Class IX English Book Notes

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Xklce Sfus Iaad Ianyc' Mnoxeaya,

XFHALCNY[ XSNJF FLJGKXE IAAD ALF

BAY HGNXX KU

Bay

Xklce Sfusiaad Ianyc' Mnoxeaya,

Iaad n yynljfc yynljfc i{ zzz,o{lasfxgkiyny{,hao

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HALSFLSX Pnjf >, Sef Gnxs Xfyoal ab sef Eag{ Pyapefs

8

9, Xene Nicvg Gnskb

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8, Sef Lffo Syff %Pafo+

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3, Oafl/ma/Cnya

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6, Efgfl Dfggfy

95

2, Sef Cnbbackgx %Pafo+ :, Nggnon g~ing

8:

5, Sef Yagf ab Zaofl kl sef Pndkxsnl Oarfofls

36

;, Hekgcyfl %Pafo+

66

>0, Zens sef ^vnkc/k/N}no Xnkc

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>>, Efngse kx Zfngse

22

>9, Xsappklj i{ Zaacx al n Xlaz{ Frflklj %Pafo+

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>8, Sef Jyfns Zny Efya

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50

>6, Sef Okggfy ab sef Cff %Pafo+

56

>2, Yfxpalxkikgkskfx Yfxpalxkikgkskfx ab n Jaac Hksk}fl

5:

>:, Sef Rkggnjf Gkbf kl Pndkxsnl

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>5, Niav Ifl Ncefo %Pafo+

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>;, Sef Xfhyfs ab Xvhhfxx

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90, Sef Jvccv Inyynjf

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9

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>, SEF GNXS XFYOAL AB SEF EAG[ PYAPEFS %Pfnhf if vpal eko+ En}yns Ovenoonc %pfnhf if vpal eko+ sef Pyapefs ab Kxgno' znx iayl kl 6:>N,C, ns Onddne, Ef ifgaljfc sa sef laigf bnokg{ ab ^vynkxe, Avy Eag{ Pyapefs Ovenoonc %Pfnhf if vpal eko+ kx sef gnxs ab sef pyapefsx, Sef ^vynkxe vxfc sa zayxekp kcagx nlc ckc las ifgkfrf kl Alf Jac, En}yns Ovenoonc %pfnhf if vpal eko+ nxdfc sef ^vynkxe las sa zayxekp sefky bngxf jacx, Ef sagc sefo sens ef znx Pyapefs ab Jac nlc nxdfc sefo sa zayxekp sef Alf nlc sef alg{ syvf Jac, Oaxs ab sefo yfbvxfc sa nhhfps Kxgno, Sef{ seavjes sens i{ pyfnheklj Kxgno ef znx njnklxs sefky jacx nlc sefky nlhfxsayx, Sef{ appaxfc sekx lfz bnkse nlc sefky ikssfy appaxkskal hnvxfc sef Pyapefs %pfnhf if vpal eko+ ovhe njal{ nlc n gas ab syavigf, Sefky appaxkskal sa Kxgno ifhnof xa bkfyhf nlc sfyykigf sens ef enc sa nxd sef ifgkfrfyx sa okjynsf sa Ofckln, Kl 299 N,C, sef pyapefs %pfnhf if vpal eko+ ekoxfgb nhhaopnlkfc i{ ekx bnksebvg bykflc En}yns Niv Indy' okjynsfc sa Ofckln, Sekx frfls kx dlazl kl ekxsay{ nx sef )Ekmyn), Kl Ofckln' sef Pyapefs %pfnhf if vpal eko+ bavlcfc nl Kxgnokh Xahkfs{' inxfc al sef seyff pyklhkpgfx sens ngg pazfy ifgaljx sa Jac' Ovenoonc %pfnhf if vpal eko+ kx Ekx Pyapefs' nlc ngg Ovxgkox nyf iyasefyx sa alf nlasefy, Ef ynkxfc zaofl byao sef xsnsvx ab n henssfg sa haopgfsf gfjng f~vngks{ zkse ofl, Ef oncf pfapgf sa gkrf zkse bnkse' xklhfyks{ nlc ealfxs cfngklj' nlc bay sef bkyxs skof kl ekxsay{ oncf vlkrfyxng evonl iyasefyeaac n bnhs nlc pyklhkpgf ab haooal gnz, Ekx xvppays nlc jvkcf kl ngg sens zayd znx sef ^vynl, Kl sef >0se {fny ab Ekmyn' sef Pyapefs sajfsefy zkse ekx baggazfyx zfls sa pfybayo Enmm ns Onddne, Al sekx ekxsaykh ahhnxkal' ef nccyfxxfc n rfy{ gnyjf jnsefyklj ab Ovxgkox al Oavls Nynbns, Sekx nccyfxx pyarfc sa if ekx gnxs Enmm xfyoal, Kl sekx xfyoal' ef alhf njnkl yfpfnsfc sef ofxxnjf ab Kxgno, Ef xnkc= )Sefyf kx la jac fuhfps Nggne, Ef kx sef alg{ Jac, Lalf xenyfx Ekx nvseayks{ nlc pazfy, Ef bvgbkggfc Ekx pyaokxf nlc efgpfc Ekx Pyapefs njnklxs sef bayhfx ab frkg,) )A pfapgf. Gkxsfl sa of hnyfbvgg{, Zf on{ las enrf sef appaysvlks{ sa offs njnkl kl xvhe nl nxxfoig{ nbsfy sacn{*, Ef ~vasfc n rfyxf byao sef Eag{ ^vynl nlc xnkc' *Nggne xn{x' A onldklc. Zf hyfnsfc {av byao n ongf nlc n bfongf nlc oncf {av klsa sykifx nlc lnskalx xa nx sa if dlazl alf byao sef asefy, Nlc kl sef f{fx ab Nggne' sef oaxs ykjesfavx kx sef oaxs ealavynigf noalj {av, Kl sef gkjes ab sekx rfyxf' la Nyni kx xvpfykay sa n lal/Nyni, Lay kx n zeksf onl kl nl{ zn{ ifssfy senl n ignhd onl, Alg{ sef jaaclfxx ab n pfyxal ondfx eko xvpfykay sa asefyx, Sef zeagf ab evonlks{ kx sef abbxpyklj ab Ncno' nlc Ncno znx hyfnsfc byao cvxs, K' sefyfbayf' hyvxe vlcfy o{ bffs ngg sef bngxf hgnkox sa jyfnslfxx nlc xvpfykayks{ bavlcfc al igaac ay zfngse,) Ef bvysefy xnkc' )A pfapgf. N Ovxgko kx nlasefy Ovxgko*x iyasefy nlc ngg sef Ovxgkox nyf iyasefyx noalj sefoxfgrfx,‟ Bklngg{ ef xnkc= )K enrf jkrfl {av sef ofxxnjf ab Nggne, K no gfnrklj noalj {av n seklj' zekhe zkgg jvkcf {av, Kb {av nhs nhhaycklj sa ks' {av zkgg lfrfy zyalj, Sekx kx sef Eag{ Iaad ab Nggne), Ngseavje sef Pyapefs %pfnhf if vpal eko+ kx la oayf zkse vx' zf enrf sef Eag{ ^vynl sa jkrf vx jvkcnlhf, Zf xeavgc yfnc ks cnkg{ nlc sy{ sa vlcfyxsnlc zens ks QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ -Nhhaycklj sa xaof ekxsaykfx sef ikyse/{fny ab sef Eag{ Pyapefs %p,i,v,e+ kx 6:0 N,C


8

Fljgkxe


sfnhefx, Kb' zf ondf n eniks ab nhsklj nhhaycklj sa ksx sfnhekljx' zf zkgg rfy{ xaal nhekfrf avy bayofy jyfnslfxx kl sef zaygc,

^vfxskal " Nlxzfyx ^,> Zefl nlc zefyf znx Pyapefs Oaenoonc %P,I,V,E+ iayl1 Nlx, En}yns Oaenoonc %P,I,V,E+ sef pyapefs ab Kxgno znx iayl kl sef {fny 6:> N,C ns Onddne, ^,9 Sa zekhe sykif ckc Pyapefs Oaenoonc ifgalj1 Zens ckc sef{ ifgkfrf kl1 Nlx, Pyapefs Oaenoonc ifgaljfc sa sef laigf bnokg{ ab ^vynkxe, Sef{ ifgkfrfc nlc zayxekpfc kcagx nlc ckc las ifgkfrf kl alf Jac, ^,8 Zens ckc Pyapefs Oaenoonc %P,I,V,E+ nxd sef ^vynkxe sa ca1 Nlx, En}yns Oaenoonc %P,I,V,E+ nxdfc sef ^vynkxe las sa zayxekp sefky bngxf Jacx nlc nxdfc sefo sa zayxekp sef alf nlc sef alg{ syvf Jac, ^,3 Ze{ ckc Pyapefs Oaenoonc %P,I,V,E+ okjynsf sa Onckln1 Nlx, Oaxs ab sef pfapgf ab Onddne yfbvxfc sa nhhfps Kxgno, Sef{ appaxfc sef lfz bnkse nlc sefky ikssfy appaxkskal hnvxfx sef Pyapefs %P,I,V,E+ ovhe njal{ nlc n gas ab syavigf, Xa kl 299 N,C, Pyapefs Oaenoonc %P,I,V,E+ okjynsfc sa Onckln, ^,6 Zens kx Ekmyn1 Zefyf ckc ks sndf pgnhf1 Nlx, Kl 299 N,C sef pyapefs Oaenoonc %P,I,V,E+ nhhaopnlkfc i{ ekx bnksebvgg{ bykflc En}yns Niv Indy okjynsfc sa Onckln, Sekx havls kx dlazl kl ekxsay{ nx sef ‗Ekmyn‟, ^,2 Al zens pyklhkpgfx znx sef Kxgnokh Xahkfs{ bavlcfc1 Nlx, Kl Onckln sef Pyapefs %P,I,V,E+ bavlcfc sef Kxgnokh Xahkfs{ inxfc al sef seyff pyklhkpgfx= - Ngg pazfy ifgaljx sa Nggne, - Oaenoonc %P,I,V,E+ kx ekx Pyapefs, - Ngg Ovxgkox nyf iyasefyx sa alf nlasefy, ^,: Zens cafx sef gnxs xfyoal sfnhe vx1 Nlx, Kl sef >0se {fny ab Ekmyn sef Pyapefs %P,I,V,E+ sajfsefy zkse ekx baggazfyx zfls sa pfybayo Enmm ns Onddne, Sefyf ef nccyfxxfc n rfy{ gnyjf jnsefyklj ab Ovxgkox ns oavls Nynbns, Sekx znx sef gnxs xfyoal ab sef Eag{ Pyapefs %P,I,V,E+, Ks sfnhefx vx sens sefyf kx la jac fuhfps Nggne, Alg{ sef jaaclfxx ab n pfyxal ondfx eko xvpfykay sa asefyx, Sef oaxs ykjesfavx kx sef oaxs ealavynigf, Ngg Ovxgkox nyf iyasefy sa alf nlasefy, Bklngg{ sef gnxs xfyoal sfnhefx vx sens sef Eag{ ^vynl kx sef ofxxnjf ab Nggne nlc kb zf nhs nhhaycklj sa ksx sfnhekljx' zf zkgg lfrfy ja zyalj, ^,5 Ze{ ckc sef ^vynkxe appaxf sef Eag{ Pyapefs %P,I,V,E+1 Nlx, Sef Eag{ Pyapefs nxdfc sef ^vynkxe las sa zayxekp sefyf bngxf Jacx ivs sa zayxekp sef Alf nlc alg{ syvf Jac nlc sa nhhfps eko nx sef Pyapefs ab Jac, Eazfrfy' sef{ yfbvxf sa ca xa nlc ifgkfrf sens ef znx pyfnheklj njnklxs sefky Jacx' nlc sefky nlhfxsayx, Xa sef{ appaxf sef lfz yfgkjkal ab Kxgno nlc sefky bkfyhf nlc sfyykigf appaxkskalx oncf ks kopaxxkigf bay sef Pyapefs %P,I,V,E+ sa halsklvf ifklj kl Onddne nlc haopfggfc eko sa gfnrf sens hks{' Onddne,


3

Fljgkxe


Fufyhkxfx Sfusvng Xsvc{ >, Xsvc{ sef baggazklj zaycx hnyfbvgg{ nlc gaad vp sefky ofnlkljx kl sef ckhskalny{= X,La

Zaycx

Ofnlkljx

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ifgalj

9

appaxkskal

8 3 6 2 :

ikssfy njal{ syavigf bkfyhf sfyykigf

5

njjyfxxkrf

; >0 >> >9 >8 >3 >6 >2 >:

nssnhd ckxpgn{ nppfnynlhf cfbfns oavls rkhsay{ evonlks{ ckbbfyflhf abbxpyklj

>5

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If azlfc i{4 if kl sef paxxfxxkal ab Sef nhskal ab appaxklj xaofseklj sens {av ckxnppyarf ay ckxnjyff zkse Onydfc i{ xsyalj yfxflsofls ay h{lkhkxo Klsflxf bffgkljx ab xvbbfyklj4 nhvsf oflsng ay pe{xkhng pnkl N xavyhf ab ckbbkhvgs{ Onydfc i{ fusyfof nlc rkagfls flfyj{ Fuhfpskalngg{ inc ay ckxpgfnxklj Enrklj ay xeazklj cfsfyoklnskal nlc flfyjfskh pvyxvks ab {avy flcx Gnvlhe nxxnvgs al4 ifjkl eaxskgkskfx ay xsnys znybnyf zkse Sa xeaz' ondf rkxkigf ay nppnyfls Avsznyc ay rkxkigf nxpfhs ab n pfyxal ay seklj Zkl n rkhsay{ arfy Nssnhe sa n xvppays N xvhhfxxbvg flcklj ab n xsyvjjgf ay halsfxs Sef ~vngks{ ab ifklj evonlf Sef ~vngks{ ab ifklj vlgkdf ay ckxxkokgny Sef koofcknsf cfxhflcnlsx ab n pfyxal Pfyxalng nx appaxfc sa yfng pyapfys{4 nl{ snljkigf oarnigf pyapfys{ %bvylksvyf ay caofxskh caofxskh nlkongx ay n hny fsh+ Ab zaygczkcf xhapf ay nppgkhnikgks{

9, Vxf sef baggazklj zaycx kl {avy azl xflsflhfx=/ X,La

Zayc

Xflsflhf

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ifgalj

9

bkfyhf

8 3 6

cfbfns abbxpyklj rkhsay{

Sef zengfx ifgalj noalj sef onoongx Zefl sef onydfs apflx vp sa klsfylnskalng pgn{fyx' haopfskskal haopfskskal jfsx bkfyhf, Pndkxsnl nyo{ cfbfnsfc Klckn kl >;26 zny, xef znx sef oasefy ab onl{ abbxpyklj sef jflfyng ngzn{x jfsx hyfcks bay ekx nyo{*x rkhsay{

Haopyfeflxkal Skhd %∝+ sef ykjes nlxzfy >, Zefyf kx oavls Nynbns1 Ks kx lfny Ofckln, Ks kx lfny Onddne, ∝ Ks kx Kl Pndkxsnl,


6

Fljgkxe


9, Zens ckc sef Pyapefs %pfnhf if vpal eko+ x n{ niavs Ovxgkox kl ekx Gnxs Xfyoal1 Sef Ovxgkox nyf flfokfx ab alf nlasefy Sef Ovxgkox nyf bykflcx ab alf nlasefy, Sef Ovxgkox nyf iyasefyx sa alf nlasefy, ∝ 8, Xvppg{ sef okxxklj zaycx ay peynxfx= >, Sekx frfls kx dlazl kl ekxsay{ nx sef Ekmyn 9, Sefyf kx la jac fuhfps Nggne, 8 ,Ngg Ovxgkox nyf alf nlc iyasefy sa alf nlasefy, 3, K no gfnrklj noalj {av n seklj zekhe zkgg jvkcf {av,

Haopaxkskal >, Zyksf n xeays pnynjynpe al sef gkbf ab sef Eag{ Pyapefs %pfnhf if vpal eko+, En}yns Ovenoonc %pfnhf if vpal eko+ sef Pyapefs ab Kxgno ' znx iayl kl 6:> N,C, ns Onddne, Ef ifgaljfc sa sef laigf bnokg{ ab ^vynkxe, Avy Eag{ Pyapefs Ovenoonc %Pfnhf if vpal eko+ kx sef gnxs ab sef pyapefsx, En}yns Ovenoonc %pfnhf if vpal eko+ pyfnhe sa zayxekp alf Jac' nlc kl ekx pyfnheklj ef bnhf n gas ab syavigfx' ivs ef xsaac hngo nlc pnskfls, Ef bavlc nl Kxgnokh xahkfs{ inxfc al iyasefy eaac nlc garf' kl ekx gnxs xfyoal sa Ovxgkox ef cfhgnyf sefo iyasefy sa fnhe asefy nlc xnkc sef{ nyf ngg f~vng, 9, Zens cafx sef Gnxs Xfyoal sfnhe vx1 Zyksf bkrf xflsflhfx niavs ks, Kl sef >0se {fny ab Ekmyn sef Pyapefs %P,I,V,E+ sajfsefy zkse ekx baggazfyx zfls sa pfybayo Enmm ns Onddne, Sefyf ef nccyfxxfc n rfy{ gnyjf jnsefyklj ab Ovxgkox ns oavls Nynbns, Sekx znx sef gnxs xfyoal ab sef Eag{ Pyapefs %P,I,V,E+, Ks sfnhefx vx sens sefyf kx la jac fuhfps Nggne, Alg{ sef jaaclfxx ab n pfyxal ondfx eko xvpfykay sa asefyx, Sef oaxs ykjesfavx kx sef oaxs ealavynigf, Ngg Ovxgkox nyf iyasefy sa alf nlasefy, Bklngg{ sef gnxs xfyoal sfnhefx vx sens sef Eag{ ^vynl kx sef ofxxnjf ab Nggne nlc kb zf nhs nhhaycklj sa ksx sfnhekljx' zf zkgg lfrfy ja zyalj, Xsvc{ ab Xsyvhsvyfx >, Lfus Funopgfx= >, Sef rfy{ lfus {fny ab Ekmyn sef{ nssnhdfc Ofckln, 9, Zefl {av haof efyf lfus skof' iyklj {avy iyasefy zkse {av, 8, Sef lfus ia{ kl gklf xeavgc h haof aof bayznyc, 3, Ef gkrfx lfus sa o{ eavxf, , 9, Gnxs Funopgfx= >, Jac heaxf En}yns Ovenoonc %pfnhf if vpal eko+ nx sef gnxs ab Ekx Pyapefsx, 9, Zea znx sef gnxs ia{ sa haof klsa sef hgnxx1 8, Sekx kx sef gnxs skof K no nhhfpsklj {avy fuhvxf, 3, Ns gnxs ef xnkc sens ef znx jaklj nzn{, 8, Laseklj ivs %ofnlx alg{+ Funopgfx= >, Ef xpadf laseklj ivs sef syvse, 9, Xef cafx laseklj ivs jaac,


2

Fljgkxe


8, Sefyf kx laseklj ivs syavigf kl xsayf bay {av, 3, Ef yfncx laseklj ivs xsay{ iaadx 3, Gkxsfl sa Funopgfx >, 9, 8, 3,

A pfapgf. Gkxsfl sa of hnyfbvgg{, gkxsflklj s a sef yncka, Ef kx gkxsflklj gkxsfl s a {avy sfnhefy {av zkgg bnkg, Kb {av cal*s gkxsfl Gkxsfl hnyfbvgg{ sa zens {avy sfnhefy xn{x,

Gkxsfl sa ofnlx *sa efny‛ nlc ngxa *sa sndf ncrkhf*, 6, Synlxpaxkskal ab ckyfhs nlc klckyfhs aimfhs, aimfhs , Funopgfx = >, 9, 8, 3,

K enrf jkrfl {av sef ofxxnjf ab Nggne, K enrf jkrfl sef ofxxnjf ab Nggne sa {av, K no jkrklj sef iaad sa eko, K no jkrklj eko sef iaad, Xef iavjes n pfl bay eko, Xef iavjes eko n pfl, Sef{ xagc sefky haz sa of, Sef{ xagc of sefky haz,

Lasf= Sef paxkskal ab ckyfhs aimfhsx hnl if henlj fc sa sef paxkskal ab klckyfhs aimfhsx nlc rkhf rfyxn nx jkrfl niarf, Fufyhkxfx= >, Bynof bkrf xflsflhfx vxklj l a s e k l j i v s zkse sef baggazklj rfyix= X,La

Zayc

Xflsflhf

>

Yfhfkrf

9

savhe

8

ckxpgn{

3

xffd

6

pyarf

Avy LJA yfhfkrf laseklj ivs evonl yfxavyhf, Xaof pfapgf bffg laseklj ivs savhe sa vlcfyxsnlc sefky xvyyavlckljx, Ns sef skof ab zny nyo{ xeavgc ckxpgn{ laseklj ivs havynjf, Sa xffd igfxxklj kl sef efyfnbsfy zaygc zf xeavgc ca laseklj ivs pyn{ sa Jac nlc garf Ekx hyfnskal, Kb xvenkg znls sa pyarf ekoxfgb kl sef funox senl ef xeavgc ca laseklj ivs enyc zayd,

9, Bynof bkrf xflsflhfx vxklj g n x s zkse sef baggazklj lavlx= X,La

Zayc

Xflsflhf

>

pyapefs

9

xpffhe

8

~vfvf

3

rkxks

6

skof

En}yns Ovenoonc %x,n,n,z+ kx sef gnxs Pyapefs ab Jac, Avy ifggazfc Pyapefs jnrf ekx gnxs xpffhe ns sef oavlc ab Nynbns, Sef gnxs pfyxal kl sef ~vfvf sa sndf sef skhdfs ab ivx skhdfs znx xvenkg, Kyxenc znx sef gnxs sa rkxks zeksf pngnhf kl xzns cvyklj avy Pndkxsnl savy, Ks kx ckbbkhvgs sa pnxx sef gnxs skof kl ya}n,


:

Fljgkxe

8,

3,


Haopgfsf sef baggazklj xflsflhfx' heaaxklj sef nppyapyknsf nppyapyknsf xsyvhsvyf byao sef jkrfl gkxs= Gkxsfl sa' laseklj ivs' lfus' gnxs, >, Sef{ gkxsfl sa sef ncrkhf ab sefky sfnhefy, 9, Sef{ zkgg gaaxf laseklj ivs sefky henklx, 8, Ef znx sef lfus sa rasf, 3, Ef efnyc sef lfzx sef gnxs cn{, Hyaxx avs sef zyalj zayc= >, Zf zkgg ja sa hgnxx sfl sef gnxs!lfus {fny, laseklj ivs ! gkxsfl gkxsfl sa ovxkh, 9, Sef{ gkdf sa laseklj


5

Fljgkxe


9, XENE NICVG GNSKB Kxgno kx sef yfgkjkal ab pfnhf, Jac xfls sef Pyapefs nx n igfxxklj sa onldklc, Ef zal pfapgf‛x efnysx i{ ekx dklc lnsvyf nlc jflsgf zn{x, Ekx laigf funopgf znx baggazfc i{ onl{ ab ekx baggazfyx' kl ngg njfx' ngg arfy sef zaygc, Ks znx seyavje sef fbbaysx ab sefxf xnklsg{ ofl sens Kxgno xpyfnc bny nlc zkcf, Sefxf eag{ ofl zfyf' fusyfofg{ xvhhfxxbvg kl iykljklj lal/Ovxgkox sa sef bagc ab Kx gno, Kl frfy{ pnys ab avy havlsy{' sefyf nyf xeyklfx ab xvhe xnklsx, Kl Gneayf' nyf sef xeyklfx ab Cnsn Jnlm Ivdexe nlc Oknl Oky Xneki, Kl Pnd Pnssnl gkrfc nlc ckfc Inin Bnyffc, Kl Ovgsnl' kx sef xeyklf ab Jeavx Inenvg En~, Kl Pfxenzny' kl ^vfssn' nlc kl havlsgfxx asefy sazlx nlc hkskfx sefyf nyf sef saoix ab sefxf ofl ab Jac, Kl Xklce nyf sef saoix ab sza jyfns xnklsx' Xene Nicvg Gnskb nlc ^ngnlcny Gng Xenein}, Sef jyfns xnkls Xene Nicvg Gnskb4 zea kx garkljg{ hnggfc Gng Gnskb i{ ekx cfrasffx' znx iayl kl >>09, Ekmyn kl n xongg rkggnjf hnggfc ‗Engn Enrfgk‟, Sef jaac Ovjeng Fopfyay Nvynlj}fi sefl yvgfc sef havlsy{, Xene Nicvg Gnskb‛x nlhfxsayx okjynsfc sa Xklce cvyklj sef cn{x ab Snofygnlf, Sef{ enc haof byao Ekmyns, Xklce znx sefl n hflsyf ab Ovxgkox hvgsvyf nlc Xene Nicvg Gnskb*x nlhfxsayx gkdfc ks xa ovhe sens sef{ cfhkcfc sa ondf ks sefky eaof, Ivs la alf zavgc enrf yfofoifyfc sefky lnofx ay gfnyls niavs sefo' kb onl{ hflsvykfx gnsfy' alf ab sefky cfxhflcnlsx' Xn{fc Eniki Xene' enc las iffl igfxxfc zkse n xal zea jyfz vp sa if xnkls Gng Gnskb, Xene Gnskb enc n rfy{ xflxkskrf oklc, Ekx efnys znx xaal bkggfc zkse sef garf ab Jac, Sef ifnvs{ ab lnsvyf nyavxfc ekx bffgkljx xsyaljg{, Zekgf ef znx alg{ n ia{' ef xsnysfc haopaxklj pafsy{, Ef znx ngxa dffl al nh~vkyklj dlazgfcjf nlc ef jyfz vp sa if n xheagny ab Nynikh nlc Pfyxknl, Zefl ef znx szfls{ ef onyykfc n laigf nlc jaac gnc{, Ef xeazfc jyfns dklclfxx sa ekx zkbf nlc gkrfc ns eaof bay onl{ {fnyx, Ekx efnys' eazfrfy' svylfc oayf nlc oayf saznycx yfgkjkal nlc cfraskal' nlc ef bfgs yfxsgfxx kl gkrklj n layong caofxskh gkbf, Zefl ekx bnsefy ckfc' Xene Gnskb gfbs ekx eaof nlc zfls sa gkrf al n oavlc ns xaof ckxsnlhf byao ekx rkggnjf, N oavlc ab xnlc kx hn>gfc )Ieks) kl Xklcek, Cvf sa sef bnhs sens ef gkrfc al sekx oavlc bay sef yfxs ab ekx gkbf' Xene Gnskb hnof sa if dlazl nx )sef Xnkls ab Ieks), Sa sekx cn{' ef kx bnoavx ngg arfy sef havlsy{ nx Xene Nicvg Gnskb Ieksnk ay Xene Gnskb ab sef Oavlc, Nx cn{x pnxxfc' Gnskb*x garf ab Jac jyfz oayf nlc oayf' vlskg ef bavlc pgfnxvyf alg{ kl cfraskal nlc xpfls oaxs ab ekx skof kl pyn{fy nlc cffp sekldklj, Ekx xpkyksvng pazfy jyfz xsyaljfy zkse pyn{fy nlc cfraskal' xa ovhe xa sens pfapgf ifjnl sa if nssynhsfc saznycx eko, Nl{ alf' zea hnof sa eko' znx xsyaljg{ kopyfxxfc i{ ekx jflsgf zn{x nlc ekx baggazfyx klhyfnxfc cn{ i{ cn{, Hgaxfc sa sef oavlc al zekhe Gng Gnskb hnof sa gkrf kx n lnsvyng gndf, Ekx pafskh lnsvyf garfc sef hngo nsoaxpefyf, Ef zavgc xpflc ovhe ab ekx skof xkssklj al sef inld ab sekx gndf, Nx ef xns sefyf' ef pyn{fc sa Jac nlc xaofskofx haopaxfc rfyxfx kl Ekx pynkxf, Xene Gnskb znx las alg{ n xnkls nlc n pafs' ivs ngxa n ovxkhknl, Ef bavlc jyfns haobays kl ovxkh, Ekx xdkgg kl sekx nys flnigfc eko sa ondf onl{ kopyarfoflsx nlc henljfx kl sef ckbbkhvgs ovxkh ab ekx skof, Nx kl frfy{seklj fgxf' ef garfc xkopgkhks{ kl ovxkh nlc ovxkhng klxsyvoflsx, Ef ckc las njyff zkse sef kcfn sens ovxkh xeavgc if ckbbkhvgs, Xa ef oncf ks xkopgf, Ef ngxa klrflsfc n xkopgf ovxkhng klxsyvofls nlc hnggfc ks ‗Snoiaaya‟, Ks znx gkdf nl klxsyvofls vxfc i{ sef Nynix ivs sef lvoify ab xsykljx znx ckbbfyfls, Sa sekx cn{ sef *Snoiaaya* kx papvgny ngg


;

Fljgkxe


arfy Xklce, Agc nlc {avlj pgn{ ks nlc xklj sef xaljx ab Gnskb sa ksx xkopgf ivs oarklj svlfx, Gng Gnskb Ckfc kl >>26 Ekmyn al sef Oavlc zefyf ef enc gkrfc nlc znx ivykfc sefyf, N bnoavx dklj ab Xklce, Ks' Jevgno Xene Dngeaya' znx xa cfrasfc sa eko sens ef ivkgs n xeyklf arfy ekx jynrf, Gnskb‛x cfrasffx haggfhsfc ekx pafsy{ nlc sekx haggfhskal hnof sa if hnggfc sef Ykxnga ab Xene Nicvg Gnskb , Ef znx n pafs ab sef pfapgf' xa ef zyasf pafsy{ kl sef gnljvnjf ab sef haooal onl, Sekx haggfhskal ab ekx pafox kx xa rngvfc sens ks enx iffl synlxgnsfc klsa onl{ gnljvnjfx, Alf jyfns ~vngks{ ab Gnskb‛x pafsy{' ifxkcfx ksx xkopgkhks{' kx ksx oarklj ovxkh, Zefl {av gkxsfl sa ks' frfl kb {av ca las vlcfyxsnlc n zayc ab ks' {av zkgg if oarfc i{ ksx ofgac{, Gnskb*x )VYX) kx efgc ns ekx xeyklf frfy{ {fny al >3se Xnbny' sef xfhalc oalse ab sef Ovxgko hngflcny, Onl{ seavxnlcx ab pfapgf jnsefy' gkxsfl sa sef Xnkls*x xaljx xvlj al sef ‗Snoiaaya‟ nlc abbfy sefky pyn{fyx, Onl{ gfnylfc ofl yfnc pnpfyx sens sfgg niavs Gnskb‛x gkbf nlc ekx pafsy{, Yfhflsg{ n gkiyny{' n yfxs eavxf nlc n ovxfvo enrf iffl ivkgs, Sef xeyklf ksxfgb enx iffl yfivkgs nlc hallfhsfc zkse sef onkl yanc, Ks‛x garfg{ zeksf caof yfpyfxflsklj sef pvyks{ nlc ckjlks{ ab Gnskb' hnl if xffl byao onl{ dkgaofsfyx, Gnskb*x ofxxnjf kx sef ofxxnjf ab garf, Ef ifgkfrfc kl sef iyasefyeaac nlc f~vngks{ ab ofl nlc kl pgfnxklj Jac i{ janc cffcx, Sekx nhhaycklj sa eko kx sef jang ab gkbf,

Fufyhkxfx Sfusvng Xsvc{ >, Xsvc{ sef baggazklj zaycx hnyfbvgg{ nlc gaad vp /sefky ofnlklj kl {avy ckhskalny{= X,La

Zaycx

>

nlhfxsayx

9

okjynsfc

8 3

xflxkskrf layong

6

nssynhsfc

2 :

ivykfc ckjlks{

5

xeyklf

;

caof

Ofnlkljx Xaofalf byao zeao {av nyf cfxhflcfc %ivs vxvngg{ oayf yfoasf senl n jynlcpnyfls+ Oarf byao alf havlsy{ ay yfjkal sa nlasefy nlc xfssgf sefyf Yfxpalxkrf sa pe{xkhng xskovgk Ifklj vxvng' s{pkhng ay xsnlcnyc4 las nilayong Ckyfhs saznyc ksxfgb ay alfxfgb i{ ofnlx ab xaof px{heagajkhng pazfy ay pe{xkhng nssykivsfx Pgnhfc kl n jynrf Sef ~vngks{ ab ifklj zayse{ ab fxsffo ay yfxpfhs N pgnhf ab zayxekp enggazfc i{ nxxahknskal zkse xaof xnhyfc seklj ay pfyxal N halhnrf xenpf zeaxf ckxskljvkxeklj henynhsfykxskh kx sens sef halhnrks{ bnhfx cazlznyc

9, Ondf xflsflhfx ab {avy azl vxklj sef baggazklj zaycx= X,La

Zayc

Xflsflhf

> 9

ofxxnjf funopgf

Xef ofxxnjfc sef bklng yfpays i{ bnu, sekx pnskfls pyarkcfx n s{pkhng funopgf ab sef x{lcyaof,


>0

Fljgkxe


8 3

yfgkjkal bnoavx

6

klrflsfc

ef gaxs ekx yfgkjkal ivs las ekx oayngks{ Xenl kx n bnoavx Pndkxsnlk Nhsay Sef xaon hvif pv}}gf znx klrflsfc i{ onsefonskhknl Pkfs Efkl

Haopyfeflxkal ^, >, Zefyf kx Ieks Xene1 Skhd % ∝ + sef ykjes nlxzfyx, %n+ Ks kx ns n ckxsnlhf ab 66 dkgaofsyfx byao E{cfyni E{cfyninc, nc, ∝ %i+ Ks kx n rkggnjf lfny Dnynhek, %h+ Ks kx n sazl, ^, 9, Zens henljfx ckc Xene Nicvg Gnskb ondf kl sef ovxkh ab seaxf cn{x1 %n+ Ef oncf ks oayf haopgkhnsfc, %i+ Ef xkopgkbkfc ks, ∝ %h+ Ef ckc las klrfls nl{ lfz svlfx, ^, 8, %n+ Ef %i+ Ef %h+ Ef

Ze{ ckc Xene Nicvg Nicvg Gnskb Gnskb garf sef gndf zekhe kx lfny lfny sef oavlc1 pyn{fc lfny ks, garfc sef pfnhf nlc ~vkfs ab sef xh flf, ∝ gkdfc sa xks lfny ks ifhnvxf ks znx haag,

Haopaxkskal >, Xn{ kl bkrf xflsflhfx zens {av dlaz niavs sef pafsy{ ab Xene Nicvg Gnskb,

9, Zyksf bkrf xflsflhfx niavs Ieks Xene kb {av enrf xffl ks, Xsvc{ ab Xsyvhsvyfx

>, Ab Funopgfx= >, Kxgno kx n yfgkjkal ab pfnhf, 9, Gnskb hnof sa if dlazl nx sef Xnkls ab Ieks, 8, Pgfnxf jkrf of n hvp ab znsfy, 3, Sef iau ab onshefx kx kl sef dkshefl, 9, Zkse %n+ Funopgfx= >, 9, 8, 3,

Ekx efnys znx xaal bkggfc zkse sef garf ab Jac, Ef znx igfxxfc zkse n xal, Xef kx zkse of, Xef jafx sa xheaag zkse efy iyasefy,

Zkse kx n Pyfpaxkskal, Ks xeazx sef yfgnskalxekp ab n Lavl ay Pyalavl sa xaof asefy zayc kl sef xflsflhf, %i+

Xaof oayf vxfx ab zkse, Funopgfx Funopgfx = >, Ef kx zyksklj zkse n pfl, 9, Ef bavjes zkse n xzayc,


>>

Fljgkxe


8, Ef kx fynxklj ks zkse nl fynxfy, 3, Ef kx fnsklj zkse n xpaal, 8, Onl{ Funopgfx= >, 9, 8, 3,

Ekx laigf funopgf znx baggazfc i{ onl{ ab ekx baggazfyx, Ef enx onl{ iaadx, Ca {av yfnc onl{ iaadx1 K yfnc onl{ iaadx frfy{ {fny,

Onl{ xeazx sef lvoify ab aimfhsx ay pfyxalx, Ks kx sef appaxksf ab bfz, 3, Ns Funopgfx= >, Gnskb*x *vyx* kx efgc ns ekx xeyklf frfy{ {fny, 9, Ef gfbs sef iaad ns eaof, 8, Ef znx pyfxfls ns sef bvlhskal, 6, Frfy{ Funopgfx= >, 9, 8, 3,

Gnskb*x *VYX* kx efgc ns ekx xeyklf frfy{ {fny, Zf enrf nl Fljgkxe pfykac frfy{ cn{, Frfy{ alf xsaac vp zefl sef sfnhefy flsfyfc sef hgnxx, Frfy{ alf ifjnl sa zyksf,


>9

Fljgkxe


8, SEF LFFO SYFF TSekx pafo znx zykssfl i{ Oyx, Fgxn Dn}k' sef Jfyonl zkbf ab Nggnon K,K, Dn}k' sef gnsf Rkhf/Henlhfggay ab sef Vlkrfyxks{ ab Xklce, Xef znx iayl ns Zfkony kl Jfyo Jfyo nl{, Xef ofs Nggnon K ,K , Dn}k Dn}k kl >;0: kl Galcal nlc kl >;>0 znx onyykfc sa eko, Sef{ hnof sa Xklce kl >;>> zefyf xef xpfls sef yfxs ab efy gkbf' rkxksklj Fvyapf laz nlc njnkl, Xef zyasf pafox kl Jfyonl nlc Fljgkxe nlc ngxa efgpfc efy evxinlc kl zyksklj ekx iaad ‗Iyazl Jkyg kl Xfnyhe ab Jac ), Xef ckfc kl E{cfyninc al On{ 95' >;2:' nlc kx ivykfc ifxkcf efy evxinlc ns sef Xklce Vlkrfyxks{ Hnopv x Mnoxeaya,_ Mnoxeaya,_

O{ garfg{ Lffo' Sens klsfyhfpsx xvl*x xhayheklj ifno' [fs ifnyx sef efns ngg cn{ Zkseavs sef ynkl*x yfbyfxeklj xpyn{' Seav henyo*xs sef znlcfyfy*x zaf nzn{ Zkse xaaseklj xencf Eaz xsyalj {av nyf' ea z vlnbynkc' Eaz jyffl, se{ gfnrfx klxpksf ab ngg Sef okc/cn{ bgnofx sens ivylklj bngg Vpal se{ vlpyasfhsfc efnc ,,,,,,,,,, Havgc onl if iase nx seav nlc ykxf Niarf sef fnyse' zkse sef xefgsfyklj nyo Sa xnrf sef xvbbfyklj alfx byao enyo' Byao xayyazx' parfys{ nlc rkhf Seyavje xnhykbkhf Havgc onl if xsfncbnxs' nlc ckdf seff Bnhf frfy{ bnsf' zavgc ks las if Bvgbkggofls ab gkbf*x gabskfxs cyfno O{ garfg{ Lffo., / Oyx, Fgxn Dn}k


>8

Fljgkxe


3, OAFL/MA/CNYA Oafl/ma/Cnya ay sef *Oavlc ab sef Cfnc* kx alf ab sef agcfxs hkskfx kl sef zaygc, Ks kx ns n ckxsnlhf ab 9: dkgaofsfyx byao Gnydnln al sef ykjes inld ab sef ykrfy Klcvx, Bfz pfapgf gkrf sefyf sacn{' ivs bavy seavxnlc nlc bkrf evlcyfc {fnyx nja' ks znx n gnyjf' ivx{ hks{, Laiac{ dlfz nl{seklj niavs ks vlskg >;994 zefl xaof rkggnjfyx bavlc pkfhfx ab agc xoaase pasx nlc agc iykhdx ns sef pgnhf' zefyf laz xsnlcx sef vlharfyfc hks{, Sefxf pkfhfx ab agc pasx nlc iykhdx zfyf iyavjes sa Xky Mael Onyxengg' nl Fljgkxe hkrkg xfyrnls' zeaxf zayd ks znx sa gaad nbsfy ekxsaykhng yfonklx' gkdf nlhkfls ivkgckljx nlc asefy agc sekljx xvhe nx sefxf pkfhfx ab pasx nlc iykhdx, Ef znx ekoxfgb' rfy{ klsfyfxsfc kl ekxsay{ nlc znx nlukavx sa bklc avs niavs sefxf yfonklx, Xa' zefl ef gaadfc ns sefo hnyfbvgg{' ef ns alhf dlfz sens sef{ zfyf pkfhfx ab rfy{ agc pasx, Niavs sef iykhdx ef xnkc' )Pfyenpx sefyf znx alhf n sazl ay n hks{ zekhe gkfx vlcfy sefxf oavlcx ab hgn{ nlc xnlc, Gfs vx ckj efyf' on{ if zf xengg vlharfy sef yfonklx ab nl agc hks{), Xa' sef ofl xsnysfc ckjjklj nlc nx sef{ cvj' oayf nlc oayf xvhe pkfhfx hnof vp' skgg sefyf nppfnyfc iks i{ iks n hks{ ab xsynkjes yancx' nlc zfgg/ivkgs eavxfx, [av hnl konjklf' eaz xvypykxfc nlc fuhksfc sef pfapgf zfyf' zefl sef{ xnz ngg sekx haoklj vp byao zens sef{ enc xa bny sndfl sa if alg{ oavlcx ab hgn{ nlc xnlc, Fnhe eavxf znx oncf ab gnyjf indfc iykhdx nlc enc n inseyaao nlc xfyrnls/~vnysfyx xfyrnls/~vnysfyx hgaxf i{, Harfyfc cynklx ynl ifxkcf sef xsyffsx, Frfl sef xsyffsx zfyf oncf ab indfc iykhdx, Hnysx nlc asefy bayox ab synlxpays havgc haof ykjes sa sef hflsyf ab sef sazl, [av hnl xskgg xff sef jyfns engg zefyf jynkl znx xsayfc, Sefyf kx n zkcf yanc kl sef okccgf ab zekhe znx sef xeappklj hflsyf zkse xeapx al iase xkcfx, Sekx yanc' halsklvfx al sa sef eavxfx ab sef zaydofl, Sef pfapgf ab sekx hks{ ovxs enrf iffl jyfns syncfyx' zkse sef ykrfy Klcvx xa lfny nlc sef xfn zksekl fnx{ yfnhe, Sef havlsy{/xkcf ovxs enrf iffl bfyskgf xklhf zefns' ykhf nlc hassal jyfz sefyf, Sef bnyofyx ngxa dfps hnssgf, Sefyf zfyf xdkggfc hynbsxofl zea zaydfc kl jagc' xkgrfy nlc kray{, Hgn{ caggx nlc hnysx zfyf oncf bay sef hekgcyfl sa pgn{ zkse, Zf ngxa enrf nl kcfn ab sef cyfxxfx zayl i{ sef yvgklj hgnxx' sef pykfxsx nlc sef fgcfyx' byao sef xfngx ab onl{ dklcx sens enrf iffl bavlc sefyf, Sef{ zayf galj' gaaxf cyfxxfx, Lfnyi{ kx n ovxfvo' zefyf klsfyfxsklj aimfhsx bavlc byao Oafl/ma/Cnya' nyf al fuekikskal, Sefxf klhgvcf xfngx' mfzfgy{' sa{x' zfnpalx nlc pnklsfc passfy{, Sef ifxs bklc ab Oafl/ma/Cnya Oafl/ma/Cnya kx sef efnc ab n ivgg' zekhe znx vxfc nx n xfng, N ofsng xsnsvf ab n cnlhklj jkyg enx ngxa iffl bavlc, Sefyf nyf ofsng saagx saa, Ks kx ifhnvxf ab sefxf ofsng aimfhsx sens sef pyainigf njf ab sef hks{ kx ifklj jkrfl nx niavs bavy seavxnlc bkrf evlcyfc {fnyx, Bay n galj skof' sefxf pfapgf gkrfc n enpp{ gkbf, Sef{ zfyf ~vksf ykhe nlc synrfggfc byao pgnhf sa pgnhf al ivxklfxx ay al pgfnxvyf, Sefky hks{ znx zfgg/ pgnllfc nlc hgfnl, Sef ynkl znsfy ckc las yfonkl al sef xsyffsx, Zf ca las dlaz zens enppflfc ga sefo gnsfy, Fksefy sef{ zfyf ynkcfc byao sef layse ay xaof jyfns fnyse~vndf cfxsya{fc sefo, La alf enx {fs iffl nigf sa cfsfyoklf sef ofnlklj ab sef zaycx zykssfl al sef xfngx nlc al sef passfy{, Ovhe havgc if gfnyls kb sef gnljvnjf fupfysx nyf nigf sa cfhkpefy sefxf zaycx,


>3

Fljgkxe


Gfnylfc ofl nlc rkxksayx absfl haof sa sef xksf, Sef{ haof las alg{ byao Pndkxsnl' ivs ngxa byao ngg arfy sef zaygc, Gfs vx eapf sens sefky fbbaysx xvhhffc kl cfhkpefyklj sefxf zaycx, Zf zkgg sefl dlaz n jyfns cfng oayf senl zf ca laz niavs sekx cfnc hkrkgk}nskal,


>6

Fljgkxe


6, EFGFL DFGGFY Eaz baysvlnsf nyf seaxf zea nyf iayl klsa sekx zaygc zkse sza f{fx sa xff ngg ksx ifnvs{. Ivs sefyf nyf xaof vlbaysvlnsf pfapgf zea hnl lfksefy xff lay efny, Sekx zaygc' zekhe kx xa bvgg ab ifnvskbvg hagavyx nlc xzffs xavlcx' nppfnyx hagavygfxx nlc cvgg sa sefxf paay xavgx, Zens n okxbaysvlf. Sef{ hnllas xff sef garfg{ bgazfyx igaaoklj kl sef jnycflx nlc efny sef ikycx xkljklj xzffs xaljx, Sef{ klcffc bffg rfy{ xnc' bay sefky bnsf kx xa enyc, Zayxf kx sef bnsf ab seaxf zea hnl xff nlc efny alhf nlc sefl la oayf, Ivs sef{ nyf xa havynjfavx nlc iagc sens sef{ ca las gaad vlenpp{, Sef{ nhhfps sef henggfljf ab sefky bnsf nlc sy{ sa gkrf heffybvgg{, Noalj xvhe iynrf nlc havynjfavx pfyxalx' sef lnof ab Okxx Efgfl Dfggfy sapx sef gkxs, Efgfl Dfggfy znx iayl kl >550 kl n gkssgf sazl kl sef Vlksfc Xsnsfx ab Nofykhn, Vp sa sef njf ab sza' xef znx ~vksf n layong hekgc, Xef havgc x ff nlc efny frfy{seklj, Kl Bfiyvny{ >559' gkssgf Efgfl bfgg cnljfyavxg{ kgg, Ngg bfgs xayy{ bay efy' ifhnvxf xef ifhnof igklc nlc cfnb, Efy pnyflsx gaadfc xnc, Frfy{iac{ znx vlenpp{ nlc sef gkssgf hekgc bfgs okxfynigf, Zefl xef znx xfrfl {fnyx agc' efy gkbf xvccflg{ henljfc, Efgfl*x bnsefy nxdfc n gnc{ lnofc Okxx Xvggkrnl sa haof nlc gaad nbsfy ekx igklc hekgc, Okxx Xvggkrnl enc efyxfgb' ifhaof igklc' zefl xef znx n hekgc ivs nbsfyznycx xef jas efy f{fxkjes inhd, Xef senldfc Jac bay Ekx dklclfxx sa efy i{ efgpklj asefy igklc pfapgf nlc ondklj sefo enpp{ nlc halsfls, Xef xsnysfc sfnheklj Efgfl, Alf cn{' xef saad Efgfl sa sef ykrfy inld nlc pvs efy enlc kl sef znsfy, Xgazg{ xef oncf efy zyksf sef zayc *z/n/s/f/y* al sef xnlc, Xef oncf efy ca ks xfrfyng skofx nlc sevx Efgfl gfnyls eaz sa xpfgg sef zayc *znsfy*, Xef bfgs rfy{ fuhksfc' ifhnvxf xef dlfz sens ns gnxs sefyf zavgc if xaof gkjes kl efy cnyd zaygc, Sef zayd znx rfy{ xgaz nlc ckbbkhvgs' ivs Okxx Xvggkrnl znx rfy{ dklc nlc pnskfls, Gkssgf i{ gkssgf' xef snvjes Efgfl niavs oavlsnklx nlc ykrfyx nlc niavs ekxsay{ nlc jfajynpe{, Xef frfl' snvjes efy eaz sa havls nlc ca xvox, Zefl xef znx fkjes' xef znx xfls sa n xheaag bay igklc hekgcyfl, Xef enc bayjassfl eaz sa xpfnd' ivs efy sfnhefy efgpfc efy, Xef zavgc pvs Efgfl*x enlc al efy azl gkpx nlc gfs efy bffg sef oarfoflsx ab sef gkpx ns sef skof ab xpfndklj, Efgfl ckc onl{ fufyhkxfx gkdf sekx nlc ns gnxs ns sef njf ab sfl xef znx nigf sa xpfnd njnkl, )Zens n ma{) xef fuhgnkofc, I{ nlc i{' xef gfnyls sa yfnc iaadx, Sefxf iaadx zfyf pyklsfc zkse ynkxfc paklsx klxsfnc ab gfssfyx nlc xef yfnc sefo i{ savheklj zkse efy bkljfyx, Kl sekx zn{' xef znx nigf sa gfnyl nx ovhe nx asefy pfapgf havgc, Xef pnxxfc ngg efy funoklnskalx fnxkg{, Xef zfls sa haggfjf nlc sefl sa Enyrnyc Vlkrfyxks{, Xef xsvckfc ns sef Vlkrfyxks{ nlc jyncvnsfc zkseavs ckbbkhvgs{,) Xef pyarfc sa if n ifssfy xsvcfls senl onl{ asefyx, Efy sfnhefyx garfc nlc ncokyfc efy, Kl >;62' sekx zalcfybvg gnc{ rkxksfc Pndkxsnl, Xef znx xfrfls{/xku' ivs xskgg rfy{ nhskrf, Pndkxsnlk pfapgf jnrf efy n znyo zfghaof, Xef hnof sa avy havlsy{ sa efgp sef igklc nlc sef cfnb, Xef nccyfxxfc onl{ jnsefykljx' kl Dnynhek nlc rkxksfc sef Xheaag bay sef Igklc' Cfnb nlc Cvoi, )Zens n lkhf xheaag.) xef fuhgnkofc, )Eaz zalcfybvg ks kx sa if zkse {av' o{ cfny xalx nlc cnvjesfyx. Ngzn{x if enpp{ nlc heffybvg, Lfrfy hvyxf {avy bnsf, [av hnl ca frfy{seklj kl sekx zaygc)' xef xnkc sa sef xsvcflsx ab sef xheaag nlc ncokyfc efnyskg{ ngg sef gnckfx' zea zfyf zaydklj nlc sfnheklj sefyf ragvlsnykg{ zkse xa ovhe }fng nlc xfgbgfxx nbbfhskal,


>2

Fljgkxe


2, SEF CNBBACKGX TSekx pafo kx zykssfl i{ sef bnoavx Fljgkxe pafs Zkggkno Zaycxzayse, Ef znx eayl kl sef ifnvskbvg Gndf' Ckxsykhs ab Fljgnlc kl sef {fny >::0, Byao ekx fnyg{ cn{x' ef znx rfy{ balc ab bgazfyx' ikycx' gndfx' ykrfyx' yahdx nlc syffx, Ef vxfc sa xpflc ovhe sko f flma{klj sefky ifnvs{, Ef vxfc vxfc sa s ndf galj savyx al baas baas nlc rkxks sef ifnvskbvg lnsvyng xhflfx zekhe ef gnrfc xa ovhe, Ef xsnysfc n lfz dklc ab pafsy{ zykssfl kl xkopgf zaycx niavs lnsvyng aimfhsx nlc xkopgf havlsy{ pfapgf, Ef ckfc kl >560,_

K znlcfyfc galfg{ nx n hgavc Sens bgansx al ekje a*fy rngfx nlc ekggx' Zefl ngg ns alhf K xnz n hyazc' N eaxs' ab jagcfl cnbbackgx4 Ifxkcf sef gndf' iflfnse sef syffx' Bgvssfyklj nlc cnlhklj kl sef iyff}f, Halsklvavx nx sef xsnyx sens xeklf Nlc szkldgf al sef okgd{ zn{' Sef{ xsyfshefc kl lfrfy/flcklj gklf Ngalj sef onyjkl ab n in{= Sfl seavxnlc xnz K ns n jgnlhf' Saxxklj sefky efncx kl xpykjesg{ cnlhf Sef znrfx ifxkcf sefo cnlhfc4 ivs sef{ Avsckc sef xpnydgklj znrfx kl jgff= N pafs havgc las ivs if jn{' Kl xvhe n mahvlc haopnl{. K jn}fc / nlc jn}fc / ivs gkssgf seavjes Zens zfngse sef xeaz sa of enc iyavjes= Bay abs zefl al o{ havhe K gkf Kl rnhnls ay kl pflxkrf oaac' Sef{ bgnxe vpal sens klznyc f{f Zekhe kx sef igkxx ab xagksvcf4 Nlc sefl o{ efnys zkse pgfnxvyf bkggx' Nlc cnlhfx zkse sef cnbbackgx,

– Zkggkno Zaycxzayse Lasfx Sef cnbbackg kx n garfg{ bgazfy' jyazklj zkgc nlc kl jnycflx' zekhe haofx klsa bgazfy kl sef fnyg{ xpyklj, Ks enx n sekl jyffl xsngd' vxvngg{ oayf senl n baas kl efkjes' nlc n xkljgf' gnyjf ifgg/xenpfc bgazfy xvyyavlcfc i{ gnyjf paklsfc pfsngx ab sef xnof {fggaz hagavy, Sekx on{ if nl{ xencf ab {fggaz' byao pngf {fggaz sa jagcfl, Cnbbackgx jyaz kl jyavpx' absfl vlcfy ay lfny syffx, Zekgf sef xkljgf bgazfy kx garfg{' n gnyjf jyavp ab cnbbackgx kx alf ab sef oaxs ifnvskbvg xkjesx ab sef Fljgkxe havlsy{xkcf,


>:

Fljgkxe


:, NGGNON K^ING Nggnon Oaenoonc K~ing' sef pafs ab sef Fnxs' znx iayl kl Xkngdas' n sazl kl sef Pvlmni' al ;se Larfoify' >5::, Ef yfhfkrfc ekx fnyg{ fcvhnskal kl ekx eaof sazl, Kl >5;6' ef zfls sa Jarfylofls Haggfjf' Gneayf, Ef pnxxfc ekx O,N, kl >5;;' byao sef Vlkrfyxks{ ab sef Pvlmni, Kl sef xnof {fny' ef znx nppaklsfc Pyabfxxay ab Nynikh ns sef Aykflsng Haggfjf' Gneayf, Ef efgc sekx mai skgg >;06, Kl sens {fny' ef gfbs bay Fljgnlc bay ekjefy xsvckfx, Kl Galcal ef yfhfkrfc n gnz cfjyff, Kl >;05' ef znx nznycfc n cfjyff ab Pe, C, i{ Ovlkhe Vlkrfyxks{' bay ekx zayd al Pfyxknl pekgaxape{, Sens kx ze{' ef kx ngxa dlazl nx Cy, Oaenoonc K~ing, Nggnon K~ing kx jflfyngg{ dlazl nx n jyfns pafs, Ef znx la cavis n jyfns pafs' ivs pafsy{ znx alg{ alf ab ekx onl{ nhhaopgkxeoflsx, Ef znx zfgg/rfyxfc kl pekgaxape{' iase Fnxsfyl nlc Zfxsfyl, Ef paklsfc avs sef cfbfhsx kl xaof ab sef pekgaxapekhng x{xsfox ab sef Zfxs, Ef cfrasfc n jyfns pnys ab ekx gkbf sa sef xsvc{ ab Kxgno, Ef ngxa saad nl nhskrf pnys kl pagkskhx, Ef zaydfc bay se f Ovxgkox ab Xavse Nxkn zkse jyfns havynjf, Ef znx fgfhsfc n ofoify ab sef Pvlmni Gfjkxgnskrf Havlhkg kl >;92 nlc efgc sens abbkhf skgg >;9;, Ef ckc las xffd yf/fgfhskal, Ef znx fgfhsfc Pyfxkcfls ab sef Pvlmni iynlhe ab sef Ngg/Klckn Ovxgko Gfnjvf nlc efgc sens paxs skgg ekx cfnse, Kl >;80' ef pyfxkcfc arfy sef Nggneninc offsklj ab sef Ngg/ Klckn Ovxgko Gfnjvf, Ks znx al sekx ekxsaykh ahhnxkal sens ef oncf n cfbklksf cfonlc bay n xfpnynsf Ovxgko Xsnsf kl Xavse Nxkn, Kl ekx pyfxkcflskng nccyfxx Cy, K~ing xnkc' )Klckn kx n halsklfls ab evonl jyavpx ifgaljklj sa ckbbfyfls ynhfx' xpfndklj ckbbfyfls gnljvnjfx nlc ifgkfrklj kl ckbbfyfls yfgkjkalx, Sefky ifenrkay kx las jarfylfc i{ n haooal ynhf bffgklj, Sefxf jyavpx nyf ngg xfpnynsf lnskalx, Sef pyklhkpgf ab Fvyapfnl cfoahynh{ hnllas if nppgkfc sa Klckn zkseavs yfhajlk}klj sef bnhs ab ckbbfyfls jyavpx, Sef Ovxgko cfonlc sa hyfnsf n Ovxgko Klckn zksekl Klckn kx kl la zn{ zkseavs mvxskhf, Bay o{ pnys K zavgc gkdf sa ja alf xsfp bayznyc4 K zavgc gkdf sa xff sef Pvlmni' Layse Zfxs Byalskfy Pyarklhf' Xklce nlc Ingvhekxsnl vlksfc vlcfy n xkljgf Ovxgko Xsnsf, Sef Ovxgkox nyf nlukavx sa enrf n xfpnynsf xsnsf' ifhnvxf sef{ bfny sef Eklcv onmayks{ zekhe' sef{ ifgkfrf' zkgg las nggaz Ovxgkox sa cfrfgap byffg{,) Sekx cfonlc xeahdfc iase sef Eklcvx nlc sef Iykskxe ngkdf, Sef{ iase appaxfc ks, Sekx znx sef bkyxs skof sens n cfonlc znx oncf bay n xfpnynsf Klcknl Ovxgko Xsnsf, Cy, K~ing ckc las xsap ns sekx, Ngg ekx fbbaysx zfyf laz ckyfhsfc saznycx sef nhekfrfofls ab sekx jang, Kl On{ >;8: Cy, K~ing zyasf n gfssfy sa sef ^vnkc/k/ N}no Oaenoonc Ngk Mkllne, Kl sekx gfssfy' ef ckxhvxxfc kl cfsnkg sef pyaigfox ab sef Klcknl Ovxgkox, Ef alhf njnkl' ncrkxfc sens alg{ sef hyfnskal ab n xfpnynsf Ovxgko Xsnsf havgc xagrf sefxf pyaigfox nlc xnkc sa sef ^vnkc' )Cal*s {av sekld sens sef skof bay xvhe n cfonlc enx ngyfnc{ nyykrfc1) Al 9>xs Mvlf >;8:' ef njnkl zyasf sa sef ^vnkc/k/N}no' )N xfpnynsf bfcfyng xsnsf ab Ovxgko pyarklhfx' bayofc al sef gklfx K enrf pyapaxfc' kx sef alg{ zn{ i{ zekhe' zf hnl enrf n pfnhfbvg Klckn nlc xnrf Ovxgkox byao sef yvgf ab lal/ Ovxgkox,) Sef Ovxgkox nzadf byao sefky xgffp nx n yfxvgs ab K~ing*x fbbaysx, Sef{ svylfc arfy n lfz gfnb, Laz sef{ ngg znlsfc n xfpnynsf Ovxgko Xsnsf, Sef Ovxgko Gfnjvf yfpyfxflsklj sef zeagf ab Ovxgkl Klckn' ofs kl Gneayf nlc pnxxfc n yfxagvskal al 98 Onyhe' >;30' cfonlcklj n xfpnynsf xsnsf bay sef Ovxgkox ab Klckn, Sekx yfxagvskal kx laz dlazl nx sef *Pndkxsnl Yfxagvskal*, Byao sekx skof alznyc sef Ovxgkox lfrfy gaadfc inhd, Sef{ pvs sefky efnys nlc xavg klsa sef xsyvjjgf bay Pndkxsnl*,


>5

Fljgkxe


Sef{ xvhhffcfc kl sefky xsyvjjgf, Al >3 Nvjvxs' >;3:' Pndkxsnl nppfnyfc al sef onp ab sef zaygc, K~ing ckfc kl >;85' nlc havgc las xff sef nhsvng hyfnskal ab Pndkxsnl' ivs ef enc pgn{fc n onmay pnys kl ksx hyfnskal, ^vnkc/k/N}no pynkxfc K~ing*x yagf kl n ofxxnjf al ekx cfnse= *Sa of znx n bykflc' jvkcf nlc pekgaxapefy nlc cvyklj sef cnydfxs oaoflsx seyavje zekhe sef Ovxgko Gfnjvf enc sa ja' ef xsaac gkdf n yahd ,,,,,,,,,,,,) Ef ifgkfrfc sens bnkse kl Kxgno oncf sef Klcknl Ovxgkox alf lnskal' xfpnynsf nlc npnys byao sef Eklcvx, Ef xsyaljg{ ifgkfrfc sens kl n vlksfc Klckn zefyf sef Eklcv onmayks{ zavgc yvgf sef havlsy{' sef Ovxgkox havgc las cfrfgap byffg{ Ef enc n jyfns garf bay Kxgno' nlc znx haopgfsfg{ cfrasfc sa ks, Iase ekx pyaxf nlc pafsy{ yfbgfhs sekx cfraskal, Ef ngzn{x ncrkxfc Ovxgkox sa yfonkl syvf sa sefky bnkse, Kl ekx Nggneninc nccyfxx ef xnkc= )K enrf gfnylfc alf gfxxal byao sef ekxsay{ ab Ovxgkox, Ns ckbbkhvgs oaoflsx kl sefky ekxsay{' ks kx Kxgno sens enx xnrfc Ovxgkox nlc las Ovxgkox sens enrf xnrfc Kxgno, Kb sacn{ {av pvs {avy bnkse kl Kxgno' {av zkgg ifhaof xsyalj nlc vlksfc alhf njnkl nlc xnr xnrf f {avyxfgrfx byao haopgfsf cfxsyvhskal),


>;

Fljgkxe


5, SEF YAGF AB ZAOFL KL SEF PNDKXSNL OARFOFLS [av enrf ngyfnc{ gfnyls sens Pndkxsnl znx fxsnigkxefc al >3 Nvjvxs' >;3:, Ifbayf sekx sef Iykskxe yvgfc Xavse Nxkn, Nbsfy niavs alf evlcyfc {fnyx ab sef Iykskxe yvgf' iase sef Eklcvx nlc sef Ovxgkox ab Klckn yfngk}fc sens sef{ ovxs yfharfy sefky klcfpflcflhf nlc ca nzn{ zkse sef yvgf ab sef Iykskxe, Kl sef ifjkllklj' iase sef Eklcvx nlc sef Ovxgkox zaydfc sajfsefy sa cykrf sef Iykskxe byao Klckn, Sajfsefy sef{ bayofc n pagkskhng pnys{ hnggfc sef Klcknl Lnskalng Haljyfxx' Ivs xaal sef Ovxgkox yfngk}fc sens sef Eklcvx zea zfyf kl onmayks{ kl sef Haljyfxx nx zfgg nx kl sef havlsy{' zavgc lfrfy jkrf f~vng syfnsofls sa sef Ovxgkox nlc zavgc las xenyf sef byvksx ab klcfpflcflhf zkse sefo, Xa sef{ bayofc sefky azl pagkskhng pnys{' nlc hnggfc ks sef Ngg/Klckn Ovxgko Gfnjvf, Onl{ Ovxgko gfncfyx' zea enc fnygkfy maklfc sef Haljyfxx pnys{ laz gfbs ks nlc ifhnof ofoifyx ab sef Ovxgko Gfnjvf, Kl >;83' ^vnkc/k/N}no Oaenoonc Ngk Mkllne ifhnof ksx Pyfxkcfls Sef Ovxgkox ifklj vlksfc al n haooal pgnsbayo' vlcfy ekx nigf jvkcnlhf nlc gfncfyxekp' laz xsnysfc sefky xsyvjjgf bay nl klcfpflcfls Ovxgko Xsnsf sa if hnggfc Pndkxsnl, Ks znx rfy{ ckbbkhvgs sa ondf sef Iykskxe yfngk}f sens sef{ enc s a halxkcfy sef cfonlcx ab sef Ovxgkox ifbayf sef{ cfhkcfc sa jkrf klcfpflcflhf sa Klckn, N galj nlc enyc xsyvjjgf baggazfc, Las alg{ ckc sef ofl sndf pnys' ivs zaofl ngxa nhskrfg{ pnyskhkpnsfc kl sekx jgaykavx xsyvjjgf, Ns sens skof' avy zaofl zfyf kl xsykhs pvycne, Sef{ zfyf gfxx fcvhnsfc nlc gfxx pagkskhngg{ nznyf senl sef Eklcv zaofl, Ivs' sefyf zfyf n lvoify ab iynrf nlc xfgbgfxx zaofl zea klxpksf ab sefxf eklcynlhfx' hnof bayznyc nlc zaydfc bay sekx laigf hnvxf xkcf i{ xkcf zkse ofl, Sef{ bayofc' sef zaofl*x iynlhe ab sef Ovxgko Gfnjvf sa ayjnlkxf zaofl nlc klbayo sefo niavs sef pagkskhx ab sef havlsy{, Sef{ synrfggfc sa sef havlsy{xkcf sa sfgg sef zaofl sefyf' zens sef{ xeavgc ca, Sef{ ayjnlkxfc pvigkh offskljx bay zaofl nlc nccyfxxfc gnyjf jnsefykljx, Sef{ ngxa saad pnys kl pvigkh offskljx ayjnlkxfc i{ ofl nlc oncf xpffhefx ifbayf gnyjf nvckflhfx, Sef{ ofs zkrfx nlc cnvjesfyx ab sef Iykskxe abbkhfyx klhgvcklj seaxf ab sef Rkhfya{x nlc oncf sefo yfngkxf sens sefky cfonlc znx mvxs, Sef{ apflfc hgnxxfx kl sefky azl eaofx sa fcvhnsf Ovxgko jkygx, Xaofskofx' sef pagkhf zavgc vxf sfny/jnx nlc zavgc gnsek/henyjf sef zaofl*x offskljx nlc frfl nyyfxs sefky gfncfyx, Sef{ flhavynjfc sefky iyasefyx' evxinlcx nlc xalx las sa jkrf vp sef xsyvjjgf vlskg sefky jang znx nhekfrfc, Noalj xvhe xfgbgfxx nlc havynjfavx zaofl sef lnof ab njfc Ninck Ifjvo' Ifjvo' papvgnyg{ dlazl nx *Ik * Ik Nonl* Nonl* gfncx sef yfxs *Ik * Ik Nonl** znx sef oasefy ab Oavgnln Oaenoonc Ngk nlc Oavgnln Xenvdns Ngk' Nonl Ngk' sza iynrf nlc laigf iyasefyx zea cfrasfc sefky gkrfx sa sef hnvxf ab Ovxgkox, Zefl kl sekx xsyvjjgf sef sza iyasefyx zfyf nyyfxsfc' iyavjes sa sykng nlc kopykxalfc bay sza {fnyx' xef xfls n zayc sa sefo las sa jkrf vp sefky hnvxf nlc las sa nxd bay pnycal' zekhe znx sef halckskal ab sefky yfgfnxf, * Ik Nonl* Nonl* enc las iffl sa xheaag ay haggfjf, Efy jyfnslfxx gkfx kl sef bnhs sens xef enc snvjes efy xalx sa if zkggklj sa xnhykbkhf sefky gkrfx kl sef hnvxf ab Ovxgko klcfpflcflhf nlc gnsfy flhavynjfc sefo sa nhhaopgkxe sefky jang, Nlasefy gnc{ zayse{ ab avy ncokynskal kx Ifjvo Oaenoonc Ngk, Cyfxxfc kl n ivy~ne xef las alg{ nssflcfc ofl*x pvigkh offskljx ivs znx ngxa sef bkyxs Ovxgko zaonl sa nccyfxx sefo, Xef xpadf kl xkopgf zaycx nlc kl n lnsvyng salf ivs rfy{ fbbfhskrfg{, Xef ngxa zyasf bay sef Pyfxx, Efy apklkalx zfyf ekjeg{ yfxpfhsfc nlc sef ^vnkc/k/N}no efgc efy kl jyfns fxsffo, Zefl xef znx sa nccyfxx zaofl*x offskljx' gnyjf hyazcx zavgc jnsefy sa efny efy, Ofl nlc zaofl ealavyfc efy ngkdf,


90

Fljgkxe


Sefl sefyf znx Okxx Bnskon Mkllne zeao sef jynsfbvg lnskal gnsfy hnggfc Oncy/k/ Okggns %Oasefy ab sef lnskal+, Xef efgpfc efy iyasefy kl sef xsyvjjgf bay sef fxsnigkxeofls ab Pndkxsnl, Ks znx seyavje efy sens sef Ovxgko zaofl zfyf nigf sa xffd sef ^vnkc/k/N}no*x jvkcnlhf nlc sa enrf klsfyrkfzx zkse eko, Ifklj oayf pagkskhngg{ klbayofc' xef pnxxfc al efy klbayonskal klbayonskal sa asefy zaofl, Kl ncckskal sa ngg sekx' xef gaadfc nbsfy efy kggvxsykavx iyasefy, Ifjvo Yn*nln Gkn~vns Ngk zaydfc nx nl ealayny{ xfhyfsny{ nlc s{pkxs sa Gkn~vns Ngk Denl %efy evxinlc+ ns n skof' zefl sef Ovxgko Gfnjvf havgc las nbbayc sef xngny{ ab n xfhyfsny{, Xef nyynljfc pnyskfx' zefyf Ovxgko zaofl havgc offs sef zkbf nlc sef cnvjesfy ab sef Rkhfya{' xa nx sa fupgnkl sa sefo sefky xkcf ab sef onssfy nlc fupyfxx sefky pyasfxs, Xef ngxa ayjnlkxfc sef Zaofl*x Ragvlsny{ Xfyrkhf nlc gnsfy sef Zaofl*x Lnskalng Jvnycx' halxkxsklj ab seyff inssngkalx zkse 9300 jkygx' kl zekhe' xef efyxfgb efgc sef ynld ab Iykjnckfy, Kl Xklce' sef zayd ab nzndflklj sef Ovxgko zaofl znx hnyykfc avs i{ Gnc{ Lvxyns Enyaal' Enyaal' Gnc{ Xvjeyn Ekcn{nsvggne' Ekcn{nsvggne' Ifjvo Denkyvllkxn Xeninl nlc Okxx Bndeyvllkxn Zngk Oaenoonc Fbbflck, Gnc{ Enyaal znx n xpkyks fc zaonl ab vpykjes henynhsfy nlc n dklc eaxsfxx, Efy eavxf kl Dnynhek ifhnof sef hflsyf ab zaofl*x pagkskhng nhskrkskfx nlc ks znx n pgnhf ab zfghaof sa sef Ovxgko Gfnjvf zaydfyx zefl sef{ hnof sa Dnynhek sa nssflc offskljx, Hgnxxfx zfyf ngxa efgc kl efy eavxf sa fcvhnsf Ovxgko jkygx' Gnc{ Ekcn{nsvggne synrfggfc seyavjeavs Xklce eagcklj zaofl*x pvigkh offskljx, Sef bkyxs pvigkh offsklj ab zaofl kl Xklce znx efgc kl Dnynhek*x ]aagajkhng Jnycfl, Sefxf seyff gnckfx gfc sef nlsk/Iykskxe pyahfxxkalx, Gnc{ Xvjeyn Ekcn{nsvggne nlc Ifjvo Denkyvllkxn Xeninl ngxa gfc pyahfxxkalx kl Gneayf nlc xvhhffcfc kl eakxsklj sef Ovxgko Gfnjvf bgnj al sef Xfhyfsnykns, Ifjvo Mnenl Nyn Xenelnzn} byao sef Pvlmni' yfpyfxflsfc sef Ovxgko zaofl ns sef seyff Yavlc Snigf Halbfyflhfx efgc kl Galcal nlc znx sef bkyxs zaonl frfy sa ondf n xpffhe kl Galcal*x Jvkgc Engg, Xef ngxa synrfggfc zkcfg{ nlc fupgnklfc sa sef pfapgf ab asefy havlsykfx' ze{ sef Ovxgkox kl Klckn znlsfc n xfpnynsf Xsnsf, Asefy zaofl' zea pgn{fc nl nhskrf pnys kl sef xsyvjjgf bay klcfpflcflhf nyf Ifjvo K~ing Evxxnkl' Ifjvo Xngon Snxxncv~ Evxxnkl' Evxxnkl' Jfsk Nyn Inxeky Neofc' Ifjvo Xenkxsn Kdynovggne' Kdynovggne' Ifjvo Rk~nyvllkxn Laal' Laal' Ifjvo Lnzni Oaenoonc Kxonkg' Laayvx/Xnine Ifjvo nlc Bnskon Xenkde ab E{cfyninc Xklce,


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Fljgkxe


;, HEKGCYFL TSekx garfg{ pafo niavs hekgcyfl kx zykssfl i{ sef Nofykhnl pafs Efly{ Galjbfggaz, Ef znx iayl kl >50: nlc ckfc kl >559, Ef znx n Pyabfxxay ns sef Enyrnyc Vlkrfyxks{' zekhe kx halxkcfyfc sa if alf ab sef ifxs Nofykhnl vlkrfyxkskfx, Ef znx rfy{ klsfyfxsfc kl sef hvgsvyf ab asefy havlsykfx nlc enc synrfggfc zkcfg{, Ekx pafox cfng zkse las alg{ sef Nofykhnl xhflf ivs ngxa ovhe ab zens ef xnz cvyklj ekx synrfgx,_

Haof sa of' A {f hekgcyfl. Bay K efny {av ns {avy pgn{' Nlc sef ~vfxskalx sens pfypgfufc of, Enrf rnlkxefc ~vksf nzn{, [f apfl sef fnxsfl zklcazx' Sens gaad saznycx sef xvl' Zefyf seavjesx nyf xkljklj xznggazx Nlc sef iyaadx ab oaylklj yvl, Kl {avy efnysx nyf sef ikycx nlc sef xvlxeklf' Kl {avy seavjesx sef iyaadgfs*x bgaz' Ivs kl o{ oklc kx sef zklc ab Nvsvol Nlc sef bkyxs bngg ab sef xlaz, Ne. zens zavgc sef zaygc if sa vx Kb sef hekgcyfl zfyf la oayf1 Zf xeavgc cyfnc sef cfxfys ifeklc vx Zayxf senl sef cnyd ifbayf, Zens sef gfnrfx nyf sa sef bayfxs' Zkse gkjes nlc nky bay baac' Fyf sefky xzffs nlc sflcfy mvkhfx Enrf iffl enycflfc klsa zaac, Sens sa sef zaygc nyf hekgcyfl4 Seyavje sefo ks bffgx sef jgaz Ab n iykjesfy nlc xvllkfy hgkonsf Sens yfnhefx sef syvld ifgaz, Haof sa of' A {f hekgcyfl. Nlc zekxpfy kl o{ fny Zens sef ikycx nlc zklcx nyf xkljklj Kl {avy xvll{ nsoaxpefyf, Bay zens nyf ngg avy halsykrkljx' Nlc sef zkxcao ab avy iaadx' Zefl haopnyfc zkse {avy hnyfxxfx' Nlc sef jgnclfxxx ab {avy gaadx1 [f nyf ifssfy senl ngg sef inggncx Sens frfy zfyf xvlj ay xnkc4 Bay {f nyf gkrklj pafox' Nlc ngg sef yfxs nyf cfnc, / Efly{ Galjbfggaz


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Lasfx Sekx pafo enx ; xsnl}nx, N xsnl}n kl n pafo kx zens n pnynjynpe kx kl {avy gfxxal, Fnhe xsnl}n enx 3 gklfx, Kl fnhe xsnl}n' sef gnxs zayc ab sef xfhalc gklf pyacvhfx sef xnof xavlc nx sef gnxs zayc ab sef bavyse gklf, Bay funopgf' pgn{' nzn{' xvl' yvl' bgaz' xlaz,

Ivs sef gnxs zayc ab sef bkyxs gklf nlc gnxs zayc ab sef sekyc gklf ca las pyacvhf sef xnof xavlc kl ngg sef xsnl}nx' seavje kl xaof ks cafx, Xff kl asefy xsnl}nx ngxa zens sef gnxs zayc ab xfhalc nlc sef bavyse gklf kx,


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>0, ZENS SEF ^VNKC/K/N]NO XNKC ^vnkc/k/N}no Oaenoonc Ngk Mkllne' zea gnkc sef bavlcnskal ab Pndkxsnl' znx iayl ns Dnynhek al 96se Cfhfoify' >5:2, Nx n {avlj ia{' ef znx fcvhnsfc ns Dnynhek, Zefl' ef znx xkusffl {fnyx agc' ef pnxxfc ekx onsykhvgnskal funoklnskal nlc znx xfls sa Fljgnlc bay ekjefy xsvckfx, Al ekx yfsvyl sa Klckn ef xsnysfc ekx pynhskhf' nx n gnz{fy bkyxs kl Dnynhek' nlc sefl kl Iaoin{, Ef xeazfc' jyfns fbbkhkflh{ kl ekx zayd, Ks znx ekx cfsfyoklnskal nlc zkxf gfncfyxekp' zekhe byffc sef Ovxgkox byao sef cavigf {adf ab Iykskxe yvgf nlc Eklcv caoklnskal, Kl nppyfhknskal ab ekx xfyrkhfx sa sef Ovxgkox ab Xavse Nxkn zf hngg eko )^vnkc/k/ N}no)' ay sef )Jyfns Gfncfy), Ef garfc ekx havlsy{ nlc ekx havlsy{/ofl cfnyg{, Ef maklfc sef Klcknl Lnskalng Haljyfxx ivs xaal gfbs ks nlc maklfc' sef Ovxgko Gfnjvf' sa henopkal' sef hnvxf ab sef Ovxgkox, Sefl' ef xsnysfc n galj nlc enyc hnopnkjl sa jfs n xfpnynsf eaofgnlc bay sef Ovxgkox, Ks znx kl >;3: sens ef xvhhffcfc nlc ifhnof sef bkyxs Jarfylay Jflfyng ab sef lfzg{/hyfnsfc Xsnsf, Ef zaydfc cn{ nlc lkjes bay sef pyajyfxx nlc kopyarfofls ab Pndkxsnl, Ks znx vlbaysvlnsf klcffc sens alg{ szfgrf oalsex nbsfy sef hyfnskal ab Pnd kxsnl' sef ^vnkc/k/N}no ckfc al >>se Xfpsfoify >;35, Ef zkgg ngzn{x if yfofoifyfc' nx sef bavlcfy ab Pndkxsnl, Ngseavje ef gfbs vx nbsfy xvhe n xeays skof' ekx xpffhefx nyf sefyf sa jvkcf vx, Kb zf baggaz sef ckyfhskalx jkrfl kl sefo' zf zkgg if nigf sa xfyrf avy cfny Pndkxsnl kl sef ifxs zn{, Sef ^vnkc/k/N}no bkyog{ ifgkfrfc' sens alf cn{ sef Ovxgkox' zavgc nhekfrf sefky cfxkyfc jang, Seyff {fnyx' ifbayf sef hyfnskal ab Pndkxsnl' al 5se Onyhe >;33' xpfndklj ns n gvlhe jkrfl i{ Cy, ]knvcckl Neofc' Rkhf/Henlhfggay ab Ngkjnye Vlkrfyxks{' ef xnkc' )[av hnl jfs Pndkxsnl las i{ nxdklj' las i{ ifjjklj' las frfl i{ ofyf pyn{fyx ivs i{ zaydklj zkse syvxs kl Jac, Klxen/Nggne Pndkxsnl zkgg if {avyx,) Sa eko ngg Pndkxsnlkx zfyf f~vng, Ef ifgkfrfc sens yfgkjkal ay hnxsf ca las xfpnynsf alf Pndkxsnlk byao nlasefy, Xaal nbsfy' ef ifhnof sef Jarfylay Jflfyng ab sef lfzg{ hyfnsfc Xsnsf' ef sagc sef enpp{ pfapgf' )[av nyf byff sa ja sa {avy sfopgfx' {av nyf byff sa ja sa {avy oax~vfx ay sa nl{ asefy pgnhf ab zayxekp kl sekx Xsnsf ab Pndkxsnl, [av on{ ifgalj sa nl{ yfgkjkal ay hnxsf ,,, zf nyf ngg hksk}flx nlc f~vng hksk}flx ab sef xsnsfc,) Sef ^vnkc/k/N}no' njnkl nlc njnkl' sagc ekx pfapgf sens zens sef{ lffcfc oaxs znx n jaac fcvhnskal, Xpfndklj ns sef bavyse xfxxkal ab sef Jvmyns Fcvhnskalng Halbfyflhf efgc al >3se Mnlvny{ >;36' ef xnkc sens fcvhnskal znx n onssfy ab gkbf nlc cfnse sa avy lnskal, )Sef zaygc kx oarklj xa bnxs sens kb zf ca las fcvhnsf avyxfgrfx zf zkgg las alg{ if gfbs ifeklc ivs ngxa zkgg if la oayf,) Bay eko fcvhnskal nlc henynhsfy/ivkgcklj zfls enlc kl enlc, Kl ekx ofxxnjf' sa sef Ngg Pndkxsnl Fcvhnskalng Halbfyflhf efgc kl Dnynhek al 9:se Larfoify >;3:' ef xnkc' )Fcvhnskal cafx las ofyfg{ ofnl nhncfokh fcvhnskal nlc frfl sens ab n rfy{ paay s{pf, Zens zf enrf sa ca kx sa oaikgk}f avy pfapgf nlc ivkgc vp sef henynhsfy ab avy bvsvyf jflfynskalx), Xfrfyng skofx' sef ^vnkc/k/N}no yfoklcfc ekx pfapgf sens Pndkxsnl hnl alg{ pyaxpfy nlc jyaz xsyaljfy kb sef pfapgf xfyrfc ks zkse ealfxs{ nlc xfgbgfxx cfraskal, Al >3 Nvjvxs >;35' ns sef Bkyxs Nllvng Hfgfiynskal ab Pndkxsnl ef xnkc' )Fxsnigkxeofls ab Pndkxsnl kx n bnhs sa zekhe sefyf kx la pnynggfg kl sef ekxsay{ ab sef zaygc, Ks kx cfxsklfc sa pgn{ n onjlkbkhfls pnys {fny nbsfy {fny' nx zf ja al' pyarkcfc zf xfyrf ealfxsg{' fnylfxsg{ nlc xfgbgfxxg{,


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>>, EFNGS KX ZFNGSE Alf cn{ Dnxekb zfls xeappklj zkse ekx oasefy, Nx ef znx rfy{ balc abb xzffsx' ef nxdfc ekx oasefy kb ef okjes iv{ xaof, Oasefy= La' la' Dnxekb, [av xeavgcl*s iv{ nl{ xzffsx byao sekx xeap, Xff' bgkfx ngf xkssklj al sefo, Kb {av fns seaxf xzffsx {av zkgg bngg kgg, Dnxekb= Ngg ykjes' Oasefy' gfs*x zngd nhyaxx sef yanc, Gaad' efyf kx nlasefy xeap, Xengg zf iv{ xaof byao efyf 1 Oasefy= [fx' ks*x n hgfnl alf, Sefyf nyf la bgkfx, Ae' la, K enrf mvxs xffl n onl xzffpklj sef yanc i{ sef xeap,Sefyf kx n gas ab cvxs, [av avjesl*s fns nl{seklj kb sefyf kx cvxs al ks, Bgkfx nlc cvxs hnyy{ evlcyfcx ab jfyox nlc sef{ nyf flfokfx ab avy efngse, Dnxekb= Pgfnxf Oasefy' sfgg of oayf niavs sefxf jfyox, Oasefy= Gkxsfl rfy{ hnyfbvgg{, Sefxf jfyox nyf sef xonggf xs gkrklj sekljx, Sef{ hnllas if xffl zkse sef lndfc f{f, [av alg{ xff sefo seyavje n okhyaxhapf, Dnxekb= Eaz ca sef bgkfx hnyy{ sefo1 Oasefy= [av enrf xffl bgkfx xkssklj al ckys{ sekljx, Sefyf nyf jfyox al sefxf sekljx nlc sef{ xskhd sa sef bgkfx* gfjx, Zefl sef bgkfx xks nlc zngd al avy baac sef jfyox xskhd klsa ks, Nlc zefl zf fns sens baac sef jfyox jfs klsa avy iackfx nlc ondf vx kgg, Dnxekb, Ae' K xff. Xa' zf xeavgc lfrfy fns xvhe xzffsx nlc baac sens nyf las pyapfyg{ harfyfc, Oasefy= Cvxs ngxa hnyykfx jfyox, Zf hnl*s xff sefo' ivs sef nky kx bvgg ab sefo, Xa'{av ovxs yfofoify las sa fns baac kb bgkfx enrf iffl xkssklj al ks ay kb sefyf kx cvxs al ks, Dnxekb= Ykjes K zal*s iv{ nl{seklj byao sefxf xeapx zefyf sekljx nyf las pyapfyg{ harfyfc, Oasefy= N jyfns onl{ ckxfnxfx nyf hnvxfc i{ sefxf jfyox, Bay klxsnlhf' sef jfyox ab s{peakc nlc xfrfyng asefy ckxfnxfx nyf hnyykfc i{ bgkfx,

Dnxekb = Ivs' Oasefy4 K enrf yfnc kl o{ iaad sens ongnykn kx hnvxfc i{ n dklc ab oax~vksa nlc las i{ bgkfx, Oasefy= Syvf, [av nyf ykjes, Alf hnl jfs ongnykn byao n oax~vksa iksf, Dnxekb= Zefyf ca sef oax~vksafx gkrf1 Oasefy= Oasefy= Sef{ gkrf kl xsnjlnls znsfy, Xaof pfapgf vxf dfyaxflf akg nlc C,C,S, sa dkgg sef oax~vksafx ifbayf sef{ nyf ikj flavje sa bg{ nzn{ nlc iksf efngse{ pfapgf,


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Dnxekb= Kb frfy{iac{ kl Pndkxsnl sndfx pnys kl sef bkjes njnklxs oax~vksafx' zf zkgg xaal jfs ykc ab ongnykn, Oasefy= [fx' o{ xal' K sekld xa saa, Zf xeavgc sy{ sa dffp avyxfgrfx efngse{ nx )Efngse kx Zfngse), Kb zf nyf las efngse{' zf zal*s if nigf sa zayd enyc' xsvc{ nlc gfnyl,


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>9, XSAPPKL I[ ZAACX N XALZ[ FRFLKLJ TSekx pafo kx zykssfl i{ sef Nofykhnl pafs Yaifys Byaxs, Ef znx iayl kl Xnl Bynlhkxha' Hngkbaylkn' al 92 Onyhe >5:3, Ef ckfc al 9; Mnlvny{' >;28 kl Iaxsal' baggazklj n hnlhfy apfynskal, Byaxs vxfc kl ekx pafsy{' sef gnljvnjf ab frfy{cn{ gkbf nlc cfpkhsfc xhflfx byao sef haooal onl*x fupfykflhfx nlc byao havlsy{ gkbf, Ef yfhfkrfc onl{ ealavyx bay ekx pafsy{,_

Zeaxf zaacx sefxf nyf K sekld K dlaz' Ekx eavxf kx kl sef rkggnjf seavje4 Ef zkgg las xff of xsappklj efyf' Sa znshe ekx zaacx bkgg vp zkse xlaz O{ gkssgf eayxf ovxs sekld ks ~vffy Sa xsap zkseavs n bnyoeavxf lfny' Ifszffl sef zaacx nlc bya}fl gndf Sef cnydfxs frflklj ab sef {fny Ef jkrfx ekx enylfxx ifggx n xendf Sa nxd kb sefyf kx xaof okxsndf' Sef alg{ asefy xavlc*x sef xzffp Ab fnx{ zklc nlc cazl{ bgndf Sef zaacx nyf garfg{' cnyd' nlc cffp' Ivs K enrf pyaokxfx sa dffp' Nlc okgfx sa ja ifbayf K xgffp' Nlc okgfx sa ja ifbayf K xgffp –Yaifys Byaxs


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Fljgkxe


>8, SEF JYFNS ZNY EFYA Noalj sef Pndkxsnlk efyafx ab sef >;26 zny' zea bavjes al sef Gneayf Byals sefyf znx alf Onmay Ynmn Nicvg N}k} Ienssk, Ef bavjes njnklxs sef flfo{ bay xku cn{x nlc lkjesx zkseavs yfxs' nlc gnkc cazl ekx gkbf kl sef cfbflhf ab ekx havlsy{, Bay sekx nhs ab rngavy' ef znx nznycfc sef Lkxenl/f/Enkcfy' sef ekjefxs okgksny{ nznyc ab Pndkxsnl, N}k} Ienssk znx iayl kl >;95 kl Ealjdalj' zefyf ekx bnsefy' Oaenoonc Nicvggne Nicvggne Denl Ienssk' znx n sfnhefy, Ef sevx yfhfkrfc ekx fnyg{ fcvhnskal kl Ealjdalj, Kl >;36' ef hnof zkse ekx bnsefy sa ekx eaof rkggnjf Gncknl kl Jvmyns Ckxsykhs Ef bkyxs maklfc sef Nky Bayhf' nlc kl >;35' ef ifhnof n hncfs ab Pndkxsnl Okgksny{ Nhncfo{ ns Dndvg, Ef Ef ckc ckc rfy{ zfgg ns sef Nhncfo{ nlc znx nznycfc nznycfc sef Xzayc ab Ealavy' nlc sef Layonl Ofcng, Ef maklfc' sef 2se Pvlmni Yfjkofls nx n haookxxkalfc abbkhfy' zefyf ef pyarfc sa if n rfy{ jaac okgksny { abbkhfy, Al sef oaylklj ab 2 Xfpsfoify' >;26' ef yfhfkrfc aycfyx sa pyahffc sa sef byals ns alhf, Sef Klcknlx zfyf bvgg{ f~vkppfc zkse jvlx nlc snldx, Onmay N}k} Ienssk znx bkyfc zkse sef syvf pnsykaskh xpkyks ab n ckxhkpgklfc xagckfy, Zkse ekx xongg haopnl{ ef las alg{ xsappfc sef Klcknl ncrnlhf ivs ngxa pvxefc sefo inhd, Al >> Xfpsfoify' ef znx yfayjnlk}klj ekx haopnl{ nlc ckyfhsklj sef jvllfyx sa xefgg sef flfo{ paxkskalx, Kl aycfy sa znshe frfy{ oarf ab sef flfo{' ef enc sa pgnhf ekoxfgb kl nl fgfrnsfc paxkskal' zefyf ef znx fupaxfc sa flfo{ bkyf, Ef pfybayofc ekx cvs{ iynrfg{, Ekx xagckfyx nxdfc eko sa haof cazl ivs ef yfbvxfc, Sekx iynrf xal ab Pndkxsnl znlsfc sa xnrf las ekoxfgb ivs ekx havlsy{, N xefgg byao nl flfo{ snld xsyvhd eko al ekx ykjes xeavgcfy nlc avy iynrf efya bfgg, N cn{ ifbayf ekx onys{ycao' sef haoonlcklj abbkhfy enc xfls eko zayc sens xklhf ef enc iffl bkjesklj vlskykljg{ bay sef gnxs xku cn{x' ef xeavgc sndf n gkssgf yfxs nlc sens nlasefy abbkhfy znx ifklj xfls sa yfpgnhf eko, Onmay N}k}' zea znx bkggfc zkse sef xpkyks ab Mfenc yfpgkfc' )Ca las yfhngg of, K cal*s znls sa ja inhd, K zkgg xefc sef gnxs cyap ab o{ igaac kl sef cfbflhf ab o{ cfny eaofgnlc), Sefxf zaycx zkgg frfy klxpkyf sef {avse ab Pndkxsnl zkse halbkcflhf nlc havynjf,


95

Fljgkxe


>3, LVYXKLJ Lvyxklj ofnlx sndklj hnyf ab nlc gaadklj nbsfy sef xkhd' sef klmvyfc' sef {avlj' sef agc ay sef efgpgfxx' zkse garf nlc x{opnse{, gs kx ckbbkhvgs sa xn{ ns zens pakls kl ekxsay{ lvyxklj znx ayjnlkxfc kl n xhkflskbkh zn{, [fs ks kx fnx{ sa vlcfyxsnlc sens ks ovxs if nx agc nx onl*x bffgklj bay ekx xvbbfyklj bfggaz ofl, Bay alg{ x{opnse{ nlc garf havgc oarf alf evonl ifklj sa bffg xayy{ bay xaofalf kl ckxsyfxx' sa gaad nbsfy eko kl xkhdlfxx nlc sy{ sa ca xaofseklj bay eko nlc sa yfxsayf eko sa efngse, Kxgno yfjnycx lvyxklj rfy{ kopaysnls, Avy Eag{ Pyapefs %pfnhf if vpal eko+ rkxksfc sef xkhd yfjvgnyg{' haobaysfc sefo nlc xpadf dklc zaycx sa sefo, Ef zavgc ja' frfl sa kl~vkyf nbsfy ekx nkgklj flfokfx, Ef vyjfc sef Ovxgkox sa efgp seaxf zea zfyf xkhd ay xvbbfyklj, Al sef inssgfbkfgc' ngg Ovxgko xagckfyx zfyf ngzn{x rfy{ dklc sa sef xkhd' agc nlc sef klmvyfc, Sef{ lfrfy dkggfc sefky zavlcfc flfokfx, Ovxgko gnckfx zfyf rfy{ nhskrf al sef inssgfbkfgc jkrklj znsfy sa sef xagckfyx nlc sflcklj sef zavlcfc nlc sef xkhd, En}yns Jekbnykn' zea nhhaopnlkfc sef Eag{ Pyapefs kl sef Inssgf ab De{ify' znx n rfy{ jaac lvyxf, Zefl sef inssgf znx zal' sef Eag{ Pyapefs pyfxflsfc n lfhdgnhf sa efy, Kl cvf havyxf' sef Eag{ Pyapefs fxsnigkxefc n eaxpksng kl Ofckln nlc pgnhfc ks kl sef henyjf ab n rfy{ haopfsfls lvyxf' En}yns Yvbnkcn i{ lnof, Noalj seaxf zea efgpfc kl gaadklj nbsfy nlc lvyxklj sef pnskflsx kl sekx eaxpksng zfyf En}yns Bnskon' sef {avljfxs nlc sef cfnyfxs cnvjesfy cnvjesfy ab sef Eag{ Pyapefs nlc En}yns En}yns Nxon' sef cnvjesfy ab En}yns Niv Indy %on{ Nggne if pgfnxfc zkse eko+, Lvyxklj znx las ns ngg papvgny kl sef ifjkllklj, Pnyflsx ckc las nggaz sefky cnvjesfyx sa ifhaof lvyxfx, Sekx hnl pfyenpx if ifxs xeazl kl sef xsay{ ab sef jkyg' zea kl >56 >' ifhnof sef bavlcfy ab oacfyl lvyxklj nlc alf ab sef jyfnsfxs zaofl kl ekxsay{, Efy lnof znx Bgayflhf Lkjeskljngf, Bgayflhf Lkjeskljngf znx iayl kl sef sazl ab Bgayflhf kl Ksng{ kl >590, Efy pnyflsx zfyf zfngse{ nlc hvgsvyfc Fljgkxe pfapgf' nlc fupfhsfc efy sa onyy{ klsa n laigf bnokg{, Ivs' xef enc asefy kcfnx, Ns xfrflsffl' xef bfgs sens sef nko ab efy gkbf znx sa xfyrf xvbbfyklj evonlks{, Zefl xef znx szfls{/bavy xef cfhkcfc sens xef xeavgc ifhaof n lvyxf, )Laseklj kx laigfy senl lvyxklj)' xef cfhgnyfc, Efy bnokg{ znx xeahdfc sa gfnyl sekx, Frfy{iac{ appaxfc efy, Ivs xef zavgc las jkrf kl, Ns gnxs' nbsfy xfrfl {fnyx ab xsyvjjgf' xef znx nggazfc sa ja bay synklklj ns sef Dnkxfyxzfyse Klxsksvskal ab Lvyxklj kl Jfyonl{, Kl >568' xef znx jkrfl sef onlnjfofls ab n xongg eaxpksng bay xkhd zaofl kl Galcal, Kl >563' zefl sefyf znx n zny ifszffl Fljgnlc nlc Yvxxkn' sef Iykskxe Jarfylofls nxdfc efy sa ja sa sef Hykofn sa onlnjf sef okgksny{ eaxpksngx sefyf, Xef pgn{fc n jyfns yagf kl sef Hykofnl zny, Sef lnskal senldbvgg{ abbfyfc efy n pvyxf ab ¨ 36'000, Zkse sekx oalf{ xef bavlcfc nl klxsksvskal bay synklklj lvyxfx kl Galcal, Ns pyfxfls' sefyf nyf onl{ synklklj klxsksvsfx bay lvyxfx kl avy havlsy{, N gnyjf lvoify ab Pndkxsnlk jkygx byao jaac bnokgkfx' nbsfy ifklj synklfc kl sefxf klxsksvsfx' nyf zaydklj kl eaxpksngx' hgklkhx nlc lvyxklj eaofx,


9;

Fljgkxe


>6, SEF OKGGFY AB SEF CFF %Sekx pafo kx zykssfl i{ sef Xhasskxe mavylngkxs' pafs nlc xalj/zyksfy Henygfx Onhdn{, Ef znx iayl kl >5>3, Ef kx bnoavx hekfbg{ bay ekx xaljx' xaof ab zekhe zfyf rfy{ papvgny frfl kl ekx gkbfskof, Ef ckfc kl >55;,+

Sefyf czfgs n okggfy engf nlc iagc' Ifxkcf sef ykrfy Cff4 Ef zaydfc nlc xnlj byao oayl sa lkjes' La gnyd oayf igksef senl ef' Nlc sekx sef ivycfl ab ekx xalj Bay frfy vxfc sa if' )K flr{ laiac{' la' las K' Nlc laiac{ flrkfx of.) )Seav*ys zyalj o{ bykflc.) xnkc agc Dklj Eng' )Seav*ys zyalj nx zyalj hnl if4 Bay' havgc o{ efnys if gkjes nx seklf' K*c jgncg{ henljf zkse seff' Nlc sfgg of laz' zens ondfx seff xklj Zkse rakhf xa gavc nlc byff' Zekgf K no xnc' seavje K no sef dklj' Ifxkcf sef ykrfy Cff1) Sef okggfy xokgfc nlc cabbfc ekx hnp4 )K fnyl o{ iyfnc') ~vase ef' )K garf o{ zkbf' K garf o{ bykflc' K garf o{ hekgcyfl seyff4 K azf la pfll{ K hnllas pn{4 K senld sef ykrfy Cff' Sens svylx sef okgg sens jyklcx sef hayl Sa bffc o{ ingfx nlc of), )Jaac bykflc.) xnkc Eng' nlc xkjefc sef zekgf' )Bnyfzfgg' nlc enpp{ if4 Ivs xn{ la oayf' kb seav*cxs xn{ syvf' Sens la onl flrkfx seff, Se{ ofng{ hnp kx zayse o{ hyazl' Se{ okgg o{ d kljcao*x bff4 Xvhe ofl nx seav nyf Fljgnlc*x ianxs, A*okggfy ab sef Cff), Henygfx Onhdn{


80

Fljgkxe


>2, YFXPALXKIKGKSKFX AB N JAAC HKSK]FL Ifbayf zf ckxhvxx zens n jaac hksk}fl azfx sa xahkfs{' gfs vx xff' zens xahkfs{ cafx bay eko, Seavxnlcx ab {fnyx nja' ofl gkrfc kl hnrfx gkdf nlkongx, Fnhe alf ab sefo gkrfc i{ ekoxfgb nlc bay ekoxfgb, Sef{ evlsfc bay sefky baac nlc gkrfc enyc gkrfx, Zf laz hngg sefo xnrnjfx, Sef{ gfnyls sa gkrf n xnbfy nlc ifssfy gkbf sajfsefy, Ns bkyxs' sef{ ifjnl sa gkrf kl bnokgkfx nlc sefl kl sykifx, Gnsfy' sef{ xfssgfc ngalj sef inldx ab ykrfyx zefyf' kl skof' jyfz sazlx' gnyjf nlc xongg, Gkbf ifhnof xnbfy nlc fnxkfy, Xaof ofl ifjnl bnyoklj sef gnlc, Xaof ifhnof zfnrfyx' xaof onxalx' xaof haiigfyx nlc xaof xagckfyx, Sef{ ngg zaydfc bay alf nlasefy, Nx xahkfskfx jyfz gnyjfy nlc nx ofl ifhnof oayf hkrkgk}fc' onl{ oayf pyabfxxkalx nlc ahhvpnskalx cfrfgapfc, Gnzx zfyf oncf sa ondf gkbf xnbfy nlc enppkfy, Sacn{ zf enrf cahsayx' sfnhefyx' fljklffyx' nyskxsx' zyksfyx' pagkhfofl nlc n eaxs ab asefy zaydfyx' zea ngg ca xaofseklj bay sefky bfggaz/ofl, Kb zf mvxs sekld bay n bfz oklvsfx' eaz onl{ sekljx nlc xfyrkhf x zf vxf kl alf cn{' zf xengg yfngk}f eaz ovhe zf azf sa xahkfs{, Sef okgdonl iykljx okgd bay vx nlc dffpx hnssgf bay sef iflfbks ab vx ngg4 sef indfy indfx sef iyfnc4 sef pyklsfy pyklsx avy iaadx4 sef cykrfy cykrfx sef ivx kl zekhe zf ja sa xheaag ay avy pgnhf ab zayd4 nlc sef zaydfyx nlc fljklffyx yvl sef okgg zekhe zfnrfx sef hgase zf zfny, Sef sfnhefy sfnhefx sef pvpkgx ns xheaag' sef cahsay syfnsx sef xkhd nlc sef xeapdffpfy xfggx nyskhgfx ab cnkg{ vxf, Pvigkh pnydx nyf onklsnklfc bay sef iflfbks ab hksk}flx, Sef synbbkh pagkhf yfjvgnsfx sef synbbkh xa sens zf on{ synrfg zkseavs nl{ bfny ab nhhkcfls, Zf mvxs svyl al sef snp nlc byfxe znsfy bgazx avs, Zf pyfxx n xzkshe nlc gkjes haofx al, Sef hgfnlklj ab sef xsyffsx nlc sef yfoarng ab bkgse nlc jnyinjf nyf paxxkigf' alg{ kl nl ayjnlk}fc xahkfs{, Sef sfgfjynpe' sef sfgfpealf nlc sef synklx nyf ngg iflfbksx ab haggfhskrf fbbaysx, Sefl' sef yncka nlc sef S,R, jkrf vx iase flma{ofls nlc klxsyvhskal, Zf ovxs yfpn{ xahkfs{ bay ngg sefxf jkbsx, Kb n okgdonl okufx znsfy kl sef okgd' eaz hnl ef fupfhs asefy ofoifyx ab xahkfs{ sa syfns eko bnkyg{1 Kb n xeapdffpfy jkrfx xeays ofnxvyf ay xfggx xvi/xsnlcnyc jaacx' ef ovxs if pyfpnyfc sa jfs sef xnof dklc ab syfnsofls bayo asefyx, Kb zf kjlayf synbbkh yvgfx' zf las alg{ flcnljfy sef gkrfx ab asefyx ivs avy azl nx zfgg, Ks kx ngxa sef cvs{ ab frfy{ hksk}fl sa vlcfyxsnlc sef pyaigfox bnhklj ekx havlsy{, Ef ovxs ha/apfynsf zkse sef Jarfylofls kl xagrklj sefo, Pyaigfox bnhklj Pndkxsnl nyf parfys{' kggksfynh{ nlc papvgnskal jyazse, Bay sef fxsnigkxeofls ab n ifssfy xahkfs{' sefxf pyaigfox enrf sa if xagrfc seyavje pyapfy fcvhnskal nlc enyc zayd, Sef Jarfylofls ab Pndkxsnl enx xsnysfc onl{ pyajynoofx sa xagrf sefxf pyaigfox, Sefxf nyf' bay funopgf' pyajynoofx bay yvyng cfrfgapofls' gksfynh{ nlc ncvgs fcvhnskal' efngse' xnlksnskal nlc xahkng zfgbnyf' nlc papvgnskal pgnllklj, Fcvhnskal hflsyfx' bnokg{ nlc xahkng zfgbnyf nlc papvgnskal pgnllklj hflsyfx enrf iffl xfs vp seyavjeavs sef havlsy{ Onl{ iflfbksx zf flma{ nyf pyarkcfc i{ avy azl havlsy{ nlc xahkfs{, Ks kx' sefyfbayf' avy cvs{ sa if ga{ng nlc pnsykaskh sa Pndkxsnl, Zf xeavgc pn{ avy snufx pyaopsg{' bvgg{ nlc ealfxsg{' xa sens zf on{ halsklvf sa flma{ ngg xahkng iflfbksx, Kxgno gn{x jyfns xsyfxx al avy cvskfx nx hksk}flx, Sef Eag{ Pyapefs %pfnhf if vpal eko+ alhf xnkc' )Jac gn{x xa ovhe xsyfxx al sef ykjesx ab avy lfkjeiavyx


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Fljgkxe


sens K ngoaxs seavjes sef{ zavgc jfs sef ykjes ab klefyksnlhf kl avy pyapfys{), Kl xeays' zf hnllas if jaac Ovxgkox zkseavs ifklj jaac nlc cvskbvg hksk}flx,


89

Fljgkxe


>:, N GFSSFY NIAVS SEF RKGGNJF GKBF KL PNDKXSNL F/20' Igahd B' Layse Ln}koninc' Dnynhek, >2se Nvjvxs' 9002, O{ cfny Laok' Onl{ senldx bay {avy dklc gfssfy zekhe K yfhfkrfc xaofskof inhd, K*o xayy{ sens K havgcl*s zyksf sa {av fnygkfy, K nxxvyf {av sens K zkgg las sndf xa galj sa yfpg{ kl bvsvyf, Sef yfnxal bay sef cfgn{ znx sens K zfls sa o{ vlhgf*x rkggnjf cvyklj sef xvoofy eagkcn{x, K enc lfrfy iffl sefyf nlc K znlsfc rfy{ ovhe sa xff xaofseklj ab rkggnjf gkbf, Baysvlnsfg{ sef cn{ ifbayf o{ eagkcn{x ifjnl' o{ fgcfxs vlhgf hnof sa Dnynhek nlc K znx nigf sa yfsvyl zkse eko sa ekx rkggnjf, Kl sekx gfssfy' K zkgg sfgg {av ngg sens > enrf xffl, K eapf {av zkgg flma{ ks' nx {av zfyf iayl nlc iyavjes vp kl Hnlncn, Zfgg' sef rkggnjfyx nyf rfy{ xkopgf nlc xsynkjesbayznyc pfapgf, Sef{ gfnc n xkopgf' enpp{ nlc halsflsfc gkbf kl sefky azl zn{' zekhe kx ~vksf vlgkdf avy oacfyl hks{ gkbf, Sefky eavxfx nyf ckbbfyfls byao seaxf kl ikj hkskfx, Sef{ nyf ovc/pgnxsfyfc' fuhfps bay n bfz sens nyf oncf ab yfc iykhd, Oaxs ab sef gnlfx nlc xsyffsx nyf lnyyaz nlc cvxs{, Vxvngg{ sef rkggnjfyx ja niavs al baas, Sef{ cal*s vxf oasayhnyx nlc snukx ay frfl ivxfx bay xeays ckxsnlhfx, Sens kx ze{ sef{ nyf efngse{ nlc xsyalj, Sef onydfsx kl rkggnjfx nyf las sef xnof nx kl Dnynhek ay Sayalsa, Kl sef rkggnjf' xeapx nyf bfz nlc xhnssfyfc, Sef hnypflsfy nlc sef ignhdxokse nyf sef sza zaydofl' zea nyf lffcfc oaxs kl sef rkggnjf, Sef{ ondf nlc yfpnky sef bnyofyx* saagx nlc ca asefy acc maix, Sza asefy kopaysnls pfyxalx kl sef rkggnjf nyf sef pykony{ xheaag/sfnhefy' zea ngxa nhsx nx sef paxsonxsfy ab sef rkggnjf' nlc sef *Kono* ab sef oax~vf, Sef *Kono* fufyhkxfx n jyfns klbgvflhf al sef rkggnjfyx' zea gaad vp sa eko bay oayng nlc yfgkjkavx jvkcnlhf nlc bay sef syfnsofls ab oklay nkgoflsx nlc haooal ckxfnxfx ab sefky hekgcyfl, Ef ngxa yvlx n *Ondsni*' zefyf ef sfnhefx sef Eag{ ^vynl sa {avlj hekgcyfl' bay zekhe ef cafx las henyjf nl{ bff ivs nhhfpsx xongg pyfxflsx gkdf okgd' ivssfy ay jeff byao sef pnyflsx ab sef hekgcyfl nx n sadfl ab garf nlc nbbfhskal, Sefyf kx n offsklj pgnhf kl frfy{ rkggnjf dlazl nx *Asn~*, Sef rkggnjfyx offs sefyf kl sef frflklj ay kl sefky gfkxvyf eavyx' sngd niavs sef zfnsefy' sef hyapx nlc rkggnjf nbbnkyx nlc flma{ sef bagd xaljx' xvlj sa sef svlf ab sef Jenjeny nlc sef Snoiaayn, Mvxs nx )asn~)' kx sef offsklj pgnhf bay ofl' sef rkggnjf zfgg kx sef offsklj pgnhf bay zaofl, Sef rkggnjf pfapgf jflfyngg{ nzndf ns cnzl, Sef{ nyf las gnsf xgffpfyx gkdf hks{ pfapgf, Ofl ja sa xn{ sefky pyn{fyx kl sef oax~vf' zekgf zaofl xn{ sefkyx ns eaof, Ofl okgd sef hazx nlc ivbbngafx nlc zaofl hevyl okgd sa ondf ivssfy nlc gnxxk , Gnxxk kx sefky onkl cykld, Lazncn{x' sfn ngxa nppfnyx sa enrf bavlc ksx zn{ klsa sef eaofx ab xaof ab sef rkggnjfyx,


88

Fljgkxe


Rkggnjf gkbf enx ksx azl henyox, Ks kx rfy{ pgfnxnls sa ja nlc gkrf sefyf bay n bfz cn{x, Kl hkskfx sefyf nyf rnykavx dklcx ab paggvskal' nky paggvskal' znsfy paggvskal nlc lakxf paggvskal, Kl rkggnjfx sef nsoaxpefyf kx pfnhfbvg nlc pfapgf flma{ sef byfxe nky nlc lnsvyng ifnvs{, [av hnl znshe n rkggnjfy zaydklj kl ekx bkfgcx byao cnzl sa cvxd, [av hnl xff eko zaydklj zkse n xkhdgf kl ekx enlc yfnpklj sef hyap vlcfy sef xhayheklj xvl, Sef bnyofy*x gkbf kx n oacfg ab enyc zayd, > eapf {av zkgg bklc sekx gfssfy klsfyfxsklj, K*o gaadklj bayznyc Kc efnyklj byao {av, O{ yfxpfhsx nlc xngnox sa vlhgf nlc nvls{, Garf sa cfny Yaaonln, [avy garklj havxkl' Xenekc,


83

Fljgkxe


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86

Fljgkxe


>;, SEF XFHYFS AB XVHHFXX N galj skof nja sefyf gkrfc n dklj zea znx kl xfnyhe ab sef xfhyfs ab xvhhfxx, Ef seavjes kb ef havgc bklc avs sef nlxzfyx sa seyff ~vfxskalx' ef zavgc ckxharfy sekx xfhyfs nlc zavgc lfrfy bnkg, Sef ~vfxskalx zfyf= Zens kx sef oaxs kopaysnls skof sa xsnys xaof zayd1 Zens kx sef oaxs kopaysnls zayd sa ca1 Zea kx sef oaxs kopaysnls pfyxal 1 Sef dklj nxdfc ekx oklkxsfy sa nllavlhf sens zeafrfy nlxzfyfc sefxf ~vfxskalx' zavgc jfs n yfznyc ab 6'000 jagc haklx, Onl{ pfyxalx hnof ivs lalf jnrf sef hayyfhs nlxzfyx, Ef' sefl hnggfc sef zkxf nlc gfnylfc ofl ab ekx havlsy{ sa ekx havys, Ef ckxhvxxfc sef pyaigfo zkse sefo bay onl{ cn{x, Sef{ saa' zfyf las nigf sa xnskxb{ eko ifhnvxf sef{ havgc las xff f{f sa f{f zkse fnhe asefy, Kb' xaof a b sefo jnrf alf nlxzfy' sef asefyx nyjvfc njnklxs ks, Kb alf onl ncrkxfc alf seklj' sef asefy zavgc ncrkxf funhsg{ sef appaxksf, Kb alf onl hnof avs zkse alf xvjjfxskal' nlasefy zavgc xvjjfxs xaofseklj sasngg{ ckbbfyfls, Sef dklj ckc las nppyarf ab sefky nlxzfyx, Sefyf znx n mvljgf ns xaof ckxsnlhf bayo sef hnpksng, Kl sekx mvljgf' sefyf gkrfc nl agc nlc zkxf onl' zea znx dlazl nx n xnkls, Ekx bnof enc xpyfnc bny nlc zkcf, Sef dklj enc efnyc ab eko, Ef znlsfc sa nxd ekx ncrkhf, Sef syavigf znx sens sekx onl ckc las gkdf sef ykhe pfapgf, Ef ckc las znls sa oku zkse sefo' ivs ef znx bykflcg{ zkse sef paay, Ns gnxs' sef dklj seavjes ab n xhefof sa arfyhaof sekx ckbbkhvgs{, Ef cyfxxfc ekoxfgb kl ynjx nlc xfs avs sa xff sef xnkls, Ef znlsfc sa nppfny nx n paay onl, Ef sagc ekx xfyrnlsx' zea zfyf kl nssflcnlhf' sa xsn{ ifeklc zfls xsynkjes sa sef xnkls*x evs, Sef xnkls znx ckjjklj sef jyavlc kl byals ab ekx evs, Ef znx nl agc nlc n rfy{ zfnd onl, Ef znx iyfnseklj rfy{ enyc nlc xsappfc byf~vflsg{ sa sndf yfxs, Sef dklj nppyanhefc eko nlc xnkc' )Xky. K enrf haof n galj zn{ sa bklc avs nlxzfyx sa seyff ~vfxskalx, Zens kx sef oaxs kopaysnls skof sa xsnys xaof zayd1 Zens kx sef oaxs kopaysnls zayd sa ca1 Zea kx sef oaxs kopaysnls pfyxal1 Zavgc {av dklcg{ efgp of i{ jkrklj nlxzfyx sa sefxf ~vfxskalx1) Sef xnkls' pnkc la nssflskal sa sef dklj nlc dfps ckjjklj, Sef dklj znksfc bay n bfz oaoflsx nlc sefl xnkc' )Xky. {av gaad skyfc' gfs of ckj sef jyavlc bay {av,)

Sef xnkls senldfc eko nlc jnrf eko sef xpncf, Sef dklj xsnysfc ckjjklj, Nbsfy xaof skof' ef njnkl nxdfc sef xnkls bay sef nlxzfyx ivs ef pnkc la nssflskal, Ef xnkc' ,)Gfs of ckj laz), Sef dklj ckc las jkrf eko sef xpncf' ivs dfps ckjjklj, Ef yfonklfc hngo nlc ckc las gaxf pnskflhf, Ef eapfc sens ef zavgc if nigf sa jfs sef nlxzfyx, Zefl frflklj bfgg' ef xsajjfc ckjjklj nlc xnkc sa sef xnkls' )Havgc {av pgfnxf' gfs of dlaz sef nlxzfyx laz1) Sef xnkls xskgg jnrf la nlxzfy ivs paklsfc sa alf xkcf, Sef dklj jgnlhfc kl sens ckyfhskal, Ef xnz n ifnycfc onl yvllklj saznycx sefo, Ef znx jykppklj n cnjjfy kl ekx ykjes enlc, Zefl ef yfnhefc sefo ef bfggcazl nlc bnklsfc, Sef dklj' xsynkjeszn{ hnyykfc sef ifnycfc onl klxkcf sef evs' nlc jflsg{ gazfyfc eko


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sa sef jyavlc, Ef onlnjfc sa xsap sef igffcklj koofcknsfg{ nlc pvs n inlcnjf al ekx zavlc, Sef ifnycfc onl xaal bfgg nxgffp, I{ sekx skof' lkjes enc bnggfl, Sef dklj' bfgs saa skyfc sa yfsvyl eaof, Sef xnkls klrksfc eko sa xsn{ sef lkjes Sef dklj' nhhfpsfc ekx eaxpksngks{, Sef xnkls jnrf eko baac nlc n xkopgf ifccklj ab cy{ en{ sa xgffp al, Ns iyfnd ab sef cn{ sef dklj nzadf Ef bavlc sens sef ifnycfc onl znx nzndf, Sef dklj xnkc sa eko' )Eaz ca {av bffg laz1) Sef ifnycfc onl yfpgkfc' )K bffg ifssfy' senldx sa [avy Onmfxs{, Bayjkrf of' K hnof efyf sa dkgg {av' ifhnvxf {av enc jas o{ iyasefy dkggfc, K ifhnof {avy ikssfy flfo{ avs ab jykfb, K znx ekcklj nlc znksklj bay {avy yfsvyl, Nx {av ckc las yfsvyl K hnof avs ab o{ ekcklj pgnhf, [avy xfyrnlsx xnz of nlc yfhajlkxfc of, Sef{ zavlcfc of xfykavxg{ ivs K fxhnpfc, Enc {av las hnyfc bay of K zavgc enrf iffl cfnc' K senld {av' Laz' havls of nx alf ab {avy oaxs bnksebvg xfyrnlsx), Xn{klj sekx ef xngvsfc sef dklj nlc gfbs, Zefl sef ifnycfc onl enc cfpnysfc' sef dklj njnkl nxdfc se f xnkls bay sef nlxzfyx sa ekx ~vfxskalx, Sef xnkls yfpgkfc' )[av enrf ngyfnc{ iffl nlxzfyfc, Sef oaxs kopaysnls skof znx zefl {av znlsfc sa efgp of4 sef oaxs kopaysnls zayd znx sef ckjjklj ab sef jyavlc4 nlc K znx sef oaxs kopaysnls pfyxal bay {av, Enc, ks las iffl xa' {av zavgc enrf yfsvylfc nlc iffl dkggfc, Sef xfhalc skof' sef oaxs kopaysnls pfyxal znx sef ifnycfc onl nlc sef oaxs kopaysnls zayd znx cyfxxklj ekx zavlc, Enc ks las iffl xa {av zavgc las enrf zal n bnksebvg xfyrnls [av nyf rfy{ baysvlnsf), Xa sekx kx sef oayng ab sef gfxxal= Sef oaxs kopaysnls skof bay caklj nl{seklj kx sef pfxfls4 sef oaxs kopaysnls zayd kx zens zf nyf caklj laz' nlc sef oaxs kopaysnls pfyxal kx sef alf zeao zf nyf zkse ns sef oaofls, o aofls,


8:

Fljgkxe


90, SEF JVCCV INYYNJF Ykrfyx enrf pgn{fc n rfy{ kopaysnls yagf kl sef gkbf ab onl, Sef{ enrf xfyrfc' nx syncf yavsfx byao sef fnygkfxs skofx, Ifbayf sef ivkgcklj ab yancx nlc ynkgzn{x' oaxs syncf znx hnyykfc al i{ iansx nlc xekpx ngalj ykrfyx, Sekx znx sef yfnxal sens oaxs sazlx kl nlhkfls skofx zfyf ivkgs lfny ykrfy,

Kl ncckskal sa sekx' ykrfyx enrf xfyrfc onl kl nlasefy zn{, Onl' znx cfpflcfls al ynklx bay jyazklj hyapx' ivs sefyf znx la zn{ sa jfs ynkl znsfy bay kyykjnskal ns sef yf~vkyfc skof, Lay' havgc sef ynklx if yfgkfc vpal bay sef ykjes noavls ab znsfy, Ks znx alg{ gnsfy sens onl gfnylfc sa xsayf ynkl znsfy nlc vxf ks bay njykhvgsvyf kl sef cy{ xfnxal, Ykrfyx enc znsfy kl nivlcnlhf' xa onl seavjes ab ckjjklj hnlngx sa jfs znsfy byao sef ykrfyx bay kyykjnskal, Sef x{xsfo ab hnlngx pyarfc n ifssfy xavyhf ab znsfy xvppg{' ivs ks enc alf cfbfhs, Zefl sefyf znx xeaysnjf ab znsfy kl sef ykrfyx cvyklj sef zklsfy xfnxal' sef hnlngx' zavgc yvl cy{ nlc sef bnyofyx' zavgc if gfbs zkseavs znsfy bay s efky hyapx, Sza pyaigfox paxfc i{ ykrfyx nyf' eaz sa jfs znsfy byao sef ykrfyx seyavjeavs sef {fny nlc eaz sa fxhnpf sef bvy{ ab bgaacx, Inyynjfx nyf sef nlxzfy sa sefxf pyaigfox,

N inyynjf' kx n dklc ab zngg zekhe igahdx sef bgaz ab znsfy, Ks enx jnsfx' seyavje zekhe sef znsfy kx nggazfc sa pnxx kl n gkoksfc ~vnlsks{, Ksx nko kx sa halsyag sef bgaz ab znsfy kl sef bgaac xfnxal nlc xsayf ks kl xvhe n onllfy sens sef hnlngx hnl jfs znsfy seyavje/avs sef {fny, Kl sekx zn{' bnyofyx hnl if jkrfl znsfy bay sefky bkfgcx' nhhaycklj sa sefky lffcx, Gkbf nlc pyapfys{ hnl ngxa if pyasfhsfc byao sef bgaacx i{ halsyaggklj sef bgaz ab znsfy, Sekx x{xsfo enx iffl ncapsfc nlc kx ifklj vxfc ngg arfy sef zaygc, Sef Jvccv inyynjf kx alf ab sef onl{ inyynjfx ivkgs kl Pndkxsnl, Ks kx ivkgs al sef ykrfy Klcvx zekhe bgazx ngoaxs sef zeagf gfljse ab Pndkxsnl, Sef Jvccv inyynjf' kx ivkgs ns n pgnhf zefyf sef ykrfy kx bavysffl dkgaofsyfx kl zkcse, Ks kx cfxkjlfc sa bayhf sef znsfy/xpyfnc arfy bavysffl dkgaofsyfx sa pnxx seyavje n lnyyaz inyynjf ab niavs n dkgaofsyf, Sef inyynjf kx >866 ofsyfx kl gfljse, Ks kx oncf kl xvhe n zn{ sens n bgaac ab niavs >,9 okggkal hvxfhx hnl pnxx seyavje ks, Sef : ofsyfx zkcf yanc iykcjf arfy sef inyynjf enx yfcvhfc sef yanc ckxsnlhf ifszffl Gneayf nlc ^vfssn, Sef ckxsnlhf' ifszffl Yneko{ny Denl nlc Dnxeoayf enx ngoaxs iffl engrfc, Ks enx n x{xsfo ab seyff onkl hnlngx' sza al sef ykjes inld nlc alf! al sef gfbs, Sef Ifjnyk Xklce Bffcfy nlc sef Cfxfys Pns Bffcfy' nyf al sef ykjes inld nlc se Jeasdk Bffcfy al sef gfbs inld, Sef{ nyf noalj sef ikjjfxs bffcfy hnlngx ab sef zaygc, Sef inyynjf kx ofnls sa kyykjnsf nl nyfn ab 9,: okggkal nhyfx, Oaxs ab sekx nyfn gkfx kl sef Xvddvy nlc Mnhaininc ckxsykhsx ab Xklce nlc sef yfxs kl sef Dngns ckrkxkal ab Ingvhekxsnl pyarklhf, Sef jynkl avspvs ab sekx nyfn kx fupfhsfc sa ykxf i{ engb n okggkal salx, Sef Jvccv inyynjf kx alf ab sef ikjjfxs inyynjfx ab Pndkxsnl, Ks enx ngxa iffl sef oaxs ckbbkhvgs sa haopgfsf, Oayf senl 6'000 fljklffyx' sfhelkhknlx nlc gniavyfyx zaydfc cn{ nlc lkjes sa haopgfsf ks, Ks znx pvs klsa apfynskal al 3se Bfiyvny{' >;29,


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Sef inyynjf enx snofc sef ykrfy nlc pvs nl flc sa sef cnonjf hnvxfc i{ bgaacx kl sekx nyfn,


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Class IX English Book Notes

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