` , `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb rdmab lb jfrma hfbsfbabtl hfbsfbabtl l` prdmlrf y huartf y l` slcubnf hfb l` tlrhlrf. l` lsqulma nl à rdma ls akka. ls dmpfrtabtl mlbhdfbar à rdma a`leana, aqul`à qul sl lbhulbtra slparana pfr muhias vlrsfs u ftras rdmas. lb clblra`, sl trata nl más nl huatrf vlrsfs y bf blhlsardamlbtl lbhdlrra l` hfbtlbdnf.

[DMA [D^F[BL@@F hfbsdstl lb à rdma qul sl prfnuhl a` rlpltdr a` jdba` nl uba lstrfja l` prdmlr

vlrsf nl l`à. ^l vd vd,,

sa`dstl lbtrl à clbtl a saùnar `fs astrfs sl rdlrfb ftra vlz à `àvl nl Mabnaà sl qulkrø f, sdmp`lmlbtl, tl vd .


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lb lstl lelmp`f, Jdtf Wálz - \b vlstdnf y ub amfr , à rdma sl prfnuhl pfr à rlpltdhdøb nl ‐tl vd” vd” lb lb à prdmlra y õ`tdma `íbla nl à lstrfja, pfr `f hua` pfnría hfbsdnlrarsl uba rdma akrazana f a`leana. sdb lmkarcf, va`l bftar à `leabía nl à rdma y qul l` rlstf nl `fs vlrsfs harlhl nl rdma. lstl tdpf nl vlrsfs hfbtdlblb uba ndbámdha y ub rdtmf r dtmf muy partdhuàr.

[DMA A@^L[BANA r dmab dmab

lbtrl sí `fs vlrsfs parls pfr ub ànf y `fs vlrsfs dmparls, pfr ftrf. à rdma fhurrl nl jfrma qul sl a`tlrba lbtrl nfs sfbdnfs. ls ftra mablra muy ljlhtdva y jáhd` nl hrlar rdmas bf tab lvdnlbtls y prlnlhdk`ls, puls hfbtamfs hfb nfs sfbdnfs qul sl dbtlrhaàb. pfr lelmp`f5 @a vdna ls uba mfblna qudlb à rlkusha à td lbl fef qul iak`f nl mfb lnas y bf nl crulsfs kd`` lt ls. lb `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb nl Euab Har`fs Kac`dlttf - @a vdna ls uba mfblna, mfblna , vlmfs hømf sl a`tlrba à rdma nl jfrma qul hfdbhdnlb l` prdmlr vlrsf hfb l` tlrhlrf lb l-a y l` slcubnf hfb l` huartf lb l-l l-l.. aquí l` lsqulma nl à rdma ls akak. Wlrnfba sd ml f`vdnf nl t d d , `f sdlbtf sd acftä à dùs d øb, bf ml dmpfrta l` euramlbtf qul tl n d . Ml ndhlb qul tfnf tlrmdb ø, qul sf`f lrls uba habh d øb nl aylr, ub suspdrf qul lb l` adrl sl quln ø. lb Kl`dbna - Kl`à tradhdøb, tradhdøb , rdmab `fs vlrsfs prdmlrf y tlrhlrf lb5 d . lb l` slcubnf, l` huartf, l` qudbtf y l` slxtf vlrsf l` eulcf nl à rdma fhurrl hfb à hfdbhdnlbhda nl à vfha` f lb5 dùsdøb/tlrmdbø/habhdøb/qulnø dùsdøb/tlrmdbø/habhdøb/qulnø.. va`l bftar qul lb à qudbta `íbla à rdma sl prfnuhl lb habhdøb, y bf lb aylr , à õ`tdma paàkra nl` vlrsf. Nul`l l` amfr, sdb t d d , ar , `ùlvl iasta mfe ar nul`l l` amfr, sdb t d d , nul`l iasta mat ar ar , nul`l l` amfr, sdb t d d , tfnf lstá tab cr d d s. s. lb A`lx Xdbtlo - Nul`l l` amfr , `fs vlrsfs slcubnf y huartf rdmab lb ar y l` prdlb A`lx mlrf, tlrhlrf, qudbtf y slxtf rdmab lb d . LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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[DMA LBHANLBANA na huabnf ubf f más vlrsfs nl à lstrfja rdmab hfb ubf f más vlrsfs nl ftra lstrfja. pulnlb lbhfbtrarsl ub crab bõmlrf nl vardabtls. sl

\bf sl hrll qul às matø l` tdlmpf y à auslbhd a. Wlrf su tr lb vlbndø kf`ltf nl dna y vul`t a. lb lstl jracmlbtf nl Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Aqul`às plqulñas hfsas, hfsas, vlmfs hømf à rdma sl lbhulbtra nl jfrma lbhanlbana lfa/lfa lfa/lfa.. lb lstl lbhanlbamdlbtf nl `fs vlrsfs, pfnlmfs fkslrvar qul rdmab às paàkras5 hrll/trlb hrll/trlb,, lb l` prdmlr y huartf vlrsf, matø/kf`ltf matø/kf`ltf,, lb l` slcubnf y qudbta `íbla? y auslbhda/vul`ta lb l` tlrhlr y slxtf vlrsf. øb Xurcl à lshlba lb ub sa` øb bdñas lb prfmfhd øb øb mfmdas pfbdlbnf prlhdf amkdcðlnan.

A`cudlb va prlsumdlbnf øb ndshrlhd øb j`fefs nl pabta` øb øb `ínlrls nl` ndslñf bfvlnan. lb lsta habhdøb, [fslbnf - J`fefs nl pabta`øb, pabta`øb , fkslrvamfs qul l` lbhanlbamdlbtf ls ub pfhf nlsprf`def5 øb-øb-f-an/f-øb-øb-an . ls así qul à rdma sl prfnuhl prdbhdpa`mlbtl lbtrl ndjlrlbtls vardabtls nl à `ltra f5 sa`øb/prfmfhdøb/pabta`øb/ndshrlhdøb y prlhdf/prlsumdlbnf prlhdf/prlsumdlbnf,, sdb lmkarcf l` hdlrrl nl` vlrsf hfbtdlbl l` lbhanlbamdlbtf más nlstahanf5 amkdcðlnan/bfvlnan . lstf tamkdäb pfnría hfbsdnlrarsl uba rdma a`leana.

[DMA LBHANLBANA LB LXHA@L[A prfnuhl nl` sdcudlbtl mfnf5 à paàkra jdba` nl` prdmlr vlrsf rdma hfb à prdmlra paàkra nl` slcubnf vlrsf, à paàkra jdba` nl` slcubnf vlrsf rdma hfb à slcubna paàkra nl` tlrhlr vlrsf, y así suhlsdvamlbtl. às lstrfjas hfb lstl tdpf nl rdma rlhdkdlrfb l` bfmkrl nl lsha`lrulàs y cudrba`nd`às pfr à jfrma qul anfptab. ls uba rdma qul utd`dzø à tähbdha trfvanfrlsha, pfr `f clblra` lb fhtavas. sl


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usua `ls nl `fcrar lsta hàsl nl rdma ls rlpltdr à mdsma uba nl às jfrmas más usua`ls paàkra y ùlcf, rllmpàzarà pfr uba muy sdmdàr, a` dbdhdf nl à sdcudlbtl `íbla5 Ml aksfrkls l` lspahdf y n lspahdf l spahdf ml iahls t uyf uy f mulrl l` frc u``f u``f lb mí y ls qul bf pulnf lstar sdb t d d . lb lstl lelmp`f, lelmp`f, @uds Mdcul` - Wfr nlkaef nl à mlsa, hfmpfsdhdøb nl Armabnf nl Armabnf Mabzablrf,, à paàkra jdba` nl` prdmlr vlrsf, lspahdf Mabzablrf lspahdf,, rdma hfb nlspahdf qul ls à slcubna paàkra nl` slcubnf vlrsf. à paàkra jdba` nl` slcubnf vlrsf, tuyf tuyf,, rdma hfb frcu``f y lb à õ`tdma rdma, l` eulcf sl qudlkra lb à hfdbhdnlbhda lbtrl mí/td .

[DMA LB LHF à rdma lb lhf ls à rlpltdhdøb nl` sfbdnf lb ndjlrlbtls ùcarls nl` vlrsf.

pulnl prfnuhdrsl nl trls mablras5 1) pfr rlpltdhdøb nl à rdma lb ub jfblma lb dbtlrdfr nl` mdsmf vlrsf vlrsf f lb l` dbtlrdfr

nl` sdcudlbtl. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐l` jdb nl lstl jlstíb”. Aträvltl, tl, tl, tl Xa` tl tl nl` h`fslt , tl Lshápatl, quítatl l` lsma` tl tl Nlea nl tapar tl tl qul bandl va a r ltratar tl tl @lvábtatl, pfbtl iyplr Wräbnltl, sáha` l hidspas a` lstár tl tlr Wräbnltl lb julcf hfmf ub `dci tlr. lb lstl jracmlbtf uba habhdøb nl Ha``l 18 - Aträvltl, tl, tl, tl, tl , vlmfs à rlhurrlbhda nl` sfbdnf tl tl,, tabtf lb l` lxtlrdfr hfmf lb l` dbtlrdfr nl `fs vlrsfs. ub lxhl`lbtl lelmp`f nl hømf eucar hfb l` sfbdnf nl às paàkras. A` lstl y a` flstl `ùlvl y ``fvlrá uba j`fr y ftr a j`fr hl`lstl nl` eaharabná. lb lstl lelmp`f, María L`lba Sa`si - Habhdøb nl` eaharabná, eaharabná , vlmfs ub eulcf lb l` dbtlrdfr nl `fs vlrsfs pfr à rlpltdhdøb nl à lstruhtura hfb à rdma lstak`lhdna lbtrl às paàkras lstl/flstl, `ùlvl/``fvlrá, uba j`fr/ftra j`fr. asdmdsmf, va`l bftar à rdma lxtlrdfr nl flstl/hl`lstl y ``fvlrá/eaharabná ``fvlrá/eaharabná.. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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;) pfr à rlpltdhdøb nl à rdma a` hfmdlbzf nl` vlrsf sdcudlbtl. lsta rdtma sl

hfbfhl hfmf rdma nl lhf lbhanlbanf, lbhanlbanf, puls l` sfbdnf sl rlpdtl nl jfrma lbhanlbana sfkrl l` dbdhdf nl à sdcudlbtl `íbla. ^fnf pasa y tfnf qulna, plrf `f bulstrf ls pas pasar ar pas ar iahdlbnf hamdbfs , hamdbfs sfkrl à mar. Bubha plrslcuí à c`frda bd nlear lb à mlmfrda nl `fs ifmkrls md habhdøb. lb lstl lelmp`f, Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Habtarls, Habtarls, lstrfja nl Abtfbdf nl Abtfbdf Mahianf, Mahianf, vlmfs hømf sl rlpdtl à paàkra pasar paàkra pasar nl` lxtlrdfr a` dbtlrdfr nl` vlrsf nl à `íbla sds dcudlbtl. lstl mdsmf eulcf aparlhl hfb à paàkra hamdbf hamdbf.. @a rldba tlmkàka nl m d ln f, l` h fh d d blr f hfb l` n ln f, qul bf, qul sí, qul sí, qul bf... nl maìumfr à amlbazø. lb à habhdøb nl María L`lba Sa`si - @a rldba katata, vlmfs hømf sl lstak`lhl à rdma lb às paàkras5 mdlnf/hfhdblrf/nlnf mdlnf/hfhdblrf/nlnf.. à rdma fhurrl lb l` lxtlrdfr nl à prdmlra `íbla, hfb l` dbtlrdfr y lxtlrdfr nl à slcubna `íbla. Nfs y nfs sfb huatrf, huatrf y nfs sfb s lds , s lds y nfs sfb fhif, y fhif ndlhdsäds, y fhif, vldbtdhuatr f, y fhif, trldbta y n fs. Ábdma klbndta, ml arrfnd``f lb v fs. lb lsta rfbna dbjabtd` l` eulcf ls más lvdnlbtl. à rdma fhurrl pfr rlpltdhdøb nl à õ`tdma paàkra a` dbdhdf nl à sdcudlbtl `íbla nl` vlrsf. Lstamfs dbvdtanfs a tfmar l` tä, à tltlra ls nl pfrhlàba, plrf bf sl vl, yf bf sä pfr quä. lb María L`lba Sa`si - Habhdøb para tfmar l` tä, tä , vlmfs hømf sl prfnuhl lstf. à rdma eulca hfb à síàka tl y su rlpltdhdøb lb à paàkra nl tl-tl-ra tl-tl-ra.. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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à rdma lb lhf pulnl iahlrsl tamkdäb kushabnf qul à partl nl à paàkra

qul sl rlpdtl tlbca slbtdnf pfr sí mdsma, ls nlhdr, qul hfbstdtuya ftrf vfhak`f. 8) pfr rlpltdhdøb hfbslhutdva nl à rdma a` jdba` nl hana vlrsf. lstf sl hfbfhl

hfmf rdma rlnfkàna. rlnfkàna. @a clbtl s ulña qul s ulña à ha``l s dc ul qul s d c ul l` taxd c d ra qul c d ra l` hdl`f y à abhi a avlbdn a @fs nías habtab à idstfrda nl` ifmkrl a` kfrn l nl` ifmkr l `fs nías h abt ab mañabas `fs nías bf tdlblb mdlnf. lb lsta habhdøb, Euab Har`fs Kac`dlttf - @a vdna ls uba mfblna, mfblna , hfmpulsta pfr Jdtf Wálz , vlmfs l` eulcf hfb à rlpltdhdøb nl às paàkras. lsta rlnubnabhda sdrvl para nar ub ljlhtf pfätdhf y nl äbjasds. à clbtl ya bf sf`f sulña, sdbf qul sulña más, à ha``l ya bf sf`f sdcul, sdbf qul ls dbtlrmdbak`l, àrca, lxtlbsa. lsta rlpltdhdøb na ub adrl nl ltlrbdnan, sdb jdb f àrca lxtlbsdøb. va`l fkslrvar qul lb às prdmlras `íblas sl rlpdtl à paàkra, mdlbtras lb `fs õ`tdmfs vlrsfs sf`f sl utd`dzab às vfha`ls para hrlar à rdma rlnfkàna.

[DMA DB^L[BA na huabnf nlbtrf nl `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb lbhfbtramfs nfs rdmas. uba prdmlra rdma qul fhurrl lb l` dbtlrdfr nl` vlrsf y ftra slcubna rdma fhurrl lb l` jdba`. va`l ahàrar qul, à rdma dbtlrba bf nlkl hfbjubndrsl hfb à rdma dbtlrdfr. lb à rdma dbtlrba, l` vlrsf lstá jracmlbtanf lb nfs partls huyas síàkas sl hu lbtab mätrdhamlbtl hfmf sd julslb nfs vlrsfs lbtlrfs. às nfs partls nl` vlrsf lstáb slparanas pfr uba pausa qul sl nlbfmdba hlsura hlsura.. hana partl nl` vlrsf sl nlbfmdba ilmdstdqudf ilmdstdqudf.. lb l` rap lstf sl hfbsdnlra uba mu`tdrdma y lb à rltørdha, ifmfdftl`lutfb.. ifmfdftl`lutfb sl

Hamkda lsa hara nl slr d a Lsa hara nl dbtl`lhtua`, nl lbhdh`fpln da da Qul tl vfy a dbylhtar hfb à kaht lr d a Wa' qul nls vul`ta hfmf mahidba nl j lr da da. lb lstl jracmlbtf, Ha``l 18 - Aträvltl, Aträvltl , sl nlstahab às sdcudlbtls paàkras hfb rdma a` jdba` nl` vlrsf5 slrda/lbhdh`fplnda/kahtlrda/jlrda slrda/lbhdh`fplnda/kahtlrda/jlrda.. sdb lmkarcf, lb à prdmlra partl nl` vlrsf lbhfbtramfs à rdma lbtrl dbtl`lhtua`/dbylhtar . LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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ls pfsdk`l bftar qul `fs vlrsfs pulnlb partdrsl pfrqul lb lsa rdma dbtlrdfr sl prfnuhl uba hlsura. hlsura. âmkdäb sl bfta à pausa lb à lbtfbahdøb. @as bfhils tl ahlrh ab y lbrlnas l` adrl mds àkdfs sl slh ab l dbtlbtf klsartl quä jría ls à ahlr a nl ub klsf nl bandl Bana más, y bana más, aplbas bana más. lb lstfs vlrsfs, @uds Lnuarnf Autl - Nl a`cuba mablra, mablra, vlmfs qul iay rdma lb às paàkras5 ahlrhas/slhab/ahlra, lb l` dbtlrdfr nl `fs vlrsfs y lb, adrl/klsartl/bandl, lb à partl jdba` nl `fs vlrsfs.

[DMA NL ^MLXDX ^mlsds ls uba jdcura qul hfbsdstl lb uba jrasl f paàkra lb à qul sl dbtlrhaàb ftrfs l`lmlbtfs qul à dbtlrrumplb f jracmlbtab lb nfs. à rdma lb tmlsds ls l` rlsu`tanf nl lstl prfhlsf nl trubhar à paàkra lb partls. à dnla nl lsta rdma ls utd`dzar à prdmlra partl nl à paàkra para rdmar? hfmf hfbslhulbhda, sl prfnuhl ub lbhaka`camdlbtf, l bhaka`camdlbtf, pfrqul l` slcubnf jracmlbtf nl à paàkra sl nlspàza a à sdcudlbtl `íbla. su usf bf ls muy jrlhulbtl lb às habhdfbls, plrf a`cubfs habtautfrls à utd`dzab tabtf hfmf ub ljlhtf lstd`ístdhf, hfmf iumfrístdhf f susplbsdvf. a hfbtdbuahdøb, ub lelmp`f nl lstl tdpf nl rdma5 L` añf ;777 -a à ùz nl ub habnd``fs suplrvdvdlbtls bf vlab más pàb, qul ub tlrrdk`l `àbtf y hruedr nl ndlbtls, sl pulnl apfstar, sdb mlbfsprlhdar a aqul``fs prfjltas, qul aslcurab qul, l` rlmlndf vdlbl nl ftrfs pàbltas. lb lstl lelmp`f nl Eavdlr Orail - FZBDX, vlmfs qul sl prfnuhlb nfs rdmas nl tmlsds5 à prdmlra lb `àbtf, qul a` slr jracmlbtana, rdma hfb pàb pàb//`àb…, l` sfkrabtl nl à paàkra ...tf hal a à sdcudlbtl `íbla. `íbla . à slcubna tmlsds, prfhlnl nl à paàkra vdlbl vdlbl,, à hua` sl trubha para rdmar hfb qul / vdl vdl.. pfr supulstf, l` sfkrabtl nl à paàkra, ...bl ...bl,, qul bf rdma, pasa a à `íbla suksdcudlbtl nl` vlrsf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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[DMA WA[^DNA âmkdäb `àmana rdma qulkrana, vlrsfs nl hakf rftf f nl pdls hfrtanfs, hfrtanfs, hfbsdstl lb hfrtar às paàkras lb à síàka tøbdha para clblrar à rdma. abtl à partdhdøb lxdstlb trls fphdfbls pfsdk`ls5 a) sl pulnl prlshdbndr nl` rlstf nl à paàkra a` prfnuhdr à rdma. k) sl pulnl kaear a à sdcudlbtl `íbla à síàka sfkrabtl. h) sl pulnl rlpltdr lb à sdcudlbtl `íbla à partl nl` vlrsf jdba`, plrf hfmp`ltabnf à paàkra dbhfbhùsa. lb l` prdmlr hasf nl rdma (a), a` prlshdbndr nl` rlstf nl à síàka, à paàkra qulna dbhfbhùsa, plrf a` prfnuhdrsl ub ljlhtf nl rlpltdhdøb y pfr à rdma y sus sfbdnfs sl clblra ub ljlhtf nl batura`dzahdøb. ls nlhdr, a` fínf sulba ta` hfmf sd julra bfrma`, hfrrlhtf, y bf fhurrdlsl bana rarf lb l` vlrsf. sdb lmkarcf, qudlb prlsta atlbhdøb prfbtf sl nará hulbta qul à paàkra lstá dbhfbhùsa y qul nlklrá hfmp`ltarà mlbta`mlbtl para fktlblr l` sdcbdjdhanf. l` sfbdnf nl à rdma ls batura` y hfrrlhtf plrf l` sdcbdjdhanf lstá dbhfmp`ltf. lb l` slcubnf hasf (k), a` kaear à síàka sfkrabtl, sd sl rla`dza hfrrlhtamlbtl l` qudlkrl nl à paàkra, `fs vlrsfs sulbab batura`ls y à paàkra bf parlhl hfrtana. lb lstl slcubnf hasf, sl prfnuhl ub jùdr batura` nl` sfbdnf, hfb uba pausa batura` lb à hua` l` slbtdnf ls hfmp`ltanf lb à sdcudlbtl `íbla. ls dmpfrtabtl slñaàr à ndjlrlbhda hfb à rdma tmlsds. tmlsds. lb l`à sl prfnuhl ub lbhaka`camdlbtf sfkrl à `íbla sdcudlbtl y uba hàra dbtlrruphdøb nl à paàkra, hfb uba pfsdk`l nljfrmahdøb nl à mdsma, hulstdøb qul bf fhurrl lb à rdma partdna, puls sd iay uba nljfrmahdøb, tdlbnl a sfbar batura`. l` tlrhlr hasf (h) sdmp`lmlbtl hfbsdstl lb rltfmar `f dbhfbhùsf, ls nlhdr, rlpltdr à partl jdba` nl` vlrsf a` hfmdlbzf nl à sdcudlbtl `íbla, plrf plr f hfmp`ltabnf l` vlrsf. así l` sfbdnf tamkdäb tdlbl ub ljlhtf batura` y sl na ub ljlhtf nl rltrfhlsf (rlwdbn) para hfmp`ltar l` slbtdnf. ls sdmdàr a uba dbtlrruphdøb lb à qul l` iakàbtl nlkl rltfmar l` ndá`fcf dbhfbhùsf.pfr õ`tdmf va`l ahàrar qul, a` rlpltdr uba paàkra f uba jrasl sl prfnuhl prfnuh l uba rdma f ljlhtf rítmdhf, nana pfr à rlpltdhdøb nl` sfbdnf. pfr supulstf, su hàsdjdhahdøb nlplbnl nl às harahtlrístdhas nl à rlpltdhdøb, qul pulnl akarhar nlsnl uba a`dtlrahdøb, uba rdma lbhanlbana, uba parfbfmasda, uba mfbfrdma, lbtrl ftras vardlnanls. @f vls f bf `f vls a` catf qul plsa``í, a``í slbtanf lb su vlbtabd-. A à clbtl qul pasa ndstraíl` catf kabndhfb haña y abzul`ls plsha l` s fmkr fmkrl l s fmkr fmkrlrf lrf y l` mfñf ñf ñf ñf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lb lsta habhdøb, María L`lba Sa`si - @a ha``l nl` catf qul plsha, plsha , sl aprlhdab vardas paàkras dbhfbhùsas práhtdhamlbtl lb tfnfs `fs vlrsfs5 pls/ vlrsfs5 pls/vlb vlbtabd tabd/nd /ndstr strad/k ad/kababnd/abzul/sfmkrl, lstf sl prfnuhl para clblrar à rdma. ls dmpfrtabtl bftar hømf `fs vlrsfs sulbab batura`ls, jùdnfs l dbtlcranfs a` fínf, plrf l``f bf suhlnl vdsua`mlbtl. lb à õ`tdma `íbla, pfnlmfs aprlhdar l` mfnf nl rltfmar à paàkra sfmkrlrf para hfmp`ltarà. r lhfmlbnamfs `llr à `ltra hfmp`lta nl à habhdøb lhfmlbnamfs pfrqul lb l`à sl pulnlb lbhfbtrar ndjlrlbtls lelmp`fs y vardabtls nl à rdma partdna.

BFÂ à plrsplhtdva nl à pflsía, l` tlxtf nl uba habhdøb sl acrupa lb lstrfjas. l`às sl hàsdjdhab pfr à habtdnan nl `íblas, l` bõmlrf nl síàkas y l` tdpf nl rdma. pfr lelmp`f, `fs parlanfs sfb lstrfjas hfmpulstas pfr nfs `íblas? `fs tlrhltfs tdlblb trls `íblas? `fs huartltfs, huartltd`às f rlnfbnd`à pfsllb huatrf `íblas, lthätlra. às `íblas qul hfbjfrmab às lstrfjas sl nlbfmdbab vlrsfs, y sl h àsdjdhab pfr à habtdnan nl síàkas qul pfsllb. ls muy jrlhulbtl à hfbjusdøb nl` tärmdbf vlrsf5 a) às `íblas qul hfbjfrmab às lstrfjas lb à pflsía, y k) à slhhdøb nl à habhdøb. nlklmfs nlstahar qul, lb a`cubfs cäblrfs musdha`ls mu sdha`ls sul`l slr más jrlhulbtl l` usf nl hdlrtf tdpf lstrfjas. lsplhda`mlbtl lb `fs nl haráhtlr trandhdfba`, nanf `fs rlqulrdmdlbtfs y à jfrma pfätdha nl` cäblrf, ta`ls hfmf pfr lelmp`f, l` usf nl slcudnd`à, f hfpàs lb l` jf`h`frl. sdb lmkarcf, lb à habhdøb mfnlrba lstf bf sul`l suhlnlr y su usf fhurrl pfr custf nl` autfr. lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, lb à habhdøb nlklmfs tratar nl `fcrar uba lstruhtura jdea para qul sla más jáhd` trakaear5 sla ml`øndha f pfätdha. a à ifra nl lshrdkdr à `ltra sdb mõsdha pfnlmfs utd`dzar às bfrmas nl à pflsía, ta`ls hfmf habtdnan nl síàkas, l` lsqulma nl à rdma y à habtdnan nl vlrsfs pfr lstrfja. pfr supulstf, sd partdmfs nlsnl à mõsdha para l` nlsarrf``f nl à `ltra nl à habhdøb, à lstruhtura lstará nltlrmdbana pfr à nurahdøb y jfrma nl à ml`fnía. lb ub hasf u ftrf5 ls dmpfrtabtl rlspltar à lstruhtura qul hfbjfrmab às slhhdfbls nl bulstra habhdøb. nlsnl


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HAWÍ^\@F YYZ

[DMAX A@^L[BA^DZAX T LJLH^FX XFBF[FX à mõsdha y `fs sfbdnfs nl às paàkras hfmpartlb uba rlàhdøb muy lsplhda`.

a` habtar bf sf`f sl habtab bftas musdha`ls, sdbf qul tamkdäb sl habtab síàkas y paàkras. lstas õ`tdmas plrmdtlb nar`l ub rdtmf, uba ndbámdha, ub va`fr a à habhdøb f, pfr l` hfbtrardf, arrudbar à ml`fnía vf`vdäbnfà mfbøtfba, akurrdna y prlnlhdk`l. `f más usua` a à ifra nl lshrdkdr ls, sdmp`lmlbtl, plbsar lb à rdma para nar jùdnlz a` tlxtf. sdb lmkarcf, lxdstlb ftrfs rlhursfs ndstdbtfs para eucar hfb `fs sfbdnfs nl `fs vlrsfs nl uba habhdøb y prfnuhdr hamkdfs lb à ndbámdha, nar hf`fr y mfvdmdlbtf a` sfbdnf nl ub tlxtf. lstf ls dmpfrtabtl lb hua`qudlr habhdøb5 saklr `fcrar hamkdfs nl rdtmfs y vardahdfbls lb à `ltra nl uba habhdøb hfb l` jdb nl bf sf`f lvdtar à mfbftfbía y à rdma fkvda, sdbf nl clblrar sfrprlsa. lb l` hapítu`f abtlrdfr ilmfs vdstf às rdmas más usua`ls. lb lstl hapítu`f aba`d^DW5 Eucar hfb à rdma y l` sfbdnf nl às paàkras bfs plrmdtl hrlar habhdfbls más más zarlmfs `fs prdbhdpa`ls rlhursfs a`tlrbatdvfs frdcdba`ls y hrlatdvas. y às ndjlrlbtls jfrmas qul pfnlmfs utd`dzar para lshrdkdr `fs vlrsfs nl uba habhdøb. sdb lmkarcf à dnla más dmpfrtabtl nl lstl hapítu`f ls aprlbnlr a eucar hfb l` sfbdnf nl às paàkras, lb lsplhda`, para rfmplr à lstruhtura fkvda nl à rdma y plbsar lb à sfbfrdnan nl às mdsmas5 à hfmpfsdhdøb a partdr nl `fs sfbdnfs nl às paàkras lb `fs vlrsfs. `fs rlhursfs a`tlrbatdvfs bfs plrmdtlb5 - hamkdar à ndbámdha nl às `íblas, à vl`fhdnan y mfvdmdlbtf nl` tlxtf. - clblrar rdmas nlbtrf nl às mdsmas `íblas nl` vlrsf. - fkvdar l` hfbhlptf nl rdma h`ásdha. - eucar hfb l` sfbdnf nl às paàkras. - hrlar ljlhtfs sfbfrfs. - clblrar sfrprlsa y vardahdøb. - lvdtar à mfbftfbía y à prlvdsdkd`dnan. - hrlar äbjasds tlxtua` f sfbfrf. - lmp`lar uba jfrma ndjlrlbtl nl lshrdkdr `fs vlrsfs. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lbtrl às fphdfbls pfsdk`ls rlhfrnlmfs qul5 - pfnlmfs utd`dzar ubf sf`f nl `fs rlhursfs para prfnuhdr ub vlrsf f uba `íbla. - pfnlmfs hfmkdbar`fs para prfnuhdr ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs5 ndbámdha, sfbdnf f mfvdmdlbtf. - pfnlmfs aneubtar`fs lb ub vlrsf hfmõb para hamkdar à ndbámdha f à prlvdsdkd`dnan nl` tlxtf, para `fcrar sfrprlsa.

A@D^L[AHDØB hfbsdstl lb à rlpltdhdøb nl ub sfbdnf, lb uba slrdl nl paàkras qul sfb hfb-

slhutdvas f `dclramlbtl slparanas, lb ub mdsmf vlrsf f jrasl. va`l nlstahar qul, lb clblra`, sl hfbsdnlra a`dtlrahdøb a à rlpltdhdøb nl `fs sfbdnfs hfbsfbabtls a` prdbhdpdf nl hana paàkra, plrf tamkdäb sl à pulnl utd`dzar lb às vfha`ls f síàkas nl` rlstf nl à paàkra. lstl rlhursf ls muy usua` lb l` rap, pfrqul plrmdtl hamkdar à ndbámdha nl` rdtmf lb `fs vlrsfs. pfr lelmp`f5 Xu kfha qul klsa, kfrra à trdstlza ... lb lstfs vlrsfs, A`jrlnf vlrsfs, A`jrlnf @l Wlra y Har`fs Carnl` Carnl ` - Wfr uba haklza, vlmfs à rlhurrlbhda nl` sfbdnf k lb à hfmpfsdhdøb nl às `íblas. X uma y s dcul, s ukl, s a`l à pasta, ¡høclà!

lb lstl lelmp`f, nl Lstfpa - Xuma y sdcul, sdcul, aparlhl à rlhurrlbhda nl` sfbdnf s. pfr supulstf, lstfs nfs lelmp`fs sfb muy slbhd``fs, plrf lb l` rap, qul sdlmprl kusha dr más `lefs, pfnlmfs ia`àr a`cubfs muy hfmp`lefs5 ... ¶ pr fmltlr6, fmltlr6, pr fmltf fmltf plrf bf iarä l` pr dmf dmf pfr pr fmftfras, fmftfras, pfr pr fmfs fmfs bf vlbnf md pr fsa, fsa, fpfrhdfbf lb partl a` rap md pr lbfrtar, lbfrtar, pr fpfrhdfbf qul pr fbtf fbtf Hfmpaby pfnrá pr lmlndtar lmlndtar tu pr fpdf fpdf crupf pr ljlrdnf ljlrdnf pa pdbhiar. lb lstl vlrsf, H`faoa Hfmpaby - Xpabdsi âtamd, vlmfs à rlhurrlbhda nl` sfbdnf p. sfbdnf p. lb hfbhùsdøb, à dnla nl à a`dtlrahdøb hfbsdstl lb rlpltdr y hfmkdbar vardfs sfbdnfs a` dbdhdf nl hana paàkra, aubqul bf lxhùsdvamlbtl, a `f àrcf nl uba mdsma jrasl hfb à jdba`dnan hfbslcudr ub ljlhtf sfbfrf, pfr lelmp`f, rlpltdr paàkras hfb s para `fcrar ub zumkdnf.


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IFMFDF^L@L\^FB hfbsdstl lb à dcua`nan f slmleabza nl `fs sfbdnfs jdba`ls nl paàkras qul

hdlrrab lbubhdanfs hfbslhutdvfs. ls muy sdmdàr a uba rdma, plrf lb vlz nl prfnuhdrsl lb ub hamkdf nl vlrsf, sl prfnuhl lb à mdsma `íbla. lb à elrca nl` rap hfmf uba mu`tdrdma mu`tdrdma.. Ml fndas, ml qudlrls , sdlmprl hfbtrahfrrdlbtl... ^l ``lvf lb md mlbtl, nlslsplranamlbtl ... lb lstl lelmp`f, nl Ma`õ - Kàbhf y blcrf, vlmfs qul lb à paàkra qudlrls lstá à rdma hfb sdlmprl y hfb hfbtrahfrrdlbtl hfbtrahfrrdlbtl?? lb à slcubna `íbla mlbtl rdma hfb nlslsplranamlbtl.. así mdsmf va`l bftar qul hfbtrahfrrdlbtl y nlslsplranamlbtl nlslsplranamlbtl rdmab prfnuhdlbnf uba rdma clmlà aa. Maqudavl`f y lstajafs, hfbtlbtfs y amarcafs... lb lstl lelmp`f nl Lbrdqul Xabtfs Ndshäpf`f - Hamkaàhil, Hamkaàhil, sl fkslrva qul l` ifmfdftl`lutfb sl prfnuhl pfr à ahumuàhdøb nl paàkras qul rdmab5 Maqudavl`f Maqudavl`f,, lstajafs,, hfbtlbtfs lstajafs hfbtlbtfs,, amarcafs amarcafs,, y anlmás lstajafs rdma hfb amarcafs amarcafs..

WA[FBFMAXDA ls ftrf rlhursf pfr lxhl`lbhda nl` rap. hfbsdstl lb hfmkdbar, nlbtrf nl uba jrasl, nfs f más paàkras hfb sfbdnf sdmdàr, plrf nl ndstdbtf sdcbdjdhanf. lb ftras paàkras, ls uba ahumuàhdøb nl paàkras nl sfbdnf parlhdnf f abá`fcf. pfr lelmp`f, ifmkrl y ifmkrf ifmkrf,, iamkrl iamkrl,, martls martls,, mártdr , lbtrl ftras pfsdkd`dnanls. vlamfs ubfs jracmlbtfs lxtraínfs nl à habhdøb5 ûs klsfs à tdbta nl mds vlrsfs ... lb lstfs vlrsfs slbhd``fs, Hømp`dhls - Ls pfr td, vlmfs à sdmd`dtun nl paàkras klsfs y vlrsfs, su `leabía iahl qul sl bfs pasl nlsaplrhdkdna, plrf a` fínf iay a`cf qul `l `àma à atlbhdøb. \b tabcf a` mabcf rlvf`labnf à haklza hfmf ub `fhf... lstl slcubnf lelmp`f, Jdtf Wálz - ûmkas nl à c`frda, c`frda , ls muy sdmdàr a` abtlrdfr, plrf a` lstar às paàkras tab eubtas, sl vul`vl más lvdnlbtl y `àmatdva a à parfbfmasda.


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pfr supulstf, lb l` rap l` akusf y l` usf lxtrlmf nl lstl rlhursf plrmdtl `fcrar vlrsfs muy hfmp`lefs, ndvlrtdnfs y frdcdba`ls. lb uba sfà habhdøb, Nfk`l Z - Eavat y Oaml`, pfnlmfs lbhfbtrar trls vardabtls nl parfbfmasda. va muy nlprdsa, ls pr prlhd lhd fs a y pr prlhd lhd s a uba s fbr fbrdd s a lb md mdsa (…)

qudäb nl lsfs pavfs lstá a md javfr , pavfr huabnf às hàvf” (…)

klkí nl` kdklrøb nl Hdhlrøb y nl Zdrcd`df.

lstl lelmp`f, Nfk`l Z - Eavat y Oaml`, sdb nunas, va`l à plba nlstahar à lxtrafrndbarda parfbfmasda lbtrl klkí / kdklrøb / Hdhlrøb Hdhlrøb.. nl

AXFBABHDA hfbsdstl lb à rlpltdhdøb nl sfbdnfs, prfnuhdnfs pfr às vfha`ls nlbtrf nl ub

vlrsf f uba jrasl. sl à hfbsdnlra uba vardabtl nl à a`dtlrahdøb, aubqul tamkdäb hfmprlbnl à rdma asfbabtl, ls nlhdr, à rdma lb à qul hfdbhdnlb sf`f `fs sfbdnfs vfhá`dhfs a partdr nl à õ`tdma vfha` ahlbtuana nl` vlrsf. pfr `f clblra`, à asfbabhda fhurrl lb l` dbtlrdfr nl às paàkras y nl` vlrsf, y sl usa lb ub lspahdf plqulñf, hfmf pfr lelmp`f uba frahdøb, uba jrasl f `íbla, `f qul plrmdtl a à lshrdtura mfvlrsl nl jfrma ndjlrlbtl. l` usf nl à asfbabhda prfnuhl qul às paàkras bf tlbcab ub rdtmf ndrlhtf f tab marhanf hfmf lb à a`dtlrahdøb f à parfbfmasda. sdb lmkarcf, `l ftfrca ub ljlhtf muy ndjlrlbtl a` tlxtf. à jfrma más slbhd`à nl usar à asfbabhda ls à rlpltdhdøb nl às vfha`ls y l` rllmpàzf nl às hfbsfbabtls. pfr lelmp`f5 M l lbtr lt lbnr ä hfb t lbn lrml lb l` v lrn l h äspln... lb lsta jrasl, Akram, Bahi & Upu - Bõmlrfs 1, vlmfs ub hàrf lelmp`f nl uba asfbabhda lxaclrana. va`l mlbhdfbar qul l` rlhursf nl fmdtdr `ltras, pfr lelmp`f bf usar à a, sl nlbfmdba `dpfcrama `dpfcrama.. así mdsmf, l` usf nl uba sfà vfha` sl `àma ubdvfha`dsmf ubdvfha`dsmf.. nfs lelmp`fs qul utd`dzab lstl rlhursf sfb à habhdøb nl @løb Cdlhf - Fef hfb `fs Frfzhf y nl Bathi - Ljlhtfs vfha`ls. Ls ac ft an fr slr n fman fr y lsh` av f nl` põk`dhf, plrf sfy õbdhf lb lsta ` akfr, l` amf... lb lstl lelmp`f, Nfk`l Z - Eavat y Oaml` , sl pulnl aprlhdar l` eulcf hfb às vfha`ls a y f5 acftanfr, nfmanfr, lshàvf, àkfr, y amf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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Ia sdnf l` kr u edtf l` uubf y õbdhf lb Cu` ukõ qul ``frø, patlø y mfrndø huabnf l` mändhf `f pdbhiø. (...) ^fnas às kr u elrías nl` kr u edtf nl Cu` ukõ sl h urarfb hfb à vah õhfb à vah uba ` uba ` uba ` u-. lb lstl lelmp`f nl María L`lba Sa`si - Habhdøb nl à vahuba, vlmfs l` eulcf nl `fs vlrsfs hfb à sfbfrdnan nl `ltra u.

WF@ÍW^F^FB hfbsdstl lb utd`dzar vardas jfrmas nl à mdsma paàkra hamkdabnf sus mfrjlmas

j`lxdvfs. ls nlhdr, ls l` lmp`lf nl uba paàkra hfb ndstdbtfs ahhdnlbtls cramatdha`ls hfb à dbtlbhdøb prfnuhdr ub ljlhtf sfbfrf f nl `àmar à atlbhdøb sfkrl à mdsma. ls ub rlhursf muy hlrhabf a à a`dtlrahdøb, uba vardabtl lxaclrana nl à mdsma. lbtrl às pfsdkd`dnanls5 sl pulnlb mfndjdhar l` cäblrf y l` bõmlrf (mashu`dbf, jlmlbdbf, sdbcuàr, pùra`), f tfnfs `fs ndjlrlbtls mfnfs vlrka`ls, nlplbndlbnf nl` tdpf nl pf`íptftfb. lstl rlhursf sl pulnl ndvdndr lb nfs hàsls5 - pf`íptftfbbfmdba`5 lstá kasanf lb à rlpltdhdøb nl sustabtdvfs. pfr lelmp`f5 "amdcf nl sus amdcfs". - pf`íptftfb vlrka`5 lstá hfmpulstf pfr à rlpltdhdøb nl vlrkfs. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐lstfy y lstarä”, "`f qul qulrlmfs bfs qudlrl”, ‐ndel y ndrä”. a`cubfs lelmp`fs lxtraínfs nl habhdfbls5 prfvfharía a` más prfvfhanfr nl `fs prfvfhanfrls. huartltf nl bfs - md `dsta blcra yf qulría qulrlrà qulrlr. efaquíb sakdba - 14 nías y <77 bfhils pfr supulstf, lstfs lelmp`fs sfb ub pfhf lxtrlmfs y pfnríab hfbsdnlrarsl uba a`dtlrahdøb plrf bf sf`f hfmdlbzab hfb à mdsma `ltra, sdbf qul varíab sus mfrjlbas j`lxdvfs. nlklmfs aprlhdar l` sfbdnf qul prfnuhl l` pf`íptftfb, para nlstahar uba paàkra f sfbdnf y acrlcar ub hamkdf nl rdtmf f hamkdf nl à ndbámdha lb qul sl mulvl l` vlrsf. va`l mlbhdfbar qul l` lxhlsf lb l` usf nl lstl rlhursf prfnuhl ub traka`lbcuas.


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XDMD@DHANLBHDA hfbsdstl lb rlpltdr nfs f más paàkras qul jdba`dzab hfb à mdsma j`lxdøb f ah-

hdnlbtl cramatdha`. pfr lelmp`f, sustabtdvfs f aneltdvfs hfb l` mdsmf cäblrf y bõmlrf, f vlrkfs hfbeucanfs lb mdsmf tdlmpf y plrsfba, plr sfba, lbtrl ftras pfsdkd`dnanls. ls ub rlhursf muy õtd` para `fcrar uba lxaclrahdøb sfbfra, f ub hamkdf lb à ndbámdha nl à `íbla. a`cubfs lelmp`fs5 Akráz aml aml, tøh aml aml, käsaml, aprdät aml aml, quämaml, ámaml, tfnf ls más kl``f pfr td, sd iak`f nl td, iak`f nl mí. bata`dbf - sd iak`f nl td, iak`f nl mí Wara nlhdnd r r , para hfbtdbua r , para rlha`har y hfbsdnlrar , sø`f ml iahl ja`ta qul lstäs aquí hfb tus fefs hàrfs... azøb nl vdvdr azøb víhtfr Ilrlnda - r

HAHFJFBÍA F NDXFBABHDA nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul l` akusf f lxhlsf nl `fs rlhursfs abtlrdfrls

pulnl prfvfhar uba hahfjfbía, f ndsfbabhda, qul hfbsdstl lb l` ljlhtf sfbfrf prfnuhdnf pfr à hlrhabía nl sfbdnfs sdmdàrls lb vardas paàkras nl` ndshursf f nl `fs vlrsfs. à hahfjfbía sl pulnl prfnuhdr pfr5

- l` usf nl paàkras nl ndjíhd` prfbubhdahdøb. - à rlpltdhdøb nl síàkas. - à hfmkdbahdøb nl síàkas nl paàkras ndjlrlbtls. ls uba ndjdhu`tan nl prfbubhdahdøb nlkdna a à rlpltdhdøb nl às síàkas y a su hlrhabía? muhias vlhls, ls blhlsarda uba `lhtura lb vfz a`ta para pfnlr lbhfbtrar lbhfbtrarà. pfr lelmp`f5 ^fbta, hfb quä qudlrls qul tl qudlra, qul tl qudlra sd ml tdlbls trakaeabnf? tfbta, tfbta. lb lstl jracmlbtf, Hfmabhil - ^fbta, ^fbta, sl aprlhda à ndjdhu`tan nl prfbubhdahdøb prfbub hdahdøb nl à jrasl ‐hfb ‐hfb quä qudlrls qul tl qudlra, qul tl qudlra”. qudlra”. lstl traka`lbcuas tlrmdbø sdlbnf ub eulcf qul `àmø à atlbhdøb nl` põk`dhf.


18;


Fktuvf `f qul qudsf y hasf fmdsf, bf tl qudsf y tu sumdsf a` ja`sf hfmprfmdsf, T ify a` ``lcar a` pdsf sdb plrmdsf lra prlhdsf a` vlrà lb vdsf nar`l ub dmprlvdstf y sdb prlvdf avdsf... lb lstl jracmlbtf, Ja`saaàrma - Kfbnan f ma`dhda, ma`dhda, sl aprlhda l` usf nl à hahfjfbía para à hfbstruhhdøb hfb l` jdb nl prfnuhdr ub hàrf hamkdf nl rdtmf lb `fs vlrsfs. lsumdlbnf, nlklmfs tlblr hudnanf puls pulnl prfnuhdrsl uba lsplhdl nl lsumdlbnf, r traka`lbcuas. à hahfjfbía ls muy usua` lb l` rap f lb às habhdfbls dbjabtd`ls? pulnl slr muy õtd` y ndvlrtdna para hamkdar à ndbámdha nl` rdtmf nl `fs vlrsfs, plrf pulnl tralr hfmp`dhahdfbls a` artdsta qul bf tlbca jahd`dnan nl prfbubhdahdøb, pfrqul à hahfjfbía dmp`dha uba ndjdhu`tan a à ifra nl habtar y, lb hfbslhulbhda, pulnl arrudbar à musdha`dnan nl às paàkras f l` h`dma nl à habhdøb. pfr supulstf, tfnf nlplbnl nl` vlrsf f nl às `íblas qul sl hfmpfbcab y l` ljlhtf qul sl qudlra `fcrar lb l` tlxtf nl à habhdøb. pulnl trabsjfrmarsl lb ub rlhursf frdcdba` y ndvlrtdnf f lb ub dbhfbvlbdlbtl.

HFBH@\XDØB `fs rlhursfs mlbhdfbanfs lb lstl hapítu`f aparlhlb lb tfnfs `fs cäblrfs

musdha`ls? ilmfs vdstf lelmp`fs qul akarhab l` tabcf, l` rap, l` rfho, a às kaànas. `fs pfnlmfs ap`dhar, sdb dmpfrtar hømf sla bulstra habhdøb, puls bfs plrmdtlb eucar hfb `fs sfbdnfs nl às paàkras, nleabnf nl ànf l` hfbhlptf h`ásdhf nl rdma. pfnlmfs utd`dzar`fs hfb l` jdb nl `fcrar ub crab bõmlrf nl ljlhtfs5 nlsnl hamkdfs nl ndbámdha, mfvdmdlbtfs rítmdhfs, sfbfrdnanls f äbjasds. huabnf lshrdkdmfs uba habhdøb, pfr krlvls qul slab às `íblas, muhias hfsas suhlnlb a `f àrcf nl l`à. lb su tfta`dnan, à habhdøb mabtdlbl uba hfilrlbhda qul sl rljdlrl a` tlma f à idstfrda sfkrl à qul sl lshrdkl. sdb lmkarcf, l` usf nl lstfs rlhursfs bfs bf s plrmdtl a`cf más, uba vardabtl, uba jfrma ndjlrlbtl nl hfmpfblr ub vlrsf y nl plbsar à mõsdha5 hfmpfblr a partdr nl à sfbfrdnan nl às paàkras. uba jfrma nl lshrdkdr ndjlrlbtl y muy ndvlrtdna.


188

HAWÍ^\@F YYZD

@AX WA@AK[AX T @AX XLHHDFBLX

huabnf lshrdkdmfs uba habhdøb, pfr muy krlvls qul slab às `íblas, muhias hfsas suhlnlb lb l`à. hfmf tfta`dnan, à habhdøb mabtdlbl uba hfilrlbhda

rlàhdfbana hfb l` tlma f à idstfrda sfkrl à qul sl lshrdkl. sdb lmkarcf, iay hamkdfs lb à lshrdtura qul lstáb nltlrmdbanfs pfr à lstruhtura nl à habhdøb, pfrqul hana slhhdøb prlslbta uba jfrma y ub usf. pfr lsf, à `ltra nl uba habhdøb sl lshrdkl nl ahulrnf hfb hana slhhdøb. lxdstlb nfs hamkdfs lb à lshrdtura tlbdlbnf lb hulbta a à slhhdøb5 - àjfrma5 à jfrma5 l` mfnf nl lshrdkdr nlplbnl nl à partl nl à habhdøb. pfr lelmp`f, `fs vlrsfs sl lshrdklb nl uba jfrma ndjlrlbtl para l` lstrdkd``f f para l` pulbtl. - àspaàkras5 à sl`lhhdøb nl paàkras varía nl ahulrnf hfb à slhhdøb. pfr lelmp`f, ndjdlrlb lb l` vlrsf, l` lstrdkd``f f l` pulbtl.

@A JF[MA a à ifra nl lshrdkdr uba habhdøb, `fs vlrsfs sfb à partl más ndjíhd` nl lshrdkdr, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, pfrqul tlblmfs qul nlsarrf`àr à idstfrda, nlshrdkdr plrsfbaels, nar nlta``ls, hf`fr y vdna f, dbhùsf, dbspdrar f hrlar uba dmaclb lb à mlbtl nl qudlb lshuhia tab sf`f lb ub puñanf nl `íblas. a ndjlrlbhda nl ftras slhhdfbls, lb `fs vlrsfs, à jfrma ls más `dtlrarda. nlsarrf`àmfs ub tlma f hfbtamfs uba idstfrda, qul pulnl lstar lshrdta nl muhias y ndjlrlbtls mablras5 lb prdmlra f tlrhlra plrsfba, lb jfrma nl mltájfra, nl aba`fcía, nl nlshrdphdøb, nl ndá`fcf, nl pflma, plrf tfnf lstf fhurrl nl mablra sdmdàr a ub rlàtf f hulbtf, puls iay ub nlsarrf``f. lstf hfbtrasta hfb l` lstrdkd``f, l` hua` ls krlvl, hfbhdsf y pubtua` y, clblra`mlbtl, tfma à lxtlbsdøb nl uba jrasl, uba paàkra f uba ajdrmahdøb. lb l` lstrdkd``f bf sl amp`ía à idstfrda, bf sl hfbtdbõa su nlsarrf``f, sdbf qul ls uba rlspulsta, lmfhdfba` f dbtl`lhtua`, a `f qul hfbtamfs. lsta rlspulsta tdlbnl a tfmar à jfrma nl uba ajdrmahdøb, f a vlhls à nl uba nl prlcubta, y ls hfmõb qul sdbtltdhl à idstfrda f `f qul à habhdøb bfs qudlrl trabsmdtdr lb à mõsdha. lb ftras paàkras, l` lstrdkd``f rlsuml lsta dnla, nuna f slbtdmdlbtf nl `f qul lstamfs nlsarrf`àbnf lb `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb. ls blhlsardf nlstahar vardas hfsas. lb prdmlr ùcar, nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta, à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl l` vlrsf y l` lstrdkd``f. mdlbtras qul, l` vlrsf tdlbnl a tlblr ub LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

18>


nlsarrf``f, l` lstrdkd``f plrmablhl lstátdhf, dbvardak`l. lb ftras paàkras, l` lstrdkd``f sl rlpdtl sdb hamkdfs nurabtl tfna à habhdøb? a ndjlrlbhda nl `fs vlrsfs lb `fs qul iay ub hamkdf f nlsarrf``f. lsta ls à rlcà kásdha nl à jfrmuà vlrsf/lstrdkd``f y `f qul bfs plrmdtl ndjlrlbhdar às slhhdfbls. l` slcubnf pubtf ls, prlhdsamlbtl, à ruptura nl à rlcà qul lbubhdamfs lb prdmlr ùcar. lxdstlb habhdfbls qul rlpdtlb nfs slhhdfbls, dbvardak`lmlbtl, a `f àrcf nl su lxtlbsdøb, y qul, pfr `f tabtf, rfmplb à rlcà nl qul l` vlrsf tdlbl ub nlsarrf``f, y l` lstrdkd``f ls ub vlrsf qul sl rlpdtl sdb hamkdfs. lb lstas habhdfbls, vlrsf y lstrdkd``f plrmablhlb lstátdhfs, dbvardak`ls, y sf`f ls pfsdk`l ndjlrlbhdar l` lstrdkd``f nl` vlrsf pfr l` usf nl lxhàmahdfbls, nl` cabhif, pfr à lxtlbsdøb nl às `íblas f pfr à jfrma nl à ml`fnía. lb tlrhlr ùcar, lb muhias habhdfbls, l` lstrdkd``f pulnl tlblr harahtlrístdhas sdmdàrls a ub vlrsf, sd tlblmfs lb hulbta l` usf y à sl`lhhdøb nl paàkras, paàk ras, pfrqul sl lmp`lab paàkras más lsplhíjdhas, sdb lxhàmahdfbls f `íblas nl crab lxtlbsdøb lxtlbsdøb.. nl lstl mfnf, sl rfmpl hfb à rlcà nl qul l` lstrdkd``f ls uba ajdrmahdøb krlvl qul sdbtltdza `f qul sl hulbta. pfr supulstf, aquí à ndjlrlbhda ls qul l` lstrdkd``f, a plsar nl cfzar nl harahtlrístdhas sdmdàrls a às nl ub vlrsf, sl rlpdtl sdb hamkdfs (lstátdhf), mdlbtras qul `fs vlrsfs hfbtdlblb ub nlsarrf``f. l` pulbtl ls ftra slhhdøb nl à habhdøb qul hfbsdstl lb uba hfmkdbahdøb nl amkas slhhdfbls. sl ndjlrlbhda nl` lstrdkd``f pfrqul amp`ía à idstfrda hfbtana lb `fs vlrsfs, `f qul plrmdtl nar hf`fr f clblrar uba vardahdøb lb `f qul sl ndhl. pulnl slr krlvl, hfmf ub lstrdkd``f, f lxtlbsf, hfmf ub vlrsf, plrf prdbhdpa`mlbtl sl nlstaha pfr slr hf`frdnf hfmf ub vlrsf, y tab lmfhdfba` hfmf ub lstrdkd``f l` pulbtl pulnl slr `f muy hfbhrltf f lxtrlmanamlbtl lxtrlmanamlbt l akstrahtf. pulnl rlajdrmar às paàkras hfbtanas lb à idstfrda f hfb^DW5 @f dnla` ls lvdtar u td`dzar paàkras tranlhdr tfnf. ^fnf ^fnf nlplbnl nl` usf qul `l muy tähbdhas f ndjíhd`ls nl p rfbubhdar rfbubhdar.. A mlbfs, hàrf, qul sl `fcrl lbhfbtrar lb nlmfs5 ``lvar à idstfrda muhif más `lefs, l`às uba dnla musdha`. blcarà f dbhùsf tralr à hfbjusdøb. nlklmfs rlhfrnar qul à jubhdøb prdbhdpa` nl` pulbtl ls hrlar hfbtrastl hfb rlsr lsplhtf a à habhdøb, nar ub adrl a drl bulvf para rfmplr hfb à jørmuà nl vlrsf/lstrdkd``f. pfr lelmp`f, sd hfbtamfs uba kdlbavlbturana idstfrda rfmábtdha, l` pulbtl pulnl hfbtar5 a) à vdna ya nl hasanfs y `f jl`dhls qul sfb, k) `fs qul sl fpfblb a lsa idstfrda y qudlrlb qul l` rfmabhl jrahasl? h) uba dbjdnl`dnan? n) às nunas y à hfbjusdøb qul iakía abtls? l) à apardlbhda nl jl`dhdnan j l`dhdnan qul ls sf`f uba jahiana, lthätlra.

[LX\MLB vlrsfs5 nlsarrf``f, nlta``ls, nlshrdphdfbls, ilhifs mlbfrls.

lstrdkd``f5 ajdrmahdøb, prlcubta, lmfhdøb. pulbtl5 hfbtrastl f amp`dtun. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

18<


@AX XL@LHHDØB NL WA@AK[AX `fs vlrsfs utd`dzab paàkras qul tdlbnlb a slr más hfbhrltas qul akstrahtas,

puls nlklb lbtrar lb nlta``ls, nlshrdphdfbls, nlsplrtar à dmacdbahdøb y nar hf`fr. lstf iahl qul sl tdlbna a utd`dzar paàkras más lsplhíjdhas (pfr lelmp`f5 ub nía nl `ùvda crds), crds ), hfbhrltas qul apfrtab más nlta``ls, sutd`lzas para `fcrar ub mayfr hf`fr lb à nlshrdphdøb, mdlbtras qul l` lstrdkd``f tdlbnl a utd`dzar paàkras más clblra`ls f akstrahtas (pfr lelmp`f5 l` amfr ) para `fcrar sdbtltdzar `f qul sl qudlrl nlhdr. ^fmlmfs pfr lelmp`f `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb nl Jrabo Xdbatra - J`y Ml tf til Mffb,, hfmpulsta pfr kart Ifwarn. lb l`à aparlhl ub plndnf muy õbdhf, harcanf Mffb hfb uba nlshrdphdøb muy julrtl, ‐``ävaml a à ùba, näeaml eucar hfb à lstrl`às, muästraml hømf ls à prdmavlra lb eõpdtlr y lb martl”. J`y ml tf til mffb `lt ml pày amfbc til stars `lt ml sll wiat sprdbc ds `dol fb a Eupdtlr abn Mars. lstf hfbtrasta hàramlbtl hfb l` lstrdkd``f, l` hua` rlsuml tfnfs lstfs ilhifs hfb ub5 ‐lb ftras paàkras, tfma md mabf, lb ftras paàkras käsaml”. Db ftilr wfrns, if`n my iabn db ftilr wfrns, kaky, odss ml hfmf vlmfs lb l` lstrdkd``f, às paàkras tdlbnlb a slr pubtua`ls y hfbhdsas

hfb rlsplhtf a à idstfrda, f a `f qul sl ndhl, bf iay tdlmpf para nar muhias vul`tas. plrf lstas paàkras sul`lb slr más akstrahtas f clblra`ls qul às nl `fs vlrsfs, puls bf aifbnab lb bdmdlnanls f nlta``ls. anlmás, hfmf tdlbnlb a slr uba ajdrmahdøb f uba rlspulsta lmfhdfba`, sl às às sul`l harcar hfb dbj`lxdfbls f lxhàmahdfbls (‐ffi”, ‐aai”, ‐ylai”, ‐uui”), para nar`l ub mayfr äbjasds a `f qul sl ndhl. l` lstrdkd``f nlkl slr hàrf y sdmp`l, sl nlklb lvdtar às paàkras hfmp`leas, hfbjusas f tähbdhas. pfr su partl, l` pulbtl pulnl usar hua`qudlr tdpf nl paàkras, sf`f nlplbnlrá nl` ljlhtf qul sl qudlra `fcrar, l` tdpf nl habhdøb, f l` hfbtrastl qul sl nlsll nar. r lhfrnlmfs qul à dnla nl` pulbtl ls nar ub adrl bulvf a à habhdøb, pfr `f hua` ub lhfrnlmfs cdrf ls sdlmprl dbtlrlsabtl.

[LX\MLB vlrsfs5 nlta``ls, paàkras lsplhdjdhas, hf`frdnas, ilhifs hfbhrltfs, lthätlra. lstrdkd``f5 vfhak`fs clblra`ls, akstrahtfs, dbj`lxdfbls f lxhàmahdfbls. pulbtl5 slcõb à dbtlbsdøb nl` autfr, lb hfbtrasta hfb l` rlstf nl à habhdøb.


18:

HAWÍ^\@F YYZDD

LX^[\H^\[AX LXWLHDA@LX T [LH\[XFX NL LX^D@F

lxdstlb ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl hfmpfblr às `íblas nl uba slhhdøb. às nlbfmdbamfs lstruhturas lsplhda`ls, puls l`às pulnlb utd`dzarsl tabtf para `fs vlrsfs, hfmf para `fs lstrdkd``fs, dbndstdbtamlbtl. lstas lstruhturas l struhturas hump`lb hfb ndjlrlbtls jubhdfbls. a`cubas vlhls ahtõab hfmf cabhif? ftras hfmf rllmpàzf nl` lstrdkd``f y, lb fhasdfbls, sdrvlb para nar hfilsdøb a `fs vlrsfs, para lbjatdzar uba dnla f jrasl f, sdmp`lmlbtl, hfmf uba vardahdøb. lhfrnlmfs à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl ub vlrsf y ub lstrdkd``f5 mdlbtras `fs vlrsfs lhfrnlmfs r prlslbtab ub nlsarrf``f, f ndjlrlbtls vardahdfbls, a `f àrcf nl à fkra, l` lstrdkd``f ls uba lstrfja qul sl rlpdtl sdb hamkdfs f a`tlrahdfbls. pfnlmfs utd`dzar às lstruhturas lsplhda`ls lb hua`qudlr slhhdøb, dbhùsf vardfs nl lstfs rlhursfs, y mlzhàr`fs para fktlblr vlrsfs õbdhfs f hfmf vardahdøb a à lstruhtura nl `fs vlrsfs. à rlpltdhdøb nl ub mdsmf lbubhdanf, vlrsf f paàkra a `f àrcf nl uba fkra bfs plrmdtl ndjlrlbtls pfsdkd`dnanls. lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, à dnla nl rlpltdr uba jrasl nl mfnf jubhdfba hfmf abhà, f cabhif, sdrvl lbtrl ftras hfsas, hfmf hlbtrf nl` nlsarrf``f nl à `ltra, hfmf rlhursf lstd`ístdhf y, anlmás, ftfrcar ub mayfr äbjasds a à lxprlsdøb. pfr supulstf, à rlpltdhdøb lb ndjlrlbtls ùcarls nl` tlxtf plrmdtl prfnuhdr ndjlrlbtls vardahdfbls, ljlhtfs, y sdcbdjdhanfs. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta às ^DW5 Ls dmpfrtabtl lxplrdmlbtar hfb `fs ndjlrlbtls tdpfs nl lstruhturas pfsdkd`dnanls lxdstlbtls a à ifra nl lshrdkdr uba habhdøb, tabtf lb às pfsdkd`dnanls musdha`ls qul l` tlxtf bfs plrmdtl hfmf lb às pfsdkd`dnanls nl lxprlsdvas. lxprlsdvas. lstf bf nlkl mlbfsprlhdarsl. pfr lelmp`f, ub rlhursf muy usua` ls hfrtar `fs vlrsfs lb nfs, nl mablra qul à jrasl qul sl rlpdtl sla habtana pfr ub hfrf f hfb ub äbjasds dbstrumlbta`, mdlbtras qul à vfz prdbhdpa` habta às `íblas nl nlsarrf``f. ftras vlhls, pfnlmfs tfmar à rlpltdhdøb hfmf ub mlrf rlhursf lstd`ístdhf, nl rl``lbf f, dbhùsf, para `fcrar tlbsdøb f h`ímax nanf l` lxhlsf nl rlpltdhdøb. ls dmLXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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pfrtabtl nlstahar qul huabnf uba jrasl f paàkra tfma muhia julrza, muhias vlhls, nana su rlhurrlbhda, mlmfrakd`dnan y abhàel, sl à utd`dza hfmf rllmpàzf nl` lstrdkd``f.

J[AXL AWL[^\[A hana vlrsf sl dbdhda hfb à mdsma paàkra paàk ra f jrasl y ùlcf sl nlsarrf`à nl ndjl-

rlbtls mablras. lsta jrasl nl aplrtura jubhdfba hfmf cabhif, puls à rlpltdhdøb vul`vl à jrasl mlmfrak`l. vlrlmfs qul à jrasl nl aplrtura jubhdfba hfmf uba jrasl abhà. lstf plrmdtl qul sl à pulna usar nl ndjlrlbtls jfrmas, qudzás à más dmpfrtabtl sla huabnf jubhdfba hfmf rllmpàzf nl` lstrdkd``f f nl` cabhif. pfr lelmp`f5 Xf`f `l pdnf a Ndfs qul à culrra bf ml sla dbndjlrlbtl, ls ub mfbstruf crabnl y pdsa julrtl tfna à pfkrl dbfhlbhda nl à clbtl. Xf`f `l pdnf a Ndfs qul l` nf`fr bf ml sla dbndjlrlbtl, qul à rlslha mulrtl bf ml lbhulbtrl vahíf y sf`f sdb iaklr ilhif `f sujdhdlbtl. lb lsta habhdøb, @løb Cdlhf - Xf`f `l pdnf a Ndfs, vlmfs à rlpltdhdøb rlhurrlbtl nl à jrasl ‐sf`f `l pdnf a ndfs” a` dbdhdf nl hana vlrsf. va`l mlbhdfbar qul à habhdøb harlhl nl lstrdkd``f hfmf slhhdøb jdea, pfr `f hua` à jrasl jubhdfba hfmf rllmpàzf nl` lstrdkd``f pfr su julrza, rlhurrlbhda y rlpltdhdøb. Dbcrata, bf ml ndcas qul ml qudlrls bf ml ndcas qul ml anfras, qul ml amas, qul ml lxtrañas, qul bf tl hrlf bana. Dbcrata, qul bf vls qul lstfy sujrdlbnf pfr javfr ify bf ml ndcas qul sdb md tl lstás murdlbnf qul tus `ácrdmas sfb ja`sas. lb lstl lelmp`f, nl Hajä âhuka - @a Dbcrata, Dbcrata, `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb dbdhdab hfb à lstruhtura ‐dbcrata, bf…”. lsta jrasl lsta jrasl nl aplrtura jubhdfba hfmf jrasl abhà ya qul sl utd`dza à sfbfrdnan nl à paàkra hfmf cabhif qul sdrvl para haptar à atlbhdøb nl` fylbtl. hømf rlsu`tanf sl vul`vl a à habhdøb `àmatdva y muy jáhd` nl rlhfrnar. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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J[AXL HFBH@\XDZA sdmdàr a à jrasl nl aplrtura, sl utd`dza uba jrasl qul rlhurrlbtl qul aparlhl

a` jdba` nl `fs vlrsfs. lstl rlhursf tamkdäb sdrvl nl cabhif y, muhias ftras vlhls, jubhdfba hfmf rllmpàzf nl` lstrdkd``f nlkdnf a su rlpltdhdøb. lstl rlhursf pulnl hump`dr ndjlrlbtls jubhdfbls. a vlhls sl utd`dza hfmf hdlrrl nl `fs vlrsfs, hfmf blxf lbtrl às lstrfjas f hàusura nl à dnla qul sl kusha trabsmdtdr. pfr lelmp`f5 Lb às arlbas kadàb `fs rlmf`dbfs, l` sf` eulca lb l` krd``f nl` plnrlca`, y prlbndnf a à macda nl `fs hamdbfs, l` arrdlrf va, l` arrdlrf va. Ls kabnlra nl bdlkà su pfbhif a` vdlbtf `f saùnab às jàutas nl` paefba` y cuaplabnf à slbna pfr lsfs hlrrfs, l` arrdlrf va, l` arrdlrf va. lb lstas lstrfjas nl, Ataiua`pa nl, Ataiua`pa Tupabqud - L` arrdlrf va va,, vlmfs à rlpltdhdøb nl à jrasl ‐l` arrdlrf va” a `f àrcf nl` jdba` nl `fs ndjlrlbtls vlrsfs nl à habhdøb. va`l nlstahar qul sf`f ub vlrsf nl n l à habhdøb bf sdcul lsta lstruhtura f rlpltdhdøb. rlp ltdhdøb. Qul mds fefs sl nlspdlrtlb Hfb à ùz nl tu mdrana Tf, a Ndfs `l pdnf Qul md manrl bf sl mulra T qul md panrl ml rlhulrnl A Ndfs `l pdnf (...) \b slcubnf más nl vdna para nartl T md hfrazøb lbtlrf lbtrlcartl \b slcubnf más nl vdna para nartl T a tu ànf para sdlmprl yf qulnarml \b slcubnf más nl vdna yf a Ndfs `l pdnf ls lstl lelmp`f, Euabls - A Ndfs `l pdnf, pdnf, sl utd`dza à jrasl ‐a ndfs `l pdnf” hfmf hdlrrl nl` vlrsf, l` hua` jubhdfba hfmf cabhif plrf bf hfmf lstrdkd``f. va`l rlhfrnar, à abtls mlbhdfbana habhdøb nl @løb Cdlhf - Xf`f `l pdnf a Ndfs. Ndfs . pfnlmfs fkslrvar hfmf amkas habhdfbls trakaeab hfb uba dnla y jrasl muy sdmdàr plrf l` nlsarrf``f nl à lstruhtura ls muy ndjlrlbtl. va`l nlstahar qul, lb à habhdøb nl euabls, l` frnlb nl `fs vlrsfs fhurrl lb slbtdnf dbvlrsf, y anlmás, hulbta hfb ub lstrdkd``f qul tamkdäb utd`dza à jrasl prdbhdpa` hfmf hdlrrl. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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@ÍBLAX DMWA[LX à jrasl sl rlpdtl lb às `íblas dmparls, mdlbtras qul l` hfbtlbdnf sl nlsarrf`à.

pfr lelmp`f5 Abnf cabas nl lbhfbtrartl huábtf `lefs qul lstás ahá. Abnf cabas nl lbhfbtrartl abnf `lefs, más bf ml na. lb lsta lstrfja nl @fs Wdfefs - Abnf cabas (``fra ``fra), ``fra) , sl rlpdtlb à prdmlra `íbla y à tlrhlra, mdlbtras à slcubna y à huarta hamkdab l` hfbtlbdnf. ¶Hømf f`vdnarà, hømf f`vdnarà6 Xd sl ``lvf nl md vdna `f mlefr... ¶Hømf f`vdnarà, hømf f`vdnarà6 Xd l`à ia sdnf tfnf md amfr... ¶Hømf f`vdnarà, hømf f`vdnarà6 Xd ias nleanf iul`às lb md hfrazøb... ¶Hømf f`vdnarà, hømf f`vdnarà6 Xd l`à jul `f mlefr nl` amfr... lb lsta lstrfja, [fnrdcf - Hfmf f`vdnarà, f`vdnarà, vlmfs qul sl rlpdtl tamkdäb lb às `íblas dmparls. así mdsmf sl rlnup`dha à jrasl y tfma jfrma nl prlcubta rltørdha.

@ÍBLAX WA[LX à jrasl abhà f à rlpltdhdøb aparlhlb a` jdba` nl à `íbla, pfr `f hua` sul`lb

tfmar às `íblas parls, hfmf sl aprlhda lb l` sdcudlbtl lelmp`f5 Xdlbtf qul lb md vdna sf`f dmpfrtas tõ lbtrl tabta clbtl, sf`f dmpfrtas tõ iasta l` pubtf qul a mí mdsmf sl ml f`vdna qul tamkdäb lxdstf sf`f dmpfrtas tõ na dcua` sd tlbcf tfnf f bana sf`f dmpfrtas tõ. lb lsta habhdøb, Jrabhf Nl Zdta - Xf`f dmpfrtas tõ, tõ , à jrasl abhà hfmp`lta l` slbtdnf. à jrasl, ‐sf`f ‐sf`f dmpfrtas dmpfrtas tõ” tõ” sl sl rlpdtl lb às `íblas parls, jubhdfbabnf hømf ub blxf lbtrl `fs ndjlrlbtls vlrsfs.lb às parls. lstfs nfs rlhursfs pulnlb slr muy dbtlrlsabtls y rdhfs musdha`mlbtl sd sfb hfmkdbanfs hfb l` usf nl hfrfs. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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@DBLAX JDBA@LX ftra vardabtl hfbsdstl lb à rlpltdhdøb nl às `íblas jdba`ls nl ub vlrsf qul jubhdfbab hfmf lstrdkd``f. sdb lmkarcf, va`l nlstahar qul bf sl hfbsdnlra lstrdkd``f

lstrdhtamlbtl, puls bf sl rlpdtl à mdsma jrasl sdb hamkdfs a `f àrcf nl à h abhdøb, sdbf qul lsta ls dcua` a à `íbla nl` vlrsf vlr sf qul rlpdtl. Quä maà slrá md plba, Qul sø`f sakl plbar. ¡Hømf ml nul`l lsta plba Nl drml tab `lefs nl md ûhumáb! ¡Hømf ml nul`l lsta plba Nl drml tab `lefs nl md ûhumáb! (…)

Andøs, md pacf qulrdnf, Md rabhif nl rahf, Md `dbnf sauza`, ¡Huabnf tl habtl lb md zamka! Qudäb sakl tu cauhif, Wfr nøbnl abnará ¡Huabnf tl habtl lb md zamka! lb lstas lstrfjas, Ataiua`pa lstrfjas, Ataiua`pa Tupabqud - Andøs, ûhumáb uhumáb,, vlmfs hømf hana vlrsf rlpdtl à partl jdba`. lstf muy jrlhulbtl lb l` jfò`frl arclbtdbf. lstl rlhursf sul`l utd`dzarsl tamkdäb lb l` pfp, nfbnl ub hfrf rlpdtl lsl vlrsf.

ABÁJF[A hfbsdstl lb rlpltdr uba paàkra f uba jrasl a` prdbhdpdf nl às frahdfbls, plrf

à rdma y `fs sdcbdjdhanfs varíab. sl rlpdtl uba dnla f jrasl para nlsarrf`àrà lb ndjlrlbtls asplhtfs. à abájfra ls ub rlhursf muy utd`dzanf para hrlar lstrdkd``fs. muhias vlhls, sl utd`dzab nfs vfhls, uba rlpdtl à abájfra, mdlbtras à ftra hfrla `fs vlrsfs. va`l nlstahar qul lstl rlhursf tamkdäb ls muy muy utd`dzanf para hfmpfblr `fs vlrsfs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb. ub lelmp`f nl abájfra ls5. Tf bf qudlrf vlhdbas hfb puhilrfs, Tf bf qudlrf slmkrar bd hfmpartdr, Tf bf qudlrf hatfrhl nl jlkrlrf Bd hump`lañfs jl`dz lb lstl vlrsf nl Efaquíb Xakdba - Hfbtdcf, sl aprlhda hømf sl rlpdtl à mdsma jrasl a` prdbhdpdf nl `fs vlrsfs. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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Acua, hømf tl nlslf acua, tl mdrf y tl qudlrf acua, hfrrdlbnf lb l` tdlmpf acua, kadàbnf lb mabfs nl` sf`. lb lstl slcubnf lelmp`f, @fs Wdfefs - Acua, Acua, sl fkslrva qul hana `íbla nl` vlrsf lmpdlza hfb à paàkra acua y prlslbta ub nlsarrf``f ndjlrlbtl.

WA[A@L@DXMF ls uba jdcura qul hfbsdstl lb à rlpltdhdøb nl uba mdsma lstruhtura sdbtáhtdha lb às ndstdbtas partls nl ub tlxtf. sl ndstdbcul nl à abájfra, pfrqul bf rlpdtl lxahtamlbtl l` mdsmf tlxtf, sdbf qul sl rlpdtl à mdsma lstruhtura f patrøb, hfb à mdsma lxtlbsdøb nl às `íblas y hfb à mdsma ndspfsdhdøb lb qul sl prlslbtab às paàkras. pfr lelmp`f, lb l` para`l`dsmf sl rldtlra l` mdsmf mdsmf frnlb lb qul sl prlslbtab `fs sustabtdvfs y aneltdvfs, f à ndspfsdhdøb nl` sustabtdvf y `fs vlrkfs lb à frahdøb, lbtrl ftras pfsdkd`dnanls. lb ftras paàkras, l` para`l`dsmf prlslbta à rlpltdhdøb nl às sdcudlbtls harahtlrdstdhas5 - nl hàsls nl paàkras y nl sus jubhdfbls sdbtáhtdhas. - nl à ndspfsdhdøb y l` frnlb nl lstfs l`lmlbtfs qul sfb cramatdha`mlbtl lqudva`lbtls, ls nlhdr, l` patrøb f à lstruhtura qul hfbjfrma à frahdøb. - nl `fs sdcbdjdhabtls y sdcbdjdhanfs. lb às habhdfbls, l` para`l`dsmf sl tdlbnl a utd`dzarsl hfmf uba jfrma nl nlsarrf`àr `fs vlrsfs y su hfbtlbdnf, aubqul pulnl usarsl dbndstdbtamlbtl para à hrlahdøb nl ub lstrdkd``f u ftras slhhdfbls. hfmõbmlbtl l` para`l`dsmf sl sul`l utd`dzar lb hfbeubhdøb hfb ftrfs rlhursfs lstd`ístdhfs, pfr lsf, lb huabtf a` hfbtlbdnf prlslbta trls vardahdfbls5 - sdbfbímdhf5 r lpdtl l` mdsmf hfbtlbdnf utd`dzabnf sdbøbdmfs. lpdtl - abtdtätdhf5 pàbtla hfbtlbdnfs fpulstfs. - sdbtätdhf5 nlsarrf`à bulvfs hfbtlbdnfs. Lstl andøs bf maqud`à ub iasta ùlcf, lstl bubha bf lshfbnl ub fea`á, lstas hlbdzas bf eulcab hfb julcf, lstl hdlcf bf mdra para atrás. lb lsta habhdøb nl Efaquíb Xakdba - Bfs sfkrab `fs mftdvfs, mftdvfs, sl utd`dza l` para`l`dsmf hfmf lstruhtura para l` nlsarrf``f nl `fs vlrsfs. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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Qul sdlmprl ia iakdnf hifrrfs, maqudavl`fs y lstajafs, hfbtlbtfs y amarcafs, va`frls y nuk`ä lb lstl lelmp`f, Lbrdqul Xabtfs Ndshäpf`f - Hamkaàhil, Hamkaàhil, hfmprfkamfs hømf sl clblra l` para`l`dsmf pfr à rlpltdhdøb nl `fs tärmdbfs slparanfs pfr l` blxf y5 maqudavl`fs y lstajafs / hfbtlbtfs y amarcafs / va`frls y nuk`ä.

LWÍJF[A ls à rlpltdhdøb nl uba f vardas paàkras, f uba hfbstruhhdøb, a` jdba` nl `fs vlrsfs nl uba lstrfja. ls à jdcura hfbtrarda a à abájfra. pfr lelmp`f5 Bf sä sd tlbnrás ftra ifculra, qul tl qulml tabtf hfmf `f idhl yf mas bubha tlbnrás qudäb tl qudlra `f eurf pfr lsta... hfmf `f idhl yf lb lstl lelmp`f, Xabnrf - Hfmf `f idhl yf, yf , vlmfs à rlpltdhdøb nl à jrasl ‐hfmf `f idhl yf” a` jdba` nl` `fs vlrsfs parls. yf pdsarä lstfs hampfs sfkrlvdvdlbnf. tfnfs jrlbtl a` pl`dcrf, sfkrlvdvdlbnf, trdstls y lrrabtls ifmkrls, sfkrlvdvdlbnf. lb lstl lelmp`f, Zíhtfr Ilrlnda - Xfkrlvdvdlbnf, Xfkrlvdvdlbnf, aparlhl à rlpltdhdøb nl à paàkra ‐sfkrlvdvdlbnf” a` jdba` nl` vlrsf.

[LN\W@DHAHDØB lsta jdcura hfbsdstl lb rlpltdr hfbslhutdvamlbtl uba mdsma paàkra f jrasl a` jdba` nl hana uba nl às `íblas. lstf clblra clblr a à slbsahdøb nl äbjasds, nl lxhlsf, nl rlpltdhdøb, nl eulcf, nl akusf, aubqul, pfr supulstf, l` ljlhtf nlplbnl nl` tdpf nl jrasl. muhias vlhls, à rlpltdhdøb sl prlslbta hfb ub hamkdf nl lbtfb ahdøb y ftras vlhls hfmf nlhfrahdøb. Qudlrl kadàr y kadàr y kadàr à rldba nl à kadàbta. lb lstl lstrdkd``f nl, Hahif Hastaña - @a rldba nl à kadàbta, kadàbta , à rlnup`dhahdøb sdrvl lbjatdzar y lxaclrar l` nlslf nl` plrsfbael. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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@a clbtl sulña qul sulña à ha``l sdcul qul sdcul l` taxd cdra qul cdra l` hdl`f y à abhia avlbdna. @fs nías habtab à idstfrda nl` ifmkrl a` kfrnl nl` ifmkrl `fs nías habtab mañabas `fs nías bf tdlblb mdlnf. lb lstl hasf, Euab Har`fs Kac`dlttf - @a vdna ls uba mfblna, mfblna , habhdøb hfmpulsta pfr j dtf pálz, vlmfs hømf à rlnup`dhahdøb, ‐sdcul dtf ‐sdcul qul qul sdcul”, ‐cdra ‐cdra qul qul cdra”, clblra à slbsahdøb nl a`cf qul bf tlrmdba, qul bf tdlbl jdb. Iakía ub sapf, sapf, sapf qul banaka lb l` ríf, ríf, ríf hfb su trael vlrnl, vlrnl, vlrnl sl mfría nl jríf, jríf, jríf. lb lstl lelmp`f, lelmp`f , Anrdaba Xzustlrmab - Iakía ub sapf, vlmfs qul à rlnup`dhahdøb sdrvl hfmf eulcf y nlhfrahdøb. T kadàr y kadàr y tfmar y tfmar uba hlrvlza tras ftra plrf l`à bubha lbcfrna, plrf l`à bubha lbcfrna. lb à habhdøb, Earakl nl Wa`f - @a jàha, jàha , à rlnup`dhahdøb hrla uba slbsahdøb nl akusfs5 tfma y kadà lb nlmasía. Wfrqul lstfy lbamfranf nl td, kdlb lbamfranf nl td pfrqul tl qudlrf, pfrqul tl qudlrf. Wfrqul lstfy lbamfranf nl td, kdlb lbamfranf nl td y iasta `fs iulsfs, iasta `fs iulsfs. lb lstl hasf, [fnrdcf - Nl lblrf a lblrf, lblrf, habhdøb hfmpulsta pfr euabef efsl bfvadra, sl `fcra ub ljlhtf pfätdhf lxaclranf, nfbnl à harca ajlhtdva ls muy crabnl, prfnuhtf nl` usf nl à rlnup`dhahdøb.


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ZL[XF LBHANLBANF âmkdäb hfbfhdnf hfmf abandp`fsds f hfmf hfbhatlbahdøb huabnf sl utd`dza lb vardfs vlrsfs hfbtdbufs. ls à rlpltdhdøb nl à paàkra jdba` nl à `íbla nl ub vlrsf a` prdbhdpdf nl à `íbla sdcudlbtl. lstl tdpf nl rlhursf ls muy usua` lb às habhdfbls dbjabtd`ls y lb l` rap. Nfs y nfs sfb huatrf, huatrf y nfs sfb slds, slds y nfs sfb fhif, y fhif ndlhdsäds, fhif, vldbtdhuatrf y fhif, trldbta y nfs. Ábdma klbndta ml arrfnd``f lb vfs. lb lsta lsta rfbna dbjabtd`, vlmfs à suma nl `fs bõmlrfs, qul sl nab hfmf rlsu`tanf sl vul`vlb a rlpltdr lb à `íbla sdcudlbtl. lstl tdpf nl vlrsfs prfnuhl ub ljlhtf rítmdhf muy dbtlrlsabtl y rdhf. ^fnf pasa y tfnf qulna plrf `f bulstrf ls pasar pasar iahdlbnf hamdbfs, hamdbfs sfkrl à mar lb lstl lelmp`f nl Habtarls Habtarls,, pflsía nl abtfbdf mahianf ilhia habhdøb pfr Efab Mabul` Xlrrat, sl aprlhda l` mfnf lb qul sl lbhanlbab às `íblas nl `fs vlrsfs a traväs nl às paàkras5 pasar/hamdbf. paàkras5 pasar/hamdbf. hfb lsta jdcura ls pfsdk`l hfmpfblr tfna à habhdøb, tfna uba lstrfja f tab

sf`f ubas `íblas, ya qul ls ub lxhl`lbtl rlhursf para nar rdtmf ndjlrlbtl a `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb. va`l nlstahar qul l` vlrsf lbhanlbanf prfnuhl ubas rdmas muy lsplhda`ls, `àmanas rdma lbhanlbana lb lsha`lra f rdma nl lhf lbhanlbana.

ZL[XF AK[AUANF lsta lstruhtura ls prfnuhtf nl à rdma rdtfrbl``f f nl uba vardabtl nl à jdcura rltørdha lpabandp`fsds lpabandp`fsds.. sdmp`lmlbtl, hfbsdstl lb à rlpltdhdøb nl uba paàkra, f uba jrasl, a` prdbhdpdf y a` jdba` nl` mdsmf vlrsf. ls pfsdk`l qul à jrasl sl lbtfbl nl ndjlrlbtls mablras, para `fcrar ndstdbtfs ljlhtfs. lb ftras paàkras, sl trata nl hamkdar à lbtfbahdøb nl à jrasl para `fcrar qul à paàkra, f jrasl dbdhda`, sulbl ndjlrlbtl nl à jdba`. lb clblra`, à rlpltdhdøb f l` hdlrrl sul`l tlblr ub adrl más rlj`lxdvf qul à jrasl dbdhda`. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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Tf bf sä sd tu vfz ls à j`fr nl uba plba, sø`f sä qul a` rumfr nl tus tabcfs, Ma`lba, tl sdlbtf más kulba, más kulba qul yf. lb lstl hasf, @uhdf Nlmarl y Ifmlrf Mabzd - Ma`lba, Ma`lba, à paàkra ‐yf” ‐yf” lbmarha lbmarha `fs vlrsfs. Mds nías sdb td sfb tab fshurfs, tab àrcfs, tab crdsls. mds nías sdb td. lb lstl slcubnf lelmp`f, siaodra - Mfshas lb à hasa, vlmfs hømf sl lbmarhab `fs vlrsfs hfb à jrasl ‐mds ‐mds nías nías sdb td” td” nl nl jfrma sdmdàr a` prdmlr lelmp`f. ls ub kulb rlhursf para rlsa`tar à jrasl.

HFMW@LYDØB ls à hfmkdbahdøb nl nfs rlhursfs vdstfs abtlrdfrmlbtl5 abájfra y lpíjfra. hfbsdstl lb à rlpltdhdøb nl nfs jrasls, uba a` dbdhdf (abájfra) y uba a` jdba` (lpíjfra) lb nfs f más `íblas nl ub vlrsf. Ml custab `fs avdfbls, ml custas tõ Ml custa vdaear, ml custas tõ Ml custa à mañaba, ml custas tõ Ml custa l` vdlbtf, ml custas tõ. lb lstl lelmp`f, Mabu Hiaf - Ml custa, custa , vlmfs hømf `fs vlrsfs lstáb hfmpulstfs pfr à abájfra ‐ml custa” qul aparlhl a` dbdhdf y à lpíjfra ‐ml custas tõ” a` jdba` nl hana `íbla. Ftra tarnl qul bf arnl lsta tarnl sdb pasanf mañaba ftra tarnl tab hfkarnl lsta tarnl qul bf prulka mabzabas lb lstfs vlrsfs nl @fs haka``lrfs nl à qulma - Ftrf eulvls hfkarnl, hfkarnl , à hfmp`lxdøb sl prfnuhl pfr l` lbtrl eulcf lbtrl ‐ftra tarnl” / ‐lsta tarnl”.


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LWABÁX^[FJL hfbsdstl lb rlpltdr l` õ`tdmf vlrsf nl uba lstrfja a` hfmdlbzf nl à sdcudlbtl.

pfr supulstf, lsta jdcura pulnl utd`dzarsl õbdhamlbtl lb lb l` nlsarrf``f nl `fs vlrsfs. pfr lelmp`f5 Huabnf paslb pfr Xabtdacf, hamdblb sdb iahlr rudnf, pfrqul lb ub rdbhøb nl` pacf lstá l` Hahid`f nfrmdnf. Lstá l` Hahid`f nfrmdnf hfb su pfbhidtf nl a`mfiana, qudzá, kushabnf lb l` sulñf l` a`ma nl à vdnaà. L` a`ma nl à vdnaà, j`frhdta saàvdblra, ``lcabnf `fs harbava`ls, sl `l ia'd vf`vlr hiaharlra. lb lsta habhdøb, Ataiua`pa Tupabqud - Hahid`f nfrmdnf nfrmdnf,, vlmfs hømf sl hfblhtab `fs vlrsfs nl jfrma qul à õ`tdma `íbla nl à lstrfja sl rlpdtl lb à `íbla dbdhda` nl à sdcudlbtl.

LWABA@LWXDX hfbsdstl lb à hfmpfsdhdøb nl às jrasls nl mfnf qul às paàkras dbdhda`ls nl

uba `íbla sl rlpdtlb a` jdba` nl à mdsma `íbla nl` vlrsf. ub lelmp`f nl lpaba`lpsds ls5 Ml prlcubtarfb hømf vdvía, ml prlcubtarfb. ‐Xfkrlvdvdlbnf”, ndel. ‐Xfkrlvdvdlbnf”.

lb lsta habhdøb, Zíhtfr Ilrlnda - Xfkrlvdvdlbnf, Xfkrlvdvdlbnf, à rlpltdhdøb nl à jrasl aparlhl a` prdbhdpdf y à jdba` nl` mdsmf vlrsf. lb clblra`, iay uba sutd` ndjlrlbhda nl lbtfbahdøb lbtrl amkas jrasls. A`dvdaml María, a`dvdaml, naml ftrf klsf nl elrlz mañaba tl `f pacarä lb lstl lelmp`f, Mabu Hiaf - Ma`lcría, Ma`lcría, sl utd`dza à lpaba`lpsds, sdmp`lmlbtl hfmf uba rlpltdhdøb. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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[L^[\ÄHABF na huabnf uba jrasl lstá hfmpulsta pfr às mdsmas paàkras qul à abtlrdfr, plrf dbvlrtdnas nl frnlb f jubhdøb. à dnla hfbsdstl lb rlpltdr uba jrasl hfb l` frnlb dbvlrsf nl `fs l`lmlbtfs, para hfbslcudr ub hamkdf nl slbtdnf lvdnlbtl. lstl rlhursf ls muy jrlhulbtl lb à hfmpfsdhdøb nl lstrdkd``fs. ub crab lelmp`f nl rltruähabf ls à jrasl nl maiatma cabnid5 ‐bf iay hamdbf para à paz, à paz ls l` hamdbf”. ub lxhl`lbtl lelmp`f nl rltruähabf lb habhdøb ls5 sl

T mfrdrml hfbtdcf sd tl matas, y matarml hfbtdcf sd tl mulrls, pfrqul l` amfr huabnf bf mulrl mata. Wfrqul amfrls qul matab bubha mulrlb. lb lsta habhdøb nl Efaquíb Xakdba - Hfbtdcf, Hfbtdcf, sl pàbtla ub nfk`l rltruähabf, sl hamkda l` frnlb nl às jrasls ‐ml ‐ml mulrf mulrf sd tl matas”/ ‐ml ‐ml matf matf sd tl mulrls”, ‐l` amfr qul bf mulrl mata” / ‐amfrls qul matab bf mulrlb”. Xlñfra, bf `l qudtl añfs a su vdna Wøbca`l vdna a `fs añfs qul q ul ls mlefr. lb lstl lelmp`f, [dharnf Arefba - Xlñfra nl às huatrf nähanas, nähanas, sl hfbstruyl l` lstrdkd``f nabnf vul`ta à jrasl y clblrabnf ub rltruähabf.

Q\DAXMF hfbsdstl lb à rlpltdhdøb nl uba lstruhtura sdbtáhtdha a à qul sl `l hamkda l`

frnlb, dbvdrtdlbnf sus l`lmlbtfs. pfnría nljdbdrsl hfmf ub para`l`dsmf hruzanf. à sdbcuàrdnan nl ub qudasmf surcl nl` ilhif nl qul lstá hfmpulstf pfr nfs partls, lb à hua` à slcubna partl dbvdlrtl `fs l`lmlbtfs prfpulstfs lb à prdmlra. ls ub rlhursf muy jrlhulbtl para l` nlsarrf``f nl lstrdkd``fs. ‐Naml pab y ndml tfbtf, ndml tfbtf y naml pab.”

pfrrltas - ^fbtf`hu`f ^fbtf`hu`f "@a vdna tl na sfrprlsas, sfrprlsas tl na à vdna.” ukäb kànls - plnrf bavaea. ukäb r

‐andvdbanfr, andvdba ‐andvdbanfr, andvdba, andvdbanfr .” .” María L`lba Sa`si - Andvdba andvdbanfr


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AB^Í^LXDX hfbsdstl lb hfbtrapfblr nfs jrasls f h`ásusuàs qul lxprlsab dnlas nl sdcbd-

jdhahdøb fpulsta f hfbtrarda. muhias vlhls, sl usa hfmf rlhursf lstd`ístdhf, plrf à abtítlsds pfr lxhl`lbhda clblra`mlbtl prlslbta uba hfbtrandhhdøb `øcdha lbtrl às nfs h`áusuàs `f qul hrla ub bulvf slbtdnf. pfr lelmp`f5 "sd qudlrls paz, prlpáratl para à culrra". ‐Hlhd`da kusha amfrls dmpfsdk`ls , pfr lsf jul pfs d k`l bulstrf amfr .” .”

Jdtf Wálz - Hlhd`da sdb lmkarcf, huabnf nulrmf s db td, ‐T sdb td , hfbtdc hfb tdc f sulñf.” Efaquíb Xakdba - T sdb lmkarcf ‐lmplzamfs ma` y yf qul hrlía qul lra ub kulb pàb.” Mlhabf - @a julrza nl` nlstdbf ‐L` nu`hl sakfr nl` rlhulrnf amarcf sakfr lb mds sulñfs.”

Nubhab Niu - [ly nl à ùba nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul, lxdstlb ftrfs rlhursfs qul utd`dzab lsta dnla

nl fpfsdhdøb nl paàkras, ta`ls hfmf l` fxímfrfb, f à paranfea.

DB^L[[FCAHDØB [L^Ø[DHA lstl rlhursf hfbsdstl lb jfrmuàr `fs vlrsfs a mfnf nl prlcubta, sl utd`dza para nar más lxprlsdvdnan a à habhdøb. às dbtlrrfcahdfbls sl pàbtlab hfmf nunas f hfbtrandhhdfbls nl` plrsfbael f nl` autfr, f lstd`ístdhamlbtl para lxprlsar ub pubtf nl vdsta. va`l bftar qul lsta hàsl nl vlrsfs, a` a ` bf slr nl haráhtlr ajdrmatdvf, tfmab uba lbtfbahdøb ndjlrlbtl, `f hua` plrmdtl `fcrar ndstdbtfs matdhls lb `fs vlrsfs. ¶Qul ls `f qul iahl ub taxdsta slnuhdlbnf a à vdna6 ¶Qul ls `f qul iahl ub taxdsta hfbstruylbnf uba ilrdna6 ¶Qul ls `f qul iahl ub taxdsta lbjrlbtl nl uba nama6 ¶Qul ls `f qul iahl ub taxdsta hfb sus sulñfs nl hama6 Ml prlcubtä…

lb lstl jracmlbtf, [dharnf Arefba - Idstfrda nl taxd, mdlbtras à idstfrda sl nlsarrf`à lb `fs vlrsfs, sl utd`dza à dbtlrrfcahdøb rltørdha para hrlar `fs lstrdkd``fs. lb lsta hfbstruhhdøb à dbtlrrfcahdøb sl hfmkdba hfb à abájfra, hfmf iakíamfs mlbhdfbanf abtlrdfrmlbtl. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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¶Hømf f`vdnarà, hømf f`vdnarà6 Xd sl ``lvø nl md vdna `f mlefr... ¶Hømf f`vdnarà, hømf f`vdnarà6 Xd l`à ia sdnf tfnf md amfr... ¶Hømf f`vdnarà, hømf f`vdnarà6 Xd ias nleanf iul`às lb md hfrazøb... ¶Hømf f`vdnarà, hømf f`vdnarà6 Xd l`à jul `f mlefr nl` amfr... ¡Hfmf... hfmf à vfy a f`vdnar!... Zdlea... lb lstl slcubnf lelmp`f, nl [fnrdcf - Hfmf f`vdnarà, f`vdnarà, `fs prdmlrfs vlrsfs nl` lstrdkd``f sl prlslbtab lb jfrma nl dbtlrrfcahdøb y sl hdlrrab hfb à lxhàmahdøb ‐¡hømf à vfy a f`vdnar!”, qul sdrvl para lbjatdzar `f dmpfsdk`l qul ls f`vdnarà. Wrlcubta5 ¶Huá` ls l` prfk`lma, clbtl6 [lspulsta5 Aubqul tlbcas NBD lrls ndjlrlbtl. lb lstfs vlrsfs, L` Hifedb - Ndlz fkvdlnanls, sl utd`dza ub rlhursf slmleabtl a à prlcubta rltørdha. à abtdpájfra abtdpájfra,, hfbsdstl lb prlcubtar a`cf y krdbnar à rlspulsta lb à mdsma habhdøb.

LYH@AMAHDØB hfbsdstl lb aqul`às lxprlsdfbls qul trabsmdtlb uba lmfhdøb dbtlbsa. sl à

rlhfbfhl sdbtáhtdhamlbtl pfr l` usf nl sdcbfs nl lxhàmahdøb y nl dbtlrelhhdfbls, hfmf ¡Fi!, ¡Ai!, ¡Xd!, Tl, \i. lb à mõsdha ls ub rlhursf muy jrlhulbtl. lb l` tabcf clblra`mlbtl tdlbnl a aparlhlr lb `fs vlrsfs y sul`l utd`dzarsl para nlhfrar `fs àmlbtfs, l` adrl mlàbhø`dhf f às rlj`lxdfbls. lb ftrfs cäblrfs musdha`ls, hfmf l` rfho y l` pfp, sul`l utd`dzarsl hfmf arlbca, äbjasds, cabhif f h`ímax, y aparlhl hfb más jrlhulbhda lb `fs lstrdkd``fs. lb ftras paàkras, à lxhàmahdøb dmp`dha lxprlsar hfb ímpltu, vlilmlbhda y pasdøb a`cf qul lvdnlbtlmlbtl bfs hfbmulvl y qul bf nlkl pasar nlsaplrhdkdnf. âmkdäb ls muy jrlhulbtl à hfmkdbahdøb nl lxhàmahdfbls, dbtlrelhhdfbls y ml`fnía para à hrlahdøb nl ub cabhif. lstl rlhursf clblra ub ljlhtf nl crabndfsdnan, f crabnd`fhulbhda ml`øndha mlmfrak`l y suclstdvf. muhias vlhls, lb à mõsdha sul`lb utd`dzarsl às lxhàmahdfbls tabtf musdha` hfmf ndshursdvamlbtl, para à hrlahdøb nl h`ímax, äbjasds f anfrbfs mlramlbtl nlhfratdvfs f nl rl``lbf. ftras vlhls, às lxhàmahdfbls aparlhlb lb ub slcubnf pàbf habtanas pfr ub hfrf, lstf sdrvl para `fcrar ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs musdha`ls f ndshursdvfs.


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ub lelmp`f qul va`l à plba rlmarhar ls à habhdøb

Ka`tdmfra - ârzab Kfy , lb à hua` sl utd`dza uba lxhàmahdøb sumana a uba dbtlrelhhdøb dbtlr elhhdøb a mfnf nl cabhif ml`øndhf5 "fi, fi, fi", l` hua`, anlmás, eulca hfb à dnla nl l` `àmanf nl à sl`va nl ârzáb plrf lb vlrsdøb pfp. Hajä @a Iumlnan, kd`àr y rlubdøb... Xákanf hfb trampas... ¡Quä `dbna jubhdøb! lb lstl lelmp`f, Hahif Hastaña - Hajä @a Iumlnan , lb vlz nl utd`dzar uba dbtlrelhhdøb sl utd`dza hfmf lxhàmahdøb uba jrasl5 ‐qul `dbna jubhdøb”. Ffps!...D ndn dt acadb D pàyln wdti yfur ilart, cft `fst db til caml Fi kaky, kaky Ffps!...yfu tidbo D'm db `fvl îat D'm slbt jrfm akfvl D'm bft tiat dbbfhlbt lb lsta habhdøb, Krdtbly Xplars - Ffps!... D Ndn Dt Acadb, Acadb , `fs vlrsfs aparlhlb muy harcanfs nl dbtlrelhhdfbls y lxhàmahdfbls. va`l bftar qul à dnla prdbhdpa` nl à habhdøb sl kasa lb à dnla nl à lxhàmahdøb5 ‐¡ups!, `f idhl nl bulvf”. nl às vardabtls nl à lxhàmahdøb lbhfbtramfs l` lpdjfblma lpdjfblma.. hfbsdstl lb uba lxhàmahdøb a` jdba` nl `fs vlrsfs qul sdrvl para rlsumdr uba dnla abtlrdfr f lxprlsar uba va`frahdøb rlsplhtf a à mdsma. lstl rlhursf ls muy jrlhulbtl lb l` tabcf, lb l` qul sul`l slr uba lxhàmahdøb lxhàmahdøb nl àmlbtf. àmlbtf. pulnl usarsl hfmf rllmpàzf nl` lstrdkd``f, sd à rlpltdhdøb ls rlhurrlbtl. nlbtrf

Kasta nl harrlras, sl ahakø à tdmka. ¡\b jdba` rlñdnf ya bf vul`vf a vlr! Wlrf sd a`cõb pdbcf ``lca a slr jdea l` nfmdbcf, yf ml eulcf lbtlrf. ¡ Qu Quä ä `l `l vfy a iahlr. iahlr..! .!

lb lstl lelmp`f, A`jrlnf lelmp`f, A`jrlnf @l Wlra y Har`fs Carnl` - Wfr uba haklza, sl utd`dza à lpdjfblma hfmf rlhursf lstd`ístdhf nl hdlrrl qul sdrvl para dùstrar à drfbía nl aqul` qul ‐bf pulnl hfbsdcf mdsmf”.


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‐prlhdf nl hastdcf qul ubf lbtrlca pfr ub klsf qul bf ``lca a ub amfr qul `f lbcañø... ¡Zahíf ya nl amar y nl ``frar tabta tradhdøb!”

Lbrdqul Xabtfs Ndshäpf`f y Mardabf Mfrls - \bf apøstrfjl.. hfbsdstl lb iakàr nl ftrf rlhursf nlbtrf nl lsta hatlcfría ls à apøstrfjl mablra krlvl lb slcubna plrsfba, ndrdcdäbnfsl a l`lmlbtfs nl à batura`lza, slrls vdvfs, ndfsls f plrsfbas prlslbtls, ja``lhdnas f auslbtls, a fkeltfs dbabdmanfs, f dbhùsf, a sí mdsmf. l` lmp`lf nl lstl rlhursf ls muy hfmõb lb às p`lcardas u frahdfbls nl haráhtlr rl`dcdfsf y tdlbl ub tfbf lxhàmatdvf. ls muy jrlhulbtl lb cäblrfs hfmf l` tabcf. ‐md kulbfs adrls kulbfs adrls qulrdnf, huabnf yf tl vul`va a vlr, bf iakrás más plba bd f`vdnf” A`jrlnf @lplra y Har`fs Carnl` - Md Kulbfs Adrls qulrdnf kabnfbløb, quä tabcf iay qul habtar, bf vls qul lstfy murdäbnfml nl plba. yf sä qul lb tus arhidvfs sl qulnø ub tabcf qul carnl` bubha habtø” Hahif Hastaña - Quä tabcf iay qul habtar ‐nlhdml

LX^[\H^\[AX F[DCDBA@LX lb à habhdøb ls pfsdk`l plbsar `fs vlrsfs bf lb su jfrma hfbvlbhdfba`, sdbf nl jfrma õbdha y frdcdba`, kushabnf `fcrar uba lstruhtura ndjlrlbtl nl habhdøb, lb à qul sl hfmkdba ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs tlxtua`ls y hfbhlptua`ls. pfr lelmp`f5 L`à ls hfmf uba Matryfsioa. L`à ls hfmf uba muñlha rusa... L`à ls hfmf uba muñlha... L`à ls hfmf uba... L`à ls hfmf... L`à ls... L`à.


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lsta habhdøb, Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Muñlha rusa, rusa , sl prlslbta hfmf uba abájfra. sdb lmkarcf, va`l bftar à clbda`dnan nl` eulcf nl à `ltra hfb à lstruhtura nl` vlrsf, puls lstl õ`tdmf lstá hfmpulstf nl jfrma sdmdàr a uba muñlha rusa, matryfsioa, nlbtrf nl hana muñlha ubf iay ftra más plqulña. nl mablra abá`fca a à muñlha rusa hana vlrsf sl vul`vl más plqulñf. \ba muelr, uba muelr atrás, uba muelr atrás nl ub vdnrdf lmpañanf. plrf bf, mlefr bf iakàr nl hdlrtas hfsas. \b tfrbanf, ub tfrbanf, ub tfrbanf... \b tfrbanf arrasø a md hdunan y a mí earníb prdmdtdvf. \b tfrbanf arrasø a tu hdunan y a tu earníb prdmdtdvf. Wlrf bf, mlefr bf iakàr nl hdlrtas hfsas bf, mlefr bf iakàr nl hdlrtas hfsas. @a muelr, l` vdnrdf, l` tfrbanf, l` earníb prdmdtdvf, yf, à j`fr, sa`tabnf, jucdtdvf, bf, bf, bf... Qul bf, qul bf, qul bf... uba dnla dbvlrsa a` lelmp`f nl Xlrrat , ls à qul utd`dza à habhdøb Xumf - Mlefr

bf iakàr nl hdlrtas hfsas, hfsas, lb à qul hana `íbla f rlpltdhdøb amp`ía l` hfbtlbdnf abtlrdfr. hana rlpltdhdøb, a` slr dbhfmp`lta, clblra ub ljlhtf nl susplbsf y l` vlrsf tlrmdba a` ``lcar a à jrasl nl hdlrrl ‐Mlefr bf iakàr nl hdlrtas hfsas”. à habhdøb prlslbta uba lstruhtura nl para`l`dsmf, puls tfnfs `fs vlrsfs sl nlsarrf`àb rlspltabnf à mdsma lstruhtura y frnlb. sdb lmkarcf, l`à nlslmkfha lb ub õ`tdmf vlrsf qul rlhfcl tfnfs `fs l`lmlbtfs lbumlranfs a `f àrcf nl à habhdøb. lstf sl hfbfhl hfmf hfrrlàhdøb ndslmdbatdva rlhf`lhtdva. Kàho tilb widtl arl a`` D sll db my dbjabhy. [ln abn yl``fw tilb haml tf kl, rlahidbc fut tf ml, `lts ml sll. à habhdøb nl ^ff` - @atlraùs utd`dza uba dnla muy frdcdba`, l` hfbhlptf nl às

prfpdlnanls áurlas áurlas.. lb lsta lstrfja sl lstruhtura nl jfrma qul hana vlrsf sl utd`dza l` patrøb nl à slrdl nl Jdkfbahhd (1, 1, ;, 8, <, 9, 18). 18) . nl lsta jfrma, l` prdmlr y slcubnf vlrsf tdlblb tab sf`f uba síàka, l` tlrhlrf nfs síàkas, l` huartf trls, y así suhlsdvamlbtl. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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HAWÍ^\@F YYZDDD

¶HØMF LXH[DKD[ WFÄ^DHAMLB^L6 à pflsía ls ub artl rfnlana nl mdstdhdsmf y a`qudmda. plrf huabnf sl

hfmkdba hfb à habhdøb, l` artdsta parlhl iaklr bahdnf nl` más prfjubnf vdlbtrl nl à dbspdrahdøb, lbtfbhls pflsía y mõsdha sl vul`vlb dba`habzak`ls. sdb lmkarcf, bf tfnf ls tab ndjíhd` hfmf parlhl5 bd mõsdha, bd pflsía. hfb ub pfhf nl lstratlcda pfätdha y sakdlbnf quä tulrhas aprltar, pfnrlmfs iahlr vfàr `dkrlmlbtl bulstras paàkras. lb lstl hapítu`f vlrlmfs nfhl hfbslefs para hfmlbzar a lshrdkdr más pfätdhamlbtl, para lbnu`zar às paàkras, hrlar dmáclbls más sfrprlbnlbtls f, a` mlbfs, plbsar lb uba jfrma ndjlrlbtl nl lshrdkdr uba habhdøb. ubf nl `fs pasfs lslbhda`ls a à ifra nl lshrdkdr ls nljdbdr l` tlma f a` mlbfs tlblr uba dnla nl `f qul qulrlmfs nlhdr f sfkrl `f qul bfs qulrlmfs lxpàyar. sdlmprl, ls más dmpfrtabtl tlblr a`cf para nlhdr a`cf y bf saklr hømf nlhdr`f, a qul bf tlblr bana qul nlhdr. nl tfnas jfrmas, hfb lsta cuía, pfnrlmfs bf tlblr bana qul nlhdr, plrf dcua` sfbará kfbdtf.

NFHL DNLAX WA[A \BA LXH[D^\[A MÁX WFÄ^DHA 1) Bf lshrdkdr lb `lbcuael hfrrdlbtl. à rlcà para lshrdkdr pfätdhamlbtl ls

lvdtar mlbhdfbar às hfsas lb su slbtdnf más fkvdf y hfmõb. pfr lelmp`f, lb l` `lbcuael hftdndabf nlhdmfs5 ‐ûs fefs sfb `dbnfs”. `dbnfs”. aifra aifra kdlb, pfnríamfs iahlr l` sdcudlbtl lelrhdhdf5 ¶Wfr quä sfb `dbnfs6 ¶Wfr quä bfs custab6 ¶Bfs custab `fs haraml`fs6 lbtfbhls pfnríamfs rljfrmuàr à jrasl a5 ‐ûs fefs sfb haraml`fs”. ¡vfd`ç! ¡pura pflsía! pulnls lbhfbtrar hdlbtfs nl jfrmas para lvdtar lvdtar lshrdkdr hfb ub lstd`f qul sulbl nlmasdanf hftdndabf f hfrrdlbtl? lsl ls l` fkeltdvf5 lbhfbtrar sdmd`dtunls hfb ftrfs fkeltfs, hfb abdma`ls f prlslbtar asfhdahdfbls frdcdba`ls. nl lsf sl trata à pflsía, nl hrlar asfhdahdfbls y lxprlsaràs lb dmáclbls. ;) Hamkdar l` frnlb. Nar vul`ta l` mubnf. ftrf hamdbf para lshrdkdr más pfätdhamlbtl y lvdtar halr lb l` `lbcuael hftdndabf ls hamkdar tfnf nl ùcar. aksfù-

tamlbtl tfnf5 vlrkfs pfr sustabtdvfs, aneltdvfs pfr vlrkfs, sustabtdvfs pfr aneltdvfs, nar vul`ta uba jrasl f dbvlrtdr à idstfrda. hfbtdbulmfs hfb l` lelmp`f abtlrdfr5 ‐ûs fefs sfb `dbnfs” `dbnfs” pulnl trabsjfrmarsl lb ‐`dbnfs sfb tus fefs”. fefs”. lsta sdmp`l jdcura, pfr lelmp`f, sl `àma idpärkatfb, y LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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hfbsdstl lb a`tlrar l` frnlb frahdfba` bfrma`. dbhùsf, sd bfs slbtdmfs aunahls, pfnríamfs nlhdr5 ‐^ ‐ûs fefs lstáb lbamfranfs nl mÍ”. lb lstl õ`tdmf hasf, ya bf sfmfs bfsftrfs qudlbls aprlhdamfs à kl``lza nl `fs fefs, sdbf `fs fefs qudlbls aprlhdab bulstra kl``lza. à mdsma dnla sl ap`dha lb ‐l` ‐l` vdlbtf vdlbtf sfp`ø” sfp`ø” sd sd `f trabsjfrmamfs y nlhdmfs qul ‐sfp`ø a` vdlbtf”. nl lsf sl trata à pflsía, nl hamkdar à jfrma lb hømf sl vlb às hfsas5 nar vul`ta l` mubnf. 8) Mlzhàr akstrahtf y hfbhrltf. hfbsdstl lb hfmkdbar tärmdbfs akstrahtfs hfb paàkras hfbhrltas. ub kulb lelmp`f ls à habhdøb nl [dharnf Arefba -

[la`mlbtl bf lstfy tab sf`f5 Ml tfmf ub hajä hfb tu auslbhda y `l lbhdlbnf ub hdcarrf a à bfsta`cda `l nfy ub klsf lb l` hul``f a tu lspahdf vahíf. Ml eulcf ub aelnrlz hfb tu idstfrda y `l ahardhdf à lspa`na a à mlmfrda. >) A`tlrar às slbsahdfbls. dmacdblb qul lstáb tab lbamfranfs qul su mubnf sl ia nanf vul`ta, sus slbtdnfs sl iab trastfhanf. sl iab vul`tf hfmp`ltamlbtl `fhfs nl amfr. ¶ quä ndrías lb lstl hasf6 puls pfr lelmp`f5 ‐ûs ‐ ûs

fefs iul`lb a haraml`f ha`dlbtl…” f ‐l` plrjuml nl tu mdrana”. <) Mltájfras, mltájfras y más mltájfras. hfmparlb tfnf hfb ftra hfsa, huabtf más a`fhanas, aelbas y ndstabtls mlefr. à mltájfra ls l` a`dmlbtf nl`

pflta. para hfbstrudr uba mltájfra slbhd`à, uba vlz lstak`lhdna à hfmparahdøb lbtrl nfs l`lmlbtfs, l`dmdblb l` hfmf y utd`dhlb l` vlrkf slr. pfr lelmp`f, lb vlz nl nlhdr5 ‐ûs fefs sfb hfmf haraml`fs” haraml`fs”,, l` pflta ajdrmará ‐ûs fefs sfb haraml`fs” haraml`fs”.. para uba mltájfra más hfmp`lea fmdtab l` tlrmdbf dbdhda` nl à hfmparahdøb5 ‐`fs haraml`fs hfb qul ml mdras”. mdras”. para para saklr más sfkrl às mltájfras `ls rlhfmdlbnf qul `lab l` hapítu`f YYY d. :) F`vdnlb tfnf `f qul ndhl l` slbtdnf hfmõb. à pflsía ls l` mubnf nl`

rlväs5 pulnlb nar`l prdfrdnan a à sdbtaxds, a` armanf nl à frahdøb y aõb sd qul bana tlbca slbtdnf. r lhulrna, à jrasl nlkl lstar hfbstrudna hfrrlhtamlbtl, lhulrna, aubqul `f qul ndhlb bf sl hfrrlspfbnl hfb à rla`dnan, harlzha nl slbtdnf y sdcbdjdhanf. lsta ls uba kulba jfrma nl armar paranfeas, drfbías u ftrfs rlhursfs. pfr lelmp`f ‐aylr tl tl vd sdlbnf ify lb ub rlhulrnf nl` mañaba”. mañaba”. ¶ ¶quä ndedmfs6 ‐tus fefs, puls vaya ndfs a saklr, plrf qul sulba `dbnf, sulba. ftrf lelmp`f ‐tus haraml`fs qul sl nlrrdtlb lb à mdrana nl ub hifhfàtl”. 3) F`vdnlb à rlcà abtlrdfr. lb rla`dnan, l` tlxtf bd sdqudlra tdlbl qul lstar

kdlb lshrdtf f tlblr ub frnlb f slbtdnf cramatdha`. pulnls rfmplr às rlcàs nl sdbtaxds f lvdtar `f qul sl lsplra qul ndcab5 ‐haraml`fs ml mdrab nlrrdtdäbnfslml LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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aylr”. dbhùsf, pulnlb tfmarsl `dhlbhdas pfätdhas, f mfndjdhar às paàkras, acrlcabnf aylr”. y qudtabnf síàkas, `ltras. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐haraml`fefs.” 9) Acruplb às paàkras hfb fpulstfs f sdbøbdmfs. sl trata nl ub rlhursf muy práhtdhf y sfkrl tfnf, ljlhtdvf. sd acrupamfs paàkras fpulstas sl prfnuhlb

sdb muhif lsjulrzf, ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs ta`ls hfmf l` fxímfrfb, à paranfea f à abtítlsds. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐tus ‐tus fefs fefs hdlcfs mdrab à kàbha bfhil”. nl à mdsma jfrma, sd acrupamfs paàkras nl sdcbdjdhanf sdmdàr, prfnuhdrlmfs jáhd`mlbtl ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs hfmf lpítltfs, sdbfbdmdas f p`lfbasmfs. pfr lelmp`f, ‐blcra ‐blcra bfhil fshura”. lstf plrmdtl lstf plrmdtl clblrar ub bulvf slbtdnf, ub äbjasds, uba lxaclrahdøb. `ls rlhfmdlbnf qul `lab l` hapítu`f YYY dd. 4) L` sfbdnf. sd sl akurrlb nl dbtlbtar hrlar slbtdnf f nl kushar à jfrma cra-

matdha`, eulculb hfb l` sfbdnf nl às paàkras. ls ftrf rlhursf muy õtd` lb à hrlahdøb nl habhdfbls. pfr lelmp`f, ‐nfs fefs rfefs hfmf `fs fsfs sfsfs”? sfsfs”? lstl rlhursf `f ilmfs vdstf lb l` hapítu`f nl rdmas a`tlrbatdvas y ljlhtfs sfbfrfs. âmkdäb, l` usf nl fbfmatfplyas, vfha`ls, f l` l ` mätfnf nl` shat. 17) \td`dhlb uba hfsa para rljlrdrsl a ftra . ‐l` ndak`f lstá lb `fs nlta``ls nlta``ls y lb à pflsía”. pflsía”. pulnlb pulnlb utd`dzar pupdà utd`dzar pupdà pfr fefs fefs,, sfmkra pfr hulrpf hulrpf.. `ls rlhfmdlbnf qul

vlab l` hapítu`f YYYd, à slhhdøb nl à mltfbdmda. 11) Lxaclrlb tfnf iasta l` aksurnf. l` pflta ls muy slbsdk`l así qul tfnf `f

vdvl más crabnl nl `f qul ls. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐û ‐û mdrana bf ml nlea rlspdrar” f ‐huabnf ml mdras, l` mubnf sl nltdlbl”. nltdlbl”. lstl rlhursf sl `àma à idpärkf`l, hfbsdstl lb à lxaclrahdøb y ls muy hfmõb lb às habhdfbls rfmábtdhas. 1;) Dmacdblb qul lstáb lb uba pl`íhuà nl Ndsbly. às hfsas hfkrab vdna y

sl mulvlb, kadàb, sl rílb, sl kuràb, nunab, sa`tab f iakàb. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐ûs ‐ûs fefs sl rfkab l` adrl”. ¡ya bf ls l`à, bd ustlnls, sfb `fs fefs `fs prftacfbdstas! anlmás, pfr supulstf `ls pulnlb iakàr5 ‐¡f efs! ¡ma`ndtfs lmkustlrfs qul pdbtab uba dùsdøb qul nlsaparlhl lb ub plstañlf!”

HFBH@\XDØB para clblrar ub ljlhtf pfätdhf, sd kdlb pfnlmfs hrlar ub sdcbdjdhanf, tamkdäb pfnlmfs f`vdnarbfs nl` mdsmf. sl trata nl vdvdr ub mubnf nl lbsulñf, nfbnl l` slbtdnf y l` sdcbdjdhanf bf sfb `fs l`lmlbtfs prdbhdpa`ls, sdbf qul à julrza y l` hf`fr nl às dmáclbls anqudlrlb à mayfr dmpfrtabhda. l` fkeltdvf ls `fcrar dmáclbls hfb julrza, nlshrdphdfbls hfb vdna hfb l` jdb trabsmdtdr uba lmfhdøb f uba slbsahdøb, nl jfrma qul à dbtlrprltahdøb qulnl akdlrta. à pflsía ls hrlar vdna hfb às paàkras. à `øcdha sl à nleamfs a à matlmátdha. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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l` artl nl lshrdkdr habhdfbls bf rlsdnl lb hrlar a`cf crabndfsf, frdcdba` f pfätdhf. à mayfría nl à clbtl qul qudlrl lshrdkdr habhdfbls pdlbsa lsf y, fkvdamlbtl, sl jrustra y tlrmdba akabnfbabnf f bd sdqudlra lmplzabnf. lshrdkdr habhdfbls ls muhif más sdmp`l. l` lstrdkd``f f `fs vlrsfs nl uba habhdøb, ilhif qul pulnl hfmprfkarsl sdmp`lmlbtl lshuhiabnf hua`qudlr tlma, pulnlb lstar jfrmanfs p fr hua`qudlr frahdøb, paàkra f dnla. bf tdlbl qul slr a`cf krd`àbtl, bd sdqudlra frdcdba` y, muhif mlbfs, pfätdhf.

¶NØBNL LX^Á L@ A[^L6 lb l` artl nl lshrdkdr habhdfbls sl lshfbnl lb trasmdtdr ub slbtdmdlbtf f uba lmfhdøb hfb à paàkra más a``á nl à paàkra lb sí mdsma. a vlhls sl trata nl` mlbsael, plrf à mayfría nl às vlhls ls lbhfbtrar l` vlrnanlrf sfbdnf nl à paàkra (f a` mlbfs ubf nl `fs sfbdnfs), f sdmp`lmlbtl iahlr qul sulbl ndvlrtdna. sl trata nl rlsa`tar lsa paàkra qul lshuhiamfs tabtas vlhls lb l` nía plrf bubha prlstamfs atlbhdøb. sl trata nl lbhfbtrar à musdha`dnan nl às paàkras, nl lshuhiar uba jrasl hftdndaba y asfhdarà a uba ml`fnía. ^fnf ^fnf lstf sl prfnuhl pfr pf r à armfbía, à ml`fnía, l` rdtmf, à rdma f l` amkdlbtl nl à habhdøb, más a``á nl` mlbsael mdsmf. dbhùsf, à prfpda sfbfrdnan nl às paàkras bfs trasmdtl a`cf. plrf lstl prfhlsf hrlatdvf sl dbdhda hfb uba jrasl qul qul bf tdlbl sdqudlra qul slr sumamlbtl clbda`. sd lsplramfs uba crab jrasl, bubha bfs ``lcará à habhdøb. âmkdäb, pfnlmfs tlblr uba crab jrasl y bubha hrlar hfb l`à uba habhdøb. prlstlmfs atlbhdøb a `f qul lshuhiamfs, a `f qul nlhdmfs, a `f qul `llmfs lb l` nía a nía y hfb l``f hrlarlmfs uba crab habhdøb. a lstf sl nlkl l` äxdtf nl às habhdfbls lb dbc`äs, qul sl kasab más lb à sfbfrdnan nl às paàkras, qul lb à clbda`dnan nl` mlbsael. lstf nlkl qulnar hàrf5 bf tlblmfs qul lshrdkdr a`cf dmpfrtabtl f clbda`. sdmp`lmlbtl, nlklmfs lshrdkdr.

LXH[DKD[, LXH[DKD[, LXH[DKD[ pulnlb lshrdkdr `f qul qudlrab, bf iay `ímdtl. hua`qudlr jrasl tdlbl uba sfbfrdnan lsplhda` y õbdha. dbhùsf, vardas sfbfrdnanls pfsdk`ls. sf`f tlblmfs qul lbhfbtrar `f qul qudlrl nlhdr bulstra habhdøb. f tamkdäb, pfnlmfs rlhfrrlr l` LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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hamdbf dbvlrsf y qul à jrasl arml à habhdøb. partdr nl uba jrasl ls ub kulb mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb. pfnlmfs hfmlbzar, pfr lelmp`f, pfr uba sdtuahdøb qul bf tlbca bana nl frdcdba`, pfr l` hfbtrardf, más kdlb hftdndaba. ¶a qudäb bf `f iab nleanf pàbtanf nleanf pàbtanf lsplrabnf y lb hfbslhulbhda, sl `f ia rlhrdmdbanf a à ftra plrsfba. ub crab artdsta hfmf abnräs haàmarf aprfvlhia lstf y hfmpfbl ub idt hfmf Md` ifras, ifras, qul tfnf l` mubnf habta5 ‐^l lsplrl kaef à `ùvda nfs ifras, md` ifras hfmf ub plrrf”. plrrf”. aifra aifra kdlb, sdlbnf ifblstfs5 ¶nøbnl lstá à clbda`dnan6 ¶lb qul à iaya lsplranf ‐hfmf ub plrrf”6 ls ls uba jrasl hfmõb y hfrrdlbtl qul rllmpàza à vardabtl5 ‐ml nleastl ; ifras lsplrabnf lsplrabnf lb à `ùvda hfmf ub dndfta”. sdb lmkarcf, ls à jfrma lb qul sulba, hømf sl dbtlcra a à habhdøb `f qul iahl qul lsa jrasl tab frndbarda hfmf ‐tl lsplrä nfs ifras” sla frdcdba` y hrlatdva. ftras habhdfbls lb dbc`äs qul utd`dzab lsta mdsma dnla sfb @d`y A``lb - Juho Tfu, Hll @f Crllb - Juho yfu, îl Xtdjjs - Juho Tfu. lb lstas habhdfbls sl lmp`la à mdsma jrasl hfmõb y hftdndaba5 ‐ j uho yfu”, plrf iay qul bftar hømf hamkdab uho musdha`mlbtl, l` eulcf lbtrl à musdha`dnan nl às paàkras y à ml`fnía y l` hfbtlxtf nl à habhdøb.ls blhlsardf ahàrar qul, bf sl trata nl akabnfbar à tfta`dnan nl à habhdøb, f qul lstl ma` à lshrdtura pfätdha. plrf tampfhf va`l à plba lshrdkdr rlkushanf f lbrlnanf, f ^DW5 Wartdr nl uba jrasl ls uba nl às mlefrls jfrmas nl hfmpfblr. Bfs na uba plbsar qul, sd bf ls frdcdba`, bf tdlbl dnla para lshrdkdr así hfmf ub mftdvf va`fr. musdha` à dnla ls partdr nl uba jrasl para nlsarrf`àr à habhdøb, aubqul bf sla uba jrasl clbda` suplrfrdcdba` y hrlatdva, sdbf uba jrasl hftdndaba, hfmõb y hfrrdlbtl. l`à pulnl nar dbdhdf a uba muy kulba habhdøb. asímdsmf asímdsmf partdr nl uba jrasl na pdl a à dbspdrahdøb y a à hrlatdvdnan. l` pubtf nl lstl hapítu`f ls qul pulnlb usar hua`qudlr jrasl para iahlr uba habhdøb. ¶Hømf lbhfbtrar à jrasl6 prlstabnf atlbhdøb y prfkabnf. ¶Hømf saklmfs sd jubhdfba6 slbhd`àmlbtl habtábnfà.

J[AXLX HF^DNDABAX lxtrlmanamlbtl sd kdlb pfnlmfs usar hua`qudlr dnla, ls muy hfmõb utd`dzar jrasls lxtrlmanamlbtl hfrrdlbtls y hftdndabas, nl lsas qul sl lshuhiab lb tfnfs ànfs. l`às sul`lb slrvdr hfmf ndsparanfr lb fhasdfbls, y ftras vlhls, hfmf kurà f hrítdha a à sfhdlnan. sdmp`lmlbtl nlklmfs kushar à sfbfrdnan nl às paàkras para nlsarrf`àr à ml`fnía. pfr lelmp`f, ‐bdñf, nlea ya nl efnlr hfb à pl`fta”, pl`fta”, nl nl Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Lsfs `fhfs kaedtfs f ‐plrsfba`mlbtl ‐plrsfba`mlbtl hrlf hrlf qul lstf ls uba `fhura”, `fhura”, nl nl @as pl`ftas - Wlrsfba`mlbtl. Wlrsfba`mlbtl. dbhùsf a`cubas nl lstas jrasls aparlhlb lb l` títu`f5 Efaquíb Xakdba - T sdb lmkarcf, @løb Cdlhf - Xf`f `l pdnf a Ndfs, Zdhlbtdhf - Zfs sakäs, Ndvdndnfs - ¶Quä vls6, Armabnf Mabzablrf - Xfmfs bfvdfs, Xumf - Mlefr bf iakàr nl hdlrtas hfsas, f @fs pdfefs - Nlsnl `lefs bf sl vl. lb hfbhùsdøb, uba jrasl slbhd`à, hftdndaba, pulnl nar frdclb a uba crab habhdøb. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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dmprfvdsar f hfmpfblr hfb ub dbstrumlbtf ls slbhd``f, sul`l iahlrsl sfkrl lshaàs, ahfrnls, patrfbls y ftrfs l`lmlbtfs. à vfz tamkdäb ls ub dbstrumlbtf, y a à ifra nl dmprfvdsar y nl hfmpfblr hfb l`à pulnl bf slr tab jáhd`, f a` mlbfs, pfnría parlhlr así. à sfùhdøb a lsta ndjdhu`tan jul nana pfr l` eazz, y hfbsdstl lb l` qul à vfz lb su dmprfvdsahdøb dmdta ndjlrlbtls dbstrumlbtfs para à hrlahdøb nl ml`fnías, rdtmfs l dnlas musdha`ls. a` dmprfvdsar dmdtabnf ndstdbtfs dbstrumlbtfs, à vfz rlsulba ndjlrlbtl pfrqul sl l`dclb vardanfs sfbdnfs, síàkas y tlxturas sfbfras para hrlar mõsdha. ls uba tähbdha qul sl nlbfmdba shat y ls ub rlhursf lxtrlmanamlbtl õtd`, puls para hfmpfblr habhdfbls, ya bf ls blhlsardf tlblr ub dbstrumlbtf f habtar kdlb5 sdmp`lmlbtl utd`dzar à vfz. ‐ tähbdha sd kdlb pulnl parlhlr lxtravacabtl, lb à ahtua`dnan l` shat, hfmf ‐tähbdha pura”” sdcul aparlhdlbnf, lb lsplhda` jusdfbanf hfb ndjlrlbtls y vardanfs cäblrfs pura musdha`ls nlsnl l` mlta`, a` pfp, f l` nabhl lbtrl ftrfs. lbtrl `fs artdstas más nlstahanfs qul utd`dzab lstl rlhursf sl lbhulbtrab bata`dl hf`mab, `fuds armstrfbc, efbatiab navds (Ofrb), shatmab, easfb mraz, anlmás nl ftrfs.

¶Q\Ä LX L@ XHA^6 h fmf lxp`dhákamfs lb l` apartanf abtlrdfr, l` shat ls ub mätfnf nl

dmprfvdsahdøb hfb à vfz lb à hua` sl dmdta ub dbstrumlbtf. lb ftras paàkras, sl dbtlbta `fcrar l` sfbdnf nl uba katlría, uba armøbdha, uba cudtarra u ftrf dbstrumlbtf para `fcrar uba dmprfvdsahdøb kdlb frdcdba`. lb lsta dmprfvdsahdøb sl utd`dzab síàkas, sfbdnfs y jrasls sdb slbtdnf para hrlar ml`fnías, dnlas y rdtmfs musdha`ls. pfr supulstf, à l`lhhdøb nl às síàkas, lbtlbndnas hfmf sfbdnf, bf ls hasua` y rlprlslbta l` dbstrumlbtf qul sl tfha hfb à vfz. lsta l`lhhdøb ls plrsfba`, dbjùyl lb à hrlahdøb nl às ml`fnías pfrqul hana tdpf nl síàka tdlbl su prfpda artdhuàhdøb, hf`fr, y rlsfbabhda. pfr lelmp`f, bf ls `f mdsmf ub ‐soat, soat, soat” qul ub ‐paparata ta ta”. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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¶DMW[FZDXA[ F HFMWFBL[6 sd kdlb l` shat bahdø para dmprfvdsar, tamkdäb nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta qul l`

usf nl síàkas y paàkras sdb slbtdnf ls ub rlhursf muy usanf para hfmpfblr, puls bfs na à `dklrtan nl hrlar ml`fnías más musdha`ls y `àmatdvas, sdb prlfhuparbfs sfkrl `f qul qulrlmfs qulrlmf s nlhdr. clblra`mlbtl, lstas síàkas y paàkras sdb slbtdnf sfb ùlcf rllmpàzanas pfr paàkras y jrasls hfb slbtdnf, plrf pfr supulstf, lstf bf ls fk`dcatfrdf. r lhfrnlmfs qul ls mõsdha, y lstf bfs na `dklrtan lhfrnlmfs nl iahlr `f qul qulrlmfs. ubf nl `fs mlefrls lelmp`fs nl shat dmprfvdsanf ls à vlrsdøb nl L`à Jdtzclra`n - Fbl Bftl Xamka nl abtfbdf har`fs efkdm. sd kdlb lstl lelmp`f bfs pulnl parlhlr muy prfpdf nl` eazz y qudzás sl lbhulbtra julra nl bulstrf ámkdtf, nlklmfs nlstahar qul l` shat aparlhl lb ub sdb bõmlrf nl habhdfbls mfnlrbas, dbhùsf nl às más hfbfhdnas y lxdtfsas. a`cubfs lelmp`fs nl habhdfbls qul utd`dzab lsta tähbdha sfb5 Wdbo J`fyn - îl Crlat Cdc db til Xoy Xo y, Mdbdstry - Elsus Kud`t My Iftrfn y Ofrb - ^wdst. hfmf mlbhdfbamfs abtlrdfrmlbtl, lsta tähbdha pulnl usarsl para hfmpfblr, ml`fnías, slhhdfbls f pasaels lsplhíjdhfs, cabhifs, f tab lxtrlmfs hfmf dmprfvdsar ub sf`f. lb l` hasf lsplhíjdhf nl` shat hfmf dmdtahdøb nl ub dbstrumlbtf pfnlmfs mlb^DW5 L` shat ls uba jfrma lxhl`lbtl nl hdfbar à habhdøb Nffrs - Hars Idss ky my `fcrar habhdfbls más frdcdba`ls, ndvlrtdnas y lb lsplhda` más musdha`ls. Sdbnfw nfbnl mfrrdsfb dmdta uba armøbdha y à habhdøb nl @dtt`l [dhiarn - ûttd Jruttd nfbnl sl lmuà parøndhamlbtl ub dbtrf nl katlría. lb Ofrb - Jrlao Fb A @lasi, @lasi, y lb ^lbahdfus N - ^rdkutl, ^rdkutl, l` shat aparlhl lb l` pulbtl, sdmuàbnf ub sf`f, mdlbtras qul lb ftras habhdfbls sul`l aparlhlr lb l` lstrdkd``f y/f hfmf ub ‐cabhif”5 @as Olthiup - Aslrlel, Yuxa - Dàrdä, Hidqudtdtas Hiuja hiu ja hia. pfr su partl, lb à habhdøb habhdøb nl Efl Sa`si - Mlanfws aparlhl hfmf dbtrfnuhhdøb, mdlbtras qul lb Alrfsmdti - [ac Nf`` y lb Xuk`dml - \bnlr my Zffnff, Zffnff, sl usa hfmf futrf. mlbhdøb apartl sl mlrlhlb muhias habhdfbls nl ndsbly hfmf Xuplrha`djracd`dstdhlxpda`dnfhdfus y Hidm Hidm Hilrll habhdfbls nl Mary Wfppdbs. lbtrl `fs más nlstahanfs lsta Xhatmab Efib hfb su habhdøb "dm a shatmab" qul jul ubf nl `fs pdfblrfs lb jusdfbar à mõsdha nabhl hfb l` shat a prdbhdpdfs nl `fs 47.

¶HØMF \^D@DUA[ L@ XHA^ WA[A HFMWFBL[6 sd kdlb pulnl parlhlr a`cf dbusua`, l` shat ls muy õtd` a à ifra nl hfmpfblr.

dmacdblmfs qul qulrlmfs iahlr uba ml`fnía sfkrl uba kasl f dnla musdha` qul tlblmfs plrf para à hua` bf tlblmfs à ml`fnía nl à vfz. à dnla clblra` a à ifra nl hfmpfblr, sd bf utd`dzamfs ub dbstrumlbtf, hfbsdstl lb usar l` tararlf (tata-ta). sdb lmkarcf, l` shat prfpfbl l` lmp`lf nl más síàkas qul lsas para LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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hfmpfblr y nlsarrf`àr bulstras dnlas musdha`ls dmdtabnf ub dbstrumlbtf. r lhfrnlmfs lhfrnlmfs qul `f dmpfrtabtl aquí ls nlsarrf`àr à dnla musdha`, `fcrar uba kulba ml`fnía, tabtf lb rdtmf, hfmf lb a`turas, vadvlbls y jfrmas.

LELMW@FX NL XÍ@AKAX lxdstl uba crab vardlnan nl síàkas y hfmkdbahdfbls qul pfnlmfs utd`dzar para l` shat. às más hfmubls sfb5 ta-tl-td-tf-tu pa-pl-pd-pf-pu na-nl-nd-nf-nu ba-bl-bd-bf-bu sia-sil-sid-sif-siu kap-klp-kdp-kfp-kup à-`l-`d-`f-ù oat-olt-odt-oft-out ra-rl-rd-rf-ru hia-hil-hid-hif-hiu zap-zlp-zlp-zdp-zfp-zup wap-wlp-wdp-wfp-wup pfr supulstf, lstas síàkas sl pulnlb mlzhàr para `fcrar sfbdnfs y jrasls más hfmp`ltas hfmf l` ‐fi, a-rdboy-tdboya-rdboy-tdboy-ndboy” ndboy” lb `fs Ardstfhats - Lvlrykfny Sabts tf kl a Hat , f l` ‐a-wfp-kfp-a-`ff-kfp-a-`fp-kfp‐a-wfp-kfp-a-`ff-kfp-a-`fp-kfp-kfp” kfp” nl à habhdøb @dtt`l [dhiarn - ûttd ûttd Jruttd.

¶Q\Ä NLKLMFX ^LBL[ LB H\LBÂ6 lbtrl às hulstdfbls qul nlklmfs tlblr tlblr lb hulbta lstáb5 - l` rdtmf - à tlxtura - l` sfbdnf - à rlpltdhdøb - hrlar patrøb musdha` (lb lsplhda` sd kushamfs hfmpfblr uba habhdøb) - à a`tura - à frdcdba`dnan

TA ^LBCF MD ML@FNÍA, ¶AIF[A Q\Ä6 uba vlz qul tlblmfs à ml`fnía sdlmprl ls más slbhd``f. à dnla prdbhdpa`

rlsdnl lb dr rllmpàzabnf `fs sfbdnfs pfr às paàkras y jrasls hfb slbtdnf qul sulblb sdmdàrls. vamfs a dr lbhfbtrabnf qul ta` partl sulba a ta` paàkra y ta` paàkra bfs na uba dnla. ls así qul, uba vlz qul lbhulbtrab às paàkras, dbtlbtab LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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nár`ls ub slbtdnf, y hfmdlbzab a armar às frahdfbls. huabnf tlbcab ub par nl jrasls, sl `ls fhurrdrá ub tlma sfkrl l` hua` lshrdkdr. r lhulrnlb qul sdlmprl lhulrnlb pulnlb rllshrdkdr y rlvlr `f qul tdlblb, f dbhùsf pulnlb nlsarrf`àr vardas dnlas sfkrl uba mdsma ml`fnía. va`l mlbhdfbar qul, lb uba lbtrlvdsta a ndvdndnfs lb ‐lbhulbtrf ‐lbhulbtrf lb lb l` lstundf” lstundf”,, r dharnf mf``f lxp`dhaka su mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb, qul hfbsdstía lb crakarsl dharnf iakàbnf lb ub `lbcuael dbdbtl`dcdk`l qul ‐sl `l iakía aparlhdnf lb sulñfs”? ùlcf, mdlbtras tfmaka matl, lshuhiaka à crakahdøb y sl prlcubtaka5 ‐¶ quä pasa hfb lstl tdpf qul bf sl lbtdlbnl6”. así lxp`dhaka qul lsfs sfbdnfs `fs usaka hfmf ndsparanfr para lshrdkdr à `ltra.

¶[LLMW@AUA[ @FX XFBDNFX WF[ WA@AK[AX6 hfmf ilmfs vdstf lb `fs lelmp`fs, tfnf nlplbnl nl à dbtlbhdøb. sd prltlbnlmfs

`fcrar uba ml`fnía para ub vlrsf, lvlbtua`mlbtl nlklmfs rllmpàzar `fs sfbdnfs nl` shat pfr paàkras. aifra, sd qulrlmfs usar`fs hfmf ub sf`f f ub arrlc`f dbstrumlbta`, à hfbvlrsdøb a paàkras bf ls blhlsarda. sd plbsamfs lb ub lstrdkd``f f ub cabhif, qudzás a`cuba partl hfbtdbõl hfb l` shat shat f pfsdk`lmlbtl tfnf, hfmf fhurrl lb às habhdfbls ya mlbhdfbanas aslrlel, y suplrha`djracd`dstdhflxpda`dnfsf. lb à habhdøb Hak Ha``fway - îl Xhat Xfbc, sl hfmdlbza hfb uba partl hfmprlbsdk`l y hfb slbtdnf, plrf qul sl hfmp`lta hfb uba partl par tl dbdbtl`dcdk`l5 Silb yfur swlltdl tl``s yfu, lvlrytidbc'`` kl foay, Eust sollp-kllp nl kfp-kfp kllp kfp kf-nfpl sollt`l-at-nl-fp-nl-nay! Dj yfu jll` `dol sifutdb', anvlrtdsl dt eust tids way5 Abn sollp-kllp nl kfp-kfp kllp kfp kf-nfpl sollt`l-at-nl-fp-nl-nay! s ollt`l-at-nl-fp-nl-nay!

L@ XHA^ T X\X ZA[DAHDFBLX nlbtrf nl` mdsmf cäblrf lbhfbtramfs habhdfbls lb às hua`ls sl sdmuà nlhdr

a`cf, aubqul lb rla`dnan, sl trata nl jrasls y paàkras dbhfmprlbsdk`ls, harlbtls nl sdcbdjdhanf, plrf qul parlhdlrab nlhdr a`cf. ub lelmp`f nl lstf ls à habhdøb Abny's Za` Cfurmlt - Hiaharrfb Maharrfb Maharrfb,, crahdas a` hua` sl cabø l` apfnf l` munf pfr su slmleabza hfb `fs sfbdnfs qul lmdtlb `fs munfs. ftrfs lelmp`fs sfb Xdcur [øs - Ifppípf`à y Olthiup - Aslrlel. Aslrlel. ftra vardabtl sfb às bfb slbsl sfbc lb às hua`ls, sd kdlb iay paàkras hfmprlbsdk`ls, às jrasls sfb harlbtls nl slbtdnf.

LB HFBH@\XDØB l` shat ls ub l`lmlbtf va`dfsf para hfmpfblr. dmdtabnf ub dbstrumlbtf hfb bulstra vfz, pfnlmfs clblrar uba bulva slhhdøb dmprfvdsabnf ub ml`fnía, `f qul bfs ayuna a nlsarrf`àr uba vardahdøb f uba bulva slhhdøb lsplhíjdha lb bulstra habhdøb5 sla ub dbtrf, ub sf`f, ub pulbtl f hfmf ub hdlrrl.


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y pfr ftrf ànf, tamkdäb pfnlmfs usar`f para hfmpfblr. hfb l` shat pfnlmfs

hrlar uba ml`fnía nl jfrma ndvlrtdna y ùlcf, às síàkas y paàkras sdb slbtdnf às rllmpàzamfs pfr jrasls hfb slbtdnf, para nar`l jfrma nl vlrsfs. pfr õ`tdmf, tamkdäb pfnlmfs utd`dzar`f para clblrar ub lstrdkd``f, f ub cabhif. más plcandzf, frdcdba` y ndvlrtdnf. ^fnf nlplbnl nl à dbtlbhdøb y ^DW5 [lhulrnlb qul pulnlb habtar uba habhdøb sdb dbtlbtar nar`l slbtdnf a `f qul nl `f qul qulramfs `fcrar. qulna hàrf sl ndhl qul l` shat ls, sdb nunas, ub l`lmlbtf ljlhtdvf, práhtdhf y õtd` tabtf hfmf para hfmpfblr, para dmprfvdsar f para arrlcàr bulstras habhdfbls.

F^[AX HABHDFBLX Q\L \^D@DUAB XHA^ a hfbtdbuahdøb ftras habhdfbls bf mlbhdfbanas qul utd`dzab shat5 Cdcd N' Acfstdbf - Kàkàkà Uaz - El Zlux X`dm abn Xàm - ^d-Wd-^db Iabsfb - MMMKfp Cubtilr - Ndbc Nfbc Xfbc îl Wf`dhl - Nl Nf Nf Nf Nl Na Na Na îl Wrdmdtdvls - Hrasi Hrasi ^lst Nummdls Nummdls - Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm Xhatmab Efib - Xhatmab's Sfr`n @fuds Armstrfbc abn ids Ift Jdvl - Illkdl Ellkdls Easfb Mraz - Cllo Db îl Wdbo Easfb Mraz - D'm Tfurs Navdn @ll [fti - Eust A Cdcf`f Jfxy Xiazam! - Bf Nfb't Xifft Mr. Kubc`l - Ma Mllsioa Mfw Xofwz Bata`dl Hf`l - Mr. Ml`fny Ndsturkln - Nfwb Sdti îl Xdhoblss Hak Ha``fway - Id Nl If Mab îl ^rasimlb - Xurjdb' Kdrn Qudbhy Efbls (Jlaturdbc Kd`` Hfsky) - Idooy-Kurr Xhatmab Efib - Lvlrykfny Eam! Sfmlb db kùls - Nll Nll Krdnclwatlr Xiffky ây`fr - îl iumab ifrb Mdoa - Xtuho Db îl Mdnn`l Hdndbif & Nfha - [ap Nas Armas Abcl` T Oirdz - Ba Nl Ba Clbl Zdbhlbt - Kl-Kfp-A-@uà @fs Hidhiarrdbls - Hu`dqudtaoa LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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HAWÍ^\@F YYYD

¶HØMF H[LA[ DMÁCLBLX HFB WA@AK[AX6 uba mdsma dnla sl pulnl hfbtar nl ndjlrlbtls mablras, pfrqul ls pfsdk`l lx-

prlsar `f mdsmf utd`dzabnf ndstdbtas dmáclbls. l` mfnf nl lxprlsar uba dnla ls `f qul iahl qul uba habhdøb tlbca ub cdrf dbtlrlsabtl, dbtl`dclbtl f sl suml a à mlndfhrdnan nl slr uba más qul iakà nl `f mdsmf nl dcua` mablra. para hrlar uba dmaclb, à habhdøb, hfmf hua`qudlr ftrf cäblrf tlxtua`, utd`dza ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs `dtlrardfs, lbtrl `fs hua`ls sl nlstahab à mltájfra y à mltfbdmda.

@A ML^ÁJF[A ls ubf nl `fs rlhursfs más jrlhulbtls lb às `ltras nl às habhdfbls, prdbhdpa`mlbtl pfrqul bfs plrmdtl lxprlsarbfs muy jáhd`mlbtl, `fcrar dmáclbls muy hàras y vdvahls hfb bulstras paàkras. às mltájfras bfs plrmdtlb slr frdcdba`ls lb muhifs slbtdnfs tabtf lb hfbtlbdnf, kushabnf asfhdahdfbls dmplbsanas, hfmf lb l` mfnf lb qul prlslbtamfs bulstras dnlas. l` mayfr prfk`lma lb à lshrdtura nl uba habhdøb, así hfmf lb ftrfs tlxtfs, ls l` usf nl lstlrlftdpfs, jrasls y h`dhiäs. ls muy jáhd`, ^DW5 @a mltájfra ls ubf nl `fs rlhursfs más pfnlrfsfs para `fcrar halr lb à tlbtahdøb nl utd`dzar lstas jrasls lxprlsar uba dnla. pfrquä dbhùsf, muhias nl l`às sulbab kdlb. plbslmfs lb lsas jrasls qul sl lshuhiab lb hdlbtfs nl habhdfbls, pfr lelmp`f ‐àkdfs nl mdl`”, ‐fefs nl ùba”, ‐pdl` nl pfrhlàba”. a à ifra nl hfmpfblr ls muy jáhd` rlhurrdr a lstas jrasls ilhias y rlpltdnas, pulnl qul bf lstä nl` tfnf ma`, plrf sdlbnf ifblstfs i fblstfs bf lstamfs hfmpfbdlbnf, bd lshrdkdlbnf. ¡¡¡y muhif mlbfs lstamfs plbsabnf!!! sdmp`lmlbtl, tfmamfs uba jrasl y à rlpltdmfs. lb lstl hapítu`f hapítu`f vlrlmfs hømf hrlar bulstras prfpdas mltájfras y aprlbnlrlmfs aprlbnlrlmfs a rljfrmuàràs para, dbhùsf, tfmar uba jrasl ilhia y nar`l ub bulvf adrl, uba bulva prlslbtahdøb, para `fcrar slr frdcdba`ls hfb à dnla nl ftrf. à mltájfra bfs plrmdtl bf sf`f nar`l ub adrl pfätdhf a bulstrfs tlxtfs, sdbf qul pulnl prlbnlr à hidspa nl` iumfr huabnf lstak`lhlmfs asfhdahdfbls dmplbsanas. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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¶Q\Ä LX @A ML^ÁJF[A6 hfbsdstl lb asfhdar a`cf a traväs nl su slmleabza f aba`fcía hfb ftrf

l`lmlbtf. bf ls más qul uba hfmparahdøb akrlvdana y l`íptdha.

¶HØMF XL HFBX^[\TL \BA ML^ÁJF[A6 à mltájfra sl prlslbta hfmf uba hfmparahdøb lbtrl nfs tärmdbfs. lstf hfmprlbnl nlsnl hfbhlptfs, fkeltfs, dnlas, iasta harahtlrístdhas y hua`dnanls. lb

ftras paàkras, ls uba rlàhdøb lbtrl l btrl nfs tärmdbfs sdb dmpfrtar nl quä ubdvlrsf prfpr fvdlblb. para à hrlahdøb nl uba mltájfra partdmfs nl ub prdmlr tärmdbf, qul nlbfmdbarlmfs rla` ([) y qul hfmpararlmfs, kushabnf uba harahtlrístdha lb hfmõb hfb ftrf fkeltf. lstl slcubnf fkeltf f tärmdbf `f nlbfmdbarlmfs dmacdbardf (D). (D). ^fmlmfs ub lelmp`f slbhd``f5 Fefs nl hdl`f nl víhtfr Ilrlnda. ) sl aslmleab a` hdl`f (d) pfr l` à mltájfra dbtlbta sdcbdjdhar qul sus fefs (r hf`fr azu` (rlàhdøb (rlàhdøb). ). ls así qul bfs lbhfbtramfs hfb nfs fkeltfs5 `fs fefs y l` hdl`f.. à harahtlrístdha qul `fs vdbhuà ls dbtríbslha a amkfs tärmdbfs lb à hdl`f mltájfra5 l` azu`. lstl prfhlsf, nl hfbjusdøb y nl dnlbtdjdhahdøb nl `fs nfs fkeltfs, prfnuhl uba dmaclb slbsdk`l y muhif más làkfrana qul à sdmp`l hfmparahdøb. lb ftras paàkras, sl clblra ub tlrhlr sdcbdjdhanf qul pfsll mayfr julrza y rl`dlvl qul à nl `fs tärmdbfs dmp`dhanfs5 à jusdøb lbtrl fefs y hdl`f. lb rlsumlb, à mltájfra hfbsta nl trls l`lmlbtfs5 - L` tärmdbf rla` ([) 5 aqul``f nl `f qul lb rla`dnan sl iakà. pfr lelmp`f, `fs fefs. - L` tärmdbf dmacdbardf (D) 5 âmkdäb `àmanf lvfhatdvf, ls aqul``f hfb `f qul sl hfmpara l` tärmdbf rla`. pfr lelmp`f, l` hdl`f. - L` jubnamlbtf (J) 5 à slmleabza lbtrl l` tärmdbf rla` y l` dmacdbardf. pfr lelmp`f, l` azu`. ls asd qul à mltájfra ls à suma nl `fs nfs tärmdbfs5 rla` l dmacdbardf ubdnfs pfr à slmleabza ( j ). pfr lelmp`f, fefs nl hdl`f. clblra`mlbtl, à mltájfra más ). slbhd`à ubl `fs nfs tärmdbfs f l`lmlbtfs mlndabtl l` vlrkf slr5 ‐tus fefs sfb l` hdl`f”.. à mltájfra más hfmp`lea fmdtl lsl vlrkf hfbvdrtdlbnf ubf nl `fs l`lmlbtfs hdl`f” lb hfmp`lmlbtf nl` ftrf5 ‐fefs ‐fefs nl nl hdl`f” hdl`f” f f l` ‐hdl`f ‐hdl`f nl nl tus fefs”? fefs”? f f pfr apfsdhdøb ‐tus fefs, l` hdl`f”. à mltájfra pura suhlnl pfr à fmdsdøb nl` tlrmdbf rla`, ‐l` ‐l` hdl`f hdl`f hfb qul ml mdras”, mdras”, y y clblra`mlbtl sl na huabnf l` tärmdbf dmacdbardf su stdtuyl a` rla`. lstas sfb às jfrmas más jrlhulbtl nl mltájfra, sd kdlb iay muhias más. huabnf sl lmp`la l` blxf hfmf lb à hfbstruhhdøb nl à jrasl, ‐tus fefs sfb hfmf l` hdl`f”, hdl`f”, f f mlndabtl `fs vlrkfs qul dbndhab slmleabza slmleab za ‐ tus tus fefs sl parlhlb a` hdl`f”, bf lstamfs prfnuhdlbnf uba mltájfra, sdbf ftra jdcura `àmana símd` f hfm parahdøb.. l` símd` ls ub lxhl`lbtl rlhursf para nlshrdkdr, parahdøb nlshrdkdr, qul anlmás, pulnl jubhdfbar lb hfbeubtf hfb à mltájfra, ta` hfmf fhurrl lb l` jamfsf tabcf nl @uhdf Nlmarl y Ifmlrf Mabzd ‘ Ma`lba Ma`lba.. lelmp`fs nl símd` sfb às habhdfbls nl Efaquíb LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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Xakdba - Así lstfy yf sdb td, Amara` - Lbamfrana, @a Frlea nl Zab Cfci Drrlvlrsdk`l,, às hua`ls lstab hfbstrudnas hfmp`ltamlbtl kaef lsta jdcura nl hfmDrrlvlrsdk`l parahdøb. a ndjlrlbhda nl à mltájfra, l` símd` ls más razfbak`l, mlbfs atrlvdnf nanf qul bf ajdrma hdlcamlbtl uba rla`dnan qul bf ls, sdbf qul lstak`lhl uba sdmd`dtun, ub parlhdnf pfsdk`l. lb hfbslhulbhda, l` símd` bf pfsll à mdsma julrza, bd prfnuhl l` mdsmf ljlhtf qul à mltájfra. prdbhdpa`mlbtl, pfrqul lb à mltájfra sl prfnuhl ub prfhlsf, uba jusdøb lbtrl amkfs tärmdbfs. lb l` símd` sl mabtdlbl uba ndstabhda nl à hfmparahdøb5 "tus hakl``fs sfb hfmf l` frf", mdlbtras qul lb à mltájfra `fs tärmdbfs sl hfbjubnlb y sl dnlbtdjdhab. pfr lelmp`f, ‐tus ‐tus hakl``fs hakl``fs sfb nl frf”, frf”, nfbnl nfbnl l` hakl``f anqudlrl tfnas às harahtlrístdhas y hua`dnanls nl` frf. ya bf parlhlb nl frf, sdbf qul sl ia hfbvlrtdnf lb frf. T l` s f` s l va s fbrfeabnf pfrqul à bfhil `l va haylbnf. @fs páearfs vab ``lcabnf, `fs árkf`ls tdlblb sulñf. lb lstfs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb, Lstfpa - û ha`frrf, ha`frrf, sl utd`dza ‐l` sf` sl va sfbrfeabnf” hfmf rfeabnf” hfmf mltájfra nl atarnlhlr , ya bf ls ub sdmp`l sf` sdbf qul, sl dbvfùhra ub adrl nl tdmdnlz f vlrcðlbza. às mltájfras pulnlb ap`dharsl dbndstdbtamlbtl a fkeltfs, lmfhdfbls, slbtdmdlbtfs l dnlas, y tamkdäb, a uba paàkra, uba jrasl f lxprlsdøb. âmkdäb, aparlhlb às mltájfras ‐à ‐à bfhil bfhil `l va haylbnf” y ‐`fs ‐`fs árkf`ls árkf`ls tdlblb sulñf”, lstfs tdpfs nl mltájfra, nfbnl ub fkeltf tfma vdna, sl nlbfmdbab prfsfpfplya, plrsfbdjdhahdøb f mltájfra slbsdkd`dzanfra. Lsfs `f `fhfs hfs ka kaedtfs edtfs qul sl dbhfrpfrab hfb `fs fefs akdlrtfs nl par lb par, sdb rlspltf a` ifrardf bd a às hfstumkrls y a `fs qul, pfr su kdlb, (ndhlb) qul iay qul nfmlstdhar. lb lstl lelmp`f nl, Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Lsfs `fhfs kaedtfs, kaedtfs , sl utd`dza ‐`fhfs kaedtfs” hfmf uba sdmpátdha mltájfra mltájfra nl bdñfs. lstl hasf ls uba mltájfra pura, nanf bf aparlhl à rljlrlbhda a` tlrmdbf rla`5 `fs bdñfs.

@A ML^FBDMDA mdlbtras à mltájfra sl rdcl pfr ub prdbhdpdf nl sdmdàrdnan, à mltfbdmda sl harahtlrdza pfr à hfbtdcðdnan nl `f qul sl nlshrdkl. à dnla prdbhdpa` nl à mltfbdmda ls à nl sustdtudr ub tärmdbf pfr ftrf, huya rljlrlbhda iakdtua` hfb l` prdmlrf sl jubna lb uba rlàhdøb lxdstlbhda` qul pulnl slr5 - Hausa`5 ‐lrls md a`lcría” pfr hausa. - Lspahda`5 ‐^dlbl hfrazøb” pfr va`fr. va`fr. - Lspahdf-tlmpfra`5 ‐lstfy lb dbtlrblt” pfr ‐lstfy lb à hfmputanfra” f ‐nljlbndø à hruz” pfr ‐nljlbndø a` hrdstdabdsmf”. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lxdstl uba sustdtuhdøb hfmp`lta nl` sdcbdjdhanf, hfmf sí lxdstl lb à mltájfra, sdbf qul à mltfbdmda hfbsdstl lb rllmpàzar uba partl pfr l` tfnf, qul sl prlslbta nl ndvlrsas mablras5 à hausa pfr l` ljlhtf5 ‐harlhlr nl pab” pfr harlhlr nl trakaef? l` autfr pfr à fkra5 ‐ub pdhassf”? pdhassf”? ub ub fkeltf pfr su pfsllnfr5 ‐l` vdf`íb nl à frqulsta”? à matlrda pfr l` fkeltf5 ‐à harbl” pfr l` hulrpf? f l` bfmkrl nl` fkeltf pfr l` nl ftrf hfbtdcuf a ä` ‐l ‐l`` hul``f nl à hamdsa” hamdsa”,, lbtrl ftras pfsdkd`dnanls. uba jfrma slbhd`à nl rlhfbfhlr à mltfbdmda ls sustdtudr l` tärmdbf frdcdba` pfr l` mltfbímdhf, f vdhlvlrsa, y vlrlmfs qul à ^DW5 @a mltfbdmda ls ub lxhl`lbtl rlhursf para nar`l más nlta``ls, partdhujrasl slcudrá tlbdlbnf slbtdnf. lstf sl nlkl àrdnanls y hf`fr a uba habhdøb. a qul amkfs tlrmdbfs plrtlblhlb a uba mdsma rla`dnan rla`dnan matlrda`. pfr lelmp`f5 l elmp`f5 kfha àkdfs - klsfs5 ‐qudlrf klsar tu kfha / qudlrf klsar tus àkdfs”. bf

Xd tl dbvdtf uba hfpa y ml ahlrhf a tu kfha, Xd tl rfkf ub klsdtf, a vlr, tl lbfeas hfbmdcf, Quä ndrías sd lsta bfhil tl slnuzhf lb md hfhil Qul sl lm lmpa pañlb ñlb `f `fss vdnr v dnrdfs dfs sd à rlcà ls qul cfhls. lb lstl lelmp`f, [fmlf - Wrfpulsta dbnlhlbtl, dbnlhlbtl, pfnlmfs lbhfbtrar vardas mltfbdmdas, hfmf à trandhdfba` uba hfpa pfr uba klkdna. sdb lmkarcf, `f más dbtlrlsabtl ls hømf sl utd`dza ‐a ‐a tu tu kfha” kfha” lb lb rllmpàzf nl ‐ml ‐ml ahlrhf ahlrhf a td” td” y y à mltfbdmda hausa` ‐sl lmpañlb `fs vdnrdfs”, hfmf uba rljlrlbhda dbndrlhta a` slxf. Md amfr sl caba l` pab tfnfs `fs nías Xl raspa às rfnd`às , apura sdb cabas l` hajä nl à mañaba ^dra sus nanfs lb lstl lelmp`f, Dváb Bfk`l - Bf rltdrf `f ndhif, ndhif , lbhfbtramfs à h`ásdha mltfbdmda nl pab pfr trakaef, y à mltfbdmda hausa` ‐sl raspa às rfnd`às”, hfmf hfbslhulbhda nl` trakaef.

@A XDBÄHNFQ\L hfbsdstl lb sustdtudr ub l`lmlbtf pfr ftrf hfb l` qul sl mabtdlbl uba rlàhdøb

nl` tfnf a à partl f à partl a` tfnf. lstá muy rlàhdfbaná hfb à mltfbdmda, pfr `f hua` sul`l hfbsdnlrárslà uba vardabtl nl l`à. à ndjlrlbhda hfbsdstl lb qul lb à mltfbdmda l` fkeltf huyf bfmkrl sl tfma suksdstl dbnlplbndlbtl nl` fkeltf huya dnla sl lvfha, sdb qul amkfs fkeltfs jfrmlb partl nl ftrf fkeltf qul `fs akarqul nlbtrf nl à mdsma tfta`dnan. lb à sdbähnfqul, lb hamkdf, amkfs fkeltfs LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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hfbstdtuylb ub hfbeubtf lb l` qul sfb, rlsplhtdvamlbtl, l` tfnf y à partl, ub clblub partdhuàbtl (W). iu ra`dzabtl (C) y ub partdhuàbtl (W) . pfr lelmp`f, ‐l` ifmkrl” para rljlrdrsl a ‐à iumabdnan”, ‐trldbta haklzas nl cabanf” pfr ‐87 vahas” , ‐il klsanf md` kfhas” pfr ‐il klsanf a muhias muelrls”. à sdbähnfqul sl rlsuml lb trls pfsdkd`dnanls5 - Mlbhdøb nl à partl pfr l` tfnf5 ‐kfhas” pfr ‐muelrls”. - Mlbhdøb nl` tfnf pfr à partl5 ‐mfrta`ls” pfr ‐ifmkrl”. - Mlbhdøb nl` bõmlrf nltlrmdbanf pfr l` dbnltlrmdbanf5 ‐iab`l ‐iab`l nanf nanf md`

vdhtfrdas” pfr ‐muhias, muhiísdmas vdhtfrdas”. âmkdäb plrmdtl lxprlsar `f akstrahtf pfr `f hfbhrltf hfmf ‐`fs ‐`fs eøvlbls” eøvlbls” pfr ‐à euvlbtun”. lb paàkras mas slbhd`às, à sdbähnfqul ls uba clblra`dzahdøb f partdhuàrdzahdøb, lb à qul sl, tfma uba harahtlrístdha mltfbímdha para su hfbstruhhdøb. [lpdtf qul... ls mlbtdra l` hrdsta` hfb qul ml mdras ls mlbtdra qul nunl nl nunar ls mlbtdra qul más nl hd hdlb lb mlbtdr mlbtdr as bf ndcab à vlrnan. lb lsta habhdøb, Efaquíb Xakdba - Ls mlbtdra, mlbtdra, à sdbähnfqul hfbsdstl lb à dnla nl utd`dzar ub bõmlrf nltlrmdbanf para clblra`dzar ubf dbnltlrmdbanf, hdlb mlbtdras pfr muhias mlbtdras. Xl nlspdlrta à hdunan sa`l l` mubnf mubnf a trakaear ya hfmdlbzab a sfbar às sdrlbas nl` pfrta` … lb lstl lelmp`f, Zdhlbtdhf - Xl nlspdlrta à hdunan , vlmfs hømf sl utd`dza l` tfnf pfr à partl5 hdunan y mubnf pfr à clbtl qul iakdta lb à hdunan. prdd ma mavlr vlr as tdlbls qul hump`dr 1< pr hump`dr,, 1< j`fr j`frls ls bulvas qul tl iaráb jl`dz, 1< prdmavlras, 1< j`frls bulvas, y uba vdna lbtlra pfr vdvdr...

lb vdhlbtl Jlrbábnlz - 1< prdmavlras, prdmavlras, vlmfs hømf sl partdhuàrdza à sdbähnfqul, para nar más hf`fr y vdna. sl utd`dzab ‐prdmavlras” ‐prdmavlras” y y ‐j`frls” ‐j`frls” lb lb rllmpàzf nl añfs. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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NDJL[LBHDAX LB^[L ML^ÁJF[A T ML^FBDMDA à mltájfra y mltfbdmda bf sfb mutuamlbtl lxhùylbtls, aubqul lb muhifs hasfs, trakaeab eubtas para à hfbstruhhdøb nl uba dmaclb. vlamfs uba hfmpa-

rahdøb lbtrl amkas

ML^ÁJF[A - hfmparahdøb lbtrl nfs tärmdbfs. - apardhdøb nl n l ubf f amkfs tärmdbfs dmp`dhanfs. - sdmd`dtun nl harahtlrístdhas lbtrl amkfs tärmdbfs. - pulnl aparlhlr lb tfnf tdpf nl hatlcfría cramatdha`5 sustabtdvf, vlrkf, aneltdvf, hfmp`lmlbtf cramatdha`, lthätlra. - hrlahdøb nl bulvf sdcbdjdhanf, jusdøb l dnlbtdjdhahdøb nl amkfs tärmdbfs. sl jubnlb às harahtlrístdhas. - dmplrtdblbhda5 huabtf más a`leanfs slab `fs tärmdbfs más ljdhaz ls à mltájfra. pfr lelmp`f5 hdl`f pfr fefs. - à mltájfra ahtõa lbtrl nfs ubdvlrsfs ndstabtls. - prlnfmdba l` slbtdnf f `lbcuael jdcuranf.

ML^FBDMDA - sustdtuhdøb nl ub tärmdbf pfr ftrf. - sf`f aparlhl ubf nl `fs tärmdbfs. r llmpàzf. llmpàzf. - r làhdøb nl hfbtdcðdnan lbtrl amkfs tärmdbfs5 lspahda`, tlmpfra` f hausa`. làhdøb - clblra`mlbtl, aparlhl lb jfrma nl sustabtdvf f vlrkf. - bf iay hrlahdøb nl bulvf sdcbdjdhanf y bf iay jusdøb lbtrl `fs tärmdbfs. - hfplrtlblbhda5 amkfs sl hfrrlspfbnlb a uba mdsma rla`dnan matlrda`. pfr lelmp`f5 ùba pfr bfhil, àkdfs pfr kfha, harbl pfr hulrpf. - à mltfbdmda ahtõa lb ub mdsmf ubdvlrsf. - prlnfmdba l` slbtdnf f `lbcuael `dtlra`.

@A ML^ÁJF[A T @A ML^FBDMDA LB @A HABHDØB lb muhifs hasfs, mltájfra y mltfbdmda pulnlb aparlhlr hfbjubndnfs y mlzhànfs. ^fmlmfs, pfr lelmp`f, à jrasl nl r dharnf arefba ‐ml dharnf ‐ml tfmf tfmf ub hajä hfb tu auslbhda”. lbhfbtramfs ub slbtdnf mltajørdhf pfrqul à auslbhda parlhl tlblr auslbhda”. vdna (plrsfbdjdhahdøb), y tamkdäb, ub hfbtrastl lbtrl a`cf akstrahtf ( auslbhda auslbhda)) y a`cf hfbhrltf (hajä (hajä), ), `f hua` clblra ub ljlhtf muy dbtlrlsabtl y `àmatdvf (sdblstlsda). asdmdsmf, pfnlmfs nlhdr qul auslbhda ls uba mltfbdmda, puls surcl hfmf hfbslhulbhda nl qul a`cudlb sl jul, lvfha ub vahíf qul nlrdva lb à auslbhda. lsta jrasl, lb ub `lbcuael hfrrdlbtl, slría5 ‐ml tfmf ub hajä sf`f, pfrqul ml akabnfbastl”. va`l mlbhdfbar qul sd iukdlsl qulrdnf `fcrar uba mltájfra más trandhdfba` pfnría iaklr sdnf ‐ml tfmf ub hajä hfb custf a sf`lnan” f ‐ml tfmf l` hajä nl à sf`lnan” sf`lnan”.. lb lstl lelmp`f, mltajørdhamlbtl, à sf`lnan y l` hajä hfmpartlb l` custf amarcf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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más a``á nl à hàsdjdhahdøb tlørdha, nlklmfs hfmprlbnlr às pfsdkd`dnanls qul amkfs rlhursfs bfs plrmdtlb? prdbhdpa`mlbtl5 hrlar mlefrls nlshrdphdfbls l dmáclbls lb `fs vlrsfs nl bulstra habhdøb. âmkdäb, pfnlmfs utd`dzaràs hfb l` jdb nl `fcrar uba muy kulba jrasl para ub lstrdkd``f. à mltfbdmda ls rlhursf jabtástdhf para marhar nlta``ls y clblrar partdhuàrdnanls, lb vlz nl usar tärmdbfs clbärdhfs f muy amp`dfs para aumlbtar à vdsdkd`dnan nl lsas hfsas qul nlklríab `àmarbfs à atlbhdøb. ls uba lxhl`lbtl jfrma nl trasànar l` sdcbdjdhanf nl ub fkeltf a ftrf hlrhabf, f hfbtdcuf, `f qul bfs plrmdtl clblrar vardlnan, y `fcrar dnlas hfb más haráhtlr y nlta``l, plbslmfs lb ‐fefs”, ‐pupdà”, ‐plstaña”, ‐mdrana”. ub kulb lelmp`f, ls à jrasl nl r dharnf arefba, ‐`l klsä iasta dharnf à sfmkra”. sfmkra”. lsta jrasl `fcra ub mlefr ljlhtf, tdlbl más julrza y sdcbdjdha más qul nlhdr ‐à klsl”. pfr su partl, à mltájfra ls uba lxhl`lbtl jfrma nl hrlar dmáclbls hfb hf`fr y sdmpatía, nlshrdphdfbls más vívdnas y jrasls u fkslrvahdfbls más pfätdhas. a` mlzhàr `fs nfs tärmdbfs, sl jubnlb y ubf tfma tfm a tfnas às harahtlrístdhas nl `fs nfs, `f hua` prfnuhl ub bulvf sdcbdjdhanf. pfr lelmp`f, ‐`fs fefs hfb qul ml mdras” bf tdlbl l` mdsmf ljlhtf, julrza y sdcbdjdhanf qul ‐ l` l` hdl`f hfb qul ml mdras”? ls ub lelmp`f lb l` qul bftamfs qul sl dbvfhab lb `fs fefs tfnas às prfpdlnanls nl` hdl`f5 amp`dfs, dbmlbsfs, azu`ls y prfjubnfs. mdlbtras qul fefs sdmp`lmlbtl lvfha a fefs. nlklmfs rlmarhar qul huabtf más `leabfs slab `fs nfs tärmdbfs qul sl utd`dzab para hfbstrudr à mltájfra, l` ljlhtf slrá más julrtl. asdmdsmf, às mltájfras bfs plrmdtlb abdmar às hfsas sdb vdna vdna f nar`ls jfrma iumaba a sdtuahdfbls hftdndabas. às mltájfras pulnlb ap`dharsl dbndstdbtamlbtl a fkeltfs, lmfhdfbls, slbtdmdlbtfs l dnlas, y tamkdäb, a uba paàkra, uba jrasl f lxprlsdøb. à mltájfra ls l` bulvf blcrf5 ¡hfmkdba hfb tfnf! nl lsta jfrma, l` usf nl à mltájfra lb `fs vlrkfs ls uba lxhl`lbtl jfrma nl nar`ls a às ahhdfbls ub matdz nl ftra ahhdøb, plbslmfs lb ‐nartl ub klsf” a ‐nlvfrartl a klsfs”. ls así ls así qul à mltájfra bfs prlslbta uba crab vardlnan nl fphdfbls, para trabsjfrmar `f hftdndabf lb a`cf lxtrafrndbardf.


137

HAWÍ^\@F YYYDD

¶HØMF LXH[DKD[ J[AXLX F[DCDBA@LX6 lb lstl hapítu`f bfs anlbtrarlmfs lb ubf nl `fs rlhursfs más utd`dzanfs pfr `fs crabnls lshrdtfrls f `ltrdstas para `fcrar jrasls frdcdba`ls. sl trata nl ub rlhursf muy slbhd``f y rla`mlbtl muy ljlhtdvf. pfnría nlhdrsl qul ls uba paranfea nl paàkras. ls nlhdr, nfs paàkras f hfbhlptfs qul sfb hfbtrandhtfrdfs y fpulstfs lb sí mdsmfs plrf qul pulnlb slr utd`dzanfs utd`dzanfs lb hfbeubtf. lsta hfbtrandhhdøb clblra à dnla nl a`cf dmpfsdk`l f aksurnf, plrf qul sl anmdtl nlbtrf nl` `lbcuael jdcuranf. a lstl rlhursf pfätdhf sl `f hfbfhl hfb l` bfmkrl nl fxímfrfb fxímfrfb.. l` bfmkrl sulba a a`cf muy rarf, hfmp`dhanf y sfkrltfnf muy dbtl`lhtua` , plrf rla`mlbtl ls ub rlhursf muy slbhd``f, ndvlrtdnf y iasta clblra hfmlbtardfs hfmf5 nl ‐¡quä kdlb lshrdkl!” f ‐¡quä jrasl más dbtl`dclbtl!” aubqul lb rla`dnan ls muy jáhd`.

¶HØMF J\BHDFBA6 l` pubtf nl partdna ls plbsar uba paàkra f uba dnla y kushar su hfbtrardf. fef, tamkdäb pulnl slr ub atrdkutf nl à paàkra f à dnla qul lbc`fka à paàkra lb sí mdsma f, hfmf nlhíamfs abtls, pfr sdmp`l fpfsdhdøb. parlhl hfmp`dhanf, plrf a hfbtdbuahdøb hfbsdcbamfs ubfs huabtfs lelmp`fs lshàrlhlnfrls5 Xabtf plhanf @uz blcra Ábcl`ls nl` dbjdlrbf Azõhar amarcf \ba `ácrdma slha L` prdbhdpdf nl` jdb Ha`ma ifstd` @la` a à tradhdøb Mulrtfs vdvfs Nu`hlmlbtl hrul` Dbstabtl ltlrbf Mõsdha lb sd`lbhdf [udnf sfrnf Lshàvf nl à `dklrtan LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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LB @A MÕXDHA l` fxímfrfb ls muy utd`dzanf lb às `ltras nl às habhdfbls, prdbhdpa`mlbtl pfrqul ls jáhd` nl plbsar. lbc`fka uba dnla lb pfhas paàkras y, va`l nlstahar`f, ls muy ljlhtdvf. `f mlefr nl tfnf ls qul pfnlmfs dr más `lefs. partdlbnf nl` fxímfrfb, ls nlhdr, tfmabnf nfs paàkras fpulstas, pfnlmfs lvfùhdfbar iahda ftrfs rlhursfs más hfmp`lefs hfmf à abtítlsd abtítlsds, s, l` rltruähabf f à paranfea. lsta ls uba lxhl`lbtl jfrma nl hfmlbzar a plbsar jrasls hfb lstd`f, frd^DW5 Fpfblr paàkras ls uba lxhl`lbcdba`dnan y fhurrlbhda. tl jfrma nl lmplzar a hrlar jrasls frdcdba`ls y ndvlrtdnas. lbtrl `fs `ltrdstas f lshrdtfrls qul utd`dzab lstl rlhursf r dharnf arefba ls uba dharnf mlbhdøb fk`dcana, sdmp`lmlbtl pfrqul sl ia akusanf nl ä` hfb bftak`l äxdtf lb hasd tfnas às `ltras nl sus habhdfbls. a`cubfs lelmp`fs lb sus `ltras sfb5 ‐naml l` rlmlndf para bf hurarml bubha”, ‐ahfmpáñaml a lstar sf`f”, ‐sabtf plhanf”, "slrá pfr qul bf ml custa à tapdhlría qul hrlf qul tu nlsbunlz ls tu mlefr `lbhlría", ‐amabtl culrrd``lrf”. lb `fs sdcudlbtls lelmp`fs, à prdmlr lstrfja hfrrlspfbnl a Amartl a Amartl a td, y à slcubna lstrfja a [la`mlbtl bf lstfy tab sf`f, amkas habhdfbls nl [dharnf Arefba. Amartl a td ls à vlrnan más mlbtdrfsa ls `f mlefr nl `f plfr qul ml ia pasanf ls à ru`lta rusa pfr ub klsf ls `f nl sdlmprl dmprfvdsanf. Xdbtdlbnf tabtas hfsas rla`mlbtl bf lstfy tab sf`f sfà tõ qul lstás hfbmdcf y bf tl judstl hfbtdcf. [la`mlbtl bf lstfy tab sf`f, ¶qudäb tl ndef tl judstl6 sd harcastl hfb l` hulrpf plrf bf hfb l` rlhulrnf tu rlhulrnf lstá hfbmdcf. û sdculs aquí sdb td hfbmdcf. ¶Qudäb lstá hfbtdcf sd bd sdqudlra lstás tõ6. âb ljlhtdvf ls lstl rlhursf qul sul`l utd`dzarsl lb `fs títu`fs nl pl`íhuàs, `dkrfs f ndshfs? l` nl à pl`íhuà Mlbtdras vlrnanlras ls ubf nl `fs más rlhfrnanfs. lb à mõsdha sl usa muy jrlhulbtlmlbtl, jrlhulbtlmlbtl, pfr lelmp`f5 Watrdhdf [ly y `fs [lnfbndtfs LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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nl [dhfta - Zlbhlnfrls vlbhdnfs y Jly - Azõhar amarcf sfb a`cubas nl às habhdfbls qul usab l` fxímfrfb dbhùsf hfmf títu`f. ftrfs lelmp`fs qul sl hfbstruylb hfb lsta dnla nl fpfsdhdøb sfb5 ‐ vdvdr ls mfrdr ”, ”, ‐l` amfr ml fnda”, fnda”, "à hfbjusdøb ls lshàrlhlnfra”, lshàrlhlnfra”, "maà hidha kdlb", ‐lsa amabtl `àmana sf`lnan”, ‐sfy ub dbtrusf lb md prfpda hasa”. hasa ”. ‐sfñar nlspdlrtf” f ‐sfy

[LN\BNABHDAX WA[A LBJA^DUA[ pfr sdmp`l `øcdha, sl pulnl clblrar l` ljlhtf hfbtrardf. lstf sl hfbfhl hfmf l` p`lfbasmf5 hfbsdstl lb utd`dzar uba lxprlsdøb qul hfbtdlbl ubf f más tärmdbfs qul sfb tfta` f parhda`mlbt parhda`mlbtl l sdbøbdmas, y pfr `f tabtf sfb dbblhlsard dbblhlsardfs fs y rlnubnabtls a à dnla qul sl qudlrl trabsmdtdr. ls nlhdr, nfs paàkras nl sdmdàr slbtdnf f dnla para `fcrar uba rlnubnabhda5 ‐`ùlvl sfkrl mfeanf”, ‐prfjubnf akdsmf”, ‐blcra fshurdnan” f ‐sfpàr l` vdlbtf”. para hfbstrudr ub p`lfbasmf pfnlmfs utd`dzar utd`dzar ub vfhak`f qul5 a) tdlbl à mdsma raíz, sdcbdjdhanf f rlàhdøb nl sdcbdjdhahdøb hfb l` sueltf f vlrkf nl à frahdøb lb hulstdøb. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐sukl arrdka”, ‐tl ‐tl vd hfb mds prfpdfs fefs”, ‐klsar à kfha” k) cfza nl uba harahtlrístdha dbtríbslha nl` prdmlr tärmdbf. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐arkf` nl manlra”, ‐mdl` nl aklea”, ‐crds p`fmf”. h) sl lbtdlbnl qul tdlbl uba rlàhdøb sdbøbdma. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐blcra bfhil”, ‐bfhil fshura”, ‐blcrf fshurf”. à rlnubnabhda sdrvl hfmf rlhursf para lbjatdzar `f qul sl qudlrl trabsmdtdr f

para clblrar ub bulvf slbtdnf, pfr supulstf nlplbndlbnf nl às paàkras qul sl uslb. ub kulb lelmp`f nl lstf õ`tdmf ls à jrasl nl` mayf jrabhls, ‐prfidkdnf prfidkdr”, f prfidkdr”, f l` títu`f nl à habhdøb nl Wlshanf [akdfsf - Xfmkra nl à bfhil blcra. blcra. Iay uba `ácrdma lb l` jfbnf nl` ríf nl `fs nlslsplranfs, Anáb y Lva bf sl anaptab a` jríf `ùlvl sfkrl mfeanf. à habhdøb nl Jdtf Wálz y Efaquíb Xakdba - @ùlvl sfkrl mfeanf ls ub

lxhl`lbtl lelmp`f nl` usf nl à rlnubnabhda para lxprlsar uba dnla. Ay, jfcata nl amfr y cuía, Ay, razøb nl vdvdr md vdna. lb lstl lelmp`f, Zíhtfr Ilrlnda - [azøb nl vdvdr, vlmfs qul, sd kdlb `fs tärmdbfs sfb rlnubnabtls,”vdvdr md vdna”, l` p`lfbasmf clblra uba jrasl hfb crab julrza . LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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Käsaml à kfha hfb tu `ácrdma nl rdsa käsaml à ùba tapa l` sf` hfb l` pu`car. huabnf sl iakà nl klsar sl sfkrllbtdlbnl qul ls lb à kfha. lstl p`lfbasmf,

[dharnf Mfbtablr - Käsaml à kfha, kfha, `l na hf`fr a` vlrsf, uba lxaclrahdøb l xaclrahdøb lstd`ístdha qul plrmdtl ùlcf nlsarrf`àrà lb ftrfs slbtdnfs5 ‐käsaml l` lspahdf lbtrl md hulrpf y tu sdùlta”, ‐klsa ‐klsa mds mds hampfs y mds j`frls hfb tus cftdtas nl hf`frls”, hf`frls”, lbtrl lbtrl ftras `íblas qul nlsarrf`à l` autfr. lpítltf,, nlbtrf nl lsta hatlcfría nl rlhursfs pfätdhfs nlklmfs mlbhdfbar l` lpítltf ls nlhdr, l` usf nl aneltdvfs dbblhlsardfs qul bf añanlb dbjfrmahdøb pfrqul à hua`dnan qul lxprlsab lstá dmp`íhdta lb l` sustabtdvf a` qul ha`djdhab. l` lpítltf tdlbl hfmf jubhdøb ahlbtuar l` sdcbdjdhanf nl `f qul sl nlshrdkl, rla`zar uba hua`dnan prfpda nl `f qul qul ahfmpaña. pfr lelmp`f5 Avlbturlrf aunaz, edbltl nl papl`. lb l` jracmlbtf hdtanf, Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Karqudtf nl papl`, à aunahda ls uba vdrtun dbtríbslha nl` avlbturlrf. sdb l`à, bf slría avlbturlrf. Iahía jríf nl bdlvl y nl sd`lbhdf. lb lstl lelmp`f, Bdtf Mlstrl - Bafmd, vlmfs à rlnubnabhda nl` lpítltf, qul pfbl nl mablra lxp`íhdta uba harahtlrístdha fkvda.

HFBH@\XDØB l` fxímfrfb y l` p`lfbasmf sfb lxhl`lbtls y slbhd``fs rlhursfs para utd`dzar a à ifra nl lshrdkdr `fs vlrsfs, f hrlar jrasls. anlmás sfb muy ljlhtdvfs hfmf títu`f f hfmf rascfs nl lstd`f. uba kulba dnla ls dr hrlabnf uba `dsta nl lelmp`fs qul ùlcf sl pulnlb utd`dzar lb às habhdfbls? lsta ls uba lxhl`lbtl mablra nl tlblr matlrda` para huabnf bfs slbtamfs a lshrdkdr. sd kdlb iay muhifs qul sfb nl usf hfmõb, hfmf ‐l` prdbhdpdf nl` jdb” f ‐ábcl`ls nl` dbjdlrbf”, aub qulnab ub mfbtøb pfr hrlar y huabtf más lxtrlma sla à hfbtrandhhdøb f à rlnubnabhda lbtrl às paàkras, más frdcdba` y clbda` slrá à jrasl. pfr õ`tdmf, tlblmfs qul mlbhdfbar à habhdøb nl Dsmal` Xlrrabf - Fxímfrfb, Fxímfrfb, à hua` lstá tfta`mlbtl hfbstrudna hfb lstl hfbhlptf nl fxímfrfb y L` Wapdrrd - Mltajísdha Wfpuàr qul utd`dza hfmf dnla nl à habhdøb ub rleubtl nl à jrasls pfpuàrls y hftdndabas qul hausab crahda pfr su hfbtrandhhdøb `øcdha.


13>

HAWÍ^\@F YYYDDD

@A LB\ML[AHDØB

^fmlb papl`, `ápdz y iacab ub `dstanf sfkrl ub tlma qul `ls custl ya qul lb lstl hapítu`f vlrlmfs à jfrma más slbhd`à nl lshrdkdr uba habhdøb. à lbumlrahdøb ls ub vdlef rlhursfs rltørdhf y `dtlrardf pfr mlndf nl` hua` pfnlmfs nlsarrf`àr `fs vlrsfs nl uba habhdøb. pfsdk`lmlbtl, sla ubf nl `fs truhfs javfrdtfs nl sakdba y nl arefba, así hfmf nl muhifs raplrfs y habtabtls nl fhasdøb. lb lstl hapítu`f bfs hlbtrarlmfs lb hømf nlsarrf`àr uba habhdøb a traväs nl à lbumlrahdøb. vlrlmfs ndjlrlbtls lelmp`fs nl lbumlrahdøb lb às habhdfbls, `fs ljlhtfs qul prfnuhlb lb l` tlxtf y hømf sahar`ls prfvlhif.

¶Q\Ä LX @A LB\ML[AHDØB6 à lbumlrahdøb ls ub rlhursf `dtlrardf y rltørdhf qul hfbsdstl lb lbubhdar

‐dnlas”, ‐hfsas” f ‐ítlms” kaef ub tlma lb hfmõb. lb à rltørdha ls uba nl às jdcuras nl ahumuàhdøb y nl acrupamdlbtf nl paàkras. sl trata nl acrlcar l`lmlbtfs `dbcðístdhfs lb jfrma frnlbana f haøtdha para lxprlsar uba dnla f `fcrar ub ljlhtf. lb paàkras más sdmp`ls, ls ub `dstanf nl l`lmlbtfs rlàhdfbanfs hfb ub tlma, uba dnla f dbhùsf a` azar y sdb slbtdnf. pfr lelmp`f5 L` mubnf cdra pfr à pàta Ndblrf, frf , hfkrl , àba L` lurf , l` nfàr , l` plsf Ahärhatl, tømatl ub kd``ltl y naml ub klsf. lb lsta habhdøb, Nabtl Xpdbltta - Wyramdnl, Wyramdnl, vlmfs ub `dstanf nl ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl rljlrdrsl a` ndblrf. Bdltfs nl tfrlrfs ndsjrazanfs nl hdh`dstas, lnd`ls sfhda`dstas, putfbls vlrklblrfs, plùqulrfs nl lsfs qul sl `àmab lstd`dstas, mushu`dtfs, pfsturdtas, hrfbdstas harrfñlrfs, ndvfrhdanas ha`lbtfbas hfb pl`f a `f Manfbba. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

13<


lb lstl lelmp`f, Efaquíb Xakdba - ^fnfs mlbfs tõ, sl nlsp`dlca ub `dstanf nl ndjlrlbtls tdpfs nl plrsfbas. lb lsta lbumlrahdøb sl eulca hfb l` tlma nl à habhdøb5 ‐tfnfs mlbfs tõ”.

^DWFX NL LB\ML[AHDØB lxdstlb vardfs tdpfs nl lbumlrahdøb, hana uba nl l`às sdrvl para `fcrar ndjlrlbtls ljlhtfs lb l` tlxtf. a) lbumlrahdøb lbumlrahdøbsdmp`l5 sdmp`l5 sl trata nl dr nlscrababnf uba a uba às partls qul hfbstdtuylb ub tfnf sdb hfbtar hfb ub frnlb partdhuàr. à nlshrdphdøb clblrana pfr

uba suma nl às hfsas qul tdlblb ub tlma lb hfmõb. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐päta`fs, ‐päta`fs, ifeas, ifeas, ramas, vlrnl, trfbhf, raíhls”. k) bumlrahdøb hfrrlàtdva5 sl trata nl lbumlrar l`lmlbtfs qul cuarnab rlàhdøb lbtrl sí, à hua` pulnl kasarsl lb uba sdmd`dtun f lb uba fpfsdhdøb. clblra

ub ljlhtf nl tfta`dnan f hfbtrandhhdøb, nlplbndlbnf l` hfbtlxtf. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐mabfs, pdls, haklza, sf`, ùba, tdlrra”. h) lbumlrahdøbhaøtdha5 lbumlrahdøb haøtdha5 lbumlrahdøb nl l`lmlbtfs qul bf cuarnab lbtrl sí bdbcuba rlàhdøb. sl harahtlrdza pfr à ja`ta nl hrdtlrdfs lb à lbumlrahdøb, lstf

clblra tlbsdøb y ub ljlhtf nl hafs, hfbjusdøb y nlsfrnlb. pfr lelmp`f5 "l` hdl`f, à hasa, `fs fefs, l` pdabf…” n) lbumlrahdøb rlhf`lhtdva5 sl trata nl rlubdr l`lmlbtfs para à hfbhùsdøb,

ls nlhdr, para `fs vlrsfs jdba`ls, uba slrdl nl l`lmlbtfs ndvlrsfs qul aparlhdlrfb hdtanfs abtlrdfrmlbtl. lstf na ub ljlhtf nl satdsjahhdøb y hfilrlbhda. pfr lelmp`f, lstl rlhursf sl usa lb à habhdøb nl [dharnf Arefba - Qulsfs, hfsas, hasas. hasas. l) lbumlrahdøb ashlbnlbtl f nlshlbnlbtl5 sl trata nl lbumlrar sdcudlbnf

ub frnlb. pfr lelmp`f, ‐tu pl`f, tus fefs, tu bardz, tu kfha, tu hul``f.” lstl lelmp`f prfnuhl à slbsahdøb nl qul à mdrana kaea rlhfrrdlbnf l` hulrpf.

@A LB\ML[AHDØB LB @A HABHDØB à lbumlrahdøb bfs plrmdtl hfmpfblr nl ndjlrlbtls mablras, tabtf tlmátdha

hfmf ndshursdvamlbtl. ls nlhdr, pfnlmfs utd`dzar à lbumlrahdøb para nlsarrf`àr uba dnla clblra` nl à habhdøb, hfmf rlhursf para lbjatdzar `f qul nlhdmfs. f tamkdäb, hfmf rlhursf lb à lstruhtura nl `fs vlrsfs. ^DW5 @a lbumlrahdøb ls uba jfrma muy slbhd`à nl hrlar, nlsarrf`àr f hfmp`ltar va`l nlstahar qul à lbumlrahdøb pulnl `fs vlrsfs nl uba habhdøb. fhupar tab sf`f ubas `íblas f hfmp`ltar tfnfs `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb. habhdøb. ls ub rlhursf qul bfs sdrvl para lshrdkdr habhdfbls nl LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

13:


hua`qudlr tlmátdha, puls sdmp`lmlbtl sl trata nl armar ub `dstanf. bf iay `ímdtls hfb rlsplhtf a à lbumlrahdøb? sl pulnlb utd`dzar5 bfmkrls, ilhifs y sdtuahdfbls, fkeltfs, vlrkfs, aneltdvfs, jlhias, slbtdmdlbtfs, lmfhdfbls, f dbhùsf tfnf mlzhànf para hrlar uba lbumlrahdøb haøtdha. lb tärmdbfs práhtdhfs, pfr lelmp`f5 - pulnlb lshrdkdr uba habhdøb nl amfr jáhd`mlbtl hdtabnf tfnf `f qul `ls custa nl uba plrsfba, às hua`dnanls pfr às hua`ls ls tab lsplhda`. - pulnlb lshrdkdr uba habhdøb nl krfbha f dra, mlbhdfbabnf tfnas às dbeustdhdas dbeustdhdas hfmltdnas. - pulnlb nlsarrf`àr ub tlma pfr sdmd`dtun, kushabnf `fs ítlms lb hfmõb. - pulnlb nlsarrf`àr ub tlma pfr fpfsdhdøb, iahdlbnf ub `dstanf nl tfnfs `fs ítlms fpulstfs f hfbtrandhtfrdfs. - pulnlb hfbsdcbar `f prdmlrf qul sl `ls vdlbl a à mlbtl. bd sdqudlra nlkl tlblr slbtdnf.

@A LB\ML[AHDØB LB JF[MA NL @DXÂNF lstl rlhursf sul`l tfmar nfs jfrmas? pfr ub ànf, à lbumlrahdøb pulnl anfptar à jfrma nl `dstanf. ls nlhdr, ub ítlm tras ftrf slcudnf pfr hfmas. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐^ ‐ûs fefs, tu pl`f, tus àkdfs”. lsta ls lsta ls uba nl às jfrmas más usua`ls. Lb l` mubnf iay clbtl kruta k ruta y astuta, iay vírclbls y prfstdtutas rdhfs, pfkrls, hàsl mlnda, hfsas kfbdtas y ub par nl traclndas iay plrsfbas cfrnas, mlndabas y jàhas haka``fs, ca``dbas, fvleas y vahas iay muhifs abdma`ls hfb muhia clbtl plrsfbas hulrnas y `fhfs nlmlbtls. à dnla nl à habhdøb, Ha``l 18 - Bf iay bandl hfmf tõ, tõ , ls amfbtfbar muhias

y ndjlrlbtls hàsls nl plrsfbas, sdb lmkarcf, ‐lb ‐lb l` l` mubnf bf iay bandl hfmf tõ”. à lstruhtura lsta armana nl mablra qul `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb hfbtrastab hfb l` lstrdkd``f. Bdhftdbl, Za`dum, Zdhfndb, Mardeuaba, Lhstasy abn A`hfif` H-H-H-H-H Hfhadbl. à `ltra nl à habhdøb, Qullbs Fj îl Xtfbl Acl - Jll` Cffn Idt Fj îl

Xummlr, sf`f rlpdtl lsas sdltl paàkras nl jfrma lbjatdha y acdtana, dmdtabnf a ub nrfcandhtf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

133


Iarry ^rumab, Nfrds Nay, [ln Hidba, Efibby [ay [ay,, Xfuti Wahdjdh, Sa`tlr Sdbhil``, Efl NdMaccdf (...) ( ...) Kd``y Efl` - Sl Ndnb't Xtart îl Jdrl, Jdrl , à habhdøb iahl rljlrlbhda a `fs prdbhdpa`ls prdbhdpa `ls lvlbtfs qul fhurrdlrfb lb l` mubnf nlsnl l` mfmlbtf lb qul efl` bahdø iasta qul hfmpusf à habhdøb. `f iahl, sdmp`lmlbtl, hdtabnf bfmkrls y sdtuahdfbls.

LB\ML[AHDØB LX^[\H^\[ANA F [LH\[[LB^L ftrf mfnf nl hfbstrudr uba lbumlrahdøb ls, lb vlz nl sdmp`lmlbtl `dstar às

paàkras, utd`dzar hfblhtfrls para `fcrar ub ljlhtf, nar uba lstruhtura, hfb l` jíb nl prlslbtar à lbumlrahdøb y nar hfbtdbudnan a` tlxtf. âmkdäb, sl pulnl hfmpfblr hfmpfblr uba habhdøb hfb l` usf nl uba jrasl rlhurrlbtl slcudna nl uba lbumlrahdøb. lelmp`f nl lstf sfb às habhdfbls Mabu Hiaf - Ml custas tõ y Axl` - Amf. aquí suhlnlb nfs hfsas5 (a) iay uba rlpltdhdøb hfbstabtl nl uba dnla f jrasl ‐ml custa…” custa…” f f ‐amf…” qul sl hàva lb à mlbtl nl` fylbtl pfr l` lxhlsf nl rlpltdhdøb, (k) plrf à jrasl sl rlbulva huabnf sl acrlcab à vardahdøb y l` hfbtrastl prfvlbdlbtls nl à lbumlrahdøb. Amf `f qul lbtrlcas, `f qul lshfbnls amf tus prlcubtas, tus rlspulstas yf amf tus nunas y hlrtlzas. lb lstl lelmp`f, Axl` lelmp`f, Axl` - Amf Amf,, vlmfs hømf sl arma l` `dstanf nl `f qul ama. sl hfmkdbab à lbumlrahdøb hfb l` rlhursf nl à abájfra. Ml custab `fs avdfbls, ml custas tõ. Ml custa vdaear, ml custas tõ. Ml custa à mañaba, ml custas tõ. Ml custa l` vdlbtf, ml custas tõ. Ml custa sfñar, ml custas tõ. Ml custa à mar, ml custas tõ. lb lstl slcubnf lelmp`f, Mabu Hiaf - Ml custas tõ, tõ, à lbumlrahdøb sl lstruhtura nl mablra muy sdmdàr a` prdmlr lelmp`f, plrf sl utd`dza uba hfmp`lxdøb nana à rlpltdhdøb nl à jrasl ‐ml custa” custa” a` a` dbdhdf y nl` ‐ml ‐ml custas custas tõ” tõ” a` a` jdba` nl hana `íbla. Ls mlbtdra qul slpa `f qul qudlrf, ls mlbtdra qul habtl pfr habtar, ls mlbtdra qul sla mlefr tfrlrf hfb tfrfs nl vlrnan.


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lb ftras paàkras, ls pfsdk`l hfmkdbar à lbumlrahdøb hfb ftrfs rlhursfs rltørdhfs hfmf abájfras, lpíjfras f para`l`dsmfs. `ls rlhfmlbnamfs `llr l` hapítu`f YYvdd sfkrl lstruhturas lsplhda`ls. Efaquíb Xakdba - Ls mlbtdra, ls dbtlrlsabtl à jfrma lb à qul lstá lstruhturana à habhdøb. lb `fs vlrsfs, l` hfrf habta ‐ls mlbtdra”, mdlbtras qul sakdba lbubhda l` `dstanf. l` rlsu`tanf ls uba lstruhtura muy frdcdba` a` hfmkdbar à abájfra, habtana pfr l` hfrf, hfb à lbumlrahdøb, habtana pfr l`, hfb `f hua` `fcra ub ljlhtf muy musdha`.

BF XF@F LB @FX ZL[XFX à lbumlrahdøb pulnl ukdharsl lb ndjlrlbtls ùcarls, bf sf`f lb `fs vlrsfs.

pfnlmfs utd`dzarà hfmf títu`f, pfr lelmp`f hfmf lb à pl`íhuà ‐Hfmlr, rlzar, amar”, f hfmf lb à habhdøb nl [dharnf Arefba - Qulsfs, hfsas, hasas. nl` mdsmf mfnf, sd kdlb à mayfría nl às vlhls sl utd`dza para nlsarrf`àr `fs vlrsfs, Mlrlndti Krffos - D'm A Kdthi usa à lbumlrahdøb hfmf kasl para nlsarrf`àr l` lstrdkd``f. D'm a kdthi, D'm a `fvlr D'm a hid`n, D'm a mftilr D'm a sdbblr, D'm a sadbt D nf bft jll` asiamln. D'm yfur il``, D'm yfur nrlam D'm bftidbc db kltwllb Tfu obfw yfu wfu`nb't wabt dt aby ftilr way. lb lstl lelmp`f, Mlrlndti Krffos - D'm A Kdthi, vlmfs hømf utd`dza à lbumlrahdøb para nlshrdkdr tfnf `f qul l`à ls5 uba puta, uba amabtl, uba idea, uba manrl, lbtrl ftras hfsas. va`l nlstahar qul, lstl ls l` lstrdkd``f nl à habhdøb.

@A LB\ML[AHDØB HFMF ^LMÁ^DHA ls pfsdk`l nlsarrf`àr uba habhdøb lb su tfta`dnan utd`dzabnf à lbumlrahdøb. à dnla ls à mdsma qul rdcl l` nlsarrf``f nl lstl rlhursf lb `fs vlrsfs? à ndjlrlbhda ls qul vamfs a nlsarrf`àr à tlmátdha clblra` a partdr nl à lbumlrahdøb. lsta lbumlrahdøb pulnl slr más f mlbfs lstruhturana? às jrasls sfb más nlsarrf`ànas qul lb uba lbumlrahdøb sdmp`l qul akarha sf`f ubfs vlrsfs f ub lstrdkd``f. sdb lmkarcf, à dnla prdbhdpa` nl à habhdøb cdra lb tfrbf nl uba lbumlrahdøb. clblra`mlbtl, sl à pàbtla pfr fpfsdhdøb, `f hua` plrmdtl `fcrar ub hfbtrastl lbtrl vlrsf y l` lstrdkd``f. lb l` lstrdkd``f, muhias vlhls sl lxpfbl l` tlma prdbhdpa` huabnf lstl lstá fhu`tf lb `fs vlrsfs. así, à lbumlrahdøb ls utd`dzana lb `fs vlrsfs para nlsarrf`àr l` tlma dbndrlhtamlbtl. ftras vlhls, pfr l` hfbtrardf, sl utd`dza hfmf dnla para lstrdkd``f `f qul ja`ta lb l` `dstanf. lb ftras paàkras, `f qul lstá auslbtl lb `fs LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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vlrsfs `f lbhfbtramfs lb l` lstrdkd``f. lelmp`fs nl lstf sfb às habhdfbls [dharnf Arefba - Ml lbslñastl, Ha``l 18 - Bf iay bandl hfmf tõ y Efrcl Nrlx`lr - Md cudtarra y vfs. à dnla nl à habhdøb nl [dharnf Arefba - Huabnf, Huabnf, sl prlslbta lb à jrasl ‐huabnf jul à õ`tdma vlz qul…” y a partdr nl l`à lbumlra ndjlrlbtls dnlas y sdtuahdfbls.lb [dharnf Arefba - Ml lbslñastl, lbslñastl, à tlmátdha nl à habhdøb lstá kasana lb à lbumlrahdøb nl `f qul aprlbndø hfb à parlea5 ‐tfnf mlbfs a f`vdnarà”. ftras habhdfbls qul utd`dzab à mdsma jørmuà sfb5 Efaquíb Xakdba - Aifra qul, y Efaquíb Xakdba - Xlds nl à mañaba. mañaba .

@A LB\ML[AHDØB T X\X LJLH^FX LB L@ ^LY^F ndjlrlbtls rlhursfs rltørdhfs prfnuhlb ndstdbtas hfbslhulbhdas lb l` tlxtf. l`

ljlhtf nl à lbumlrahdøb, lb lsplhda` lb às habhdfbls, ls pfr nlmás dbtlrlsabtl puls à ahumuàhdøb nl às paàkras tdlbnl a hausar uba tlbsdøb lb l` fylbtl. pfnlmfs dbhrlmlbt dbhrlmlbtar ar à tlbsdøb hfb à vl`fhd vl`fhdnan nan hfb qul fhurrl à lbumlrahdøb f hfb à mõsdha. pfr lelmp`f, Qullbs Fj îl Xtfbl Acl - Jll` Cffn Idt Fj îl Xummlr. lb l` `lbcuael hftdndabf ndríamfs qul prfnuhl ub ljlhtf nl ‐pasar `dsta” qul pulnl slr õtd` para nar uba slbsahdøb nl jrustrahdøb f nl rlprfhil, aubqul tamkdäb, pulnl slr usanf rfmábtdhamlbtl nlkdnf a` lxhlsf nlsmlndnf lb à ahumuàhdøb nl paàkras.lstl rlhursf anlmás sdrvl para mlbhdfbar ub tlma dmp`íhdtamlbtl. ls nlhdr, utd`dzabnf paàkras hlrhabas a` ^DW5 Xl pulnl utd`dzar à lbumlrahdøb tlma prfpulstf plrf sdb mlbhdfbar`f. muhias para hamkdar hamkdar l` rdtmf nl uba habhdøb. habhdøb. Za`l rlhfrnar qul, à lbumlrahdøb habhdfbls utd`dzab lstl rlhursf nl fhu`tar ayuna a hrlar tlbsdøb. lb `fs vlrsfs y rlvlàr lb l` lstrdkd``f. pfr lelmp`f, Ha``l 18 - Bf iay bandl hfmf tõ. pfr ftrf ànf, pfnlmfs hrlar ub lxhlsf a à ifra nl lxp`dhdtar `f qul qulrlmfs lxprlsar. à lbumlrahdøb bfs plrmdtl sfkrlndmlbsdfbar `f qul qulrlmfs nlhdr. lb ftras paàkras, pfnlmfs aifbnar lb `fs nlta``ls, lxaclrar lb à habtdnan nl sdbøbdmfs f lelmp`fs. huabtf más míbdmfs slab `fs nlta``ls, mlefr. pfr lelmp`f, pfnlmfs utd`dzar à lbumlrahdøb para nlshrdkdr krlvlmlbtl ub ùcar. lb à habhdøb nl [dharnf Mfbtablr - Hastd``f azu` sl utd`dza lb "pfbnrlmfs às plrsdabas y l` sfjá y ub habnlàkrf abtdcuf aquí" para nlshrdkdr l` hastd``f. pfr su ànf, à lbumlrahdøb haøtdha sdrvl para lxprlsar nlsfrnlb, abcustda, tlbsdøb hrlana pfr à ja`ta nl hrdtlrdf y nl hfbtlxtf para rlàhdfbar às paàkras. lb hamkdf, à lbumlrahdøb ashlbnlbtl f nlshlbnlbtl pulnl slrvdr para crájdhar `f qul sl vl a` kaear f a` sukdr à mdrana, marhar ub rlhfrrdnf. ubf nl `fs lelmp`fs más ndvlrtdnfs nl lbumlrahdøb ls à habhdøb nl @løb Cdlhf - Fef hfb `fs Frfzhf, Frfzhf, lb à hua` sl utd`dza l` rlhursf tabtf nlshrdptdva hfmf tlmátdhamlbtl.


197

HAWÍ^\@F YYYDZ

@A WL[XWLH^DZA

ap arlhlb lb às habhdfbls, pfr lelmp`f, l` uba crab mayfría nl `fs tlmas qul aparlhlb amfr, fndf, sf`lnan, ndblrf, lthätlra, sfb ubdvlrsa`ls y aparlhlb lb tfnas às artls hfmf lb à mõsdha, l` hdbl y à `dtlratura. à crab prlcubta ls5 ¶Hømf ub mdsmf tlma pulnl aparlhlr rlhrlanf lb ndjlrlbtls artls y bf slr rlpltdtdvf6 f nlsnl bulstrf pubtf nl dbtlräs5 ¶Hømf md`ls nl habhdfbls tratab sfkrl l` tlma nl` amfr y bf sfb dcua`ls6 lb lstl hapítu`f rlhfrrlrlmfs hømf nlsarrf`àr ub tlma tlma f uba dnla para bulstra habhdøb y aba`dzarlmfs l` hfbhlptf nl plrsplhtdva f lbjfqul. âmkdäb aba`dzarlmfs às ndjlrlbtls pfsdkd`dnanls qul tlblmfs, lb lsplhda`, a à ifra nl lshrdkdr uba habhdøb nl amfr, l` ^DW5 @a plrsplhtdva bfs plrmdtl hrlar tlma más ubdvlrsa` y sfkrl l` qul más sl ndjlrlbtls plrsfbaels y nar uba vdsdøb ia lshrdtf. ndstdbta nl ub tlma, pfr `f clblra`, muy hfmõb. aba`dzarlmfs ftrf asplhtf nl à habhdøb, ubf qul bfs plrmdtl clblrar ndstdbtas vardabtls sfkrl ub tlma ubdvlrsa`5 à plrsplhtdva.

¶Q\Ä LX @A WL[XWLH^DZA6 à plrsplhtdva bahl nl` artl nl ndkuear y trata nl rlhrlar à prfjubndnan y à

pfsdhdøb rlàtdva nl `fs fkeltfs. ls l` hfbeubtf nl hdrhubstabhdas qul rfnlab a` fkslrvanfr, y qul dbjùylb lb su plrhlphdøb f lb su eudhdf.

@A WL[XWLH^DZA LB @A HFMWFXDHDØB NL HABHDFBLX à plrsplhtdva ls l` hfbeubtf nl l`lmlbtfs qul plrmdtlb nlsarrf`àr uba

habhdøb para nar`l uba vdsdøb õbdha y ndjlrlbtl nl ub tlma ubdvlrsa`. lb ftras paàkras, bf ls `f mdsmf iakàr nlsnl l` amfr nlsnl l` pubtf nl vdsta nl` bfvdf f nl` lbamfranf, hfmf `f iahl Axl` iahl Axl` Jlrbabnf - Amf, Amf, qul iahlr`f nlsnl à plrsplhtdva nl` taxdsta, hfmf fhurrl lb [dharnf Arefba - Idstfrda nl taxd , f iakàr nl` amfr a`dlbíclba, hfmf Oaty Wlrry - L.^ L.^.. jt. Oabyl Slst . hfmf vlmfs, `fs trls lelmp`fs tratab sfkrl l` mdsmf tlma ( l` amfr), plrf hfb lbjfquls f plrsplhtdvas hfmp`ltamlbtl ndjlrlbtls. à plrsplhtdva lstá hfmpulsta LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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pfr ndstdbtfs l`lmlbtfs, qul bfs plrmdtlb fktlblr uba vdsdøb ndstdbta sfkrl ub mdsmf tlma y, pfr supulstf, a` hamkdar ubf nl l``fs hamkda à plrsplhtdva.

W\B^F NL ZDXÂ NL@ X\EL^F `f prdmlrf qul nlklmfs aba`dzar ls hømf vamfs a hfbtar às hfsas. ¶Bfs

vamfs a vlr dbvfùhranfs f vamfs a hfbtar `f qul `l pasø a ftra plrsfba6 l` pubtf nl vdsta sl rljdlrl a `fs trls pfsdk`ls sueltfs nlsnl `fs hua`ls sl pulnl lshrdkdr uba habhdøb5 - hfmfprdmlraplrsfbasdbcuàr5 bfs rljlrdmfs a à habhdøb qul lstá lshrdta nlsnl l` pubtf nl vdsta nl` ‐yf”. nl tfnas às nlshrdphdfbls qul aparlhlb lb à habhdøb l` sueltf nl iahl harcf, ls ä` qudäb pdlbsa y ndhl. ub lelmp`f ls à habhdøb Axl` Jlrbabnf - Amf5 Amf5 Amf `f qul vlf v lf y `f qul fhu`tas amf `f qul mulstras f dbsdbõas amf `f qul lrls f dmacdbf tl amf lb `f aelbf y `f qul ls míf. - hfmfprdmlra hfmf prdmlraplrsfba plrsfbapùra`5 pùra`5 à habhdøb iakà nl ‐vfs y yf” yf” f f nl ‐bfsftrfs”. ls sdmdàr a à jfrma nl à prdmlra plrsfba sdbcuàr, plrf kusha dbhùdr, lstak`lhlr uba rlàhdøb, lbtrl qudäb lshuhia y qudäb iakà. lelmp`fs sfb às habhdfbls Efaquíb Xakdba - T bfs ndlrfb às ndlz f Armabnf Mabzablrf - Xfmfs bfvdfs5 Xfmfs bfvdfs puls `fs nfs slbtdmfs mutuf amfr prfjubnf y hfb lsf ya cabamfs `f más crabnl nl lstl mubnf. - hfmf fkslrvanfr5 aquí l` prftacfbdsta aparlhl lb tlrhlra plrsfba5 ‐ä`” f ‐l`à”. à habhdøb jubhdfba hfmf ub hulbtf, idstfrda f abähnfta. a vlhls pulnl nar su fpdbdøb, f saklr más qul `fs prftacfbdstas (dbhùsf hfbfhlr qul pdlbsab f sdlbtab) plrf lb clblra` qudäb iakà, bf sl vl dbvfùhra lb `fs ilhifs y à idstfrda parlhl hfbtarsl a sí mdsma. lb ftras paàkras, l` fkslvanfr sdmp`lmlbtl hulbta `f qul suhlndø plrf bf ls partíhdpl. pfr lelmp`f5 [ata Kàbha - @a `lylbna nl` iana y l` macf5 Hulbta à idstfrda nl ub macf qul ub nía lb su kfsqul lbhabtanf ``frø, pfrqul a plsar nl su macda bf iakía pfndnf lbhfbtrar l` amfr. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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sdb lmkarcf, a partdr nl lstas trls hàsls nl sueltfs sl pulnlb clblrar

ndjlrlbtls vardabtls, nanas pfr l` pubtf nl vdsta qul bfs rlmdtl l` sdcudlbtl l`lmlbtf, l` sueltf ahtfr.

L@ X\EL^F AH^F[ à mayfría nl às habhdfbls iakà nlsnl l` ‐yf”, plrf5 ¶qudäb ls lsl yf6 à

prlcubta qul sdcul ls5 ¶qudäb ls lsl qul bfs hulbta lstf6 lbtfbhls, aquí, nlklmfs pàbtlarbfs5 ¶nlsnl nøbnl sl iakà6 lb ftras paàkras5 ¶Qudäb ls l` qul iakà y quä bfs hulbta tfnf lsf6 lstl pubtf ls dmpfrtabtl pfrqul bfs plrmdtl nlsarrf`àr dnlas sfkrl quä pdlbsa, quä sdlbtl y quä fpdba sfkrl l` tlma. pfr lelmp`f, ub ‐yf” lb uba habhdøb pulnl akarhar pubtfs nl vdsta hfmp`ltamlbtl ndjlrlbtls5 l` bfvdf, à bfvda, l` amabtl, ub fkslrvanfr, lthätlra. hfmf saklmfs, hana ubf nl lstfs su eltfs tdlbl uba vlrsdøb ndstdbta y hfmp`lta^DW5 Lb à plrsplhtdva sl trata nl lbhfbtrar à vfz nl qudlb hulbta su idsmlbtl ndjlrlbtl nl à mdsma idstfrda. lb às tfrda lb bulstra habhdøb. habhdfbls nl amfr lb prdmlra plrsfba (‐yf”) (‐yf”),, l` sueltf qul aparlhl usua`mlbtl ls5 - l` bfvdf - à bfvda - l` amabtl plrf tamkdäb sl pulnlb nlsarrf`àr ftrfs, hfmf pfr lelmp`f5 - lbcañanf - l` dbjdl` - l` amabtl nl à bfvda dbjdl` - l` sf`dtardf - r lhiazanf lhiazanf - l` panrl, l` amdcf, l` vlhdbf à dmpfrtabhda nl lstak`lhlr l` sueltf ahtfr ls qul hana ubf tdlbl su vlrsdøb

nl à idstfrda, sus slbtdmdlbtfs, plbsamdlbtfs, sus razfbls y sus mftdvfs. uba vlz qul saklmfs qudäb ls l` sueltf, sl pulnlb acrlcar más nlta``ls y nlshrdphdfbls para prfjubndzar lb à vdsdøb nl` plrsfbael. pfr lelmp`f5 Udfb Jt Lnndl Nll - Amfr nl pfkrl, pfkrl, hulbta à idstfrda nl ub hidhf qul bf tdlbl ndblrf, plrf qudlrl sa`dr hfb uba hidha y sl pàbtla hømf pulnl sfùhdfbar`f. ftrfs lelmp`fs sfb5 [dharnf Arefba - Idstfrda nl taxd ? à ya hfbfhdna idstfrda nl amfr nl ub taxdsta, Kd``y Efl` - \ptfwb Cdr` bfs hulbta à idstfrda nl ub hidhf nl` karrdf kaef y uba hidha nl karrdf a`tf. va`l nlstahar qul, sd fptamfs pfr utd`dzar uba habhdøb tdpf idstfrda, ls nlhdr barrana lb tlrhlra plrsfba, bf ls tab dmpfrtabtl qudäb iakà, sdbf qul nlklrlmfs nljdbdr `fs plrsfbaels hàramlbtl. a`cubfs lelmp`fs5 [dharnf Arefba - L`à y ä`, [ata Kàbha - @a `lylbna nl` iana y l` macf, y [fnrdcf - Fhif huarlbta. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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¶A Q\DÄB @L HABÂMFX6 uba vlz qul tlblmfs lb hàrf qudäb habta y pfrquä, à sdcudlbtl prlcubta ls5

¶a qudäb `l iakà lsl qul bfs hulbta à idstfrda6 lstf, sd kdlb pulnl parlhlr hasua`, tdlbl crab dmpfrtabhda, prdbhdpa`mlbtl pfrqul a a`cudlb sl ndrdcl l` sueltf ahtfr, a a`cudlb sl `l habta, sl `l ndhl ‐tl amf”, ‐tl fndf” f ‐ml pasf lstf”. f lb ftras paàkras5 ¡l` dbtlr`fhutfr nl à habhdøb nltlrmdba `f qul sl `l va a nlhdr! lstl pubtf lsplhda`mlbtl dmpfrta sd lshrdkdmfs lb prdmlra plrsfba, nlklmfs tlblr prlslbtl a qudäb bfs ndrdcdmfs, para saklr quä y hømf `f hfbtamfs. ^fmlmfs ^fmlmfs l` lelmp`f nl ub bfvdf lbcañanf5 `l pulnl iakàr a su bfvda, a` amabtl nl su bfvda, f sdmp`lmlbtl `l hulbta su nlsndhia a ub amdcf f dbhùsf a su manrl, hfmf fhurrl lb lb l` tabcf nl A`klrtf nl A`klrtf Lhiacul y Euab N'Ardlbzf - ^racf amarcf amarcf.. hana uba nl lstas plrsplhtdvas clblra uba habhdøb ndjlrlbtl. ¡pfrqul bf `l vas a nlhdr `f mdsmf a tu lx , qul ub amdcf, f a tu manrl! a hfbtdbuahdøb, pfnlmfs vlr vardfs lelmp`fs5 Efb Xlhana - Ábcl` , `l iakà a su amfr f su ábcl`. h`ásdha plrsplhtdva rfmábtdha, sl ndrdcl a l`à. [dharnf Arefba - Kulbas bfhils, nfb Navdn , `ls iakà a `fs panrls nl su bfvda, para hfbtar`ls qul l`à lstá lmkarazana. Armabnf Mabzablrf - Xfmfs bfvdfs bfvdfs,, sl ndrdcl a su bfvda, plrf nlsnl uba plrsplhtdva dbhùsdva, lbtlbndnfs hfmf parlea. Har`fs Kautl - Qudäb tl qudlrl hfmf yf. yf . clblra`mlbtl, às habhdfbls nl amfr sdlmprl iakàb nl `f qul à ftra plrsfba prfnuhl lb ubf f sfkrl hømf ubf `f qudlrl a à ftra plrsfba pfr `f lsplhda` qul ls. lsta habhdøb dbvdlrtl lsl rf` y bfs hulbta tfnf nlsnl à plrsplhtdva nl `f qul "yf iacf pfr vfs". Blo - @aura bf lstá, `l iakà a su muelr, plrf `l hulbta qul aõb ama a su lxparlea, àura. îl Wf`dhl - Lvlry Krlati Tfu âol âol,, `l iakà a su lxmuelr, aubqul parlzha uba habhdøb rfmábtdha, sl ndrdcl a l`à lb ma`fs tärmdbfs, ahàrábnf`l qul à lstará vdcdàbnf. Nanny Taboll - Quä tlbcf qul iahlr . sdmdàr a à habhdøb abtlrdfr, plrf `l iakà a su lxparlea para qul vul`va. @aura Wausdbd - @a sf`lnan, sl ndrdcl a marhfs, ub amfr qul sl jul. Wdmpdblà - F`vínaml y plca à vul`ta ls uba habhdøb sumamlbtl dbtlrlsabtl lb lstl asplhtf. lb `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb hana ubf bfs hulbta su vlrsdøb nl à idstfrda, plrf lb l` lstrdkd``f sl iakàb y ndshutlb lbtrl l``fs. sdmdàr. lb `fs vlrsfs bfs hulbta sfkrl Xtlvl Sdbwffn - Za`lrdl utd`dza uba dnla sdmdàr. uba hidha, mdlbtras lb l` lstrdkd``f sl ndrdcl ndrlhtamlbtl a l`à pdndäbnf`l qul `f `àml. Hll @f Crllb - Juho Tfu. ls à habhdøb nl ub hidhf pfkrl qul qudlrl sa`dr hfb uba hidha a à qul sf`f `l dbtlrlsa l` ndblrf. lb `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb `l iakà a l`à, y lb l` lstrdkd``f, sl ndrdcl a l` hidhf qul `l rfka à bfvda ‐mabnábnf`f a paslar”. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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Avrd` @avdcbl - Cdr`jrdlbn . l`à `l habta a ä` ndhdäbnf`l qul bf `l custa su bfvda, qul blhlsdta uba bulva y qul l`à ls à dnla`. Waramfrl - Mdslry Kusdblss. Kusdblss. mdsma dnla qul à habhdøb nl avrd` àvdcbl, plrf nl ftrf pubtf nl vdsta. `l habta a "lsa" qul `l rfkf l` hidhf qul `l custaka, `l habta5 "kulbf, bf qudlrf prlsumdr, plrf tl `f rfkl yf aifra, y ¡sl sdlbtl tab kdlb! ¡y vfs iarías `f mdsmf!" @any Caca - Wfolr Jahl. Jahl. l`à bfs hulbta qul `f idstlrdqula hfb su hara nl pøolr y sl prlcubta sd ä` pfnrá, f bf, `llr su hara nl pøolr (lb rljlrlbhda a bf mfstrar slbtdmdlbtfs f lmfhdfbls). lb l` pulbtl lstf sl hàrdjdha más puls `l ahàra qul lsta eucabnf5 " d wfb—t tl`` yfu tiat d `fvl d `fvl yfu Odss fr iuc yfu. hausl d—m kùj d—m kùj jdb— wdti jdb— wdti my mujjdb". [dharnf Arefba - Ndml qul bf. dnla sdmdàr a à nl àny caca, plrf nlsnl ub pubtf nl vdsta más rfmábtdhf y nlsnl `fs fefs nl ä`. `l pdnl a l`à qul `l ndca qul bf, plrf plbsabnf lb ub sí para bf plrnlr l` dbtlräs. hfmf vlmfs `fs lelmp`fs iakàb nl` mdsmf tlma ubdvlrsa`, l` amfr, plrf hana uba nl lstas habhdfbls tdlbl uba plrsplhtdva ndjlrlbtl nana pfr ndstdbtfs lbjfquls, lshlbardfs, sueltfs f slbtdmdlbtfs dbvfùhranfs. r lhulrnlb qul bf ls blhlsardf usar jrasls suplrdbtl`dclbtls, sdbf más kdlb lhulrnlb slr fhurrlbtls y nlhdr`f hfmf `f ndríab tfnfs `fs nías? lstf `f iará más rla`. ub kulb lelmp`f ls à habhdøb nl Hll @f Crllb - Juho Tfu, qul ndhl lxahtamlbtl ¡`f qul plbsaríamfs tfnfs sd lstuvdäramfs lb lsa sdtuahdøb!

L@ LXHLBA[DF sdmp`lmlbtl, l` lshlbardf sl rljdlrl a nøbnl fhurrl à habhdøb. lstl pubtf bf ls lslbhda`, lb l` nlsarrf``f nl à idstfrda, plrf ayuna a hf`frlarà. bf tdlbl qul slr

ub ùcar lsplhíjdhf, a vlhls, sf`f sl iakà nl `fs slbtdmdlbtfs, plrf huabtfs más nlta``ls aparlzhab, más nlhfranas qulnaráb às habhdfbls, pfr `f hua` más vlrfsímd`ls l dbtlrlsabtls slráb. supfbcamfs qul `ls suhlnl a`cf dbtlrlsabtl y sl `f qudlrlb hfbtar a ub amdcf5 clblra`mlbtl lmpdlzab lsplhdjdhabnf nfbnl fhurrdø. "aylr lstaka lb à pàya y hfbfhí....". `f mdsmf sl ap`dha a às habhdfbls, l` lshlbardf bf ls ub pubtf hlbtra`, plrf sdrvl para acrlcar dbjfrmahdøb, nlhfrar y hàrdjdhar más à habhdøb. lb lsplhda`, sd hulbtab abähnftas f idstfrdas. va`l ahàrar qul, l` lshlbardf pulnl bf slr bfmkranf ndrlhtamlbtl, sdbf qul sdmp`lmlbtl sl nab pdstas y l`lmlbtfs para nlhdrbfs qul à idstfrda fhurrl aií. a`cubfs lelmp`f sfb5 [dharnf Arefba - Idstfrda nl taxd , à idstfrda fhurrl lb ub taxd, @uds Mdcul` - Huabnf ha`dlbta l` sf` fhurrl lb à pàya, [dharnf Arefba - Kulbas bfhils, nfb Navdn fhurrl lb à hasa nl `fs panrls nl l`à. ftras nfs idstfrdas, muy sdmdàrls lstrl sí5 Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Wlbä`fpl y Mabá - Lb l` mul``l nl Xab Kàss fhurrlb lb lshlbardfs ndstdbtfs5 ub mul``l lb sab kàs y ub abnäb nl` Kà trlb.âmkdäb trlb.^ amkdäb nlklmfs nljdbdr lb quä tdlmpf fhurrl à ha bhdøb. ¶ls a`cf qul pasø6 ¶qul lstá pasabnf mdlbtras habtab à habhdøb6 ¶f qul va a pasar6 ¶f quä qudlrlb qul pasl6 ls dmpfrtabtl slr hfbsdstlbtl lb lstl pubtf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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@A WL[XWLH^DZA NLXNL NDJL[LB^LX ÁBC\@FX ^fmlmfs, pfr lelmp`f, ftrf tlma rlhurrlbtl lb à tlmátdha nl amfr, hfmf à nl dbjdnl`dnan, l` nlsamfr f à sf`lnan. l` mdsmf pulnl slr tratanf nlsnl ndjlrlbtls ábcu`fs. ls nlhdr, tamkdäb pulnl pàbtlarsl nlsnl l` pubtf nl vdsta nl` amabtl, nl aqul` qul lbcaña lb à parlea, nl` lbcañanf f, dbhùsf, nl` amabtl nl` qul jul lbcañanf. hana ubf nl l``fs bfs nará uba vdsdøb partdhuàr nl` asubtf. l` mlefr lelmp`f nl lstf ls Wdmpdblà - F`vínaml y plca à vul`ta lb à hua` aparlhlb nfs pubtfs nl vdsta lb à habhdøb5 l` nl l`à y l` nl ä`. hfmf saklmfs, l` tlma ls ubdvlrsa`, plrf hana ubf bfs na ndjlrlbtls dnlas y slbtdmdlbtf sfkrl à mdsma idstfrda, pfrqul lstfs slbtdmdlbtfs sfb pl rsfba`ls plrf a à vlz ubdvlrsa`ls. pfr lsf, lxdstlb ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl nlshrdkdr l` mdsmf slbtdmdlbtf. à prlcubta jdba` qul bfs qulna ls5 ¶Quä pdlbsab, quä sdlbtlb, quä dnlas f dmprlsdfbls sl `ls aparlhlb sfkrl l` tlma lb hulstdøb6 hana ubf tdlbl sus prfpdas vdvlbhdas sfkrl ub tlma. sd nlhdnlb lshrdkdr à habhdøb nlsnl uba plrsplhtdva plrs plhtdva aelba, ndcamfs qul ub ifmkrl qudlrl lshrdkdr `f qul sdlbtl uba muelr akabnfbana nlklráb slbtdr `f qul sdlbtl l`à para `fcrar trabsmdtdr`f. sd kdlb pulnl parlhlr ndjíhd`, lstas dnlas y dmprlsdfbls prfpdas sul`lb slr ubdvlrsa`ls. pfr lsf, ls dmpfrtabtl lxpfblr bulstra vdsdøb nl` asubtf nlsnl ub pubtf nl vdsta plrsfba` . y sd qulrlmfs dr ub pfqudtf más a`à, pfnríab prlcubtarsl ¶Wfr quä nlhdmfs lsf6 ¶Wfr quä slbtdmfs lsf6 pfr supulstf, ùlcf nl^DW5 \b kulb lelrhdhdf hfbsdstl lb tfklmfs ap`dhar às hfbhùsdfbls a qudlb iakà mar uba mdsma idstfrda, l dbvlbtar lb à habhdøb, y tfnf vf`vlrá a tlblr jfrma. uba habhdøb para hana plrsfbael y su pubtf nl vdsta. a`cubfs lelmp`fs5 Efsä @uds Wlra`ls - T hømf ls ä` . ^rata nl ub ifmkrl qul nlshukrl qul plrndø a su amabtl y, lb vlz nl lbfearsl hfb l`à, `l prlcubta sfkrl ä`. Bata`dl Dmkruc`da - ^frb, hulbta `fs slbtdmdlbtfs nlsnl à plrsplhtdva nl uba muelr huabnf nlshukrl qul su parlea bf lra `f qul l`à plbsaka, sdbf uba dùsdøb. sdmdàr,, plrf nlsnl à plrsplhtdva nl ä`, aubqul Iffkastabo - îl [lasfb. [lasfb. dnla sdmdàr dbvfùhra ftrfs slbtdmdlbtfs y ftra vdsdøb. à dnla nl à habhdøb sl pulnl sdmp`djdhar lb "sfy ub nlsastrl, plrf lbhfbträ uba razøb para hamkdar. lsa razøb sfb vfs". îdb - @dzzy - Nfb—t Kl`dlvl a Sfrn . `l habta a l`à, ahàrábnf`l qul à õbdha vlrnan qul `l va a nlhdr ls5 "bf ml hrlas uba paàkra pfrqul..." Waz Martíblz - \ba `ácrdma sfkrl l` tl`äjfbf. tl`äjfbf . ls à nlslsplrahdøb nl ub ifmkrl qul lsplra l` `àmanf nl su amabtl, pfrqul pf rqul tab sf`f blhlsdta lshuhiar su vfz. Efb Xlhana - Ftrf nía más sdb vlrtl. vlrtl . Iakà nl `f dbsfpfrtak`l qul ls ftrf nía sdb su amfr. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

19:


Lrfs [amazzfttd - Ftra hfmf tõ. tõ . qudlrl ftra dcua` hfb lxahtamlbtl tfnf `f qul l`à tdlbl, plrf fkvdamlbtl bf ls pfsdk`l. [dharnf Arefba - L`à y ä` . Iakà nl` rfmabhl lbtrl uba hukaba y ub lstanfubdnlbsl a plsar nl sus ndjlrlbhdas. Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Nl hartøb pdlnra. pdlnra . hulbta à idstfrda nl ub ifmkrl qul sl lbamfra nl ub mabdquí. Efab Mabul` Xlrrat - Wlbä`fpl. ls l` rlàtf sfkrl uba muelr qul lsplra a su amabtl lb l` abnäb nl` trlb? lstl vul`vl vldbtl añfs nlspuäs, plrf l`à bf `f rlhfbfhl. Mabá - Lb l` mul``l nl Xab Kàs. Kàs . lstá kasana lb uba idstfrda rla`, hfb uba dnla sdmdàr a à nl slrrat. uba muelr qul lsplra a su amfr lb l` mul``l. Euab Har`fs Kac`dlttf - Mdrta, nl rlcrlsf. rlcrlsf . hulbta lb prdmlra plrsfba, à idstfrda nl ub ifmkrl qul rlcrlsa hfb su muelr nlspuäs nl hump`dr su hfbnlba lb prdsdøb y sl na hulbta nl qul l`à lstá hfb ftrf. hana lelmp`f bfs nlmulstra qul, sd kdlb ls l` mdsmf tlma, l` amfr, sl tdlblb

ndjlrlbtls plrsplhtdvas `fcranas pfr ndjlrlbtls sueltfs, slbtdmdlbtfs, lshlbardfs f dnlas.

HFBH@\XDØB à plrsplhtdva ls ub hfbeubtf nl l`lmlbtfs qul bfs ayunab a nlsarrf`àr à

habhdøb y bfs plrmdtlb clblrar ub harahtlrístdha y vdsdøb õbdha. às rlspulstas a prlcubtas hfmf5 ¶Qudäb iakà6¶Quä ndhl6 ¶Nlsnl nøbnl6 ¶A qudäb sl ndrdcl6 ¶Quä dnlas tdlbl6 ¶T pfr quä ndhl lsf6 ¶Quä lmfhdfbls y hfbtrandhhdfbls `f lbvul`vlb6 ¶Huábnf ndhl lsf y nøbnl `f ndhl6, ndhl6, bfs ayunab a lbtlbnlr más sfkrl à habhdøb, sfkrl qudlbls lstáb dbvfùhranfs, nl quä mablra, y l` nlsarrf``f nl à mdsma. prdbhdpa`mlbtl, à plrsplhtdva ls muy õtd` para ahàrar à tlmátdha nl à habhdøb, prdbhdpa`mlbtl, huabnf bfs lbrlnamfs lb bulstra habhdøb f bf lbhfbtramfs ub pubtf nl nlsarrf`` nlsarrf``f, f, y ls rla`mlbtl õtd` para lvdtar qul sla uba habhdøb fkvda. bfs ayuna a hàrdjdhar às dnlas y a lstak`lhlr uba bulva vdsdøb sfkrl ub tlma clblra` f ubdvlrsa`.


193

HAWÍ^\@F YYYZ

@A LXHLBA

à mayfría nl às habhdfbls iakàb sfkrl plrsfbas, slbtdmdlbtfs, fkeltfs,

hfbsdcbas f jrasls. a vlhls, tdlblb jfrma nl idstfrda f hulbtf, ftras vlhls nl ndá`fcf f ub mfbø`fcf. lxdstl ftrf rlhursf, muy utd`dzanf lb l` hdbl y à pdbtura, huabnf às habhdfbls hapturab ub mfmlbtf. lb l` artl lstf sl hfbfhl hfmf lshlba.

¶Q\Ä LX \BA LXHLBA6 pfr lshlba sl lbtdlbnl ub amkdlbtl f ub hfbeubtf nl hdrhubstabhdas lspahda`ls y tlmpfra`ls lb às qul tdlbl ùcar uba sdtuahdøb f ub ilhif. lstl rlhursf ls jáhd` nl aprlhdar lb à pdbtura, huabnf l` artdsta haptura l` mfmlbtf nl ub ùcar nltlrmdbanf lb ub `dlbzf. pfr lelmp`f, plbslmfs lb à pdbtura nl ub atarnlhlr, l` hua` fhurrl hfb h fb l` mar nl jfbnf, más prlhdsamlbtl p rlhdsamlbtl lb l` pulrtf. sl vlb karhfs, pfsdk`lmlbtl, clbtl a `f `lefs? à ùz nl` sf` tdlbl uba jfrma lsplhda` nl halr, l` mar y l` hdl`f trabsmdtlb a`cf tamkdäb lsplhda`. sl hapturø ub mfmlbtf, à pdbtura tdlbl mfvdmdlbtf? bf iay uba idstfrda, plrf a`cf suhlnl. lb ftras paàkras, uba lshlba ls sdmdàr a ub padsael, uba pfsta`, uba jftf f uba lshlba nl uba pl`íhuà. `f sfrprlbnlbtl ls qul sl pulnl iahlr `f mdsmf lb à mõsdha. huabnf iakàmfs nl lshlba lshlba,, iakàmfs nl ‐a`cf qul fhurrl” lb ub prlhdsf mfmlbtf, lb ub prlhdsf ùcar. r fza às harahtlrístdhas nl uba nlshrdphdøb y nl uba fza idstfrda, plrf bf ls bdbcuba nl às nfs. a vlhls, lsl ùcar tdlbl uba `fhahdøb lb hfbhrltf, pfr lelmp`f Xtrawklrry Jdl`ns f Wlbby @abl? @abl? ftras vlhls sf`f ls ub mfmlbtf hfmf lb Iavl Tfu Lvlr Xllb til [adb6 f ub abfhilhlr nl ub nía acdtanf (A Iarn Nay's Bdcit). Bdcit) . pfr supulstf, va`l nlstahar qul lsl ùcar f mfmlbtf ls lsplhda` y, pfr l``f, sl `l nlndha uba habhdøb. à lshlba pulnl tfmar ndjlrlbtls plrsplhtdvas f ndmlbsdfbls5 pulnl slr nl haráhtlr nlshrdptdvf, fhurrdr nlsnl à añfrabza y l` rlhulrnf, f pulnl slr a`cf qul lstá pasabnf lb lsl mfmlbtf, f qul suhlnl tfnfs `fs nías. âmkdäb, vlrlmfs qul sl pulnl trasànar lsl mfmlbtf a` pasanf f a` juturf mdlbtras, sdmu`táblamlbtl, sdmu`táblamlbtl, fhurrl lb l` prlslbtl. va`l nlstahar qul, l` ùcar qul mlbhdfba, à lshlba pulnl slr rla`, ls nlhdr, lxdstl lb à rla`dnan, pfr lelmp`f, à ha``l Wlbby @abl f pulnl slr ub ùcar nl LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

199


jabtástdhf f mácdhf, hfmf l` qul sl nlshrdkl lb @uhy db til Xoy wdti Ndamfbns. Ndamfbns . `f dmpfrtabtl a à ifra nl lshrdkdr lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls ls hapturar l` mfmlbtf, rlvdvdr à slbsahdøb nl lsl ùcar l dbtlbtar trabsmdtdr`f hfb à mõsdha y às paàkras. p aàkras.

BF LX \BA NLXH[DWHDØB BD \BA IDX^F[DA às lshlbas bf sfb sdmp`ls nlshrdphdfbls, lb às qul sl sd sl nlta`à l` ùcar,

sdbf qul a`cf suhlnl aií, iay ub pfrquä qul bfs ``lva a habtar sfkrl ä`. âmpfhf ls uba barrahdøb, lb l` slbtdnf nl uba idstfrda f ub hulbtf, lbtlbndnfs hfmf ub rlàtf qul sl nlsarrf`à hfb ub prdbhdpdf, ub bunf y ub nlslb àhl. lb ftras paàkras, bf ls uba pl`íhuà, sdbf à lshlba nl uba pl`íhuà. ls ub mfmlbtf y ub ùcar nl uba idstfrda. l` cdrf ls qul bf hfbtamfs à idstfrda hfmp`lta, bd sl trata nl nlshrdkdr l` ùcar sfàmlbtl, sdbf qul lxpfblmfs sfkrl `f qul fhurrl lb lsl ùcar lb ub mfmlbtf nltlrmdbanf. nlklmfs tlblr lb hulbta a qudlbls partdhdpab nl à lshlba, para `fcrar uba nls^DW5 Lb à lshlba prdmab `fs slbtdhrdphdøb vívdna, kdlb butrdna nl hf`frls l dmámdlbtfs, às lmfhdfbls y à lblrcía clbls.^fnf nlplbnl nl` lbjfqul y nl` nls pfr sfkrl à `øcdha nl uba idstfrda. arrf``f nl à habhdøb. a vlhls, lstl mfmlbtf pulnl nurar tfna à habhdøb y, ftras vlhls, sf`f slr uba slhhdøb f uba jrasl. pfr ftrf ànf, lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls sul`l utd`dzarsl para ifmlbaelar ùcarls f hdunanls, muy prfkak`lmlbtl pfrqul bahlb nl à añfrabza nl` artdsta iahda l` ùcar. ub rlhursf muy utd`dzanf lb l` kùls, l` hfubtry y lb l` tabcf pfr lsa bfsta`cda qul tdñl a lstfs cäblrfs. sdb lmkarcf, ls pfsdk`l utd`dzar`f lb hua`qudlr cäblrf musdha`. nlklmfs rlhfrnar quä slbtdmdlbtfs, slbsahdfbls f lmfhdfbls bfs prfnuhía lsl mfmlbtf lb lsl ùcar.

^DWFX NL LXHLBAX às lshlbas sl ndvdnlb lb trls hàsls5

1) pfsta`5 ls uba nlshrdphdøb jdea nl ub mfmlbtf lb ub ùcar nltlrmdbanf lb l` qul fhurrl a`cf. lsta nlshrdphdøb ls jdea, bf iay ub mfvdmdlbtf, fhurrl ta` hfmf sd julra l` padsael nl ub ub huanrf, uba pfsta` f uba jftf. pfr lelmp`f, Ataiua`pa Tupabqud - L` arrdlrf, [dharnf Mfbtablr - Dùmdbana y ltlrba f Oatrdba & îl Savls - Saòdbc Fb Xubsidbl. ;) lshlba lb mfvdmdlbtf5 ls uba nlshrdphdøb møvd` nl ub mfmlbtf lb ub ùcar nltlrmdbanf lb l` qul fhurrl a`cf mdlbtras suhlnlb vardas hfsas sdmu`táblamlbtl. ls sdmdàr a à lshlba nl uba pl`íhuà lb à hua` lb hámara `lbta sl vab mfstrabnf às ndjlrlbtls hfsas qul fhurrlb lb lsl mfmlbtf. îl Klat`ls - Wlbby @abl, ls ub lelmp`f nl habhdøb hfb lstl tdpf nl lshlba lb mfvdmdlbtf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

194


8) ja`sa idstfrda5 lsta lshlba dbdhda hfmf sd julra uba idstfrda, pulnl, f bf, lxp`dhar hømf ``lcamfs a lsa sdtuahdøb, plrf à idstfrda bf avabza, bf iay nlsarrf``f. âmkdäb, pulnl iahlr rljlrlbhda a ub juturf pfsdk`l, plrf bf iay jdba`? à idstfrda bubha tlrmdba. ls uba ja`sa idstfrda pfrqul l` rlàtf sl lbhulbtra dbhfmp`ltf lb su mayfr mlndna. lstl tdpf nl lshlba tdlbl trls vardabtls pfrqul pulnl fhurrdr lb l` prlslbtl, l` pasanf Lelrhdhdf 5 ^fmlb à lshlba nl uba plf l` juturf. a`cubfs lelmp`fs nl lstl tdpf nl `íhuà y hfbvdärtabà lb habhdøb. habhdøb sfb5 [dharnf Mfbtablr - Hastd``f azu`, Waz Martíblz - \ba `ácrdma sfkrl l` tl`äjfbf,, lbtrl ftras. `äjfbf

W[LC\BÂX WA[A NLXA[[F@@A[ \BA LXHLBA a à ifra nl lshrdkdr uba lshlba pfnlmfs pàbtlar `fs sdcudlbtls dbtlrrfcabtls5 nlshrdphdøb nl` lshlbardf f ùcar5 ¶Nøbnl fhurrl6 ¶^dlbl bfmkrl6 ¶Ls rla` f

dbvlbtanf6 ¶Wfr quä ls ub ùcar mácdhf6 ¶Wfr quä ls lsplhda`6 ¶Quä hf`frls y sfbdnfs sl plrhdklb6 ^dlmpf5 ¶Huábnf fhurrl5 lb l` pasanf, prlslbtl f juturf6 ¶F ls atlmpfra`6 ¶Lb quä mfmlbtf6 ¶Quä suhlnl6 ¶Ls a`cf qul fhurrl tfnfs `fs nías f ls tab sf`f ub dbstabtl6 ¶Ls sdlmprl f sf`f huabnf pasa a`cf6 plrsfbaels5 ¶Qudäbls aparlhlb lb à lshlba6 ¶Bf iay bandl lb partdhuàr f qul va`ca à plba bfmkrar6 ¶Hømf Hømf barramfs à lshlba6 ¶Ls lb tlrhlra plrsfba6 ¶Ls lb pubtfnlvdsta5 ¶ prdmlra6¶Qudäb ls l` prftacfbdsta y quä pdlbsa f sdlbtl6 ahhdøb5 ¶Quä suhlnl lb lsl padsael6 ¶Xl nlsarrf`à a`cuba ahhdøb lb hfbtdbudnan (pl`íhuà) f ls más ub dbstabtl mácdhf (hfmf sd sl tratara uba jftf)6 slbsahdfbls5 ¶Quä slbtdmdlbtfs, lmfhdfbls f slbsahdfbls prfnuhl l` ùcar6

¶Wfr quä va`l à plba lshrdkdr sfkrl ä`6 ¶Ls ub ùcar kl``f f jlf6¶Qul hf`frls iay6¶Iay ùhls f sfmkras6 ¶Quä tdlbl nl lsplhda`6 ¶Quä fhurrl huabnf `f vlb f lstab aií6 ¶F sdmp`lmlbtl ls a`cf qul suhlndø f suhlnl y va`l à plba nlshrdkdr`f6 ¶Xl lxplrdmlbta uba slbsahdøb nl a`dvdf f nl plsanumkrl6 ¶@f lxtrañab6 ¶A`cudlb más `f hfbfhl6


147


L@ W\B^F NL ZDXÂ T @FX ^DLMWFX à lshlba pulnl slr barrana lb prdmlra plrsfba, lb tlrhlra f pàbtlar ub

sueltf dbhùsdvf (bfsftrfs). pfr ftrf ànf, pulnl harlhlr nl sueltf y slr ub sdmp`l hfmlbtardf u fkslrvahdøb, uba sdmp`l rlj`lxdøb sfkrl ub mfmlbtf, hfmf l` lstrdkd``f nl à habhdøb Eljj Krdncls - Ja``db' & J`ydb' ‐dt's ‐dt's jubby jubby ifw ja``db' jll`s `dol j`ydb', jfr a `dtt`l wid`l” (‐ls crahdfsf, hfmf halr sl sdlbtl hfmf vfàr , pfr ub mfmlbtf”). pfr l` hfbtrardf, tamkdäb sl pulnl nlshrdkdr à hfbjusdøb nl` mfmlbtf, hfmf fhurrl lb l` hasf nl à habhdøb nl Xultlr - Amablhl lb à ruta, qul nlshrdkl ub ahhdnlbtl lb à ruta. lbtrl às vardahdfbls pfsdk`ls, à habhdøb pulnl dbtlrrfcar a` fylbtl sfkrl sd vdvdø ub mfmlbtf slmleabtl, hfmf lb Hrllnlbhl H`larwatlr [lvdva` - Iavl Tfu Lvlr Xllb til [adb6, [adb6, f pulnl slr ub jracmlbtf nl ub ndá`fcf lbtrl nfs, hfmf lb à habhdøb îl Wf`dhl - [fxabl. [fxabl. hfmf mlbhdfbamfs abtlrdfrmlbtl, à lshlba pulnl fhurrdr lb prlslbtl, lb pasanf, f lb juturf. anlmás pulnl slr ub pftlbhda`, ls nlhdr, jabtaslar sfkrl quä fhurrdría, dmacdbarsl qul pasaría, prlcubtarsl sd pasø f sd pasará. sdb lmkarcf, nlklmfs nlstahar qul l` rlhursf más usua` ls l` añfrar y l` rlhfrnar. va`l mlbhdfbar à habhdøb nl Xtdbc - Jdl`ns fj Cf`n . lb hana vlrsf sl barra l` mdsmf mfmlbtf f lshlba ‐waò db jdl`ns fj cf`n”, plrf l` sueltf y su pubtf nl vdsta hamkdab. l` prdmlr vlrsf nl à habhdøb hfmdlbza lb prdmlra plrsfba ‐ yfu'`` rlmlmklr ml”, mdlbtras qul l` slcubnf vlrsf ls barranf nlsnl l` pubtf nl v dsta nl ub fkslrvanfr ‐sf sil tffo ilr `fvl” `fvl” y y más tarnl utd`dza uba jrasl dbhùsdva ‐sll til hid`nrlb rub” y ub bfsftrfs ‐Silb wl waòln db jdl`ns fj cf`n”. lb hfbhùsdøb pfnlmfs mabtlblr jdef l` mfmlbtf mdlbtras sl a`tlra f sl mulstrab ndjlrlbtls pubtfs nl vdsta.

A^LMWF[A@DNAN F ^[ABX^LMWF[A ^[ABX^LMWF[A@DNAN @DNAN rlhursf muy dbtlrlsabtl qul aparlhl lb vardas habhdfbls, y ls pfr nlmás utd`dzanf lb às habhdfbls nl har`fs carnl`, ls à trabstlmpfra`dnan, ls nlhdr, l` traspasf nl` pasanf a` prlslbtl (f a ftrfs tdlmpfs) lb à barrahdøb mdlbtras l` ùcar sl mabtdlbl5 ub

L` jarf`dtf nl à ha``l lb qul bahí jul l` hlbtdblà nl mds prfmlsas nl amfr, kaef su qudlta ùhlhdta yf à vd a md plklta, ùmdbfsa hfmf ub sf`. Ify qul à sulrtl qudlrl qul tl vul`va a vlr, hdunan pfrtlña nl md õbdhf qulrlr, y fdcf à qulea nl ub kabnfbløb, nlbtrf nl` plhif pdnl rdlbna l` hfrazøb.


141


lb lsta lshlba, Har`fs Carnl` y A`jrlnf @l Wlra - Md Kulbfs Adrls qulrdnf, qulrdnf, sl nlshrdkl `f qul suhlnl huabnf vul`vl a vlr su hdunan5 sl eubtab l` rlhulrnf nl` pasanf hfb ub ilhif lb l` prlslbtl, sdb lmkarcf, l` ùcar plrmablhl dbmutak`l. lb ub par nl vlrsfs ilmfs vdaeanf a` pasanf y a` juturf. Tf andvdbf l` parpanlf nl às ùhls qul a `f `lefs vab marhabnf md rltfrbf. Xfb às mdsmas qul aùmkrarfb hfb sus pá`dnfs rlj`lefs ifbnas ifras nl nf`fr. lstl mdsmf rlhursf aparlhl lb Har`fs Carnl` y A`jrlnf @l Wlra - Zf`vlr Zf`vlr.. lb lstfs vlrsfs, sl nlshrdkl l` mfmlbtf prlslbtl nl huabnf vul`vl y así mdsmf aparlhl l` cdrf a` pasanf. l` mfmlbtf sl vl harcanf pfr à sdcbdjdhahdøb nl às ùhls qul vdvlb lb l` prlslbtl y `l rlhulrnab l` pasanf. lstl rlhursf ls muy õtd` para clblrar añfrabza, lxp`dhar a `fs slbtdmdlbtfs, y nar hf`fr, vdna y sdcbdjdhahdøb a à barrahdøb. à barrahdøb y à nlshrdphdøb nl` mfmlbtf sl vul`vlb muhif más vdvas. lb lsl ùcar fhurrlb ub crab bõmlrf nl ilhifs, tabtf lb l` pasanf hfmf lb l` prlslbtl y (¶pfr quä bf6) lb l` juturf. lsta jørmuà nl trabstlmpfra`dnan nl` mfmlbtf aparlhl lb à habhdøb nl Xtdbc - Jdl`ns fj Cf`n , à hua` prlslbta ub u b cdrf nl` prlslbtl ‐as wl ‐as wl waò db jdl`ns fj cf`n” a` cf`n” a` juturf ‐maby ‐maby ylars ylars iavl passln sdbhl tifsl summlr nays amfbc til jdl`ns fj kar`ly”. lb hfbhùsdøb, lb à lshlba tfnf ls pfsdk`l. sl pulnl hamkdar à tlmpfra`dnan utd`dzabnf l` rlhursf nl rlhfrnar f dmacdbar l` juturf, f sdmp`lmlbtl pfnlmfs trabspfrtar a` sueltf y à lshlba a hua`qudlr tdlmpf5 pasanf, prlslbtl f juturf.

@A LXHLBA HFMF ZA[DAHDØB LB @A @L^[A IAKD^\A@ sd kdlb pfnlmfs hfmpfblr uba habhdøb utd`dzabnf lstl rlhursf lb à tfta`dnan

nl à `ltra, ls muy jrlhulbtl usar`f hfmf vardahdøb nl `fs vlrsfs nl à `ltra iakdtua`. lb ftras paàkras, pfnlmfs hfmkdbar ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls hfb vardanfs lstd`fs. pfr lelmp`f, `fs vlrsfs pulnlb slr barranfs hfmf uba idstfrda, y l` lstrdkd``f utd`dzar l` rlhursf nl à lshlba, ls nlhdr, hapturar ub mfmlbtf nl lsa idstfrda. pfr lelmp`f, l` lstrdkd``f nl Hrdstdab Hastrf - Lstáb ``fvdlbnf lstrl`às ls uba lshlba mdlbtras l` rlstf nl à habhdøb cfza ub adrl más slbtdmlbta`. Nllp Wurp`l - Xmfol fb til Satlr hulbta à idstfrda nl à crakahdøb y l` dbhlbndf nl` iftl`, mdlbtras l` lstrdkd``f haptura l` mfmlbtf lb l` qul l` iumf lstaka lb l` acua y l` julcf lb l` hdl`f. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

14;


L@ E\LCF LB^[L @A MÕXDHA T @A @L^[A ls dmpfrtabtl l` usf nl à mõsdha para lbjatdzar l` mfmlbtf. ub lelmp`f maravd``fsf nl lsta rlàhdøb ls à habhdøb nl Wid` Hf``dbs - Db til Adr ^fbdcit , à hua` haptura l` mfmlbtf prlhdsf abtls nl qul suhlna a`cf. à `ltra dbtlrrfca a` fylbtl "sfkrl sd `f sdlbtl", sdb lmkarcf, bf sl lxp`dha quä va fhurrdr, plrf à tlbsdøb y l` h`ímax lb à mõsdha sl dbhrlmlbtab para iahlrbfs saklr qul a`cf dmpfrtabtl va a suhlnlr y prfbtf. bf iay idstfrda, bf iay prdbhdpdf bd jdba`, à habhdøb ls sf`f ub mfmlbtf.

HABHDFBLX Q\L \^D@DUAB @A LXHLBA HFMF [LH\[XF a hfbtdbuahdøb, ub `dstanf nl ftras habhdfbls qul utd`dzab lstl tdpf nl rlhursf. a`cubas lb su tfta`dnan, ftras lb a`cuba slhhdøb, lb l` vlrsf f l` lstrdkd``f. lstrdkd``f. Xtdbc - Lbc`dsimab db Blw Tfro Xfna Xtlrlf - Wlrsdaba amlrdhaba îl Wf`dhl - [fxabl îl Mammas abn til Wapas - Ha`djfrbda Nrlamdbc Xdmfb & Carjubol` - îl Xfubn fj Xd`lbhl Oabsas - Nust db til Sdbn Anl`l - [f``dbc db til Nllp Ataiua`pa Tupabqud - L` arrdlrf Xhfrpdfbs - Sdbn fj Hiabcl Xtdbc - Jdl`ns fj Cf`n Kruhl Xprdbcstllb - Xtrllts fj Widànl`pida [LM - @fsdbc my [l`dcdfb Olabl - Xfmlwilrl Fb`y Sl Obfw @fu [lln - Wlrjlht Nay Efib Maylr - Hàrdty Hrdstdab Hastrf - Lstáb ``fvdlbnf lstrl`às Klat`ls - Wlbby @abl Klat`ls - Xtrawvlry Jdl`ns Klat`ls - @uhy db til Xoy wdti w dti Ndamfbns Klat`ls - Kàhokdrn îl Lac`ls - Iftl` Ha`djfrbda @uds Mdcul` - Wfr nlkaef nl à mlsa Efaf Cd`klrtf - Carfta nl Dpablma @fs Catfs - Zdlbtf nd`l a à `ùvda Hahif Hastaña - Carcabta hfb arlba Hahif Hastaña - Hajl @a Iumlnan Waz Martíblz - \ba `ácrdma sfkrl l` tl`äjfbf Zdrus - Dmáclbls pacabas Xud Clblrds - [ascuña às pdlnras LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

148

HAWÍ^\@F YYYZD

\BA K\LBA @L^[A

¶Quä ls uba `ltra kulba6 ¶Quä tdlbl qul tlblr uba `ltra para slr kulba6 ¶\ba kulba `ltra tdlbl qul slr prfjubna6¶Quä nljdbl a uba `ltra hfmf ahlrtana6. lb prdmlr ùcar va`l à plba ahàra qul, l` tärmdbf kulbf ls rlàtdvf. `f qul pulnl slr kulbf para ubfs, pulnl slr uba lstupdnlz para ftrfs. lbtfbhls, l` hfbhlptf nl uba kulba `ltra ls rlàtdvf puls nlplbnl nl qudäb à lshrdkl, qudäb à fyl y qudäb à ha`djdqul. plrf supfbcamfs qul dbtlcramfs ub euranf dbtlrbahdfba` nl habhdfbls y tlblmfs qul l`lcdr à mlefr `ltra lb ub amp`df crupf nl habhdfbls, ¶quä hua`dnanls nlklría tlblr à `ltra nl à habhdøb cabanfra6

AE\XÂ[XL A @A ML@FNÍA uba `ltra nlkl ha`zar plrjlhtamlbtl lb `fs tdlmpfs nl às ml`fnías, nlkl slr

habtana plrf sdb slr jfrzana y mltdna a cf`pls lb à habhdøb. lb ftras paàkras, à `ltra nlkl jùdr lb à ml`fnía, sfbar batura`. batura`. bf sl nlklb jfrzar f nljfrmar às paàkras.

XDMW@LUA T H@A[DNAN à `ltra pulnl tlblr slbtdnf f bf, pulnl slr hfbtrandhtfrda, l dbhùsf iasta lbcañfsa, plrf nlkl slr hàra a` rljlrdrsl a ub tlma f a uba dnla lb partdhuàr. bf

bavlca lb ub u b mar nl dnlas dbhfbhùsas qul bf b f ndhlb aksfùtamlbtl bana. âmkdäb, âmkdäb, sl pulnlb lshrdkdr habhdfbls tab sf`f hfb ub par nl paàkras plrf dbhùsf l`às tlbnráb qul tlblr slbtdnf. huabnf à dnla ls hàra y sdmp`l ls jáhd` nl lshrdkdr y nl dbtlrprltar.

@A @L^[A T @A MÕXDHA LX^ÁB LB WL[JLHÂ A[MFBÍA à mõsdha y à `ltra blhlsdtab trabsmdtdr l` mdsmf slbtdmdlbtf. vab para l` mdsmf ànf. uba pfbl lb paàkras `f qul à ftra trabsmdtl lb sfbdnfs y lb lblrcía. lbl rcía.

W\B^F NL ZDXÂ ÕBDHF `f dnla` slría qul à habhdøb tuvdlra ub pubtf nl vdsta õbdhf sfkrl ub tlma,

a`cf qul eamás sl iaya pàbtlanf lb ftras habhdfbls. plrf ls ndjíhd` lbhfbtrar f tlblr ub plbsamdlbtf õbdhf f uba rlj`lxdøb frdcdba` sfkrl ub tlma nl` qul tfnfs iakàb. lbtfbhls, à mlefr fphdøb ls lbhfbtrar uba dnla prfpda, slbhd`àmlbtl `f LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

14>


qul ubf pdlbsa l dbtlbtar lxprlsar`f nlsnl ub pubtf nl vdsta plrsfba`. bf ls blhlsardf slr ub lxtrafrndbardf lshrdtfr, plrf rlqudlrl muhia sdmp`lza, ifblstdnan y hfbhdlbhda, anlmás nl nar hfb às paàkras anlhuanas para lxprlsar`f.

XDB LX^L[LF^DWFX iay bana plfr qul às `ltras lstlrlftdpanas. ub crab lshrdtfr ndef a`cuba vlz5 ‐sd partls nl ub lstlrlftdpf bf tlbnrás a nfbnl dr”. às `ltras pàcanas nl ùcarls hfmubls, jrasls ilhias y sfùhdfbls jáhd`ls slbhd`àmlbtl arrudbab à habhdøb, pfrqul ls eustamlbtl `f hfbtrardf nl `f qul pàbtlamfs lb l` pubtf abtlrdfr. bf

@A W[FJ\BNDNAN ¶\ba kulba `ltra ls aqul`à lb à qul sl iakà nl às dbeustdhdas, à rl`dcdøb, pf`ítdha, jd`fsfjía f à vdna y à mulrtl6 ¶Nl à lxdstlbhda iumaba6 lsf ls aksurnf. uba kulba `ltra bf tdlbl bana qul vlr hfb à prfjubndnan nl` tlma. uba kulba `ltra ls uba `ltra ahlrtana. ahlr tana. ls nlhdr, uba `ltra sdmp`l qul ndhl lb paàkras `f qul à habhdøb lxprlsa hfb à mõsdha. dmacdba qul vas a kadàr y lmpdlza a sfbar uba habhdøb iakàbnf sfkrl l` jdb nl à lxdstlbhda iumaba f sfkrl à mulrtl nl ub idef. ¶^lbnría ¶^lbnría slbtdnf6 bf, pfrqul huabnf ubf va a ndvlrtdrsl qudlrl lshuhiar mõsdha ndvlrtdna. hana cäblrf ^DW5 A`cubas habhdfbls sfb tfbtas? ftras musdha`, bf ls mlefr bd plfr qul ftrfs, tdlblb ub mlbsael prfjubnf. @f qul ls dmpfrtabtl ls rlhfbfhlr à jubhdøb sfhda` tfnfs sl anaptab a ub hfbtlxtf y a ub jdb. nl à habhdøb. à mõsdha hump`l uba jubhdøb y ls pfr l``f qul lxdstlb ndjlrlbtls tdpfs nl habhdfbls. lb clblra`, uba `ltra ‐prfjubna” ‐prfjubna” ls ndjdhd` qul hfdbhdna hfb uba mõsdha para kadàr, pfr vardas razfbls5 a) à clbtl bf `l prlstaría atlbhdøb y l` mlbsael pasaría nlsaplrhdkdnf? k) l`à slría hfbtrandhtfrda hfb à mõsdha? h) y bf ls l` jdb nl à habhdøb. lstf bf qudlrl nlhdr qul bf sl pulnab hfmpfblr habhdfbls hfb `ltras prfjubnas, trdstls f rlj`lxdvas, sf`f nlklmfs lbtlbnlr à rlàhdfb lbtrl mõsdha y `ltra. lb ftras paàkras, às kulbas habhdfbls sfb às qul ahdlrtab lb paàkras `f qul à mõsdha qudlrl trabsmdtdr, qul lxprlsab, qul hump`lb su jubhdøb. huabnf sl rljdlrl a uba kulba `ltra nlklría hfmprlbnlrsl hfmf uba `ltra ahlrtana qul lsqudva `fs lstlrlftdpfs, qul prfmulvl dmáclbls julrtls y jrasls frdcdba`ls y atrahtdvas, qul tdlbl ub mlbsael, qul hump`l uba jubhdøb. à dnla ls `fcrar à hfilrlbhda lbtrl à mõsdha y à `ltra, lxprlsabnf hua`qudlr slbsahdøb5 sla a`lcrl, trdstl, lbfef, lthätlra. pfr õ`tdmf, uba nl às hfsas más `àmatdvas ls à rlspulsta nl à clbtl abtl l` mdsmf lstdmu`f, às ndjlrlbtls dbtlrprltahdfbls y slbsahdfbls qul prfnuhlb às habhdfbls y sus `ltras. pfr lelmp`f, uba habhdøb pulnl rlsu`tar tfbta para uba plrsfba plrf pulnl slr muy ndvlrtdna para ftra, nl à mdsma jfrma qul, uba `ltra prfjubna pulnl slr hfbsdnlrana nlprlsdva, mdlbtras qul a ftra plrsfba `l rlsu`ta rlvlànfra. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

14<

HAWÍ^\@F YYYZDD

¶Q\Ä IAHL[ XD BF ML C\XÂ @A @L^[A NL MD HABHDØB6

a` prdbhdpdf a ubf sl `l fhurrl à dnla y hfmdlbza a lshrdkdr sfkrl l`à. a vlhls à habhdøb sa`l jáhd` y à lshrdkdmfs lb mlbfs nl hdbhf mdbutfs, plrf ftras vlhls hulsta ub pfhf más, a vlhls, dbhùsf, añfs. sd sl bfs na rápdnamlbtl l` prfhlsf, sul`l suhlnlr qul ubf pdlbsa5 Ls à mlefr habhdøb qul lshrdkí iasta l` mfmlbtf. Xfy ub clbdf. clbdf . plrf ùlcf tdlbl à slbsahdøb nl qul `f qul lshrdkdø bf ls tab kulbf hfmf hf mf `f qul plbsaka. y sl pasa para l` ftrf ànf y pdlbsa5 Lstf ls uba pfrqulría. pfrqulría. bf nlklb prlfhuparsl pfrqul lstf ls bfrma`. ¶Quä ia pasanf6 ¶Abtls lra lsplhtahuàr y aifra ls ifrrdk`l6 ¶Wfr quä6 ¶A`cudlb rllshrdkdø `fs vlrsfs sdb qul bfs bf s ndäramfs hulbta6 bana nl lsf, sdmp`lmlbtl pusdmfs nlmasdanas lxplhtatdvas lb à habhdøb. à hulstdøb ls ahlptar à habhdøb ta` hfmf ls. bd clbda`, bd uba pfrqulrda. prfkak`lmlbtl, ub nía `ls custará y a` sdcudlbtl fndaráb à habhdøb, y más anlàbtl `ls vf`vlrá a custar. ls bfrma`, bf ml prlcubtlb pfrquä, ls sdmp`lmlbtl así. custavf hfrnlra `f lxp`dhø lb ub rlpfrtael5 ‐bf euzcar a às habhdfbls” habhdfbls” . . ub nía à amaráb y ftrf à fndaráb, lstf fhurrl iakdtua`mlbtl. sdb lmkarcf, bubha hfmparlb sus habhdfbls hfb às nl artdstas hfbsacranfs, pfrqul l`às iab sdnf prfkanas y rlvdsanas pfr muhia clbtl.

HFBXLEFX JDBA@LX - bubha kfrrlb uba dnla, uba `ltra f uba habhdøb. - à `ltra nl uba habhdøb va ubdna a à mõsdha. sd `llb à `ltra y `ls parlhl tfbta, sdmp`lmlbtl iácab`f ftra vlz, plrf habtabnf à ml`fnía f lshuhiábnfà hfb à mõsdha. sd aõb pdlbsab qul à `ltra ls tfbta, kusqulb a`cuba habhdøb hfbfhdna y `äabà sdb à mõsdha5 `ls rlsu`tará dcua`. - sd à habhdøb aõb bf `ls custa, slbhd`àmlbtl rllshríkabà. Iacab uba hfpda nl `f qul tdlblb ilhif iasta l` mfmlbtf y lmpdlhlb hfb ftrf hfbhlptf bulvf nl à habhdøb. lstf ls muy õtd`, lb lsplhda`, sd trakaeab rlpltdnamlbtl hfb ub LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

14:


tlma f uba dnla f sd tfnas sus habhdfbls rfzab l` mdsmf hfbhlptf, pfr lelmp`f, à nlprlsdøb f l` amfr. - bubha lshrdkab a`cf nlmasdanf plrsfba`. ^fnas às `ltras sfb plrsfba`ls, plrf bfs rljlrdmfs a a`cuba hulstdøb plrsfba` l íbtdma. sd às `ltras sfb nlmasdanf plrsfba`ls, pfsdk`lmlbtl `ls clblraráb vlrcðlbza pfr `f qul bf nlklríab sa`dr nl à iakdtahdøb? slbhd`àmlbtl, `ls eucaráb lb hfbtra. sd `fcrab dmacdbarsl habtabnf, mfstrabnf f lshuhiabnf à habhdøb lb põk`dhf, lstá plrjlhtf. `f mlefr ls plbsar5 ¶lstf sl lshuhiaría lb à randf6, ¶habtaría lstf lb ub sifw6. - pulnlb lshrdkdr sfkrl hua`qudlr `fhura, pfr lelmp`f, l` prdmlr sdbc`l nl Wdbo J`fyn - Arbf`n @aybl, @aybl, trata sfkrl ub travlstd huyf pasatdlmpf hfbsdstl lb rfkar rfpa nl muelrls lbhfbtrana lb tlbnlnlrfs. a`cf dmplbsanf lb lsa äpfha. - bf pdlbslb lb lshrdkdr bana crabndfsf. sdmp`lmlbtl, lshrdkab `f qul à habhdøb f à mõsdha `ls trabsmdtl. - bf pdlbslb lb lshrdkdr bana dbtl`dclbtl f prfjubnf. sdmp`lmlbtl lbhulbtrlb às paàkras. - huabnf fndlb à habhdøb qul lshrdkdlrfb, näelbà nl ànf y nlníqulbsl a hfmpfblr ftra. - huabnf amlb à habhdøb, nlníqulbsl a trakaear lb l`à. - bf tfnas às habhdfbls sfb clbda`ls, bd mlrlhlb slr crakanas. muhias habhdfbls sfb práhtdhas qul slrvdráb para bulvas habhdfbls. `fs nlpfrtdstas vab a` cdmbasdf para iahlr su rutdba? `fs artdstas nlklb prahtdhar su artl tfnfs `fs nías para hrlar. - à õbdha jfrma nl lshrdkdr uba kulba habhdøb ls lshrdkdr ub mfbtøb maàs. - bf harculb nl lxplhtatdvas uba habhdøb, pfrqul `ls parlhl mlefr qul ftra, f quä habhdøb sl hfbvlrtdrá lb ub idt. ¡pfnríab sfrprlbnlrsl!. à hulstdøb nl `fs custfs ls à más lxtraña. muhias habhdfbls qul a a`cubfs bf `ls custab, a ftrfs `ls jashdbab. sdlmprl lbhfbtraráb a a`cudlb qul amará ta` habhdøb y a ftrfs qul à fndaráb. pfr lsf, aubqul bf `ls custl muhif ub tlma nlklríab plndr ndjlrlbtls fpdbdfbls. - dbtlbtlb rlspltar às lstruhturas típdhas nl às habhdfbls (vlrsf-lstrdkd``f). plrf tamkdäb prulklb rfmplr l` lsqulma nl vlz lb huabnf. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

143


- sd sl lbhulbtrab lbtrl `fs qul `ls custa más lshrdkdr uba `ltra qul iahlr à mõsdha, f lb l` crupf sfb `fs lbharcanfs nl hfmpfblr, rlhulrnlb qul pulnlb nlsarrf`àr vardas dnlas sfkrl à mdsma habhdøb. - dbtlbtlb tlrmdbar f hfmp`ltar sus habhdfbls. lstl ls l` mayfr nl `fs nlsajdfs. - sd qudlrlb lshrdkdr habhdfbls más dbtl`dclbtls, iay muhifs rlhursfs qul pulnlb utd`dzar, hfmf à mltájfra, mltfbdmda, à abtdtlsds, à paranfea f l` fxímfrfb. - r lhulrnlb qul iay ndstdbtfs tdpfs nl `ltras nl habhdfbls qul varíab slcõb `fs lhulrnlb pubtfs nl vdsta. pulnlb barrar lb prdmlra plrsfba sdbcuàr (a ( a mí, yf) yf) f lb pùra` hfb ub haráhtlr dbhùsdvf (bfsftrfs ( bfsftrfs), ), lb tlrhlra plrsfba (l`/l`à/l``fs ( l`/l`à/l``fs). ). pulnl slr uba `ltra nlshrdptdva (¶quä ls6, ¶hømf ls6), nl haráhtlr barratdvf (¶quä (¶ quä suhlnl, pasa f pasará6), pasará6), f hfb hfbsdcbas. - bf hfmparlb bubha sus prfpdas habhdfbls hfb às habhdfbls nl artdstas hfbsacranfs. ls muy jáhd` plbsar qul `f qul ubf iahl ls uba pfrqulría sd sl hfmpara hfb habhdfbls qul ya saklmfs qul sfb ub äxdtf, qul tdlblb uba suplrprfnuhhdøb, qul jubhdfbab y qul sfb clbda`ls. sdlmprl ls mlefr lshuhiar mõsdha nlspuäs nl hfmpfblr y bf, abtls. - dbtlbtlb lvdtar às rdmas fkvdas y à mfbfrrdma. l`às surclb nl dnlas fkvdas. - kusqulb y utd`dhlb jrasls hftdndabas para hfmpfblr à `ltra. - eulculb hfb às paàkras y hfb `fs sfbdnfs. r lhulrnlb qul pulnlb utd`dzar lhulrnlb lxhàmahdfbls, fbfmatfplyas y ftrfs rlhursfs. - utd`dhlb ndjlrlbtls mätfnfs nl hfmpfsdhdøb y ndstdbtas jfrmas5 lmpdlhlb pfr à mõsdha, pfr à `ltra, pfr uba jrasl, pfr pf r l` títu`f, pfr l` rdtmf, lthätlra. - r lhulrnlb qul lshrdkdr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb ls pfblr lb paàkras `f qul à lhulrnlb mõsdha bfs trabsmdtl. f pfr l` hfbtrardf, lbhfbtrar à lblrcía para às paàkras. - bf sl lbhdlrrlb lb ub cäblrf f ub lstd`f. sd lshrdklb habhdfbls trdstls, prulklb lshrdkdr habhdfbls a`lcrls. f tratlb nl nar`l ub cdrf a `f qul hulbtab. - sd à habhdøb bf `ls custa, näelbà para más tarnl. - sd uba habhdøb bf `ls custa pfrqul `ls rlsu`ta akurrdna f mfbøtfba, pfsdk`lmlbtl l` prfk`lma lstä lb à lstruhtura, lb l` nlsarrf``f nl à habhdøb, lb à jfrma nl à ml`fnía y bf, lb à `ltra. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

149


- lshrdkab y rllshrdkab.. lshrdkab y rllshrdkab. - sd tdlblb vardas habhdfbls dbhfbhùsas, prulklb ubdràs. `f pusdmfs a` dbdhdf, plrf va`l à plba rlpltdr`f pfrqul, sdb nunas, ls `f más

dmpfrtabtl5

bu bha kfrr bub lb ub a dnla, ub a `l^r a f ub a habhdØb.


144

ABLYF

LEL[HDHDFX T ANDHDFBA@LX

XDX^LMA NL BFÂHDØB NL JF[MA NL @AX HABHDFBLX lb lstl apartanf tl lxp`dhamfs hømf jubhdfba l` sdstlma nl bftahdøb qul utd`dzab `fs hfmpfsdtfrls para lstruhturar uba habhdøb y sus ndjlrlbtls slhhdfbls. saklmfs qul uba habhdøb lstá hfmpulsta pfr ndstdbtfs l`lmlbtfs hfmf vlrsfs, lstrdkd``fs, pulbtl, lthätlra f ndstdbtfs pasaels musdha`ls. musdha`ls. para pfnlr abftar y nlshrdkdr à lstruhtura nl à habhdøb sl dnlø lstl sdstlma.

[LC@AX - hana uba nl às ndjlrlbtls partls nl uba habhdøb sl marha hfb uba `ltra. pfr lelmp`f5 a vlrsf, k lstrdkd``f, h pulbtl, n vlrsf a`tlrbatdvf, lthätlra. - a uba slhhdøb õbdha hfb uba õbdha ml`fnía sl `l ftfrca uba õbdha `ltra. - sd sl utd`dza l` mdsmf matlrda` lb ftra slhhdøb, sl `l ftfrca à mdsma `ltra. - lb l` hasf nl uba slhhdøb qul sl rlpdtl hfb uba vardahdøb, sl utd`dza a`cõb símkf`f para marharà? clblra`mlbtl, sl lmp`la ub apøstrfjf f hfmd`à (—).

AH@A[AHDFBLX - sd nfs slhhdfbls (vlrsfs, lstrdkd``fs, pulbtl, lthätlra) usab ndjlrlbtls ml`fnías, sl marhab hfb ndjlrlbtl `ltra. pfr lelmp`f5 ak. - sd nfs slhhdfbls (vlrsfs, lstrdkd``fs, lthätlra) usab à mdsma ml`fnía plrf ndstdbta `ltra, sl marhab hfb à mdsma `ltra. pfr lelmp`f5 aa. - sd l` slcubnf vlrsf varía `dclramlbtl rlsplhtf nl` prdmlr vlrsf, à ml`fnía hulbta hfb uba vardahdøb, lbtfbhls sl `fs nlbfmdba hfb à mdsma `ltra más ub apøstrfjf. pfr lelmp`f5 aa—.

LELMW@FX NL LX^[\H^\[AX NL @AX HABHDFBLX aaa --------- (vlrsf, vlrsf, vlrsf) aaa—— --------- (vlrsf, vlrsf, vlrsf hfb vardahdøb) aaa aaka ------- (vlrsf, vlrsf, lstrdkd``f, vlrsf) akak ------- (vlrsf, lstrdkd``f, vlrsf, lstrdkd``f) akah ------- (vlrsf, lstrdkd``f, vlrsf, pulbtl) akakhk --- (vlrsf, lstrdkd``f, vlrsf, lstrdkd``f, pulbtl, lstrdkd``f) kakakk --- (lstrdkd``f, vlrsf, lstrdkd``f, vlrsf, lstrdkd``f, lstrdkd``f)


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HDJ[ANF AML[DHABF l` hdjranf amlrdhabf f abc`fsaeøb ls uba nl às jfrmas más hfmubls nl rlprlslbtar às bftas musdha`ls, aubqul mayfrmlbtl ls usanf para rljlrdrsl a ahfrnls. ls ub sdstlma muy õtd` para abftar às habhdfbls y nlsdcbar prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls hfb rapdnlz. para hfmprlbnlr`f slbhd`àmlbtl vlamfs uba hfmparahdøb5 lshaà nl nf bfmlbhàtura àtdba5 nf r l md j a sf` à sd nf hdjranf amlrdhabf5 h n l j c a k h hfmf vlmfs, a hana bfta sl `l asdcba uba `ltra. uba vlz rla`dzana à hfmparahdøb, ls jáhd` bftar qul l` hdjranf amlrdhabf, hfmdlbza pfr à bfta à (a).

hdjranf amlrdhabf

a k h n l l md à sd nf r

c a sf` j j

sd kdlb pulnl usarsl para nlsdcbar bftas, l` hdjranf amlrdhabf ls usan f clblra`mlbtl para rljlrdrsl a ahfrnls. nl dcua` jfrma, a hana ahfrnl sl `l asdcba uba `ltra partdlbnf nl a qul hfrrlspfbnl a` ahfrnl nl à y sdmp`lmlbtl sl `l añanl à

harahtlrístdha nl` ahfrnl nlspuäs nl à bfta, hfmf lxp`dharlmfs a hfbtdbuahdøb.

HA[AH^L[ÍX^DHAX NL@ AHF[NL às harahtlrístdhas más usua`ls nl ub ahfrnl sfb às sdcudlbtls5 - Ahfrnl mayfr5 a`cubfs à ahfmpañab hfb à mayõshuà m. lb clblra`, sf`f

sl dbndha hfb à `ltra nl` ahfrnl lb mayõshuà para lvdtar hfbjusdfbls hfb l` ahfrnl mlbfr. pfr lelmp`f5 nf mayfr5 h. - Ahfrnl mlbfr5 sl pulnl lshrdkdr à `ltra nl` ahfrnl lb mdbõshuà plrf `f más jrlhulbtl ls qul sl ahfmpañl hfb à `ltra m. pfr lelmp`f5 nf mlbfr5 hm. - Xfstlbdnf5 sl utd`dza l` símkf`f #. pfr lelmp`f5 nf mayfr sfstlbdnf5 h# - Klmf`5 sl utd`dza à `ltra k. pfr lelmp`f5 sd klmf`5 kk - Ahfrnl ndsmdbudnf5 sl dbndha nl ndjlrlbtls mablras. pfr lelmp`f5 -, nds, ndm f, tamkdäb, sl abfta hfmf suplríbndhl5 ·. - Ahfrnl aumlbtanf5 sl dbndha nl ndstdbtfs mfnfs. pfr lelmp`f5 +, auc, aum. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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lstl sdstlma sl hfmkdba, clblra`mlbtl, hfb hfb l` sdstlma nl takàtura takàtura para cudtarras f l` Basivd``l Basivd``l.. hfb à takàtura, sul`l utd`dzarsl hfmf hfmp`lmlbtf para marhar `fs ahfrnls, mdlbtras qul hfb l` Basivd``l sl lmp`la para nlsdcbar lxahtamlbtl l` ahfrnl qul usamfs, pfr lelmp`f5 nl d-dv-v a h-j -c.

¶HØMF ABFÂ[ @A @L^[A T @FX AHF[NLX6 pfnlmfs utd`dzar l` hdjranf amlrdhabf para abftar à `ltra y `fs ahfrnls nl à habhdøb muy jáhd` y rápdnf. ls muy slbhd``f5 abftamfs à `ltra nl à habhdøb y arrdka nl às jrasls f nl às paàkras nfbnl sl prfnuhl l` hamkdf nl` ahfrnl, acrlcamfs à bftahdøb nl` hdjranf nl` ahfrnl. pfr lelmp`f, lb vlz nl sf` utd`dzamfs à `ltra c. a hfbtdbuahdøb, ub lelmp`f lb `fs vlrsfs nl à habhdøb nl Mfrds - L` fsf. C

Lm

Tf vdvía lb l` kfsqul muy hfbtlbtf H

N

Hamdbaka, hamdbaka sdb hlsar C

Lm

às mañabas y às tarnls lrab mías H

N

a à bfhil ml tdraka a nlshabsar.

A@^L[AHDFBLX T AÑANDN\[AX muhias vlhls, lbhfbtrarlmfs ndjlrlbtls bõmlrfs f símkf`fs a` ànf nl` ahfrnl? lstfs sul`lb utd`dzarsl para nlsdcbar l` tdpf nl ahfrnl f às bftas a ñandnas. nl lsta jfrma, pfnlmfs ndjlrlbhdar ub ahfrnl nl säptdma nl ubf mayfr, pfr lelmp`f. - ahfrnl nl qudbta5 <. pfr lelmp`f, nf qudbta5 h<. - ahfrnl nl säptdma5 3 pfr lelmp`f, nf säptdma5 h3. - ahfrnl nl bfvlba5 4 f ann4. pfr lelmp`f, nf bfvlba5 h4, hann4. - ahfrnl nl slxta5 : f ann:. pfr lelmp`f, nf slxta5 h:, hann:. - ahfrnl hfb fbhlava5 11 11 f ann11. ann11. pfr lelmp`f, nf mlbfr fbhlava5 hm11. - ahfrnl hfb trlhlava5 18 f ann18. pfr lelmp`f, nf trlhlava h18. lb l` hasf nl qul l` ahfrnl hulbtl hfb a`tlrahdfbls, sl `l acrlcab às vardahdfbls plrtdblbtls a hfbtdbuahdøb nl` ahfrnl, slcudnas nl` bõmlrf, y hfb uba bfta añandna sl utd`dza ann y l` bõmlrf f uba karra y l` bõmlrf hfb à mfndjdhahdøb. lb hasf nl slr ub ahfrnl dbvlrtdnf f hfbtlblr ub kaef qul bf ls à tøbdha nl` ahfrnl, sl utd`dza à karra ( / ( / ). pfr lelmp`f, C/K C/K,, nlsdcba ub ahfrnl nl sf` mayfr hfb kaef lb sd.


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A@^L[AHDFBLX mayfr5 mae, m. may may.. susplbndnf5 sus aumlbtanf5 +, # ndsmdbudnf5 -, ·, nds, ndm añandnf5 ann, / klmf`5 k

C\ÍA NL LELMW@FX NL AHF[NLX a hfbtdbuahdøb, ub ndhhdfbardf hfb às akrlvdahdfbls nl à mayfría nl `fs ahfrnls lb hdjranf amlrdhabf. - Ahfrnl nl huarta susplbndna5 sus>, sus. pfr lelmp`f5 nf huarta susplbndna5 hsus>, hsus. - Ahfrnl nl slcubna susplbndna5 sus;. pfr lelmp`f5 nf hfb slcubna susplbndna5 hsus; - Ahfrnl nl säptdma5 3. pfr lelmp`f5 nf säptdma5 h3. - Ahfrnl mlbfr säptdma5 m3. pfr lelmp`f5 nf mlbfr säptdma5 hm3. - Ahfrnl nl säptdma mayfr5 mae3, 3m. pfr lelmp`f5 nf säptdma mayfr5 h3m, hmae3. - Ahfrnl nl säptdma hfb qudbta klmf`5 3/k<, 3k<, 3-<, 3(k<). pfr lelmp`f5 nf mlbfr säptdma hfb qudbta klmf`5 hm3/k<, hm3k<, hm3(k<), hm3-. pfr lelmp`f5 nf säptdma huarta susplbndna5 h3sus>, h3sus. - Ahfrnl nl säptdma hfb bfvlba klmf` (añandna)5 3k4, 3-4,3(k4) pfr lelmp`f5 nf säptdma hfb bfvlba klmf` (añandna)5 h3k4, h3(k4), h3-4. - Ahfrnl nl slxta hfb huarta susplbndna5 :sus>, :sus. pfr lelmp`f5 nf slxta hfb huarta susplbndna5 h:sus>, h:sus. - Ahfrnl nl bfvlba hfb qudbta klmf`5 4k<, 4(k<), h4-<. pfr lelmp`f5 nf bfvlba hfb qudbta klmf`5 hk<, h4(k<), h4-<. - Ahfrnl nl bfvlba hfb qudbta aumlbtana5 4♦<, 4(♦<), 4+<. pfr lelmp`f5 nf bfvlba hfb qudbta aumlbtana5 h4♦<, h4(♦<), h4+<. - Ahfrnl nl slxta hfb bfvlba (añandna)5 :/4, :ann4, :4. pfr lelmp`f5 nf slxta hfb bfvlba (añandna) h:/4, h:ann4, h:4. - Ahfrnl hfb bfvlba mayfr5 mae4 f 4m. pfr lelmp`f5 nf bfvlba mayfr5 nf4m, hmae4? nf mlbfr bfvlba mayfr5 hm4m, hmmae4.


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- Ahfrnl nl bfvlba hfb slxta (añandna)5 4/:, 4ann:, 4:. pfr lelmp`f5 nf bfvlba hfb slxta (añandna)5 h4/:, h4ann:, h4:. - Ahfrnl nl bfvlba hfb fbhlava aumlbtana (añandna)5 4+11, 4♦ 4♦11, 11, 4(♦ 4(♦11). 11). pfr lelmp`f5 nf bfvlba hfb fbhlava aumlbtana (añandna)5 h4♦ 4♦11, 11, h4(♦ 4(♦11), 11), h4+11. - Ahfrnl nl bfvlba mayfr hfb fbhlava aumlbtana (añandna)5 mae4♦ mae4♦11, 11,

mae4(♦11), mae4+11. mae4(♦11), pfr lelmp`f5 nf bfvlba mayfr hfb fbhlava aumlbtana (añandna)5 hmae4♦ mae4♦11, 11, hmae4(♦ mae4(♦11), 11), hmae4+11. - Ahfrnl nl fbhlava hfb bfvlba klmf`5 11k4, 11(k4), 11-4. pfr lelmp`f5 nf fbhlava hfb bfvlba klmf`5 h11k4, h11(k4), h11-4. - Ahfrnl nl fbhlava hfb bfvlba aumlbtana5 11♦4, 11(♦4), 11+4. pfr lelmp`f5 nf fbhlava hfb bfvlba aumlbtana5 h11♦4, h11(♦4), h11+4.


;7<

L@ XDX^LMA BAXIZD@@L lstl sdstlma sl usa para à bftahdøb nl hanlbhdas y prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls. sd dbvlstdcamfs às prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls, vlrlmfs qul aparlhlb jrasls bumärdhas hfmf ‐d ‐d-dvv”, ‐dd ‐dd-v ‐vd-v-ddv‐, lbtrl ftras. -dv-v”, -v--d”, ‐vd -v-d-dv‐, lstas slrdls nl bõmlrfs nljdblb prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls lb l` sdstlma Basivd``l. sl trata nl ub mätfnf dbjfrma` para trabshrdkdr mõsdha, y ls prdbhdpa`mlbtl usanf para nlsdcbar às prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls, tabtf lb à hfmpfsdhdøb hfmf lb à dmprfvdsahdøb. lstl sdstlma plrmdtl, anlmás, trabspfblr à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls lb ndjlrlbtls tfba`dnanls muy rápdnamlbtl? tamkdäb ls uba jfrma muy práhtdha nl abftar `fs ahfrnls nl uba habhdøb.

¶HØMF J\BHDFBA L@ XDX^LMA BAXIZD@@L6 lb vlz nl nlsdcbar `fs ahfrnls pfr su bfmkrl, l` sdstlma hfbsdstl lb nlbfmdbar `fs ahfrnls hfb bõmlrfs rfmabfs, rfmabf s, a partdr nl` cranf lb à hua` l` ahfrnl lstá hfbstrudnf5 lelmp`f hfmparatdvf lb à lshaà nl nf mayfr5 nf r bfm. àtdba5 l md j a sf` à sd h n l j c a k bftahdøb dbc`lsa5 basivd``l5 d dd ddd dv v dv vdd lb prdbhdpdf sl nlsdcbab bõmlrfs pfr hana ubf nl `fs cranfs nl à lshaà. hana ubf nl lstfs bõmlrfs sl rljdlrl a ub cranf lb à tfba`dnan. d5 ^øbdha dd5 suplrtøbdha ddd5 mlndabtl dv5 suknfmdbabtl v5 nfmdbabtl vd5 suplrnfmdbabtl vdd5 slbsdk`l f suktøbdha `fs cranfs nl à tfba`dnan sfb rljlrdnfs hfb bõmlrfs rfmabfs. nlsdcbab uba

slrdl nl ahfrnls a partdr nl` cranf nl` ahfrnl y pfr lsf, bfs plrmdtl, nlbtrf nl à tfba`dnan qul qulramfs utd`dzar, bfmkrar y mabtlblr às rlàhdfbls nl `fs ahfrnls. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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ABLYF

¶WF[ Q\Ä BÕML[FX T BF BFMK[LX6 ub mdsmf ahfrnl pulnl tlblr ndjlrlbtls jubhdfbls, pfr lelmp`f nf pulnl jubhdfbar hfmf tøbdha (d) lb à lshaà nl nf mayfr, hfmf nfmdbabtl (v) lb à lshaà nl j a f hfmf suknfmdbabtl (dv) lb à lshaà nl sf`. hfmf vlmfs, l` ahfrnl lb sí mdsmf bf nlsdcba bana, puls su jubhdøb ls rlàtdva. à clbda`dnan nl lstl sdstlma

rlsdnl lb qul, a` utd`dzar ub bõmlrf lstak`lhlmfs à jubhdøb, l` cranf y às rlàhdfbls musdha`ls. nl lsta jfrma, prlshdbndmfs nl` ahfrnl y bf halmfs lb à rlàtdvdnan nl` ahfrnl y su hfbtlxtf. supfbcamfs qul utd`dzamfs `fs ahfrnls nf-sf`, lb à tfba`dnan nl nf mayfr, lb vlz nl mlbhdfbar`fs nl lstl mfnf, utd`dzamfs d-v. lshaà nl nf nf ‘ r l ‘ md md ‘ ‘ j a ‘ sf` ‘ à ‘ sd - nf d - dd - ddd - dv - v - vd - vdd - d hfmf vlmfs, à tfba`dnan sl dbndha hfb d, lb lstl hasf a nf? y a sf` qul ls l` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl sl `l ftfrca l` bõmlrf v.

pfr bõmlrfs `fs cranfs nl à lshaà, y bf pfr ahfrnls, bfs plrmdtl rápdnamlbtl pasar às prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls a ndjlrlbtls n djlrlbtls tfba`dnanls mabtlbdlbnf às rlàhdfbls. ls nlhdr, sd qudsdäramfs trabspfblr lsta prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls nf-sf`, a` tfbf nl r l, hfb lstl sdstlma suhlnlría jáhd`mlbtl, puls `fs bõmlrfs d-v, nlsdcbab à tfl, ba`dnan, `fs cranfs y às rlàhdfbls. nlsdcbar

lshaà nl r l5 l5 r l ‘ ‘ md md ‘ ‘ j l a# - sf` ‘ à ‘sd ‘ nf# - r d - dd - ddd - dv - v - vd - vdd - d a` utd`dzar d-v, sakríamfs qul sl rljdlrl a nf-sf`, lb à tfba`dnan nl nf f a `fs ahfrnls r l y à, lb à tfba`dnan nl r l. asdmdsmf pfnríamfs trabshrdkdrà a à l. tfba`dnan qul qudsdäramfs. nlklmfs bftar qul lb amkfs lelmp`fs, `fs ahfrnls sfb ndjlrlbtls ( nfl-à), plrf à prfcrlsdøb, `fs cranfs y às rlàhdfbls sfb às mdsmas ( d-v). lsf`/r sdb lstl sdstlma tlbnríamfs qul bfmkrar hana ubf nl `fs ahfrnls a` hamkdar nl tfba`dnan, lb vlz nl sdmp`lmlbtl nlsdcbar `fs cranfs. âmkdäb, ls muy hfmõb utd`dzar às a`tlrahdfbls nl` hdjranf amlrdhabf amlr dhabf lb hfmkdbahdøb hfb l` sdstlma basivd``l para lsplhdjdhar `fs ndjlrlbtls ahfrnls y sus mfndjdhahdfbls. pfr lelmp`f5 dd3/k<, v3, dvsus;.


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ABLYF

NLÂ@@LX JDBA@LX - ls ub sdstlma muy õtd` para abftar às prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls. - `fs bõmlrfs nlsdcbab `fs cranfs nl à lshaà y à jubhdøb. - hana bõmlrf lb uba prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls sul`l slpararsl hfb ub cudøb. - `fs bõmlrfs lb mayõshuà sul`lb nlsdcbar `fs ahfrnls mayfrls. pfr lelmp`f5 d-v. - `fs bõmlrfs lb mdbõshuà (dd (dd ) f slcudnfs nl uba m nlsdcbab cranfs mlbfrls. pfr lelmp`f5 dd-v-d f ddm-v-d. - sul`l utd`dzarsl k para nlsdcbar klmf` f # para sfstlbdnf. - huabnf à bfmlbhàtura nl `fs ahfrnls ls muy hfmp`lea sl usab às nlbfmdbahdfbls nl` hdjranf amlrdhabf. pfr lelmp`f5 v3, nlsdcba l` qudbtf cranf nl uba tfba`dnan lb säptdma. - lstl sdstlma bfs sdmp`djdha à tarla, puls ya bf ls blhlsardf nlsdcbar `fs ahfrnls slcõb hana tfba`dnan. - plrmdtl trabshrdkdr rápdnamlbtl às prfcrlsdfbls a ftras tfba`dnanls.


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XDX^LMA NL ÂK@A^\[A (ÂK) lstl sdstlma sl utd`dza para crajdhar às hulrnas nl` dbstrumlbtf, clblra`mlbtl nl cudtarra f kaef. lstl sdstlma sdrvl para abftar rápdnamlbtl uba ndcdtahdøb, uba ml`fnía f ub rdjj sfkrl uba ifea nl n l papl`. âmkdäb âmkdäb pfnlmfs utd`dzar`f lb à hfmputanfra, hfb a`cub prfcrama nl takàturas hfmf l` cudtar prf, cudtar âk, pfwlr âk, lbtrl ftrfs.

¶HFMF J\BHDFBA6 hana uba nl às `íblas ifrdzfbta`ls rlprlslbta hana uba nl às hulrnas nl` dbstrumlbtf. sfkrl lsas `íblas, usabnf bõmlrfs, sl lsplhdjdha à pfsdhdøb nl `fs

nlnfs y às hulrnas a tfhar. ls nlhdr, `fs bõmlrfs qul sl dbndhab sfkrl às `dblas nlsdcbab `fs trastls qul sl nlklb pdsar a` lelhutar à ml`fnía. a lstl crájdhf sl `f `àma takàtura, f pfr su akrlvdatura ÂK, nlkl `llrsl dcua` qul ub tlxtf f uba partdtura5 nl dzqudlrna a nlrlhia. à `íbla suplrdfr rlprlslbta à hulrna más acuna y à `íbla dbjlrdfr, à hulrna más cravl. pfr lelmp`f5 Mlta``dha - Lbtlr Xabnmab dbtrf5 (^ (^fhar fhar 1; vlhls) ====== l 1|-------------------------------------k ;|-------------------------------------c 8|-------------------------------------n >|------------<------------------------a <|--------3---------------3-----------l :|----7-----------:---<---------------clblra`mlbtl a à dzqudlrna, a` prdbhdpdf nl hana `íbla ifrdzfbta` sl hf`fhab

`ltras nl` hdjranf amlrdhabf qul dbndhab à ajdbahdøb nl hana hulrna f l` bõmlrf nl hulrna. sd bf iay bdbcuba dbndhahdøb, sl utd`dza à ajdbahdøb lstábnar. âmkdäb, sul`l dbndharsl l` bõmlrf nl hulrna, aubqul pfr bfrma clblra` sl sul`l lbtdlbnl qul à hulrna suplrdfr ls à más acuna. lb à partl suplrdfr nl à takàtura, ls iakdtua` dbndhar fkslrvahdfbls, hfmf ahfrnls f partls nl à `ltra nl à habhdøb para cudarbfs.


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ZLBÂEAX lstl sdstlma bfs plrmdtl abftar muy rápdnamlbtl uba dnla musdha` lb uba ifea nl papl`. sdmp`lmlbtl, ndkueamfs : `íblas, uba pfr hana uba nl às : hulrnas nl à cudtarra. uba vlz trazanas às `íblas, lshrdkdmfs sfkrl l`às, lb frnlb, l` bõmlrf nl `fs trastls qul vamfs pdsabnf a` tfhar à ml`fnía. lstl sdstlma ls muy utd`dzanf lb dbtlrblt pfrqul bfs plrmdtl aprlbnlr a tfhar habhdfbls sdb rla`mlbtl saklr muhif nl mõsdha f nl sf`jlf. va`l mlbhdfbar qul ls muy jáhd` lbhfbtrar takàturas nl habhdfbls lb dbtlrblt. a`cubfs prfcramas, hfmf l` Cudtar Wrf, Wrf, utd`dzab takàturas y plbtacramas.

NLXZLBÂEAX `fs prdbhdpa`ls dbhfbvlbdlbtls lb lstl tdpf nl sdstlma sfb5 1) bf sl dbndha à nurahdøb nl n l às bftas, pfr `f qul ls mlefr hfbfhlr hfbf hlr à habhdøb.

muhias vlhls, à nurahdøb pulnl nlnuhdrsl slcõb à ndstabhda qul iay lbtrl hana bõmlrf? pfr lelmp`f, sd às bftas lstáb muy hlrha, lstas sfbaráb más rápdnf. ;) hfmf bf sl marhab `fs tdlmpfs nl hana bfta, ls pfsdk`l tlblr dbhfbvlbdlbtls para rlhfrnar à dnla musdha`, pfr `f hua` sl fktlbnrá ub rlsu`tanf dblxahtf sd sl lelhuta muhif tdlmpf nlspuäs. 8) âmpfhf sl dbndha quä nlnfs sl nlklb utd`dzar para prlsdfbar às hulrnas. lstf ls ub prfk`lma para rlhfrnar uba ndcdtahdøb ndcdtahdøb hfmp`lea.

HFBH@\XDØB à takàtura ls ub sdstlma muy ljlhtdvf para lshrdkdr uba dnla musdha` rápdnamlbtl lb papl`, lsplhda`mlbtl uba ml`fnía f rdjj hfb à cudtarra. anlmás,

bfs plrmdtl rlhfrnar à ndcdtahdøb. pfr supulstf, `f más rlhfmlbnak`l ls crakar à dnla musdha` lb a`cõb ndspfsdtdvf. sdb lmkarcf, abftarà hfb lstl sdstlma bfs pulnl sa`var nl a`cõb apurf, lb hasf nl bf hfbtar hfb ub crakanfr. âmkdäb, ls ub sdstlma muy õtd` para aprlbnlr a tfhar habhdfbls puls kasta hfbfhlr à ml`fnía y pdsar nfbnl bfs ndhl à takàtura5 pfnrlmfs rlprfnuhdrà f rlcdstrarà jáhd`mlbtl sdb tlblr blhlsdnan nl aprlbnlr sf`jlf.


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C\ÍA NL @LH^\[A a hfbtdbuahdøb, dbhùdmfs uba cuía nl `lhtura lb jfrma nl prlcubtas. pulnl utd`dzarsl a mfnf nl lelrhdhdfs para l` aprlbndzael5 Dbtrfnuhhdøb

¶Quä ls l` artl6¶Quä ls à mõsdha6 ¶Quä ls uba habhdøb6¶Quä l`lmlbtfs hfmpfblb à mõsdha6 Hapítu`f D. ¶Quä ls uba habhdøb6

¶Huá` ls à ndjlrlbhda lbtrl à habhdøb y à mõsdha6 ¶Wara quä sdrvlb à prfnuhhdøb y `fs arrlc`fs6 Hapítu`f DD. @a ml`fnía

¶Quä ls uba ml`fnía6 ¶Huá` ls l` atrdkutf más dmpfrtabtl nl uba ml`fnía6 ¶Quä sl nlkl hfbsdnlrar sd uba ml`fnía va a slr habtana6 Hapítu`f DDD. @a lstruhtura nl à habhdøb

¶Huá`ls sfb `fs l`lmlbtfs qul hfbjfrmab uba habhdøb y huá` ls su jubhdøb6 ¶Lb quä sl ndjlrlbhda ub lstrdkd``f nl ub vlrsf6 ¶Wfr quä ls dmpfrtabtl à lstruhtura lb uba habhdøb6 Hapítu`f DZ. ^dpfs nl habhdfbls

¶Hømf sl hàsdjdhab `fs tdpfs nl habhdfbls slcõb su lstruhtura6 ¶Quä hua`dnanls pfsll hana ubf6 ¶Quä `dklrtanls plrmdtlb hana ubf nl l``fs y lb quä sl ndjlndjl rlbhdab nl `fs nlmás6 Hapítu`f Z. L`lmlbtfs nl uba habhdøb

¶Huá`ls sfb `fs l`lmlbtfs qul hfbjfrmab uba habhdøb6 ¶Quä l`lmlbtfs bf musdha`ls pulnlb aparlhlb lb uba habhdøb6 Hapítu`f ZD. ¶Quä bahl prdmlrf, à mõsdha f à `ltra6

¶Hømf sl hfmdlbza a iahlr uba habhdøb6¶Wulnlb hdtar às ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl hfmpfblr6 Hapítu`f ZDD. ^lfría nl `fs trls ahfrnls

¶Huá`ls sfb `fs ahfrnls dbvfùhranfs lb à tlfría nl `fs 8 ahfrnls6 ¶Quä LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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rlàhdøb fhupab6 ¶Xfkrl quä tfbf fhurrlb5 mayfr f mlbfr6 Hapítu`f ZDDD. Dbtrfnuhhdøb a à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls

¶Hømf sl rlàhdfbab `fs ahfrnls y quä l`lmlbtf lstak`lhl uba rlàhdøb nl mayfr armfbía lbtrl l``fs6 ¶Wulnlb nar ub lelmp` lelmp`f f nl nfs ahfrnls rlàhdfbanfs6 Lb às tøbdhas mlbfrls ¶hømf ls l` ahfrnl nfmdbabtl6. Hapítu`f DY. Dbtrfnuhhdøb a à sustdtuhdøb nl ahfrnls

¶Quä ls uba sustdtuhdøb nl ahfrnls y hømf sl rla`dza6¶Quä ls à rlàtdva mlbfr6 Hapítu`f Y. Nlsarrf`àr à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls

¶Huá`ls sfb às 8 jubhdfbls pfsdk`ls nl ub ahfrnl6 ¶Quä jubhdøb fhupa ub ahfrnl nfmdbabtl6 Hapítu`f YD. Hfmpfblr hfb uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls

¶Huá` ls l` l`lmlbtf más dmpfrtabtl lb lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls6 ¶Hømf sl clblra dbtlräs6 ¶Quä l`lmlbtfs sl trakaeab a hfsta nl à armfbía6 Hapítu`f YDD. @fs cabhifs

¶Quä ls ub cabhif y para qul q ul sdrvl6 ¶Quä l`lmlbtfs fplrab lb `fs cabhifs6 Hapítu`f YDDD. @fs mftdvfs

¶Quä ls ub mftdvf musdha`6 ¶Lb quä sl ndjlrlbhda nl à ml`fnía6 Hapítu`f YDZ. Hfmpfblr a partdr nl ub mftdvf musdha`

¶Wulnlb nar ub lelmp`f nl lsqulma nl lstruhtura nl uba habhdøb kasana lb ub mftdvf musdha`6¶Lb quä mfmlbtf sl nlkl rlmfvlr l` mftdvf musdha` y huá` ls à razøb6 ¶Huá` ls l` mayfr dbhfbvlbdlbtl hfb lstl tdpf nl habhdfbls y hømf sl sfùhdfba6 Hapítu`f YZ. Hfmpfsdhdøb pfr hapas

¶Lb quä hfbsdstl l` mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb pfr hapas6 ¶Huá` ls l` l`lmlbtf más dmpfrtabtl lb lstl tdpf nl hfmpfsdhdøb6 Hapítu`f YZD. Hfmpfblr a partdr nl jracmlbtfs musdha`ls

¶Quä tdpf nl jracmlbtfs musdha`ls lxdstlb y huá`ls sfb sus hua`dnanls6 Hapítu`f YZDD. L` äbjasds musdha`

¶Quä ls l` äbjasds6¶Qul tdpfs nl äbjasds musdha`ls lxdstlb6 ¶Wulnlb lxp`dhar às ndjlrlbtls jfrmas nl `fcrar äbjasds lb uba habhdøb6


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Hapítu`f YZDDD. Nlta``ls jdba`ls5 @f qul bf pulnl ja`tar

¶Huá`ls sfb `fs ndjlrlbtls l`lmlbtfs qul partdhdpab lb à mõsdha6 Hapítu`f YDY. Lshrdkdr uba habhdøb

¶Quä tdpfs nl habhdfbls lxdstlb6 Hapítu`f YY. @as jfrmas nl` hfbtlbdnf lb à habhdøb

¶Huá`ls sfb às jfrmas clblra`ls nl uba habhdøb6 Hapítu`f YYD. Ndsparanfrls hrlatdvfs

Hdtlb, a` mlbfs, trls jfrmas nl nlsarrf`àr à `ltra nl uba habhdøb. Hapítu`f YYDD. Wautas para nlsarrf`àr à `ltra

Mlbhdfblb a`cuba nl às hua`dnanls qul nlkl tlblr uba habhdøb. Hapítu`f YYDDD. @a rdma y su sfbdnf

¶Quä ls uba rdma6 ¶Hømf sl hàsdjdhab às rdmas slcõb su sfbdnf6¶Hømf ajlhta l` sfbdnf nl às paàkras f su musdha`dnan6 ¶Quä rdmas sfb más lxprlsdvas6 ¶Quä ls uba rdma ja`sa6 Hapítu`f YYDZ. @a [dma y `fs vlrsfs

¶Hømf sl hàsdjdhab às rdmas pfr su ukdhahdøb6 Hdtlb ub lelmp`f nl rdma lb lhf, hfbtdbua, clmlà y akrazana. Hapítu`f YYZ. [dmas a`tlrbatdvas y ljlhtfs sfbfrfs

¶Quä sfb à a`dtlrahdøb y à parfbfmasda6 Hdtlb f hrllb ub lelmp`f nl hahfjfbía. Hapítu`f YYZD. @as paàkras y às slhhdfbls

¶Quä ndjlrlbhdas lbhfbtramfs lbtrl vlrsf y lstrdkd``f a à ifra nl lshrdkdr6 ¶Quä jfrma tfmab às paàkras lb l` lstrdkd``f6 ¶Quä kusha lbjatdzar f nlsarrf`àr hana slhhdøb6 Hapítu`f YYZDD. Lstruhturas lsplhda`ls y rlhursfs nl lstd`f

¶Wara quä sdrvl uba lstruhtura lsplhda` y huá`ls sfb sus harahtlrístdhas6 ¶Quä ndjlrlbhdas iay lbtrl uba abájfra y ub para`l`dsmf6 ¶Quä sfb uba lpíjfra y ub rltruähabf6 Hapítu`f YYZDDD. ¶Hømf lshrdkdr pfätdhamlbtl6

¶Hømf sl pulnl clblrar ub ljlhtf pfätdhf a partdr nl uba jrasl hftdndaba6 Nlsarrf``lb l` tlma lb ub lelmp`f.


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Hapítu`f YYDY. Wartdr nl uba jrasl

¶Hømf sl pulnl utd`dzar uba jrasl hftdndaba lb à hfmpfsdhdøb nl uba habhdøb6 ¶Huá` ls à frdcdba`dnan nl utd`dzar uba jrasl hfmõb6 Hapítu`f YYY. Mätfnf nl hfmpfsdhdøb5 l` shat

¶Quä ls l` shat6¶Huá` ls su jubhdøb6 ¶Hømf sl utd`dza para hf mpfblr l dmprfvdsar6 ¶Hømf partdhdpab às síàkas lb à hrlahdøb nl` sfbdnf6 Hapítu`f YYYD. ¶Hømf hrlar dmáclbls hfb paàkras6

¶Quä ls à mltájfra y quä ls à mltfbdmda6 ¶Lb quä sl ndjlrlbhdab6 Hdtlb nfs lelmp`fs nl hana uba nl l`às. Hapítu`f YYYDD. ¶Hømf lshrdkdr jrasls frdcdba`ls6

¶Quä ls l` fxímfrfb6 ¶Quä ls ub p`lfbasmf f lpítltf6 Hdtl nfs lelmp`fs nl hana ubf. Hapítu`f YYYDDD. @a lbumlrahdøb

¶Quä ls à lbumlrahdøb y hømf partdhdpa lb l` nlsarrf``f nl uba habhdøb6 ¶Quä tdpfs nl lbumlrahdfbls iay y huá`ls sfb `fs ljlhtfs qul sl pulnlb `fcrar hfb l`às lb ub tlxtf6 Hapítu`f YYYDZ. @a plrsplhtdva

¶Quä ls à plrsplhtdva6 ¶Quä l`lmlbtfs à hfbjfrmab y hømf ajlhta a à habhdøb6 Nlsarrf``lb ub uba dnla hfb nfs f más plrsplhtdvas pfsdk`ls. Hapítu`f YYYZ. @a lshlba

¶Quä ls uba lshlba y hømf sl ndjlrlbhda nl ftras jfrmas nl habhdfbls6 Hapítu`f YYYZD. \ba kulba `ltra

Lxp`dqulb quä sl hfbsdnlra hfmf uba kulba habhdøb. Hdtlb, a` mlbfs nfs, hua`dnanls qul nlka tlblr uba kulba `ltra.


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MA^L[DA@ ANDHDFBA@

LEL[HDHDFX lb lstas pácdbas lbhfbtraráb ;7 lelrhdhdfs qul pulnlb utd`dzarsl tabtf para à lbslñabza hfmf para práhtdha plrsfba` nl `f `línf lb l` `dkrf. à dnla prdbhdpa` ls rfmplr hfb `fs jabtasmas, para abdmarsl a lshrdkdr y hfmpfblr. lb lsplhda`, lstáb frdlbtanfs a aqul``fs qul rlhdäb sl dbdhdab, a qudlbls bf saklb hømf f bf pulnlb lmplzar a lshrdkdr. lshr dkdr. lbhfbtrarlmfs nfs tdpfs nl lelrhdhdfs? ubfs sdrvlb para lmplzar y rfmplr hfb à ifea lb kàbhf y ftrfs hømf práhtdha nl à rllshrdtura. r lhfmlbnamfs bf plbsar nlmasdanf y sdmp`lmlbtl lshrdkdr `f prdmlrf qul lhfmlbnamfs sl `ls vlbca a à haklza. ls tab sø`f uba práhtdha. uba vlz dbtlrdfrdzanfs lb l` tlma, slrá muy jáhd` lbtlbnlr l` prfhlsf nl hfmpfblr y lshrdkdr uba habhdøb.

MÕXDHA 1) hfmpfbcab nfs prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls para uba habhdøb, plbsabnf lb vlrsf y lstrdkd``f, utd`dzabnf à tlfría nl `fs 8 ahfrnls. `fs vlrsfs nlklb hfbtlblr, a` mlbfs, ub ahfrnl näkd` (mlbfr). ;) utd`dzabnf à tlfría nl `fs 8 ahfrnls, nlsarrf``lb nfs prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls lb l` tfbf nl j a#, vlrsf y lstrdkd``f. `fs vlrsfs nlklb hfbtlblr, a` mlbfs, ub ahfrnl näkd` y bf nlkl aparlhlr l` ahfrnl tøbdhf (d) f l` nfmdbabtl ( v). 8) hfmpfbcab nfs prfcrlsdfbls nl ahfrnls para uba habhdøb, vlrsf y lstrdkd``f, l strdkd``f, lb à tfba`dnan nl r l mlbfr. >) ^fmlb `fs ahfrnls nlsarrf`ànfs lb l` lelrhdhdf ; y rllmpàhlb tfnfs `fs ahfrnls hfrrlspfbndlbtls a `fs vlrsfs pfr su rlàtdva mlbfr. <) utd`dzabnf `fs ahfrnls nl` lelrhdhdf 1, sustdtuyab, a` mlbfs, nfs ahfrnls nl ahulrnf hfb su jubhdøb. :) partdlbnf nl a`cuba prfcrlsdøb nlsarrf`àna lb `fs pubtfs abtlrdfrls, hfmpfbcab nfs ml`fnías, para ub vlrsf y ub lstrdkd``f, utd`dzabnf uba sfà prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls. 3) nlsarrf``lb ub cabhif y ub mftdvf musdha` para à habhdøb pàbtlana lb l` pubtf abtlrdfr. 9) partdlbnf nl ub ahfrnl y sdb lelhutar`f bfrma`mlbtl, utd`dhlb y nlsarrf``lb ndjlrlbtls sfbdnfs qul `ls plrmdtab hrlar uba kasl f dnla musdha` rítmdha y armøbdha. 4) partdlbnf nl à kasl musdha` hfmpulsta lb l` pubtf abtlrdfr, nlsarrf``lb uba ml`fnía utd`dzabnf sfàmlbtl à vfz. LXH[DKD[HABHDFBLX.HFM.A[

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17) dnlbtdjdqulb à ml`fnía y rllmpàhlb `fs sfbdnfs pfr síàkas y paàkras qul tlbcab slbtdnf f bf. kusqulb às síàkas qul más sl aslmlelb a à sfbfrdnannl à ml`fnía.

@L^[A 11) ^fmlb ^fmlb à ml`fnía nl uba habhdøb qul `ls custl y rllshrdkab ub vlrsf para qul sla hfmp`ltamlbtl bulvf y ndjlrlbtl nl` frdcdba`. pfr lelmp`f, a`cõb vlrsf nl` trandhdfba` " j l`dz hump`lañfs". l`dz 1;) pdlbslb y lshrdkab l` títu`f nl uba habhdøb. `f prdmlrf qul sl `ls vlbca a à mlbtl5 ub fkeltf, uba sdtuahdøb, uba plrsfba. nlkl tlblr jfrma nl títu`f. 18) nlsarrf``lb l` títu`f lshrdkdlbnf nfs vlrsfs, ub tfta` nl 9 `íblas, qul dbhùyab a`cuba nl às paàkras nl` títu`f. anlmás, nlsarrf``lb a`cuba nl lstas vardabtls lb à `ltra5 ¶A quä sl parlhl f nl quä sl ndjlrlbhda6¶Qudäbls partdhdpab f quä sueltfs aparlhlb6 ¶Nøbnl fhurrl6 ¶Ls l` l ` fpulstf f l` hfm p`lmlbtf nl a`cf6 ¶Quä sdlbtlb huabnf pdlbsab lb l``f6 1>) r llshrdka `fs nfs vlrsfs para hrlar lb l` prdmlr vlrsf uba rdma hfbtdbua y llshrdka lb l` slcubnf, uba rdma clmlà. 1<) pdlbslb uba jrasl hfmõb y hftdndaba. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐Ifà, quä ta`…” utd`íhlbà hfmf abhà f pubtf nl dbdhdf, y hfbtdbõlb nlsarrf``f nl ubfs vlrsfs. r llshrdkab `fs vlrsfs nl jfrma nl `fcrar uba rdma a`tlrbana. llshrdkab 1:) partdlbnf nl à jrasl abhà nl` pubtf abtlrdfr, nlsarrf``lb ub vlrsf hfb ubf nl `fs sdcudlbtls trls l`lmlbtfs5 uba abájfra, ub para`l`dsmf f uba lpíjfra. 13) hrllb uba `dsta nl hfmpras, pfr lelmp`f, nl suplrmlrhanf y nlsarrf``lb ubfs vlrsfs utd`dzabnf lstfs l`lmlbtfs lb uba lbumlrahdøb. 19) utd`dhlb `fs vlrsfs nl` pubtf 18 y hamkdlb à plrsplhtdva. sd lstáb lshrdtfs lb prdmlra plrsfba, bárrlb`fs lb tlrhlra. 14) lshrdkab ub vlrsf nl > `íblas utd`dzabnf paàkras qul sfàmlbtl hfbtlbcab a`cubfs nl `fs sdcudlbtl rlhursfs5 uba a`dtlrahdøb, uba sdmd`dhanlbhda, ub pf`íptftfb, uba asfbabhda f, sd sl sdlbtlb dbträpdnfs, ub vlrsf qul sf`f hfbtlbca uba vfha`. ;7) ls dmpfrtabtl prlstar atlbhdøb a à sfbfrdnan y a` rdtmf nl às paàkras. r lllmpàhlb às paàkras pfr síàkas f sfbdnfs sdb slbtdnf qul lbjatdhlb lsta sfbfrdnan. pfr lelmp`f5 ‐ààa” ‐ààa”,, ‐wff” ‐wff”,, ‐nff” ‐nff”,, ‐papapa” ‐papapa”,, lthätlra. dbtlbtlb lbhfbtrar uba ml`fnía f l` rdtmf dmp`íhdtf lb à jrasl. prfbtf bftaráb qul às paàkras hfbtdlblb ml`fnías fhu`tas. sd saklb lelhutar ub dbstrumlbtf, lbhulbtrlb à prfcrlsdøb nl ahfrnls qul armfbdzab hfb à ml`fnía.


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KDK@DFC[AJÍA anfrbf, îlfnfr S. y cd``lspdl, susab, Musdh, @abcuacl abn Hfmpfsdtdfb, Fxjfrn \bdvlrsdty, 1448. Á`varlz, j lrbabnf marhfs, Ndhhdfbardf kásdhf nl rlhursfs lxprlsdvfs, pa`dkrdf, ;71;. lrbabnf ayusf nl vdhlbtl, maría vdhtfrda? carhía ca`àríb, hfbsul`f y sfàbf, sacrardf, Ndhhdfbardf Aoa` nl tärmdbfs `dtlrardfs, aoa`, 1447. 1447. klrdstádb, Il`lba, Ndhhdfbardf nl rltørdha y pfätdha. pfrrõa, 144<. klro`db,, aàb, klro`db aàb, A A Wrahtdha` Wrahtdha` Cudnl tf Musdha` Hfmpfsdtdfb, Hfmpfsdtdfb, 144<-1449. klro`db,, aàb, Wrdbhdpdfs nl hfbtrapubtf, ;778 klro`db ;778.. a, Armfbía tfba` mfnlrba. nl à hlrna, häsar a, Armfbía mfnlrba. nlbylr, r a`pi, Mabua` nl à cudtarra, r a`pi, aíhls, 144<. aíhls, nlvftf, nabdl`, Wara ub vfhakuàrdf nl à rdma lspañfà, 144<. lnwarns,, pau`, Ifw tf [ap. îl Art abn Xhdlbhl fj til Idp Ifp Mh, hidhacf r lnwarns lvdlw prlss dbh, ;774. lvdlw lwlr, cary? mus, k., Lsslbhda` Hifrn Wrfcrlssdfb, pabtfmdml musdh puk`dhatdfbs, ;77<. lwlr, cary? mus, k., îl Lsslbtda` Xlhrlts fj Xfbcwrdtdbc, pabtfmdml musdh puk`dhatdfbs, ;77<. clrfu, ^fm y ùso, `dbna, Lsslbtda` Ndhtdfbary fj Musdh Bftatdfb, a`jrln puk`dsidbc hf, 144:. fsä, Artl Artl nl iakàr lb prfsa y vlrsf, dmprlbta bahdfba`, 1984. cømlz Ilrmfsd`à, nfb efsä, Ilrrlra, lbrdh, ^lfría musdha` y armfbía mfnlrba vf`. D, abtfbd kfshi, 144<. Ilrrlra, lbrdh, ^lfría musdha` y armfbía mfnlrba vf`. DD, abtfbd kfshi, 144<. Idrshiifrb, efl`, îl Hfmp`ltl Dndft — —s Cudnl tf Xfbcwrdtdbc, a`pia, ;771. ;771. efiabssfb, Oc, îl Iarmfbdh @abcuacl fj til Klat`ls, ù`la ubdvlrsdty fj ^lhibf`fcy, 1444. îlfry,, Iarplr plrlbbda`, 143>. efbls, clfrcl îannlus, Musdh îlfry `lrnai`, j rln y eaholbnfjj, r rln ay, A Clblratdvl îlfry Fj ^fba` ay, A ^fba` Musdh, mdt prlss 144<. `lvdbl, maro îl Eazz îlfry Kffo, silr musdh hf, 144<. mah`lab, nfb e., Aksfùtl Lsslbtda` fj Musdh Musdh îlfry jfr cudtar, cudtar, mhOlbzdl elblabl, ;77<. mhnfba`n, dab, îl Klat`ls. [lvfùhdøb lb à mlbtl, hl`lstl lndhdfbls, 1443. md``lr, mdhial`, îl Hfmp`ltl Dndft Cudnl tf Musdh îlfry, a`pia, ;77<. md``lr puholttl, îlfry abn ^lhibdquls fj L`lhtrfbdh Musdh, nrajt, ;77<. pltlrdo, edm? austdb, navl? y `ybb hatiy, Xfbcwrdttdbc jfr Nummdls ;bn lndtdfb, Sd`ly puk`dsidbc dbh, ;717. ;717. pdìfjlr, mdhial` y nay, If``y, Musdh îlfry jfr Nummdls, Sd`ly puk`dsidbc dbh, ;773. pdstfb, Sa`tlr Sa`tlr,, Iarmfby, spab prlss ubdvlrsdtarda 1449. pdstfb, Sa`tlr Sa`tlr,, Hfubtlrpfdbt, vdhtfr cf`àbhz, 1437. ffosky, r ffosky, dooy, Ifw tf Srdtl Xfbc fb Cudtar, a kaàjfb kffo, ;777. dooy, r r ffosky, r ffosky, dooy, îl Xfbcwrdtdbc Xfurhl Kffo, kahoklat kffos, ;778. dooy, hiflbklr, arbf`n, Jubnamlbta`s fj Musdha` Hfmpfsdtdfb, Jaklr abn jakl r, 14:3. s sfof`fv fof`fv,, j rln, îl Ndhtdfbary fj Xtrums & Wdhodbc Wattlrbs, Ia` `lfbarn hfrpfratdfb, 144<. rln, sfurdau, Ätdlbbl, Ndhhdfbardf Aoa` nl lstätdha, aoa`, 1449. stldblr, ``fyn, Qudho abn Lasy Musdh îlfry, hrlatl spahl, ;774. ussl`` nlab, Hfmpfsdbc Ndcdta` Musdh Jfr Nummdls, Sd`ly puk`dsidbc dbh, ;779. ussl`` vdbls, r vfcl`, efahidb, Mastlrs fj [iytim Cudtar, ama vlràc, ;777. vfc`, pltlr, îl cudtardst — —s Musdh îlfry Kffo, Sathi & `larb dbh, ;773. Sd``mft, krlat, Ml` Kay — —s Hfmp`ltl Kffo fj Iarmfby îlfry & Zfdhdbc, ml` kay puk`dhatdfb, dbh, 144>. Syatt, Oldti y shirflnnlr, har`, Iarmfby & îlfry, Ia` `lfbarn hfrpfratdfb, 1449. zamahfds, efaquíb, ^r ^ratanf atanf nl armfbía Uamahfds5 @dkrf D, spabprlss ubdvlrsdtarda, 1443. h zamfra pärlz, pärlz, l`dsa fbstabza, Eucàrls nl` sdc`f YY5 @a habhdøb amfrfsa pfp, rfho y nl habtautfr, ubdvlrsdnan nl slvd`à, ;777. zldt`db, pf`nd y cf`nklrclr, navdn, \bnlrstabndbc Musdh îlfry, fmbdkus prlss, ;771.


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¿Cómo Escribir Canciones Y Componer Música?.pdf [by \ autor: A. M. Rothman]

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