civil war and Union Question .pdf

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(Auy) xJu tvHeDe  GcJcD xG x J uf u G awmh af wmh (Auy) oduQmus mus ygw,f? qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwtwG t D wGuf u tuG  f tuGuf u aumif  f aumif;yg ;yg? olwk w   d @k u OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) uk   d pnf  pnf;¶k ;  H¶k;&r,f ;&r,fypf yh pfrSwf wxm; x f m; csO;uyf ;f uyfyg ygw,f? ¡(pum;csy)f ba&muf'g 'g0g' ta=umif;ðy+yD ;ðy+yD; ‚&Sm;apmif m;apmif;ap;eJ ;ap;eJ @rsuacs af cs;‛ jzpfaewJ aewJ   h ocif  dpkp;eJ ;k eJ @ OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az ( jrif  h ) ) wk   d @[m aemufqk q  H;awmh ;k awmh rqv  rqv jcHxJ x a&muf  J a&muf=u =u ygw,f? olwk w @kd csi;f pnf;vk  H;rd ;rd=uyg =uygw,f? oif   hjrwfpGpGmtwl mtwlae=uyg ae=uygw,f?   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;uk ;uk   d tm;wufoa&m oa&m tvkyfytau| t f au|;ðy=uyg w,f? oufwrf wrf;twk ;twk   difi;ae+yD ;f ae+yD; aoqk;oG ;H oGm; m; =uygw,f? ygwD&J& @J o  drkifi;rS ;f rSm taxGaxG axG twGifif;a&;rSL;ok L;ok   H;a,muf ;a,muf/ OuUXok Xok   H; a,muf acg  acgi;aqmif ;f aqmif  hcJcyg yJ gw,f? yxrqk  H; taxGaxG axG twG  twGifi;a&;rS ;f a&;rSL;L; ocifatmif atmifqef qef;u ;u &efol o @l vufcscsueJef  @J usq   H;yg ;k ygw,f? ‚=uufacg acgi;qd ;f qdwf w rcH  f rcH‛ jzpf=uwJ =uwJ   h ocif  ocif  dpkp;eJ ;k eJ @ OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) ESpfpa,muf af ,mufyJy opP  J opPmazmuf mazmufjzpf+yD +yD; (rqv) udk tvkyfyftau|;ðyoGm;=uyg m;=uygw,f? OuUX ESpfp a,muf  f a,muf (ocif  (ocifoef oef;xG ;xGefe;eJ ;f eJ @ ocifZif Zif) u &efol o@l vufcscsueJef  @J usq  H;yg ;k ygw,f? OuUX wa,muf (ocifAod Aodefe;wif ;f wif) u tajc taet& jynf yrS yrSm uG,f ,vG v f efeG   hcJcf yg yJ gw,f?¢?¢ tvHeDeu D   d*k%f %;cJ ;f   GcJawmh awmh zqyv  zqyv xJu vuf,m*k ,m*k   d%f %;f wpcef;xovk ;xovk   d Armjynfqd q k&S&d ,f , S vpf v f pfygwuvnf u D vnf; wjznf; jznf;cs ;csif; vuf,mbuf ,mbufok o   d @k wdrfr;!G ;f !Gwf woG o f Gm; ygw,f? zqyvu bk&if &ifcHcHtr_ tr_aqmif aqmif tzJ  tzJ   G @x 0if  J 0ifrdrawmh ad wmh tvk  tvk   dawmf awmf&d& OD  d OD;wif ;wifxG xÉfÉG eJef  @J aygif;rdyg ygw,f? yd k+yD +yD;vuf ;vuf,mbuf ,mbuf ,d  ,drfrf; ygw,f? t*Fvd vyfyd eJef  @J aphpyf pyfa&;ud a&;ud k wuf  wufwuf wuf ºuºu  ºuºu vkyfyg ygw,f? ‚&&if& r&&ifcscs‛ qk   dwJ w   hJ   dAkvf vatmif af tmifqef qef;vrf ;vrf;pOf ;pOfuk uawmif akd wmif r&J  r&Jw&J w&J qef  qef ‹usiyg yf gw,f? ‚csa&;‛ uk   d y,f  y,f+yD +yD; ‚&a&;‛ uk  d aZmuf  aZmufcscsvyfyk yg yf gw,f? (Auy) u ‚csa&;‛ uk  d

aZmif;ay;yg ;ay;ygw,f?   dAkvf v atmif  f atmifqef; usq  Hk;awmh ;awmh ol  olwk w   d @k vGwf wvG v f wf w G  u|  f u|wfu| u|w vuf  f vuf,m,d ,m,drfr;oG ;f oGm;=uyg m;=uygw,f? OD;Ek ;Ekuk u   dk r_p&mvk p&mvk   d @ olwd w k@d b,fwk wefek ;urS ;f urS oabm  oabm rxm;yg? (Auy) eJ @   dAkvf vatmif af tmifqef qef;wk ;wk   d @ vkyfyfaewJ   h zqyv  zqyv uGefejrLepf jf rLepf nD  nD!G !wf w G a&; af &; (vuf0J0JnD n!G ! D wf w G a&; af &; jyefvnf vnfwnf wnfaqmuf aqmuf a&;)  a&;) vnf;   dAkvf vatmif af tmifqef qef;us ;usq   H;vd ;k vd @ k oJxJ xa&oG aJ &oGefef j jzpf&yg &ygw,f? vGwf wv f yfa&; a&; r&cifu qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwu D zqyv uGefejrLepf jf rLepfnD n!G ! D wf w G a&;uk af &;uk   d [efjyuk jyuk   difi  GpJpf +yD +J yD; (Auy) uk  d t!G  t!Gefe @f csKd;zk ;  dzk @ vkyfyyg yf gao;w,f? t!Gefe @f csKd;wJ ;wJ   henf enf;u ;u trsm;pku qk   H;jzwfxm; xm; wmuk   d ra0zef  ra0zef&qk  dwmyg wmyg? zqyv wyf ayg  aygif;pk ;pk[m [m wlwmwJ wmwJ   Gvk vyfyk /f rwlwmcJ wmcJ   Gvk vyfyk zdzf  kd@   GzJ @xm;wmyg? ygwr[k rD [kwyg yf gb;?;l ? rwl&if &if a0zef  a0zefc  hGifi &S  f   d&S&rS &rSmyg myg? vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;&awmh t!G  t!Gefe @f csK;d a&;u wqif  hwuf wuf+yD; (Auy) acsr_efef;a&; ;a&; vkyfyfyg ygw,f? (Auy) t!Gefe @f csK;a&;eJ ;d a&;eJ @ acsrefe_ f;a&;[m ;a&;[m tESpfpom&t& o f m&t& ajym&if ‚vuf0J0tif t J iftm;pk tm;pk‛ qef ‹usifa&;yg a&;ygy?J aemufawmh awmh wjcm;vuf  wjcm;vuf0J0 tif  J tiftm;pk tm;pk jynf  jynfol o @l &Jabmf abmfawG awG/ wyfwG wifiG ;f vuf0J0orm;awG o J rm;awG (Ak  (Ak   dvf vaZ,s af Z,s/   dAkvf v&J&f xG x J ÉfÉG /f   dAkvf vod o f efed f;/   dAkvf vvS v f armf aS rmf/ Akvf v d   dpkpf ;armif ;k armif pol  polrs rsm;) awmck   d=u&ygw,f? aemufqk q   H;k rSmawmh mawmh qd  qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfygwDxJ xu J vuf0J0tif Jtiftm;pkawG awG awmif  awmif zqyv  zqyv &H +yD; tES  drfrfcHc=u&yg =H u&ygw,f? tpk   d;&&J ;&&J @ twk   dutcH t f cH j jzpf oG  oGm;&yg m;&ygw,f? olwk w   d @k [m ajray: ‚uGefef j jrLepf‛ vk   d @ pGyfy  GpJpf JcHc&+yD tJ'D'umvu u D mvu ta&;}uD;jzpf ;jzpfpOf pOf wcs  wcs @Kd wifjyyg jyygr,f? ‚vuf0J0Jjyefvnf vnfnD n!G ! D wf w G a&;‛ af &;‛ uk   d   dAkvf vatmif af tmifqef qef;vk ;vkyfy  hfcovk o J vk   d OD  OD;Ek ;EkeJe @J OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) wd @ k vkyfy  hcJcf yg yJ gao;w,f? OD;Ek ;Eku ‚Ekrlr‛l qk   dwm wm wifjy+yD jy+yD; ‚vuf0J0JnD n!G ! D wf w G a&;‛ af &;‛ vkyfyyg yf gw,f? ‚&Jabmf abmf rl  rl‛ qk   dwmuk wmuk   d jynf  jynfol o @l &Jabmf abmfu pifòyif òyifwif wif yg  ygw,f? qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwu D ajcxd k;zs ;zsuqD q f ;D ygw,f? ‚Ekrlr‛l vkyfyfpu pu t*Fvd vyfyd u f OD;Ek ;Ek&J& @J ‘y&d,m,f ,m,fa00kp ’  f ’ ukd em;rvnf  em;rvnfygbl;?;? ‘Armjynf eD  eDoG om;+yD mG ;+yD ’  ’ vk   d @ xifyg ygw,f? aemuf rS  rS OD;Ek ;Ek&J& @J vnf n S   huG u f uf u G qk q f   dwm w k m odoG om;yg mG ;ygw,f? jynfol o @l &Jabmf abmfuawmh uawmh Ak    dAkvf vatmif af tmifqef qef; r&S   dawmh awmhuwnf uwnf;u ;u tzrJ  hom; jzpfaewmyg aewmyg? qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwu D Ekrlr/l &Jabmf abmfrlr yÉd  l yÉdyuQ yuQrSrmS jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmfuk u   d rzs  k rzsufod orfrd ;Ek ;f   dEkifiawmh af wmh (2)  (2) jcrf;cJ ;  GcJypf ypfvk v  duf u k  yg  f ygw,f? tenf;pk ;pkuk u od  kd odrfrf; oGif;/;/ trsm;pk}uD }uD;uk ;uk   d awmxJ  awmxJarmif armif;yk ;  dyk@ ygw,f?   dAkvf vfatmifqef qef;&S ;  d&SpOf pOfu jynfo @l &Jabmf abmfuk u  dk qd&S&k ,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygw rxd  D rxd&J&Jygb;?;l ? 1947 taxGaxG axGa&G a&G;aumuf ;aumuf  GyJyrSrJ mS   dAkvf vatmif af tmifqef qef; u jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmfAdA kvf v d awG af wGuk u  d v$  k v$wf wawmf af wmfxJ x trwf  J trwftjzpf tjzpf yk    dyk @ay;xm;wm renf;yg ;ygb;?;l ? ¡pum;csy?f awmfvS vefeS a&;uae af &;uae aygufzGzm;vmwJ mG ;vmwJ   hwyf wyfud u k trwf  d trwfae&m ae&m ay;wmeJ @ wvufuk u   difik a=u;pm;wyf af =u;pm;wyftwG twGuf uf trwfae&mawmif;wm ;wm (trwf av;yk  av;yk   Hwyk w  Hyk awmif  awmif;wm) ;wm) tESpfpom&cs o f m&csi;f rwlyg ygb;?¢ ;l ?¢ jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmftrwf trwfu qd k&S&,f , S  vpf  f vpfygwDtrwf trwfeJe @J tiftm;cs tm;csi;qwl f;qwlavmuf avmuf j jzpfaewmuk aewmuk   d qd  qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfawG rES  rESpfpòr@ òf r@ygb;?;l ?   d =unf  =unf   hyg yg? ‚odefe;azjrif ;f azjrif. h ausm+id +f idr;‛ ;f ‛ pmtkyfyfrSrmS OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;u ;f u jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmfuk u  d urB  k urBmhA[k A[k ok  okw bmrSr&S r  d&SoawG al wGvk v   d @ a&;wmuk  @k  a&;wmuk jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmfuk u   d tjref  k tjrefzs zsuod o f rfrd ;zd ;f zd @ k vnf; olvk vyfyk   hcJcf Jwmud k 0ef  0efcHcxm;yg x H m;ygw,f? Ekrlr &J  l &Jabmf abmfrlr tjiif  l tjiif;yG ;yGm;r_ m;r_ud u k cs  d csu aumif  f aumif;,l ;,l+yD +yD; vuf0J0tif t J iftm;pk tm;pk j jynfol o @l &Jabmf abmfuk u  d zqyvxJ  k zqyvxJu armif;xk ;xkwf w awm  f awm xJ  dyky @k acsrefe_ f;a&;vk ;a&;vkyfy  hcJcf Jygw,f? 'Dvk v   dnpf n k pfywf ywf enf;rs ;rsK;uk ;d uk   d (Auy)  (Auy) tay:vnf; 1948 rwfvu vu vkyfy  hcJcf Jz;yg ;l ygw,f? zqyv uGefejf rLepf nD  nD!Gwf wa&; af &; aqG;aEG;zk ;  dzk @q  dk+yD +yD; uGefejrLepf jf rLepfyg ygwDu ,k   H=unf =unfavmuf avmufwJ w   h vl  J vlawG awGyg ygw   htzJ t J   GzJ @   GzJ @yg w,f? aqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJ&uf &ufcscsde;f olwk w  d @k ay;ygw,f? +yD;awmh tJ'D'D&uf &ufrSrmyJ mS yJ jynfxJ xa&;0ef aJ &;0ef}uD }uD;u ;u ygwDacg acgif;aqmifpkpkuk u   dzrf zk rf;zk ;  dzk @ 0&rf;xk ;xkwf wxm; x f m; ygw,f? wu,fu r#m;ac:+yD; zrf;zk ;  dzk @yg? OD;Ek ;Ek ‚vuf  ‚vuf0J0JnD n!G ! D wf w G a&;‛ af &;‛ eJ @ Ekifid iHif a&;upm;wmeJ aH &;upm;wmeJ @ ra&S;raES ;raESmif mif; OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) upm;ygw,f? OD;od ;odefe;az f;az (jrif  h) &JŒ ‚vuf0J0 nD  J nD!Gwf wa&;‛ af &;‛ vkyfyfenf enf;uwrs ;uwrsK;d jzpfyg ygw,f? Apdefe xG  f xGefe;tk ;f tkyfy vuf  f vuf,m*k ,m*k   d%f %;om; ;f om;   dAkvf vf ae0if;uk ;uk   d Ad kvf varmif af rmifarmif/   dAkvf vatmif af tmif}uD }uD; wd @ k u vuf0J0Jpm&if pm&if;0if ;0ifjzpfatmif atmif vk  vkyfyay; af y;   hcJ+yD +yD;/;/ OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) u   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;uk ;uk   d vuf  vuf0J0J orm;xdyfyoD o f ;jzpf ;D jzpfatmif atmif vkyfyay;um af y;um tm%modrfr;ck ;f   dckifif;wmyg ;wmygy?J OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) &JŒ   dEkififia&;v_ aH &;v_yfy&S&f m;r_ mS ;r_awG awG[m [m oHo,j o,jzpfp&m p&m csn;yg ;f ygyJ? wd @ k Armtpnf;t¶k ;t¶k  H;acwf ;acwfu OD;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) [m ykvd vyfyd owif o f wif;ay;yJ ;ay;yJvd v @ kd   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;u twdtus tus pGyfy  Gpf Jyg ygw,f? ykvd vyfyd  rif  f rif;}uD ;}uD; y&ufpaumh paumhum;ay: wufvd vuf u dk  oG  f oGm;wm m;wm ol @rsujrif jf rifyJyvd v J  @ kd ‚yDuif uif;aqG ;aqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJ 1979‛  1979‛ wkefe;u ;f u ajymygw,f? wDwl w;&if ;l &if; jrifwmvd wmvd @ k awmh rajymyg? tckud upPpd rSrP Smvnf; OD;od ;od  f  e f;az ;az (jrif  h) u OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfrf;eJ ;eJ @ !d   ‡+yD +yD;vk ;vkyfywmvd w f mvd @ k oHo, o,   d&Sp&myg p&myg?   dAkvf vfae0if;uk ;uk   d umuG  umuG,a&;0ef af &;0ef}uD }uD; taotvJcef cef @csifaewJ aewJ   h qd  qd k&S&,f , S fvpfygwu D OD;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) uk   d tok  tok   H;cs ;cs+yD;vk ;vkyfywJ w f   hJ vSnf nuG u fh uf u G vk v f   d @k xif&yg &ygw,f? ppftk tyfyk fpkp0if 0k ifawG awG a&;wJ  a&;wJ   hajymwJ ajymwJ   h xJ  xJrSrSm   dAkvf vaZ,s af Z,su k d umuG,a&;0ef fa&;0ef}uD }uD; rvkyfyf&vd &vd @ k awmck   dol ojzpf jl zpfatmif a&;=u  a&;=u ajym=uygw,f?   dAkvf vaZ,s af Z,svyfyk wmu w f mu   dAkvf v ae0if  f ae0if; (qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pf) umuG,f ,a&;0ef af &;0ef}uD }uD; rjzpfzdz @ kd yg? OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;u ;f u   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;uk   d umuG  umuG,f ,a&;0ef af &;0ef}uD }uD;cef ;cef@  dz @k OD;Ek ;Ekuk u   dk pnf;¶k ;  H¶k;+yD ;+yD;om;yg ;om;yg? OD;Ek ;Eka&;wJ a&;wJ   h ‘wmawpaeom;’  ‘wmawpaeom;’ rSm ygy gw,f? jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppfu  dk tðywf  tðywfwk w  duf u k a&;vrf af &;vrf;pOf ;pOfeJe @J wk   duf ur,f rf ,f   hol o/l Edifik iHif Hawmf awmfppf ppfwyf wyfu k qd  d qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwD&J& @J wvufud u kifid wyf w f yfjzpfatmif atmif vkyfyr,f rf ,f   hol o[m [ l m   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;yg ;yg? OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;[m ;f [m vla&G a&G;aumif ;aumif;ygw,f?   dAkvf vaZ,s af Z,s  d&ae&if aS e&if Ak    dAkvf vae0if af e0if;uk ;uk   d umuG  umuG,f ,a&;0ef af &;0ef}uD }uD;xm;zk ;xm;zk   d @ rvG,f ,fyg? jynfwG wGi;ppf ;f ppfuk u  d qd  k qd k&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwtvk t D vk   dus wk   duf ufay;r,f   hol or[k rl [kwf wvk v f   d @k   dAkvf vaZ,s af Z,su   d y,f  k y,f&yg &ygr,f? OD;od ;odefe;az f;az (jrif  h) &JŒ ‚vuf0J0nD n J !G ! D wf w G a&;‛ af &;‛ u vufawG awG @t&awmh Ak    dAkvf vaZ,s af Z,s/   dAkvf v&J&f xG x J GÉ/f   dAkvf vod o f efed ;/;f /   dAkvf vvS v f armf aS rmf/   dAkvf v  dpkpf ;armif ;k armifpwJ pwJ   h vuf0J0Jqef qefwJ w   h/J qdk&S&,f , S vpf v f pfr[k r[kwf wwJ w f   h &J  J &Jabmf abmfawG awG awmck  awmck   d&wmyg &wmygy?J Akvf v d ae0if af e0if; wvuf uk  uk   dififwyf wyfjzpf jzpf  dzkz @k vrf;&S ;&Sifi;ay;vd ;f ay;vd kuovk o f vk   d  jzpfoG om; mG ; ygw,f?

  aemufawmh awmh OD  OD;od ;odefef;az ;az (jrif  h) uk   d,f ,fw   difik vnf v f nf; OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfrf;u ;u tdrfrfuk u   dzdzk dw um;v$  f um;v$wf wac:+yD af c:+yD; tdrfr0f u apmif   hzrf zrf;ck ;  dckifi;wm ;f wm cH&yg &ygw,f? axmifxJ xc% cJ % a&muf+yD +yD; axmifuvG uvGwf wfawmh  ab;rJ   h  dEkEik fiHiHa&; a&; orm; jzpfoG om;yg mG ;ygw,f? tvGefeuk u f   d rouF  k rouFmp&m}uD mp&m}uD; yg? OD;Ek ;Ek/ OD;od ;odefef;az (jrif  h) wk   d @&JŒ ‚vuf0J0nD n J !G ! D wf w G  a&;‛  f a&;‛ vSnf n  huG u f uf u G awG af wG +yD  +yD;uwnf ;uwnf;u ;u òr@ay:rSm ‚vuf0J0nD n J !G ! D wf w G a&;‛ af &;‛ vkyfywmr&S w f mr&S   dawmh awmhyg?   HykpHpHopf opfeJe @J vuf0J0JnD n!G ! D wf w G a&;om af &;om   d&Syg ygawmhw,f w,f? b,fol ourS u l rSvnf vnf; AaqG aus  ausmf+idrfr;f qdk&S&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwuk u D   dk vuf0J0Jtif tiftm;pk tm;pkvd v @ kd rowfrSrwf w S awmh af wmhyg yg? ‚vuf0J0JnD n!G ! D wf w G a&;‛ af &;‛ ysu  Hf¶k¶ek  @J jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppfjzpf wm[m wm[m Armjynf&J& @J xl;jcm;wJ ;jcm;wJ  h tajctaeeJ  tajctaeeJ @ tcsutvuf t f vufawG awGa=umif a=umif   h jzpfyg ygw,f? Armjynf&J& @J x;jcm;wJ ;l jcm;wJ   h tajctaeeJ  tajctaeeJ @ tcsutvuf ftvufubmvJ ubmvJ? 'DudpPpud u P  k quf  d quf+yD +yD; wifjyyg jyygr,f?

Armjynf Ek    dEkifiiHif Ha&;[m a&;[m 'kwd w,urB , d urB mppf mppftwG twGifi;rS ;f rSm td  dENEN,eJ ,eJ @ vrf;a=umif ;a=umif;cs ;csif; tajccHuae+yD uae+yD; uJ   GoG om;yg mG ;ygw,f? [k   dwk wefek ;uawmh ;f uawmh   dEkifiiHif a&;cs aH &;csif;wJ ;wJ   Gaewmyg? uk   dvk v  deDek cscD si;f wl=uvk =uvk   d @ygy?J [k   du t[d H Ho ( Ahimsa ) qd/k 'Du t[d H Ho? o? [k   du [krR¶l¶;l ( Home - rule ) qd k/ 'Du [krRr¶l¶R ;?;l ? aemufu vk   duf uvk v f yfyk yg yf gw,f? 'gayrJ   h 'k  'kwd w, d urB mppf mppfjzpf jzpfawmh awmh woD  woD;wjcm;vk ;wjcm;vky=f u  dzk @ jzpfvmyg vmygw,f?   dEkifiiHif Hjcm; jcm; tquf/ vufeuf euf&&ma&aomuf &&ma&aomufjrpf jrpf &Sm=uawmh m=uawmh [k  [k   drSrmS qlbwf bwfcscse'&mbd 'f &mbd @ k pf ( Subhash Chandra Bose ) wa,mufy xG  J xGuf u&S&f myg mS ygw,f? ArmjynfrSrmu mS u wd @ k Armtpnf;t¶k ;t¶k;H vuf0J0  dJ*k*%f % k ;eJ ;f eJ @ ausmif;om;or*~ ;om;or*~a&m a&m vuf,m*k ,m*k   d%f %f;yg vli,f i,ftif tiftm;pkw kifid ;f xGuf u&S&f mS ygw,f? [k   du *smr%DeJe @J tquf&+yD &+yD;rS ;rS *syefa&muf a&mufyg ygw,f? Armu *syefeJe @J t&ifawG awG@ygw,f? awG @  Hyuvnf kuvnf; wrsKd;qef ;qef;yg ;ygw,f? vuf0J0  d*k*J %f % k ;u ;f u tm;vk  H;od ;odwJ w   htwk t J wk   difif; w¶kwf wjf ynfoG om;wmyg mG ;wmyg?ocifatmif atmifqef qef;/;/ ocifvS vòS rifta=umif ta=umif;u ;u tawmfrsrsm;rsm;a&;xm;vd k@ vlwk w   difik f;od+yD +yD;yg ;yg? xyfra&;awmh ra&;awmhyg yg? ocifA[def;c&D ;c&D;vnf ;vnf; '*kefewm&ma&;vk w f m&ma&;vk   d @ od+yD +yD;yg ;yg+yD? trsm;rod=uwJ =uwJ   hud upPpd  a&;yg  P a&;ygr,f? uk   dA[d A[defef;[m ;[m oluk u   d,f , k wk w f   difik oG o f m;r&awmh mG ;r&awmh oG  oGm;vk m;vk @d &wJ   h &J  &Jabmf abmfwa,muf wa,muf v$  v$wfyg ygw,f? a&mufyg ygw,f? w¶kwf wuG u f efeG jrLepf jf rLepfu w¶kwf wjf ynf ajrmuf  ajrmuf  dykyifik ;rS ;f rSm *syefuk u  d wd  k wd kuae&wmyg af e&wmyg? vufeuf euful uzkzl  @kd rjzpf  dEkEifik yg yf g? tawG;tac:eJ ;tac:eJ @ pmemaxmufcHcwmyJ w H myJ ul  ulnD n  dEkED kifiyg yf gw,f? uk   dA[d A[defe;v$ ;f v$wf wvd v f  ku d fw   h &J  J &Jabmf abmfeJe @J u|efawmf awmfwd w ‹ kd tqufjyef&yk &  Hykuvnf uvnf; qef;yg ;ygw,f? (Auy) eJ @r&yg? t&ifqk q  H;&wmu ;k &wmu OD;Ek ;Ek/   dAkvf v atmif  f atmif}uD }uD; wk   d @e @J yg?  u OD;Ek ;EkeJe @J csKdtif tifvk v  difik f; 0ef}uD }uD;cs ;csKyfcscsi;f aqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJrSrmS pum;jyeftcuf tcuftcJ tcJjzpf jzpfaevd @ k v#KŒ0S Œd 0Su+yD +f yD;ae&wJ ;ae&wJ   h uk  uk   dA[defe;v$ ;f v$wwJ w f   h &J  J &Jabmf abmf u 0ifbmomjyef bmomjyefay;&yg ay;&ygw,f? 0g;c,from; rom; csif;ayr,f  h OD  OD;Ek ;Eku rrSwf wrdrf yg yd g? OD;Ek ;EkeJe @J ygom;wJ mG ;wJ   h   dAkvf vatmif af tmif}uD }uD;u ;u csucsfcsif;rS ;rSwf wrdrf yg yd gw,f? wuUok o  dvf v k rSrf mS w¶kwf wujym;cs u f jym;csi;rd ;f rd @ k olwk w  d @k csif; od=uyg =uygw,f? 'Davmuf avmufeJe @J awmh rS  rSwf wrdrf   dzkzd @k rvG,f ,yg yf gb;?;l ? uJ   GoG om;wm=umyg mG ;wm=umyg+yD? csucsfcsi;f rSwf wrdrf apwmu ad pwmu *syefacwf acwfrSrSm   dAkvf vf atmif}uD }uD;u ;u tJ'D'&J&D abmf aJ bmf ES  ESreJ reJ @&w,f? ol @ ZeD;u w¶kwf wjynf jf ynfoG om;wJ mG ;wJ   h ol  ol @tpfuk u  d ppf  k ppf+yD +yD; vnf; jyefra&muf ra&muf/ pmvnf; rvmvd @ k wae&m&mrSm ao+yDvd v @ kd xifaew,f aew,f? aocsmatmif  Hpkpkprf prf;cJ ;  hcJ  dzkz @k rSmvk mvk   duf uw,f w f ,f? 'ga=umif   h awG  awG @awG @csif; rSwf wrdrf wmyg w d myg? [k   dwk wefek ;u ;f u tultnD tnDuk u  d wu,f  k wu,f ay;r,f  ay;r,fqk q  day;Ek ak y;Ek   dififwmu autrfwD wD (KMT) yg? t*Fvdyfyu f ac:oGifi;vk ;f vk @d KMT wyfr} r}uD; awG ArmjynfxJ x a&muf  J a&muf=uyg =uygw,f? awmifili rEW  l rEWav; av; vrf;wav# ;wav#muf *s  *syefuk u   dk cHwk w  duf u k  =uyg  f =uygw,f? rEk  difivk v f   d @k qwf w k vm&if v f m&if; KMT &JŒ xk   H;pH ;pHtwk twk   difi;f vlxk xqD q k u D vk,uf ,ufyg ygw,f? ausmufoH oywW yH wWjrm;eJ jrm;eJ @ a&$yJy vk  J vkwmyg wmyg? rEWav;rS av;rSm bk&m;}uD &m;}uD;ua&$ ;ua&$ cG  cGmzk mzk @d vkyfyyg yf gw,f? ratmifjrif jrifyg yg? ppfuk u  difik f;awmif ;awmif¶d¶ kd; rSmawmh mawmh trs  trsm;}uD;&oG ;&oGm;yg m;ygw,f? vkyfy  Hykyf u k oif;yg ;ygw,f? wjynfvk v   H;u ;k u olaX;awG aX;awG vmcd  vmcd k aewJ  aewJ   h ppf  ppfud u kifid ;awmif ;f awmif  d¶k¶;rS ;k rSm vl}uD }uD;awG ;awG tpnf  tpnf; ta0;ac:ygw,f? vluk u  djk yefay;qJ ay;qJ   G+yD; a&$/ ausmufoH oywW yH wWjrm; jrm; a=u;ypf+yD +yD; a&G;ck ;  dckifi;f ygw,f? ajy;&if;v$ ;v$m;&if m;&if; jyefay;qJ ay;qJ   Gwm wm qk   dawmh awmh ae@  ae@csif;+yD ;+yD; a&G;,l ;,lcdc kifid ;wmyg ;f wmyg? ray;   dEkififv k @d aiGwk w  duf u k 0ef 0f efaxmuf axmuf OD  OD;a&$ ;a&$om; om; towf cH  cHvk vuf u kd &yg &f ygw,f? olaX;awG aX;awGu ay;Ek  difivk v f   d @k vGwf wyg yf g w,f? w¶kwf wjf ynfrSrSmawmh aiG  aiGwk w  duf u k t&m&S t f &m&S   d qk  qk   dwm wm olaX;t}uD aX;t}uD;qk ;qk   H;yg ;yg? tJ'D'pD HcscsdeeJef  @J awmif;vk ;vk   d @ uk   dvk v   dek  aiG  D aiGwk w  duf u k 0ef 0f efaxmuf axmuf ray;Ek  ray;Ek  difiyg yf g? waqGvk v   H;wrs ;k wrsK;vk ;d vk   H; vk   duf upkpf k+yD +yD; oGm;a&G;awmh ;awmh awmif;oavmuf ;oavmufrj rjynfhvk v  dk@ owf  hcJcyg yJ gw,f? vlvnf vnf;owf ;owf/ &oavmuf vnf  vnf; ,loG om;yg mG ;ygw,f? ocifEkE/k ocifpdp k;/;d / ocifjroGifiwk w f   d @k KMT wyfeJe @J vk   duoG o f m;wJ mG ;wJ   hta=umif ta=umif;awmh ;awmh vl  vlod ors rd sm;ygw,f? KMT Ad kvf vcscf sKyfu xm;ypf cJ    hcJ axmifxJ xjJ yefxnf xnf   h  hcJcwJ w J   h ta=umif  J ta=umif;vnf ;vnf; vlod odrsm;ygw,f? 'Dvd v kb d ma=umif   hvk vyfyk   hcJcf ovJ o J vJ qk  qk   dwm wm awmh a&;=uwm  a&;=uwm rawG @yg? oDayg ayg *syef od  odrf;oG ;oGm;vd m;vd @ k qk  dwmyJ wmyJ a&;=uyg  a&;=uygw,f? pOf;pm;=unf ;pm;=unf   hyg yg? - csefau&S au&S   dwf wf KMT [m w¶kwf wuG u f efeG fjrLepfuk u wk  kd wk   duf uaewmyg af ewmyg? Arm uGefejf rLepfuk u rul  kd rulnD n  dEkED ifik yg yf gb;?;l ? (ocifEkvnf vnf;  uGefejrLepf jf rLepfxJ x pm&if  J pm&if;oG ;oGifi;f rSmyg myg?) ‘vl  GrJrwd w J  @ kd xuf u G &yf &f yfvrf vrf;’ ;’ bmomjyefxm;ol xm;olyg yg? KMT uawmh uG - ac:r&vd @ k v$wf w  hcJcf Jwmvnf wmvnf; r[kwf wyg yf g? axmifxJ x j J jyefxnf xnf   hyg ygw,f? t*Fvd vyfyd tòitjiif t f òitjiif rcH  rcHcscsiyg yf gb;?;l ?

- tJ'D'D KMT wyfawG awGawmh awmh w¶k  w¶kwf wjf ynf jyef  jyefa&mufyg ygw,f? vkoG om;wJ mG ;wJ   h a&G  a&GawG/ &wemawGvnf vnf; ygoGm;yg m;ygw,f? (Ek/   dpk;/;/ oGifi)f uk   d ac:cs  ac:csi&if &f if ac:oG  ac:oGm;Ek m;Ek   difivs v f sufe @J xm;cJ  hwm wm &Si;yg ;f ygw,f? - aemuf  dykyifik ;rS ;f rSm OD;od ;ode;az ;f az (jrif  h) csKuif u H if;a&muf ;a&mufawmh awmhvnf; rulnD nyg yD g? wd @ k Armtpnf;t¶k ;t¶k;H vuf,m ,m   d*k%f %;uawmh ;f uawmh zuf  zufqpf qpf*s *syefyJy &S  J &Smwmyg mwmyg? olwk w  d @k u rmhuf upfpf 0gf0g' qef ‹usifygw,f? epfa&S a&S; ( Nietzsche ) tqd ktrd trdefe @f u k vuf  d vufcyg Hygw,f? emZD0g0g' tm;usygw,f? olwk w   d @k *syefa&muf a&muf oG  oGm;wm[m m;wm[m a&mufcscsifwJ w   hae&m aJ e&m a&mufwm wm yg? aemufawmh awmhvnf vnf; zufqpf qpfuk u  d rawmf  k rawmf vS  vSefeyg yf g? *syefppf ppf  H¶_¶_;awmh ;awmh t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd  tvk  f tvkdawmf awmf&d& j d jzpf+yD +yD;   dEkififia&;Zmwf aH &;Zmwf od  odrfr;oG ;f oGm;yg m;ygw,f?  i fa&;vk a&;vkyfyf&if &if; apm (OD;apm)/ ;apm)/ pdefe (ocif  f (ocifApd Apdefe)/)f / armf (a'g  (a'guwmAarmf fwmAarmf) ‚apmpdefearmf af rmf‛ tjzpfwJ w  GrdrJ +yD +d yD; zqyv qef ‹us  f Zmwfod orfrd ;yg ;f ygw,f? olwd w @ kd Zmwfod orfrd f;wm[m ;wm[m uk   dvk veDekd  acwf  D acwf vuf  vuf,m*d ,m*d%f % k ;f vkH;0cs ;0csKyf+id +idrfrf;wmyg ;wmygy?J vuf,m*d ,m*d k%f %;a[mif ;f a[mif;ae&muk ;ae&muk   d aqG  aqG+id +idrfr;vuf ;f vuf,m*d ,m*d k%f %;opf ;f opf ,l  ,lvmyg vmygw,f?

*syef/ t*Fvdyfy eJ  f eJ @ (tar&duef uefawmif awmifyg ygao;) tJ'D'Du &ygw,f? azmcsi;aomcs ;f aomcsif; &wmuawmh ppf  ppfajrjyif ajrjyifuyg uyg? t*Fvd vyd ftajy;eJ tajy;eJ @/ *syeftajy;rS tajy;rSm &ygw,f? ppf+yD +yD;awmh ;awmh uk  uk   dvk v   deDek Djyefvk vyfyk fr,f r,f   h tpD  tpDtpOf  d&S&xm;wJ x S m;wJ   h t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd u f *syefawmf awmfvS vefeS a&; af &; wyfawG awGqD qu D vufeuf eufjyefod orfrd ;yg ;f ygw,f? txufArmjynf ArmjynfrSrmqk mS qk&if &d if puwnf  puwnf;u ;u vufeuf euf iS  iSm;w,f m;w,fqk q   d+yD +k yD; iSm;&wmyg m;&wmyg? òr@odrfr;rd ;f rdawmh awmh ol  olwd w @ kd wyfxJ x0if 0J ifyg/ Akvf v d awG af wGuk u   dk e*k   d&mxl &mxl;twk ;twk   difi;f xm;r,f? tm;vk   H;uk ;uk   d ol  ol @pepftwk twk   difi;f vpm ay;r,fvd v @ kd jr‡LqG LqG,f ,yg yf gw,f? r0ifbl b;qk ;l qk   drSr iS  S iSm;xm;wJ m;xm;wJ   h vufeuf euftm;vk   H; jyeftyf tyf  dckcifik ;f ygw,f? vufypf ypf  HAkA;k wvk   H;awmif ;awmif rcsefyg yg? ol @uGyuJ u f r_rJ _eJe @J *syefud u kdwd w kuf u d wJ w f   h wjcm;  J wjcm; vlrs rsK;pk ;d pkwyf wyfawG awGqD qu D vufeuf eufjyef jyeforfrd ;w,f ;f w,f r=um;rd  r=um;rdyg ygb;?;l ? t*Fvd vyfyd u f vufeuf eufudpPpPrSm tuJ qwf  qwfayr,f ayr,f   h tar&d  tar&duef uefuawmh *¶k  *¶krxm;yg rxm;yg bl;?;? olu {nf   honf onfyJy/J ppf  dEkEik fzdz @ kd yJ y"me?  y"me? xkwf way;wJ af y;wJ   hvuf vufeuf euf aph  aphaph aphpyf pyfpyfjyef jyefrodrfrf;yg ;yg? ppf+yD +yD;awmh ;awmhvnf vnf; olwk w  d @k vufeufawG awGuk u  d us  k usi;xJ ;f xJ xnf  xnf   h "mwf  "mwfqD qavmif aD vmif; rD;¶_ ;¶_ @d +yD; ajrjyef  Hzkz;k xm;cJ   hwmyg wmyg? tav;cH+yD +yD; jyef,l ,roG rl oGm;yg m;ygbl;? (tJ'D'vuf v D ufeuf eufawG awG awmf  awmfvS vefeS a&;u af &;u jyefok o  H k;Ek ;k   dEkifiyg yf gw,f? bl;EG ;EG,f ( spring ) awGyJy ok  J ok;r&yg ;H r&yg? =uufayg aygióu;wyf óf u;wyf+yD +yD;ypf ;ypf&if &if &yg  &ygw,f? ppf+yD +yD;wmr=umao;vd ;wmr=umao;vd @ k ajymif;awG ;awG/ uk   d,f ,xnf x f nfoH oawG aH wG aumif  aumif;yg ;ygao;w,f ) taemufwk w   difik ;om;wa,muf ;f om;wa,muf a&;wJ  a&;wJ   hpmtk pmtkyfy&J&f  @J aemufquf qufw   GrSrJ mS tar&duef uef (101)  (101) eJ @ t*Fvd vyfyd  (136  f (136 ) wyf wm0ef  wm0efcHcH t&m&S   dawG awGuk u   d,f , k wk w f   difik a&;wJ af &;wJ   hpm pm ygygw,f? tJ'D'DpmrS pmrSm vufeuf eufxk xwf w k ay;wJ af y;wJ   h pm&if  pm&if;wcs ;wcsKŒd ygygw,f? zwf=unf =unf   h&if &if ol  olwd w ‹ kd &JŒoabmxm; Œoabmxm; od  dEkEkifiyg yf g w,f? 101 wyfrSrL;a&;wJ SL;a&;wJ   hpmrS pmrSm olwk w  d @k twGuf uawmh af wmh &,f  &,fp&m? p&m? ArmjynftwG twGuf uawmh af wmh emusn;p&mwck ;f p&mwcku   d awG  k awG @ygw,f? ola&;yk a&;yku H Armjynfajrmuf ajrmuf  dykyifik ;f wd kifi;&if ;f &if;om;awG ;om;awGu ppftwG twGifi;f ulnD n  hcJcD Jwm twGuf u ol  f olaumif aumif;ðywH ;ðywHqd qyfyd ay;zd af y;zd @ k awmif;=ua=umif; olutxuf utxufuk uwif w kd ifjy+yD jy+yD; td  dEN,rS ,rSm a&$wH wqd q H yfyd }uD }f uD;awG ;awGvk vyfyk +yD +f yD; ay;cJ  ha=umif a=umif;/;/ ppfrSrmul mS ulnD n  hDcwmuk w J muk   d tod  todtrS trSwf wðyw,f ðf yw,fvk v  d @k t"dym,f m` ,f &wJ   h qyd fay;cJ ay;cJ   ha=umif a=umif; (CMA qd kwm Citation of Military Assistance) ppfa=u;eef;¶k ;  d¶kuf u&mrS &f mrSm aumfrm rm (comma) uk   d CMA wHqd twk   daumuf aumuf CMA vd @ k ok   H;a=umif ;a=umif;?;? 'ga=umif   h ol  olwd w @ kd csif;awmh CMA wHqd ajymif=ua=umif =ua=umif; a&;ygw,f? qyfyd uk u f   d ‘aumf  k ‘aumfrm’ rm’ vd @ k y aemuf J aemufajymif tar&duefu ukdvk v   deDek jD yefvkyfy  dfzkz @k vmwm r[kwf wvd v f  @ kd rsufEmvJ mS vJ   GcJcypf yJ pf vk  vkyfy  dEkEf ifkifygw,f? t*Fvd vyfyd fuawmh uawmhvk vyfyk vd v f  @ kd r&yg? tJ'D'wH w D q H dyfyu f   dkvnf vnf; todtrS trSwf wrðyyg rf ðyyg?   dEkifiiHif Ha&;tqufeJe @J vufeuf euf&mvk mS vk   duf uf&wm vufeuf eufu &r,f  h&awmh &awmh awmf  awmfvefeS  a&;orm;omru  f a&;orm;omru v,form;awG orm;awGyg yg &=uygw,f? ppfvuf vufeuf eufynmud ynmud k v,f  v,form; orm; uawmh ausmif;u&wm ;u&wm r[kwf wyg yf g? vufawG awG@ u &ygw,f? 'Dwk w   daewm ak ewm (detonator) ,rf;uk ;uk   d tyfeJe @J xifiG fvk v  d @k vufjywf jywf/   HAk;uk ;uk   dwl weJel  @J xkv @dk wausmif;vk ;vk   H; bkefef;}uD ;}uD;/;/ uk   d&if &if/ ausmif;om; ;om; awG ys  ysvG v H efeG aoqk af oqk   H;=u+yD ;=u+yD;rS ;rS ynm&=uyg  ynm&=uygw,f? vufeuf eufi,f i,fuawmh uawmh pepf  pepfwus wusomr&S   dwm wm v,form; orm; tawmfrs rsm;rsm; ypfwwf wwf=u =u ygw,f? rawmfwq wq aoewfxG xuf u G vd v f  k@d aowmvnf; renf;yg? bmyJajymajym ajymajym vufeuf eufuk u   dk uk   difiwwf w f wfok o  H;wwf ;k wwf=uwJ =uwJ   h v,f  v,form;awG orm;awG vufeuf euf&=uyg &=uygw,f?

Armjynf uGefejf rLepfyg ygw[m D[m w&m;0if (Oya'wG  (Oya'wGifi;f ) ygwD jzpf  jzpfae+yD ae+yD? ‚vuf0J0nD n J ! D Gwf wa&;‛ af &;‛ uk   d aus  ausm  d¶k;ðywJ ;ðywJ   h zqyv  zqyv tzJ  G ‹}uD;   d&Sae+yD ae+yD? zufqpf qpf awmf  awmfvS vefeS a&;twG af &;twGifif; ppfud u kODOd D;pD ;pD;wJ ;wJ   h tawG ‹ tñuH  d&S& au'g  S au'gawG   d&Sae+yD? t*Fvd vyfyd uk u f   dvk v k   deDek tpk t D pk;& ;d & jyefvm vm w,f? olwk w   d @k e @J ygvmwmu   dEkififia&;pD aH &;pDrHrHud ued f;/;/ pD;yG ;yGm;a&;pD m;a&;pDrHrud u H efed ;awG ;f awGyJy?J td  dENE,rS , N rSm ppfajy; ajy; tpk   d;&tjzpf ;&tjzpfae&if ae&if; qif;rvm; ;rvm; (Simla) rSm pdrfrajyeajy af jyeajy a&;qJ  GvmwJ vmwJ   h pD  pDrHrud u H efed f;awG jzpf  jzpf w,f?

  'gayrJ  h ol  olwk w  d @k pDrHrud u H efed ;f (project) awG[m [m tawG;tac:a[mif ;tac:a[mif;awGeJe @J qJ   Gxm; xm; wJ   h pD  pDrHrud u H efed ;awG ;f awG j jzpfaew,f aew,f? Armjynfuk u   dk jyefod orfrd ;+yD ;f +yD;&if ;&if puf  pufr_r_vuf vufr_r_vk vyfyk fief ief;awG ;awG b,f  b,fvk v  dvk v k yfyk vk v f   du k r,f rf ,f/ aumufyJyoD o J ;ES ;D   HES pD  pDrHr ud  H udefe;ub,f ;f ub,fvk v  d/k opfxk xwf w k v f kyfyfa&;uk a&;uk   d b,f  b,f ;csn;f   Hykvk vyfyk vk v f   duf u k r,f rf ,fqk q  dwJ w k   h pD  J pDrHrud u H efed f;awG ;awGcscsnf;yJ ;yJ? ppftwG twGifi;vuf ;f vufvG vwf w G oG o f m;or# mG ;or#u   d twk  k twk   d;cs ;cs+yD; t*Fvd vyfyd e,f ef ,fcscsJŒ ukr`r`%awG aD wG aoG  aoG;pk ;pkyfyzkzf  @kd pDrHrH udef;cs jzpfw,f w,f? pDrHrud u H efed ;awG ;f awGuk u   dk bkwf wf (Boards) tzJ   G @awGeJe @J pDraqmif aH qmif&G&uf u G   dzkzf  @k yJ?   d k @   dEkifiiHif Ha&;pDrHrud u H efed ;uawmh ;f uawmh e,fcscsJŒ qef ‹usia&; af &; tiftm;pk tm;pkawG awGud u k zd  d zd  dESEyS   dzkzf  @k e @J wjznf;jznf ;jznf;cs ;csif;   d'krDreDeD ,H , D Htk tyfyk cscf sKyfa&;qD a&;qDok o  d @k oGm;z m;z  d jzpfw,f w,f? t*Fvd vyfyd eJef  @J jynfol o xd  l xdyfywd w f  kuf u d  awG  f awG @=uwJ   humvu umvu 1945 eJ @ 1946 pufwif wif bmvtxd jzpf  jzpfw,f w,f? 1946 pufwif wifbm bm tk   Hºur_ ºur_ aemuf  aemuf  dykyifik ;rS ;f rSm vuf0J0nD n J ! D Gwf wa&; af &; òyuJ  Gw,f w,f? aemuf 1947  1947 ESpfpqef q f ef;rS ;rSm vuf0J0nD n J !G ! D wf w G  a&;ud  f a&;ud k jyefvnf vnfwnf wnfaqmuf aqmuf  dzkz @k vkyfyw,f w f ,f? tvm;tvmaumif;w,f ;w,f?   dAkvf vatmif af tmifqef qef; usq  Hk;+yD ;+yD;wJ ;wJ   haemuf aemufrSrmS aumif;wJ ;wJ   htvm; tvm; tvmawG wjznf;jznf;cs ;csi;f uG,f ,ays af ysmuf uk  ukefefw,f w,f? vuf0J0nD n J ! D Gwf wa&; af &; òyuJ  Gr_u jynfwG wifiG f;ppfqD qok o D   d @k OD;wnf ;wnf  hcJcJ+yD? zqyvud k vuf  vuf,mtif ,mtiftm; pkawG awG wpwptk  wpwptkyfypDpf ;rd ;D rdvmae+yD vmae+yD? qif;rvm; ;rvm; pDrHrud u H efed ;awG ;f awGud u kd   d'kificHcf H+yD;qJ ;qJ   G  hcJcwJ w J   h OD  J OD;wif ;wifxG xÉfÉG  zqyvrS  f zqyvrSm vlwG wifiG fus us, j f jzpfvmw,f vmw,f? Armjynfq kd&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwuvnf u D vnf; vuf0J00g 0J g' uk  d pG  pGefe @f ypfae+yD ae+yD? vuf,mbuf ,mbufok o @kd a&G @vsm; ae+yD?   dEkifiiHif Ha&;rSm tJ'D'vk v D   dajymif ak jymif;vJ ;vJae ae csefed rSrf mS wjynfvk v;&J ;kH &JŒ tajctaeuvnf; tvGefeuk u f   d wif  k wif;rmaewJ ;rmaewJ   humv umv jzpfw,f w,f? bkwf wtzJ t f   GzJ @rsK;pk ;d   Hpk& @J jzpf!‡paoG af oG;pk ;pkyfy r_  f r_ud u k v,f  d v,form;awG orm;awG/ tvkyfyorm;awG o f rm;awG cH  cHae ae &w,f? ppftwG twGifi;f   GrJjymusaewmrSm xyf+yD +yD; awG ay:vmw,f  ay:vmw,f? tvkyfyform; oydwf wawG af wG ay:vmw,f  ay:vmw,f? ‘vJ&mol &mol  dckc;axmif ;k axmif;’ ;’ cH&awmh &awmh v,f  v,form; orm; olykyefek fawG v,form;ol orm;olykyefek fqef qefqef qef "m;jy  "m;jy   d*k%f %;}uD ;f }uD;awG ;awG ay:aew,f  ay:aew,f? tiftm;&mcs tm;&mcs &S  D   d&Sw   h/J tajrmufpdpefed fajymif ajymif; pufaoewfawG awG ¶d  ¶d kififz,f z,fawG awG tjynf   h  d&S&wJ w S   h "m;jy*d  J "m;jy*d k%f %;awG ;f awGyJy?J ppf+yD +yD;uwnf ;uwnf;u ;u   d&Saewm jzpfw,f w,f? 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'ga=umif   h v,f  v,f orm;ol  orm;olykyefek fqef qefwJ w   hJ "m;jy*d%f % k ;awG ;f awG[m [m =umav}uD;av ;av jzpfvmyg vmygw,f? zqyv[m bk&if &ifcHcHtr_ tr_aqmif tpk  tpk   d;&tzJ ;&tzJ   G @rmS ygom;awmh Gm;awmh t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd &J&f  @J ay:vpDtwd twd kifi;f "m;jy*d k%f %;uk ;f uk   d ES    dESrfrfyg ygw,f? &GmrD mrD;¶_ ;  d¶_ @ygw,f?   dwm wm awGeJe @J ESrfrd feif eif;wmyg ;wmyg? qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfawG awGODOD;pD;wJ ;wJ   h ‚txl  ‚txl;vuf ;vufeuf eufuk uifikd  yk  f ykvd vyd fwyf wyfzJz @JG ‛ qk uGefejrLepf jf rLepfyg ygw&J&D  @J ay:vpDu olwk w  d @k ay:vpDeJe @J rwlygygbl;?;? uGefejrLepf jf rLepfay:vpD ay:vpDu - bkwf wtzJ t f   GzJ @awG&J& @J aoG;pk ;pkyfyr_rf  a=umif  _ a=umif   h c|  c|wfðcH ðcHusaewJ   h qif  qif;&Jom; om; v,form;awG orm;awG&J& @J ¶kefe;uef ;f uefr_rvk v _  @kd oabmxm; ygw,f?   dESrfreif ef if;a&;xuf ;a&;xuf azs  azsmif;zs ;zsynmay; a&;uk  d t"d  t"duxm;yg uxm;ygw,f? - rSm;,Gifif;wJ   henf enf;eJ ;eJ @ e,fcscsJŒuk Œuk wk  d wk   H @ jyef=uwmjzpf =uwmjzpfw,f w,f? olwk w @kd u  d awmf  k awmfvS vefeS wJ w f   h enf  J enf; ay;tyf&r,f &r,fvk v  d @k oabmxm;ygw,f? qif;&J ;&Jom;v,f om;v,form;awG orm;awG&J& @J 'kuQ uuk u Q   d uG  k uGefejf rLepfawG awGu =unf   haevk aevk   d @ rjzpf yg  ygbl;?;? olwd w k@d [m *syefawmf awmfvS v  fefeS a&;wk af &;wkefe;u ;f u   ftcJ tcJ ajz&S  ajz&Sifif; ay;&ygr,f? 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(‚acgi;yg ;f yg;a&; vrf;‛ ;‛ qk   dwmu wmu iwfaeol aeolawG awG uk  uk,f , d   hwl w f &G&l Gi;/;f / aygujym;eJ fjym;eJ @vm+yD; vrf;azmuf ;azmuf=u? =u? tpd k;&u ;&u ae@wGuf uvk v f kyctjzpf cf tjzpf qefxk xwf w k fay;? tJ'D'vk v D   deJek  @J rdom;pk om;pktiwf tiwfab;uk ab;uk   d aEG  aEG&moDtwG twGuf uf ausmv$ v f m;&wmjzpf m$ ;&wmjzpfw,f w,f? qefawG awGu tpk  d;& ;& *d ka'g a'gixJ x f cscJ sn;f pkaevd aevd @ k vkyfy&wJ &f wJ   h wk  wkuf u d   GyJyf yg yJ g?) ppf}uD }uD;t+ ;t+yD;rS m qefaps aps;uaumif;/;/ qefu vnf; a&mif;aumif;aevd ;aevd @ k t*Fvd vyfyd u f qefawG awG jynf  jynfycsnf; xkwf wa&mif af &mif;aew,f ;aew,f? jynfwG wGifi;rS ;f rSm iwfw,f w,f? 1945 u 1946 pufwif wifbm txd qd  qd&S&k ,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygweJeD  @J odyfy+yD +f yD;jy\em ;jy\em rjzpf  hcJcyg yJ gb;?;l ? qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfyg ygwu D olwk w  d @k om rvkyfywm w f m t*Fvd vyd feJe @J twk   duf utcH t f cHvk vyfyk ae&wJ af e&wJ   humvrd umvrd @ k uGefejrLepf jf rLepfyg ygw vk  D vkyfywmud w f mud k axmuf  axmufcHc  hcJcH Jw,f w,f? 1946 pufwif wifbmaemuf bmaemufydy kdi;f zqyvu tpk   d;&tzJ ;&tzJ   G @xJ0if 0ifrdrdawmh awmh wrs  wrsKd;jzpf ;jzpfoG oGm;w,f? uGefejrLepf jf rLepfawG awGvkywm[m w f m[m olwk w   d @k u  dk wk  wk   duf uwmyJ w f myJ vk  vk   d @ xifvmw,f vmw,f? v,form;awG orm;awG iwf  iwfaew,f aew,fqk q  dwmuk w k muk   d ol  olwd w @ kd r,k   Hyg ygb;?;l ? ( tckppf ppftpk t  dpk;&tygt0if tpk  tpk   d;&tquf ;&tqufqufuvnf uvnf; r,k  H=uyg =uygb;?) ;l ?) uGefejf rLepfu vlawG awGiwf iwfae+yD ae+yDajym+yD ajym+yD; wk   duf u  GyJyf qif q J ifcscsivk v f   d @k vkyfywmvd w f mvd @ k xifyg ygw,f? olwk w  d @k tajccHxm;wJ xm;wJ   h vl  vlwcs wcsKŒd riwfwmuk wmuk   d=unf =unf   h+yD +yD; tm;vk   H;riwf ;riwfbl b;vk ;l vk   d@ xif=uyg =uygw,f? 'g[m vlwef wef;pm;&yf ;pm;&yfcHccscH sujy\em/ jf y\em/ vlwef wef;pm;tjrif ;pm;tjrif jy\em  jy\em ygyJ?

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(6 v) &Sifi;vk ;f vk   duf u&if &f if jywf  jywfr,f r,fvd v @ kd xif+yD +yD; jynfxJ xa&;0ef aJ &;0ef}uD OD;aus ;ausmf+id +idrfr;f tpDtpOf tpOfeJe @J uGefejf rLepf yg ygwud u D  k tvpf  d tvpftik t  dikuf u wk  f wk   duf u  hcJcf Jwm wm jzpfw,f w,f? yk'f'rf (5) [m jynfxJ xa&;0ef aJ &;0ef}uD }uD;&J ;&JŒ 0&Zdefevuf v f ufeufyJyJ? aemuf  dykyik ;us f;usawmh 0ef  0ef}uD }uD;ES ;ESpODOf ;D OD;wif ;wifxG xGÉeJef  @J   dAkvf vpdpf efed rSrf Sefe 0ef  f 0ef}uD }uD;tjzpf ;tjzpfu EkwfxG xuf u G +yD +f yD;   dAkvf vvk v f yfyk fum um wk   duf u=uw,f =f uw,f? 'g[m t*Fvd vyd ftvk tvk   dawmf awmf&d&eJed  @J vuf,m ,m qd k&,f S,vpf v f pfwk w  d @k & @J ‚nD!G !wf w G r_rf ‛_ jy,k*f*yg yf gyJ? jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf pwkefef;u t*Fvd vyfyd ppf pf pfrpf rpf&S&ifiS f   d&Saeyg aeygw,f? t*Fvd vyfyd tvk t f vk   dawmf awmf& OD  d OD;wif ;wifxG xÉfÉG fu   dAkvf vwif w f ifxG xGÉvk v f yfyk zdzf  @ kd vk  dyg ygw,f? OD;wif ;wifxG xÉfÉG rSrf mS ppfwk w  duf u k wJ w f   h tawG  J tawG‹tñuH r&S  r&S   dyg yg? 'gayrJ   h t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd &J&f  @J axmufcHcr_rH _&atmif ol  olomvk omvkyfy  dEkEf ifik fw,f w,f? a*:&cg;ppfom; om; eDayg ayguae pk  dEkEifik w,f w f ,f? jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppftpyk  difif;rS ;rSm tpk  d;&ck ;&ck   difi;or# ;f or# vkyfywJ w f   hwyf w J yfu vlrs rsK;pk ;d pkwyfawG awGeJe @J a*:&cg; wyfawG awGyJyJ? &GmawG mawGrDr;¶d ;D   _¶d @/ vlawG awGowf owfwmuk wmuk   d olwk w   d@k u a=u;pm;pdwf weJef  @J Armvlrs rsK;rk ;d rke;wD ;f wD;a&;pd   fwf w ayg  f aygi;+yD f;+yD; tjywfom;qk om;qk   H; vkyfy=uyg =f uygw,f? 'gayrJ  h ppf  ppf  dAkAkvf vawG af wGu vuf&J&Zuf ZJ uf& vk  J vkyfyaewm af ewm  (c¶d kifi&mZ0wf &f mZ0wfw&m;ol w&m;ol}uD }uD;);) u ppfwyf wyftul tultnD tnDawmif awmif;/;/ ppfwyf wyfuypf uypfowf owf r[kwf wyg yf g? ‚Oya'‛ t& vkyfyw,f w f ,fvd v @ kd jzpfatmif atmif ta&;yk  ta&;yk   dif (c¶d qk   dwmjzpf wmjzpfatmif atmif pD  pDpOf pOfygw,f? (Oyrm) ysO;rem;rS f;rem;rSm ta&;yk   dif ‘pnf  ‘pnfol oatmif al tmifaz’ az’ u ppfqif qifa&;}uD a&;}uD;wk ;wk   difif;rSm vk  duf uyg yf g&ygw,f? ‘pnfol oatmif al tmifaz’ az’ oHcscsyumum;ay:uae u f mum;ay:uae a[majymaewJ   h  Hykykud u k tJ  d tJ'D'acwf aD cwf u  u xkwf wwJ w f   hJ owif;pmrS ;pmrSm awG @Ekifid yg yf gw,f? 1300 jynf  h ta&;awmf  ta&;awmf  Hykykwk wefek f;uvnf; tJ'D'  HDykyrs rk sK;yg ;d ygyJ? ta&;yk  dif (c¶d  (c¶d kifi&mZ0wf &f mZ0wf w&m;ol  w&m;ol}uD }uD;);) u tk  Hºur_u  dk ES  ESrfrd feif eif;zd ;zd @ k ppfwyf wyfudk tultnD tnDawmif awmif; ppfwyf wyfu t=urf;zuf ;zuf ES    dESrfrfyg ygw,f?   dAkvf vfatmif}uD }uD;uvnf; 1988 ta&;awmf  Hykwk wefek ;u ;f u wHwm;eD wm;eDta&;tcif ta&;tcif; rSm tJ'D'Dvk v  d Oya'twd  k Oya'twd kifi;f ppfwyf wyfu rvkyfyvk v f   d @k om tjypfwif wifyg ygw,f? ol @pmuk   d rS  rSwf wrdrf =u =d u r,f xif  xifyg ygw,f? Oya'ud k vufwvk   H;jcm;vS ;jcm;vSnf n  h+yD +f yD; vkyfyfae&wm t&pf&Snf nw,f w f ,f? cufvnf vnf; cufw,f w,f? 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OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;f vnf; aemuf  dykyifik ;rS ;f rSm oHa0* a0* &oGm;yg m;ygw,f?)?) (Auy) [m b,fae&ma&muf ae&ma&muf a&muf &J  &J&J&a0zef aJ 0zefyg ygw,f? a0zefwJ w   henf eJ nf;em ;em ajymif;&if ;&ifom om ajymif;r,f ;r,f a0zefa&;ud a&;ud k rav#myg yh g? 'ga=umif   h (Auy)  (Auy) [m zqyv tpd k;&&J @ eHyg ygwwpf w f pf&ef &efol ol jzpfoG oGm;ygw,f? OD;od ;odefe;az f;az (jrif  h) uawmh OD  OD;Ek ;Ek/ OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;wk ;f wk   d @v k Z'g  d Z'g;aemhAfAuk u f   d pJ  k   GpJcscsurwif rf wif yg  ygbl;?;? olu (Auy) &JŒ taxGaxG axGtwG twGifif; a&;rSL;awmif L;awmif vk  vky  hfcJcol o J yJyl ?J Ek - +idrfrf;wd ;wd @ k v Avef  kd Avef;ajymvd ;ajymvd @ k rjzpfyg yg? Z'g;aemhAfA/f pwmvif pol  polawG awGa=umif a=umif   h Armjynf  ArmjynfrSrmS jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf jzpf&w,f &w,fajymv# ajymv#i vl  f vl&,f &,fp&myJ p&myJ jzpf  jzpfrSrmuk mS uk   d ol  olod odygw,f? olu &Jabmf abmf*d* k&d ,f S,uk u f   d OD  k OD;wnf ;wnf w,f  w,f? ocifoef oef;xG ;xGefe;/;f / ocifAod Aodefe;wif ;f wifwd w @ kd &ŒJ ‚*d k%f %;*%0g ;f *%0g'‛ uk  d xk  xk   d;ES ;ESuf uw,f w f ,f? ¡(pum; csyf) wjf ynfoGm;wk m;wk   difi;f okH;avh ;avh  d&S&w,f w S ,f? w&m;   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;vnf ;vnf; OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) xHrSr (Auy)  S (Auy) . ‚*k  d%f %;*%0g ;f *%0g'‛ qd konf onfuk u  d iS  k iSm;I m;I w¶ kwf 0ifaqG aqG;aEG ;aEG;&mwG ;&mwGififum; um; rok   H;yg ;yg? rSwf wwrf w f rf; r0ifonf  h ab;yef  ab;yef;wG ;wGifi vd  f vd   _ifivd v f   _difok o   H;k avh &S    d&Sw,f w,f?¢?¢ ‚*k   d%f %f;*%0g'‛ (Auy) wGifi &S  f   d&S  dEifik yg yf gw,f? 'gayrJ   h ‚j  ‚jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf‛ jzpfapwJ  h *k    d*k%f %;*%txd ;f *%txd b,f  b,fo @l qDuvmovJ uvmovJ? jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmf/ RBA (awmfvS vefeS w f   h   J Armh  Armh wyf  wyfrawmf rawmf ) ) awmcd k&wmaum &wmaum (Auy) &JŒ ‚*k   d%f %;*%‛ ;f *%‛ a=umifvm;? hvm;? 'gud OD k OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) a&;roGm;yg m;yg? ol @u kd,f ,ol o f  a0zef  l a0zefa&; a&; vk kyfyovk o f vkvk v d   dek  @J av#mcsv  duf kuw,f w f ,f? vufeuf euf eJ  eJ @ tm%modrfrf;wJ ;wJ   henf enf;buf ;buf aoG  aoGzDzoG o D m;rd mG ;rdvd v @ kd [k ok   H;oyf ;oyfvk v   duf u k w,f w f ,f? trSm;uk m;uk   d wneJ  wneJ @ wreufcif cif;rS ;rSm trSm;jrif m;jrifvk v  duf u k fw,fvk v  d @k qdyg yk gw,f? OD;od ;odefef;az ;az (jrif  h) u OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;f vk   dvnf vnf; pwmvifao+yD;aemuf ;aemuf +id  +idrfr;cs ;f csrf;pG ;pGm twl,S ,OfOS fwJ w   Gaea&; aJ ea&; vrf;pOf ;pOfopf opfa=umif a=umif   h td  td  dENEN,/ ,/ rav;/ zdvpf vpf  dykyifik /f tif  d'k'eDek ;&S ;D &Sm;wk m;wk   d @u &J&J&  h0H0J   h0H0H vuf v H ufeufcscsw,f? (Auy) u jynfwG wifiG ;f ppf qufwd w kuf u d aew,f af ew,fvk v   d @k ra&;yg? OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;[m ;f [m [k   dwd w kifid f;jynfawG awGu ork   difi;f a=umif;awG ;awG rod  rodbJ b &rf  J &rf;wk ;wkwf wvk v f uf u kd a=umif af =umif; olod ovd v d  @ kd jzpfyg ygv  hrfrd fr,f r,f?   dEkifiiHif Hjcm;a&;0ef}uD; c%c% vkyfy  hcJcf wJ w J   h OD  J OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;[m ;f [m vufeuf eufcJc,rf , J rf; a&aomufjrpf&zk &  dzk @yJ t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd /f tar&duef uefqD quk u D   dk oGm;cJ m;cJ   hyg ygw,f? td  dEN,ta=umif ,ta=umif; avhvm vm   hcJ[ef [ef rwl  rwlyg ygb;?l;? tJ'D'Dwk w   difik ;jynf ;f jynfrSrmS jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf b,f  b,fwkefe;urS ;f urS rjzpf  rjzpfyg yg? (Auy) [m jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf ES  ESpfp (50)  f (50) twGifi;rS ;f rSm ‚tpk  d;&u ;&u cs;jr‡ ;D jr‡  hiwJ w f   h‛J bJ   G @xl; *k%f %xl x f ;awG ;l awG od  odyfyf&cJ &  hcJyg ygw,f? awmh tJ  tJ'D'DbJ b   G @J awG r&S  r&S   dawmh awmhyg yg? ‘armfpuk puk   dwynh wynh  f’ bJ   G @u   dk p&ygw,f? ‘yDuif uif;wynf ;wynf   h’ bJ   G@u 1967 aemuf  dykyifik ;rS ;f rS &yg  &ygw,f? tckawmh ‘yDuif uif;wynf ;wynf   h’ bJ   G @awmh tar&d  tar&duef uefu jyef,l ,+yD +l yD; wjcm;ay;vk   duf uyg yf gw,f? zqyvtpk  d;&acwf ;&acwfrSrSm (ouo) aomif;us ;use;ol ;f olb   G @J &ygw,f? (e0w) u jyef od orfrd f;oGm;yg m;ygw,f? 0 awG/ uk   d;uef ;uef @awG/ ucsiawG af wG/ ytk   d  h0f0awG af wG/ rGefeawG af wGud u k (ouo)  d (ouo) vd @ k oGm;ac:&if m;ac:&if rk    drk;rD ;rD;avmif ;avmifrmrk Sm  drk@ jyeforfrd f; oGm;wm m;wm jzpfyg ygw,f?   d ay;yg  ay;ygw,f? (e0w) u (Auy) qDu jyefod orfrd ;wJ ;f wJ   hxJ xrSrJ mS ‚trsKd;om; ;om; opPmazmuf mazmuf ‛  ‛ bJ   G @vnf; ygoGm;yg m;ygw,f?  NLD uk (tckawmh awmh pum;ajymyJ  pum;ajymyJ  G vk  vk kyfyw f kefe;rd ;f rd @ k jyefod orfrd ;xm;yg ;f xm;ygw,f?)?) ord f;yg ;ygw,f? wjcm;b,fol o @l rvnf v S nf; ray;0H  hvk v  d @k rl;,pf ;,pfaq;0g aq;0g; vkyfyw,f w f ,fq   dwJ w k J ‘bd  h ‘bdefe;&mZm’ f;&mZm’ bJ   G @uawmh (Auy) qDu jyefod olwd w @ kd yJ ,l  ,lxm;=uyg xm;=uygw,f? (Auy) &wJ   hbJ b  G @J xrSrJ Sm ‚"rREWE&m,f W&m,f ‛ bJ  G @vnf; ygygw,f? 'guawmh urB  urBmrS m  rSm ay;aeusb  G @J yg? jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppfud u k Z'g  d Z'g;aemhAfA (¶k  f (¶k&S&m;uG mS ;uGejf rLepf)/)/ &mem'DaA; aA; (td  dEN,uG ,uGefejrLepf jf rLepf) wk @d a=umif   h jzpf  jzpfav[ef ajym=ua&;=ujcif;[m ;[m (Auy) uk   d jynf  jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf w&m;cH  w&m;cHtjzpf tjzpf vk  vkyfy}uH }f uHpGpyfyG   GpJpf cscJ sifvd v k@d ygyJ?

 

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(Auy) u KNU eJ @ jy\emusawmh yk vGefeaewmav# af ewmav#m/h PVO uvnf; qif;&J ;&J v,f  v,form; orm; tajccHa&;vk a&;vkyfyvk v f   du k awmh af wmh ajyvnf  ajyvnfoG om;yg mG ;ygw,f?  tck txd  txd ajyvnf  ajyvnfw,f ajymr&yg  ajymr&yg? aemuf  dykifi;f ppft  dpk;&acwf ;&acwfrSrmS ay:vmwJ   h vl  vlrsKd;pk ;pktajccH tajccH KNU eJ @ jy\emuawmh tck vufeuf eufuk u  difik  tif  f tiftm;pk tm;pkawG awGeJe @J usawmh rajz&S  rajz&Sifi;Ed ;f   fEd kifiwJ w f   h jy\em}uD  J jy\em}uD; jzpfvmygw,f ? uGefejrLepf jf rLepfyg ygwu D vlwef wef;pm;eJ ;pm;eJ @ vlwef wef;pm;wk ;pm;wk   duf u  GyJyf uk u J   d ,k  k ,k   H=unf =unfyg ygw,f? vlrsKd; wd kifi;rS ;f rSm vlwef wef;pm;uJ ;pm;uJ   Gjym;r_ jym;r_   d&Sw,f w,fvk v  d @k owf rSwf wyg yf gw,f? oufqk qifikd &mvl &f mvlrs rsK;[m ;d [m b,f pepf  pepfxJ xa&muf aJ &mufaeovJ aeovJ? aus;  dykifiu| u f |e  dykyf ifik f tqif  tqif   h a&muf  a&mufae&if ae&if u|  u|e  dfykykifieJef  @J aus;u|ef vlwef wef;pm; ;pm;   d&SrSrSmygy?J ya'o&mZfpepf pepf tqif  tqif   hqk q  d&if &k if ya'o&mZf  ya'o&mZfajr&SifieJef  @J v,form;vl orm;vlwef wef;pm; ;pm;   d&Saeyg aeygv  hrfrd fr,f r,f? a&mif;uk ;ukefexk x f wf w k fvyfyk a&; af &; tqif   ha&muf a&mufae&if ae&ifawmh awmh "e&SifieJef  @J tvkyfy orm;/ f orm;/ twk  d;}uD ;}uD;pm;eJ ;pm;eJ @ +rDpm;&S   drSrmyg mS ygy?J tJ'D't,l t D ,ltquk tquk   d vl  vlrs rsKd;pktzJ t  GzJ @ wk  difi;avmuf ;f avmufu vufrcH rcHyg yg? olwk w   d@k rmS vlrsKd;yJ &S    d&Sw,f w,f? vlwef;pm;r&S ;pm;r&S   dbl b;vk ;l vk   d @ qk   dygw,f? &Srfr;u ;f u &Srfrf;trsK;om;a&;0g ;d om;a&;0g'/ ucsifu ucsi trs  f trsKd;om;a&;0g ;om;a&;0g' 'gyJvk v  dw,f w k ,fvk v  d @k ,lq=u q=u ygw,f? &efol ou l Armvlrs rsKd;yJ ;yJvd v @ kd owfrSrwf w S  yg  f ygw,f? (aemufawmh awmh Armppf  Armppftpk t  dpk;&vk ;&vk   d @ jyifyg ygw,f?)?) ;f aqmifawG awGeJe @J wyf ayg  aygi;pk f;pkaqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJwck wckrmS 'DudpPpPay:ygw,f? olwd w @ kd u (-ism ) (0g') awGa=umif a=umif   h cuf  cufae ae wmvd @k KIO acgi;aqmif ajymygw,f? olajymcs ajymcsiwmu w f mu (Communism. Socialism) uGefejrLepf jf rLepf0g'/ qkd&S&,f , S vpf v f pf0g 0g' tJ'D'D0g 0g'awGud u k qk  d qkdvk v   dwmyg w k myg? cifAs Asm;wk   d @vnf; w d myJqd q kawmh ad wmh r&S  r&S   dbl b;l jiif;yg ;ygw,f?  Nationalism avvk   d@ajymrS [k  [kwf ww,f w f ,fvk v   d @k ajymygw,f? ism &SwmyJ 'gawGa=umif a=umif   h Armjynf  Armjynf awmf  awmfvS vefeS  a&;rS  f a&;rSm ‚jynfol o @l 'rdDr kua&pD u d a&pD‛ vk   d @ uGefejrLepf jf rLepf awG  awGuajym/ uajym/ olwd w @ kd u‚trsK;om;'D ;d om;'Drdr kua&pD u d a&pD‛ vk   d @ ajym rvk  dtyf tyfyJy jiif  J jiif;ae=u&yg ;ae=u&ygw,f?   dwm wm ArmrygyJ zJ    GzJ @=u ygw,f? olwd w @ kd taeeJ @ (Auy) u ArmxJrSrmS vlwef wef;pm;a&;vk ;pm;a&;vkyfywmawmh w f mawmh ó óuufyg ygw,f?  NDF qk Armcsi;wk ;f wk   duf u  GyJyf rSrJ mS tjrwfxkwf w  dEkEf ifik vk v f  @kd yg? olw   d @k uawmh trs  trsKd;om;a&;yJ ;om;a&;yJ vk  vk kyfyr,f rf ,fvk v   d @k qk  dyg ygw,f? Armu BIA vkyfy  hcJcf ovk o J vk   d ol  olwk w  d @k vnf; - IA awG zJ    GzJ @=uygw,f? (SSIA. KIA pojzif)h  bk   Hbmom bmom tckawmh awmh rs  rsKd;quf ;qufopf opfwcs wcsKŒu Œd u Armryga&;om ruawmhygyg? Armpum; rajyma&;/ t*Fvd vyfyd bmomuk b f momuk   d bk vkyfya&;txd af &;txdajymoH ajymoH =um;&yg  =um;&ygw,f? pdwf wul u f ;l ,Ofwmyg wmygy?J pdwf wul u f ;,Of ;l ,OfcGc  hGifi vl  f vlwd w kifid f;rSm&S m  d&Svd v k@d aAGr,l r,l  dEkEifik yg yf g? wcgwefek ;u ;f u (KNUP)   GzJ @ygw,f? olwk w   d @k u vlwef wef;pm;eJ ;pm;eJ @ vlwef wef;pm;wk ;pm;wk   du  GfyJy oabmw&m;uk  J oabmw&m;uk   d vufcHcyg yH gw,f? (Auy) eJ @ tawmfuav; uav; eD;pyf ;pyf  hcJczlzJ l;yg ;ygw,f? uGefejrLepf jf rLepfwk w @kd  J  & JŒ t,ltqu tqu   dEkifiiHif  a&;v_  H a&;v_yfy&Sf&Sm;r_wk w   dik ;[m f;[m ay:vpDwck wckckcuk u k   d vk  k vkyfyaewmvd af ewmvd k@ ,lqyg qygw,f? tod  d&S&pGpS mG jzpfap/ ap/ tod  hrJrpJ mjzpf mG jzpfap ap vkyfae=uwmcs ae=uwmcsn;f ygyJ? ay:vpDwk w  difik ;[mvnf ;f [mvnf; vlwef wef;pm; ;pm; wckckcuk u k   d uk  k uk   d,f ,pm;ðywm pf m;ðywm tvkyfytau| t f au|;ðywm csnf;yg ;ygy?J wrsK;om;vk ;d om;vk   H;uk ;uk   d uk  uk   d,f ,pm;ðy pf m;ðy w,fvd v @dk ajymaumi  f;ajymyg ;ajymygv  hrfrd r,f rf ,f? r[kwf wyg yf g? ppftpk t  dpk;&u ;&u ‚trsKd;om;a&; ;om;a&; wm0ef‛ ‚trsKd;om;Ek ;om;Ek   difiiHif Ha&;‛ a&;‛ vd @ k ajymae wmrsK;yg ;d ygy?J ;f +yD; ‚&efuk uefek tpk t f   dpk;& ;& jzpfae+yD ae+yD‛ ðywfus us   dzk @ wJwJ wuav;vk u J av;vk   dw,f w,f? bma=umif   h tJ  tJ'D'D wk  wkefe;u ;f u (Auy)/ RBA. PVO. KNU aygi;+yD wifcscsi=uyg =f uygw,f? &efuefek rod rf odr;ovJ ;f ovJvd v @ kd rsK;quf ;d qufopf opf wcs  wcsKŒd u jypfwif ajymoavmufrvG rvG,f ,yg yf g? pOf;pm; ;pm;   dEk kifiatmif af tmif tJ  tJ'D'Dwk wefek ;u ;f u tajctae vk  do avmuf wif  wifjyygr,f? 48 ckESEpfpS  wES  f wESpfpvk v f   H k;k ygwDu xk   d;ppf ;ppf awG  awG }uH  }uH   h}uH }uH   hcae&yg Hae&ygw,f? xd  d;wJ ;k wJ   hwyf wyfawG awGu u&if/ ucsi/f csi;/;f / a*:&cg; wyfawG awGyg yg? olwk w  d @k yJ zqyv tpk  d;&trd ;&trdefef@emcHyg ygw,f? ArmwyfawG awGu wcsKŒawmck Œd awmck/d wcsKdŒuysu/f   dAkvf vwcs w f csKŒu Œd u ok @H yef;jzpf ;jzpf/   dAkvf vfwcsKŒu Œd u ‚ppf qk  qk   d&if &if a&awmifppf ppfraomuf raomufcscsifbl;‛ vk   d @ ajym+yD; bkefe;}uD ;f }uD;0wf ;0wfyg ygw,f?

49 rSm u&ifwyf wyfawG awG awmck  awmck   dr (Auy)  S (Auy) touf¶SLacs Lacsmifyg ygw,f? u&ifwyf wyf awG  awG rEW  rEWav;wuf av;wufvmyg vmygw,f? rEWav; a&mufcgcge;D jrpfi,f i,fwH wwm;a&muf w H m;a&mufawmh awmh wef  wef @om;yg mG ;ygw,f? tpk  d;&wyf ;&wyf/ PVO eJ @ qd k&S&,f , S v f pfwyf wyfawG awGu jrpfi,f i,fwzuf wzufurf u  frf;u cHaeyg aeygw,f? OD;pD ;pD;vmwJ ;vmwJ   h u&ifwyf wyfrSrSL;awG L;awGqD q yg  D ygwDu ppfa&;wyf a&;wyfayg aygi;pk ;f pk ,m,D  ,m,D  GzJz @J  dz @k urf;vS ;vS  frfr;f ygw,f? wcsefed fwnf wnf;rS ;rSm tpk  d;& ;& bufu wk   duf uaewJ af ewJ   h PVO wyfuk u  d (Auy/  k (Auy/ PVO / u&if) ppfa&;yl a&;yl;ayg ;aygi;+yD ;f +yD; rEWav; t&,lzdz @dk urf;vS ;vS  frfr;yg ;f ygw,f? PVO u qd k&S&,f , S  vpf  f vpfuk u   dk rkefe;wD ;f wD;aevk ;aevk   d@ yxrawmh vufcHcovk o H vk   d j jyefpmay;yg pmay;ygw,f? w&m;0if ok  ok;zJ ;H   GzJ@ vufrSrSwf wxk x f   d;k a=unmcsufxk xwf w k r,f rf ,fvk vyk fawmh awmh PVO u vdyfyjymroef jf ymroef @v  d @k aemufqk qwf w k oG o f m;yg mG ;ygw,f? (Auy) eJ @ u&ifwyf wyfyJy vuf  J vufrSrSwf wxk x f   d;xk ;k xkwjf yef vk  vk   du&yg &f ygw,f? wckaumif aumif;oG ;oGm;wmu m;wmu PVO u rEWav;ppf av;ppfrs rsuESEf muae mS uae ol @ oabmeJ @ol qkwf woG o f m;yg mG ;ygw,f? uGefjrLepfe @J u&ifwyf wyfuk u  d cH  k cHrwd rwd kuf uyg yf g? use  hfcJcwJ w J   h tpk  J tpk;&wyf d;&wyf (cs  (csi;wyf ;f wyf ) ) eJ @ qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfwyf wyfu rEWav;u av;u rcH  h   H0H0Hygygbl;?;? 'ga=umif   h vG  vG,f ,vG v f ,f , G yJyf  rEW  J rEWav; av; odrfrf;rd ;rdyg ygw,f? axmifr,f   h aumf  aumfol o;l avjynfxJ xrSrJ Sm rEWav;ryg av;rygyg? u&ifu rEWav;ud av;ud =um&S  k =um&Snf nod o f rfrd ;xm;zk ;f xm;zk   d @ vmwm vnf; r[kwf wyg yf g? KNU xlaxmif aròr@rmS vufeuf eufðzwf ðzwf tzrf  tzrf;cH ;cHxm;&wJ xm;&wJ   h u&if  u&ifawG awGuk u u,f  kd u,fxk xwf w k   dzkzf  @k y vmwmyg J vmwmyg? olwd w ‹ kd &ŒJ ppfa&;wm0ef a&;wm0ef+yD +yD;awmh ;awmh jyef  jyefyg ygw,f? (Auy) uvnf; tmCmw rxm;bJ vuf  vufwJ w   G  dzkzJ  @k OD;atmif ;atmifurf urf;vS ;vSr;f ygw,f ygw,f? ‚&efuk uefek tpk t f   dpk;&‛ ;&‛ b0 a&mufoG om; mG ; &wm rEWav; av; usoGm;vk   d @ygyJ? aemufawmh awmh tpk  tpk;&u d;&u rEWav; av; jyefod orfrd ;yg ;f ygw,f? rEWav;òr@ av;òr@orfrd ;&mrS ;f &mrSm PVO awG yg  ygvmygw,f? tJ'D'Dtcg tcg 'kwd w,t}ud , d t}udrfrf rEWav;uk av;uk   d awmf  awmfvS vefeS a&;wyf af &;wyfu wcgxyf od  odrfr;yg ;f ygw,f? tpk  d;&wyf ;&wyfxJ xu J   dAkvfvazwd aS zwd @ k tiftm;awG tm;awG&,f &,f (Ak  (Ak   dvf vvS v f Sazqk   dwm wm &Jabmf abmf cspaumif faumif;/ &Jabmf abmftk tkefe;armif ;f armif/ ref;0if ;0if;armif ;armif wk  wk   d @& @J td  dENE,c&D , N c&D;rS ;rSmyg mygw   h Ak  J   dAkvf vvS v f azyg aS zyg?) PVO &,f/ (Auy) &,f ok  ok   H;zJ ;  GzJ @aygi;+yD ;f +yD; odrfr;wmyg ;f wmyg? 'gu   dEkifiiHif a&;wyf aH &;wyfayg aygi;pk ;f pkygyg? rEWav;rS av;rSm =um=umraeEk  d kifiyg yf g? jyefqk qwf w k   hcJcf &yg &J ygw,f? ppfa&;oabmwl a&;oabmwlnD ncscD su ,m,D  f ,m,D ,l  ,l+yD +yD; rEWav;od av;odrfr;ovk ;f ovk   d &ef  &efuk uefek od o f rfrd f;vk ;vk   d @ rjzpfyg yg? ted  hrfrqk q f   H;Ek ;k   dEkifiiHif Ha&;vk a&;vkyfyfief ief;pOf ;pOf &S  &SrSdr j S jzpfyg ygr,f? &efuefek u f òr@awmfyg yg? t*Fvd vyfyd  ppf  f ppfrpf rpf&S&ifiS vnf v f nf;   d&Syg ygw,f? oH  H¶k¶;awG ;k awGvnf vnf;   d&Syg ygw,f? ‚&efuk uefek od o f rfrd ;rd ;f rd  hcJcaomf aJ omf ‛ qk   dwmeJ @ pOfpm;=unf pm;=unf   hyg yg? wvDpmcs pmcsKyf y,f  y,fzs zsufv   duf u k w,f w f ,f? +Adwd wo# o d # ppfrpf rpf&S&ifiS xG x f uf u G oG o f m;yg mG ;yg? BOC   dEkifiiHif H (Auy) u toHv$ v  hifi$   H¶k¶f kod orfrd f;+;+yD; ‚Ek tuf  tufwvD yg@rvm;? yd kifiod o f   drd ;vk ;f vk   duf u+yD +f yD? ajr&Sifipf epf zs  zsufodrfr;vk ;f vk   duf u+yD +f yD? ‚v,fvk vyfyk ol o f awG al wGv,f v,f  dykyifik =u‛ =f u‛ vd @ k a=unm w,f qk  qk   dyg ygawmh KNU oabmwlyg aemufwrs wrsK;d KNU u toHv$ v  hifi$ f ¶k    H¶kod orfrd ;+yD ;f +yD; aumfol ol;avjynf xl  xlaxmif axmif a=umif;a=unm/ ;a=unm/ +Adwd wdo# "eo[m,xJ jyef0if 0ifr,f r,fvd v @ kd ajym/ aumfol o;avjynf ;l avjynfxJ x b,f  J b,fa'oawG a'oawGyg ygw,fvd v k @d a=unm&if (Auy) ua&m/ wjcm;tzJ wjcm;tz   G @J awG/ ygwDawG uyg  uyg vufcHc  dEkEH kifirSrf Sm r[kwf wyg yf g? aumfol o;av ;l av jynf&J& @J t0ef;t0k ;t0k   difif;uk ;uk   d KNU awGu ajym xm;+yD;om;yg ;om;yg? v#KŒ0S Œd 0Suf ucscf su r[k  f r[kwf wfyg? 'gu 1949 uk  d Oyrmay;wmyg  Oyrmay;wmyg? 1969 OD;Ek ;Ekwk w  d @k awmcd kawmh awmh w¶k  w¶kwfjynf jynfu qif;vmwJ ;vmwJ   h teD  teDv_ v  difi_ ;f ta&S @awmiftm&S tm&S rjyef  rjyef @atmif xk   difi;Arme,f ;f Arme,fpyf pyfrSrSm wm¶d k;}uD ;}uD; wnfaqmuf aqmuf+yD +yD; umuG,fzdz @ kd vkyfy=uw,f =f uw,f? (Auy) u teDv_ v  difi_ ;pD ;f pD;aew,f ;aew,f? OD;Ek ;Ekwd w @ kd u teDv_ vifi_d ;wm;aew,f ;f wm;aew,f? 'gvnf; ted  hrfrqk q f   H;k vkyfyief if ef;pOf ;pOf r&S   dwma=umif wma=umif   h  jzpfwmyJ wmyJ? ppfat;acwf at;acwfrSrSm tJ'D'vk v D   dk ted  hrfrq f   H;vk ;k vkyfyief if ef;pOf ;pOf &S    d&S  dzkz @k uvnf; rvG,f ,ygyf gbl;?;? aemuf OD  OD;Ek ;Ekwd w @dk / Ad kvf vvus v f usmwd mf wd @ k tcuftcJ tcJawG awG @w,fqk q  dwm w k m =um;ygw,f? olw  d @k rSefef;cs ;csueJef  @J ESrfr;xG ;f xGufrud kuf u jzpf  f jzpfae+yD ae+yD? KNU eJ @ yÉdyuQ yuQawG awGjzpfae+yD ae+yDqk qwm w kd m =um;yg w,f? 'gvnf; tedrfrfqk q h   H;vk ;k vkyfyfief ief;pOf ;pOf ol  olwd w @ kd x r&S  J r&S   d=uvk =uvk   d @ygyJ? vufeuf eufu  dkifi wk  f wk   duf uaeol af eolrs rsm;rSm bk   Hvkyfyief if ef;pOf ;pOfr&S r&S&if &d if j jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppfu wm&Snf n yg  f ygv  hdrfrr,f rf ,f? Oya'wGifi;u ;f u t=urf;rzuf ;rzufa&; a&; vrf; vk   duf uaeol af eolrs rsm;rSm bk   Hvk vyfyk ief if ef;pOf ;pOfr&S r  d&S&if &if 'D  'Drdr kua&pD u d a&pD a&pk  a&pkefears af rsmygr,f? 1988 u om"uuk  dyJyJ =unf  =unf   hyg? (,m,D) (=um;jzwf) tpk  d;& ;& rzJ  G@  dEkifiyg yf g? 'Drdr kua&pD u d a&pD zcif  zcif}uD }uD;uwrs ;uwrsK;/;d / &moufyef yef 0ef  0ef}uD }uD;cs ;csKyfuwzk uwzk  H j jzpf+yD +yD; ppf tk  tkyfypkpf kuyJ uyJ pm;oG  pm;oGm;yg m;ygw,f?   _ tajctaeeJ @ jynfwG wifiG ;yuwd ;f yuwd tcs  tcsuf Armjynf jynf  jynfwG wifiG f;ppf[m [m ‚jynf wG  wGifi;jzpf ;f jzpfppf ppfppf ppf ‛  ‛ jzpfyg ygw,f? jynfwG wifiG ;f yuwd yuwdtajctaeeJ tvufawG awGa=umif a=umif   h jzpf  jzpf  hcJwJ w   h jynf  J jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppfyg yg? b,fol o @l ya,m*rS ryg  rygygbl;?;? 'gayrJ  h urB  urBmhm   pepf  h pepf&J& @J tusK;ouf ;d oufa&muf a&mufr_r &S  _   d&Swef wefoavmuf oavmuf   d&Syg ygw,f? yf gw,f? Armjynf jynf  jynfwG wifiG f;ppf&J& @J ork   di;uk f;uk   d jyef  jyef=unf =unf   h&if &if urB  urBmhm  pepf ph epfok o  H;rs ;k rsK;&J d;&JŒ tusKd; oufa&muf a&mufr &S  _   d&SwmawG @  dEkifiyg yxrqk   H;pepf ;pepfu e,fcscsJŒurB ŒurB mhmh pepfyg yg? 'gayrJ   h ae0ifcscsefed pf epfjzpf jzpfv @ kd odyfyf =um=um rjzwfoef oef;&yg ;&ygb;?;l ? csmcswd w D  @ kd a':refprpf prpfwk w  d @k u tod  d&S&pGpS mjzpf mG jzpfap/ ap/ tod rJ    hrJpGpGmjzpf mjzpfap ap vufeuf eufawG awGawmh awmh j jzef @ay;cJ   h yg  ygw,f? jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppfu kd vuf  vufeuf euf  d&S&ol o S rSrl S wk  wk   du  dfEkEifik yg yf gw,f? 'kwd w,pepf , d pepfu ppfat;acwf at;acwf urBmhpepf pepfyg yg? tp tv,f tqk  tqkH; jzwfoef oef;   hcJ&yg &ygw,f? ppfat;acwf at;acwfuk u   d jzwf  k jzwfoef oef;=u ;=u wmrSm wk   difi;jynf ;f jynfwck wckeJe @J wck rwl  rwlyg ygb;?;l ? xk   difi;f u wrsKd;yg ;yg? tar&duef uefbuf buf jywfjywf jywf&yf+yD +yD; jzwfoef oef;cJ ;  hcJw,f w,f? aemufus usrS wjznf  wjznf;jznf ;jznf; cGmw,f mw,f? 'gayrJ   h b,f  b,fwk wefek f;urS ;urS =um;ae*k  =um;ae*k  d%f %;f xJryg ryg  hcyg yJ g? tck yk    HykpHpHopf opftmqD tmqD,H ,H (ASEAN) acwfrmawmif mS awmif tar&d  tar&duef uefeJe @J yJ eD  eD;pyf ;pyfyg ygw,f? Armjynfuawmh uawmh wrs  wrsKd;?;? td  dENE,eJ , N eJ @ w¶kwf w=um; =f um; ae&wJ   hwk w   difik ;jynf ;f jynfqd q kawmh ad wmh xk  xk   difi;f vkyfyfovk ovk   dvk vyk fvk v  d @k r&ygb;?;l ? 1948 uae 1950 ckESESpfpawG af wG&J& @J tpyk   difi;txd ;f txd tar&d  tar&duef uefeJe @J &if;ES ;  DES;vk ;vk   dyg ygw,f? 'gayrJ  h jywf  jywfjywf jywfvnf; r&yf&J&yg yJ g? td  dENEN, (ae¶l;);) eJ @ w¶kwf w (cs  f (csKtif t d ifvk v   difik ;);f ) wk   d @

ESpfpbuf b f uf!‡ !yfy‡ +yD +f yD; qJ   Gaqmifv @ kd bufrvk rvk   duf u=um;ae =f um;ae jzpfvmyg vmygw,f? +idrf;cs ;csr;f pGm ,SOfOwJ w f   Gaea&; aJ ea&; rl}uD; (5) csufud u k urux  d urux ðyolxJ xJ ygvmygw,f? 'Dvd v kjd zpfwm wm wk   difif;jynfeJe @J jynfo twG  l twGuf uawmh af wmh tus  tusKd;&S ;  d&Syg ygw,f? tar&duef uef a&m  a&m qk   dADA,uf , D ufygyg =um;aewmuk  d ES  ESpfouf ouf=u =u wm r[kwf wyg yf gbl;? txl;ojzif ;ojzif   h tar&d  tar&duef uefu rESpfpouf o f ufyg ygb;?l;? =um;aew,fq  dkwm wm oduQ umQ   hrJwmyJ wmyJvk v  d @k oluxif uxifyg ygw,f? urBm}uD m  }uD;rS ;rSm tar&duef uef  d*k*%f % k ;/;f / qd kADA,uf , D uf  d*k*%f % k ;eJ ;f eJ @ =um;ae *d k%;}uD ;f }uD;   d&Saewm aewm aumif;yg ;ygw,f? urBmhm  h +id  +idrfr;cs ;f csr;a&;uk f;a&;uk   d wpk  wpk  Hw&m w&m xdefe;od ;f odrfr;Ed ;f Ed kifiwm w f m jzpfvd v @ kd ygy?J Armjynftpk t  dpk;&awG ;&awGrSrmS jynfwG wifiG ;f ppfw kduf u  dzkzf @k vufeuf eufa&aomuf a&aomufjrpf jrpf rcuf  rcufcJc yg  J ygbl;?;? &efuk uefek tpk t f pkd;&acwf ;&acwfuyJ uyJ ,m,D  ,m,Dcuf cufcJc cJ  J   hcJyg ygw,f? 'gvnf; td  dENE,u , N u 0ifajz&S ajz&Sifi;ay; ;f ay;   hcJyg ygw,f? aemufawmh awmh vk   H;0rcuf ;0rcufawmhyg ygb;?;l ? aiG  d&S&  dzkzS  @k yvk Jvyg ykd gw,f? (Auy) twGuf ufuawmh ppf  ppfvuf vuf us  usef *s  *syefvufeuf eufawG awG a[mif  a[mif;jrif ;jrif;ys ;ysupDpf ;D awmh/ usnfqr&S Hr&Sawmh ad wmh =umavcuf  =umavcufav av ygyJ? vufeuf eufwvuf wvuf/ usnwawmif w f awmif/h aiG wus  wusy jynf f jynfy b,fqD qurS u D rS r&cJ  r&cJ   hzlz;yg l;ygb;?;l ? Z'g;aemhAfA ajr‡  f ajr‡muf mufay;wmqk ay;wmqk   d&if &if ol  olwd w @ kd u kd qk  qk   dADA,uf , D ufu ul&rS &rSmayg mayg@? rulyg ygb;?;l ? (Auy) uk  d ul  ulwm wm toufquf qufay;wm[m zqyv tpk  d;&yg ;&ygy?J jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmfwd w @ kd / RBA wd @ k ay:vmvk   d @/ KNU ay:vmvk   d @ *syefaoewf aoewf awG  awG tem;ay;+yD  tem;ay;+yD; t*Fvd vyfyd vuf v f ufeuf eufeJe @J toufquf quf  hcJcwmyg w J mygy?J vufeuf eufwvuf wvuf/ usnwawmif fwawmif   h/ aiGwus wusyuk u f   dk uk   d,f ,tm; t f m; uk  d,f ,ud u f  k;d &SmcJ m  hcJwmjzpf wmjzpfyg ygw,f? b,fol o @l qurS u D rS r&yg  r&ygbl;?;? uGefejrLepf jf rLepfcscsi;f usdwf w+yD +f yD;ay;r,f ;ay;r,f rxif  rxifyg yge @J ? wD;wk ;wk   d;uqk ;uqk   d&if &if wyf  wyfr[m r[m wckpmvuf pmvufeuf euf zqyvtpk  zqyvtpk  d;&uk ;&ukyJyd  ay;yg  J ay;yg w,f? ,l  d*k*q k vAfpdpefed fajymif ajymif;uk ;uk   d tawmf  tawmf =um=um  =um=um olwd w @ kd ppfwyf wyf ok  ok   H;cJ ;  hcJwmyg wmygyJ? u¶l;&S ;&Suf uAfAf uvnf u f vnf; tawG;tac: ;tac: t&/ EkdifiiHif a&;t& aH &;t& zqyvtpk  d;&uk   dyJyJ axmuf  axmufcHcyg yH gw,f? 'ga=umif   hvnf vnf; u¶l;&S ;&Suf uAfAf f uk   d OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;u ;f u tr$rfr;wif ;f wif+yD +yD; OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) u uk  d;uG ;uG,f ,yg yf gw,f? wD;wd ;wd k;jzpfjzpf/ u¶l;&S ;&Suf uAfAf jzpf jf zpfjzpf zqyvtpk  zqyvtpk  d;&uk ;&uk   d ulwmu wmu olwd w ‹ kd &ŒJ   dEkifiiHif a&; aH &; tusK;=unf ;d =unf   h+yD +yD; ulwmyg wmyg? qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pf  d*k%f %;f twGifif;u yÉdyuQ yuQrSm Armjynfuk u   d tok  k tok   H;cs ;cs wmygyJ? bmyJjzpfjzpf rl  rl}uD }uD; (5) csu cs  f csrSwf w wmuk  f wmuk   d óuuf  óuufyg ygw,f? wk   difif;jynf ;jynfeJe @J jynfol oud u l  k tus  d tusKd;ðywmjzpf ;ðywmjzpfvd v @dk vk  dvm;ES vm;ESpfpouf o f ufyg ygw,f? rl}uD }uD; (5) csuf aus  aus;Zl;a=umif ;a=umif   h td  dENE, N eJ @w¶kwf w c%x+yD  f c%x+yD; ppfwk w   duf u k =u =f u awmhawmif awmif Armjynf  Armjynfuk u   d b,f  k b,fourS lurS ,rf;;acs;ryef;cJ ;  hcJygygbl;?;? =um;nyfrcH rcH&vk &vk   d @ rl}uD }uD; (5) csufuk u  d aus  k aus;Zl;wif ;wifp&mygy?J 'gayrJ   h ord  ordkifi;&J ;f &JŒvS ŒvSnf n  huG u f uf u G  ajym&  f ajym& rvm;/ &,f&w,f &w,f ajym&rvm;  ajym&rvm; (Auy) vufeuf eufawG awG 'va[m&atmif  'va[m&atmif vk  vkyfyay; af y; wmu Ad kvf vae0if af e0if; jzpfygw,f? ppfw  dkuf uae af e olwk w   difik f; vufeuf euf&cs &csifwm wm "rRwmyg wmyg? &&if b,f  b,fol or,l rl ,lbJ baervJ aJ ervJ? ,l   lwmayg wmayg@? Ad kvf v ae0if  f ae0if; wGuf uud u f efed ;rS ;f rSm;vd m;vd @ k (Auy) vufeuf euf awG  awG rñuHzlz;atmif ;l atmif &yg  &ygw,f?   dAkvf vfae0if;[m ;[m wGuf uu f defe;orm; ;f orm; yg? Ad kvf vatmif af tmif}uD }uD;ajymovd ;ajymovd k 1967  1967 ckESESpfpfu uGefejf rLepfw¶k w¶kwf wjynf jf ynf qef  qef ‹usia&;/ af &;/ w¶kwf w vl  f vlrs rsK;d qef ‹usifa&; a&; vkyfywm[m w f m[m ae0if;&J ;&JŒ cyfvG v,f , G vG v f ,f , G  cyf  f cyfayg ayg@ayg@ rSwf wcscf suay; af y; vk   duf uwJ w f   hpum;ud pJ um;ud k atmuf  atmufajcu ay:vpD vk  vkyfvk v   duf u k fvd v @ kd q  dkwm vk   H;0r[k ;0r[kwf wfygb;?;l ? tr_ ayg  ayg@atmif ajymwmyg  ajymwmyg? "m;pmcH&S&m+yD mS +yD; ae0if; vGwf watmif af tmif vk  vkyfyfay;wmyg? Apdefe xG  f xGefe;tk ;f tkyfyf *k    d*k%f %;om;uae ;f om;uae qd k&S&S,fvpfjzpfwm/ wm/ OD;baz/ ;baz/ OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az (jrif  h) wd @ k tm%modrfr;zk ;f   dzk @ tcgay;wmuk   d jiif  jiif;y,f ;y,f wm/  wm/ 1958 rSm c%yJ tm%mod  tm%modrfr;+yD ;f +yD; a&G;aumuf ;aumuf  GyJyvk v J yfyk ay; af y; ppfwef wef;vsm;jyefwm/ 1962 rSmusrS t+  t+yD;tyk ;tyk   difi rv$  f rv$wf wwrf w f rf; tm%modrfrf;wm/ ;wm/ 'gawGvk vyfyk wm[m w f m[m wGuf u ud  f udefe;orm;rS ;f orm;rS vk  vkyfwwf wwfyg ygw,f? tcsdefeaumif af umif; a&G;wwf ;wwfwmjywJ wmjywJ   hom"uawG om"uawGygy?J 1967 ckESEpfpS fu udpPp[m [ P m qefud upPpd eJeP  @J tiwfab;a=umif ab;a=umif   h xG  xGuf uayg af ygu&S&f mwmyJ mS wmyJvk v  d @k ajym=uwm[m ae0if;ud ;ud k umuG  umuG,f ,=u =f u wmyg? tJ'D'D qefud upPpd u P t"dur[kwf wfygb;?;l ? qefud upPpd u P vlxk xyg yk gatmif v_  v_   H @aqmf  dzkz@k o  H;wJ ;k wJ   h y&d,m,f ,m,fyg yg? ae0if;u ;u wGuf ufcsuf+yD; xvkyfy vk  f vk   duf uwmyg w f myg? aoe*FAs AsL[m bufajymif ajymif;r_ ;r_}uD }uD; vkyfvk v   du k wmyg w f mygy?J ae0if;&J ;&JŒwG ŒwGuf uud u f efed ;f (aoe*F As  AsL[mt& wGuf ucscf sur_rf u) u _ ) (1) rl}uD }uD; (5) csuf zs  zsuf+yD +yD; tar &duef uefbuf jywf  jywfjywfom;om; om;om; uyfzdz @ kd tcsdefe a&muf  f a&muf+yD +yD? 1960 ckESEpfpS fup+yD up+yD; AD,uf ,uferf erf jy\emrS jy\emrSm tar&duef uefu ygaew,f? ppft  d&Sefevnf v f nf; jr‡  hifi+yD +f yD;&if ;&if;jr‡ ;jr‡  hifiaew,f af ew,f? tar&duef uef Ek    dEkifirSrf myJ mS yJ? olu b,fwk wek f;urS ;urS ppf  ppf  _¶H¶;zl ;H zl;wm ;wm r[kwf wbl b f ;?;l ?   dEkifiwJ w f   hbuf b J uf0if 0ifayg aygi;rS ;f rS tjrwf  tjrwfxG xuf u G r,f rf ,f? (2) tif  d'k'eDek D;&S ;&Sm;eJ m;eJ @ rav;rSm w¶kwf wqef q f ef ‹usia&;/ af &;/ uGefejf rLepfqef qef ‹usifa&; a&; vkyfy  hfcJc=uvd =J uvd @ k tar&duef uefu qkcscscH&w,f? tar&duef uefu olaX;qk aX;qk   dawmh awmh bD  bDvs vsvk v H   duf u k  &=uw,f  f &=uw,f? tm&Sus usm;awG j jzpfvmawmh vmawmh r,f  r,f? olwd w k@d v  d tck  k tckvk vyfyk fxm;rS ae&mus  ae&musr,f? tar&duef uef aps;uGuf uxJ x f 0if 0J ifa&mif a&mif;&&if ;&&if pm;aya&mh  pm;aya&mh wouf  woufvk v   H;?;k ? (3) jynfwG wifiG ;f uGefefjrLepfjy\em/ jy\em/ jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf jy\emuk  jy\emuk  d =um;aea&;awG  =um;aea&;awG/ rl}uD }uD; (5) csufawG awGeJe @J vkyfyfae&if tj  tjrpfjywf jywfrSrmS r[kwf wbl b f ;?;l ? tar&duefbuf buf j jywfjywf jywf&yf &yfwJ w   hJ   dEkifiiHif awG aH wGrSrmS tjrpfjzwfypf ypf  dEkEik fae+yD ae+yD? ae0if;u ;u tJ'D'ok o D   H;cs ;k csu wG  f wGuf u+yD +f yD; vkyfy  hfcwmyg w J myg? rl}uD }uD; (5) csufwm¶d wm¶d k;uk   d cs  csK;ay; ;d ay; vdkuf uawmh af wmh teD  teD'D'v_ v D   difi_ ;}uD ;f }uD; 'va[mpD;qif ;qif; vmw,f?   dAkvatmif af tmif}uD }uD;&J ;&JŒ ‚e,fpyf pyfuae uae wefek f;u ;u olwd w k @d yJclc;¶d ;l ¶d k;rtxd ;rtxd ‘[k  ‘[k   dcscsrif rD if;vrf ;vrf;’ ;’ zG  hificGcf   hifiG f (Auy) ud k ray;vd  ray;vd kuf uygyf ge @J / w¶kwf weJef  @J tjrefcscsOf;uyf ;uyfyg yg? OD;Ek ;EkeJe @J o @l u kd w¶kwf wjynf jf ynfv$ vwf w $ yg yf g? [d kwk armfpDpDwk wefek ;uk ;f uk   d wuf  wufajymcJ ajymcJ   hvk v  d @k w¶kwf w jynf  f jynfa&muf a&muf (Auy)  (Auy) awGud u k Armjynf  d Armjynf j jyefcGcifiG f ray;bJ  h ray;bJxm;cJ xm;cJ   hzlz;w,f ;l w,f? tckvnf vnf; (Auy) ud k rulnD nbJ b D J jyefac:atmif ac:atmifvk vyfyk   dzkzf  @k olwd w @ kd (Ek/ atmif}uD }uD;);) uk   d v$  v$wf wyg yf gv   d @k pma&;cJ  hw,f w,f?   dAkvf vatmif af tmif}uD }uD;pmuk ;pmuk   d  r&cif uwnf  uwnf;u ;u

wGuf uud u f efed ;rS ;f rSm;oG m;oGm;+yD m;+yDqd qdwm w k m ae0if;od ;odyg ygw,f? 'ga=umif   h w¶kwf wjynf jf ynfu   d trs  k trsufajzpum;awG ajzpum;awG  ajymaewmygyJ? qd kA,uf , D ufu w¶kwf wjynf jf ynf acsmufus usatmif ae0if  ae0if;uk  d 'D  'Dud upPpd  uk  P ukvor*~ vor*~ wif  wifapcs apcsiw,f w f ,f? w¶kwfu ukvor*~ vor*~xJ x r0if  J r0if  dEkEkifiao;cs af o;csefed f jzpfw,f w,f? (1971 usrS 0if  0ifcGcifiG f&wm) &h wm) ae0if;twG ;twGuf u vJ  f vJ   GoG om;wmu mG ;wmu Ekifid iHif H}uD }uD;awG ;awG&J& @J   dEkififia&;uk aH &;uk   d wG  wGuf ucscf su&wm &f wm jzpfv @ kd y?J ArmjynfEkEkifid iHif a&;uk aH &;uk   d wG  wGuf u&wmu &f wmu vG,f ,w,f w f ,f? OD;Ek ;Ek/ OD;AaqG/ OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;/;f / OD;od ;odefe;az ;f az ( jrif  h )/  )/ OD; - - / Akdvf v  f - - / ocif  - - polawG awG b,f  b,fvd v kwk w d   H @k jyefr,f r,f qd  qd kwmuk   d wG  wGuf u&wm &f wm vG,f ,yg yf gw,f? +yD;awmhvnf vnf; tm%m&,f/ axmufvS vrfrS ;a&;&,f ;f a&;&,f/ ykvd vyfyd f &,f  &,f/ axmif&,f &,fuvnf uvnf; uk   d,f ,  dykyf kifir[k rf [kwf vm;?  vm;? tckwG wuf u G f&wmu }uD;ig ;ig;}uD;xJ ;xJu ok   H;}uD ;}uD; (tar&duef uef/ qd kADA,uf , D uf/ w¶kwf w ) f ) uk   d wG  wGuf u&wmyJ &f wmyJ? olwk w   d @k bmvkyfyfaew,f/ bm vkyfyvd v f   hrfrd r,f rf ,f/ bmawGjzpfr,f r,fqd q kwm w d m wGufzdz @ kd qk  dwm wm rvG,f ,yg yf gb;?;l ? ae0if;wG ;wGuf uud u f efed f;rS ;rSm;awmh m;awmh tar&d  tar&d uef  uef&J& @J qkr&bJ w¶k  w¶kwf w&J&f  @J '%fay;wmyJ ay;wmyJ cH  cH&yg &ygw,f? 1967 qk  dwm wm w¶kwf wjf ynfrSrSm ,Ofaus aus;r_awmf awmfvS vefeS a&; af &; pjzpf+yD +yD; t&S  defe&ae &f ae csefed yg yf g? jynfytEW ytEW&m,f &m,f od  odyfyowd o f wdxm; aeygw,f? AD,uf ,uferf erfppf ppfrDr;D us,fjyef @vm rvm;qk   dwm wm apmif   h=unf  haecsefed  jzpf f jzpfygw,f? w¶kwf wjf ynfu tvGefetuJ t f uJqwfaecs aecsefed rSrf mS oGm;+yD;&ef ;&efpovd kvk vyfyk frdrdvk v   d @k 'kuQ uawG aQ wG @wmyg? a'G;a&m ;a&m Oy'fa&m a&m wk   d;oG ;oGm;vd m;vd @ k '%fcscsc&wmyg &H wmygy?J Armjynfu tif'd' kdeDe;&S ;D &Sm;/ m;/ rav;wd @ k v   d a&ajrjcm;aewm  k a&ajrjcm;aewm r[kwf wygyf g? a&ajrwa=um wnf; jzpf  H¶k¶kru ru e,fpyf pyfrSrSm vufeuf eufud u kifid wyf w f yfrs rsKd;pk ;  Hpk &S    d&Saeyg aeygw,f? tpkd;&ppf ;&ppfwyf wyfe @J em;vnfr_r &xm;wJ  _ &xm;wJ   h KMT wyfawG &S  &Saeyg ad eygw,f? KMT qef ‹usifwJ w   hJ wyfawG awGvnf vnf;&S ;  d&Syg ygw,f? '%fcscs  dz @k tcsutvuf ftvufuvnf uvnf; tqifo  hif  d&S&aevd aS evd @ k vG,f ,fwmyg? t"du tusq  Hk; tcsufu ArmjynfrSrmS jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf jzpfaewmyg aewmyg? +idrf;cs ;csr;pG ;f pGm,S m,SOfOwJ w f   Gaea&; aJ ea&; rl}uD }uD; (5) csuf cs  csrwf w S vd v f  ku d vd v f  @ kd (Auy) acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifawG awGeJe @J au'gawG trs  trsm;}uD; w¶kwf wjynf jf ynfxJ xrSrJ Sm aomifwif wif aeyg  aeygw,f? KNU eJ @twlawmck awmck   d/ ucsifjynf jynf (0ef  (0efayg aygi)f wk   difi;jynf ;f jynfxl xaxmif al xmifa&;twG a&;twGuf uf PNDF   GzJ @+yD; wk   duf u&muae &f muae w¶kwf wjf ynfxJ x ajy;0if  J ajy;0ifoG om;wJ mG ;wJ   h Ak    dAkvf vaemf af emfqk q  difik f;wyf ;wyfuvnf uvnf; &mcs  dD&aew,f aS ew,f? olwd w @ kd uvnf; w¶kwf wjynf jf ynf&J& @J ynmay;r_a=umif   h awmf  awmfvS vefeS a&;ynm af &;ynm &aew,f? trdajrjyef ajrjyef+yD +yD; wyJ  Gwvrf wvrf; prf;cs ;csiae=uw,f af e=uw,f? rl}uD }uD; (5) csufwm¶d k;uk ;uk   d ae0if  ae0if;ucs ;ucsK;ay;vk ;d ay;vk   duf uawmh af wmh tJ  tJ'D'&J&D abmf aJ bmfawG awG jyef  dEkEik foG om; mG ; ygw,f? Armjynfawmf awmfvS vefeS a&;orm;u af &;orm;u Armjynf jyefwmyg wmyg? tJ'D'Duwqif uwqif   h teD  teD'Dv_ v   difi_ ;}uD ;f }uD; jzpfvmwmyg vmwmygy?J   dAkvf vfatmif}uD }uD;[m olbmaumif bmaumifrSr r[k  S r[kwf wrSrf eS f; odyg ygw,f? 'ga=umif   h OD  OD;Ekuk u  d a&S  k a&S @wif+yD +yD; w¶kwf wjf ynfoG oGm;zd @ k pDrHrHuefed ;cs ;f cswmyg? OD;Ek ;Ekuvnf uvnf; acwfopf opf&S&ifiS 'D'f omyg o D mygarmuf wm0ef  wm0ef r,l  r,l  h0H0yg yH gb;?;l ? ol @rmvnf Smvnf; ol @pDrHrud u H efed ;f   d&Saeyg aeygw,f? tuf'0yf '0yfavm¶k avm¶k   H pD  pDrHudefe;yg ;f yg? xk   difi;Arme,f ;f Arme,fpyf pyfoG om;+yD mG ;+yD; teD'D'v_ v D   difi_ ;wm;zd ;f wm;zd @ k wm¶d k;}uD ;}uD;aqmuf ;aqmuf  dzkz @k pDrHrud u H ed f;yg ;yg? ta&S @ awmiftm&S tm&Suk u  d teD  k teDa&mif a&mifrv$ rv$rfr;apzd ;f apzd @ k vkyfywJ w f   hpDpJ rHrD ud u H efed f;}uD ;}uD;rd ;rd k @ vkyfyays af ysmw,f w f ,fvd v @ kd OD;Ek ;Ekxif xifyg ygw,f? tar&duef uef tul  tultnD tnD vnf  vnf; 'va[m&vmr,fvd v @ kd xifyg ygw,f? a&S @wef;rS ;rSm ae0if;u ;u ‚teDv_ v  difi_ ;‛ ;f ‛ wm;/ aemufwef wef;u ;u OD;Ek ;Eku wm¶d k;opf ;opfaqmuf aqmuf/ pDrHrud u H ed f;wck ;wckvk v  H;&J ;k &JŒ !¸efefcsKyfu tar&duef uef? OD;Ek ;EkrSrmS acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifr_rtif t _ iftm; tm; awmif   hyg ygw,f? tuf'0yfavm¶k avm¶k   H&J& @J pnf;¶k ;  H¶k;a&; ;a&; a=umif   h xdyfyoD o f ;awG ;D awG pk  pkrdryg yd gw,f? tpk  d;&tzJ ;&tzJ   G @ wzJ   G @pm&S   dw   hacg aJ cgif;aqmif ;aqmifawG awG pk  pkrdrdwmyg?   dEkifiiHif Hjcm; jcm; rSmoG moGm;+yD m;+yD; tajccsaeolawG awGawmif awmif vef  vef;qef ;qef;wuf ;wufºuvmyg ºuvmygw,f? tar&duef uef tul  tultnD tnD om &vk   d @uawmh rd  rd k;'l ;'l;eJ ;eJ @w  duf u k ra,mif rf a,mifygygyJ? 'gayrJ  h vl  vlxk xvuf v k ufrcH rcHyg yg? tar&duef uefjzpfjzpf jzpf/ b,foljzpf jzpfjzpf 0if  0ifvmrS vmrSm vufrcH rcH  dEkEkifiyg yf g? ppftwG twGifi;f *syefeJe @J aygi;+yD ;f +yD; t*Fvdyfywk w f   dku/f t*Fvd vyfyd eJef  @J aygif;+yD ;+yD; *syefwk w  duf u k fwmuk   d (3)  (3) ESpfptwG t f wGifi;f vkyfy  dEkEf ifik yg yf gw,f? aemuf (3)  (3) ESpfptwG t f wGifi;f vGwfvyf vyfa&; a&; &ygw,f? ppfat;acwf at;acwfrSrmS 'Davmuf avmufvG v,f , G rSrf mS r[kwf wyg yf g? vG,f ,v f G,f ,fxG xGuoG o f m;rS mG ;rSm r[kwf wfyg? pDrHrud u H efed ;}uD ;f }uD;xJ ;xJygaewJ   h Zmwf  Zmwfaumif aumifawG awGrSrmS uk   d,f ,pDpf &nf &D nfrSrSefef;cs ;csu &S  f   d&Syg ygw,f?   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;uvnf ;uvnf; rqv wygwDppf ppftm%m&S tm%m&Sifipepf pf epfu rav#m  dEkEh ifik /f OD;Ek ;Ekuvnf uvnf; ygvDref ref 'D  'Drdr ku d a&pDuk u tyG  kd tyGefe;rcH ;f rcH  dEkEifik /f KNU. NMSP wk   d @uvnf; &nfrSrefeS ;cs ;f csuud u f  k,f , d pf D &S    d&Saeawmh aeawmh ‘!¸  ‘!¸efecscf sKyf ’  ’ vnf; bmrSrwwf rwwf  dEkEifik yg yf g? (Auy) &JŒ teDv_ v  difi_ ;uk ;f uk   dpDp;a&;uvnf ;D a&;uvnf; ‚ygwDwG wifiG ;awmf ;f awmfvS vefeS a&;vrf af &;vrf;pOf ;pOf ‛  ‛ a=umif  h a&S  a&S @rwk   d;Ed ;Ed kifi?f teDv_ v  difi_ ;wm;a&;buf ;f wm;a&;bufuvnf uvnf; wnDw!G w!Gwf wwnf w f nf;r&S ;r&S   d tD  tDv,f v,fv,f v,fjzpf jzpfaeck aeck   duf u rS  f rSmyJ myJ  w¶kwf wjynf jf ynfu aoe*FAs AsL[m tuGuf ufwuGuf u a&$  f a&$ @v  duf u k yg yf gw,f? 1971 upfqif qif*s *sm &J @ v#KŒ0S Œd 0Suf uw¶k w f ¶kwf wjynf jf ynfc&D c&D;eJ ;eJ @ tar&duef ueforR orRw&J w&J @ w&m;0if 1972  1972 c&D;yg ;yg? &Jabmf abmfarmf armfpDpwk w D efek ;/;f / &Jabmf abmfcscsKtif t d ifvk v  difik ;wd ;f wd @k a&$ @v kuf u d wJ w f   htuG t J uGuf uyg yf g? w¶kwf wjf ynfuk u  d tar&d  k tar&duef uef& @J aoe*FAs AsL[m rdwf wzuf zf uftjzpf tjzpf ajymif  ajymif;oG ;oGm;apwJ m;apwJ   htuG tuGuf j jzpfyg ygw,f? ppfat;acwf at;acwfrSrmS ae&m,lr_topf topf j jzpfoG om;apyg mG ;apygw,f? w¶kwf wa&m af &m tar&duef uefyg yg oabmwlvd v k@d aoe*FAs AsL[m rdwf wzuf zf ufjzpf jzpf=u =u wmyg? ‚teDv_ v  difi_ ;‛ ;f ‛ wm;zd @ k tar&duef uef u wm¶dk;opf ;opfaqmuf aqmuf  dzkz @k rvd kawmh awmhyg ygb;?;l ? OD;Ek ;Ekwk w  d @k ‚tdrfrjf yef‛ ¶krSrH wyg Swyg; wjcm;vkyfyfp&m r&Sawmh ad wmhyg ygb;?;l ?   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;&J ;&JŒ tdrfrjyef jf yef  hc  dzkzJ  @k ac:oHuk u ol  kd olypf ypfy,f y,fvk v  d @k rjzpfawmh awmhyg yg? w¶kwf weJef  @J tar&duef uef ae&m,l  ae&m,lr_r_ topf  topf j jzpfr,f r,fqk q  dwmuk w k muk   d b,f  b,folrSr rrS  S rrSef;   dEkifi  hcJcf Jyg ygb;?;l ? qd kADA,uf , D ufu a'gtyGqk q  H;yg ;k yg? qkdADA ,uf  D ,ufuk u  dk   dyk+yD +yD;xd ;xdyg ygw,f?   dAkvf vfae0if;vnf ;vnf; tmywfajzzd ajzzd @ k w¶kwf wjf ynf t}ud  t}udrfr}ud }f udrfr oG  f oGm;ygawmhw,f w,f? w}udrfrrf Smawmh mawmh 0ef  0ef}uD }uD;cs ;csKyfcscsif; aqG;aEG ;aEG; p&mawG aqG;aEG;+yD ;+yD;vk ;vk   d@ Armjynf j jyefcgcgeD;rSm OuUXarmfuk u  d oG  k oGm;E_ m;E_wf wquf q f ufyg ygw,f? vkyfyae af e usx  Hk;pH ;pHrdr @ kd vkyfyfwmyg wmyg? ES  fpfpb f uf xl  xl;xl ;xl; axGaxG axGajymavh ajymavh r&Syg yd g?

'Dwcg wcgrmawmh mS awmh  rxifrSrwf w S bJ b f  &J  J &Jabmf abmfarmf armfpDpw D kefe;u ;f u Armjynfjynf jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf jy\em  jy\em ajz&Sifi;zd ;f zd @ k (Auy) eJ @ (rqv) OuUXcs Xcsif;pum;ajymzk ;pum;ajymzk   d @ wk  duf uwG w f efeG ;yg ;f ygw,f?   dAkvf vae0if af e0if;uvnf ;uvnf; ol @taeeJ @ pum;ajymzk   d@ oabmwla=umif a=umif;/ ol @vlawG awGeJe @J w kifid fyif yif+yD +yD; ESpfpbuf b f ufaqG aqG;aEG ;aEG;zk ;  dzk @ w&m;0if ta=umif  ta=umif;jyef ;jyef r,h  r,h   fta=umif ta=umif; ajymygw,f? &Jabmf abmf[G [ud u G  kzkzd kefef;vuf ;vufxuf xuf/ &J abmf  abmfwd wefed  @f a&Smif mifzif zif vuf  vufxuf xufvnf vnf; tJ'D'Dvd v kyJyd J t}  t}udrfrf}udrfrwk w f   duf u k wG w f efeG f;cJ ;  hcJyg ygw,f? 1979 eJ @ 1980 ckESESpfpus u f sr ‚pum;ajymyJ  S ‚pum;ajymyJ   G‛ vkyfyfjzpfwm wm yg? urBmhm  hpepf pepfu Armjynf j jynfwG wifiG ;f ppfu  dk b,f  b,fvk v  dtus t k usK;ouf ;d oufa&muf a&muf apovJ  apovJ qk  qk   dwmod wmod  dzkz @k tao;pdwf wwif w f ifjywmyg jywmygy?J udpPpawG aP wGu +yD;cJ ;  hcJyg yg+yD? xyfwaus wausm j h jyefvmrS vmrSm r[kwf wyg yf g? 'gayrJ  h urB  urBmhm  pepf ph epf tajymif;tvJ ;tvJ[m [m rar#mvif v f   hifbJ b j J jzpfwwf wwf a=umif;uk ;uk   d tawG ‹tñuHeJe @J oifcef cef;pmxk ;pmxkwf w ,l  f ,l  dzkz @k vk  dyg ygw,f? ppfat;acwf at;acwfwk wefek ;u ;f u td  dENE,u , N u Armjynfe @J odyfyrywf rf ywfouf  hcJcyg yJ gbl;? ppfat; at; acwfvd v @ kd yDyDyjyif jD yifjyif jyifrjzpf rjzpfcif cifwk wefek ;u ;f u ‚&efuk uefek  tpk  f tpk   d;&‛ ;&‛ uk   d u,f  u,f  hcJc+yD +J yD;aemuf rl  rl (5)  (5) csufeJe @J y Armjynf J Armjynfuk u   d xd  k xdefe;xm;yg ;f xm;ygw,f? t"dutm¶k utm¶k   Hðy ðy wmu pifwk w   d;k ( CENTO ) xJ yg  ygaewJ   h yg  ygupPwef wefyg yg? w¶kwf wuawmh u f awmh ord  ord kifi;tarG ;f tarGtj tjzpf uGefefjrLepfcscsi;pd ;f pdw"mwf "f mwft& t& qufqH qHygw,f? qD;wd ;wd k; (SEATO)   d&Saewm/ aewm/ AD,uf ,uferfppf ppf jzpfaewmuvnf aewmuvnf;&S ;  d&Sawmh Armjynf  Armjynfta&;uk ta&;uk   d pd  pdwf wf0ifpm;yg pm;ygw,f? rl}uD }uD; (5) csufuk u  d ES  k ESpfpfbuf bufuxd uxdefe;od ;f odrfr;zk ;f   dzk @ tvGefetrif t f rif; vk   dvm;yg vm;ygw,f? 'ga=umif   h j jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppfxJ x 0if  J 0ifryg rygratmif ad tmif tvG  tvGefeowd o f wdxm;yg xm;ygw,f? (Auy) ud k usnfwawmif   h/ vufeuf euf wvuf  wvuf rul  rulovk ovk   d tpk   d;&buf ;&bufud u kvnf v d nf; vufeuf euf us  usnra&mif fra&mif;ygb;?;l ? ppf0wf 0wf  Hpkp cs  k csKyf  dEkEik fwJ w   hyJ dwf w/f ppfzdzeyf ed yfawmif awmif ra&mif  ra&mif;cJ ;  hcJyg ygb;?;l ? rl}uD }uD; (5) csufjyef jyef+yD +yD; xdefe;=u ;f =u wm&,f/ ppfat;vG at;vGefeacwf af cwf a&muf  a&mufwm wm &,fu ra&S;raES ;raESmif mif;jzpf ;jzpfyg ygw,f? e,fpyf pyfrSm jynfwG wifiG f;ppf ;ppf r&Sapcs ad pcsi  H¶k¶f ru rk u   dEkifiiHif Ha&;vnf a&;vnf; wnf+id +idrfrapcs af pcsiwJ w f   hqEN q J EN od  odyfyuk u f   djyif jk yif;jyyg ;jyygw,f? ppfat;vG at;vGefeumva&muf u f mva&mufwmeJ wmeJ @ w¶kwf wjf ynf&J& @J ðyjyifa&;eJ a&;eJ @ wHcgcg;zG  hia&; af &; uvnf; ra&S;raES ;raESmif mif; ay:wmyg? 'ga=umif  h a&mif;  dEkifwmtm;vk wmtm;vk   H;a&mif ;a&mif;/;/ 0,f  dEkEifik wm w f m tm;vk   H; 0,fyg ygw,f? rl}uD }uD; (5) csuf ys  ysufaewk aewkefe;u f;u (Auy) ud k ul  ulnD naewk aD ewkefe;uqd ;f uqd k&if &if ‘opf  ‘opfwwk wwk   d/ pyg;waph’ r0,fyg yg? (Auy) u pyg;xGuf uwJ w f   hJ a'ouae w¶kwf wjynf jf ynfjzwf+yD +yD; pm;p&m rvk  Havmuf avmufwJ w   h 0  J 0 e,fuk u  d qef  k qefo,f o,fyg yg&ap/ Armjynf ajrmuf  ajrmufzs zsm;rSm tavhus usayguf+yD; awmxaewJ   hopfawG awG a&mif  a&mif;yg&apvk @d t}udrfr}ud }f udrfrajymcJ af jymcJ   hyg ygw,f? wk   d @ulwm[m wm[m Armjynfu qef awG  awG/ opfawG awG vk  vk   dcsivk v f   d @k uwmvk w l mvk @d tajymcH &r,f  &r,f? 'ga=umif   h opf  opfwwd wwd k/ pyg;waph w¶k  w¶kwf wjynf jf ynfxJ xJ roGifi;yg ;f yge @J / 0e,f o,f  o,foG om; mG ; wJ   hpyg; vlawG awGod orSrd mr[k mS r[kwf wbl b f ;/;l / w¶kwf wjynf jf ynfxJ x oG  J oGifi;wmyJ ;f wmyJod o=d urSmqk mqk   d+yD +yD; ,wdjywf jywfy,f y,fcs ygw,f? &Jabmf abmfcscsKtif t d ifvk v   difik ;uk ;f uk   d,f ,wk w f   difik  y,f  f y,fcscs wmyg? 0e,frSrmS pm;p&mr&S   d&if &if qef  qefay;r,f ay;r,f qk  qk   d+yD +yD; qefawG awG ES  ESpfpwd w f  kifid f;ay;aeygw,f? rl}uD }uD; (5) csuf jyef  jyefjzpfvmwm vmwm [m e,fpyfu vlrs rsKd;pk ;pk&J&abmf aJ bmfawG awGud u k +id  d +idrfr;cs ;f csr;f a&;tzJ  G @ ¡'Dpum;vk pum;vk   H;u ;u (Auy) omok  H;wm yJ/ ppftpk tpkd;&u ;&u wwf  dEkEifik or# o f r#a&SmifwJ w  h a0g  J a0g[m &yg¢ awG j jzpfapwmyg apwmygy?J e,fpyf pyfta&mif ta&mif; t0,fawG awGvnf;   HzG @òz;vmapygw,f? a&mif;=u0,f=uwmrSm bmawGa&mif a&mif;+yD ;+yD; bmawG0,f 0,fw,f w,fqk q  dwm w k m ArmpD;yG ;yGm;a&; m;a&; r*~Zif Zif;awG ;awGrSrSm awG @  dEkifiyg yf gw,f? vGwf wvG v f wf w G vyf v f yfvyf vyf a&mif  a&mif;=u ;=u 0,f=uawmh =uawmh 'g  'gu kd tar&d  tar&duef uefu rvkdvm; vm; jyefbl b;?;l ? ppfat;acwf at;acwfwk wefek ;u ;f u olwk w  d @k ajymcJ   h a[mcJ   hwmawG wmawGud u k 180  d 180 'D*&D *&D vS  vSnf n   hypf yf pfvd v kuf u d  w,f  f w,f? ydwf w&r,f &f r,f qk  qk   d @&r,f j jzpfvmw,f vmw,f? urBm}uD m  }uD;u ;u 'Dwck wckwnf wnf;yg ;ygy?J vnf+rJ +rJvnfaeyg aeygw,f? 'gayrJ  h ppfat;vG at;vGefe umv  f umv a&mufvmawmh vmawmh wrs  wrsKd;jzpf ;jzpfvmwm vmwm ygyJ? w¶kwf wjf ynf[m [m aoe*FAs AsL[m rdwf wzuf zf uf vm;/  vm;/ òyifbuf buf (&ef  (&efbuf bufvk v  d @k rok   H;0H ;  h0Hao;bl ao;bl;);) vm;/ wa,mufwrs wrsK;d ajymvmygw,f? ppfat;acwf at;acwfwk wefek ;uawmh ;f uawmh rd  rdwf wzuf zf uf/ ppfat; at; vGefeacwf af cwfrmS òyifbuf buf Aavmif  Aavmif;AvJ ;AvJ vk  vkyfyfyg yg w,f? tJ'D'vk v D   d Aavmif  k Aavmif;AvJ ;AvJ tar&d   tar&duef vk  vkyfywmuk w f muk   d  zmzk   d@ax;zk   d @ óu;pm;ae=uoH =um;&yg  =um;&ygw,f? uGefejf rLepf eJe @J zufqpf twl  twlwl wl yJvk v   d @k ajymoH =um;&yg  =um;&ygw,f? uav; uawmif rwl  rwlbl b;qd ;l qd kwm wm odaewJ aewJ   hud upPpd ud u P  bmh  dk bmha=umif a=umif   h Aavmif  Aavmif;AvJ ;AvJ j jzpfvmovJ vmovJ qk  qk   dawmh awmh tar&d  tar&duef uef q&m}uD;uk ;uk   d,f ,wk w f   difik u f Aavmif;AvJ ;AvJvk vyfyk v f   d @k ygy?J uk   d,f ,  hrdrf wf w d aqG af qGawG awG ajymwmuk  ajymwmuk   d wm0ef  wm0eft& t& ajymwmawGyJyvk v J   d @k oabmxm;vk   duyg yf gw,f? ppftpk t  dpk;&ud ;&ud k zuf  zufqpf qpfvk v  d @k (Auy) u b,fwk wefek ;urS ;f urS rajymyg  rajymyg? bma=umif   hvJ v qk  J qk   dawmh awmh zuf  zufqpf qpfpepf pepfu e,fcscsJŒvuf0g 0g;}uD; tkyfyf t&if;&S ;&Sifi}uD }f uD;awG ;awGu arG;xk ;xkwf wwJ w f   h0g 0J g'/ e,fcsc @sJ E kdifiiHif HawG awGrSrmom mS om ay:Ed kifiwJ w f   hpepf pJ epf j jzpfv @ kd yg? Armjynfvd v k ud  d ud kvd v keDed rjzpf Drjzpfatmif a&S  a&Smif mifae ae &wJ   hwk w   dik f;jynf ;jynfrSrmS zufqpfpepf pepf ray:Ed  ray:Ed kifivd v f  @ kd ygy?J zufqpf qpfqef qefwmawmh wmawmh &S    d&Syg ygw,f? Armhenf enf;Armh ;Armh[ef [ef zuf  zufqpf qpf0g 0g'yJjzpf jzpfr,f r,f   h tvm;tvm  tvm;tvm   d&Syg ygw,f? ppfat;vG at;vGefeacwf af cwf[m [m c%yJ &S    d&SrSrmyg mS yg? urBmhm  pepf ph epfopf opfwck wck taES;eJ ;eJ @tjref ray:rD  ray:rD ,m,D  ,m,D  d&S&wJ w S   humvuav;yg u J mvuav;ygy?J cGififvk v  H;u| ;k u|wEdEf  kdivk fvuf u kd +yD +f yDxif xifwJ w   hJ tar&duef uefeJe @J tEd kifit¶H t f   _¶H;r&S ;r&S   dwJ w  h  GyJyJ vk v J   d @k xifwJ w  h tif  J tiftm;}uD tm;}uD;   dEkifiiHif awG aH wG vG  vGefeqJ q f   Gaecs aJ ecsefed jzpf jf zpfyg ygw,f? ArmjynftaeeJ taeeJ @ taewwf&r,f &r,f   h umv  umv jzpfyg ygw,f?

ppfajrjyif ajrjyifrSrmS r&Ek   difiwmuk w f muk   d pm;yJ  pm;yJ   G ay:rSm awmif;ae=uvd ;ae=uvd @ k awmh bmrS  bmrS jzpf  jzpf rvmEk  rvmEk   difiyg yf g? OD;aus ;ausm+id +f id  frfrf;pcJ ;pcJ   hwJ w  h ‘oaE<  J ‘oaE
(rsK;quf ;d qufa[mif a[mif;r&S ;r&Sifi;Ek ;f   dEkificJcf wJ w Jh   h rs J rsK;quf ;d qufopf opf&S&Sifi;&r,f ;f &r,f   h 'k  'kwd w,jy\emu d,jy\emu jynfaxmif axmifpkpjy\emyJ jk y\emyJ? &Si;&wm ;f &wm   dykawmif awmifcuf cufyg ygv  hrfrd fr,f r,f)

1988§1990 rwk  difirDrf Du jy\em ES  hifi xk  f xk   dEpfpS rs rf sm;aemuf  dykyifik f;jy\em rwlyg? 1988 vlxk xtk t k   Hºur_ ºk ur_}uD }uD; rjzpfrDrDu jynfaxmif axmifppepf pk epf vk   dvm;ol vm;olbuf bufESEifiS f wjynf  h wjynfaxmif axmifpepf pepf vk   dvm;ol vm;olbuf buf[l [I l jyufjyufxif xifxif xif &S    d&S  hcJcJyg ygonf? yÉdyuQ yuQrsm; vnf; w+cdrfrf;+cd ;+cdr;jzpf ;f jzpf  hcJcyg yJ gonf? 1990 a&G;aumuf ;aumuf  GyJy +yD  J +yD;onf ;onf   h aemuf  aemufwG wGium; u f m; txufyg ygyÉdyuQ yuQa[mif a[mif; rsm; r&S  dawmh awmhyg yg? yÉdyuQ yuQtopf topfrsm; jzpfvm vm ygonf? topfrSm ta&ðcHjynf jynfaxmifpkpkbuf buf ES  hifif jynfaxmif axmifpkpppf pk pfppfbuf buf. yÉdyuQ yuQ j jzpfyg ygonf? ta&ðcHjynf jynfaxmif axmifpkpbuf b k ufwG wifiG  ppf  f ppftk tyfyk pkpf ku&yf u&yfcHcH+yD; ppfrSrefeS o f nfhjynf jynfaxmif axmifpkpk buf  bufwG wifiG  ppf  f ppftkyfypkpf qef q k ef ‹usifa&; a&; t"du tiftm;pk tm;pkrs rsm; tm;vk   H;u &yfcHcyg yH gonf? ta&ðcH j jynfaxmif axmifpkpavm ak vm - jynfaxmif axmifpkpppf pk pfppf ppfavm avm jy\emonf ,ae@  ,ae@t  dzk @ uGifi;quf ;f quftus tusq   H;k jy\em jzpfvmyg vmygonf? Tjy\emrajyvnf Tjy\emrajyvnfor# or# ‚jynfaxmif axmifpkp jy\  k jy\em‛ ajyvnfrnf rnf r[k  r[kwf wyg yf g? u&iftrs trsK;om; ;d om; tpnf;t¶k ;t¶k   H; (KNU) u oD;jcm;wd ;jcm;wd kifi;jynf ;f jynf xl  xlaxmif axmifa&; a&; twGuf u v_  f v_yfy&S&f m;cJ mS ;cJ   honf onfrmS 1947 uwnf;u jzpfonf onf? 1949 usrS vufeuf eufuk u  difik wd w f  kuf u d   GyJyf J wk  wk   duf u  hcJcf onf o J nf? ,cktxd txd wk  wk   duf ufaeqJ j jzpfonf onf?  f vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;tzJ a&;tzJ   G @ (KIO) wd @ k u 1960 ckESEpfpS f ‚cJ   GxG xuf u G a&;‛ af &;‛ ud k &S  &Srfr;jynf ;f jynf vG  vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;wyfrawmf rawmf ( SSIA), ucsi vG w0k   duf uuvk u f vkyfy  hcJcf onf o J nf? 'Drdr kua&pD u d a&pDacwf r[k  r[kwf wI f vufeuf eufuk u   difik wk w f   duf u k   GyJyf uk u J   dk wef;+yD ;+yD; vkyfy  hfcJ&onf &onf? olwd w @ kd ,ck ‚+id  ‚+idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ   G @‛ rsm; jzpfae+yD ae+yD? oD;jcm;wk ;jcm;wk   difi;jynf ;f jynf aºu;a=umfoH orSrH mS vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;r&rD a&;r&rDumv umv jynfaxmif axmifpkpk rzJ  rzJ   G @ru D aºu;a=umfoHjzpf jzpfI/   GcJxG xuf u G a&; af &; aºu;a=umfoH orSrH mS jynfaxmif axmifpkp  GkzJz @J +yD;umv ;umv aºu;a=umfoH o jzpf  H jzpfonf onf? umvcsi;rwl ;f rwlI aºu;a=umfoH orwl rH wljcif jcif; jzpfonf onf? tESpfpom& o f m& rSm twlwl wjl zpfonf onf? ‚oD;jcm;wd ;jcm;wd kifi;jynf ;f jynf‛ ES  hifi ‚cJ  f ‚cJ   GxG xuf u G  a&;‛  f a&;‛ uk   d aºu;a=umf  aºu;a=umfv# v#i rk  f rkcscsvrs rl sK;a&;tvH ;d a&;tvH xl  xl&onf &onf? 1949 wGifif KNU u u&if vlrs rsK;a&;tvH ;d a&;tvH xl  xlonf onf? 1960 ckESEpfpS frs rsm;wGifif r;vl ;f vlrs rsK;a&;tvH ;d a&;tvH/ KIO u ucsivl v f rs rl sK;a&;tvH ;d a&;tvH xl  xl  hc=uonf J=uonf? u&if   h awmf  awmfvS vefeS a&;/ af &;/ &Srf;awmf ;awmfvS vefeS a&;/ af &;/ ucsif SSIA u &Srf awmfvS vefeS a&; af &; [kajym=uonf ajym=uonf? ae0if; atmif}uD; ppftk tyfyk fpkpu k Armvlrs rsK;a&;tvH ;d a&;tvHxl x+yD +l yD; ‚jynfaxmif axmifpkp ròyuJ  k ròyuJ  Ga&;‛ a&;‛ aºu;a=umfonf onf? xk   dok o   d@k jzif zqyv  h zqyv u wzuf/ Auy/ jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmf/ awmfvS vefeS onf o f nf   hArmh Armhwyf wyfrawmf rawmf wd  wd @ k u wzuf j jzpfaeonf aeonf   h vl  vlwef wef;pm;a&;jynf ;pm;a&;jynfwG wGi;ppf ;f ppfwG wGifif vlrs rsK;a&;jynf ;d a&;jynfwG wGifi;ppf ;f ppfyg yg a&mpGuf uvmcJ v f mcJ   honf onf? TwGifi zqyvOD  f zqyvOD;Ek ;Ekt  dpk;&u ;&u ‚a&mif  Hpkp aomif k aomif;us ;use;ol ;f ol‛[k ‛[k ajymonf  ajymonf? uGefjrLepf ys  ysuf OD;od ;odefe;az(jrif ;f az(jrif   h) u tm;vk  H;u ;u tm;vk  H; uk   d wk  wk   duf uaeonf af eonf   h ¶_  ¶_yfy¶_¶f yfy_ faxG;axG ;axG;jynf ;jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf [k  [k ,l  ,lqonf qonf?

vlrs rsK;}uD ;d }uD;vnf ;vnf;jzpf ;jzpf/ Ekifid fia&; aH &; tm%mvnf;   d&Sol ou l wyef;omrnf ;omrnf? u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd w  dkifi;jynf ;f jynfwifiG  vl  f vlODO;a&pk ;D a&pkpkpayg ak ygi;. ;f . 68µ u Armvlrs rsKd;jzpfonf[k [ qk  k qk   donf onf? &Srfr;u ;f u 9µ / u&ifu 7µ / &ck  difif 4µ / w¶kwf w 3µ/  f 3µ/ rGefef 2µ  2µ / ukvm; vm; 2µ ES  hifi tjcm;vl  f tjcm;vlrs rsK;rs ;d rsm; 5µ [k qd konf onf? (tar&duef uefxk xwf w k  ES  f ESpfpcscf sKyf Time Almanac 2000 rS)

 

jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf pjzpfpOf pOfu zqyv tpd k;&. ;&. wyftif tiftm;rS tm;rSm atmufyg ygtwd ki;f jzpfonf onf?

pOf

wyftrS trSwf wf

vlrs rsK;tvd Kd ;tvd kuf ufyg0ifr_r_

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

trSwf w (1)  f (1) bm;rm;±d kifiz,f zf ,f trSwf wf (2) ? trSwf wf (3) ? trSwf wf (4) ? trSwf wf (5) ? trSwf wf (6) ? trSwf w (1)  f (1) u&if±d± kdifz,f z,f trSwf wf (2) ? trSwf wf (3) ? trSwf w (1)  f (1) ucsif±d± kifid z,f zf ,f trSwf wf (2) ? trSwf w (1)  f (1) csif;±d ;±d kifiz,f zf ,f trSwf wf (2) ? trSwf w (4)  f (4) bm;rm;&,f*s *srif rD   hif csif;awmif ;awmifwyf wyf&if &if;

Arm (ppfykykvd vyfyd fwyf wyf) u&iftrs trsm;pkESE  hifiS  tjcm;vl  f tjcm;vlrsdK;pk K;pkrs rsm; Arm (rsdK;cs K;cspArmh Af rmhwyf wyfrawmf rawmfrSr vmonf  S vmonf) Arm ( ? ) Arm ( ? ) Arm ( ? ) u&if (t*F  (t*Fvdyfywyf w f yfrSrSvmonf vmonf) u&if ( ? ) u&if ( ? ) ucsif ( ? ) ucsif ( ? ) csi;f ( ? ) csi;f ( ? ) a*:&cg; (OD;wif ;wifxÉfÉG &vd &f vd kuf uonf o f nf   h t*Fvd vyfyd tarG t f arG) csi;f (t*Fvd vyfyd vuf v f ufus usef)

ppfwyf wyfuk u   d OD  k OD;pD ;pD;aeol ;aeolrs rsm;rSm ppfODOD;pD;cs ;csKyf  prpf'G'efeG f; 'k ? apm=um'k;d avwyfODO;pD ;D pD;cs ;csKyf   D&S;¶_ ;  d¶_; a&wyfO;pD ;D pD;cs ;csKyf cifarmif armifbd b kd ajrmuf  dykyifik ;wk ;f wk   difi;f ae0if; awmif  dykyik f;wk ;wk   difif; atmifoif oif; trSwf w(1) (f 1) wyfr[m r[m apmcspcif cf if a&;csKyf  ausm0if 0f if; axmufcscsKyf  apma'gefeDeD txufyg ygpm&if;uk ;uk=d unf  hv# v#if trs  trsm;pk}uD }uD;u ;u ‚ocif}uD }uD;wyf ;wyf‛ (t*Fvdyfywyf w f yfud u k e,f  d e,fcsc @sJ qef ‹usia&;orm;rs af &;orm;rsm;uac:wJ   h emrnfajymif ajymif ) ) rSvmolrs rsm; jzpfonf onfuk u  d awG  k awG @&rnf? umuG,f ,a&;0ef af &;0ef}uD }uD;uawmh ;uawmh Ak    dAkvf vvuf v f uf smjzpfonf onf? 1948 rwfvwG vwGifi zq  f zq - qk  d&S&,f , S t f   dpk;&u uGefejf rLepfacs acsrefe_ ;a&; ;f a&; qk   H;jzwf ;jzwfcsucscf sonf? vufawG awG @ppfqif qifa&;vk a&;vkyfyol o f u l txufyg yg ppfODO;pD ;D pD;tzJ ;tzJ   G @E  hSifiwyf w f yfrs rsm; jzpfonf? wyf&if &if;tm;vk ;tm;vk;uk ;H uk   d rok  rok   H;Ek ;  dEkifiygyf g? rsKd;cspfArmh Armhwyf wyfrawmf rawmfrSrvmaomwyf Svmaomwyfrs rsm;wGifi uG  f uGefejf rLepfbuf bufyg yg+yD; awmck   dol o  dckcl konf? qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pf wyfrSrL;rs LS ;rsm;u uGefejf rLepf acs acsrefe_ f;a&;vk ;a&;vkyfy&ef &f ef wuf  wufºuaomf ºuaomfvnf vnf; wyfom;wyf om;wyf=uyftrs trsm;pkuk u  dk trdefe @f ay;Ir&? epfESE  hifiS fvpf vpf yÉd  yÉdyuQ yuQwG wifiG f =um;aeolu trsm;pk}uD }uD; jzpfonf onf? (owif;pmrs ;pmrsm;u uGefejrLepf jf rLepfu ‘epf  dk ‘epf’ qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfuk u   d ‘vpf  k ‘vpf’ [k a&;=uonf  a&;=uonf?)?) ajraus;&Sifi;wG ;f wGififvl v}uD }l uD;vk ;vkyfy&if &f if; um;arSmuf mufuG u,f , G vG v f efeG o f Gm;aom m;aom yJclc;jynf ;l jynfo @l &Jabmf abmftrwfa[mif a[mif; wyf&if &if;rS ;rSL;L; Adkvf vwif w f ifatmifu ol ‚‘epf’ 0g'uk   d róuuf  róuufbl b;?;l ? ‘vpf’uk ’uk   dawmh awmh rk  rkefef;w,f ;w,f/ awmrck   dbl b;l - jynfwG wGi;ppf ;f ppfvnf vnf; róufuf ubl b f ;‛ ;l ‛ [k ajymonf  ajymonf? xk   doabmxm; oabmxm;   d&Sol rsm;onf?

;u ppfODO;pD ;D pD;tzJ ;tzJ  G @u   dykifi  dykyf ifik   dfEkEifik EdEf  kdifi cd  f cd kifif;Ek ;  dEkifi ok  f ok   H;Ek ;  dEkifiaom af om wyfrs rsm;rSm ‚ocif}uD;wyf ;wyf‛ rS vmol  vmolrs rsm; jzpfonf onf? olwk w   d @k u t&if uwnf  uwnf;u ;xefwmu wmu txufatmuf atmufquf qufqH qa&; aH &; tqifajy+yD ajy+yD;om; ;om; jzpfonf onf? trdefe @f emcHonf   h ‚a=u;pm;‛  ‚a=u;pm;‛ pdwf w  d&S&f +yD +S yD; jzpfonf onf? xk   dpdpwf w d xuf x f uf yk    dyk+yD +yD;j   ;j  yif;xef ‚vufpm;acs pm;acsa&;‛ pdwf w"mwf "f mwf j jzpfonf onf? ‚vufpm;acs pm;acsa&;‛ pdwf wrSrf mS t*Fvd vyfyd fxm;cJ   honf onf   h ord  ord kifi;tarG ;f tarG j jzpfonf onf? tjynfhtpk t  HpkajymrS ajymrS &S  &Sifi;rnf ;f rnf? 1942 ckESESpfpu f *syefxk x;ppf ;kd ppfa=umif a=umif   h t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd   GfzJz @J ay;xm;onf   hwyf wyfrs rsm; wyfys ysuf onf  onf? tenf;pk ;pk Ak    dAkvf v t=uyf  f t=uyfwyf wyfom;rs om;rsm; td  dENE,yg , N ygom;onf mG ;onf? trsm;pk}uD }uD;u ;u vufeuf euf ,l  ,l+yD +yD; wyfajy;rs ajy;rsm; jzpfoG om;onf mG ;onf? rdrdwd w @ kd . Zmwd&yf &yf&G&mG jyef=uonf =uonf? wyfajy;rs ajy;rsm;rSm u&if/ ucsif/ csi;rs ;f rsm;jzpfonf onf? (t*Fvd vyfyd fu &ck   difi/f rGefe/f Armrsm;ud kr,k r,k   HI aoewfay;ruk ay;ruk   difi 0H  f   h0H/ ppfom;vk om;vkycGcf   hifiG ray;? rf ay;? 6 vufr toGm; m;   d&Sonf onfh "m;ajr‡mif mifud u kyif yd if ud  ud kificGcf   hGiray;? rf ay;? ykefeuef u f ef vG  vGefe;Ijzpf ;f Ijzpfonf? u&if/ ucsi/f csi;rs ;f rsm;rSm ‚omoemtppftrS trSefe‛f c&pf,mef ,mefbmom bmom wGifif; oGwf woG o f ifiG ;+yD ;f +yD;vnf ;vnf; jzpf  H¶k¶rk u a&S;acwf ;acwf a[mif  a[mif;wrf ;wrf;w+yD ;w+yD; ‚rif;avmif; olykyefek ‛f vkyfyp&mvnf pf &mvnf; ta=umif;r&S ;r&S   d? xk   d @a=umif   h ,k  ,k   Honf onf? aoewfay;ud ay;ud kifi  h0H0f Honf onf?)?) t*Fvd vyfyd tk t f yfyk fpdp k;r_ ;d r_ wnf  wnf+id +idrfraev# af ev#i jy\emrjzpf  f jy\emrjzpf  dEkEifik yg yf g? ok   d @aomf *s  *syefxd x k;ppf ;d ppf a=umif  h t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd ftk tyfyk   dpkpf ;r_ ;k r_ r¶_  r¶_rvS rvS usq  Hk;onf ;onf? *syefuvnf uvnf; Ak'<'bmomuk b < momuk   d ckw   H;vk ;k vkyfyonf o f nf? TwGifi t*F  f t*Fvd vyfyd  ‚ocif f ‚ocif}uD }uD;‛ ;‛ . c&pf,mef ,mefbmomES bmomESifif *s  h *syef ‚rmpwm‛  ‚rmpwm‛ . Ak'<'bmom b < mom yÉdyuQ yuQºuxonf ºuxonf? Ak'<'bmom b < mom ud k;uG ;uG,f ,ol o f  Arm/  l Arm/ rGefe/f &ck   dififw @ kd . bDtd t kifid fat at (BIA) ESifi vuf  fh vufeuf eufu kdifippf pf pfajy; ajy; xdyfywd w f  kuf u d  awG  f awG @=uonf? *syefuvnf uvnf; ajr‡muf mufay; ay; onf? xk   d @a=umif   h u&if  u&if  Arm t"du¶k u¶k%f %;f jrpf0u| 0u|e;ay:wG ;f ay:wGifi jzpf  f jzpfonf onf? taemufzs zsm; &ck   dififbuf bufwG wifiG  &cd  f &cdifik  uk  f ukvm; t"du¶k u¶k%f %f; jzpfonf onf? ajrmufzs zsm;wGi &S  f &Srfr;eD ;f eD ucs  ucsi yÉd  f yÉdyuQ yuQjzpf jzpfonf onf? &Srfr;jynf ;f jynfwifiG  yavmif  f yavmif ucs  ucsif yÉdyuQjzpf jzpfonf onf? u&if Arm  Arm t"d u¶k  u¶k%f %;avmuf ;f avmufawmh r}uD;=uyg ;=uyg? u&ifArmt"d Armt"du¶k u¶k%f %;u ;f u vlae ae pdyfyaom faom u&ifArma&maES Arma&maESmaexk maexk   difi=uaom =f uaom jrpf0u| 0u|e;ay:wG ;f ay:wGifijf zpfonf onf? ppfajy; rsm;ovkd bDtk t   dik at fat rsm;onf? bDtd t kdifiatwG af twGi vuf  f vufpm;acs pm;acsa&;pdwf w"mwf "f mwf jyif  jyif;jyonf ;jyonf? od @ k jzif   h tvG  tvGefet f u|HawG awG vk  vkyfyfonf? *syefuvnf uvnf; t*Fvd vyd fwyf wyfajy; acsr_efe;a&;uk ;f a&;uk   d twif  twif; tusyf vk  vkyfy  dfckcifik ;onf ;f onf? a'G;a&mOy'fa&m a&m 0ifar$ ar$ojzif ojzif   h t"d  t"du¶k u¶k%f %;}uD ;f }uD; jzpf  hcJc&onf &J onf? u&ifArm Arm   dEkifiiHif a&;acg aH &;acgi;aqmif f;aqmif}uD }uD;rs ;rsm;. tajrmftjrif tjrif}uD }uD;rm;r_ ;rm;r_a=umif a=umif   hom om c%ES  hi +yD  f +yD;oG ;oGm;onf m;onf? bD'Dat at (BDA), (PBF) rsK;cs ;d cspArmh Af rmhwyf wyfrawmf rawmfwG wifiG f apm=um'k   d;uk ;uk   d &mxl  &mxl;}uD ;}uD; ay;onf? (Armppftk tyfyk pkpf u k apm=um'd k;uk ;uk   d aemif  aemifwG wifiG vnf v f nf;ae&may; ;ae&may; onfu  dk owd  owdðyyg ðyyg?) u&ifArm Arm vlrs rsK;a&; ;d a&; t"d u¶k%f %;rS ;f rSm *syef ‚rmpwm‛  ‚rmpwm‛ acwfuwnf uwnf; u +yD;+yD ;+yD;ays ;aysmufays aysmuf j jzpf  hcJc+yD +J yD; jzpfonf onf? ‚vufpm;acs pm;acsa&;pdwf w"mwf "f mwf‛ jyefvnf vnf  dEkE;ºuvmonf k;ºuvmonfrSrmS t*Fvd vyd f ‚ocif  ‚ocif }uD  }uD;‛ ;‛ acwf jyef  jyefa&muf a&mufvmIjzpf vmIjzpfonf onf? ppfajy;b0 ajy;b0 td  dENE,wG , N wGifi aepOf  f aepOf uyif  uyif ‚vuf  ‚vufpm;acs pm;acsa&;pdwf w"mwf "f mwf‛ud ‛ud k ppf  ppfajy;bk ajy;bk&if &ifcHctpk t H   dpk;&u ;&u arG;jrLay;aeonf ;jrLay;aeonf? bDtd t kdiata=umif fata=umif   h acG  acG;ajy;0uf ;ajy;0ufajy; ajy; touf vk  vk ajy;cJ  ajy;cJ   h&onf &onfud u k tcJ  d tcJraus raus? bk   Habbm;rm; abbm;rm; opfuk ur`rk %D % ` /D bDtd t kpDpd a&eH aD &eHuk ur`rk %D % ` /D pwD;b&m;om;uk ;b&m;om;ukr%D % ` /D {&m0wDa&a=umif a&a=umif;uk ;ukr%D % ` ponf pD onf e,f  h e,fcsc @sJ ukr`r%D % ` rs rD sm;rS Armpum;wwf t*F  t*Fvd vyd f ocif  ocif}uD }uD;rs ;rsm; td  dENE,a&muf , N a&mufrSr ppf  S ppfAdA kvf v d rs rf sm; jzpfae=uonf ae=uonf? Armhta&;u| ta&;u|r;us ;f usiol o f rs rl sm; vkyfyfae=uonf? t*Fvd vyd fuzJ u  GzJ@aom ucsif vJ  vJADA;wyf ;D wyf/ tar&duef uefuzJ u  GzJ@aom ucsif &d  &drfr;*s ;f *sm;wyfwd w @ kd .Ad kvf vrs rf sm; vkyfae=uonf ae=uonf? ppfawmh awmh rwd  rwdkuf uwwf w f wf=uyg =uyg? od @ k aomf axmuf  axmufvS vrfrS ;a&;/ ;f a&;/ pdwf w"mwf "f mwfppf ppfqif qifa&;/ a&;/ odrfr;yd ;f yd kuf ufe,fajrtk ajrtkyfyfcscsKyfa&; a&; vkyfyief if ef;rs ;rsm;wGifif wm0ef  wm0efcHcrs rH sm; jzpfae=uonf ae=uonf? Armjynf jyefa&muf a&mufv# v#i wd  f wd @ k ArmocifawG awGeJe @J e,fcsc @sJ qef ‹usia&;orm;awG fa&;orm;awGuk u  d ‚vS  k ‚vSvS v}uD }S uD; vufpm;acs pm;acs=upd @ k ‛[k aoG  aoG;xd ;xd k;ay;onf ;ay;onf? jrpf}uD }uD;em;od ;em;odrfr;aomtcg ;f aomtcg ‚ocif ocif  ocif owf  owf owf  owf ‛  ‛ [k aºu;a=umf  aºu;a=umf+yD +yD; 0if vmonf  vmonf? wu,fvnf vnf; vufpm;acs pm;acsonf? a'ocHocif ocifrsrsm; tzrf;cH&onf? rEWav;/ av;/ a&$bd b k/d   Hrk&G&mG a&mufonf onf txd  txd xd  xdtwk t k wkdifi;f vkyfyonf o f nf? zufqpf qpf awmf  awmfvS vefeS a&;wG af &;wGifif bmrSrvk rvkyfy  hcJcf aom aJ om aemif tcg  tcg zqyvjynfxJ xa&;0ef aJ &;0ef}uD }uD;/;/ zqyv wJ  Gbuf buftaxG taxGaxG axGtwG twGi;a&;rS ;f a&;rSL;L; vkyfyaom af om ocifomcif omcifonf onf vuf  vufpm;acs pm;acsrcH&&ef &&ef a&$  a&$bd b k uajy;+yD  d uajy;+yD; rEWav;/ av;/ ppfuk u  difik ;f uGefejf rLepfyg ygw wG  D wGif cd kvH v  _ae&onf aH e&onf? ajrjyif tcs  tcsKyfpcef pcef;rs ;rsm;wGifif vlxk xODOk ;vS ;D vS. twˆKy` Ky`wW w   dwG w W ifiG  vnf  f vnf;aumif ;aumif;/;/ vif;,k ;,kefearmif af rmifarmif armif. aqmif;yg ;yg;rsm;wGifivnf v f nf;aumif aumif; ppfajrjyif csKyfaES aESmif mifcHc&aom &H aom ta=umif; a&;xm;onfud u k awG  d awG @  dEkifionf o f nf? vufeuf eufu kid +yD f+yD; zufqpf qpfawmf awmfvS vefeS fa&; vkyfyaeol af eolrs rsm;uvJ   Gv# v#if aeaom bDtd t kdiattm;vk af ttm;vk   H; ppfóuacwf óuacwf e,f  e,fcsc @sJ qef ‹usia&;orm; af &;orm; trsm; tjym; ppftcs tcsKyfwG wifiG  tzrf  f tzrf;cH&onf? ppfaq;ol aq;olrs rsm;rSm Akvf v d j   jf   zpfaeaom ukr`r%D % `  0ef  D 0efxrf xrf;rs ;rsm; jzpfonf onf? zufqpf qpfawmf awmfvS vefeS a&;om fa&;om r&S   d v#  v#i ‚vuf  f ‚vufpm;acs pm;acs  Gy}J uD;‛ wjynfvk v  H;wG ;k wGifif ay:rnfrSrmS aocsmonf?   dAkvf vfatmifqef qef;uk ;uk ta&;,l  d ta&;,l  dzkz @k vkyfy  hcJcf Jao;onf ao;onf? awmifiliwG w l ifiG  e,f  f e,fcsc @sJ awmfvS vefeS a&;acg af &;acgif;aqmif ;aqmif u&if  u&ifeDeDvl vrs rl sK;d apmoef;wif tzrf;cH ;cH&onf &onf? vlxk xtk t k   Hºu ºk u vmrS j jyefv$ vwf w $ fay;onf?   HykpHpa[mif aH [mif;twd ;twdifik ;f tkyfy  dfpkp;&ef ;k &ef jyef  jyef0ifvmaom vmaom t*FvdyfyrSrf Sm 19 &mpk t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd  r[k  f r[kwfawmh awmhyg yg? r[kwf w  dEkEf ik awmh fawmhyg? xd @ k a=umif   h vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;ay;&onf a&;ay;&onf? zqyv uk  d tm%mtyf  tm%mtyf&onf &onf? vufpm;acs pm;acsc  hGifir&cJ rf &cJ   h? vufpm;acs pm;acsa&;pdwf w"mwf "f mwf oGifi;ay;xm; ;f ay;xm; cH&aomol &aomolrs rsm; qwfwiH w  hiH  hiHjzpf us  usef&pf &pfonf onf? jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf jzpfvmaomtcg vmaomtcg vufpm;acs pm;acsc  hifiG f &oG  &oGm;yg m;ygonf? Armwyf&if &if; rsm;u rwufrºujzpf rºujzpfaeaomtcg aeaomtcg u&if ucs  ucsif wyf&if &if;rs ;rsm;u zqyvtpk  d;&cd ;&cdifik ;wd ;f wd kifi;f vkyfy=uonf =f uonf?

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OD;0if ;0if;u ;u tazmftjzpf tjzpfom om yg  hcjcif jJ cif; jzpfonf onf? rnfod o @ kd qkap ad p ae0if;onf ;onf u&if  u&if wyf  wyfrs rsm; awmcd kaomtcg aomtcg wyfwck wckvk v  H;k ol @vufol o @l ajc vkyfy  dEkEf ifik oG o f m;onf mG ;onf? ppfwyf wyf. eHygygwfwpf wpfae&mok ae&mok   d @ a&mufonf onf? oJ}uD }uD; rJ}uD }uD;ppf ;ppfwd w kuf u d ae&aom af e&aom umvjzpfI eHyg ygw wpf  f wpfonf tm%mod  tm%modyfy}uD }f uD;onf ;onf? ,ae@v  dk ppfod oyfyd rwk rf wkduf u&aomacwf &f aomacwfESE  hSifi rwl  f rwlyg yg? wyf &if  &if; (4) rS vl  vlrs rsm; ae0if;eH ;eHyg ygwwpf w f pfjzpfrSr ae&m&  S ae&m& wGifius u f s,fvmjcif vmjcif;jzpf ;jzpfonf onf? Ad kvf v aus  f ausmxif x f if/ Ad kvf vat;uk af t;uk   d ponf  ponfrs rsm; wyf=uyfrS Ak    dAkvawG af wG jzpf  jzpfvmonf vmonf? wyfrs rsm;t}uD; tus,f wk  wk   d;cs ;cs @J aecsefed jf zpfI &mxl;wk ;wk   d;wm jrefonf onf? 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OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;rS ;f rSm OD;AaqG ;AaqGESE  hSifirwl rf wl/ ol @u kdy*~*k K~ vf v dKd t& t f & =unf!d ! kaom ad om aemufvk vuf u kd  ppf  f ppfAdA kdvf vr&S rf   d&S? ol @o  drkifi;uvnf ;f uvnf;   d&Szdz @dk rvG,f ,?f olutvk utvkyfyfxuf xuf tuG  tuGuf uud u f  k tav;xm;  d tav;xm; onf? ae0if;uk ;uk   d wif  wifonf onfrSrmvnf mS vnf; qd k&S&,f , S  vpf  f vpf  dAkAkvf vrs rf sm;. axmufcHccscH sujzif jf zif   h wif  wifjcif jcif; jzpfonf onf? ae0if;rS ;rSrwif rwifv# v#if wjcm;wifp&m vnf; r&S   d? ae0if;wG ;wGififus,vmyk v f myk   Hud u k=unf =d unf   h? OD;odef;az(jrif ;az(jrif   h) u vuf0J0acg aJ cgif;aqmif ;aqmif}uD }uD; tjzpfESE  hifiS  tm%mod  f tm%modrfr;cd ;f cd kifif;onf ;onf? OD;baz ;baz (}uD;)u ;)u ;ausm+id +f idrfrf;u ;u OD;Ekud u kt,k t d ,k   HoG oifiG ;+yD ;f +yD; ae0if;uk ;uk   d vuf,macg ,macgi;aqmif ;f aqmif}uD }uD;tj ;tjzpf wd  wd kifi;jynf ;f jynfuk u  d k ‚u,fwif wif‛   dckifif;onf ;onf? OD;aus Ad kvf vvuf v f uf smae&m&atmif vk  vkyfay;onf ay;onf? 0J  - ,m omru OD;aus ;ausm+id +f idrfr;vk ;f vk vl  d vluyif uyif tm;xm;&aomol  tm;xm;&aomol jzpf  jzpfvmaom vmaom tcg ae0if;rmewuf ;rmewuf Zmwd  Zmwdjyvmwm jyvmwm rqef;?;? wyfrawmf rawmfu k cif  d cifAs Asm;wd @ k 0ef}uD }uD;awG ;awG umuG  umuG,f ,zdzf  @ kd   GzJ @xm;wmr[kwf wbl b f ;[k ;l [k ajym0H  ajym0H   h vmonf  vmonf? 0ef}uD }uD;rs ;rsm;uk   d vla&S a&S @ola&S a&S @ra&Smif mif } }udrf;armif ;armif;0H ;  h0Hvmonf vmonf? 1948 wkef;u ;u trsKd;om; ;om; vkðcH HðcHa&;aumifpD (National Security Council) NSC   GzJ @xm;onf? xd k  NSC  NSC ud k óu;uk   difijc,f jf c,fvS v,f , S aeol af eolrs rsm;rSm prpf'G'Ge;/;f / OD;xG ;xGefe;vS ;f vSatmif atmif (ol  (olu td  dENE, N jyefr[k r[kwf w uif  f uifaywk aywk   difiaxmif af xmifjyef jyefjzpfonf onf? uGefejf rLepf yg  ygwDu ‚uifaywd aywd ki‛f xJoG oifiG ;xm;ol ;f xm;ol ,l  ,l*s *s &J  D &Jabmf abmf. aus;Zl;a=umif ;a=umif   h touf  touf&S&ifiS vs v f su vG  f vGwf wvmjcif v f mjcif; jzpfonf onf? olykyvd v k yd frif rif;}uD ;}uD; jzpfaomtcg aomtcg xd k,l ,l*s&J&D abmf aJ bmfud u k aus  d aus;Zl; qyfyg yg&ap t}udrfr}ud }f udrfrajymaeo af jymaeo l j jzpfonf onf) tjcm;olrsm;rSm apm&S   D;¶_ ;  d¶_;/;/ apm=um'd k;ES ;ES  hifi OD  f OD;wif ;wifxÉfGÉfw @ kd jzpfonf onf? OD;wif ;wifxG xÉfÉG rSrf mS ppfwk w  duf u k onf o f nf   h tawG  tawG ‹tñuHr&S r  d&S/ od @ k aomf a*:&cg  a*:&cg;wyfud u k ud  d udifik xm;ol x f m;ol j jzpfonf onf?

xd k  NSC ;cspfArmh Armh wyf  wyfrawmf rawmfa[mif;rs ;rsm;jzif   h zJ    GzJ @pnf;xm;aom ;xm;aom wyf&if &if;tm;vk ;tm;vk   H;uk ;uk   d vufeuf eufðzwf ðzwf&ef &ef qk  qk  H;jzwf ;jzwfonf onf[k [k  NSC u rsKd;cs armifatmif atmifrs rsK;pmwrf ;d pmwrf;u ;u qk   donf onf? Ad kvf vaZ,s af Z,s/   dAkvf v&J&f xG x J GÉwd w f  k@d u odom;onf mG ;onf? OD;od ;ode;az(jrif ;f az(jrif   h)ud )ud k cs  csO;uyf ;f uyf onf  onf? aemufrSrS ae0if;uk ;uk   dod orfrd ;oG ;f oGifif;onf[k [ qk  k qk   donf onf? wyfrawmf rawmfork o  drkifi;jywd ;f jywd kuf uwck w f ckvk v;kH ar$aESmuf mufum um v# @Kd 0Suf upmwrf pf mwrf;rs ;rsm;zwf+yD +yD; pmwrf;ðypk ;ðypk  dEkEifik aom af om =opa=w;vs trsKd;om; ;om; wuUod o kvf v d rSrf S ynm&S  ynm&Sifiarmif af rmifatmif atmifrsrsKd;. a&;om;csuf jzpf  jzpfonf onf? ,k   Hoif o  hifrSr, S   Hk&ef &ef jzpfonf onf? armifatmifrs rsK;onf ;d onf =opa=w;vs  =opa=w;vs ES  hifif eD;pyf ;pyf[ef [ef&S&Saom ad om r[mAsL[m avhvma&;XmerS vma&;XmerS Ad  Ad kvf vrSrf L;}uD LS ;}uD;od ;odr;aqG ;f aqG 1998  1998 wGifia&;onf af &;onf   h pmwrf  pmwrf;uk ;uk   dyif yif ud  ud k;um;Ek ;um;Ek   difionf o f nf ud  ud k awG@&onf? vlrs rsK;a&;tvH ;d a&;tvHud u kifid =uv# =f uv#i Arm f Arm vlrs rsK;}uD ;d }uD;tvH ;tvHud u kifid ol o f u l pm;oGm;rnf qk  qk   donf onfuk u   d ord  k ord kifi;ES ;f ES  hifif,S ,OfOS f+yD +yD;a&;rS ;a&;rS vd  vdyfyywf yf wf vnfrnf rnfjzpf jzpfI &Snf n&S&f nf n S ars af rsmarsm wifjy jy aejcif; jzpfonf onf? u&ifwyf wyfrs rsm;tm;vk   H; awmck   d aomtcg  aomtcg ae0if;.uH ;.uHZmwm Zmwm twufqk q   H;k umvjzpfonf onf? ae0if;ES ;ES  hifiatmif af tmif}uD }uD; xk   dpOf pOf uwnf;up+yD ;up+yD; wyfwck wckvk v  H;uk ;k uk   d cs  csKyfu kdifi cJ  f   hcJonf? armifarmif armifu ok   H @yef;jzpf ;jzpfaeonf aeonf? wyfrawmf rawmfud u k pd  d pdwf weJef  @J awmifrj rjypfrSrSm;eJ m;eJ @[ ajym0H  k ajym0H   hol o/l tar&duef uefxG xuf u G +yD +f yD; ‚tm%m [lor# or# ae0if;vuf ;vuftyf tyf‛ [k aºu;a=umf  aºu;a=umf&J&ol o J  atmif  l atmif}uD }uD;onf ;onfvnf vnf; ae0if;ES ;ES  hifitwl t f wl uH  uHZmwmwuf Zmwmwuf  hcJconf o J nf? armifarmif armif vG  vGwf wvmawmh v f mawmh ae&maumif  ae&maumif;&onf ;&onf? CIA .vlvnf vnf; vk   H;vk ;vk   H;jzpf ;jzpfoG om;onf mG ;onf? ae0if;uk ;uk   d wae@  wae@tefwk wvmEd v k mEd kifirnf rf nf   hol o jzpf  l jzpfvmI vmI ae0if;u ;u jrefjrefðzwf ðzwfypf ypfjcif; jzpfonf onf? atmif}uD }uD;onf ;onf qd  qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pf ygwD. wJ   Gbuf buftaxG taxGaxG axGtwG twGifi;a&;rS ;f a&;rSL; vkyfyae&mrS af e&mrS umuG  umuG,f ,a&;XmetwG af &;XmetwGifif;0ef/ aemufppf ppfwyf wyfxJ x0if 0J ifum um ae0if;vuf ;vufaxmuf axmuf vk  vkyfyonf o f nf? ae0if;tay: ;tay: atmif}uD }uD; oHa,mZOf a,mZOfb,f b,fwk wefek ;urS ;f urS rjywf  rjywf  hcJyg yg? zqyv tpk  d;&u ;&u ae0if;/;/ atmif}uD }uD;wk   d @u k 1949  d 1949 ZEM0g&Dtuk tukefe aemuf  f aemufqk q   H;xm;+yD ;k xm;+yD; wyf&if &if;topf ;topfrs rsm;   GzJ@ap onf? xd kwyf wyfrs rsm;uk   d BTF (Burma Territorial Force ) [k emrnf  emrnfay;zJ  G @&onf? ‚+Adwd wo# o d #ppfrpf rpf&S&ifiS ‛f . uef @uGuf ur_rf u _   dk aus  ausmv$ v f m;&ef m$ ;&ef jzpf  jzpf  Hyky&onf &k onf? u&ifwyfrs rsm; awmck   d+yD +yD;rS ;rS zJ    GzJ @jcif; jzpfonf onf? t*Fvdyfyu f vufeuf eufra&mif ra&mif;bJ ;bJ yd  ydwfonf onf? t*Fvd vyfyd fuyd uydwf wojzif o f jzif   h tar&d   tar&duef uvnf  uvnf; ra&mif;/;/ 'kuQ uawG aQ wG @aepOf td  td  dEN, ae¶l;tpk ;tpk   d;&u ;&u ulnD nonf o D nf? ukvm;vuf vm;vufeuf euf vk  vk   doavmuf &I  &I BTF wyf&if &if; trsm;tjym;zJ  G @E kifdifonf? ar*smatmif}uD }uD; ‚vJADA;Ad ;D Ad kvf vcscf sKyf‛ jzpfae ae onfuawmh uawmh cyf  cyfapmapmu apmapmu jzpfonf onf? jynfxJ xa&;0ef aJ &;0ef}uD }uD;vuf ;vufatmuf atmufwG wifiG f vJ  vJADAD; wyf&if &if; (18) &if;zJ ;  GzJ @onfrmS 1948 {+yDwG wifiG  j f jzpfonf onf? jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmfyif yif awmrck  awmrck   dao;? ao;? jynfol o @l &abmf aJ bmfu Zlvk v  difik us u f sr awmcd  S awmcd k&jcif; jzpfonf onf? vJADA;wyf ;D wyfuk u  d a'otajccH  k a'otajccHum um   GzJ @jcif; jzpfonf onf? yJclc;/;l / tif;pd ;pdefe/f zsmykH/ ajrmif;jr/ ;jr/ rtlyif yif/ [Hom0wD om0wD/ om,m0wD/ jynf/ o&uf/ yckuU uL/LU / ppfud u kifid f;/;/ a&$bd b k/d   Hrk&G&m/ mG / xm;0,f/ [oFmw/ mw/ rif;bl ;bl;/;/ rdwˆ w   Dvm/ v ˆ m/ awmifili pk  l pkpkpayg ak ygi;f (18) c¶dkifitajccH t f ajccHum um   GzJ @onf? uGefefjrLepf Le pf acsrefe_ ;a&;twG f;a&;twGuf u  GzJzf  @J onf   h qd  qd k&S&,f , S vpf v f pfwyf wyfppf ppfppf ppfjzpfonf onf? olwd w @ kd uvnf; vlwef wef;pm;&ef ;pm;&efòi;jzif òi;jzif   h &uf  &uf&uf &uf puf  pufpuf puf rD  rD;¶d ;  _¶d @/ vlowf owf vkyfyonf o f nf? 1949 umvu rdwˆ w  Dvm/ v ˆ m/ rEWav;/ av;/ ppfu  dkifi;f ponfrs rsm;wGifif ol  olw @ kd y acg J acgi;rmrmck ;f rmrmckcwk w H   du k onf o f nf? csi;wyf ;f wyf&if &if;u ;u 0wfaus auswef;aus ;ausom ckcHconf o H nf? 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BTF wyf&if;rs ;rsm; tvG,f ,wul w f ul  GzJz @J  dEkifonf onf? u&ifu u&ifvl vrl sKd;uk ;uk   dom om pnf;¶k ;  H¶k;Ekifdionf o f nf? u&ifESE  hifiS td t f drfraxmif af xmifus uso tjcm;vl  l tjcm;vlrs rsK;ud d;ud kyg yg pnf;¶k ;  H¶k;Ek ;  dEkifiODOf D;awmh ;awmh od  odyfyfrrs rrsm;   dEkifif/ vGefea&mu| af &mu|a&m Ha&m Armjynfvuf vuf  d&vl v S ODOl D;a& oef; 50 ES  hifiwG w f uf u G v# v f #i (tar&d  f (tar&duef uef ES  ESpfpcscf sKyfpm&if;t& ;t& u&if 7µ  7µ &Sdonf onfxm;+yD xm;+yD; wGuf uv# v f #i)f 3 oef;cJ ;  GcJ &S    d&Srnf rnf? u&ifESEifiS f td  h tdrfraxmif faxmifus usors rl sm;uk   d xnf  xnf   hwG wGuf uODOf D;awmh ;awmh 5  5 oef;xuf ;xuf ryk  ryk  ddEkEifik ?f u&ifwd w kifid ;uvnf ;f uvnf; ‚u&if   hawmf awmfvS vefeS a&;‛ af &;‛ axmufcHc=uonf =H uonf r[k  r[kwf w?f Armvlrs rsK;u d;u oef; 30 ausmf onf  onf? ,ck etzu  etzu 4 odefe;cJ ;f   GcJ wyf  wyfom; om; pkxm;Ek xm;Ek   dififonfud u k =unf  d =unf   hyg yg? ¶d kifiz,f zf ,fay;Ek   f   difiv# v f #if ay;Ek   difioavmuf o f avmuf xyf  xyfpkpI&ao;onf I k &ao;onf? tm%muk   difixm;ol x f m;oljzpfI vcray;Ek  difirSrf Sm ryl&/ &/ 0gZ  dD&S&aeoa&G aS eoa&G @ ay;Ek   difionf o f nf? xrif; rau|;  dEkifirSrf mS ryl&/ &/ v,form;awG orm;awG v,f  v,f  dpkpkuf u aeoa&G  f aeoa&G @au|;  dEkifionf o f nf? omrefvl vawG al wGom om iwfrnf rnf/ ppfom;riwf om;riwf? vlrs rsK;a&;tvH ;d a&;tvHud u kxl x d +yD +l yD; tòyif tqk  difi wk  f wk   duf u=uv# =f uv#i Armppf  f Armppftk tyfyk fpkpu k tompD;&rnf ;&rnf? etz.Armvlrs rsK;a&;pd d;a&;pdwf wu f KNU xuf jyif;xef ;xefonf onf? vlrs rsK;jcm;ES ;d jcm;ES  hi td  f tdrfraxmif af xmifðyv# ðyv#i ArmxJ  f ArmxJu i,fpm&if pm&if; y,fonf? a':atmifqef qef;pk ;pk=unf =unfuk uyJykd J=unf =unf   h? &if;ES ;  DES;aomrd ;aomrdwf waqG af qG}uD }uD; r&ef b&ef  b&efq  dkif; (uG,f ,vG v f efeG f) u u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd u   dk wcguwGuf ucscf sujf yzl;I ;I vlenf enf;pk ;pk trs  trsKd;om; ;om; wk   d @. pOf;pm;yk ;pm;yk   Huk u  d uG  k uGefejrLepf jf rLepfrsm;owdðyrd ðyrdjcif; jzpfonf onf? 1979 ckESEpfpS u f jzpfonf onf? ;& usdwf w0d0f  kifid ;f aqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJvk vyfyk onf o f nf? tay;t,lwnf wnf   honf onf? oabmwlnD ncscD su (17)  f (17) csuf (xif  (xifonf onf) &onf? KIO - rqvtpd k;& tESpfpom&u o f m&u vufeuf eufcsa&; jzpfonf onf? KIO u rqv tajccHOya'uk  d vuf  vufc&rnf H&rnf? KIA zsu+yD +f yD; vufeuf eufrs rsm; tyf&rnf? aemufrSrpdpS ppf pd pf+yD +yD; tpk;&vk d;&vk   Hxd xed f; wyftjzpf zJ    GzJ @ay;rnf? vufeuf eufopf opf wyf  wyfqif qif ay;rnf? rqv tajccHOya't& Oya't&   dEkifiiHif a&; aH &; tzJ   G ‹tpnf; &yfwnfcGc  hifiG  r&S  f r&Sdojzif ojzif   h KIO uk  f acgif;aqmifwcs wcs @Kd u k ae&may;rnf  d ae&may;rnf ponf  ponf   htcs tcsurs rf sm;   d zs  zsuay;&rnf fay;&rnf? ucsijynf jf ynfe,f e,f ‚jynf  ‚jynfol o @l aumifpDp‛D  wGifi acg ygonf[k [ rS  k rSwf wrf donf onf? rnfr# r#txd tao;pd  tao;pdwf woenf o f enf; qd kv# v#if KIO wGifi;rS ;f rS awmcd  awmcd kausmif;om;rs ;om;rsm; twGuf uyif yf if yg  ygonf? awmcd kroG roGm;rDu

aecJ   h onf  onf   h twef  twef;xuf ;xuf 2  2 qif  haus ausmf+yD +yD; tatmif ay;rnf  ay;rnf[k [ yg  k ygonf? (8) wef;u ;u awmcd koG om; mG ; olonf onf (10)  (10) wef;atmif ;atmif+yD +yD;ol ;ol j jzpfrnf rnf? wuUok o  dvf v k aemuf af emufqk q  H;ES ;k ESpfp wuf  f wufaeol aeolqk q  dv# v k #i bJ  f bJ   G @&+yD;jzpf ;jzpf  H¶k¶kru ru bJ   G @vefeG fyxrES yxrESpfp atmif  f atmif+yD +yD; jzpfaernf aernf? TudpPprs rP sK;wG ;d wGifi ppf  f ppftk tyfyk fpkpu k tvGefev f  kduf uavs af vsmwwfyg ygonf? Tod @ k tay;t,lwnf wnf   hae ae a=umif;uk ;uk   d (Auy)  (Auy) =um;ygonf? ae0if;ES ;ES  hifi yD  f yDuif uif;wG ;wGifi awG  f awG @aomtcg aocsmoGm;onf m;onf? ae0if;u ;u OD;b&ef ;b&efqd q kifid f;rs ;rsuESEf Sm jrifvd v kduwmeJ w f meJ @ 'Dv¶d¶l  k;om;w,f ;d om;w,f/ tvkyfyjzpf jf zpf Ek    dEkifir,f rf ,fqk q  dwm w k m wef;+yD ;+yD;ol ;olod ovd v d  kdua=umif af =umif;/ 'ga=umifh ol @vawG al wGud u k tay;t,l  d tay;t,lr# r#=uzd @ k !¸efe=um;&a=umif =f um;&a=umif;/;/ yDuif;ujyef ;ujyefv# v#i vuf  f vufrSrwf w S xk x f   d;yJ ;k   GyJ vk  vkyfy  H¶f komus omusea=umif af =umif;/;/ aqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJ atmif  atmifjrif jrifwJ w  hJtaeeJ @ rqv xdyfoD o;awG ;D awGtm;vk tm;vk   H;wuf ;wufwJ w  h xrif  J xrif;pm;yJ ;pm;yJ   G}uD }uD; vkyfyf+yD +yD; rSwf wwrf w f rf;wif ;wifxm;a=umif; u&m; a&v$wf wºum;onf ºf um;onf? (Auy) u bmrSwf wcscf su rS  f rS ray;vk   duf uyg yf g? yDuif uif;ujyefvmrS vmrS OD  OD;b&ef ;b&efqd qifidk ;/;f / OD;aZmf ;aZmfrdr kdifi;wd ;f wd @ k u kd awG  awG @v ka=umif ad =umif; (Auy) u zdwf wo f nf? olwk w  d @k yefqef qef;vm=uonf ;vm=uonf? twd kcscsKH;v#i (17)  f (17) csuf[m [m vufeuf eufcscsa&;jzpfwmud wmud k ol  olwd w @ kd oda=umif;/;/ a&&Snf nwk w f   duf u k v# v f #i Armuus  f Armuusef&pf+yD +yD; olwd w @ kd ucsifvl vrs rl sK;d rsK;ðywf ;d ðywfrnf rnfjzpfI vufeuf euf cs  cs&a=umif; ajymygonf? olwd w @ kd .pOf;pm;cs ;pm;csuf rS  rSm - Armu vlODO;a&oef ;D a&oef;ayg ;aygi;f 30 ausmf &S    d&S+yD +yD; ucsiu f woef;yif ;yif r&S  r&S   da=umif a=umif;/;/ ppfw kduf u&mwG &f mwGifi Arm  f Arm 10 a,muf  - ucsif 1  1 a,mufE_Eefe_ ;f ao=uv#ifyif yif Armu  Armu oef; 20 ausmf us  usef&pf+yD +yD; olwd w k@d ucsi rs  f rsKd;ðywf ;ðywfrSrSm jzpfa=umif a=umif; &Sifi;jyyg ;f jyygonf? xd @ k a=umif   h a&&S  a&&Snf nppf pf pf  GyJyJ rwd  rwd kuf ucscf sifawmh awmha=umif a=umif; ajym ygonf? i;jycs ;f jycsuud u f  k Auy  d Auy u em;vnfr_r  d&S&_ yg yS gonf? quf+yD +yD;awmif ;awmif   hxm;um xm;um wd kuf uv# v f #i tajctaeaumif  f tajctaeaumif; rkcscsay:rnf? Auy u KIO .&Sif qufwk w   duf u k   dEkEf ifik &ef &f ef ul  ulnD nrnf rD nf[k [ ajymcJ  k ajymcJ   honf onf? olwd w @ kd vufcHcoG o H m;yg mG ;ygonf? wquf wnf  wnf; olwd w @ kd r'wxJ j jyef0if 0ifrnf rnf[k ajym  ajym onf? t*Fvef vef/ tar&duef uef oG  oGm;cs m;csionf o f nf[k [k ajymonf? Auy.xifjrif jrifcscsu awmif  f awmif; onf? r'wxJ0if 0ifwm wm aumif;onf? t*Fvef vef/ tar&duef oG  oGm;cs m;csifwmeJ @ ywfouf+yD +yD; em;vnfr_rESE_   hifiS f oabmayg  oabmaygur_rf  &S  _   d&Syg ygonf/ KIO rSm vGwf wvyf v f yfonf onf   h tzJ  tzJ   G ‹ tpnf;jzpf ;jzpfI vGwf wvyf v f yfpGpmqk mG qk   H;jzwf ;jzwfyg yg[ ajymcJ  k ajymcJ   honf onf? tqrweftm;enf tm;enf;aom ;aom vlrs rsK;d u tm;}uD;aomvl ;aomvlrs rsK;uk ;d uk   d wk  wk   duae&v# af e&v#i tm;uk  f tm;ukd;wck ;wckckcku   d &S  k &Smp+rJ mp+rJjzpfonf onf?   GcJxG xuf u G a&; af &; aºu;a=umfpOf pOfu tar&duef uef qD  qD;wd ;wd k; (SEATO) ud k tm;ud k;zl ;zl;onf ;onf? t*Fvd vyfyd  ‚awmif  f ‚awmifwef wef;om;rd ;om;rdwf waqG af qGrs rsm;‛ uk   d quf  quf oG,f ,  hcJcf onf o J nf? xd kquf qufoG o,f , G r_rf _rSrSm AuyESifif r[mrd  h r[mrdw  GfzJz @J aepOfyif yif tquf  tqufrjywf rjywf  hcJcyg yJ g? olw @ kd u rajymaomfvnf vnf; u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd odaeonf aeonf? bmawGa&;onf a&;onf qd konf onfuk u  dyif yk if od  odonf onf? Armhatmuf atmufypf ypfrxm;cJ   hbl b;qk ;l qk   d+yD +yD; ckawmh awmhArmuk Armuk   d vG  vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;ay;+yD a&;ay;+yD; Armh atmuf  atmufypf ypfxm;w,f xm;w,f[k [ pum;emxd  k pum;emxd k;jcif ;jcif; jzpfyg ygonf? (Armjynfta=umif ta=umif; a&;=u aom ‚vljzLu| jzLu|r;us ;f usiol o f ‛l rsm;vnf; xd kpm pm rsm;uk   d zwf  zwfzlz;[ef ;l [ef &S    d&Sonf onf?)?) TudpPpuk u P   d rS  k rSwf wfcsuwck w f cka&;+yD a&;+yD; &yfyg ygrnf? (rSwf wcscf su)f KIO u 1979 wGifif quf  qufwd w kuf u d  ojzif  f ojzifh tus  tusKd;r,k ;r,kwf wyg yf g? 1990 ckESEpfpS rs frsm;wGi AuycJ  f AuycJ   GxG xuf u G rs rf sm; azmuf  hcJcJaomvrf;uk ;uk   d ol  olwd w k @d vd kuf uonf o f nf? (17) csufxuf xufomaom omaom tcG  hifif ta&;  ta&; &cJ   honf onf? vufeuf eufrcs rcs&? KIO. KIA rzsu&/ &f /   dEkifiiHif a&;vk aH &;vkyfyfc  hifiG  &S  f   d&Saeonf aeonf? rdrdrwd w d  @ kd twGi;rS ;f rSyif yif AuycJ  AuycJ   GxG xuf u G  +id  f +idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ   G @rsm;ay:ae&m KIO +idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ   G @ vkyfyonf o f nfu k tjypf  d tjypfrajymyg rajymyg? w¶kwf we,f ef ,fpyf pyf wG  wGifif tm;vk   H; ‚+idrfr;‛ f;‛ jzpfaecsdef ol  olu xD;xD;}uD ;}uD; qufwd w kuf u d aeI af eI rjzpfyg yg? odyfyem ef m oGm;vd m;vd  hrfrrnf rf nf? AuycJ   GxG xuf u G  +id  f +idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ   G @rsm;uk ol  d olwd w @ kd .rlvae&mod vae&mod @ k jyefoG om;aom mG ;aom ‚&Jabmf abmf rS  rS r[mrd  r[mrdwf wjf zpfoG om;ol mG ;ol‛ [k oabmxm;  oabmxm; ovd k KIO ud kvnf vnf; r[mrdwfrs rsm;tjzpfyif yif oabmxm;qJ  oabmxm;qJ j jzpfyg ygonf?    GcJxG xuf u G fa&; rS jynf  jynfaxmif axmifpkpkppf ppfppf ppfrlruk u l   d ajymif  k ajymif;+yD ;+yD;yxrqk ;yxrqk   H; vufcHcol o H lrsm;jzpfI Auy u oHa,mZOf a,mZOf}uD }uD; SSPP. KIO wd @ k onf cJ ygonf? txufwG wifiG a&;cJ af &;cJ   honf onfrs rsm;rSm xdyfyfwef;v# ;v# @Kd 0Suf ufcscsufrsm; r[kwf wawmh af wmhI a&;ygonf? e0w/ etz rod cscsitqk t f qk   H; jzpfaeaom aeaom udpPprs rP sm; jzpfonf onf?

bk   H&ef &efol o &S  l   d&Syg ygonf? od @ k aomf bm  bm a=umif  h&ef &efol ojl zpfovJ ovJ qk  qk   donf onf   hud upPpd PwG wifiG fum; rwl=uyg =uyg? (Auy) u ppftk tyfyk pkfp/k ppftpd k;&uk ;&uk   d ppftm%m&S tm%m&Sifipepf pf epf us  us  hiok o f   H;aom ;k aom ppfAs AsL¶d k u&uf  u&uf t&if  t&if;&S ;&Sifirs rf sm;jzpfaoma=umif aoma=umif   h &ef  &efol o [k  l [k owf  owfrSrSwf wfjcif; jzpfonf onf? ‚oD;jcm;wd ;jcm;wd kifi;jynf ;f jynf‛ ‚cJ   Gxuf u G  a&;‛  f a&;‛ aºu;a=umfol ors rl sm;u Arm ‘e,fcsc @sJ ’ rsm;jzpfI &efol[k [owf o k wfrSrwf Swfjcif; jzpfonf onf? tajccHcscsi;yif ;f yif rwl=uyg =uyg? uGefejrLepf jf rLepfrs rsm;u wESpfpapm+yD af pm+yD; awmck   donf onf? KNU uyg awmck   dvmaom vmaom tcg awmxJwG wifiG  yÉd  f yÉdyuQ yuQjzpf&onf &onf? od @ k aomf awmuus,on o f n   f? ol @pnf;ud ;ud k,f ,  hpnf pf nf; aevd @ k &onf? 1958 txd xk  xk   dod o @ kd ‚&SO @f av#mufom om ysm;pJ   Gom‛ om‛ ay:vpD vk  vkyfyvk v f   d @k &onf? wyfayg aygi;pk ;f pkpum;vnf pum;vnf; trsm; tm;jzif  h j jynfo @l &Jabmf abmf/ tvHeDewd w D  @ kd E  hSifi ajym&  f ajym& onf? jynfol ol@&abmf aJ bmfESE  hifiS  Auy  f Auy eD;pyf ;pyfonf onf? olwk w   d@k vnf; jynfaxmif axmifpkpkbuf bufom;/ om;/ Auy vnf; jynfaxmif axmifpkpkbuf bufom;? om;? 1947 jynfaxmif axmifpkpktajccH tajccHOya'rS Oya'rSm   dAkvf v atmif  f atmifqef; OD;aqmif ;aqmifa&;qJ   Gjcif; jzpfonf onf? (Auy) u axmufcHc  hHconf o J nf? xd @ k a=umif   h j jynfaxmif axmifpkp jy\emwG  k jy\emwGifi ruJ  f ruJ   G=uyg =uyg?

tvHeDeu D vlrs rsK;wrs ;d wrsK;d wd ki;jynf f;jynf wjynf  wjynfpepf pepfud u k vk  d vk   dvm;onf vm;onf? jynfaxmifpkp rvd  k rvd kcscsif/ olu uJ   Gtuf tufa&; a&;   GcJxG xuf u G a&;orm;? af &;orm;? tvHeDeDbmajymaeae udpPr&S r  d&Syg yg? oluvl uvlxk x tajccH  k tajccHr&S r  d&S? Auy jzLv#if ol  olrnf;rnf ;rnf? (Auy) u jynfwG wifiG ;ppf ;f ppf&yf &yfpJpa&;/ Ja&;/ jynfwG wifiG ;+id ;f +idrfrf;cs ;csr;a&;ajymawmh ;f a&;ajymawmh ol  olu ‚u|ef yJ    GyJpm;}uD pm;}uD;ocif ;ocifoef oef;xG ;xGefe;‛ ;f ‛ [k ajymonf  ajymonf? axmifpkp[k [ k  ajymrd  k ajymrdv# v#if ‚oD;jcm;wd ;jcm;wd kifi;jynf ;f jynf‛ ‚cJ   Gxuf u G  a&;‛  f a&;‛ orm;wd @ k uawmh jynf  jynfaxmif axmifpkpkpum; pum; r=um;cs r=um;csi/f em;cg;onf? jynfaxmif ArmeDESE  hSifi Arm!d  f Arm!d k woHwnf wnf;yJ ;yJ[k [ pG  k pGyfy  GfpJpJonf onf? 1958 - 60 tdrfrapmif af pmif   hacwf acwfu armifarmif armif/ atmif}uD }uD;wd ;wd k @ KNU ES  hifi wd  f wdwf wwd w f wf w d  3  f 3 }udrfrwd w f wd w d  aqG  d aqG;aEG ;aEG;onf ;onf? Auy ud k OD;wnf ;wnfwk w   duf u k &ef &f ef KNU ud k pnf  pnf;¶k ;¶k;onf ;H onf? 1958 - 60 onf Auy  Auy twGuf u temqk  f temqk   H; umvjzpfonf onf? (Auy u KNU tay: b,fwk wefek ;f urS taumuf  taumufr}uH r}uH  hcJc[k [ J k KNU acgif;aqmif ;aqmifud u k r=umrD  d r=umrDuyif uyif ajymvk  ajymvk   duf u ao;onf  f ao;onf?)?) 1958 - 60 rSm Auywd @ k arG;&m ;&m ZmwdESE  hifiS fatmif atmifajruk ajruk   d vufvwf w G &aom &f aom umvjzpfonf onf? Auy.arG;&mZmwd ;&mZmwdonf onf rif;0H ;0Hawmif awmifa=um a=um yJclcl;¶d k;rjzpf ;rjzpfonf onf? atmifajronf ajronf {&m0wD  {&m0wDjrpf0S0rfrS f; jzpfonf onf? (armifarmif armif/ atmif}uD }uD;wk   d @E  hSifif KNU bmawGus uswf w d +f yD; em;vnfr_r &cJ  _ &cJ   honf onf qd  qd konf onfuk u  d ol  k olwd w @ kd ajymrS aumif  aumif;rnf ;rnfjzpf I rwifjyawmh jyawmhyg yg?) &Srfr;rs ;f rsm;u SSIA   GzJ @ vufeuf euf uk  uk   dififw kuf u d   GyJyf wd w J  kuf u d awmh af wmh ‚ArmeD  ‚ArmeD e,f  e,fcsc @sJ awG j jyefoG om;‛ mG ;‛ [k &mZoH  &mZoHay;onf ay;onf? oD;jcm; ;jcm; &Srfr;jyn ;f jyn  f. e,federdrd dwf wonf o f nf rEW  rEWav;vGifijyif jf yif txd  txd[k [ ajymonf  k ajymonf? teD;pcef ;pcef;atmuf ;atmufbuf buf txd  txd qk  qkwf w&rnf &f rnf? rqkwf wv# v f #if wd kuf urnf rf nf[k [ pma&;onf  k pma&;onf? (Auy) u &Srfr;jynf ;f jynfa&muf a&mufae ae onfrSrmS 1949 uwnf;u ;u jzpfonf onf? zqyv tpd k;&&S ;&&S   donf onf   hae&mrS ae&mrSm wd kuf urnf rf nf/ wd kuf ufaeonfrSrmS =um+yD? olwd w k@d oykyl efek xrS x f rS (Auy)  (Auy) ud k armif  armif;xk ;xkwf wfonf? ajcmufwk wifikd ;f a=umuf+yD +yD; zdwd w kifid ;yd ;f ydv# v#i awmf  f awmfvS vefeS a&;orm; af &;orm; r[kwf w/f xd @ k a=umif   h xG  xGufroG roGm;yg m;yg? olwd w @ kd u e,federdrd dwf wud u f  kouf o d uf!mpG m‡ pGm owfrSrSwf wwm[k w f m[k qk  qk   donf onf? rEWav;/ av;/ yif;,/ ;,/ tif;0txd ;0txd ,l  ,lvd v @ kd &onf/ ord kifi;&S ;f   d&Sonf onf[k [ qd  k qd konf onf? Auy aep&mr&S   drSrmpd mS pd k;I ;I ouf!‡ !m‡ wm[ ajymonf ak jymonf? uHaumif aumif;axmuf ;axmufrpG rpGm Auy &Srf;jynf ;jynfrSrrqk rS qkwf w&? &f ? wd kuf uvnf v f nf;rwd ;rwduf u k f vd ku&yg &f yg? wd kuf u&onf &f onfu KIO ES  hifif jzpfonf onf? apmapmu rwdkuf u&/ &f / 1968 ta&S @ajrmuf  dykyifik ;ay:+yD ;f ay:+yD;rS wd  wd kuf u&jcif &f jcif; jzpfonf onf? wd kuf u&onf &f onfrSrSmvnf mvnf;   dEkifiiHif Hjcm; jcm; ya,m* ygonf? jzpfpOf pOfrSrmS ae0if;wuG ;wuGuf urf Sm;I m;I w¶kwf w tpd  f tpd k;& a'gyon o G n  f? tif'd' keDed ;&S ;D &Sm;/ m;/ rav;wk   d @ rSmvk   d ae0if  ae0if;u ;u uGefejf rLepfqef qef ‹usia&;/ af &;/ w¶kwf wqef q f ef ‹usifa&; a&; vkyfyrdrf onf o d nf? w¶kwf w qef  f qef @usifa&;uk a&;uk   d ,l  ,leDeazmif aD zmif;c| ;c|w ppf  f ppfom; om; rsm;ES  hifif vkyfy  hcJcf Jonf onf? ppfom;rs om;rsm;uk   d ppf  ppfum; um; jzif  h o,f  o,fvm/ vm/ ,leDeazmif aD zmif;c| ;c|wf vk   Hcscsn0wf 0f wf ap+yD  ap+yD; t&ufwk wuf u kd um u f m t"du¶k u¶k%f; zefwD w;D apjcif; jzpfonf onf? w¶kwf wu f tar&duef ueftEW tEW&m,f &m,f owd  owdxm;cs xm;csefed /f tar&duefu AD,uf ,uferf erfppf ppf &S    d&Sefejr‡ jf r‡  hificscf sdefe/f EsLuvD,mAk   H;tao;pm; ;tao;pm; ok   H;rok   H; csdefeqaecs q f aecsefed /f ,Ofaus aus;r_ awmf  awmfvS vefeS fa&;a=umif   h w¶k  w¶kwf wrs rf sm; tuJqwf qwfaecsefed ESEf   hSifi oG  f oGm;wd m;wd k; onf? rñuHpzl pzl; Auy vufeuf euf azmjcif  azmjcif; aomjcif; &onf? r[mrdwf wrs rf sm;ud k waomif  waomif;*%ef ;*%ef; a&mufvk veDek ;eD ;D eD; ulnD n  dEkED ifik  cJ  f   hcJonf onf? ;v# @Kd 0Suf uud u f  kd (tultnD tnD vuf  vufc  hcJcH ol o J rs rl sm;tm;vk   H; ‚+idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ   G @‛ rsm; jzpfaejcif aejcif;/;/ ESpfpayg af ygif; 20 ausm 30  f 30 eD;yg ;yg;   d&S+yDjzpf jzpfjcif;a=umif ;a=umif   h wcg  wcgu xdyfyw f ef;v# zG  hifiajymjcif af jymjcif; jzpfonf onf?)?) yxrqk   H;&onf ;&onf   h r[mrd  r[mrdwf wxJ x f rSrJ mS KIO ygonf? xk   dtcg tcgu KIO ud k aZmf  aZmf nD  nDtpf tpfud u kawG ad wG acg  acgif;aqmifonf? aZmfwl w;u ;l u AuyxHrSrS vufeuf euftul tultnD tnD ,l  ,lonf onf? xd kifi;wG ;f wGifiaeaomtpf af eaomtpfud u ku d uGefejrLepf jf rLepfay;wJ ay;wJ   h vuf  vufeuf euf xrf  xrf;&aumif ;&aumif;vm; ;vm; ‚vufeuf eufeDe‛D rxrf;eJ ;eJ @[k !¸  !¸ef=um;onf =um;onf? (cJ   GxG xuf u G oD o f D;jcm; wk   difif;jynf xl  xlaxmif axmifcscsifol ow l  kdifi;f xd kifi;tajccH ;f tajccH =uonf  =uonfcscsn;f jzpfonf onf? [kwf wfwmr[kwf wwm w f m tyxm; uGefejf rLepf w¶k w¶kwf qef  qef ‹usifv#i vuf  f vufeuf eufay;rvd ay;rvd kvd v k avoH  d avoHay;aeI ay;aeI wae@ &Ed k;Ed ;Ed k; apmif   hae=uonf ae=uonf? &onf[k [awmh ak wmh r=um;zl  r=um;zl;yg ;yg? a&$  Hiki;rif ;k rif;t+rD ;t+rD;ar# ;ar#m&if &f if;ES ;ES  hifi tcs  f tcsdefeawG af wGom om ukefe  hcJcf =uonf =J uonf?)?) aZmfqd q kifid ;trd ;f trdefe @f jzif   h aZmf  aZmfwl w;u ;l u ESpfbuf bufoabmwl oabmwlncscD sufu wzuf  kd wzufowf owf zs  zsufonf onf? &xm;aomvufeuf eufawmh awmh ,l  ,lxm;+yD xm;+yD; armfpDpDwk wefek ;=o0g ;f =o0g' ppfa&; a&; 6 apmifwd w @ kd u  d zs  k zsufqD q;ypf ;D ypfonf onf? ArmeDe,f e,fcsc @sJ orm;[k ajymonf  ajymonf? tuGuf uacs af csmif;aeaom ;aeaom rqv ppftk tyfyk fpkpku 0if+yD +yD; tjrwfxk xwf w k fonf? Auy wd kuf ua&; af &; twGuf uf tm;ay;onf? &duQ um/ mQ / usn tenf  f tenf;tus ;tusO;f ay;onf? rv$  Jra&S ra&Smif mifom om ppfwd w kuf u d &awmh &f awmhonf onf? ,cif 1968  1968 rwd kifirDrf Du rwd kuf u  hcJcf &yg &J yg? aZmfnD nt D pfuk u  drs rk sm; wa,mufu AuyESififwd w h  kuf u d &if &f if; usq  Hk;onf ;onf? t}uD; ESpfpa,muf af ,mufu olwd w @ kd csif;vkyfy}uH }f uHwm wm cH& onf? KIO wckvk v  H;k ajcrud kifirdrf d vuf  vufrud rud kifirdrf  jzpf  d jzpfonf? Auy u r&efb&ef b&efqd q kifid ;/;f / aZmf  drkrkifi;wd ;f wd k@u k vuf  d vufeuf eufuk ukifdiwd w f uf u dk   GyJyf J quf  quf wk  wk   duf u&ef &f ef tm;ay;onf  tm;ay;onf? tultnD tnDay;onf ay;onf? ucsiu f xd kifi;ES ;f ES  hififta0;}uD ta0;}uD;?;?   dEkififijcm;trS jH cm;trS   D&S&mv# mS v#i uk  f ukvm;/ vm;/ w¶kwf wyJyf  rS  J   DrSvk v  d @k &onf? olrs rsm;ES  hi rwl  f rwlyg yg? ukvm;u vm;u ol @uQ u k  ES  Q ES  hifiol o f /l ta&S @ajrmufa'owG a'owGifi ppf  f ppfwk w  duf u k ae af e &onf? KIO ud k vuf  vufeuf eufay;vd ay;vd @ k rjzpfyg? xd x @dk a=umif   h  AuyxHrSrS w¶kwf wvuf v f ufeuf euf ,l   ,l&onf? KIO rSm xd kifi;wG ;f wGifi vk  f vkyfy}uH }f uHcHc&+yD &H +yD; xk   difi;uk ;f uk   d  DrSrSI rjzpf? xd @ k a=umif   h AuyES  AuyESifif j h jyef+yD +yD; r[mrdwf w  GzJzf  @J onf? jynfol o @l 'Drdr kdua&pD ua&pD vrf  vrf;a=umif ;a=umif; vufcHconf o H nf[k [k qd konf onf? vufeuf eufwGifi tjzLteD  f tjzLteD r&S  r&S   d/ xrf;rnf ;rnf   hol oom o l m tjzLteD  d&S&onf o S nfuk u  dk KIO acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifr_rtzJ t _   GzJ @opfu odyg ygonf? olwd w @ kd rSm xk   difi;wG ;f wGifiaeol af eolrs rsm; r[kwf w=uI =f uI ,l&J& onf  J onf? xd kifif;wGifiaev# af ev#i vuf  f vufeuf euftul tultnD tnD ,l  ,lvk v  d @k rjzpf? ,lrdrv# v d #i urB  f urBmrD m  rD;avmif ;avmifrnf rnf?

Tok   d @jzif   h vuf  vufeuf euftul tultnD tnD axmif  axmifcscsD+yD +yD; (Auy) u ay;onf? vufeuf euf wd  wd @ k .oabmrSm usnqef q f ef  d&S&&onf &S onf? vl xrif;pm;ovk ;pm;ovk   d aoewf  aoewfu usnqef fqefpm; pm; onf? rpm;&v#if wk  wkwf wavmuf af vmufyif yif tok  tok   H; rus? ESpfppOf pf Of (Auy)  (Auy) u jznf  hus usn axmuf  f axmufyHyH &onf  h &onf? vufeuf eufu kd ray;cif  ray;cif (Auy)  (Auy) u oifwef wef;ay;onf ;ay;onf? olwd w @ kd A[duvnf u k vnf; ‚oGm;oif m;oifwef wef;wuf ;wuf=u/ =u/ ajymor# em;axmif  hcJc=u/ =J u/ onf? wa,mufuawmh uawmh jyefapm'u apm'u rwuf=ueJ @/ vufeuf eufxrf xrf; jyef  hcJcJ=u‛ [k !¸  !¸efe=um; =f um; vk   dufonf? trsm;uawmh emcHonf olwk w   d@k A[k   d !¸  !¸efe=um;cs =f um;csu uk  f uk   d azmuf  azmufzszsufonf onf? wcswarmif w D armif; wk   duf u xm;=u&I  f xm;=u&I rcHcscsrcH rd cHom om jzpfaeyk aeyk   H&onf &onf? ratmif  h  dEkEifik ?f Auyuk  d tpOf  tpOftquf tquf acg  acgi;f aqmif  hcJcol o J rs rl sm;ta=umif; oifwef wef;ay; ;ay; t+yD;wG ;wGifi tjyef  f tjyeftvS tvSefeaqG af qG;aEG;yJ ;  GyJY ‚avmu rSm ocifa,¶_wa,muf wa,mufyJyJ =um;zl  =um;zl;onf? ocifatmif atmifqef qef;/;/ ocifpdp;/d;k / ocifod oefed ;az/ ;f az/ ocifoef oef;xG ;xGefe;/;f / ocifZif Zif/ ocifAod Aodefef;wif ;wif r=um;zl  r=um;zl;bl ;bl;‛ ;‛ [k cG  cGwk w  duf u k onf o f nf? olr=um;zl r=um;zl;wm ;wm [kwf waumif af umif; [kwf wrnf rf nf/ ol @taz ol @tzd k;acwf ;acwfuawmh uawmh Armjynf  ArmjynfrSrmS vltajrmuftjrm;[m tjrm;[m rsuESEf mjzLbd mS jzLbd kwk w  difik ;uk ;f uk ocif  d ocifac:cJ ac:cJ   hzlzl;onf ;onf qk  qk   donf onfuk u   d oif  k oifwef wef;q&mu ;q&mu jyefrajym rajym vk  duf uyg yf g? r[mrdwf wðy ðf y ae=uonfyJy?J

txufwG wifiG  b&ef  f b&efqk q  difik ;u ;f u r'w xJ jyef  jyef0ifrnf rnf/ t*Fvef vef/ tar&duef uef oG  oGm;rnf m;rnfqd q kaomud ad omudpPpP wifjy+yD jy+yD;+yD ;+yD? b&efqd q kifid ;f xd kifi;qif ;f qif;onf ;onf? r'w xJ j jyef0if 0ifonf onf? t*Fvef vefoG oGm;jzpfonf onf? wcgu rufvk v  H;ay; ;k ay; tvGefeoe o f   f  e faom aom ‚awmifwef wef;om; ;om; rdwf waqG af qG}uD }uD;rs ;rsm;‛ ES  hifi oG  f oGm;awG m;awG @onf? olwd w @ kd xJu trsm;pku uG,f ,vG v f efeG +yD +f yD? q&m}uD;cs ;csmcs/D bk&if &ifcHca[mif aH [mif; a':refprpfwk w @kd r&S   d=uawmh =uawmh? use&pf &f pfol olrsm;u (Lord) avmhb   G @J cH+yD +yD; txufv$ vwf w $ awmf af wmf trwf  trwfrs rsm; vkyaeonf faeonf? olwk w  d @k E  hifSi awG  f awG @onf? olwd w @ kd acgi;xJ ;f xJ ‚Armjynf  ‚Armjynf‛ r&Sawmh ad wmh? awmifwef wef;om;rs ;om;rsm;uk   dvnf vnf; pdwf wr0if rf 0ifpm; pm; =uawmh? b&efqd q kifid ;f pdwf wys yf su&onf &f onf? tar&duefoG om;&ef mG ;&ef óu;pm;onf  óu;pm;onf? uGefejf rLepf ESE  hSifir[mrd rf [mrdwf wðyxm;ol ðf yxm;oljzpf jzpfI t0if rcH  rcH vS  vSnf n   hjyef jf yef  hc&onf &J onf? pdwf wtys t f ysu}uD }f uD; ysuvmonf v f monf? Ttcsurs rf sm;rSm b&efqd q kifid f;. jyefvnfajymjycs ajymjycsufu k cs  d csKyf+yD +yD;wif ;wifjyjcif; jzpfonf onf?   dEkifiiHif Hjcm;tm;uk   d rS    DrScdc kdv @ kd r&&if ud  ud k,f ,  hjynf jf ynfwG wGi;yJ ;f yJ  tm;ud k;awmh ;awmhrnf rnf[k [ qk  k qk   H;jzwf+yD +yD;/;/ r'w uk  d,f ,pm;vS pf m;vS,f ,tzJ t f   GzJ @}uD;uk   d ac:um  ac:um KIO XmecsKyfod o @ kd jyefvmonf vmonf? XmecsKyfa&muf a&mufv# v#i wzuf  f wzufu r'wtzJ  G @u  d AuyES  k AuyESififawG ah wG @z @ kd em;csonf? wzufuvnf uvnf; Auyuk  d r'wES  r'wES  hifawG @&ef wk   duf uwG w f efeG ;aeonf ;f aeonf? &if;ES ;  DES;aom ;aom rdwfaqG aqG. wd kuf uw f Gefe;f csufud u k (Auy)  d (Auy) u vufcHonf onf? r'w tzJ  G @u  d em;cs  k em;csIvnf; &oGm;ojzif m;ojzif   h (Auy)  (Auy) u zdwf wonf o f nf? rdrdr.atmuf . d atmufajc ajc tzJ  G ‹tpnf;rs ;rsm; ok   d @vnf; A[d k.{nf .{nf   honf onfrs rsm; vm=urnf/ rdwf w0wf 0f wfrys rysu{nf {f nf   hcHc=u/ =H u/ olwd w @ kd xJu wcs @Kd aoG;cJ ;  GcJ=uvd =uvd  hrfrfrnf rnf? jyefrwk rwk   H @jyef=ueJ @[k !¸  !¸efe=um;xm;onf =f um;xm;onf? ygwDuwG uwGuxm;onf x f m;onf   h twd  twd kifi;yif ;f yif ol  olwd w @ kd xutcs u J tcs @Kd u Auya'o 0ifuwnf wnf; u aoG;cJ ;  GcJa&; a&; vkyfyonf o f nf? ucsi/f u&if/ ud k;uef ;uef @/ yavmif/ &Srfr;/;f / 0/ tcg ponf  h yg  ygw au'g D au'grsm;uk   d AuyrS  AuyrS  GcJxG xuf u G /f oD;jcm;tzJ ;jcm;tzJ   G @ csKyfrs rsm;zJ   G @um r'w wGifi;f 0if=uzd k@ ajym=u qG,f ,f=uonf? vlrs rsK;pk ;d pkau'g au'grsm;uvnf; A[d kod o @ kd tjynf   htpk t  Hpk uejzif  uejzif  h tpD  tpD&if &ifconf o H nf? A[k   du rwk   H @jyefeJe @J {nf   h0wf 0wfapmif apmif0wf 0wfaus aus=u[k !¸  !¸efe=um;onf =f um;onf? yefqef qef;a&muf ;a&muf+yD +yD; aqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJ vkyfyaecs af ecsefed fwG wifiG vnf v f nf; Tod @ k yif aoG  aoG;  GcJ+rJ aoG  aoG;cJ ;  GcJae=uonf ae=uonf? Auy ud k,f ,pm;vS pf m;vS,f , tzJ  f tzJ   G @u avoHjzif jzif   hyif yif ruef  ruef @uGuf u  hcJcf yg yJ g? xdkud u k,f , d pm;vS pf m;vS,f ,tzJ t f   GzJ @wifiG  yg  f ygolrs rsm; touf xif  xif&S&m; mS ;   d&Sae=uyg ae=uygao;onf? olwd w k@d u  dk oufaownf aownfygonf? Auy.tajccHa'owG a'owGifi ol  f olwd w @ kd vkyfyovd o f vd krs rsK;d olwd w @ kd a'owGi vk  f vkyfyfcGc  hifiG ðy=u ðf y=u yg.avm? olwk w  d @k . ajymufus usm;a'owGi acwW  f acwWvm+yD vm+yD; &efo @l x;ppf ;dk ppfa&S a&Smif mif cd  cd kv_ v  Hol o _ uk u l   dyif yk if owf  owfypf ypfyg ygonf? b,fol oawG al wG b,f  b,frSrmS b,fol o @l trdefe @f jzif   h owf  owfonfuk u   d ajymEd  k ajymEd kifif aomfvnf vnf; &efpuk  dwd w kapvd ad pvd kI rajymawmhyg yg? uGefejrLepf jf rLepf qef  qef ‹usia&;vk af &;vkyfyv# v f #i qk  f qkcscscH&vd &vd  hrfrrnf rf nf[k [ xif  k xifa,mif a,mifrSrm;r_ mS ;r_rsrsm; wae@aysmufvd vrfrd frnf rh nf[k [ oabmyd  k oabmyd kuf uum u f m atmif   htnf tnf;aecJ ;aecJ   hyg ygonf? ‚&efol otay: t l ay: jywfom;/ om;/ rdwf waqG af qGtay: tay: pdwf w&S&f nf n S f‛ a&;onf Auy.rl  Auy.rlwck wck j jzpfyg ygonf? DAB   G zJ @aomtcg rdwaqG af qG}uD }uD; b&efqd q kifid ;u ;f u Auyuk  d DAB wGifi;f yg0if apcs  apcsi  hfconf o J nf? xd kifi;uae ;f uae DAB xJ ygryg ar;cJ  honf onf? Auy ygv#if tm;rjzpf  tm;rjzpfbJ b/J tm; ysufapovd kjzpf jzpfrnf rnf? uGefejrLepf jf rLepfyg ygvmI tar&duef uefqDu vufeuf euftul tultnD tnD r&wm[k  r&wm[k xif=uvd =uvd  hrfrrnf rf nf? rygbJaewm aewm aumif;onf ;onf? 'ga=umif   h ab;uaeyJ  ab;uaeyJ 'D  'Drdr k ua&pD  d ua&pDa&;vk a&;vkyfyrnf rf nf[k [ ta=umif  k ta=umif;jyef  hcJcJonf? &nfrSreS f;cs ;csu}uD }f uD;}uD ;}uD; rxm;cJ  hI Auy - r'w yefqef qef;pnf ;pnf;a0;yJ ;a0;yJ   G atmif  atmifjrif jrif yg  ygonf? ppfa&;wyf a&;wyfayg aygi;pk ;f pkom om OD;wnf ;wnfjcif jcif; jzpfI jy\emay:p&m r&S  dyg yg? Auy. jynfaxmif axmifpkprlrk uk u l   d &S  k &Sifi;jy&ef ;f jy&ef awmif  awmif;qk ;qk   dwm wm awmh &S    d&Sonf onf? AuywGifif v#  v# @Kd 0Suf u+yD +f yD; jynfaxmif axmifpkptajccH t k ajccHOya' Oya' a&;qJ   Gxm;wm xm;wm   d&Sonf onf[k [k ajym+yD;ar;jcif ;ar;jcif; jzpfonf onf? AuywGifi v#  f v# @Kd 0Suf ua&m af &m ajAmif a&m  a&m jynfaxmif axmifpkpktajccH tajccHOya' Oya' (rl=urf;);) r&S   dyg yg? tajccHOya'qk Oya'qk   donf onfrSrSm awmfvS vefeS a&; af &; atmif  GyJy&+yD &J +yD;rS ;rS o&zl  o&zlaqmif aqmif;wmjzpf ;wmjzpfa=umif a=umif;/;/ ,kefefr&cif r&cif oH  oHyky&m&S &k m&Sm=uv#i tcs  f tcsi;cs f;csif; pdwf w0rf 0f rf;uJ ;uJ   GwmyJ wmyJ tzwf  tzwfwif wifrnf rnf   hta=umif ta=umif; &Sifif;jycJ   hyg ygonf? oabmayguf[efawmh awmh r&S  r&S   d yg  yg? Auy taeES  hifi tm%mrJ  f tm%mrJ   hol ors rl sm; a&;qJ   G xm;aom  xm;aom tajccHOya' Oya' (rl=urf;);) uk   dvnf vnf;

ra0zefyg yg? axmufcHcp&mawG pH &mawG @v#if awmf  awmfao; ao; onf? uef @uGuf up&mawG pf &mawG @I uef @uuf u G rdrf v# v d #i tenf  f tenf;qk ;qk   H; tm;emp&mawmh aumif  aumif;rnf ;rnf? uGefejf rLepfys ysuf rd  rd k;[d ;[defef;onf ;onf ol  olwd w @  G dk cJa&; a&; orm;csi;f wyfayg aygi;pk ;f pkvk vyfyk wd w f  kifid f; 0ef}uD }uD;csKyf jzpf  jzpfvd v kuf u d /f orRwjzpf wjzpfvd v kuf u d  jzpf  f jzpf  hcJconf o J nf? 'Dvdktvk tvkyfrs rsK;d uGefejf rLepfrs rsm; vkyfyrnf rf nfr[k r[kwf w/f vdyfyjymroef jf ymroef @? wd kifif;jynfwpnf wpnf;wvk ;wvk   H;wnf ;wnf;   d&Sa&;onf a&;onf j jynfaxmif axmifpkp zJ  k   GzJ @pnf;a&;. ;a&;. ta&;}uD;rl ;rlwck jzpf  jzpfonf?   GcJxG xuf u G a&;orm; af &;orm; awGvd v kd vkyfyIrjzpf I f rjzpf?   GcJxG xuf u G a&;orm;uawmh af &;orm;uawmh oD  oD;jcm;tajccH ;jcm;tajccHOya'a&;&ef Oya'a&;&ef 0ef  0efrav;ovd rav;ovd k/ zsufzdz @ kd vnf; 0efrav;yg rav;yg? wd kifif;jynftpd tpdwf wpdpf wf w d tr$ t f r$mr$ mr$m uJ   Grnf rnf   hupPpd P/ e,fajrjynf ajrjynf   h  Hpkpwnf w k nfwH w  hr_rH _ ys  ysufrnf rnf   h ud  udpPp/P &efwus wusuus u f sujzpf jf zpf+yD +yD; w+cdrfrf;+cd ;+cdrfr;f wd kuae&rnh af e&rnh   f tjzpfod o @ kd a&mufrnf   hupPpd wG w P ifiG  rnf  f rnfonf onf   htcg tcgr# Auy ryg  hcJyg yg? aemifwGifif vnf; ygrnfr[k r[kwyg yf g? tm%m&S   dol oppf pl pftpd tpd k;&u ;&u a&;qJ   G v#  v#iawmh af wmh a0zef  a0zefonf onf? tb,fa=umif a=umif qk  h qk   daomf aomf ol  olwd w @ kd onf atmif  atmif  GyJyJcHc+yD +H yD;+yD ;+yD[ ,l  k ,lq +yD; uk   d,f ,   huk u f   d,f , k uk u f   d o&zl  k o&zlaqmif aqmif;ay;aeI ;ay;aeI jzpfonf onf? vufawG awG @tm%m r&Saomf ad omfvnf vnf; vlxk xu k tm%mtyfxm;aom xm;aom  NLD u a&;qJ   Gvmv# vmv#i a0zef  f a0zefp&m&S p&m&S   d a0zef   a0zefrnf? óuufv# v#iaxmuf af xmufcHcrnf rH nf? róuufv#if uef  uef @uuf u G rnf rf nf? 1947 uvnf; xkdod o @ kd vyfyk   hfcJc onf  J onf? Auy/ r'w pnf;a0;yJ ;a0;yJ   G qk   H;jzwf ;jzwf cs  csu vuf  f vufrSrwf w S xd x f  k;awmh ;d awmhrnf rnf   htcg tcg w}udrfrfESE  hSifi/f toHv$ vifi$ fawmh ah wmhrnf rnf   htcg tcg w}udrfr aocs f aocsm atmif ,pm;vS pf m;vS,f ,tzJ t f   GzJ @ acgif;aqmif ;aqmifuk u  d vuf  k vufrSrwf w S xd x f  k;I ;d I jzpfrj rjzpf/ toHv$ v  hifi$ Ijzpf I f jzpfrjzpf rjzpf (2)  (2) }udrfrfar;cJ   honf onf? KNU ud k,f ;f aqmifawG awG ud  ud k,f ,wd w f  kifid ygyf gaeI ar;p&m rvd kyg yg?  NMSP uvnf;   dEkififa&$ a&$us usi ud  f ud k,f ,wd w f  kifid f KIO. SSPP wd @ k rSm t"du acgi;aqmif pma&;xm;+yD; jzpfonf onf? touf}uD }uD;aeI ;aeI oluk u   d,f , k wk w f   difik f vd  vd kurvm rf vm Edifik a=umif af =umif;/;/ v$wf wvd v f  kuf u d ol o f uk u l   d tm%muk  k tm%mukefef v$   Jvd v kuf u d a=umif af =umif; a&;xm;+yD; jzpfonf onf? KNU u xkdod o @ kd r[kwf wygyf g? acgif;aqmifvmoluvnf uvnf; u&iftrs trsK;om; ;d om; r[kwf w/f &ck   dififtrsK;om; ;d om; jzpfaeonf aeonf? tm;ememES  hifif ck¶_¶_yfyrSrf aemif aS emif&S&ifiS ;f ar;&on  f? ‘jzpfyg Xu oloabmrwl oabmrwl[k [ a=u;eef  k a=u;eef;yd ;yd @k onf/ ygw,f/ &ygw,f’[k ’[k qk  qk   dI toHv$ v  hifi$  onf  f onf? KNU OuUXu ol @vuk u l   d }ud  k }udrfr;onf ;f onf? KIO aZmfq kifid f;u ;u ol @nuk u D   d}k udrfr;wmrs ;f wmrsKd; jzpfonf onf? w&m;Oya'a=umif;t& ;t& ajym v#if u|  u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd wifiG  wm0ef  f wm0efr&S r  d&Saomf aomfvnf vnf; tae&txd kifi&f usyfyg ygonf? KNU ud k,f ,f pm;vS,f ,acg af cgif;aqmif ;aqmifrs rsm;uk   dawmh awmh tm;ay;  tm;ay;   hcJonf onf? pdwf wawmh af wmh raumif  raumif;vSa=umif a=umif;/;/ }uD;}uD ;}uD;rm;rm; ;rm;rm; tjypfay;cH ay;cH&rnf &rnf[k [ rxif  k rxif a=umif  a=umif; ajymcJ   honf onf? aemuf KNU wGifi;f bmjzpfonf onf rod  rodyg yg? trsKd;rs ;rsK;d =um;&ygonf? r'w/ Auy pnf ;a0;yJ ;a0;yJ   Gt+ t+yD; odyfyr=umvS rf =umvS/ AuywGifi;f ;f   hcJ aomtyif  aomtyif; wefcdc kd;jy+yDxif xif+yD +yD; tajy;tv$m; m; vm=uonf? ‚cG   JxG xuf u G a&;rs af &;rsm;‛ jzpfonf onf? olwd w @ kd oGi;cJ AuyrS cJ    GcJxG xuf u G fonfrSrmS tm%m &r& raocsmaomtzJ   G @wckok o  d @k v$  Jay;cs ay;csiI f r[kwf w/f tm%m&S   daeaomtpd aeaomtpd k;&atmuf ;&atmuf v$  v$   Jay;&ef ay;&ef jzpfonf onf? rnfonf onf   htpd tpdk;& ;& wufaeae aeae xd ktpd tpd k;&atmuf ;&atmuf a&muf  a&muf=urnf =urnf? e0w ppftpd tpd k;&wuf ;&wufaeIom aeIom ol @atmuf a&muf  a&mufjcif jcif; jzpfonf onf? rqv/ e0w/ wpn/ 'DcscsKyf rnf  rnfonf onf   htzJ t  GzJ @jzpfap ap tm%m&aev#i xk  f xk   dtm%matmuf tm%matmuf a&muf  a&mufyg ygv  hrfrd rnf rf nf? xd @ k a=umif Auy.  h Auy. xkwfjyefcscsu/f a&;om;csurs rf sm;wGifi oH  f oHwref wref tok  tok   H;tE_ ;tE_efe;f jzifh ‚ppf  ‚ppfat;acwf at;acwf uk  ukefeqk q f   H;jcif ;k jcif;. ;. tusKd; aus;Zl;‛ ;‛ [k ok  ok;cJ ;H   hcJyg ygonf? zwfpma[mif pma[mif;rsm;wGiyg yf gonf   h yk    Hykjyif jyifv  d jzpf  k jzpfyg ygonf? EGm;cs m;csKay:em;rd ad y:em;rdonf onf ,if  h ,ifaumif aumif. txif}uD }uD;r_rsrsKd; e0w/ etz txif }uD }uD; aejcif; jzpfyg ygonf?   Hykjyif jyifrSrSm Tod @ k jzpfonf onf? EGm;waumif m;waumif jruf  jrufpm;aeonf pm;aeonf? jrufpm;&ef pm;&ef  Hi @k v kuf u d cdcf  kuf u d  ,if  f ,ifwaumif waumifu EGm;cs m;csKay:em;ck ad y:em;ck   duf u ñuH  f ñuHonf onf? ol @tav;csefed f a=umif  a=umif   h EGm;acg m;acgif;id ;id kuf updpf  kuf u d  us  f usom;onf Gm;onf[k [ ,if  k ,ifaumif aumifu xifonf onf? xd @k a=umif   h ,if  ,if aumif  aumifu oem;rd+yD; acgif;armhE kdifiatmif af tmif ig  igysxG x H uf u G oG o f m;rnf mG ;rnf[k [k pOf;pm;um ;pm;um ysHxG xuf u G oG o f m; mG ; onf? xd ktcd tcd kuf u EG  f EGm;uvnf m;uvnf; jrufpm;+yD pm;+yD;I ;I acgi;jyef ;f jyefarmh armhonf onf   htcd tcd kuf u ñuH  f ñuHrdrjd yefonf onf? uD;oG ;oGm;onf m;onf? aus;Zl;wif ;wif vnf  vnf; cHcscsifI igoem;vd @ k ysxG x H uf u G ay;wm[k af y;wm[k ajymonf  ajymonf? ,ifaumif aumifu ol@‘0dwf w’ud ’f ud k tvG  tvGefetxif t f xif}    }    xd ktcg tcgEm;u mG ;u rif;em;wmvnf ;em;wmvnf; igrod/ rif;ys ;ysoG o H m;wmvnf mG ;wmvnf; igrod/ igbmom b h mom jrufpm;aewmyJ pm;aewmyJ[k [ j k jyefajymvd ajymvd kuf uonf o f nf[k [ yk  k   Hykjyif jyifu qd konf?  NLD a&G;aumuf  G  NLD od k @ zkefe=um;pif =f um;pif;cJ ;  GcJxG xuf u G +yD +f yD; r=umcif  NLD yJyEdEJ  kdifionf o f nf? tpd k;&zJ ;&zJ   G@ Ed kifiawmh af wmh rvd kvd v kjd zpfonf onf? xd @ k a=umif   h  NLD pma&;csOf;uyf ;uyfvd v k  hcJcd onf o J nf? a':atmifqef qef; pk=unf =unfxH x t*F  H t*Fvd vyfyd fvd v ka&;rS ad &;rS &rnf  &rnfxif xifojzif ojzif   h t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd vd v f  ka&;ay;&ef ad &;ay;&ef tyl  tyluyf uyf  hcJcJzlz;onf ;l onf?   GcJxG xuf u G ol o f rs rl sm;rSm wufonf onf   htpd tpd k;& ;& wk   d @tpd k;& ;& vkyfyrf nfqk q  donf o k nfuk u  d ouf  k oufaojyjcif aojyjcif;r# ;r#om jzpfonf onf?   dEkifiiHif Ha&;t& bk   Hvk vyfyk ief if ef;pOf ;pOfr&S r  d&Sv# v#i cd  f cd ki+rJ f+rJaomwyf aomwyfayg aygif;pk r&S  r&S   d  dEkEifik fyg? wyfayg aygif;pk ,m,D  ,m,D  GzJz @J &efyif yif rvG  rvG,f ,yg yf g? jynfwGifi;a&; ;f a&; ay:vpDwifiG vnf v f nf; oabmwlr_rr&S r_   d&S/ jynfya&; ya&; ay:vpDwG wifiG vnf v f nf;r&S ;r&S   d j jzpfaev# aev#i bk  f bk   H vk  vkyfyief if ef;pOf ;pOf (rnf  (rnfr# r#yif ted  ted  hrfrqk q f   H;jzpf ;k jzpfapOD apOD;);) r&S   d  dEkEifik yg? yf g? Armjynf'D'rdrD  ku d a&pD awmf  awmfvS vefeS a&; af &; ratmifjrif jrifonf onfrSrSm xk   dud upPpd t"d t P "du jzpfyg yg onf? a&&Snf nppf pf pf wk  wk   duf u  dEkEf ifik onf o f nfrmS olu ol @enf;/;/ ud k,f ,uuk u f uk   d,f ,  henf ef nf;jzif ;jzif   h 0d  0d kifi;wk ;f wk   duf u ae=uI  f ae=uI (bk  H&ef &efol o)l   d&SaeI aeI jzpfyg ygonf? PVO om awmrcd kv#i/f RBA omray:v#i/f KNDO om rykefeuef u f efv# v#i Auy  f Auy tawmf tus  tusOf;tus ;tusy us  f usygrnf? aemufwG wifiG vnf v f nf; SSIA. KIA. PSLO (yavmifjynf jynf vG  vGwf wajrmuf af jrmufa&;tzJ a&;tzJ   G @) ay:ygonf? 1988 aemuf  dykyifik ;wG ;f wGifi yk  f ykrs rd sm; ygonf? csif;uyg ;uyg ykefeuef u f efvmyg vmygonf? od @ k aomf uk  uk   d,f ,   hvk v f yfyk ief if ef;pOf ;pOfESE  hifiS fu   d,f , k  j f jzpfaeyg aeygonf? jynfwG wifiG f;jynfyay:vpD yay:vpDawG awG oD  oD;jcm;jzpf ;jcm;jzpfae ae ygonf? bk   H&ef &efol o  d&S&l   H¶k¶S Ek   hSir+ rf +yD;/;/ bk   Hvk vyfyk ief if ef;pOf ;pOf &S    d&S&yg &ygrnf? tajrmftjrif tjrif  d&S&S=uv#i ppf  f ppfat; at; vGefefumvwG umvwGifi bk  f bk   Hvk vyfyk fief ief;pOf ;pOf &S    d&S  dEkEifik onf o f nf[k [ xif  k xifyg ygonf?

1948 wGi rv$  f rv$   Jra&S ra&Smif mifom om vGwf wvyf v f yfa&;ay;&awmh a&;ay;&awmhrnf rnf   h tajctaewG  tajctaewGifif ‚awmif  ‚awmifwef;om; ;om; rdwf waqG af qGrs rsm;tzJ   G @‛ t*Fvd vyfyd tk t f yfyk fpdp k;ol ;d ol tod kifif;t0d ;t0d kifi;wG ;f wGifi ay:onf  f ay:onf? emrnfaus ausmf csmcsuk u D   d trS  k trSL;ðy+yD L;ðy+yD; bk&if &ifcHca[mif aH [mif;a':ref ;a':refprpf prpf acg  acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifonf onf? t*Fvd vyfyd As Af sL¶d ku&uf u&uf}uD }uD;rs ;rsm; yg=uonf? ‚rdwf waqG af qGrs rsm;‛u awmifwef wef; om;rsm;ud k tul  tultnD tnDay;awmh ay;awmhrvk rvk   dvd v k ajymonf  d ajymonf? awmifwef wef;om;rs ;om;rsm;uvnf; tultnD tnD &awmhrvd kvd v k xif  d xifa,mif a,mifrSrm;=u mS ;=u onf? od @ k aomf acwf  acwf}uD }uD;u ;u ajymif;cJ ;  hcJ+yD +yD? e,fcsc @sJ urBmhm  tcif t h cif;tus ;tusi;f ukefeqk q f   H;oG ;k oGm;+yD m;+yD? e,fcsc @sJ rsm; aemufqk qw k fae&+yD ae&+yD? t*FvefwG wifiG f csmcstpd Dtpd k;& ;& jyefwuf wufawmh awmhvnf vnf; Armjynf buf  buf vS  vSnf n  hr=unf rf =unf   htm;yg tm;yg? t*Fvd vyfyd e,f ef ,fcsc @sJ u pl;tuf ;tufwl w;ajrmif ;l ajrmif;ta&S ;ta&S @buf ajcrcs  ajcrcs  h0Hawmh awmh? ‚t*Fvd vyfyd  awmif  f awmifwef wef;om; ;om; rdwf waqG af qGrs rsm;‛ wZmwfod orfrd ;cJ ;f   hcJ+yD +yD? ,ae@ ay: aeonfu ‚Armjynfta&; ta&; u|rf;us ;usiol o f  yg  l yg&*l‛ rsm;. ‚awmifwef wef;om; ;om; rdwf waqG af qGrs rsm;‛ topfjzpfonf onf? olwd w @dk u tm%myd kifirs rf sm; r[kw/f   dEkifiiHif a&;yJ aH &;yJ   Gpm;/ pm;/ vufopf opf pD  pDtd tdifik at/ af t/   dEkififia&;a'g aH &;a'guwm w f m &rf;ukrs rsm; jzpfonf? xd ktxJwG wifiG  bmwD  f bmwD; vifhwemqk wemqk   dol o yg  l ygonf? bmwD;vif ;vif   hwemonf wemonf tjcm;  tjcm; ‚yg&*l‛ rsm;xuf wvk  H;yd ;yd k¶S¶LEk LS   dEkifionf o f nf? olu ‚yefqef qef;jyef ;jyef ‛?  ‛? olyef yefqef qef;a&muf ;a&muf&onf &onfrSrSm rdwf waqG af qG}uD }uD; b&efqd q kifid ;.awmif ;f .awmif;yef ;yefcscsut& t f & a&mufjcif jcif; jzpfonf? pmtkyfywtk w f tkyfy ES  f ESpfp tk  f tkyfya&;+yD af &;+yD; ‚Armjynfta=umif ta=umif; u|rf;us ;usi ol  f olyg yg&*l‛ vkyfyaeol af eolrSrSm olwa,muf wa,mufwnf wnf; r[kwf w/f rsm;onf? olwk w  d @k u pmtkyfya&;=u af &;=u onf? olwd w @ kd a&;or#u awmifwef wef; om;uk   d cs  cs;us ;D usK;p&m &Smcs;us ;D usL;onf? Armqk   dv# v#i eD  f eDaomjzLaomra&G aomjzLaomra&G; qef ‹usif onf  onf?  ajyma=umif;/;/ xkd bmwD;vif ;vif   hwem wem &efuk uefek a&muf af &muf+yD +yD; jyefvmawmh vmawmh Ak    dAkvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f u ol @u   d t*F  k t*Fvd vyfyd f vd  vd k ‚us  ‚usKyfwk w   d @k awG @=u+yD‛ [k ajyma=umif t*Fvd vyd fpum;uk pum;uk   d tvG  tvGwf wus u f su+yD +f yD;ajym[ef ;ajym[ef wl  wla=umif a=umif; u|efawmfwd w @ kd xH pma&;zl  pma&;zl;onf ;onf? Armqdkv# v#i ES  f   dESrfrp&mr&S pf &mr&S   d &S  &Sm+yD m+yD;ES ;  dESrfrfonf onf? awmifwef wef;om;vnf ;om;vnf;jzpf ;jzpf/ c&pf ,mef  ,mefvnf vnf;jzpf ;jzpfv# v#if ol  olw @ kd twGuf u cs  f csD;us ;usL; p&mcsnf;?;? t*Fvdyfyppf pf pfom;a[mif om;a[mif;}uD ;}uD;u ;u ;f ykavG r_  r_wf wwmud w f mud kyif yif cs  csD;rG ;rGrfr;cef ;f cef;zG ;zG  hionf o f nf? e,fcsc @sJ vufus useuk u f  xd  kd xdefef;odrfrf;ojzif ;ojzif   h  auseyfonf onf? paumhwvef wvef cs  csKifid f;!‡yfyaf voGifi;yk ppfat;vG at;vGefeacwf af cwf ‚awmif  ‚awmifwef wef; om; rdwf waqG af qGrs rsm;‛ ta=umif;ud ;ud k t"d  t"du a&;csifonf onfrSrmS TudpPprs rP sm; r[kwyg yf g? olwk w   d @k vkyfyayg af yguuk u f   d rd  k rdwf wquf q f ufay;vk ay;vk   djcif jcif;om jzpf onf  onf? olwk w  d @k aq;+rD;wd ;wd kay;cJ ay;cJ   honf onf/ ay; aeonf? ‚t=urf;rzuf ;rzufa&;‛ a&;‛ aq;+rD;wk ;wk   d a=umif  a=umif   h ajrmh  ajrmhajrmh ajrmhus useawmh af wmhonf onf   h vl  vlemud emud k ,ck  ,ck ‚&wJ  ‚&wJ   haps aps;eJ @xwf w k a&mif af &mif; acs;rsm;raeeJ @‛ [k aq;+rD;wk ;wk   d ay;ae=ujyef  ay;ae=ujyef+yD +yD? &Jabmf abmfrs rsm;/ rdwf waqG af qGrs rsm; owd  d&S&S=uapcsionf o f nf? u|efawmf awmfw @ kd wifiG f tm;enf  tm;enf;cs ;csu &S  f   d&Sonf onf? jynfwG w  fGi;Ek ;  dEkifiHia&;owif aH &;owif;uk ;uk   d xd  xd k ‚yg  ‚yg&*l‛rs ‛rsm;xHrSr ,l  S ,lae&onf ae&onf? jynfwG wifiG ;&S ;f   d&S   dEkifiiHif a&;yk aH &;yk  d*~*Kvf K~ vfrs rsm;uvnf; vGwf wvyf v f yfpGpmG ajymqd ka&;om;cG a&;om;cG  hifif r&S   dI vlod ors rd sm;apcsi onf  f onf   h Ek    dEkififia&;owif aH &;owif;/;/ toHv$ v  hifi$ ay;apcs af y;apcsi onf f onf   h owif;ud ;ud k ol  olwd w k@d u  d ay;ae&onf  k ay;ae&onf? awmifwef wef;om; ;om; rdwf waqG af qG ta[mif  ta[mif;jzpf ;jzpfap/ ap/ topfjzpf jzpfap ‚jynfaxmif axmif pk  pk jy\  jy\em‛ uk   d ulnD najz&S aD jz&Sifi;ay;Ek ;f ay;Ek   difiol o f rs rl sm; r[kwf w=u? =f u? od @ k aomf ol  olwk w @kd wGius u f s,aeonf af eonf? ajc¶_yfyaeonf af eonf? ajc¶_yfywmuae w f muae ajcxd k;vd ;vd  hrfr rnf  f rnf? 1988 onf tvS  tvSnf n   ht f ajymif;ES ;ESpfpf jzpf  jzpfonf onf? tvSnf ntajymif t fh ajymif;wck ;wckrSrmS ‚cJ   GxG xuf u G  a&;‛  f a&;‛ ‚oD;jcm;wk ;jcm;wk   difif;jynf ;jynf xl  xlaxmif axmifa&;‛ a&;‛ uk   d t"duvl uvlrs rsK;pk ;d pk tif  tiftm;pkrsm;u twd tvif  tvif;pG ;pGefe@f y,f+yD +yD;/;/ 'Drdr kua&pD u d a&pDESE  hifiS  jynf  f jynfaxmif axmifp buf  k bufom;rs om;rsm; jzpfoG om;=uonf mG ;=uonf?   GcJxG xuf u G a&;/ af &;/ oD;jcm;wd ;jcm;wdifik ;jynf ;f jynf xl  xlaxmif axmifa&;ud k u&if  u&ifeDe wk  D wk   d;wuf ;wufa&;yg a&;ygwuyif u D yif od  odyfrajymawmh rajymawmh? aemfa0;jynf a0;jynf atmfpvd pvdk (OSLO) wGifif ajymwmzwf&onf &onf? jynfaxmifpkpkbuf bufom; om; jzpfvmol vmolwd w kifid ;uk ;f uk   d óuqk  óuqk&rnf &d rnf? olwd w @ kd u ta[mif;ES ;ES  hifif vk   H;0 ;0 rwlyg yg? ta[mif;rs ;rsm;u AsL  d¶ku&uf u&uf}uD }uD;rs ;rsm; oyfoyf oyf jzpf  jzpfonf? &Sifi;onf ;f onf? topfu *sme,fvpf/  NGO / vl @tcG  h ifita&;orm; t f a&;orm; ta&ðcHxm;=uonf xm;=uonf? tppftrS trSefrs rsm; =um;wGifi a&maeonf  f a&maeonf? ‚Ek  dififiHia&;yJ aH &;yJ   Gpm;‛ ‚Ek   difiiHif a&;&rf aH &;&rf;uk ;uk‛ rsm; vkyfyonf o f nf? olwk w @kd ta=umif;a&;&if ;a&;&if; ¶_yfyaewmrs af ewmrsm;vnf; &Sifi;cs ;f csionf o f nf? Auy ,l*s *sD 4828 ud k zrf  zrf;rd ;rdawmh awmh Ak    dAkvf vcif cf if!G !eG  @f owif;pm&S ;pm&Si;vif ;f vif;yJ ;  GyJrs rsm; uref; uwef; vkyfonf onf? vkyfyonf o f nf   h&nf&G&,f , G cscf suu f &Sifif;onf? olvnf vnf; ajymxm;+yD;jzpf ;jzpfI a&;p&mr&S  dyg yg? ol.zk .  Hzk;uG ;uG,f ,xm;aom x f m;aom &nf&G&,f , G cscf suud u f  kom o d m a&;rnf? uGefejrLepf jf rLepf qef  qef ‹usia&;onf af &;onf tar&d  tar&duef uef. onf;ajcóuuf ;ajcóuufjzpfonf onf? 'gu kd Ad kvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f oonf o d nf? xd @ k a=umif   h xd  xd ktcsuuk u f   dk aumufuk u  difik vd v f  kuf u d onf o f nf? wcsuckfcwf w k  ES  f ESpfpcscf su ok  f ok   H;cs ;csujywf jf ywf&ef &nf  &nf&G&G,onf o f nf? - 'DcscsKyfonf AuyES  AuyES  hifiruif rf uif;[k ;[k pG  pGyfy  Gpf J&ef (TpJ  (TpJ   GcscsurSrf mS atmif}uD }uD;  GpJcscsufE  hSiwl w f onf o l nf?)?) - e0wonf Auyuk  Auyuk  d tjrpf  tjrpfjywf jywf acs  acsr_efe;f aeonf[k [ tar&d  k tar&duef uefuk u  d owif  k owif;ay;&ef ;ay;&ef? - xd ki;e,f f;e,fpyf pyfa&muf a&muf aus  ausmif;om;vl ;om;vli,f i,f rs  rsm;uk   d r,k  r,k   HESE  hifiS /f uGefejrLepf jf rLepftquf tquftoG toG,f ,awG af wG jzpfonf onf? vufeuf eufrul rulnD nESED   hifiS [k [ f  jzpf  k jzpfonf? owif;pm&S ;pm&Sifi;vif ;f vif;yJ ;  GyJpmtk pmtkyfyfrs rsm;ud k =unf   hv# v#i awG  f awG @  dEkifionf o f nf?

vlxk xtk t k   Hºur_ ºk ur_}uD }uD; t&S  defewuf w f ufaepOf aepOf u  u wufºuonf ºuonf   hvl vli,frs rsm; (&[ef;oH ;oHCm Cm awmfrs rsm;yif yg  ygonf) twGifif;Y &v#i&f r&v#icscf s pdwf w"mwf "f mwf  d&S&onf o S nf? csv#if vufeuf euf vd  vd krnf? ‚vufeuf euf xd  xd   d kifi;e,f ;f e,fpyf pyfwG wifiG  *d  f *d ka'g a'gi ES  f ES  hifi tjynf  f tjynf  hxnf xnf  h+yD +yD; apmif   haeonf aeonf?‛ ?‛ tar &duef uefu ay;vd  hrfrrnf rf nf? td  dENE,uvnf , N uvnf; wyfr[m r[m (2) ckpm pm vufeuf euful un l D&ef &ef jyif  jyifxm;onf xm;onf? csi;wG ;f wGifi;jrpf ;f jrpftxd txd yd  yd @ k ay;rvd kvd v kd owif;awG ;awGjzpfaeonf aeonf? (Ad kvf vcif cf if!efeG f@w @ kd vnf; =um;vd  hrfrfrnf rnf? a[majymyJ   GwG wifiG  xnf  f xnf   ha[maeonf a[maeonfyJy?)?J ) xd kxif xifa,mif a,mifrSrm;r_ mS ;r_jzif jzif   h xd  xd kifi;buf ;f buf txG  txGuf urs rf sm;onf? td  dENE,buf , N buf tawmf  tawmf toif  toif   h oGm;onf m;onf? Auy.oabmxm;rSm 'Drdr k ua&pD  d ua&pDawmf awmfvS vefeS a&;/ af &;/ ppftpd tpd k;&wd ;&wd kua&; af &; twGuf uqd q f v# v dk #i b,f  f b,fu&& u&& ,l   loif o  hifonf onf? ray;v#if awmif;&rnf ;&rnf? yg;pyfeJe @J csn;f rulyg yg eJ @ vufeuf euful uyg yl g ajym&rnf? vufeuf euf [l  [lonf onf ‚tjzL  ‚tjzL - teD‛ r&S   d/ vufeuf eufxrf xrf; olom ‚tjzL teD‛   d&Sonf onf[k [k oabm xm;+yD; oGm;=uwmuk m;=uwmuk   d tm;ay;cJ  tm;ay;cJ   honf onf? rSefe;cs ;f csuESEf   hifiS fErfrS f;xG ;xGuf u yg  f ygpifatmif vJ  vJ   Gonf onf? xd ktcg tcg Auy ‚Ek  difiiHif a&;OD aH &;OD;aqmif ;aqmif tzJ  tzJ   G @‛ (Ek   difi§OD §f OD;);) ta&;ay: tpnf;ta0; ;ta0; xk  dionf o f nf? wnDw!G w!Gwf wwnf w f nf; qk   H;jzwf ;jzwfonf onf rS  rSm - ausmif;om;rs ;om;rsm; tar&duef uefqD qu D r&v#i Auy f Auy u ay;&rnf? vufeuf euf&v# &v#i ol  f olwd w @ kd {&m0wDjrpf0S0Srfr;tajccH ;f tajccH&ef &ef oG  oGm;=u vd  hrfrrnf rf nf? vlxk xuvnf u k vnf; óuqk  drnf rnf? vlxk xESEk   hifiS f cJ    GcJ  hcJcwm w J m r=umao;? - uk   d,f ,   hwyf w f yf  d&S&v# v S #i uk  f uk   d,f , @f vwf w G ajrmuf af jrmuf e,f  e,fajr ajr   d&Srnf rnf? vlxk xu k   d  DkrSrcdcS  kdv#i t0wf  f t0wftpm;/ tpm;/ b¾m ud k,f ,  htm;ud t f m;ud k,uk u f   d;k vkyfy  dEf kifi=urnf =f urnf? e0w.tm%m rcd kifi+rJ +f rJao;cif ao;cif {&m0wD  {&m0wD j jrpf0S0rfrS f; tjrefqif qif;Ek ;  dEkifizdzf  @ kd vdonf o k nf? xd @ k a=umif   h - vufeuf eufwaomif waomif;wd ;wdwd w ul  d ulnD n&ef &D ef/ ausmif;om;wyf ;om;wyfuk u  d emrnf  k emrnfay;cs ay;csif&may;? ‚'Drdr kua&pD u d a&pD jynf  jynfcscspwyf w f yfrawmf rawmf ‛  ‛ (DPA) qd kv#iaumif af umif;onf ;onf? ausmif;om;rs ;om;rsm; touf}uD }uD;oG ;oGm;vnf m;vnf; 'Demrnf emrnfESE  hSi vd  f vd kuf uonf o f nf? jzef @  Gcxm;aom x J m;aom   d*ka'g a'gifrsm; xJu xkwf w,l , f +l yD; tvG,f ,wul w f ulvm+yD vm+yD; xkwf w,l , f   dEkEl ifik aomae&mrs af omae&mrsm;wGifif pkpnf pnf;xm; ;xm; &ef? - zufqpfawmf awmfvS veS fa&;wk a&;wkefef;uvk ;uvk   d yg  ygwDu   dEkifiiHif Ha&;rS a&;rSL;rs L;rsm; wJ   Gay;vd kuf u&ef &f ef jyif  jyifqif qif onf  onf   htaejzif taejzif   h ‚  ‚DPA   dEkififia&;oif aH &;oifwef wef;‛ ;‛ wck tjrefzGz  hifiG f&ef &ef? ta&;}uD;aomqk ;aomqk   H;jzwf ;jzwfcscsujf zpfI A[d k aumf  aumfrwD rwD  HpkpnD n k Dtpnf tpnf;ta0;ok ;ta0;ok   d @   dEkifif§OD; tzJ  G @u wifjyonf jyonf? trsm;pk}uD }uD;u ;u vufcHconf o H nf? ok   d @aomf (aemif  (aemiftcg   GcJxG xuf u G =urnf =f urnf)h A[d k aumf  aumfrwD rwDtenf tenf;pkuav;u uav;u r&Jw&J w&J apm'uwuf  apm'uwufonf onf? ;om; wyf   GzJ @p&mvk  @p&mvk   dEkifi§OD §f OD; tzJ  G @.=oZmuk   d vef  vef @I ajAmifawmh awmhruef ruef @uuf u G &J&f ?J ygwD&J& @J ‚jynfol o@l wyfrawmf rawmf &S    d&Sae+yD ae+yDyJyJ - ausmif;om;   dao;ovm;‛ ao;ovm;‛ [k apm'u  apm'u wufjcif jcif; jzpfonf onf? (cJ   GxG xuf u G awmh af wmh Armtd k}uD }uD; awGu Armausmif;om;awG ;om;awGud u kd vufeuf euf ay;rvd  ay;rvd @ k vkyfywma=umif w f ma=umif   h qef @usif&wm[k &wm[k ol  ol @atmufajcod ajcod @ k ajymonf ) ) [kwf wonf o f nf? jynfol o @l wyfrawmf rawmf &S  &S+yD d+yD; jzpfonf onf? od @ k aomf olwk w  d @k u {&m0wD jrpf0S0rfrS ;ok ;f ok   d @ rqif;Ek ;  dEkifi/f 1968 rS 1988  1988 xd t}udrfr}ud }f udrfrqif q f if;zd ;zd @ k óu;pm;zl;onf ;onf? jrpfzs zsm; bufok o   d @k qif;&ef ;&ef vk  vkyfypOf pf Ofu KIO cHaeonf aeonf/ ppfwd wuf u dk &onf &f onf? aemufr[mrd r[mrdwf w j f jzpf=u =u awmh olwk w   d@k u  d  DrSrk cdcS  k+yD +d yD; qif;onf ;onf? owif; aygufaeonf aeonf? tajctaer&if  hrSrnf n S   hao;I af o;I tustqk  H;rs ;rsm;um ratmifjrif jrif  hcJc/J au'g aumif;trs ;trsm;tjym; usq  H;cJ ;k   hcJ&onf &onf? 1989 rSm u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd atmufbuf bufud u kqif q d if;vd ;vdI k vrf;jyay;&ef ;jyay;&ef ol  olwd w k@d u kajymawmh ad jymawmh ol  olwd w @ kd EifSif e0w  h e0w uswf w d aqG af qG;aEG;aeonf ;aeonfuk u   d rajymjybJ  k rajymjybJ u|  u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd awmif;qd ;qd kwmud wmud y,f  k y,fc  hsconf Jonf? t"duqif uqif;cs ;csionf o f nfrSrSm ygwDA[k A[k   d &S    d&S&m &m yJclc;¶d ;l ¶d k;rawmifydydifik ;ES ;f ES  hifi {&m0wD  f {&m0wDjzpf jzpf0 u|ef;ay: ;ay: jzpfonf onf? tif;av; ;av; aygif;avmif ;avmif; txd qif;oG ;oGm;zk m;zk   d @rmvG SmvG,f ,onf o f nf? jy\emr&S  d? awmifili  l - ausmuf}uD }uD;vG,f ,aumf af umfvrf vrf;. ajrmufbuf buftxd txdvnf vnf; jy\emr&S  d? 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[d krSrm&S mS   d&SwJ w  hJ a'ocHajymuf ajymufus usm;wyfuk u   dk vufeuf eufay;cJ   h+yD +yD; jyefvmrnf vmrnf[k [ wif  k wifjyonf? ‚jrpf0u| 0u|e;ay: ;f ay: pDrHrud u H efed ;‛ ;f ‛ rSm xk   dt}uHtpnf tpnfjzif jzif vk  h vkyfyjcif jf cif; jzpfonf onf? olwk w  d @k wifjycs jycsurSrf Sm tvGefetus t f usK;d ta=umif; qDavs avsmyg yf gonf? Auy A[d kuvnf uvnf; uk   d,f ,   h0rf 0f rf;emud ;emud k,f ,omod o f modonf onf? woufrSrSm wcgñuHrnf   h tcg  tcgtcG  hifiay;cd af y;cd kuf u óu;pm;cs  f óu;pm;csifonf onf? A[k   dESE  hifiS wyf w f yfrSrSL;}uD L;}uD;rs ;rsm; Tok   d @ yÉdyuQ yuQjzpfaeonf aeonfrSrmS ESpfpcscf sD+yD;=umcJ ;=umcJ  h+yD +yD? Armausmif;om;awG ;om;awGuk u   d vuf  k vuf euf  eufwaomif waomif;ay;a&; qk   H;jzwf ;jzwfaomtcg aomtcg yÉdyuQ yuQtxG txGwf wt f xdyfyfok o   d@k a&mufawmh awmhonf onf? vufeuf eufwaomif waomif; ray;Ek  dificif cf if ol  olwk w  d @k u vufODO;r_ ;D r_,+yD +l yD;   GcJxG xuf u G =uawmh =f uawmhonf onf? olwk w   d@k u  d tES  k tESpfp 20  f 20 wd kuf u  dfcifik ;cJ ;f   hcJ+yD +yD;rS ;rS Armaus  Armausmif;om; ;om; awGu kd vufeuf eufwaomif waomif; ay;&rnfu  dk ES  ESajrmwG ajrmwGefe @f w  d=uonf =k uonfrSrmvnf mS vnf; obm0us ygonf? Tr#a&;ae&jcif;rS ;rSm yefqef;wG ;wGifi ES  f ESpfp&uf &f ufwrG wrGefe;wnf ;f wnf   h aecJ  aecJ   h  H¶k¶/k OuUXES  hififawG awG @  hc  HJ¶k¶ESEk   hifiS f Auy ta=umif;aema=uatmif ;aema=uatmif od  odol otjzpf t l jzpf ºum;0gaeaom bmwD;vif ;vif   hwemqk wemqk   dol o ajymor#  l ajymor# t[kwf wxif x f ifol owcs w l cs @Kd   d&SaeI aeI jzpfonf onf? Ad kvf vfcif!G !efeG  @f u olwk w   d@k e0w tusK;d aus;Zl;twG ;twGuf u 1988  f 1988 vlxk xtk t k   Hºur_ ºk ur_uk u   dk Auy vufok o  d @k xd k;tyf ;tyfaomtcg aomtcg 4828 ES  hif rquf  rquf oG,   frdraom daom ausmif;om;acg ;om;acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifrs rsm;u ‘AuyeJ @bmrSrqd rqd kifibl b f ;/;l / igw  d @k vkyfywm’ w f m’ [k ajz&S  ajz&Sifi;=uonf ;f =uonf? [kwf wyg yf gonf? Auy u qd kifionf o f nf[k [ rajymcJ  k rajymcJ   hyg? Ad kvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f ajymae wmyg? Auy uvnf uvnf; [kwf waev# af ev#iawmif af wmif rajymoif  rajymoif   h[ xif  k xifyg ygonf? ausmif;om;rs ;om;rsm;u ajymrdv# v#i tar&d  f tar&duef uefxH xrSrH  vuf  S vufeuf euf&a&; &a&; ar#mvif v f   hifcscsu omru  f omru aiG&a&;yg &a&;yg vk   H;0yd ;0ydwf woG o f Gm;vd  hrfrrnf rf nf? xd @ k a=umif   h rajymoif  rajymoif   hyg? ajymv#iyif yf if rajym  rajym oif  ha=umif a=umif; Auy u t}uHay;rnf ay;rnf? aemufwa=umif wa=umif;rS ;rSm xk   difif;e,f ;e,fpyf pyf wG  wGifif Auyyg  Auyyg[kajymv# ajymv#i ouf  f oufomrnf omrnf r[k  r[kwf w?f acgi;aumif ;f aumif;I ;I "m;awmif;jcif ;jcif; jzpfoG om;rnf mG ;rnf? um,uH&S&ifiS f aus  ausmif;om; ;om; acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifrs rsm; ajymonfuk u  d aAG  k aAGr,l r,lyg yg? rqDrqd rqd ki bmwD f bmwD;vif ;vif  hwemu wemu ol @pmtkywG w f ifiG f AuyES  AuyES  hifi 1988  f 1988 tk   Hºur_rqd rqd kifi[k [ f  tawmf  k tawmf uav;  uav; a&;onf? pmtkyfyxG x f uf u G u f wnf;u ;u zwf&ygonf? ta&;r[kwf wfI tav;rxm;   hcJyg yg? ,cka&;aeonf a&;aeonfrmS ‚vufopf opf awmif  awmifwef wef;om; ;om; rdwf waqG af qGrs rsm;‛ . tEW&m,f &m,f uk  uk owd  d owday;vd ay;vd kIjzpf Ijzpfonf onf? olwd w @ kd onf ‚t=  ‚t=urf; rzufa&;‛ aq;+rD;wd ;wd kay;+yD ay;+yD; 'Dr kd ua&pD  ua&pD vuf  vufeuf eufuk u   difik awmf af wmfvS vefeS a&;uk af &;uk   d om; av#mapcJ   h+yD +yD;+yD ;+yD? ,ck ajrmh  ajrmhajrmh ajrmhom om useaom af om vlrrmuk rrmukd rnf? ae0if;/;/ ‚aps;ruk   dififeJe @J &wJ   haps aps;eJ @ a&mif; xkwf w‛f [k ay;ae=ujyef  ay;ae=ujyef+yD +yD? Taq;+rD;wk ;wk   d pm;rd  pm;rdv# v#i ppf  f ppftm%m&S tm%m&Sififpepf pepf ouf  oufqk q;kd &Snf naf wmhrnf onf? atmif}uD }uD;ppf ;ppftkyfypkpf u k   dk ajrjr‡  ajrjr‡Kyf Kyfo+*F o+*FKdKd[+yD +f yD; ok   H;acs ;acsmif;axmuf ;axmuf etz  etz ppftk tyfyk pf kud u k tvJ  d tvJxd x k;&rnf ;d &rnf   htcs tcsefed  jzpf  f jzpfaeI aeI Tod @ k wifjyaejcif; jzpf jzpfonf (zG  hifiajym&ef af jym&ef tcs  tcsdefe a&muf  f a&mufaeIvnf aeIvnf; zG  hifiajymyg af jymygonf?)?)

Arm/ &Srfr;/;f / ucsif/ u&if/ 0/ ytd k;0f ;0f pojzif  pojzif  h vl  vlrs rsK;tm;vk ;d tm;vk   H;wG ;wGifi tpJ  f tpJ   Gtvrf tvrf;rs ;rsm;   d&S=uonf?   GcJxG xuf u G a&;'D af &;'Da&jrif a&jrifcsch sefed u f   GcJxG xuf u G a&;acg af &;acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifrs rsm;. tpJ  Gtvrf tvrf;uk ;uk t&if  d t&ifwif wifjyrnf jyrnf? aemufrS Armvl  Armvlrs rsK;}uD ;d }uD; 0g'Dwd w @ kd . tpJ  Gtvrf tvrf;uk ;uk   d wif  wifjyrnf jyrnf? ‚jynf axmif   axmifpkprlrk l‛ ud k yd  yd kI tEW&m,fay;onf ay;onfrSrmS vlrs rsK;}uD ;d }uD;0g ;0g' tpJ  D tpJ   Gtvrf tvrf;jzpf ;jzpfonf onf? tcktxd txd 'k  'kuQ uay;aeqJ aQ y;aeqJ jzpf  jzpfonf onf? 1988 - 90 wGifif cJ    GcJxG xuf u G a&; af &; 'Da&u a&u usom;cJ mG ;cJ   h+yD +yD? 'Da&wuf a&wufcscsdefeuawmh u f awmh Armqk  Armqk   d eD  eDeDe/D jzLjzL/ !d k! k/d rnfrnf rnf; r,k  H&/ &/ tm;vk   H; vnfonf onf/ vdrfonf onf[k [ pJ  k   GpJvrf vrf; onf? ;aqmif wuU  wuUod o kvf v d ynmwwf yf nmwwf wa,muf  wa,mufESE  hifiS f wyf  wyf ayg  aygi;pk f;pkud upPpd P 1963 ckESEpS fu tawG ‹tñuHwck wck wif  wifjyrnf jyrnf? &Srfr;cJ ;f   GcJxG xuf u G a&; af &; acg  fi;aqmif aqG;aEG;pOf ;pOfu jzpfonf? aqG;aEG ;aEG;onf ;onfqd q kwmxuf w d mxuf c&D  c&D;oG ;oGm;[ef m;[ef   $ vJ vJ awG@=ujcif; jzpfonf onf? olu   GpJcscsuESEf pfpS ckcf  wif  k wifonf onf? yxrpJ  Gcscsu?f 1947 tajccH Oya'onf  Oya'onf Arm  Arm Oya'u|rf;us ;usiol o f lrsm;u &Srfrf;apmfbG bm; mG ; (Oya'em;rvnfol o)l rsm;uk   d vdrfrjcif jf cif;jzpf ;jzpfonf onf[k [ pG  k pGyfy  GpJpf Jonf onf? olwk w   d @k rbrs dbrsm; ynmrwwfI tvdrfrcHcf &jcif &H jcif; jzpfonf onf/ olwd w @ kd acwfrmS tvdrfrrcH rf cHawmh awmh[k [ qd  k qd konf onf? trSefe rS  f rSm zqyvES  hififapmf apmfbG bGm; tay;t,l vk  vkyfyf=ujcif =ujcif; jzpfonf onf? apmfbG bm;rs mG ;rsm;onf t*F  t*Fvd vyfyd fta&;yd ta&;yd kifif/ e,fydy kifid 0ef 0f efaxmuf axmufESE  hifiS  aps  f aps;qpfzlz;ol ;l olrsm;jzpfI vnfyg ygonf? orRw ae&m&atmif/ jynfaxmif axmifpkptpd t k pd k;&tzJ ;&tzJ   G @ 0ef}uD }uD;ae&mrs ;ae&mrsm;&atmif/ a&G;aumuf ;aumuf  GyJy r0if  J r0ifbJ b trwf  J trwf 25  25 ae&m&atmif

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Armcsi;aqG ;f aqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJus usawmh wef  wef;wl ;wl&nf &nfwl w t}  l t}uD;tus ;tus,vk v f yfyk ay;onf af y;onf? av;av;pm;pm; qufqH qonf o H nf? pmapmif pmwrf  pmwrf;awG ;awG xkwf wonf o f nf[k [ pG  k pGyfyfpJpJonf o G nf? &Jabmf abmf aX;ES  aX;ES  hifif Ad  Ad kvf vapmjrif af pmjrif   h  wòr@wnf;om;/ ;om;/ ausmif;om;}uD ;om;}uD;ES ;ES  hifi aus  f ausmif;om;i,f ;om;i,f j jzpfa=umif a=umif;/;/ Ad kvf vaZ,s af Z,sE  hifiS f   dAkvf vvS v f [ef [ S ef wyf  wyfrSL;}uD L;}uD;wyf ;wyfrSrSL;i,f L;i,fjzpf jzpfa=umif a=umif; &Sifif;jyawmh ;jyawmh pJ    GpJcscsu}uD }f uD;wck ;wck xyf  xyf+yD +yD;wif ;wifonf? xd k  GpJpcscJ surSrf mS aqG;aEG ;aEG;yJ ;  GyJ rS  rSwf wfwrf; pmtkyfy}uD }f uD;wG ;wGi uG  f uGuf uvyf v f yfrsrsm;ygaeonf? xd kuG uuf u G vyf v f yfrs rsm;rSm olwd w @dk .,k   H=unf =unf&aom &aom twGifif;yd kifi;owif ;f owif;t& ;t& AuyES  hifi awmf  f awmfvS vefeS  a&;aumif  f a&;aumifpDpD a&S  a&S @vyfyk fief ief;pOf ;pOf !‡  !‡=ujcif =d ujcif; jzpfonf onf[k [ pG  k pGyfy  GpJpf Jonf onf? [efwmomar$ wmomar$;u ;u vG   J+yD +yD; vlrs rsK;pk ;d pkawG awGtm;vk tm;vk   H; awmxJjyefuk uefek +yD +f yD/ b,fvd v k vk  d vkyfy=urvJ =f urvJ/ Auy (ArmeD ) ) u awmxJjyefoGm;zd m;zd @k / vlrs rsK;pk ;d pkawG awGud u k aemuf  d aemufwcg wcg awmarmif;+yD ;+yD; (Arm!d k ) ) ppftpd k;&atmuf ;&atmuf a&muf  a&mufatmif atmif awmarmif;ay;zd @ k wdifik yif yf if=u =u jcif; jzpfonf onf[k [ pG  k pGyfy  Gpf Jonf onf? (ocifp k;u d;u ‚u|e  GfyJpm;}uD pm;}uD;‛ [k pGyfy  G   JpJpf wmrs w J mrsK;ES ;d ES  hifi qif  f qif onf  onf?)?) r[kwf wyg yf gb;[k ;l [k ajymaomf  ajymaomfvnf vnf; rnfod o @ kd r# ajymr&? xdyfywef w f ef;v# ;v# @Kd 0Suf uud u f pd Pjzpf I ol@u kd r[k  r[kwf wyg yf gb;xuf ;l xufvnf vnf; yd krajymEk rajymEk   dif? 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(SSIA acgif;aqmif ;aqmifrs rsm; rnfonf onfae&mu ah e&mu xd kowif owif;vd ;vdrfr&onf &f onfuk u  d u|  k u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd cef @rSefe;f   dEkifiyg yf gonf? rajymoif  hI rajymawmhyg yg?) ifiawmh af wmh rwd  rwd kuf u  hcJcf &yg &J yg? KIA ES  hifi wd  f wd kuf u  hcJcf &onf &J onf? ppftpd tpd k;&u ;&u 0if+yD +yD;tj ;tjrwfxk wf wwm w f m t}udrfrf}udrfrcHcf   hcJcH J&onf &onf? SSIA ES  h ‚+idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ  G @rsm;‛ jzpfaomtcg aomtcg tcsi;cs ;f csi;&ef ;f &efw kuf u d ay;onf af y;onf   henf enf; ppftk tkyfpku t}uD;tus ;tus,vk v f yfyk onf o f nf? tzJ   G ‹tpnf;toD ;toD;oD ;oD;wG ;wGifi twG  f twGifi;f yÉdyuQ yuQrs rsm;&S   d=uonf =uonf? 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Auy vufxuf xufu ud k;uef ;uef @/ uGwcdcf  kifid f/ erf  hcrf crf;/;/ erf  hqef qef/ rd k;rd ;rdwf w a'o  f a'o rsm;onf ajrmuf  ajrmufy kdifi;A[d ;f A[d kXmecJ XmecJ   Gatmuf atmufu jzpfonf? vlrs rsK;pk ;d   Hpkonf onf?   GcJxG xuf u G =uawmh =f uawmh tm;vk  tm;vk   H; zkefef nD  nDtpf tpfuk u   dak tmufa&muf a&mufonf? zkefenD n f tpf t D pfuk u  d ES  k ES  hif ,ef  ,efnD ntpf t D pfuk u  dwd w k  @ kd twGifi;yÉd ;f yÉdyuQ }uD  }uD; onf? ygwDxJ xJ olwd w k@d  d&pOf pS Ofuawmh yg  ygwDu jynfol olwifiG ;yÉd ;f yÉdyuQ yuQtjzpf tjzpf t}  t}udrfrf}ud }udrfr ajz&S  f ajz&Sif; ay;cJ  hI &ef§ig §ig yÉdyuQ yuQtj tjzpfod o @ kd wd k;yG ;yGm; m; roGm;cJ m;cJ   h? tyfyk fpkpu k qGay;onf ay;onf? qGay;zd ay;zd @k vnf; vG,f ,fonf? olaX;jzpf aX;jzpfvrf vrf; pD;yG ;yGm;a&; m;a&; ‚+idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ  G @‛ jzpfaomtcg aomtcg yÉdyuQ yuQ uk  uk   d ppf  ppftk tcGifitvrf t fh vrf;rs ;rsm;jzif   h qG  qGay;vk ay;vk   d @&onf? bdefe;f rl;,pf ;,pfaq;0g aq;0g;vkyief if ef;jzif ;jzif   hvnf vnf; qGay;vd ay;vd @ k &onf? opfuef uefx¶d x¶d kuf u/f ausmufrsu wl  f wl;azmf ;azmfcGc  hGifif ponfrs rsm;jzif   h qG  qGay;vd ay;vd @ k &onf? wd kifif;ppfXmecs XmecsKyfESEifiS f axmuf  h axmufvS vrfrS ;f a&; twd kifitazmuf t f azmufnD nnD n D v D kyfyum u f m yÉdyuQ yuQuk u   d qG  k qGay;onf ay;onf? (Ad kvf varmif af rmifat;/ at;/   dAkvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f yÉdyuQ yuQ[k [ xif  k xifa,mif a,mifrSrm;oG mS ;oGm;atmif m;atmif wrif  wrif vk  vkyfy=uonf =f uonf?)?) zkefeESEf   hifiS f,ef yÉd  yÉdyuQ yuQrSrmS (ppftk tyfyk fpkpu k ajr‡muf mufay;I) ay;I) tm%modrfr;yJ ;f   GyJtxd txd jzpf  jzpfoG om; mG ; onf? ,efnD ntpf t D pfuk u  d tm%m&oG  k tm%m&oGm;onf m;onf? zkefewd w f  k @d xGuf uajy;&onf af jy;&onf? r=umyg/ zkefewd w f  @ kd u ,efwd w @dk ud ð k ðzwfcscs=uonf? ig;ysHwvS wvSnf n  h Ak  f   HAkv   HwvS w k vSnf n  h j f jzpfae=uonf ae=uonf?

Tok   d @ tm%modrfr;yJ ;f   GyJ/ wefjyef tm%mod  tm%modrfrf;yJ ;  GyJ ud k;uef ;uef @wifiG  jzpf  f jzpfaeaomtcg aeaomtcg ucsirs rf sm;/ &Srfr;rs f;rsm;/ yavmifrs rsm;u   Hrkud u k buf  d bufwG wifiG f oD;jcm;axmif ;jcm;axmif=uonf =uonf? olwd w @ kd wGifi;f Yvnf; tjyeftvS tvSefetm%mod t f m%modr;yJ ;f yJrs rG sm; jzpfonf onf? Auyvufxuf xufu 0trsKd;om; ;om; rsm; OD;pD ;pD;onf ;onf   h 0trsm;tjym;ygonh   f wyf  wyf r[m&S  r[m&S   donf? xd kwyf wyfr[mES r[mES  hifi uk  f uk   d;uef ;uef @aygi;f +yD; tm%modrfr;&ef ;f &ef }uH  }uHpnf pnf=uonf =uonf? tao; pdwf w wif  f wifjyrnf jyrnf? tm%modrfr;rnf ;f rnf   hta=umif ta=umif; tao;pdwf wtpD t f pDtpOf tpOfuk u  d vm;¶d  k vm;¶d   _;od ;od @ k ud k,f , pm;vS  f pm;vS,f ,v$ v f wf w $ um u f m axmufvS vrfrS ;a&;od ;f a&;od @ k oGm; m; ajymonf? xv& u xd kowif owif;uk ;uk   d wd kifi;f ppfXmecs XmecsKyfod o @ kd ay;onf? vmajymol ud  ud k,f ,pm;vS pf m;vS,f ,uk u f   dvnf v k nf; zrf;xm;vd ;xm;vduf u k onf o f nf? owfypf ypfonf onf[vnf v k nf; =um;&onf? rao csmyg? jyefra&muf ra&mufwmawmh wmawmh aocs  aocsmonf? pDpOf pOfxm;onf xm;onf   htwk twk   difif; tm%m odrfr;yJ ;f   GyJvk vyfyk onf o f nf? vm;¶_  d;u ;u rD;pd ;pdrfr;jyonf ;f jyonf [k  [kxif xif+yD +yD; vkyf=ujcif =ujcif; jzpfonf onf? tm%m odrfr;wyf ;f wyfu  dk etzwyfu aqG;aEG ;aEG;&ef[k [ vd  k vdrfac:+yD ac:+yD; 0acgi;aqmif f;aqmif/ w¶kwf wacg af cgif;aqmif ;aqmif rs  rsm; tyg wwyfvk v  H;uk ;k uk   d owf  owfypf ypfvd v kuf u d onf o f nf? tm%modrfr;cH ;f cH&qJ &qJ j jzpfaeonf aeonf   h ucs  ucsiacg af cgif;aqmifrs rsm;uk   dum; um; aqG;aEG ;aEG;&ef ;&ef[k [ vd  k vdrfrac:+yD af c:+yD; zrf;onf ;onf? wyfuk u   dvuf v k ufeuf eufðzwf ðzwf+yD; wyfzs zsuypf yf pfvd v kuf u d onf o f nf? Tod @ k jzif   h 2  2 buf pvk  H; acsrefe_ f;cH ;cHvd vuf u dk &onf &f onf? aooGm;ol m;olrs rsm;a&m tzrf; cH&ol &olrsm;yg olwd w @ kd cH&wm &wm Ad kvf vcif cf if!G !eG f@ rod vd  vd kuf ubJ b f  Ak  J   dAkvf varmif af rmifat;u vkyfywm[k w f m[k xif  xifoG oGm;=uonf? Ad kvf vcif cf if!G !eG  @f omodv# v#i xd  f xd ko @ kd rjzpf[ xif  k xifae=uonf ae=uonf? r[kwf wyg yf g?   dAkvf varmif af rmifat;/   dAkvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f yl;ayg ;aygi;+yD f;+yD; vkyfyvd v f  kuf u d fjcif; jzpfonf onf? u|efawmf awmfw @ kd owdðyoif ðyoif   honf onfrSrSm axmufvS vrS f;a&;.wm0ef ;a&;.wm0efrSrSm axmufvS vrfrS ;f &efomjzpf omjzpfonf onf? olw @ kd u vufeuf euf  hrJrJ &G  &Gmom;ES mom;ES  hifif òr@ay:rS,l ,*s *l sD zrf;Ed ;Ed kifionf o f nf? olwd w @ kd ajcEk   difivuf v f uf  dEkEifik qd q f  kv# v d #i ol  f olwd w @ kd vkyvd v f   hrfrd f rnf  rnf? vufeuf euftjynf tjynf   htpk t  Hpk wyf  wyfqif qifxm; xm; aom wd kuf u&nf &f nfcdc kuf u d &nf &f nf0aeaom 0aeaom wyf wwyf  wwyfuk u   d acs  k acsr_efe;cs ;f csifv# v#i ol  f olu axmufvS vrfrS ;f a&; owif;ay;+yD ;ay;+yD; ppfwyf wyfu   difik xm;ol x f m;ol wyf  wyfrSrSL;ud L;ud kom om wifjy&onf jy&onf? xv& Ad kvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f E  hifSi wyf  f wyfrSrL;LS ; Ad kvf varmif af rmifat; at; yl;ayg ;aygif;+yD; ‘ppfODOD;pD;rS ;rSL;’ L;’ vDnD nrGrD efeG /f ‘jynfol o@l toH’ uk   d&J&atmif aJ tmifO;pD ;D pD; onf   h tiftm;ok tm;ok   H;av;&mwyf ;av;&mwyfud u k wa,muf  d wa,mufrus rusevk v f yfyk f}uH }uH acs  acsrefe_ f;vk   duf ujcif jf cif; jzpfonf onf? Ad kvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f tptqk   H;od ;odonf onf? ‚+idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ  G @‛ rSvuf vufeuf eufuk u   difik wyf w f yfrs rsm; b,fa&muf a&muf+yD +yD; bmvkyfaeonf aeonfud u k t+rJ  d t+rJ axmuf  axmufvrfrS ;+yD ;f +yD;   dAkvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f o @dk owif;yd ;yd @ k ae&jcif; jzpfonf onf? tcsdefeESEf   hifiS fwajy;nD wajy;nD wif  wifjyae&jcif jyae&jcif; jzpfonf onf? vufeuf eufu kdifiwyf w f yf rajymES  rajymES  hif twk  twk   duf uftcHacg acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifrs rsm;. v_yf&S&m;r_ mS ;r_ wd  wd kifif;uk   dyif yif axmufvS vrS f;owif ;owif;yd ;yd @ k ae&onf? 1988 - 89 u Ad kvf vatmif af tmif}uD }uD;.v_ ;.v_yfy&S&f Sm;r_uk u  d axmuf  k axmufvS vrfrS ;a&;u ;f a&;u tpD&if &ifcHcHwifjy  Hyku k Oyrmjyrnf  d Oyrmjyrnf? atmif}uD }uD; aròr@o kd@ b,fum;pD um;pD; +yD; a&mufvmonf vmonf? b,frSrSm wnf;onf ;onf? b,ftcs tcsdefe rD  f rD;yd ;ydwf w+yD +f yD;td ;tdyfyonf o f nf xif  xif&onf &onf? reufb,ftcs tcsefed f xG  xGuf uvm+yD v f m+yD; b,foG oGm; onf? b,fol o @l u  d vuf  k vufjyE_ jyE_wf wfqufonf onf? b,ftd trfrd 0if 0f ifonf onf pojzif  pojzif  hajcvS ajcvSrfr;wd ;f wd kifif;/;/ v_yfyf&S&m;r_ mS ;r_wd w kifid ;uk ;f uk   d axmufvS vrfrS ;a&;A[k ;f a&;A[k   dod o @dk owif;yd @ k aeonf? u|efawmf awmfw @ kd &Jabmf abmf (a[mif  (a[mif;) rsm;u vm;¶d_;od ;od @ k om;+yD mG ;+yD; b,fvd v ktm%m t d m%m odrf;rnf ;rnf/ b,frSrmwyf mS wyfawG awGpkpxm;onf x k m;onf qd  qd konf onfuk u  dk tao;pdwf w xv&od  f xv&od @ k oHawmf awmfODO;D wif=uonf =uonf? xd kowif owif;uk ;uk   d Ad  Ad kvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f u owif;xd ;xdecscf sexm;cs x f m;csifI r&yg? Ad kvf v armif  f armifat;ud at;ud k ay;&onf? Ad kvf varmif af rmifat;u at;u wyfpkpnf pnf;um ;um acsrefe_ f;vd ;vd kuf ujcif jf cif; jzpfonf onf? vG,f ,vS v f onf o S nf? vufeuf eufuk u  difik f awmf  awmfvS vefeS fa&; a&; umvu Tr#txdemaomqk emaomqk   H;¶_ ;  H¶_;r_ ;r_rs rsK;d r&S   d  hcJczlzJ ;yg ;l yg? u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd u awmfvS vefeS a&; af &; oHa,mZOf a,mZOfjzif jzif   h emus  emusn;a=uuG f;a=uuG   J&onf &onf? 1962 ckESEpfpS f tm%mod  tm%modrfr;f uwnf;u ;u ppftk tyfyk pkpf kwG wifiG f; qufqH qa&;ES aH &;ES  hifif ywfouf ouf+yD +yD; ae0if;u ;u pepfwck wck vk  vkyfyxm; x f m; onf? wa,muftvk tvkyfy wa,muf  f wa,muf 0if  0if rpG  rpGuf u&f (bk&if &ifu e,fpm;y,f pm;y,fpm; ay;ovk  d rs  rsKd;)/ ;)/ 0ifpGpuf u G v# v f #i ol  f ol @u  dkajym/ ajym/ oluta&; ,lrnf rnf? olu xv&rsm;xm;+yD;vnf; owif;,lonf? eHyg ygwwpf w f pfvk vyfyk fenf enf;rS ;rSm Ttwd kifif; jzpfonf onf? Ad kvf vfapmjrif   huk u   d atmif  k atmif}uD }uD;ES ;ES  hi eD  f eD;pyf ;pyfonf[k [ xif  k xifaomtcg tr_&S&Sm xkwf wypf yf pf vd  vd kuf ufonf? rnfr# r#yifoef oef @&Sifi;ol ;f oljzpfap ap tr_&S&mvd mS vd k @ &onfcscsn;jzpf ;f jzpfonf onf? 'DcscsKyfAdA kvf v d wif w f ifOD;tay: tr_&S&mwm/ mS wm/ wjcm; olrs rsm;tay: tr_&S&mcJ mS   hcJwm=unf wm=unf   hyg yg? acG;tdawmh ak wmh acG  acG;rav;/ ;rav;/ vltd t awmh  dk awmh vl  vlrav; rav; jzpfoG om;Iom mG ;Iom tckae0if ae0if; cHvd v kuf u d &jcif &f jcif; jzpfonf onf? ae0if;enf ;enf;uk ;uk   d Ad  Ad kvf vapmarmif af pmarmif/   dAkvf vo f ef;a&$ ;a&$ vk  vkyfycscf sifvnf vnf; vkyfyr&yg fr&yg? e0w - etzacwf wG wifiG  e,f  f e,fpm;y,f pm;y,fpm;rsm;onf wd kifi;jynf ;f jynfcscsi;f qufqHovk ovk   d rl}uD }uD; (5) csuf t&  t& qufqH qae=uonf aH e=uonf? vDnD nrGrD efeG fud upPpd PwifiG  +id  f +idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ   G @awGt=um; t=um; Ad kvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f =oZm usonf? rwwfEdE kifid ?f   GcJxG xuf u G rsrf sm;omru tar&duef uef/ xd kifi;f tdrfreDef ;cs ;D csi;tm;vk ;f tm;vk   H;u ;u   dAkvf varmif af rmifat; at; om (in charge) jzpfonf onf[ od  k odoG om;ojzif mG ;ojzif   h xk  xk   difi;u ;f u   dAkvf varmif af rmifat;uk at;uk   d r&ruzd  r&ruzdwf wonf o f nf? oljyefvmawmh vmawmh Ak    dAkvf vcif cf if!G !efeG  @f u   GcJxG xuf u G rs rf sm;uk   d 0uf  0uftl t&pf &l pf wif  wif;onf ;onf? owif;pmrs ;pmrsm;wGifif UWSA. zkefe=um;pif =f um;pif; !¸efef=um;v$mrs mrsm; awG @vm&onf? jy+yD;+yD ;+yD? ,ck aemufyGy  hGifirnf rf nf   h a&S @wifiG  ajymcJ  f ajymcJ   h+yD +yD?   GcJxG xuf u G  ‚acg  f ‚acgi;aqmif ;f aqmif‛ rsm;onf (wuf  (wufonf onf   htpd tpd k;& ;& wd @k t  dpk;& ;& vkyfyrnf rf nf[k [)k wifjy+yD ‘rif;bk ;bk&m;’ &m;’ ud;uG ;k uG,f ,=f u vd  hrfrfrnf rnf? ‚cJ   GxG xuf u G  acg  f acgi;aqmif ;f aqmifrs rsm;‛ [k ok  ok   H;ygonf? wzJ   G @v  Hk;[k ;[k rok  rok   H;yg ;yg? Tae&mwGifif uk  uk   d,f ,  huk u f   d,f , k ud u f  k a0zef  d a0zefa&;vk a&;vkyfyf&rnf &rnf? ‚cG   JxG xu G f atmufajc&J ajc&Jabmf abmfrs rsm;‛ tay: ygwDu wm0efraus raus  hcyg yJ g? tvGefeynmqef yf nmqefaom aom rmhuf upfpf f0g 0g' uGefjrLepf0g 0g'uk   d em;vnf  em;vnfvk v   dv k #i pmwwf f pmwwf &onf  &onf? u|efawmf awmfwd w @ kd tESpfp20 2f 0 twlaecJ aecJ   h+yD +yD; olw @ kd u  dk pmwwfol orsrl sm; (0pm/ Armpm/ w¶kwf wpm pf m bmpmrqk   dwck wckckc)k wwfatmif atmif rvk  rvkyfy  dEkEf ifik   hfcJcyg yJ g?

  aus;vufwG wifiG tajccH t f ajccHv# v#i yg  f ygwD. taoG;ta&mif ;ta&mif (owd  (owdrxm;v# rxm;v#i)f nH   hoG om; mG ; wwfonf onf? wyfrSrL;u LS ;u ya'o&mZf tawG  tawG; tac:0if+yD +yD; atmufajcu ajcu aus;pdwf wfu|epdpf dwf w 0if  f 0ifwwf wwfonf onf? pmwckckcwwf w k wfatmif atmif oif  oif xm;v#  xm;v#if olwd w @ kd aus;pdwf wu| u f |epdpf wf w d  0if  f 0if&ef &ef cJ  cJ,Of ,Of;onf ;onf? tcs @Kd aom &Jabmf abmfa[mif a[mif;rs ;rsm; rl;,pf ;,pfaq;pJ aq;pJ   G/ attd kifi'D'f tuf t D ufpfpjzpf jf zpf[l [aom al om owif;rs ;rsm; =um;&av ,lus usK;r& ;H r& jzpf&av &av jzpf.? .? ,ckvnf vnf; tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGifi xk  f xkdod o @ kd tcsif;cs ;csi;f &efigigyÉdyuQ yuQjzpf jzpfatmif atmif/ tm%modrfr;atmif ;f atmif aoG;cJ ;  GcJae=uonf ae=uonf? owd  d&S&oif o S   hif=uonf =uonf? Armvlrs rsK;}uD d;}uD;0g ;0g' orm;rsm;onf vuf  vufeuf eufjzif jzif   h tef  tefwk wzlzk ;aom ;l aom rnfonf onf   hvl vrs rl sK;pk ;d pk wyf  wyf  GzJz @J u  dkrqk rqk   d tmCmw  tmCmw xm;onf? tcGifiomv# o fh mv#i wyf  f wyfvk v  H;ðywf ;k ðywf acs  acsref_ef;vk   d=uonf =uonf[k [ owd  k owday;vk ay;vk   donf onf? ‚+idrfr;tzJ ;f tzJ  G @‛rsm;jzpfatmif atmif pD  pD;yG ;yGm;a&;ruf m;a&;rufvk v   H;ay;+yD ;k ay;+yD; odrfr;oG ;f oGifi;cJ ;f   hcJjcif jcif;jzpf ;jzpf&m &m pD;yG ;yGm;a&;ruf m;a&;rufvk v  H;onf ;k onfyif yif ppf  ppftpd tpd k;&. ;&. aoG;cJ ;  GcJa&;vuf a&;vufeuf euf j jzpfaeonf aeonf? rl;,pf ;,pfaq; aq; - bdefe;vk ;f vkyrvm;/ rf vm;/ ukr`r%D % ` axmif aD xmifrvm;/ rvm;/ ausmufwl w;azmf ;l azmfa&; a&; vkyfyrvm;/ rf vm;/ opfuG uuf u G  uef  f uefx¶d x¶d kuf uf ;axmifrvm;/ rvm;/ wd kuf u0,f 0f ,f rvm;txd  rvm;txd xv&uk  xv&uk   d tm;ud  tm;ud k;ae=u&onf ;ae=u&onf? axmufvS vrfrS ;a&;u ;f a&;u vkyfyrvm;/ rf vm;/ owˆKwl Kwl;vd ;vd kifipif pf if ,l  ,lrvm;/ rvm;/ um;oif um;oif;axmif vG,f ,vG v f ,f , G aoG af oG;cJ ;  GcJI &aeonf? t*Fvd vyfyd acwf af cwf/ zqyvacwfu &S  hdcJconf o J nf   h awma&S  awma&S @aetvkyfyrs rf sK;d xv&wyf  GzJz @J wdifik ;u ;f u vkyfyonf o f nf? awma&S @aeonf bm  bm Oya'rSoif oifrxm;? rxm;? bmtm%mrSvnf vnf; r&S   d? b,fud upPpd  b,f  P b,f  H¶k¶;oG ;k oGm;&rnf m;&rnf/ av#mufv$ vm$ b,fvk v  dwif w k if&rnf &rnf od  odonf onf? b,fvk v   dt k r_rSrmS b,fol otm%myd t l m%myd kifionf o f nfuk u   d od  k odonf onf? axmufvrfrS ;a&;uvnf ;f a&;uvnf; awm a&S @aevk   dyJy od  J odonf onf? tm%myk   difi0ef 0f ef}uD }uD; Xmersm;od @ k oluyJ uyJ OD  OD;aqmif ;aqmifac:oG ac:oGm;avh m;avh &S    d&Sonf onf?  aoG;cJ ;  GcJaeonf aeonf? vd kol ouk u l   dtm;ay; t k m;ay; rvk  dol oud u l  kacs ad csmufcscs vkyfy  dEkEf kifionf o f nf? 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