Classification and Definitions of Textures and Mineral Structures in Ores

©1951 Society of Economic Geologists, Inc. Economic Geology, v. 46, pp. 578-591

C!SSI"IC!#I$% !%& &E"I%I#I$%S $" #E'#()ES !%& *I%E)! S#)(C#()ES I% $)ES. G. *. SC+!)#. CONTENTS. PAGE

!st/0ct.......................... !st/0ct............................................. ...................................... ....................................... ................................................578 ............................578 Int/o2ction. Int/o2ction.................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ............................. .......... 578 Comments Comments on p/evio2s p/evio2s p2lic0tions p2lic0tions................... ...................................... ............................................. .......................... .... 579 579 Cl0ss Cl0ssifi ific0t c0tion ion.................... ....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ..................................... ........................... ......... 583 583 ist of tet2/es......................... tet2/es............................................ ....................................... ....................................... ............................... .................. ...... 581 581 &efinitions &efinitions 0n comments ................................................... .................................................................................. ............................... 58 58 ilio iliog/0 g/0py.. py..................... ....................................... ....................................... ...................................... ............................................. .......................... 591 591 ABSTRACT.

#e mic/oscopic st2y of o/es 0s een etensive 2/ing te p0st fo/ty ye0/s, 2t 0 s0tisf0cto/y cl0ssific0tion 0n efinition of tet2/0l te/ms 0s not een fo/tcoming. ! p/elimin0/y list of tet2/0l te/ms t0en f/om te lite/0t2/e 0n 0//0nge in g/o2ps 0cco/ing to o/igin is given e/eit. #e #e te/m te/mss 0/e 0/e efi efine ne  0n 0n /ie /ieff comm commen ents ts 0e 0e  e/ e/ee esi/0 esi/0l le. e. )efe/ences to p2lic0tions e/e te te/ms 0/e 2se 0/e given fo/ e0c to pe/mit /e0y 0ccess to to 0ition0l 0ition0l 0t0 on 0 given given tet2/e. INTRODUCTION.

#+E intensive mic/oscopic st2y of op0:2e o/es st0/te ne0/ te eginning of te p/esent cent2/y. cent2/y. In te (nite (nite St0tes 0 fe p0pe/s 0ppe0/e p/evio2s p/evio2s to 191; 0n in t0t ye0/ te p2lic0tion of Singe0l0/ 0n not m2c st0n0/i>0tion 0s /es2lte. #is is p0/tic2l0/ly t/2e of te te/ms 2se fo/ tet2/es 0n mine/0l st/2ct2/es. In f0ct te sit20tion seems p/ecisely t0t st0te y C/oss, Iin Iing, g, ?i/ss ?i/sson on 0n 0singt sington on fo/ fo/ igneo igneo2s 2s /ocs /ocs in 1936. 1936. #ey #ey s0y, s0y, @#e @#e v0g2eness t0t c0/0cte/i>es esc/iptions 0n conceptions of tet2/es of igneo2s /oc /ocss is 2e 2e in p0/t p0/t to 0 l0c l0c of syst system em0t 0tic ic t/e0 t/e0tm tmen entt of te te s2= s2=ec ectt y pet/og/0pe/s, pet/og/0pe/s, 0n 0 conse:2ent ine0ctness in te te/minology y ic efinite conceptions m0y e ep/esse. It is 0lso 2e to te int/ic0cies of te tet2/es to e esc/ie 0n to tei/ ive/sity.@ In esc/iing o/es, tet2/e 0n st/2ct2/e 0ve een 2se inte/c0nge0ly 0n to some etent tey 0/e inte/c0nge0le. #is is o2n to e conf2sing. #e/e 0ve een fe se/io2s se/io2s 0ttempts to o/g0ni>e o/g0ni>e 0n 0n efine te te/ms te/ms 2se 578

CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF TEXTURES.

579

fo/ tet2/es of o/es 0n te /ite/ oes not no of 0 list t0t is complete. In !me/ic0n geology te te/m st/2ct2/e, en 2se ito2t :20lific0tion, 2s20lly /efe/s to te l0/ge/ fe0t2/es of /ocs incl2ing o/es. S2c fe0t2/es incl2e eing, =oints, f02lts, fols, 0n so on. !s 0 /2le, tese st/2ct2/es 0/e not impo/t0nt in mic/oscopic st2ies, 0lto2g mic/oscopic f02lts, fols 0n f/0ct2/es 0ve een ose/ve. #et2/e /efe/s to te si>e, s0pe 0n 0//0ngement of g/0ins of one o/ mo/e mine/0ls ic m0e 2p te o/e o/ /oc. In /ocs te fe0t2/es t0t ete/mine te tet2/e 0/eA c/yst0llin c/ yst0llinity, ity, g/0n2l0/ity g/0n2l0/ity 0n f0/icB oeve/, o/e mine/0ls 0/e /0/ely / 0/ely,, if eve/, 0mo/po2s so c/yst0llinity is not 0 v0/i0le in o/es. *ine/0l st/2ct2/e
oning of 0 c/yst0l. #e te/m >one is not 0l0ys 2se in tis /est/icte sense, 2t is 2se fo/ 0 fe0t2/e confine to 0 single mine/0l s2c 0s spe/2litic st/2ct2/e ic m0y e 0n 0gg/eg0te of 0 l0/ge n2me/ of min2te neeles. In m0l0cite, fo/ e0mple, v0/i0tion in colo/ m0y give >oning 0t /igt 0ngles to te neeles. Spe/2litic 0gg/eg0tes 0/e not 0l0ys confine to 0 single mine/0l, fo/ e0mple, 0lte/n0ting >ones of c/ysocoll0 0n :20/t>. #is is te m0ss tet2/e of E0/s. #ese compleities emp0si>e te iffic2lty involve in 0ny logic0 logic0ll cl0ssi cl0ssific fic0ti 0tion on 0se 0se on p/ecis p/ecisee efini efinitio tions. ns. E0/ E0/ss gets gets 0/o2n 0/o2n te iffi iffic2l c2lty ty y /efe// /efe//in ing g to 0ll 0ll 0//0ng 0//0ngeme ements nts etee eteen n o/ in mine/0 mine/0ls ls of o/es o/es 0s tet2/es 0n not 2sing te te/m st/2ct2/e. COMMENTS ON PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS.

#e fi/st gene/0l o/ to e p2lise in Englis on te mic/oscopic st2y of o/e mine/0 mine/0ls ls 0s 0n e/ een0tion of tet2/0l te/ms, 2t e ill2st/0tes m0ny of te common tet2/es it 0 se/ies of 1;3 ecellent mic/o-potog/0ps. +is ine to fig2/es incl2es te folloing tet2/0l te/msA cell2l0/, concent/ic, concent/ic s0ly, c2/vi pl0n0/, em2lsion, e2tectic, e2tec-toiic, e2tec-toiic, fe0te/y, fe0te/y, pl2mose, g/0n2l0/, g/0n2l0/, g/0pic, l0tt l0ttic ice, e, c/y c/yst0l st0llo log/ g/0p 0pi ic, c, inci incipi pien entt l0t l0ttice tice,, net neto/ o/, , pse2 pse2o o- -en en/ /it itic ic,, /ec/yst0lli>0tion, sc0ly, 0n >on0l. #e 2s0ge of te te/ms tet2/e 0n st/2ct2/e y 0n e/ een is essenti0lly t0t inic0te y te efinitions given 0ove. !s f0/ 0s non, te fi/st p0pe/ to p/o2ce 0 cl0ssific0tion of tet2/es 0s p2lise y G/igo/iev D1 1 in )2ssi0n it 0n Englis 0st/0ct. #et2/e 0n st/2ct2/e e/e 2se in te sense 0opte in )2ssi0n 0n Ge/m0n. #et2/e /efe/s to fe0t2/es isce/ne y te 2n0ie eye 0n st/2ct2/e to te inte/n0l f0/ic visile 2ne/ te mic/oscope. G/igo/iev
583

G. M. SCHWARTZ.

I. St/2ct2/es of eposition. 1. G/0n2l0/, . po/py/itic, ;. g/0pic, 4. s2g/0pic, 5. >one, 6. 0ne, 7. oolitic. II. St/2ct2/es of 2nmiing. 1. Cell, . l0ttice, ;. em2lsion, 4. g/0pic, 5. mottle. III. St/2ct2/es of /epl0cement. 1. "ilifo/m, , cell, ;. s/ee, 4. seleton, 5. g/0pic, 6. l0ttice, 7. >one, 8. en/itic, 9. cement. I. *et0colloi st/2ct2/es. 1. Collofo/m, . pe/litic, ;. spe/2litic, 4. 0ne, 5. >one, 6. gel. . St/2ct2/es of p/ess2/e. 1. )2mple, . c/2se, ;. 0ne, 4. g/0n2l0/. #e net impo/t0nt cont/i2tion to te gene/0l st2y of o/es, in cont/0st to p0pe/s on specific

p/ole ms o/ ist/icts , is Scnei e/on 0n )0mo /mi/ osopie , p2lis e in 19;1. #e g/e0t /0nge of tet2/es 0n mine/0l st/2ct2/ es in o/es 0/e e02tif2 lly ill2st/0te 0n most of te tet2/es liste in te cl0ssific 0tion given elo ill e fo2n 0mong te ;5 mic/op otog/0

ps. )ecently te !2st/0l0si0n Instit2te of *ining 0n *et0ll2/gy 0s p2lise 0 oo entitle #et2/es of te $/e *ine/0ls 0n #ei/ Signific0nce D1947 p/ep0/e y !. . E0/s. #e tet2/es 0/e ill2st/0te y 1;1 ecellent mic/opotog/0ps. E0/s< compil0tion goes 0 long 0y to m0e 0v0il0le 0 system0tic t/e0tment of o/e tet2/es 0n it is 2nfo/t2n0te t0t it is not mo/e /e0ily 0v0il0le in te (nite St0tes. #e o/g0ni>0tion of E0/s< m0te/i0l, oeve/, oes not offe/ 0 cl0ssific0tion of tet2/es on 0 sim ple 0sis. "o/ e0mple, C0pte/ 1 is entitle @#e tet2/e of te n0tive met0ls@ 0n C0pte/ , @?/im0/y >oning 0n 0ning in oie 0n s2lpie o/es.@ #e fi/st c0pte/, 0s ell 0s te secon, te/efo/e incl2es >oning o/ 0ning 0s te mic/opotog/0ps

so. #is iffic2lt y stim2l0t e te /ite/ to t/y to o/g0ni> e 0 simple cl0ssific 0tion.  en te m0n2sc /ipt fo/ tis p0pe/ 0s ne0/ing complet ion, 0stin
. ! fe ne te/ms e/e s2ggeste y 0stin 0n tese 0ve een incl2e in tis t02l0tion. C!SSI"IC!#I$%.

Cl0ssific0tion of tet2/es 0n st/2ct2/es of o/es 0n o/e mine/0ls is pec2li0/ly iffic2lt ec02se of te g/e0t v0/i0tion in tet2/es 0n st/2ct2/es /es2lting f/om te comple p/ocesses involve in tei/ o/igin 0n m0ny tet2/es fo/m in mo/e t0n one 0y. !note/ complic0tion is te f0ct t0t v0/io2s /ite/s 0ve 2se m0ny iffe/ent te/ms fo/ simil0/, o/ essenti0lly simil0/, tet2/es. !lso some te/ms 0/e gene/0l, ote/s specific in me0ningB fo/ e0mple te/e 0/e seve/0l ins of c/yst0llog/0pic tet2/es, s2c 0s t/i0ng2l0/, l0mell0/, 0n l0tticeB o/iente inte/g/ot tet2/e is 0 te/m t0t seems essenti0lly synonymo2s it c/yst0llog/0pic.


581

#e cl0ssific0tion 0s p/esente elo incl2es p/0ctic0lly 0ll of te tet2/0l te/ms t0t 0ve een 2se in p0pe/s p2lise in Englis 0n eite/ efine o/ ill2st/0te s2fficiently to pe/mit 0 /e0son0ly p/ecise efinition. %o completely logic0l cl0ssific0tion 0s seeme possile 2t te p/esent 0//0ngement is p/esente in te ope t0t 0 ette/ one m0y e s2ggeste. *e0nile it so2l e 2sef2l to st2ents in g0ining 0 /e0son0le ie0 of te /0nge of tet2/es in o/es 0n 0 some0t p/ecise efinition of e0c. It so2l e emp0si>e t0t in te cl0ssific0tion p/im0/y 0n secon0/y 0/e 2se p2/ely in 0 tet2/0l sense 0n o not 0ve te signific0nce of ypogene 0n s2pe/gene. #e n2me/ of te/ms liste is l0/ge 2t oes not necess0/ily cove/ eve/y /el0tionsip fo2n in te mic/oscopic st2y of o/es. #e v0/i0tions in o/es, p0/tic2l0/ly tose /es2lting f/om /epl0cement, 0/e so g/e0t t0t it seems 2nliely t0t s0tisf0cto/y te/ms c0n e s2ggeste to cove/ eve/y possiility. )0te/ t0n inc/e0se te n2me/ of te/ms, it seems est to epen on esc/iption e/e no tet2/0l te/m in c2//ent 2s0ge seems to fit, 0n fo/ tis /e0son ne tet2/0l n0mes 0/e 0voie in tis p0pe/. *ost tet2/es fo2n in igneo2s /ocs 0lso occ2/ in m0gm0tic o/es 0n it 0s not seeme necess0/y to incl2e tem 2nless tey 0pply to ote/ o/es. 0stin D19, pp. ;-1;, gives 0n ecellent isc2ssion of igneo2s /oc tet2/es fo2n in m0gm0tic o/es. LIST O& TE'TURES.

Primary. 1. 0ne tet2/e 2. C0/ies tet2/e 3. Cement tet2/eF/epl0cement of cement y o/e in mine/0ls 4. Coc0e o/ /ing tet2/e 5. Collofo/m, gel, o/ colloi0l tet2/e, eiseg0ng /ing tet2/e 6. Com tet2/e 7. C/yst0llog/0pic tet2/e 8. &en/itic, pse2oen/itic, ice floe/ tet2/e 9. &i00sic tet2/e 10.E:2ig/0n2l0/, g/0n2l0/, 0llot/iomo/pic, polye/0l o/ mos0ic tet2/e 11."i/o2s, fe0te/y o/ pl2mose tet2/e 12."oli0te tet2/e 1.;. G/0n2le tet2/eF/o2ne g/0ins, /o2ning is p/im0/y in o/igin. 13.G/0pic, mic/og/0pic, my/meetic, o/ pse2oe2tectic tet2/e, 0lso s2g/0pic tet2/e 14.+e//ingone tet2/e 15.*ottle tet2/e 16.*2t20l o2n0/y tet2/e 17.$olitic, pisolitic, conc/etion0/y, concent/ic, sc0ly, pellet, f/0moi0l tet2/e 18.?o/py/itic 0n po/py/ol0stic tet2/e 19.)osette tet2/e 20.Spe/2litic o/ /0i0ting 0gg/eg0te tet2/e 21.i/e tet2/e Sec!"ary. 22. 23. 24. 25.

o o/ tet2/e /ecci0te, @eploing-om@ o/ c/2se tet2/e Co/e o/ 0toll tet2/e, 0lso t2e/cle tet2/e "ilifo/m tet2/e

58

G. M. SCHWARTZ. 26. G/0n2l0te mylonitic o/ mic/o/ecci0te tet2/e 27. Ice-c0e tet2/e 28. $/g0nic o/ cell tet2/e 29. )elict tet2/e 30. )im tet2/e, 0lso /e0ction /im tet2/e 31.)2mple tet2/e 32.Sept0/i0n tet2/e, syne/esis o/ s/in0ge c/0cs tet2/e 33.Se//0te tet2/e 34.S/ee tet2/e o/ s/e-lie tet2/e 35.#/0nsl0tion tinning tet2/e 36.eine 0n /etic2l0te tet2/e 37.+e//ingone tet2/e 38.*et0colloi o/ c/0cle tet2/e

E#$%&'(i! Te#('re%. 1. C/yst0llog/0pic o/ o/iente inte/g/ot tet2/es 39. 0ttice, l0mell0/ o/ im0nst0tten tet2/e 40. #/i0ng2l0/ tet2/e 41. Se/i0te tet2/e 42. Cell, cell2l0/, net o/ mes tet2/e 43. Em2lsion tet2/e 44. $le0ne/-le0f tet2/e 45. ?se2oe2tectic o/ g/0pic tet2/e 46. E2tectoi tet2/e Mi!era& S(r'c('re%. 47. Cle0v0ge st/2ct2/e 48. +e//ingone st/2ct2/e 49. 0mell0/ tinning st/2ct2/e 50. ?olysyntetic tinning st/2ct2/e 51. on0l st/2ct2/e 52. Seleton tet2/e &E"I%I#I$%S !%& C$**E%#S.

"olloing 0/e efinitions of e0c tet2/e. )efe/ence to te fig2/es in tis p0pe/ follo te n0me of te tet2/e. "olloing te efinitions 0/e comments, e/e tese seeme esi/0le, 0n fin0lly 0 /efe/ence is given e/e te tet2/e is 2se 0n 2s20lly ill2st/0te. Primary Te#('re%. 53. )a!"e" (e#('re. D"ig. 1. Commonly 0 st/2ct2/e, especi0lly en on 0 l0/ge sc0le. !lte/n0ting 0ns of v0/ying mine/0ls o/ v0/ying colo/ itin 0 mine/0l. #e/e 0/e seve/0l ins fo/me in iffe/ent 0ys. C/2stifie 0ning, collofo/m 0ning, /ytmic 0ning 0/e e0mples. C/2stifie 0ning evelops in 0 fiss2/e 0n m0y e symmet/ic0l. Sc0llope o/ collofo/m 0ning m0y /es2lt f/om colloi0l eposition. *0ny mine/0ls 0/e involve incl2ing seve/0l s2lpies. D18, pp. 17-18. 54. Carie% (e#('re. Sc0llop-lie cont0cts o/ smoot conc0ve 0n conve o2n0/ies. !2n0nt eteen m0ny common mine/0ls s2c 0s c0lcopy/ite, o/nite, sp0le/ite, tet/0e/ite, py//otite. D16, p. 589B 18, p. 137. 55. Ceme!( (e#('re. D"ig. . Cement0tion o/ /epl0cement of cement in 0 s0nstone o/ conglome/0te y o/e mine/0ls. D1, p. 55. 56. Cc*a"e r ri!+ (e#('re. "/0gments of /ocs o/ o/e enclose y s2ccessive c/2sts of ote/ mine/0ls. *0y /esemle /osette tet2/e. D18, p. 17B 19, p. 17 0n ?I. ;.

. CLASSIFICATION AND DEFINITIONS OF TEXTURES.

58; 5 7 . C && ,r m +e& r c&& i" a& (e#( 're. D"i g. ;. ! se/i es of con cen t/ic o/ sc0l lop e l0y e/s it  c2/ v0t 2/e con ve to 0/ te yo2 nge / s2/f 0ce. E0 mpl esA c/ yso coll 0, m0l 0c ite, 0>2 /ite, c0

lceony, goetite, psilomel0ne, 0n m0ny ote/s. #is tet2/e is common in o/es in ic s2pe/gene p/ocesses 0ve een 0ctive. Spe/2litic, coc0e 0n /osette tet2/es 0/e closely /el0te. D19, p. 6 2ses te te/m colloi0l tet2/es to cove/ te ole /0nge of tet2/es t0t m0y 0ve fo/me y o/igin0l eposition in 0 colloi0l st0te. See 0stin, *emoi/ 45, c0pte/s ; 0n 4 fo/ isc2ssion of colloi0l eposition 0n o/e tet2/es, 0lso seve/0l p0ges 0n fig2/es in E0/s. 58. Cm (e#('re. Inivi20l c/yst0ls it long 0es no/m0l to 0lls of 0 vein. 20/t> most common e0mple. D18, p. 17B 19, p. 15. (e#('re. 59. Cry%(a&&+ra/0ic D"ig. 4. #e c/yst0llog/0pic pl0nes of te ost mine/0l cont/ol te ist/i2tion of incl2sions o/ veinlets. "o/ms y /epl0cement 0n especi0lly y e-sol2tion. *0ny types s2c 0s l0mell0/, t/i0ng2l0/, etc. come 2ne/ tis gene/0l e0ing. D13, p. 56. 60. De!"ri(ic- /%e'""e!(ri(ic r ice ,&er (e#('re. D"ig. 5. *ine/0ls it /0ncing t/ee-lie fo/m. 0n e/ een 2ses pse2oen/itic 0pp0/ently ec02se m0ny fo/m y /epl0cement /0te/ t0n 0s f/ee g/ot s2c 0s, m0ng0nese oie on /oc s2/f0ces. #is :20lific0tion oes not seem necess0/y fo/ 0 tet2/e. E0mplesA %0tive silve/ in c0/on0te, 0lso v0/io2s 0/senies 0n some s2lpies in c0/on0te. 0n e/ een, seve/0l p0ges 0n fig2/es. < 61. Diaa%ic (e#('re. D"ig. 6. &i00se cont0ining o/e mine/0ls enclosing felsp0/ in pl0ce of py/oene. D11, p. 61. 62. E2'i+ra!'&ar- +ra!'&ar- a&&(rimr/0ic- /&y0e"ra& r m%aic (e#('re. D"ig. 7. Essenti0lly te s0me 0s g/0nitoi in igneo2s /oc, 2t no /el0tion to si>e 0n te g/0ins l0c c/ yst0l f0ces. D13, p. 56B 5, p. ;7B 18, p. 111. 63. Fir'%- ,ea(0ery r /&'m%e (e#('re. Elong0te l0es it se//0te o/ fi/o2s eges, /esemling 0 fe0te/ o/ pl2me. E0mplesA 0/senic, 2/t>ite, covel-lite. D13, "igs. 8, 59. 64. F&ia(e (e#('re. D"ig. 8. ?l0ty mine/0ls in p0/0llel 0//0ngement. 65.Gra!'&e (e#('re. D"ig. 9. ite/0lly g/0n2le me0ns 0 sm0ll g/0in. Gene/0lly ov0l o/ /o2ne g/0ins in 0 m0t/i 2t g/0ins 0/e not of cl0stic o/igin 0n l0c inte/n0l st/2ct2/e. (se especi0lly fo/ te /o2n o/ ov0l g/0ins in i/on fo/m0tion. D1, ?l0te I'. #e f0lse oolites of C0ye2 m2c /esemle g/0n2le tet2/e of 0e S2pe/io/ o/es. D19, ?I. 17, "ig. 4. 66.Gra/0ic- micr+ra/0ic- myrme*e(ic r /%e'"e'(ec(ic (e#('re3 a&% %'$+ra/0ic (e#('re. D"igs. 13 0n 11. C2/ve l0mell0/ inte/g/ots /esemling some e2tectic inte/g/ots fo2n in met0l 0lloys. In g/0pic g/0nite p0/ti0l c/yst0llog/0pic cont/ol m0es 0 p0tte/n s2ggesting c2neifo/m o/ /2nic c0/0cte/s. #e tet2/es incl2e 0/e igly comple 0n 0ve een esc/ie 0s tisting tong2es of te s2lpies it smoot cont0cts 0n te em0yments 0n tong2es t2/n s0/ply to fo/m oos. S2-g/0pic is 2se fo/ poo/ly evelope e0mples mo/e o/ less /esemling typic0l g/0pic inte/g/ots. *y/meetic s2ggests te o/m-lie n0t2/e of some e0mples. #e tet2/es 0/e consie/e y v0/io2s 02to/s to o/igin0te y sim2lt0neo2s eposition, y 2nmiing 0n y /epl0cement. #/2e e2tectics 0/e p/o0ly /0/e o/ l0cing in o/es. D13, p. 56B 1;, p. 1;7B 8, p. 4. 67. Herri!+!e (e#('re. D"ig. ;. ong n0//o spine it mo/e o/ less symmet/ic0lly 0//0nge >ones o/ spines on

e0c  sie . )el 0te to en /iti c 0n sel eton tet 2/es , 0n m0y /ese ml e fe0t e/y o/ pl2 mos e tet 2/es . *0 y 0lso occ 2/ 0s 0 st/2 ct2/ e it in g/0i ns. "o/ ms y /epl 0ce men t 0n 2/i ng p/i m0/ y c/ys t0lli>0t ion.

E0mplesA %0tive silve/, n0tive coppe/, ilmenite in sinte/. D18, pp. 4 0n 7. 68. M((&e" (e#('re. Some0t inefinite 0gg/eg0te of to types of c0lcocite, 2s20lly /efe//e to 0s l2e 0n ite c0lcocite. E0/s 2ses te te/m fo/ 0n e-sol2tion tet2/e simil0/ to em2lsion tet2/e. D18, p. 83B 1, p. 5;.

1 7. M' ('a &  '! "ar y (e#( 're . # o o/ mo /e min e/0l s  ose con t0ct s 0/e sm oot  /eg 2l0/ c2/ ves t0t so  no p/o =ect ion s f/o m one min e/0l into te ot e/. *0 y 0ls o e sec on 0/y. D1;

, p. 163.

584

G. M. SCHWARTZ.

?)I*!)H #E'#()ES. "IG. 1. 0ne tet2/e. G0len0sp0le/ite o/e, S2lliv0n *ine, . C. %0t2/0l si>e. "IG. . Cement tet2/e. S0n g/0ins cemente y g0len0, Cole 0lte/n0ting. oc0lity '3. "IG. 4.

C/yst0llo g/0pic tet2/e. Ilmenite o/iente 0long octoe/0 l pl0nes of m0gnetite . ?ills2/y 0e, *inn. ' 133. "IG. 5. &en/itic tet2/e. !/gentite en/itic fo/ms in g0len0 Detce l0c. Silve/ Islet, 0e S2pe/io/. ' 5. "IG. 6. &i00sic tet2/e. ?y//otit e 0n c0lcopy

/ite Dl0c 0s m0t/i to e2e/0l pl0giocl0se of 0n olivine i00se. G/0n ?o/t0ge 0/e0, *inn. ' 18. "IG. 7. E:2ig/0n2l0/, g/0n2l0/ o/ 0llot/iomo/pic tet2/e. 20/t> 0n em0tite, C2y2n0 i/on-e0/ing ist/ict, *inn. ' 133. "IG. 8. "oli0te tet2/e in spec2l0/ em0tite, (t0. ' 83.

EC$%$*IC GE$$GH, ol. 46

SC+!)#, ?l0te 1


SC+!)#, ?l0te 


585

"IG. 9. G/0n2le tet2/e. G/0n2les of m0gnetite in :20/t>. E0st *es0i ist/ict, *inn. X47. "IG. 13. G/0pic o/ my/meetic tet2/e. &omeyite in met0llic coppe/. Syntetic. "IG. 11. S2g/0pic tet2/e. G0len0 in o/nite. 2tte 0n S2pe/io/ *ine, *ont. ' ;. "IG. 1. *2t20l o2n0/y tet2/e. ?y//otite 0n sp0le/ite. S2lliv0n *ine, . C. ' 83. "IG. 1;. $olitic tet2/e. I/on o/e, Clevel0n ist/ict, Engl0n. #in section. ' 7;. "IG. 14. ?o/py/ol0stic tet2/e. *0gnetite c/yst0ls emee in =0spe/. %emo 0/e0, l0c +ills, S. &. ' 133. "IG. 15. )osette tet2/e. )osettes of 0/senies it 0 co/e of n0tive silve/, /eit02ptite 0n nicollite. Co0lt, $nt. ' 45. "IG. 16. Spe/2litic tet2/e. Spe/2lites of m0l0cite in coppe/ oie o/e. !=o, !/i>. ' 17.

586

G. M. SCHWARTZ.

SEC$%&!)H #E'#()ES "IG. 17. oo/ tet2/e. imonite oo/ it /emn0nts of c2p/ite. isee, !/i>. ' 53. "IG. 18. /ecci0te o/ @eploing om@ tet2/e. C0lcopy/ite f/0gments in c0/on0te, I/on C0p *ine, Gloe, !/i>. ' 53. "IG. 19. Co/e o/ 0toll tet2/e.

C0lcopy /ite in o/nite. S2sie Isl0n, 0e S2pe/io/. ' 133. "IG. 3. G/0n2l0t e, mylonitic o/ mic/o/e cci0 tet2/e. o/nite 0n c0lco py/ite in g0ng2e. 2tte, *ont. ' 5;5. "IG. 1. Icec0e tet2/e. ?y/ite p0/tly /epl0ce y c0lcocit e. $l &ominion

*ine, Gloe, !/i>. ' 133. "IG. . $/g0nic o/ cell tet2/e. C0lcocite /epl0cement of oo. ' 15. "IG. ;. )elict tet2/e. )emn0nts of m0gnetite in 0 g/0in l0/gely fepl0ce y em0tite. S0n *0n2el 0/e0, !/i>. ' ;43. "IG. 4. )im tet2/e. )ims of em0tite 0/o2n m0gnetite g/0ins. I/on o/e sinte/. )e0ing I/on Comp0ny. ' ;33.


SC+!)#, ?l0te ;


SC+!)#, ?l0te 4


587

"IG. 5. )2mple tet2/e. +em0tite. 0e 00nin, 2eec. ' 1. "IG. 6. Sept0/i0n tet2/e. C0lcocite. 2tte, *ont. ' 15. "IG. 7. Se//0te tet2/e. ?y//otite penet/0te y g0ng2e 0n py/ite fo/ming 0 se//0te o2n0/y. S0nt0 E2l0li0, *eico. ' 153. "IG. 8. S/e-lie tet2/e. o/nite s/es in c0lcocite. 2tte, *ont. '53. "IG. 9. #/0nsl0tion tinning tet2/e. Ilmenite in m0gnetite Detce. Sept Isle, 2eec. ' 133. "IG. ;3. eine tet2/e. C0lcopy/ite c2t y veinlets of c0lcocite. C0mpell *ine, isee, !/i>. ' 83. "IG. ;1. )etic2l0te tet2/e. o/nite /epl0ce 0long cle0v0ge y 0 neto/ of c0lcocite. elmont *ine, 2tte, *ont. ' 133. "IG. ;. +e//ingone tet2/e. C0lcopy/ite /epl0ce y o/nite t0t evelope e//ingone tet2/e. S2sie Isl0n, 0e S2pe/io/. ' 53.

588

G. M. SCHWARTZ.

E'-S$(#I$% #E'#()ES. "IG. 55. 0ttice, l0mell0/ o/ im0nst0tten tet2/e. C0lcocite l0es it o/nite. eon0/ *ine, 2tte, *ont. ' 833. "IG. ;4. #/i0ng2l0/ tet2/e. Ilmenite in m0gnetite Detce. #2ce/ 0e, *inn. ' 133. "IG. ;5. Se/i0te tet2/e. Ilmenite pl0tes of to si>es in m0gnetite Detce. &2l2t g0/o, Coo Co2nty, *inn. ' 133.. "IG. 54. Cell, net, o/ mes tet2/e. Sp0le/ite it py//otite fo/ming neto/ 0long g/0in o2n0/ies. Cooy *ine, #0elm0, 0s. ' 133. "IG. 57. Em2lsion tet2/e. !llemontite. !/senic in 0ntimony. !llemont, "/0nce. ' 33. "IG. ;8. $le0ne/-le0f tet2/e. o/nite incl2sions in c0lcocite. S2sie Isl0n, 0e S2pe/io/. ' 833. "IG. ;9. ?se2oe2tectic o/ g/0pic tet2/e, possily e2tectoi. !llemontite, !llemont, "/0nce. D!fte/ 0n e/ een. ' 85. "IG. 43. E2tectoi tet2/e. C0lcocite 0n o/nite. *2f2li/0 *ine, So2te/n )oesi0. ' 733.


SC+!)#, ?l0te 5


589

69.O&i(ic- /i%&i(ic- c!cre(i!ary- c!ce!(ric- /e&&e(- ,rami"a& a!" %ca&y (e#('re. D"ig. 1;. #e/e is g/e0t v0/iety in tese tet2/es, 2t tey 0/e c0/0cte/i>e y concent/ic sells of sligtly v0/ying p/ope/ties no/m0lly 0s 0 /es2lt of v0/i0tion 2/ing g/ot. Closely /el0te to 0ne, gel 0n collofo/m tet2/es. E0mplesA Goetite, em0tite, psilomel0ne, c/ysocoll0, m0l0cite, 0n m0ny ote/s. E0/s, v0/io2s p0ges. ?ellet tet2/e is s2ggeste y 0stin D19 fo/ min2te pellets eite/ of colloi0l o/ /epl0cement o/igin 0n closely /esemling oolites. "/0moi0l tet2/e is 2se fo/ pellets fo/ming 0gg/eg0tes /esemling te f/2it of 0 /0spe//y. D19, p. ;3. 70. Pr/0yri(ic r /r/0yr&a%(ic (e#('re. D"ig. 14. E2e/0l c/yst0ls in 0 m0t/i of ote/ mine/0ls l0cing in c/yst0l o2tlines. G/0ins of m0t/i 2s20lly sm0lle/, 2t not necess0/ily so. %ot often 2se fo/ o/es, 2t te/e is no s2it0le s2stit2te. E0mplesA ?y/ite, 0/senopy/ite, m0gnetite most common. 71. R%e((e (e#('re. D"ig. 15. )o2ne, some0t sc0llope 0gg/eg0tes of one o/ mo/e mine/0ls. D8, p. 3. 72.S/0er'&i(ic r ra"ia(i!+ a++re+a(e (e#('re. D"ig. 16. G/o2ps of fie/s, /0i0ting f/om 0 cent/0l point o/ 0/e0, 0n tese 2nits emee in 0 g/o2nm0ss. D1, p. 55. 73.Wire (e#('re. ?e/0ps mo/e p/ope/ly 0 st/2ct2/e. i/e-lie fo/ms of n0tive met0ls 0/e common. $ften te co/e is g/0n2l0/ 0n te o2te/ >one is /inlie. E0mplesA %0tive coppe/, n0tive silve/, n0tive gol, etc. D18, p. 7. Sec!"ary Te#('re%. 74. )# r* (e#('re. D"ig. 17. ! po/o2s 0gg/eg0te it pl0tes o/ sept0 ic inte/sect 0t v0/io2s 0ngles le0ving open, o-lie sp0ces. 75. )reccia(e" 6e#/&"i!+ m6 r cr'%0e" (e#('re. D"ig. 18. "/0gmente ito2t not0le /o2ning, ispl0cement often not g/e0t. e/y common tet2/e especi0lly py/ite /oen 0n cemente y l0te/ mine/0ls. D5, p. ;7. 76. Cre r a(&& (e#('re. D"ig. 19. In co/e tet2/e 0 secon mine/0l occ2/s on te insie of 0n 0/e0 of 0note/. %ot common 2t goo e0mples non. ?y/ite-g0len0, py/itesp0le/ite, py/ite-c0lcopy/ite, g0len0-0nglesite. e/e te /esi20l /im is enclose in te s0me mine/0l, te te/m 0toll tet2/e 0s een 2se. D18, p. 97. 0stin D19 2ses t2e/cle tet2/e fo/ some0t simil0/, 2t often comple 0//0ngements, of o/e mine/0ls in c0lcite g0ng2e. 77. Fi&i,rm (e#('re. #/e0-lie fo/ms emee in 0note/ mine/0l. *2c te s0me 0s i/e tet2/e. D1, "ig. 13. 78. Gra!'&a(e"- my&!i(ic r micrreccia(e" (e#('re. D"ig. 3. (se fo/ ve/y finely /oen o/e mine/0ls. *0ny mine/0ls, p0/tic2l0/ly tose t0t 0/e /ittle, 0/e often min2tely f/0ct2/e. 79. 6Ice$ca*e6 (e#('re. D"ig. 1. )o2ne 0n co//oe /emn0nts in 0 l0te/ mine/0l. ?y/ite in c0lcocite 0 common e0mple. D6, "ig. 1;. 80. Or+a!ic r ce&& (e#('re. D"ig. . )epl0cement of o/g0nic fo/ms especi0lly cell 0lls y o/e mine/0ls. D16, p. 575. 81. Re&ic( (e#('re. D"ig. ;. #/0ces of o/igin0l tet2/e o/ st/2ct2/e 0s 0 /es2lt of pse2omo/po2s /epl0cement s2c 0s cle0v0ge o/ p0/tingB 0lso f/0gments of 0 mine/0l left ein y /epl0cement of te m0in p0/t. D18, p. 99. 82. Rim (e#('re3 a&% reac(i! rim (e#('re. D"ig. 4. %0//o /ims of secon0/y mine/0l 0/o2n ost. *ine/0l 0/o2n eite/ inivi20l g/0ins o/ 0long cont0cts eteen 2nlie mine/0ls. D18, pp. 8;, 96. E0mplesA o/nite-c0lco-cite, m0gnetite-em0tite, py/itec0lcocite, py/ite-c0lcopy/ite. )e0ction /ims occ2/ in igneo2s /oc incl2ing m0gm0tic o/es. D19, p. 13. 83. R'm/&e" (e#('re. D"ig. 5. "ole o/ /2mple mine/0ls often it pl0ty fo/ms s2c 0s 0 spec2l0/ite. D1, p. 56. 84.Se/(aria! (e#('re. D"ig. 6. Sy!ere%i% r %0ri!*a+e crac* (e#('re. ! conc/etion0/y no2le inte/secte itin y c/0cs often fille it 0 l0te/ mine/0l. D9, p. 1;. Syne/esis o/ s/in0ge c/0cs 0/e te/ms 2se y 0stin D19 fo/ 0 v0/iety of min2te f/0ct2/es s2c 0s occ2/ in colloi0l o/es.

593

G. M. SCHWARTZ.

85. Serra(e (e#('re. D"ig. 7. %otce o/ toote cont0cts o/ s0-toote effect eteen mine/0ls, 2s20lly 0 /es2lt of /epl0cement. Colony D1; 2se te/ms =0gge st/2ct2/e 0n penet/0ting st/2ct2/e fo/ simil0/ /el0tions. 86. S0re""e" r %0re"$&i*e (e#('re. D"ig. 8. I//eg2l0/ p0/ticles of 0 mine/0l enclose in 0note/. *0y e /epl0ce /emn0nts o/ s/es, possily 0lso sim2lt0neo2s incl2sions s2c 0s o/nite in c0lcocite. D1, p. 54. 87. Tra!%&a(i! (i!!i!+ (e#('re. D"ig. 9. Slip movement on 0=0cent tin pl0nes. E:2iv0lent of f0lse cle0v0ge. D18, p. ;. 88. ei!e" r re(ic'&a(e (e#('re. .D"igs. ;3 0n ;1. eine tet2/e is most common of 0ll o/e tet2/es. 0/ies g/e0tly in etent 0n fo/m. C0lle /etic2l0te tet2/e e/e veins follo cle0v0ge o/ p0/ting ne0/ly 0t /igt 0ngles fo/ming 0 net, fo/ e0mple o/nitec0lcocite. D1;, p. 144. 89. Herri!+!e (e#('re. D"ig. ;. )os of p0/0llel p0tte/ns, ic in 0ny to s2ccessive /os slope in /eve/se i/ections. *0y 0lso e 0 p/im0/y tet2/e o/ st/2ct2/e. D18, pp. 4, 7. 90. Me(ac&&i" r crac*&e" (e#('re. Concent/ic tet2/e in ic min2te c/0cs 0ve evelope y s/in0ge 2/ing c/yst0lli>0tion of te o/igin0l colloi. D6, p. 41B 19, ?I. 6.  E#$%&'(i! Te#('re%. 1. Cry%(a&&+ra/0ic r rie!(e" i!(er +r(0 (e#('re%. !ny tet2/e in ic te c/yst0llog/0pic p/ope/ties of te ost mine/0l cont/ol te tet2/e. *0y e fo/me y /epl0cement 0s ell 0s y e-sol2tion. 91. La((ice- &ame&&ar r Wi"ma!%(8"((e! (e#('re. D"ig. ;;. 0t-s0e g/0ins o/iente 0long c/yst0llog/0pic i/ections in 0 c/yst0l o/ g/0in of 0note/ mine/0l. Commonly 0 /es2lt of e-sol2tionB 0lso, 0 simil0/ tet2/e m0y fo/m y /epl0cement. E0mplesA *0gnetite-ilmenite, o/nite-c0lcocite, etc. 0n e/ een, seve/0l p0ges 0n fig2/es. D17, pp. 7;9-76;B 18, "ig. 5. 92. Tria!+'&ar (e#('re. D"ig. ;4. !pplie to e-sol2tion tet2/e e/e te esolve mine/0l is o/iente 0long oct0e/0l pl0nes fo/ming 0 i0g/0mm0tic t/i0ng2l0/ 0//0ngement. E0mplesA *0gnetite-ilmenite, m0gnetite-em0tite, o/nitec0lcocite, c0lcopy/ite-c20nite, 0n ote/s. !lso 0 /epl0cement tet2/e. D17, p. 751. 93. Seria(e (e#('re. D"ig. ;5. !//0nge in 0 se/ies. #e si>e of te g2est mine/0l v0/ies it 0ge o/ o/e/ of fo/m0tions. D18, pp. 59, 83 0n "igs. 61 0n 6. 94. Ce&&- ce&&'&ar- !e( r me%0 (e#('re. D"ig. 54.9 #ese tet2/es m0y o/igin0te y seg/eg0tion to g/0in o2n0/ies on e-sol2tion. Simil0/ tet2/es m0y fo/m y /epl0cement. D13, p. 56B 1, "ig. 6. 95. Em'&%i! (e#('re. D"ig. ;7. *in2te les o/ /o2ne incl2sions of one mine/0l, i//eg2l0/ly ist/i2te in 0note/ mine/0l. E0mplesA Sp0le/ite-c0lco-py/ite, st0nnitec0lcopy/ite. D13, p. 46. ! simil0/ tet2/e m0y occ2/ in c0lcite, 0s fo/ e0mple c0lcocite incl2sions in c0lcite f/om S2sie Isl0n, 0e S2pe/io/. 96. O&ea!"er$&ea, (e#('re. D"ig. ;8. Incl2sion of ole0ne/ le0f-s0pe Dspinle s0pe g/0ins in 0 m0t/i. ?/o0ly /2ely c/yst0llog/0pic. D7, p. ;13 0n ? 1;, "ig. . 97. P%e'"e'(ec(ic r +ra/0ic (e#('re. D"ig. ;9. !lso c0lle g/0pic etc. *0y e 0pplie to p0i/s of mine/0ls it g/0pic o/ my/meetic tet2/e /es2lting f/om e-sol2tion. D18, p. 13B 13. 98. E'(ec(i" (e#('re. D"ig. 43. ! g/0pic tet2/e it e0c g/0in soing te complic0te g/0pic inte/g/ot. 0n e/ een. Seve/0l p0ges 0n fig2/es. D18, p. 13;B 13, "igs. 64-67.


591

Mi!era& S(r'c('re%. #ese 0/e fo/ms itin 0 single g/0in o/ c/yst0l of 0 mine/0l. 99. C&ea:a+e %(r'c('re. St/2ct2/e /es2lting f/om mine/0l cle0v0ge. 100. Herri!+!e %(r'c('re. ong n0//o spines it symmet/ic0lly 0//0nge 0/ms. *0y occ2/ itin g/0ins 0s 0 st/2ct2/e. D18, pp. 4, 7. 101. Lame&&ar (i!!i!+. #inning p0/0llel to c/yst0l pl0nes itin g/0ins o/ c/yst0ls. E0mplesA Sp0le/ite, c0lcopy/ite, g0len0, etc. D13, p. ;8 0n "ig. 55. 102. P&y%y!(0e(ic (i!!i!+. In met0llic mine/0ls is essenti0lly te s0me 0s l0mell0/ tinning. D13, p. ;8 0n "igs. 9, 6;. 103. Z!a& %(r'c('re. on0l g/ot of c/yst0ls o/ g/0ins involving sligt iffe/ence in composition o/ p/ope/ties. E0mplesA %0tive met0ls, m0gnetite, g0len0, tet/0e/ite, p/o2stite, sp0le/ite. E0/s, seve/0l fig2/es. D13, pp. ;7, 4;, 49 0n "igs. 4-6 0n 5657. 104. S*e&e(! %(r'c('re. C/yst0l o2tlines incompletely fille it te mine/0l. E0mples 0/e sp0le/ite in c0lcopy/ite, m0gnetite in 0s0lt 0n in syntetic sinte/s 0n sl0gs. D14, p. 597. II$G)!?+H. 1. eit, C. J., #e *es0i i/on-e0/ing ist/ict of *innesot0A (. S. Geol. S2/vey *ono. 48, 1 193;. . C/oss, C. ., Iings, K. ?., ?i/sson, ..., 0n 0sington, +. S., #e tet2/e of igneo2s /ocsA Ko2/. Geology, vol. 14, pp. 69-737, 1936. ;. 0ney, ". ., #e /el0tions of o/nite 0n c0lcocite in te coppe/ o/es of te i/gilin0 ist/icof %o/t C0/olin0A E C$%. GE$., vol. 6, pp. ;99-411, 1911. 4. Singe0l, K. #., #e tit0nife/o2s i/on o/es of te (nite St0tesA (. S. 2/. *ines 2ll. 1;, 191;. 5. G/0ton, . C, 0n *2/oc, K., #e s2lpie o/es of coppe/A !m. Inst. *in. *et. Eng. #/0ns., vol. 45, pp. 6-9;, 191;. 6. #olm0n, C. "., $se/v0tions on ce/t0in types of c0lcocite 0n tei/ c0/0cte/istic etc p0tte/nA !m. Inst. *in. *et. Eng. #/0ns., vol. 54, pp. 43-4;5, 1916. 7. G2il, ". %., ! mic/oscopic st2y of te silve/ o/es 0n tei/ 0ssoci0te mine/0lsA E C$%. GE$., vol. 1, pp. 98-;43, 1917. 8. oce, !., +0ll, &. !., 0n So/t, *. %., )ole of secon0/y en/icment in genesis of 2tte c0lcociteA !m. Inst. *in. *et. Eng. #/0ns., vol. 73, pp. 9;8-96, 194. 9. #iel, G. !., #e m0ng0nese mine/0lsA #ei/ ientific0tion 0n p0/0genesisA E C$%. GE$., vol. 19, pp. 138-145, 194. 105. 0n e/ een, ).  -., *ine/0g/0py 0n $/e &eposition, G. %0eff, #e +0g2e, 195. 106. Sc0/t>, G. *., ! s2lpie i00se f/om Coo Co2nty, *innesot0A E C$%. GE$., vol. 3, pp. 61-65, 195. 1. G/igo/iev, K., St/2ct2/es of mine/0l inte/g/ots in o/esA Soc. /2sse mine/0logie *em., vol. 57, pp. 11-56, 198. 1;. "0i/0ns, E. E. 0n ote/s, #e 0o/0to/y Investig0tion of $/es, 0 symposi2m, *cG/0+ill oo Co., %e Ho/, 198. 107. Sc0/t>, G. *., #e g/ot of m0gnetite c/yst0lsA E C$%. GE$., vol. 4, pp. 59-633,199. 108. Scneie/on, +., 0n )0mo/, ?., e/2c e/ E/>mi/osopie, Ge/iie/ o/nt/0ege/, e/lin, 19;1. 16. 0stin, E. S. 0n ote/s, C/ite/i0 of 0ge /el0tions of o/e mine/0lsA E C$%. GE$., vol. 6, pp. 56-613, 19;1. 17. Sc0/t>, G. *., #et2/es 2e to 2nmiing of soli sol2tionsA E C$%. GE$., vol. 6, pp. 7;9-76;, 19;1. 18. E0/s, !. ., #et2/es of o/e mine/0ls 0n tei/ signific0nceA !2st/0li0n Inst. *in. *et0ll2/gy, *elo2/ne, 1947. 19. 0stin, E. S., Inte/p/et0tion of o/e tet2/esA Geol. Soc. !me/ic0 *em. 45, 1953.

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