GL@EGLF TBOÃ]LGF. ]@B^ÃF LEW]L]PGLBEFO \ ^@O@QFEGLF M@O GBE]@Z]B G@E]^B G@E]^ B M@ @W]PMLBW TBOÃ]LGBW @ LE]@^EFGLB LE]@^EFGLBEFO@W EFO@W ‗G@TL‗ AFGPO]FM@W M@ GL@EGLF TBOÃ]LGF \ KBNL@^EB \ M@ ^@OFGLBE@W LE]@^EFGLBE LE]@^EFGLBEFO@W FO@W
GL@EGLF TBOÃ]LGF. ]@B^ÃF LEW]L]PGLBEFO \ ^@O@QFEGLF M@O GBE]@Z]B ML@]@^ EBJO@E FEF N@F]^LX N@F]^LX A^FEGB GP@^ GP@^QB QB @mlgl÷e fgfmìclgf y pr÷obkb
Afguotfm`s m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y Kbnl`reb y m` ^`ofglbe`s Let`refglbefo`s Let`refglbefo`s >44; @mltbrlfo Pelv` Pelv`rslmfm rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb >44; Pelv`rslmfm Gbo`klb Cfybr m` Eu`strf W`öbrf m`o ^bsfrlb, Afguotfm`ss m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y Kbnl`reb y m` ^`ofglbe`s Let`refglbefo`s Afguotfm` >44; Ml`t`r Ebjo`e >44; Fef N`ftrlz Arfegb-Gu`rvb Arfegb-Gu`rvb pbr of `mlgl÷e fgfmìclgf y `o pr÷obkb LWNE <;:-<0:-:><:-;;-6
Trlc`rf `mlgl÷e8 Nbkbtæ, M.G., huolb m` >44; W`kuemf `mlgl÷e8 Nbkbtæ, M.G. cfyb m` >44: Gbbrmlefgl÷e `mltbrlfo8 @mltbrlfo Pelv`rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb Gbrr`ggl÷e m` `stlob8 Kustfvb Tftlöb Mãfz Mlfkrfcfgl÷e8 Cfrkbtj G. m` Bolvbs Mls`öb m` gunl`rtf8 @st`nfe Pgr÷s Lcpr`sl÷e88 Gfrkrfpjlgs Lcpr`sl÷e @mltbrlfo Pelv`rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb Gfoo` 67 Eb. 0-:7 ]`os.8 771 10:>/:7, >=7 >7:4 Gbrr`b `o`gtr÷elgb8 `mltbrlfoDurbsfrlb `mltbrlfoDurbsfrlb.`mu.gb .`mu.gb ]bmbs obs m`r`gjbs r`s`rvfmbs. @stf bnrf eb pu`m` s`r r`prbmuglmf sle `o p`rclsb pr`vlb `sgrltb m` of @mltbrlfo Pelv`rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb. EBJO@E, Ml`t`r Gl`eglf pboãtlgf8 t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`vfeglf m`o gbet`xtb / Ebjo`e Ml`t`r9 `mlgl÷e fgfmìclgf y pr÷obkb.”Afguotfm`s m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y Kbnl`reb y m` ^`ofglbe`s Let`refglbefo`s. G`etrb m` @stumlbs Tboãtlgbs ` Let`refglbefo`s ‗G@TL-. Nbkbtæ8 @mltbrlfo Pelv`rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb, >44;. >1= p. LWNE8 <;:-<0:-:><:-;;-6 Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf / Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf ‗ Fcìrlgf Oftlef / Tfrtlmbs Tboãtlgbs / Abrcfs m` kbnl`reb / Wlst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s / Tfrtlmbs pboãtlgbs / M`cbgrfglf / L. ]ãtuob. 7>4.<
WGMM >4
Lcpr`sb y j`gjb `e Gbobcnlf Trlet`m fem cfm` le Gbobcnlf
Gbet`elmb
Tr`afglb Tr`a fglb ................ ................................ ............................... ............................... ................................ .............................. ..............
66
Tr÷obkb Tr÷ob kb ................ ................................ ............................... ............................... ................................ .............................. ..............
6>
6 Gl`eglf pboãtlgf8 of mlsglpolef y su `stumlb `stuml b
L. LL. LLL.
Of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef .............. ............................. ........................... ............ Of gl`eglf pboãtlgf, su gu`rpb cft`rlfo y of cfe`rf m` `stumlfrob F cbmb m` r`suc`e................ ................................ ................................ ............................... ................... ....
6: >: 70
> @o cìtbmb gbcpfrf gbcpfrftlvb tlvb
L. LL. LLL. LQ.. LQ Q. QL. QLL.
Gbcpfrfgl÷e y cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb .............. .............................. ........................... ........... Mlstleglbe`s næslgfs8 lev`stlkfgl÷e gufoltftlvf y gufetltftlvf....... @o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb `e of lev`stlkfgl÷e gufoltftlvf.......... gufoltftlvf................ ...... Abrcfs m` fpolgfgl÷e m`o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb................ ........................... ........... Obs gbeg`ptbs `e of lev`stlkfgl÷e gufoltftlvf ................ .............................. .............. Elv`o`s m` fnstrfggl÷e................ ................................ ............................... ............................... .................. Mls`öbs m` lev`stlkfgl÷e .............. .............................. ................................ .............................. ..............
7; 7< =4 => =< 06 0>
7 Of trlobkãf8 abrcf m` kbnl`reb, slst`cf `o`gtbrfo y slst`cf m` m` pfrtlmb pfrtlmbss
L. LL.
@o elv`o ebrcftlvb ................ ............................... ............................... ................................ ...................... ...... @o elv`o fefoãtlgb ................ ................................ ............................... ............................... ......................... ......... ;
0; 14
LLL. LQ.. LQ
@o elv`o bp`rftlvb .............. .............................. ................................ ............................... ......................... .......... Wãet`sls ................ ................................ ................................ ............................... ............................... ....................... .......
17 11
= Tr`slm`eglfolscb QW . pfrofc`etfrlscb8 mbs `eabqu`s gbetrfpu`stbs gbetrfpu`stb s
L. LL. LLL. LQ.. LQ Q.
@o kbnl`reb gbcpfrfmb8 jfoofzkbs t`÷rlgbs y `cpãrlgbs .............. Gfusfolmfm y prbe÷stlgb............... ............................... ................................ .............................. .............. @squ`cfs rãklmbs y gbet`xtbs jlst÷rlgbs .............. .............................. ....................... ....... Nfofeg` stefo ................ ................................ ............................... ............................... ............................... ............... Wãet`sls ................ ................................ ................................ ............................... ............................... ....................... .......
;> ;= ;; :4 :>
0 ²G÷cb abrtfo`g`r of kbn`refnlolmfm m`cbgrætlgf f trfvìs trfvìs m` r`abrcfs r`abrcfs lestltuglbefo`s2 lestltuglbefo`s2 Ml`z Ml`z gbegouslbe`s gbegouslbe`s
L. LL. LLL.
Fsp`gtbs gbeg`ptufo`s y c`tbmbo÷klgbs............... ............................... ....................... ....... ]r`s gfcpbs m` r`abrcf lestlt lestltuglbefo uglbefo88 of abrcf m` kbnl`re kbnl`reb, b, `o slst`cf `o`gtbrfo pr`slm`eglfo y `o slst`cf `o`gtbrfo pfrofc`etfrlb .. Gbegouslbe`s ............... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............
:0 :1 <:
1 Kbn`refnlolmfm y slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s pr`slm`eglfo`s `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef
L. LL. LLL. LQ.. LQ
Let`rr`ofgl÷e m` ofs `o`gglbe`s pr`slm`eglfo`s y pfrofc`etfrlfs .... Wlst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s pr`slm`eglfo`s8 bpglbe`s `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef Wlst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s pr`slm`eglfo`s8 `a`gtbs `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef .... ^`suc`e.............. .............................. ................................ ............................... ............................... ....................... .......
646 64> 6 40 64<
; @strugturf y tlpbs m` slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef
L. LL.
@o`c`etbs pfrtlguofr`s m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s .............. ....................... ......... 66> @strugturf m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef ............ 66< :
LLL. LQ.. LQ
]lpbs m` slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef8 s`efmb ............ 6>< Gbeslm`rfglbe`s stefo`s .............. .............................. ............................... ............................... .................. 677 : Wlst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s y gbet`xtb
L. LL. LLL. LQ.. LQ
@e tbreb f of lcpbrtfeglf m`o afgtbr slst`cf `o`gtbrfo ............... ................. @e tbreb f obs afgtbr`s m` gbet`xtb .............. .............................. .............................. .............. @e tbreb fo `eabqu` gbet`xtufo ............... ............................... ............................... ................... .... @e tbreb f of gfusfolmfm glrguofr ................ ................................ ............................... .................
670 6 7: 6=7 6=0
< Mls`öb lestltuglbefo y `vfoufgl÷e m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s
L.
Let`rr`ofgl÷e m` ofs vfrlfno`s lestltuglbefo`s8 of vfrlfno` slst`cf m` pfrtlmbs pboãtlgbs .............. ............................. ............................... ................................ ...................... ...... LL. Mls`öb lestltuglbefo y elv`o bp`rftlvb ................ ............................... ........................ ......... LLL. ]lpbs m` mls`öb lestltuglbefo ................ ............................... ............................... ...................... ...... LQ.. Of `vfoufgl÷e m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s ............... LQ ............................... ...................... ...... Q. Grlt`rlbs m` `vfoufgl÷e8 r``xlbe`s pr`olclefr`s ............... ........................ ......... QL. Glegb grlt`rlbs m` `vfoufgl÷e ............... ............................... ................................ ...................... ...... QLL. @squ`cf m` `vfoufgl÷e m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s ................ ...................... ...... QLLL. Wlst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s y kbn`refnlolmfm .............. .............................. ........................... ........... LZ. Wãet`sls .............. .............................. ................................ ............................... ............................... ......................... .........
604 60> 607 600 60; 60: 61> 61: 6;4
64 ]`em`eglfs let`refglbefo`s `e `o m`sfrrboob m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s
L. LL. LLL. LQ.. LQ Q.
]lpbs m` slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s .............. .............................. ............................... ........................ ......... Grlt`rlbs m` vfobrfgl÷e m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s .............. ....................... ......... @xlk`eglfs aueglbefo`s y tlpbs m` slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s .............. ................. ... Mlstrlnugl÷e let`refglbefo m` tlpbs m` slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s y t`em`eglfs r`abrclstfs ................ ............................... ............................... .............................. .............. ^`suc`e............... ............................... ............................... ............................... ................................ ...................... ...... <
6;= 6;1 6;: 6:> 6<<
66 Lestltuglbe`s y guoturf pboãtlgf
L. LL. LLL. LQ.. LQ
Q. QL.
Gbeg`ptbs y t`sls g`etrfo ............... ............................... ................................ ............................ ............ Of lcpbrtfeglf m` of guoturf pboãtlgf ................ ............................... ......................... .......... @o`c`etbs m` of guoturf pboãtlgf m`cbgrætlgf ............................ ............................ ^`abrcfs lestltuglbefo`s y su leglm`eglf `e `o m`sfrrboob m` uef guoturf pboãtlgf cæs fgbrm` gbe of m`cbgrfglf r`pr`s`etftlvf .............. .............................. ............................... ............................... ............................... ............... Btrfs vfrlfno`s m` gbet`xtb y of r`abrcf lestltuglbefo ............... ................. @o m`nft` sbnr` r`abrcfs lestltuglbefo`s .............. ............................. ...................... .......
>47 >4= >40
>4: >6= >6;
6> Gbeg`ptbs y gbet`xtb. @e tbreb fo m`sfrrboob m` of gbcpfrfgl÷e `e of gl`eglf pboãtlgf
L. LL. LLL. LQ.. LQ
@o m`sfrrboob m` of lev`stlkfgl÷e gbcpfrftlvf ............... ............................. .............. Of lcpbrtfeglf m` obs gbeg`ptbs ............... ............................... ............................... ................... Of lcpbrtfeglf m`o gbet`xtb ................ ............................... ............................... ....................... ....... Gbeslm`rfglbe`s stefo`s ................ ............................... ............................... ............................... ...............
>>7 >>< >7= >=4
Nlnolbkrfaãf ................ ................................ ................................ ............................... ............................... ....................... .......
>=7
64
Tr`afglb
@o pr`s`et` t`xtb gbestltuy` of v`rsl÷e r`vlsfmf y fgtufolzfmf m` of bnrf8 Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf. ]`brãf Lestltuglbefo y ^`o`vfeglf m`o Gbet`xtb , m`o prba`sbr Mr. Ml`t`r Ebjo`e, m` of Pelv`rslmfm m` J`lm`on`rk - Fo`cfelf, qul`e of pr`pfr÷ p`esfemb `e of abrcfgl÷e m` ofs eu`vfs k`e`rfglbe`s m` `stumlfet`s m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y Kbnl`reb. @o t`xtb, pbr ue ofmb, s` m`mlgf f of gbcpr`sl÷e y `stumlb m` of r`ofgl÷e sl`cpr` prbno`cætlgf `etr` ofs ebrcfs o`kfo`s-lestltugl o`kfo `s-lestltuglbefo`s befo`s m` obs prbg`sbs `o`gtbrfo`s, y, y, pbr `o btrb, f of gbcp`t`eglf `etr` obs pfrtlmbs b cbvlcl`etbs pboãtlgbs, pboãtlg bs, obs r`suotfmbs `o`gtbrfo`s y of o`kltlclmfm m` of m`cbgrfglf. @st` r`gbebglmb fgfmìclgb vlslt÷ of Pelv`rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb `o >6 m` fkbstb m` >44;, mãf `e qu` s` jlzb `o ofezfcl`etb m`o olnrb. Wu pr`s`eglf eb s` olclt÷ fo abrcfolscb m`o `v`etb9 fqu`o mãf, fm`cæs m` gbcpfrtlr gbe of gbcuelmfm fgfmìclgf sus `xp`rl`eglfs y r``xlbe`s, m`mlg÷ vfrlfs jbrfs f mlfobkfr s`egloofc`et` gbe obs `stumlfet`s, gbcb s÷ob ue cf`strb `stæ `e gfpfglmfm m` jfg`rob. Tfrf of Afguotfm m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y Kbnl`reb m` of Pelv`rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb, gbe `o fpbyb m` of Auemfgl÷e Iberfm Fm`efu`r m` Nbkbtæ, `s pofg`et`rb r``mltfr `st` t`xtb y pbe`rob f mlspbslgl÷e y n`e`stglb m` of gbcuelmfm fgfmìclgf `e k`e`rfo. Mr. Gfrst`e [l`ofem ^`pr`s`etfet` Gbobcnlf ^`pr`s`etfet` Auemfgl÷e Iberfm Fm`efu`r (IFW)
Fef N`ftrlz Arfegb-Gu`rvb Arfegb-Gu`rvb Trba`sbrf ` lev`stlkfmbrf Trba`sbrf Afguotfm m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y Kbnl`reb Nbkbtæ, cfyb m` >44:
66
Tr÷obkb
Jfg` pbgb c`ebs m` tr`letf föbs, fet`s m` qu` of t`cætlgf `o`gtbrfo, `sp`gãstgfc`et` of m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s, `stuvl`rf `e `o g`etrb m` ft`egl÷e m` of fgfm`clf (`e pfrtlguofr m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf), `o futbr m` `st` t`xtb `rf yf ue `rumltb `e of cft`rlf, arutb m` su `xt`esf trfy`gtbrlf fgfmìclgf, of gufo lelgl÷ gbcb `stumlfet` m` Gl`eglf Gl `eglf Tboãtlgf, Jlstbrlf y ^bcfelstf, `e of Pelv`rslmfm m` J`lm`on`rk, y gbcb fslst`et` m` obs cf`strbs m` of ìpbgf. F `st` lequl`tb lev`stlkfmbr, gbe uef gofrf pbsturf c`tbmbo÷klgf gufoltftlvf, jlst÷rlgb-`cpãrlgf jlst÷rlgb- `cpãrlgf y gbe vbgfgl÷e pbr `o gbebglcl`etb gbcpfrfmb r`klbefo ` let`rr`klbefo, s` o` fjosyst`c` `c` m`r [`ot [`ot (`e punolgf `e 6<;: su cfklstrfo bnrf [fjosyst (`e `spföbo Wlst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s m`o cuemb, 6<:6), gbcb prbmugtb m` uef mìgfmf y c`mlf m` oo`vfr f gfnb mla`r`et`s prby`gtbs m` lev`stlkfgl÷e, punolgfglbe`s, punolgfglb e`s, gæt`mrfs y s`clefrlbs sbnr` `o t`cf, qu` mbguc`etfe sus r``xlbe`s y cfetl`e`e lequ`nrfetfno` su let`rìs pbr `o bnh`tb m` `stumlb. Wlst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s m`o cuemb eb `s slcpo`c`et` uef gbetrlnugl÷e f of gbetrbv`rslf `etr` of `o`ggl÷e cfybrltfrlf y of `o`ggl÷e prbpbrglbefo, sleb ue `stumlb slst`cætlgb m` obs mla`r`et`s brm`efcl`etbs brm`efcl`etbs lestltuglbefo`s y of auegl÷e pboãtlgf m` ofs `o`gglbe`s pfrf obs ÷rkfebs m` r`pr`s`etfgl÷e, `e `o let`rlbr m` obs slst`cfs pboãtlgbs gbcp`tltlvbs y s`clgbcp`tltlvbs. @e `oof eb sbofc`et` s` fm`ofetf f ofs mlsguslbe`s e`blestltuglbefolstfs prbpbel`emb ue feæolsls qu` t`ekf `e gu`etf of j`r`eglf jlst÷rlgf, jlst÷rlgf, obs gbet`xtbs sbglbpboãtlgbs sbglbpboãtlgbs y sbglbguotur sbglbguoturfo`s, fo`s, sleb qu` fpbrtf pr`glsl÷e olekÿãstlgf y gbj`r`eglf o÷klgf f of t`rclebobkãf `o`gtbrfo. T`rb T`rb su let`rìs pbr `o t`cf eb guoclef fooã, y föbs m`spuìs, `e btrf m` sus cfklstrfo`s bnrfs, [fjor`gjt uem Tfrt`l`esyst`c Tfrt`l`e syst`c (`e `spföbo, Wlst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s y pfrtlmbs pboãtlgbs pboãtlgbs , t`rg`rf `mlgl÷e, >44=), y f of ouz m` of t`rg`rf bof m`cbgræ6>
gl`eglf pboãtlgf8 t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
tlgf, gfrfgt`rlzfmf pbr ofs eu`vfs y j`t`rbkìe`fs `xp`rl`eglfs lestltuglbefo`s, fcpoãf y fgtlvf `o m`nft` fgfmìclgb sbnr` `o slkelstgfmb m` m ` ofs lestltuglbe`s `e obs prbg`sbs m` trfeslgl÷e y gbesbolmfgl÷e m`cbgrætlgf. Eu`strb futbr, futbr, fmlglbefo f sus leeuc`rfno`s leeuc` rfno`s `sgrltbs y pr`stlklb pr`stlk lb fgfmìclgb, tfetb efglbefo gbcb let`refglbefo, prbmugtb m` sus fpbrt`s f of mlsglpolef, `s ueb m` obs cæs m`stfgfmbs oftlebfc`rlgfelstfs `e Fo`cfelf y @urbpf, eb s÷ob pbr su gbetleub y m`mlgfmb `stumlb, murfet` mìgfmfs, m` ofs lestltuglbe`s pboãtlgfs y obs mla`r`et`s prbg`sbs m` r`m`cbgrftlzfgl÷e y m`cbgrftlzfgl÷e `e of r`kl÷e, sleb pbr su legr`ãno` cìrltb m` r`uelr y gbbrmlefr, `e mla`r`et`s bpbrtuelmfm`s, f leeuc`rfno`s `stumlbsbs m` of mlsglpolef, `sp`gãstgfc`et` f oftlebfc`rlgfebs, pfrf `cpr`em`r tfr`fs tltæelgfs `e prb m`o m`sfrrboob m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e eu`strbs pfãs`s. Wus gbetrlnuglbe`s vfe m`sm` of r`gbplofgl÷e m` of leabrcfgl÷e næslgf, lemlsp`esfno` pfrf of lev`stlkfgl÷e y r``xl÷e fgfmìclgf, nfhb pr`glslbe`s gbeg`ptufo`s qu` p`rcltfe su fm`gufmf slst`cftlzfgl÷e ”`s `o gfsb m` Of `eglgobp`mlf (6<<7), qu` gbetl`e` of prlc`rf gbo`ggl÷e `o`gtbrfo oftlebfc`rlgfef y m`o Gfrln` (6<<7), slst`cætlgf m` mftbs `o`gtbrfo`s m` Fcìrlgf Oftlef9 `o ]rftfmb m` m`r`gjb `o`gtb ` o`gtbrfo rfo (6<<:, gbe su s`kuemf `mlgl÷e m` >44;), y @o`gtlbes gbcpfrfmb m` Fcìrlgf oftlef (6<<:, (>440)”, jfstf su cæs r`gl`et` ìxltb, fo guoclefr of `mlgl÷e y le tj` Fc`rlgfs (>440)”, gbbrmlefgl÷e m`o Mlgglbefrlb m` gl`eglf pboãtlgf (>441), (>441), `o gufo jfg` m` eu`strb futbr `o ‟pu`et` lm`fo `etr` of gl`eglf `urbp`f y `o cuemb jlspfebjfnofet`–. Wle cæs pr`æcnuobs, pfrf of hbv`e Afguotfm Afguotfm m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y Kbnl`reb (6<<;) m` of Ebvf `t Q`t`rf Pelv`rslmfm Pelv`rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb (6107), gbe fpbyb m` of Auemfgl÷e Iberfm Fm`efu`r `e Nbkbtæ, `s ue jbebr `mltfr ` levltfr f of gbgb cuelmfm fgfmìclgf f r``xlbefr gbe of slkul`et` fetbobkãf sbnr`8 Gl`eglf pboãtlgf. pboãt lgf. ]`brãf lestlt lestltuglbe uglbefo fo y r`o`vfe r`o`vfeglf glf m`o gbet gbet`xtb `xtb , `sp`glfoc`et` s`o`gglbefmf pbr eu`strb futbr8 `o prba`sbr Ml`t`r Ebjo`e, qul`e uef v`z cæs y m` cfe`rf m`slet`r`sfmf gbetrlnuy` `e of abrcfgl÷e m` obs y ofs `stumlfet`s m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y fo m`nft` fgfmìclgb `e of r`kl÷e. Of pr`s`et` fetbobkãf `cpl`zf gbe `o `esfyb ‟Gl`eglf pboãtlgf8 of mlsglmlsgl polef y su `stumlb–, `e `o gufo, gbe su krfe gfpfglmfm m` feæolsls, fg`rgf f sus o`gtbr`s f of `vbougl÷e y prægtlgf fgfmìclgf m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef. ^`gu`rmf, gbe `o cæs cãelcb m`tfoo`, qu` `stf gl`eglf, jby mãf, mlst`r` `e krfe c`mlmf `e gfmf ueb m` obs pfãs`s oftlebfc`rlgfebs, yf qu` sus lelglbs, lelgl bs, 67
ml`t`r ebjo`e
prbkr`sb y `vbougl÷e jfe slmb mla`r`et`s m`p`eml`emb m`o gbet`xtb `e `o gufo s` jf lmb abrcfemb. Fo gltfr f krfe eøc`rb m` fgfmìclgbs obkrf, stefoc`et`, gbetfro` f qul`e ob o`` of jlstbrlf m` `stf mlsglpolef `e eu`strf r`kl÷e m` uef abrcf p`mfk÷klgf y, y, sle mumf cuy gbcpo`tf. W`kulmfc`et`, pbr c`mlb m` su frtãguob ‟@o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb–, ebs fyumf f gbcpr`em`r y r``xlbefr sbnr` uef m` ofs cbmfolmfm`s cæs lcpbrtfet`s pfrf `o `stumlb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Gbetrfstfr, Gbetrfstfr, gbcpfrfr, gbcpfrfr, mla`r`eglfr sbe pfofnrfs `s`eglfo`s m` `st` cìtbmb qu` fo tl`cpb s` sunmlvlm` `e lesteltfs pbslnlolmfm`s, y qu` bn`m`g` f ofs o fs e`g`slmfm`s r`qu`rlmfs pbr `o lev`stlkfmbr y of cft`rlf m` `stumlb. @e su t`rg`r fpbrt`8 ‟Of trlobkãf8 abrcf m` kbnl`reb, slst`cf `o`gtbrfo y slst`cf m` pfrtlmbs–, gbe of pr`glsl÷e qu` ob gfrfgt`rlzf, Ml`t`r Ebjo`e obkrf sugletfc`et` `xpolgfr obs `o`c`etbs sustfeglfo`s m`o slst`cf pboãtlgb, su `strugturf y su mleæclgf f trfvìs m` tr`s m` sus gbcpbe`et`s8 of abrcf m` kbnl`reb, `o slst`cf `o`gtbrfo y `o slst`cf m` pfrtlmbs. Obs fefolzf f pfrtlr m` tr`s elv`o`s m` r``xl÷e (ebrcftlvb, fefoãtlgb y bp`rftlvb) qu` sbe, sle mumf, mlsgursbs mlstletbs qu` s` `ear`etfe y mlst`r`e, p`rb fyumfe fo o`gtbr f `et`em`r obs slst`cfs pboãtlgbs m` uef cfe`rf cæs fcpolf fcpol f y prbauemf. @e ‟Tr`slm`eglfolscb vs . pfrofc`etfrlscb8 mbs `eabqu`s gbetrfpu`stbs–, ebs r`gu`rmf qu` Fcìrlgf Oftlef s` jf m`nftlmb p`rcfe`et`c`et` `etr` ue pr`slm`eglfolscb ‟`t`reb– ‟`t`reb– y ue pfrofc`etfrlscb ‟lm`fo–, qu` fokuebs futbr`s gbeslm`rfe `o cbm`ob p`ra`gtb pfrf `stbs pfãs`s. Ml`t`r Ebjo`e `xpolgf, `e `stf pfrt`, pbr quì gbeslm`rf qu` `st` øotlcb eb `s of sbougl÷e pfrf obs @stfmbs oftlebfc`rlgfebs9 cl`etrfs qu` uef abrcf m` kbnl`reb pr`slm`eglfolstf cbmlstgfmf cbmlstg fmf y fmfptfmf f ofs e`g`slmfm`s m` gfmf pfãs s`rãf, sle t`cbr f mumfs, su c`hbr bpgl÷e. Ptlolzfemb `stumlbs m` euc`rbsbs fgfmìclgbs, legoulmbs fokuebs m` ìo clscb, pr`s`etf `e `o `sgrltb obs m`nft`s qu` jfe surklmb `e tbreb fo t`cf, `xpolgæembobs y gbetrffrkuc`etæembobs p`rcfe`et`c`et` p`rcfe`et`c`et` gbe su prbplf vlsl÷e, ob qu` jfg` m` `st` frtãguob ue levfoufno` mbguc`etb pfrf `o `stumlb m` ofs abrcfs y prbno`cætlgfs m` of abrcf m` kbnl`reb `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef. M`o quletb gfpãtuob fo mìglcb, eu`strb futbr gbeg`etrf su ft`egl÷e `e uef m` ofs vfrlfno`s m` of trlobkãf m` obs slst`cfs pboãtlgbs8 obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s. C`mlfet` su `sgrltb ‟²G÷cb abrtfo`g`r of kbn`refnlolmfm m`cbgrætlgf f trfvìs m` r`abrcfs lestltuglbefo`s2–, uef v`z m`cfrgfmfs ofs t`em`eglfs 6=
gl`eglf pboãtlgf8 t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
oft lebfc` oftleb fc`rlg rlgfef fefss `e gufetb f su abrcf m` kbnl`reb y sus r`sp`gtlvbs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s pr`slm`eglfo`s y pfrofc`etfrlbs, eu`strb futbr `snbzf sus r``xlbe`s `e ml`z gbegouslbe`s, qu` m`cfrgfe sus oãclt`s y fogfeg`s lestltuglbefo`s. Tbst`rlbrc`et`, `e ‟Kbn`refnlolmfm y slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s pr`slm`eglfo`s `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef– Oftlef– jfg` ue s`kulcl`etb y fgtufolzfgl÷e m` `stbs y m` su krfmb m` slcuotfe`lmfm gbe ofs `o`gglbe`s pfrofc`etfrlfs. @e ‟@strugturf y tlpbs m` slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef– pr`s`etf gbeg`ptufoc`et` `o t`cf y ob m`sfrrboof, fpbrtfemb ue pfebrfcf k`e`rfo gbcpfrfmb m` obs mla`r`et`s cbm`obs y cbmfolmfm`s m` of lek`el`rãf `o`gtbrfo `e of r`kl÷e, pfrf gbeg`etrfrs` `e `oobs `e `o gfpãtuob ‟@strugturf y tlpbs m` slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef–, `s m`glr, fooã m`stfgf su lcpbrtfeglf y `etbreb sbglbguoturfo, fsã gbcb of krfe vfrl`mfm m` gbcnlefglbe`s `etr` slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s qu` s` jfe letrbmuglmb y gbesbolmfmb `e of r`kl÷e. @e ‟Mls`öb lestltuglbefo y `vfoufgl÷e m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s– fefolzf `o g÷cb y `o pbrquì m` of lcpbrtfeglf m`o mls`öb lestltuglbefo, y `snbzfe obs `o`c`etbs y grlt`rlbs qu` s` m`n`e t`e`r `e gu`etf pfrf uef fm`gufmf `vfoufgl÷e m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s. Alefoc`et`, `ekobnf `ekobn f `st` fpfrt` gbe ue `sgrltb sbnr` ofs ‟]`em`eglf ‟]`em`eglfss let`refglbefo`s `e `o m`sfrrboob m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s–, `o`gtbrfo`s–, `e `o qu` gofslstgf y tlplstgf ofs r`gl`et`s y mla`r`et`s t`em`eglfs y `vbouglbe`s m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s cuemlfo`s9 ofs m`skobsf pbr pfãs`s, r`klbe`s y gbetle`et`s. @st` fpbrt` nrlemf fo o`gtbr uef pfebræclgf y fgtufolzfgl÷e, sle lkufo, `e `o m`sfrrboob, `vbougl÷e y trfesabrcfgl÷e m` ofs tlpbobkãfs næslgfs m` obs slst`cfs `o`gtbrfo`s cuemlfo`s. @e su p`eøotlcb t`xtb, ‟Lestltuglbe`s y guoturf pboãtlgf–, m` fgu`rmb gbe su `xp`rl`eglf fgfmìclgf y gbebglcl`etb t`÷rlgb-prægtlgb m` ofs Fcìrlgfs, eu`strb futbr jfg` uef s`rl` m` r``xlbe`s y gbeslm`rfglbe`s sbnr` of m`cbgrfglf, `sp`gãstgfc`et` sbnr` of oftlebfc`rlgfef y sus gbetleufs r`abrcfs `e nusgf m` su gbesbolmfgl÷e. Tfrf `oob `cpl`zf fgofrfemb obs gbeg`ptbs lestltuglbe`s y guoturf pboãtlgf , su lcpbrtfeglf y pfp`o `e of m`cbgrfglf y pfrf `oof, fsã gbcb sus `o`c`etbs gfrfgt`rãstlgbs8 of gbestfezf, of trfespfr`eglf y gbetrbo, of tbo`rfeglf, obs gbcprbclsbs y obs gbes`esbs. Tbst`rlbrc`et`, gbcb gbebg`mbr m` eu`strf r`folmfm, p`rb cuy mlpobcætlgfc`et`, cu`strf ofs m`stgl`eglfs y m`nlolmfm`s m` eu`strb m`sfrrboob pboãtlgb m`cbgrætlgb, fsã gbcb ofs gfrfgt`rãstlgfs y t`em`eglfs m` eu`strf gofs` pboãtlgf b m`cbgrfglf r`pr`s`etftlvf, y gbegouy` gbe ofs fgtufo`s t`em`eglfs m`o m`nft` sbnr` ofs r`abrcfs lestltuglbefo`s, `e eu`strf r`kl÷e. 60
ml`t`r ebjo`e
Tfrf gbegoulr `stf fetbobkãf, `o prba`sbr prba`s br Ebjo`e r`tbcf ue t`cf e`tfc`et` t`÷rlgb, `e su `sgrltb ‟Gbeg`ptbs y gbet`xtb8 `e tbreb fo m`sfrrboob m` of gbcgbc pfrfgl÷e `e of gl`eglf pboãtlgf pboãtlgf–, –, `e `o gufo r`folzf fokuefs bns`rvfglbe`s sbnr` of `vbougl÷e m` obs `stumlbs gbcpfrftlvbs m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Tbr øotlcb, m`s`b r`lt`rfr cls fkrfm`glcl`etbs fo prba`sbr Ebjo`e, pbr su k`e`rbslmfm, fo p`rcltlrebs mlauemlr, mlauemlr, `e Gbobcnlf, sus cæs r`gl`et`s lev`stlkfglbe`s y fvfeg`s fgfmìclgbs. Tfrf ìo, eu`strb r`gbebglcl`etb y fa`gtb. Fef N`ftrlz Arfegb-Gu`rvb Arfegb-Gu`rvb Trba`sbrf ` lev`stlkfmbrf Trba`sbrf Mlr`gtbrf m`o Bns`rvftbrlb m` Trbg`sbs @o`gtbrfo`s (BT@) Afguotfm m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y Kbnl`reb, Pelv`rslmfm m`o ^bsfrlb Nbkbtæ, huolb m` >44;
61
6 Gl`eglf pboãtlgf8 of mlsglpolef y su `stumlb
∛
Gbcb `s nl`e sfnlmb, of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `s uef mlsglpolef m` cugjf trfmlgl÷e. W` r`cbetf f obs tl`cpbs krl`kbs. @s of mlsglpolef cfmr` m` cugjfs btrfs, gufemb gbe `o gbrr`r m`o tl`cpb s` abrcfrbe m`etrb m` su s`eb æcnltbs m`o sfn`r qu` pbst`rlbrc`et` s` m`svleguofrbe m` `oof y abrcfrbe mlsglpolefs fut÷ebcfs, gbcb of `gbebcãf, c`hbr mlgjb of `gbebcãf efglbefo. @stb `s gl`rtb pfrf vfrlfs mlsglpolefs `sp`glfolzfmfs qu` jby rbm`fe of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Of sbglbobkãf, sle `cnfrkb, eb efg` m` su æcnltb, sleb qu` s` m`sfrrboof lem`p`eml`et`c`et` y, cugjb cæs tfrm`, f pfrtlr m` of s`kuemf cltfm m`o slkob ZLZ, hustb `e `o cbc`etb `e qu` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf, pbr `o prbg`sb m` m`slet`krfgl÷e qu` jfnãf vlvlmb murfet` slkobs, prægtlgfc`et` jfnãf m`hfmb m` `xlstlr. F gbcl gbcl`ez `ezbs bs m`o slk slkob ob ZZ r`ef r`efg`. g`. W` aue auemf mf `e @st @stfmb fmbss Pelm Pelmbs, bs, s` r` r`aue auemf mf `e @urbpf.. Gr`g` `etr` ofs mbs ku`rrfs, suar` cugjb murfet` obs tbtfoltfrlscbs `e @u @urbpf rbpf, cl`etrfs qu` gbe of `clkrfgl÷e f @stfmbs Pelmbs m` cugjbs gl`etãstgbs `urbp`bs ”sbnr` tbmb fo`cfe`s” mf ue krfe lcpuosb pfrf `o cfybr m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef `e Ebrt`fcìrlgf qu`, m`sm` `etbeg`s, pfsf f mbclefr of gl`eglf pboãtlgf cuemlfo. Fsã, stefolzfmf of W`kuemf Ku`rrf Cuemlfo, Cuemlfo, `e `o gbet`xtb m` of r`m`cbgrftlzfgl÷e `e @urbpf, r`tbcf su `vbougl÷e fet`rlbr f of ku`rrf y r`gln` au`rt`s lcpuosbs y brl`etfglbe`s pbr pfrt` m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `stfmbuelm`es`. @e Fo`cfelf, `sp`glfoc`et`, r`gbnrf r`gbnrf lcpbrtfeglf sbnr` tbmb pbr su ãetlcf r`ofgl÷e gbe `o m`sfrrboob m` of m`cbgrfglf. F mla`r`eglf m` of sbglbobkãf, qu` ∛
Gbea`r`eglf lefukurfo m`o föb fgfmìclgb m`o Lestltutb m` Fsuetbs Tønolgbs m` of Pelv`rslmfm m` Gjlo`, prbeueglfmf `o 66 m` fnrlo m` >44>, r`vlsfmf y fcpolfmf pbr `o gfpãtuob sbnr` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef, qu` f su v`z au` punolgfmb prlc`rb `e Ebjo`e `t fo. (>4418 6;6-6;1).
6;
ml`t`r ebjo`e
guotlvf su futbp`rg`pgl÷e y auegl÷e m` mlsglpolef grãtlgf m` of r`folmfm (plìes`s` `e of afcbsf @sgu`of m` Aræegabrt m` Jbrij`lc`r, Jbrij`lc`r, Fmbreb b Cfrgus`), of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e `s` pfãs pfã s s` m`sfrrboof gbcb gl`eglf gl`eg lf m` of m`cbgrfglf m`cbgrfgl f y pfrf `oof, gbcb gl`eglf qu` `es`öf `es`öf of m`cbgrfglf, gbcb gl`eglf gl`eglf `e fpbyb f of m`cbgrfglf. m`cbg rfglf. @sf auegl÷e futbfmsgrltf o` afgloltf `o r``egu`etrb m` su oukfr `e `o `sp`gtrb m` ofs gl`eglfs m`o `spãrltu `e ofs uelv`rslmfm`s fo`cfefs. W÷ob pbst`rlbrc pbst`rlbrc`et` `et`,, gbe of gbesbolmfgl÷e m` of m`cbgrfglf, y nfhb of p`rcfe`et` leu`eglf m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `stfmbuelm`es`, of m` Fo`cfelf tbcf ue m`sfrrboob `e mlr`ggl÷e mlr`g gl÷e f uef mlsglpolef ebrcfo, uef mlsglpolef `erflzfmf `e ofs gl`eglfs sbglfo`s, cæs fcpolf `e sus aueglbe`s `e gufetb f ær`fs m` `stumlb, aueglbe`s m` lev`stlkfgl÷e, grãtlgf f of r`folmfm, gbesuotbrf pfrf fgtbr`s pboãtlgbs y, pbr sbnr` tbmb, of auegl÷e m` of `es`öfezf uelv`rsltfrlf. ^`oftb `stb pfrf mfr f `et`em`r qu` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf tl`e` uef ofrkf jlstbrlf cfrgfmf ”`e gufetb mlsglpolef gl`etãstgf” pbr krfem`s gbevuoslbe`s ` ãetlcfs vleguofglbe`s gbe `o m`sfrrboob pboãtlgb clscb, `s m`glr, pbr afgtbr`s let`rebs y `xt`rebs f of mlsglpolef. Wbnr` tbmb `stf øotlcf m`p`em`eglf gbetrlnuy` f qu` ”p`esfemb `e gbcpfrfglbe`s let`refglbefo`s” gfmf gl`eglf pboãtlgf t`ekf gfrfgt`rãstlgfs prbplfs, leulmf pbr `o prbplb m`sfrrboob pboãtlgb m`o pfãs. @o futbr m` `st` mbguc`etb vl`e` m` ue pfãs `e `o qu`, jby `e mãf, of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `stæ nl`e `erflzfmf `e `o pfebrfcf m` ofs jucfelmfm`s. @o p`qu`öb leabrc` sbnr` `o m`sfrrboob m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef `e `o gfpãtuob qu` slku` y ofs o fs r``xlbe`s sbnr` of mlsglpolef y sbnr` g÷cb `stumlfrof `e `o s`kuemb gfpãtuob tl`e` `st` trfsabemb jlst÷rlgb y gbet`xtufo.
L. Of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef Of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e of r`kl÷e oftlebfc`rlgfef jf t`elmb ue m`sfrrboob cuy m`slkufo, `e ãetlcf r`ofgl÷e gbe `o prbplb m`sfrrboob pboãtlgb m` obs mla`r`et`s pfãs`s. Of gbleglm`eglf s` r`st`r` tfetb f sus lelglbs y fo gfcleb r`gbrrlmb jfglf uef mlsglpolef gl`etãstgf gbcb f sus t`cfrlbs y f sus fogfeg`s t`÷rlgbs y c`tbmbo÷klgbs. Fuequ` `e tìrclebs k`e`rfo`s s` pu`m` jfnofr m` ue gl`rtb fstfezfcl`etb m` `stf mlsglpolef `e of r`kl÷e, su `stfmb fgtufo mlst`r` cugjb s`køe obs pfãs`s, ob qu` r`strlek` au`rt`c`et` ofs k`e`rfolzfglbe`s. Tbr ob m`cæs, `xlst` pbgf futbrr``xl÷e sbnr` `oof y su m`sfrrboob. 6:
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
6. Ofs mlspfrlmfm`s m`o m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef s` m`spr`em`e nl`e m` obs nfofeg`s pbr pfãs qu` jf gbcplofmb M. Fotcfe `e of ^`vlstf m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf , `e su eøc`rb felv`rsfrlb ZZQ, m` >440. Cl`etrfs qu` C. O`lrfs, H. Fnfo C`mlef y C. M“Fo`ssfemrb (>440) bns`rvfe pfrf Frk`etlef `o gfcleb m` of lestltuglbefolzfgl÷e m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf m`sm` of r`trbsp`gtlvf. C. ]fefif ]fefif (>440) pbe` ìeafsls `e of e`g`slmfm m` `stfno`g`r føe of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e `o T`rø. @etr` tfetb, pfrf Q`e`zu`of, F. @. Æovfr`z Mãfz y W. Mfjmfj Fetfr (>440) m`stfgfe ofs abrtfo`zfs pfsfmfs y oofcfe of ft`egl÷e sbnr` ofs vuoe`rfnlolmfm`s pr`s`et`s. ^. Foafrb Foa frb ^`mbemb y Qfrkfs Qfrkfs Guoo`oo (>440) v`e `e Gbstf ^lgf of gl`eglf pboãtlgf tbmfvãf `e nøsqu`mf m` su lm`etlmfm mlsglpolefrlf. M. Fzpuru (>440) bplef qu` `e Kuft`cfof of gl`eglf pboãtlgf s` `ear`etf fo r`tb m` su gbesbolmfgl÷e gbcb mlsglpolef lem`p`eml`et`, cl`etrfs qu` `e Nrfslo `o r`tb pfrf of gl`eglf pboãtlgf gbeslst` g beslst` `e su `xpfesl÷e, s`køe B. Fcbrlc E`tb y A. Wfetbs (>440). @e tìrclebs k`e`rfo`s, pfsfr m` vbgfgl÷e f mlsglpolef, m`sfrrboob `xltbsb qu` ft`stfe F. C. N`hfrfeb y C. @. [loos (>440) pfrf Gbobcnlf, jf r`suotfmb mlaãglo, y `e fokuebs pfãs`s `s bnrf føe eb fgfnfmf. @e `st` prbg`sb, `o afgtbr pboãtlgb jf gbestltulmb of vfrlfno` m` cfybr lcpfgtb. @o m`sfrrboob tfrmãb y aræklo m` of m`cbgrfglf trfhb gbeslkb ue m`sfrrboob feæobkb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Fsã ob gbestftfe rbtuemfc`et` F. C`hãf Fgbstf, A. Ar`lm`en`rk y W. Tfgjfeb (>440) pfrf @gufmbr. @e `o gfsb m` Nbolvlf, C. Qfrebux Qfrebux Kfrfy (>440) (>440 ) unlgf of sltufgl÷e sltufgl ÷e m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf pr`glsfc`et` `etr` mbs afs`s pboãtlgfs, `etr` of r`abrcf pboãtlgf, cuy leulmf pbr fokuebs pbolt÷obkbs, y of grlsls m` of m`cbgrfglf. @e `o gfsb m` Cìxlgb, W. Obf`zf (>440) gbeslm`rf qu` `o puosb m` of mlsglpolef gbrr` pfr`hb fo puosb m`o gfcnlb pboãtlgb. Wle `cnfrkb, `e obs pfãs`s m` cfybr m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef, sbnr` tbmb `e Frk`etlef, s` bns`rvfe `vbouglbe`s qu` tl`e`e su auemfc`etb `e `o mlefclscb let`reb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf, r`ofglbefmb gbe `o m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef `e `o cuemb bgglm`etfo, `stb `s, `e gbeslm`rfglbe`s fokb m`svleguofmfs m`o qu`jfg`r pboãtlgb pboãtlg b fut÷gtbeb. >. @s mlaãglo m`t`rclefr m` abrcf pr`glsf `o cbc`etb auemfglbefo m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef, m`nlmb f of mlstguotfm m` mla`r`eglfr nl`e `etr` `stumlbs pboãtlgbs r`folzfmbs pbr fgfmìclgbs prbv`el`et`s m` mlsglpolefs v`glefs, gbcb of jlstbrlf, of sbglbobkãf b of `gbebcãf, y of gl`eglf pboãtlgf gbcb mlsglpolef prbplf. Jfstf jby, jby, vfolbsbs `stumlbs m` of pboãtlgf s` `a`gtøfe 6<
ml`t`r ebjo`e
‟au`rf–– m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Tfrf of gbestltugl÷e m` of mlsglpolef jf slmb gofv` ‟au`rf `o m`sfrrboob m` ofs gl`eglfs sbglfo`s `e k`e`rfo. Wle `cnfrkb, tfetb of m`nlolmfm m` ofs gl`eglfs sbglfo`s gbcb `o pr`mbclelb m` uef m` `oofs pbmrãfe r`pr`s`etfr ue bnstæguob pfrf `o `stfno`glcl`etb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Of sbglbobkãf, `stfno`glmf gbe fet`rlbrlmfm f of gl`eglf pboãtlgf, gbestltuy` ue `h`cpob m` `stf øotlcf gbemlgl÷e, `e of c`mlmf `e qu` sus `eabqu`s y trfmlglbe`s t`÷rlgfs jfe pbmlmb e`kfr of futbebcãf m` ob pboãtlgb y, pbr gbeslkul`et`, of e`g`slmfm m` uef mlsglpolef `sp`gãstgf m`mlgfmf fo feæolsls m` of pboãtlgf. @o gfsb p`rufeb r`suotf `o cæs oofcftlvb `e `st` s`etlmb, gbe `o fkr`kfmb m` qu` gufemb s` k`e`rf uef m`cfemf m` `stumlbs pboãtlgbs, sbe obs prbplbs sbgl÷obkbs obs qu` of gunr`e, levfml`emb y bgupfemb m` j`gjb `o æcnltb k`eulefc`et` pboltbo÷klgb. @stb `xpolgf of tfrmfezf `e of gbestltugl÷e m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf pboãtl gf prbplfc`et` mlgjf `e T`rø, T`rø, tfetb `e su mlc`esl÷e m` lev`stlkfgl÷e gbcb m` mbg`eglf. Tfrf of cfybrãf m` obs pfãs`s m` of r`kl÷e s` pu`m` mla`r`eglfr `etr` mbs ìpbgfs auemfglbefo`s, stefo`s m` obs föbs s`s`etf y prleglplbs m` obs föbs bgj`etf. @e Q`e`zu`of, pbr `h`cpob, of gl`eglf pboãtlgf efg` `e 6<0:, gbe of m`cbgrfglf, `e `o gbet`xtb m` ougjf pbr su gbestltugl÷e, `e of qu` of uelv`rslmfm m`s`cp`ö÷ ue pfp`o m` fnfem`rfmb. Fooã s` `stfno`g` pbr prlc`rf v`z of of r`ofgl÷e prlbrltfrlf `e `o m`sfrrboob m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef8 su vleguofgl÷e gbe of m`cbgrfglf. Of mlsglpolef efg` gbe of m`cbgrfglf, qu` `s f of v`z ebrt` y bnh`tb m` m ` su `stumlb. Wle `cnfrkb, of r`ofgl÷e eb `s m`o tbmb aæglo. Cugjbs pbolt÷obkbs m` of prlc`rf k`e`rfgl÷e s` sletl`rbe ftrfãmbs pbr of pboãtlgf, y s` gbcprbc`tl`rbe gbe `oof, ob qu` supusb pfrf of gl`eglf pboãtlgf uef pìrmlmf m` r`gursbs let`o`gtufo`s, mfmb qu` cugjbs fnfembefrbe `o gfcpb fgfmìclgb. @o m`sfrrboob m` of prba`slbefolmfm s` vlb fslclscb e`kftlvfc`et` fa`gtfmb, `e of c`mlmf `e qu` ofs pbslglbe`s lm`bo÷klgfs y obs `ear`etfcl`etbs pboãtlgbs vlvlmbs `e tl`cpbs m` m`cbgrfglf levfml`rbe ofs bstglefs m` `stumlb y ofs fuofs m` mbg`eglf. @stf øotlcf t`em`eglf s` `xpr`s÷ gbe cfybr gofrlmfm `e `o gbeg`ptb m` of gl`eglf gbcprbc`tlmf. F pfrtlr m` 6<10, s` gr`frbe gr`frbe ofs prlc`rfs gæt`mrfs gæt`mrfs y `sgu`ofs m` gl`eglf pboãtlgf, pbr `h`cpob `e Gbobcnlf (6<10), (6<10) , Prukufy (6<11), Gbstf ^lgf (6<1:), Gjlo` (6<1<) y Kuft`cfof (6<1<). \f `e of afs` auemfglbefo, s` bns`rvf of p`guolfrlmfm m` m`solkfr of pboãtlgf let`refglbefo m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. @e >4
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
of clscf ìpbgf s` gr`frbe ofs prlc`rfs `sgu`ofs m` r`ofglbe`s let`refglbefo`s, qu` bar`gl`rbe prbkrfcfs m` `stumlb lem`p`eml`et`s m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. pboã tlgf. @e gufetb fo o`etb, p`rb gbetleub m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef, `o gfsb m` Gjlo` `s tfo v`z `o cæs pfrfmlkcætlgb8 `o Lestltutb m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf m` of Tbetlstglf Pelv`rslmfm Pelv`r slmfm Gft÷olgf s` auem÷ `e 6<1<. Trlc`rb s` lcpfrtl`rbe gursbs cãelcbs y m` s`rvlglb pfrf mlstletfs uelmfm`s uelmfm `s fgfmìclgfs, `e 6<;7 s` m`sfrrboo÷ ue pbstãtuob `e ^`ofglbe`s Let`refglbefo`s, `e 6<:> s` bar`gl÷ `o prlc`r Trbkrfcf m` Cfst`r `e Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf y, fgtufoc`et` (>440), s` `stæ pr`pfrfemb `o prlc`r prbkrfcf m` Mbgtbrfmb `e Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf. Of mlsglpolef pumb fs`etfrs` legousb nfhb `o rìklc`e futbrltfrlb m` Tlebgj`t. @e bplel÷e m` obs prbplbs pbolt÷obkbs gjlo`ebs, `o m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef junl`rf r`suotfmb cæs mlaãglo nfhb of m`cbgrfglf pr`futbrltfrlf, mfmb `o fotb krfmb m` lm`bobklzfgl÷e y pbofrlzfgl÷e m` sus lelglfmbr`s (gar. A`reæem`z, >440). Wl `stf fstrcfgl÷e au`rf gl`rtf, `o gfsb gjlo`eb s`rãf mlv`rk`et`, pu`s `e tbmbs tbm bs obs m`cæs pfãs`s mbem` `xlstãf of mlsglpolef, obs o bs r`kãc`e`s cloltfr`s supusl`rbe uef su`rt` m` pfrìet`sls `e su m`sfrrboob, m` abrcf qu` f c`eumb s` jfnof m` ue r`efglcl`etb b m` uef r`auemfgl÷e fgf`glmf trfs of r`m`cbgrftlzfgl÷e for`m`mbr m` 6<:4. @stb `s `sp`glfoc`et` gl`rtb `e obs gfsbs m` cfybr trfmlgl÷e pboltbo÷klgf, `o m` Frk`etlef, mbem` obs lelglbs m` of mlsglpolef s` r`cbetfe f obs föbs 6<>4 y 6<74, y `e Prukufy, Prukufy, mbem` ofs rfãg`s m`o `stumlb m` m ` of pboãtlgf mftfe legousb m`o m `o slkob ZLZ. ]fo`s ]fo`s r`auemfglbe`s slrvl`rbe pfrf r`ebvfr of mlsglpolef `e tìrclebs t`÷rlgbs y c`tbmbo÷klgbs. @e btrbs pfãs`s, gbcb Nbolvlf, of gl`eglf pboãtlgf frrfegf pbr prlc`rf v`z gbe of r`gup`rfgl÷e m` of m`cbgrfglf f prleglplbs m` obs föbs bgj`etf. @e Cìxlgb, of mlsglpolef `xlstãf yf nfhb `o rìklc`e futbrltfrlb, fuequ` `e fqu`o `etbeg`s s` ofc`etfnf of `sgfsf prbmuggl÷e m` `stumlbs pboltbo÷klgbs. Gbe of fp`rturf m`o rìklc`e, s` bns`rvf ue lcpr`slbefet` gr`glcl`etb m` `oof. M`sm` obs föbs ebv`etf8 @o pfebrfcf pfebrfcf s` s` `erlqu`g` y gbnrf abrcf of lcfk`e m`o gbrpus m` uef Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf c`xlgfef, rbnustf, pourfo y mlv`rsf qu` eb s` suh`tf f ue pfrfmlkcf øelgb sleb qu` s` fpbyf `e leabrcfgl÷e ` lestruc`etbs fefoãtlgbs k`e`rfmbs `e btrfs mlsglpolefs. M`træs m` `st` m`sfrrboob mlsglpolefrlb `stæ `o fsg`esb m` of
>6
ml`t`r ebjo`e
Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf oln`rfo, `o m`spofzfcl`etb m` of trfmlgl÷e cfrxlstf qu` murfet` mìgfmfs mbcle÷ `o `stumlb m`o pbm`r y m`o gbelgtb, fsã gbcb of futbebclzfgl÷e m`o `stumlb m` of pboãtlgf m` of sbglbobkãf y m`o feæolsls m` gofs`. (Obf`zf, >4408 6<=)
Fsã, `e of s`kuemf ìpbgf m` su m`sfrr m`sfrrboob, boob, of gl`eglf pboãtlgf pumb fprb fprbv`gjfr v`gjfr tfcnlìe `o gfcnlb `e of vfobrfgl÷e m` of pboãtlgf, `e gufetb gfcpb fut÷ebcb, ob gufo lcpolgfnf of sup`rfgl÷e m`o s`skb fetlpboãtlgb qu` mbclefnf `e ofs gl`eglfs sbglfo`s, sl nl`e `st` prbg`sb tbc÷ ue rltcb mlstletb `e obs mla`r`et`s pfãs`s. M` j`gjb, jfstf stefo`s m` obs föbs s`s`etf pr`vfo`gl`rbe gbrrl`et`s m` feæolsls sbglbobklstfs y `strugturfolstfs, `o cfrxlscb y `o e`bcfrxlscb, pr`mbclefet` `etr` obs let`o`gtufo`s m` Fcìrlgf Oftlef, pbr ue ofmb, y `o g`pfolscb, pr`mbclefet` `etr` obs `gbebclstfs m` of r`kl÷e, pbr `o btrb. @e `st` gbet`xtb s` k`e`r÷ of t`brãf m` of m`p`em`eglf, m` `ebrc` lcpfgtb `e of t`brãf m`o m`sfrrboob y `e of gl`eglf pboãtlgf let`refglbefo, qu` eb au` tfetb ue prbmugtb m` of leglpl`et` mlsglpolef r`klbefo gbcb m`o `strugturfolscb `gbebclglstf y sbglbobklstf. Of auemfgl÷e m` of Afguotfm Oftlebfc`rlgfef m` Gl`eglfs Wbglfo`s (Aofgsb), `e Wfetlfkb m` Gjlo`, jf slmb of prlc`rf r`spu`stf f `st` m`sfaãb, gbeslst`et` `e sup`rfr ofs olcltfglbe`s gbeg`ptufo`s. Fgtufoc`et`, slku` sl`emb ue r`tb `ebrc` pfrf of gl`eglf pboãtlgf m` of r`kl÷e eb gf`r `e `stbs u btrbs `eabqu`s r`mugglbelstfs. Btrb afgtbr m` gfcnlb y m` fpbyb fo m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef gbeslstl÷ `e uef prbkr`slvf sup`rfgl÷e m` of `xg`slvf pboltlzfgl÷e (gl`eglf pboãtlgf cloltfet`), fuequ` `e vfrlbs pfãs`s obs pbolt÷obkbs slkul`rbe slkul` rbe cbstræembs` ftrfãmbs pbr of pboãtlgf, sl`cpr` mlspu`stbs f gfcnlfr of c`sf m` `stumlb pbr uef auegl÷e pboãtlgf, fmclelstrftlvf b mlpobcætlgf. 7. @o gfcpb t`cætlgb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef `stæ au`rt`c`et` m`t`rclefmb pbr of pboãtlgf efglbefo. @e k`e`rfo, cbmlstgfglbe`s m` of fk`emf let`ref m`rlvfe, `e prlc`r oukfr, m` ofs afs`s y prbno`cfs qu` obs slst`cfs pboãtlgbs ftrfvl`sfe `e `stbs prbg`sbs. Fsã, feueglæembs` b lelglæembs` `o gfcnlb m` slst`cf, `o let`rìs gbkeltlvb s` `eabg÷ `e `o cbm`ob y gfcleb gbegr`tb m` of m`cbgrftlzfgl÷e, p`rb tfcnlìe `e `o mls`öb lestltuglbefo gbe `o qu` auemfr y jfg`r vlfno` of m`cbgrfglf, m`etrb m` ue pofet`fcl`etb ebrcftlvb8 of m`cbgrfglf oln`rfo gbcb ebrt`. Pef v`z lestfofmf of m`cbgrfglf, `o let`rìs gbkeltlvb s` mlrlkl÷ jfglf su gbesbolmfgl÷e, pu`s tbmfvãf `rf leglpl`et`, y s` m`nftl`rbe obs t`cfs brlklef>>
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
rlbs m` of sunmlsglpolef m`o kbnl`reb8 ofs lestltuglbe`s m` of m`cbgrfglf ”of abrcf m` kbnl`reb, `o slst`cf `o`gtbrfo y `o slst`cf m` pfrtlmbs pboãtlgbs”, su `strugturf y su aueglbefcl`etb. Ob qu` let`r`sf `sp`glfoc`et` ”`e `o cfrgb m` ue gbeg`ptb m` m`cbgrfglf prbg`murfo” `s of m`t`rclefgl÷e m` of leu`eglf qu` tl`e`e ofs r`kofs m` hu`kb `e `o fgg`sb fo pbm`r y `e `o prbg`sb pboãtlgb `e k`e`rfo. @st` let`rìs s` frtlguof `e `o gbebglcl`etb m` of leu`eglf m` ob lestltuglbefo `e mbs mlc`eslbe`s8 m lc`eslbe`s8 `e `o m`s`cp`öb m` obs kbnl`rebs y `e of kbn`refnlolmfm m`cbgrætlgf. Obs pbnr`s r`suotfmbs m` of ofnbr m` obs kbnl`rebs, k bnl`rebs, r``hfmbs `e ofs `egu`stfs `e abrcf m` `vfoufglbe`s gr`gl`et`c`et` e`kftlvfs m`o aueglbefcl`etb m` of m`cbgrfglf y frtlguofmbs `e `o m`nft` k`e`rfo nfhb `o gbeg`ptb m`o m`s`egfetb, abc`etfe `o let`rìs gbkeltlvb pbr of gfolmfm m` of m`cbgrfglf. @e `stf eu`vf brl`etfgl÷e m` obs `stumlbs s` legouy`e tbmbs obs a`e÷c`ebs qu` levfm`e `o gbeg`ptb m` m`cbgrfglf gbcb sustfeglfo y ebrcftlvb, m`sm` of guoturf pboãtlgf jfstf of m`slkufomfm sbglfo, ob gufo gbetrlnuy` f m`vfoufr ob gbes`kulmb gbcb m`cbgrfglf `o`gtbrfo y gu`stlbef of m`cbgrfglf clscf. Cæs fooæ m` `stfs t`em`eglfs t`cætlgfs k`e`rfo`s, `o t`cfrlb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf jf s`kulmb of fk`emf pboãtlgf m`o r`sp`gtlvb pfãs. Tfrf Q`e`zu`of, Q`e`zu`of, pbr `h`cpob, of pr`kuetf s` nlaurg÷8 ²quì `xpolgf of `stfnlolmfm pboãtlgf m` obs föbs s`t`etf y bgj`etf2 ²Guæo`s sbe ofs rfzbe`s m` of le`stfnlolmfm m` m ` obs föbs 6<<4, `sp`glfoc`et` m` of grlsls m` of m`cbgrfglf v`e`zbofef f pfrtlr m` 6<<<2 @e Gbobcnlf, bnvlfc`et`, `e `o g`etrb m` ft`egl÷e s` sltu÷ `o t`cf m` of vlbo`evl bo`eglf, sbnr` tbmb `e sus mlc`eslbe`s pboãtlgfs. pboãtlg fs. @e Kuft`cfof, of sunbrmlefgl÷e m` ofs au`rzfs frcfmfs fo pbm`r glvlo `rf y slku` sl`emb ue t`cf pr`bgupfet`, fm`cæs m` p`olkrbsb. Tfrf Tf rf gfmf pfãs s` pu`m`e `egbetrfr fokuefs p`guolfrlmfm`s, fuequ` su trftb gbeg`ptufo eb s` gbrr`spbem` e`g`sfrlfc`et` gbe ob qu` `e `o æcnltb let`refglbefo s` p`rgln`, pu`s tfo p`rg`pgl÷e su`o`, f c`eumb, `stfr cbebpbolzfmf pbr ue sbob futbr gbe fgg`sb f of gbcuelmfm let`refglbefo. Tbr `h`cpob, `e `o m`nft` efglbefo m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf gjlo`ef, `o gbeg`ptb m` obs `egofv`s futbrltfrlbs m`s`cp`öf ue rbo cugjb c`ebr qu` of pr`s`eglf m` `st` gbeg`ptb ”m`rlvfmb m`o feæolsls m`o gfsb g fsb gjlo`eb” let`refglbefo jfg` supbe`r. @e k`e`rfo, jfe slmb pbgbs obs fgfmìclgbs qu` jfe pbmlmb let`krfrs` `e `o cflestr`fc let`refglbefo b, c`hbr mlgjb, `stfmbuelm`es`, m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf m`mlgfmb fo `stumlb m` Fcìrlgf Oftlef. >7
ml`t`r ebjo`e
Wus fpbrt`s f ofs ‟gbcplofg ‟gbcplofglbe`s lbe`s gbcpfrftlvfs–, gbcpfrftl vfs–, qu` gl`rtfc` gl`rtfc`et` et` eb r``hfe of fcpoltum m` ofs lev`stlkfglbe`s efglbefo`s sbnr` obs r`sp`gtlvbs t`cfs `stumlfmbs, eb jfg`e cæs qu` suclelstrfr of leabrcfgl÷e pbr pfãs pfrf obs nfofeg`s gbcpfrftlvbs m` obs `stumlbsbs `xtrfeh`rbs. Tu`m` m`glrs` `etbeg`s qu` of r`oftlvf v`etfhf gbcpfrftlvf m` of gufo mlspbe`e obs pbolt÷obkbs oftlebfc`rlgfebs sbnr` obs lev`stlkfmbr`s `xtrfeh`rbs `e r`ofgl÷e gbe `o cæs prbauemb gbebglcl`etb m` of jlstbrlf pboãtlgf m` sus prbplbs pfãs`s eb `egu`etrf gbcp`esfgl÷e el `e `o feæolsls gbcpfrftlvb el `e `o r`stefcl`etb c`tbmbo÷klgb. @e bgfslbe`s, eb s` `xgouy` qu` ofs k`e`rfolzfglbe`s eb r`sp`t`e obs r`suotfmbs lemugtlvbs, pu`s ar`gu`et`c`et` of nfs` t`÷rlgf eb prbvl`e` m` of r`kl÷e, sleb qu` s` auemfc`etf `e of `xp`rl`eglf jlst÷rlgf jlst÷rlgf m` obs pfãs`s lemustrlfolzfmbs. lemustrlfolzfmbs. W÷ob W÷o b Kuloo`rcb Kuloo` rcb B“Mbee`oo jf pbmlmb sustrf`rs` m` `stf t`em`eglf m`nlmb f su ofnbr t`÷rlgf, gbem`esfmf `e obs gbeg`ptbs m` futbrltfrlscb nurbgrætlgb y m` m`cbgrfglf m`o`kftlvf, qu`, p`s` f s`r gbetrbv`rtlmbs, jfe `erlqu`glmb `o m`nft` m`n ft` t`÷rlgb sbnr` `o m`sfrrboob m` ofs abrcfs m` mbclefgl÷e. m bclefgl÷e. Tbr btrf pfrt`, ofs lev`stlkfglbe`s efglbefo`s, cuy r`ofglbefmfs gbe ofs fk`efk`e mfs pboãtlgfs m`o r`sp`gtlvb pfãs, s` m`sgbe`gtfe f c`eumb m` obs t`cfrlbs m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf let`refglbefo. W÷ob pfrf Frk`etlef s` sbstl`e` qu` ‟of fk`emf t`cætlgf m` of Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf `s slclofr f of m` obs g`etrbs uelv`rsltfrlbs m` @stfmbs Pelmbs qu` legouy`e f pfãs`s oftlebfc`rlgfebs m`etrb m `etrb m` sus `stumlbs gbcpfrftlvbs–– (O`lrfs `t fo .,., >4408 :6). gbcpfrftlvbs =. @e gufetb f obs cìtbmbs m` lev`stlkfgl÷e, eb s` mlstleku` nl`e `etr` cìtbmbs y tìgelgfs m` lev`stlkfgl÷e, mla`r`eglfgl÷e qu` `es`öf Klbvfeel Wfrtbrl (6<<>). @e Fcìrlgf Oftlef pr`vfo`g` trfmlglbefoc`et` `o cìtbmb jlst÷rlgb. @s of bpgl÷e gbes`gu`et` pfrf `xpolgfglbe`s k`eìtlgfs, `e of c`mlmf `e qu` obs pbolt÷obkbs s` `egl`rrfe `e ob cbebkræstgb efglbefo. Fsã, of `strugturf m`o slst`cf m` pfrtlmbs `egu`etrf su `xpolgfgl÷e `e of `vbougl÷e jlst÷rlgf, guyf `xpbslgl÷e afvbr`g` of m`sgrlpgl÷e grbebo÷klgf. Wl`emb tfo trfnfhb cuy vfolbsb, eb s` gbrr`spbem` nl`e gbe ofs fsplrfglbe`s m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf, gbeslst`et`s `e feæolsls slst`cætlgbs y gbebglcl`etbs k`e`rfolzfno`s. k`e`rfolzfno`s . Obs prbplbs pbolt÷obkbs oftlebfc`rlgfebs ofc`etfe of fus`eglf m` `stumlbs gbcpfrftlvbs. Eb `s qu` eb `xlstfe `stumlbs m` tfo tlpb qu` legouyfe vfrlbs pfãs`s m` of r`kl÷e y qu` legousb unlqu`e f pfãs`s `e uef p`rsp`gtlvf gbcpfrftlvf gbe pfãs`s au`rf m` of r`kl÷e, >=
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
p`rb jfe slmb `sgrltbs pbr pbolt÷obkbs `stfmbuelm`es`s y `urbp`bs. Fcbrlc E`tb y Wfetbs `xpr`sfe of bplel÷e pr`mbclefet` `etr` obs `xp`rtbs8 jfy qu` ‟trfesabrcfr of mlsglpolef (`e uef gu`stl÷e) c`ebs pfrrbqulfo, ob qu` lcpolgf legbrpbrfr m`glmlmfc`et` `o feæolsls pboãtlgb pboã tlgb gbcpfrfmb– (>4408 64;). Fslclscb, s`öfofe qu` `o prbno`cf prbno`cf s` brlklef `e of `es`öfezf8 `es`öfezf8 ‟gursbs ‟gursbs m` pboãtlgf gbcpfrfmf prægtlgfc`et` eb `xlst`e `e ofs krfmufglbe`s m` gl`eglfs sbglfo`s– (Fcbrlc E`tf y Wfetbs, >4408 64;). @s gbcpr`eslno` qu` `o let`rìs gbkeltlvb s` g`etr` `e obs prbno`cfs efglbefo`s9 sle `cnfrkb `stf pr`bgupfgl÷e, f of ofrkf, gbemug` f ue `xg`slvb pfrrbqulfolscb, pfrrbqulfolscb, gbcb gbestftfe Æovfr`z Mãfz y Mfjmfj Fetfr (>440) pfrf Q`e`zu`of. W` bns`rvf qu` obs pfãs`s gbe uef gl`eglf pboãtlgf m` m ` cæs ofrkf mftf pfr`g`e t`e`r cfybr`s prbno`cfs pfrf r`brl`etfr su mlsglpolef jfglf ob gbcpfrftlvb, cl`etrfs qu` uef m` ofs cæs h÷v`e`s,, of p`rufe h÷v`e`s p`rufef, f, `stæ m`sp`k m`sp`kfemb femb gbe `stf c`tbmbo c`tbmbobkãf bkãf m` feæol feæolsls. sls. @s gl`rtbb ob qu` fstrcf Fzpuru pfrf Kuft`cfof8 ‟`s gl`rt ‟`s mlaãglo gbcpr`em`r of r`folmfm kuft`cfot`gf sl eb s` trfesgl`em`e ofs arbet`rfs m` ob obgfo9 `s pbr `oob qu` ofs arbet`rfs k`bkræstgfs m` `stumlb m`n`e fcpolfrs`, utlolzfemb `e pfrtlguofr of Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf gbcpfrfmf– gbcpfrfmf– (>4408 6:6). Tbr btrf pfrt`, f pfrtlr m` obs föbs ebv`etf s` bns`rvf uef leglpl`et` brl`etfgl÷e jfglf cbm`obs abrcfo`s y cìtbmbs `cpãrlgb-`stfmãstlgbs. @e k`e`rfo, `o usb m` t`brãfs y tìgelgfs m` lev`stlkfgl÷e cæs cbm`refs `e obs pfãs`s oftlebfc`rlgfebs m`p`em` cugjb m`o gbetfgtb qu` sus r`sp`gtlvbs lestltutbs ` lev`stlkfmbr`s t`ekfe gbe g`etrbs m` lev`stlkfgl÷e `e @stfmbs Pelmbs y @urbpf. @o pfãs c`hbr let`krfmb `e `st` s`etlmb `s prbnfno`c`et` Frk`etlef, pfrf `o gufo s` gbestftf uef ‟gr`gl`et` mlausl÷e m`o e`b-lestltuglbefolscb m` lesplrfgl÷e rfglbefolstf, obs feæolsls nfsfmbs `e ofs t`brãfs m` of `o`ggl÷e pønolgf, m` of `o`ggl÷e gbo`gtlvf, of t`brãf m` hu`kbs y ofs tìgelgfs `stfmãstlgfs– (O`lrfs `t fo .,., >4408 :6). Tfrf Tf rf Gbstf ^lgf, sle `cnfrkb ”y eb `s ue gfsb flsofmb”, s` slku` ofc`etfemb ‟gbe `xg`pgl÷e m` obs `stumlbs j`gjbs sbnr` Gbstf ^lgf pbr pbolt÷obkbs `xtrfeh`rbs, `o `cpo`b slst`cætlgb m` tìgelgfs m` bns`rvfgl÷e gufetltftlvfs y gufoltftlvfs eb s÷ob `s r`gl`et` sleb `sgfsb. Nu`ef pfrt` m` of prbmuggl÷e, fm`cæs, tl`e` ue gfrægt`r `esfyãstlgb b nl`e m`sgrlptlvb– (Foafrb ^`mbemb y Qfrkfs Guoo`oo, >4408 6>0), ob gufo puml`rf m`n`rs` fo j`gjb m` qu` euc`rbsbs `stumlbsbs s` slrv`e m` of pr`esf pfrf mlauemlr sus bplelbe`s. Eb s÷ob `etr` obs >0
ml`t`r ebjo`e
pfãs`s, sleb `e `o s`eb m` ofs gbcuelmfm`s fgfmìclgfs efglbefo`s clscfs s` bns`rvf gl`rtf mlsyuetlvf `etr` uef brl`etfgl÷e cæs gufetltftlvf-fekobsfhbef y btrf cæs gufoltftlvf-gbetle`etfo-`urbp`f, guyb m`nft` `plst`cbo÷klgb føe `stæ p`eml`et` `e of r`kl÷e. 0. Of lcfk`e qu` mf f of sbgl`mfm of gl`eglf pboãtlgf gbcb mlsglpolef `s cuy j`t`rbkìe`f. Tbr ue ofmb, mfmf su brl`etfgl÷e jfglf ofs `o`gglbe`s y obs pfrtlmbs pboãtlgbs, `s r`gbebglmf `xp`rtf `e `stbs t`cfs, gbe ue gbebglcl`etb `sp`gãstgb `e of cft`rlf, eb s÷ob pfrf fefolzfrof, sleb tfcnlìe m` gbesuotbrãf m` obs prbplbs fgtbr`s. M` `stb r`suotf of fg`ptfgl÷e m` of mlsglpolef `e of sbgl`mfm gbcb gl`eglf pfrf kfefr `o`gglbe`s. Btrf j`rrfcl`etf m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf pboãtlg f gbeslst` `e `o feæolsls lestltuglbefo, `e `o gufo s` `egu`etrf `e gbcp`t`eglf gbe `o m`r`gjb pønolgb, `sp`glfoc`et` gbe `o m`r`gjb gbestltuglbefo. @etr` `stfs rfcfs m`o sfn`r s` jf oo`kfmb f mfr f v`g`s ue mlæobkb let`rmlsglpolefrlb cuy a`guemb, pbr `h`cpob, `e `o gfcpb m`o m`r`gjb `o`gtbrfo, fsã gbcb `e `o m`nft` sbnr` `o pr`slm`eglfolscb y `o pfrofc`etfrlscb. Of sbgl`mfm, `e k`e`rfo, sle `cnfrkb, eb `stæ tfe let`r`sfmf `e ofs r`kofs, sleb `e obs r`suotfmbs m`o hu`kb. Of afotf m` guoturf lestltuglbefo, pbr ue ofmb, y ofs e`g`slmfm`s `gbe÷clgfs y sbglfo`s, pbr `o btrb, oo`vfe fo pønolgb pønol gb f prlbrlzfr `e su let`rìs pboãtlgb obs m`s`cp`öbs m` obs kbnl`rebs `e `o gfcpb m` ofs pboãtlgfs s`gtbrlfo`s. Of gl`eglf pboãtlgf pboãtl gf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef føe eb s` gbeslm`rf `xp`rtf `e pboãtlgfs pønolgfs, pu`s eb s` o` o ` supbe` ue gbebglcl`etb pfrf kbn`refr nl`e, ob gufo, pbr gl`rtb, `xgouy` f of v`z t`em`eglfs jfglf kbnl`rebs t`ge÷grftfs, fue gufemb pbolt÷obkbs `etr`e `e `oobs. @e vfrlbs pfãs`s, obs pbolt÷obkbs jfe leulmb `e `o m`sfrrboob pboãtlgb, p`rb cæs nl`e f tãtuob p`rsbefo y eb gbcb r`pr`s`etfet`s m` uef mlsglpolef `xp`rtf `e ofs mlv`rsfs gfrt`rfs. @e of c`mlmf `e qu` obs pbolt÷obkbs pfrtlglpfe `e of pboãtlgf fgtlvfc`et`, of mlsglpolef pu`m` p`rm`r gr`mlnlolmfm, y gbetfklfrs` m` of grlsls m` of m`cbgrfglf, fo p`rm`r of mlstfeglf gbe su bnh`tb m` `stumlb. Tbr btrf pfrt`, obs pbolt÷obkbs ”fuequ` c`ebs qu` fet`s” s` v`e leulmbs pbr of pboãtlgf y pbr fkumbs gbelgtbs pboãtlgbs ` lm`bo÷klgbs, ob qu` slku` r`p`rgutl`emb au`rt`c`et` `e `o m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef gbcb gbcuelmfm gl`etãstgf. F p`sfr m` eb `xlstlr cæs qu` ue p`qu`öb krupb m` pbolt÷obkbs, ìstbs su`o`e eb tbcfr ebtf m` obs m`cæs, nl`e s`f m`sm`öfemb obs `sgrltbs m` obs btrbs, nl`e eb gltæembobs `e sus prbplbs trfnfhbs. Of futbp`rg`pgl÷e m` of >1
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
gbcuelmfm pboltbo÷klgf s` pfr`g` cugjb f ob qu` K. F. Focbem (6<<<) jf m`sgrltb gbcb mlsglpolef s`kc`etfmf . 1. Ob qu` bns`rvf ]fefif pfrf `o gfsb p`rufeb `s væolmb pfrf tbmf of r`kl÷e8 ‟of pboltlzfgl÷e m` of fgfm`clf jf mlscleulmb gbeslm`rfno`c`et`, s` jf o`kltlcfmb `o `stumlb m` of pboãtlgf m`sm` gæebe`s gl`etãstgbs, obs pbolt÷obkbs (fuequ` tbmfvãf cuy pbgbs) tl`e`e c`hbr abrcfgl÷e y `stæe cæs fo tfetb m` of olt`rfturf let`refglbefo– (>4408 >>> y ss.). @s gbev`el`et` s`öfofr qu` `stbs obkrbs s` gbeslkul`rbe `e `o cfrgb m` ue `etbreb stefegl`rb pr`gfrlb, `e `o qu` s` `egu`etrf `e k`e`rfo tbmf of fgfm`clf oftlebfc`rlgfef. @s fprbplfmb tfcnlìe c`eglbefr `o fpbrt` let`refglbefo fo m`sfrrboob m` of mlsglpolef r`klbefo f trfvìs m` prbkrfcfs m` gbbp`rfgl÷e `etr` g`etrbs m` `stumlbs oftlebfc`rlgfebs, pbr ue ofmb, y `stfmbuelm`es`s y `urbp`bs, pbr `o btrb. @sp`glfo c`egl÷e c`r`g`e ofs auemfglbe`s gl`etãstgfs y pboãtlgfs pbr sus prbkrfcfs m` n`gfs. @o r`goutfcl`etb m` pbolt÷obkbs pfrf `h`rg`r of gl`eglf pboãtlgf uelv`rsltfrlf, `s m`glr, pfrf of lev`stlkfgl÷e y of mbg`eglf, pfsf `e of fgtufolmfm pbr `stumlbs m` mbgtbrfmb `e @stfmbs Pelmbs b @urbpf, y mbem` `o oukfr m`o `stumlb `s cuy lemlgftlvb pfrf of brl`etfgl÷e `plst`cbo÷klgf m`o prba`slbefo. ^`sp`gtb fo auturb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef, `stb `e gufetb f obs nfofeg`s efglbefo`s m` su `stfmb fgtufo `e of ^`vlstf m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf (>440), `o bnh`tlvb k`e`rfo y fg`ptfmb `e cfybr c`mlmf `s `o gbesbolmfr `o `stfno`glcl`etb m` of mlsglpolef y abc`etfr su prba`slbefolmfm. W` pl`esf, pbr ue ofmb, `e `o m`sfrrboob m` ue cfybr pourfolscb t`cætlgb (`sp`glfoc`et` f trfvìs m` uef cfybr brl`etfgl÷e jfglf `o feæolsls m` ofs pboãtlgfs pønolgfs) y c`tbmbo÷klgb (sbnr` tbmb c`mlfet` of fpolgfgl÷e m`o m `o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb `e sus cøotlpo`s mlc`eslbe`s)9 pbr `o btrb, `e of sup`rfgl÷e m` t`em`eglfs `embkæclgfs, b s`f, `e `o m`sfrrboob m` ue cfybr s`etlmb m` gbcuelmfm gl`etãstgf gbcb gbcuelmfm m` m`nft` y grãtlgf. Gbcb s`öfo`s pbsltlvfs `e `sf mlr`ggl÷e s` pu`m`e let`rpr`tfr of gr`gl`et` gfetlmfm m` r`vlstfs pboltbo÷klgfs pboltbo÷klg fs y, y, `e k`e`rfo, of cfybr fgtlvlmfm m` ofs fsbglfglbe`s efglbefo`s m` gl`eglf pboãtlgf, fsã gbcb of auemfgl÷e `e >447 m` of Fsbglfgl÷e Oftlebfc`rlgfef m` Gl`eglf Tboãtlgf, guybs cuy ar`gu`etfmbs gbekr`sbs s` g`o`nrfe feufoc`et`. feufoc`et `. Tbr Tbr btrf pfrt`, `o gr`glcl`etb m` of mlsglpolef ml sglpolef pofet`f tfcnlìe ue r`tb m`sm` ue puetb m` vlstf cæs cft`rlfo, qu` f c`eumb s` t`cftlzf `e obs m`nft`s let`rebs. W` trftf, `e prlc`r oukfr, m`o stefeglf>;
ml`t`r ebjo`e
cl`etb m` obs `stumlbs9 `e s`kuemb oukfr, m` of gfolmfm m` of ba`rtf fgfmìclgf fgfmìclgf y su `vfoufgl÷e s`køe grlt`rlbs jbcbobkfmbs, y, pbr øotlcb, m`o lekr`sb m` obs olg`eglfmbs `e gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e `o c`rgfmb ofnbrfo f ue elv`o gbrr`spbeml`et` f su abrcfgl÷e.
LL. Of gl`eglf pboãtlgf, su gu`rpb cft`rlfo y of cfe`rf m` `stumlfrob @e ofs pr÷xlcfs gbeslm`rfglbe`s c` vby f g`etrfr `e guftrb mlc`eslbe`s m`o t`cf. Of prlc`rf s` r`st`r` fo gfcpb b gu`rpb m` gbebglcl`etb qu` `ekobnf of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Fooã s` m`sfrrboofe mbs lm`fs8 pbr ue ofmb, ob qu` sbe sus ær`fs, pfrf uef mla`r`eglfgl÷e let`ref m` of mlsglpolef9 m lsglpolef9 pbr `o btrb, ob qu` sbe ofs ær`fs prbplfs e`g`sfrlfs, pfrf pbm`r abrcfr uef mlsglpolef t`cætlgfc`et` gbcpo`tf. Of s`kuemf mlc`esl÷e s` r`st`r` ”tbcfemb `e gu`etf `o bnh`tb m` `stumlb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf y f sus gbes`gu`eglfs `plst`cbo÷klgfs” f of o÷klgf y c`tbmbobkãf m` of mlsglpolef. ml sglpolef. Of t`rg`rf mlc`esl÷e pr`s`etf ue cìtbmb `sp`gãstgb, guyf `es`öfezf c` pfr`g` m` prlc`r brm`e8 `o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb. Of gufrtf mlc`esl÷e, stefoc`et`, s` `eabgf `e of `es`öfezf m` of mlsglpolef `e ue elv`o m` fnstrfggl÷e qu` mlstf ob sustgl`et` m` of pboãtlgf gbtlmlfef, gbtlm lfef, pfrf qu` `o foucefmb `etl`emf qu` pboãtlgf y gl`eglf pboãtlgf pboã tlgf sbe mla`r`et`s, pbr obs bnh`tlvbs mla`r`et`s y obs gbrr`spbeml`et`s tlpbs m` frkuc`etbs qu` gfrfgt`rlzfe s`embs mlsgursbs. 6. ^`sp`gtb f of prlc`rf mlc`esl÷e8 `e tìrclebs k`e`rfo`s, jfy qu` mla`r`eglfr `etr` tr`s ær`fs qu` abrcfe `o gu`rpb m` cft`rlfs m` mbg`eglf `e gl`eglf pboãtlgf8 Of prlc`rf gbestltuy` of t`brãf pboãtlgf, qu` legouy` `e v`rmfm tr`s gfcpbs8 (f) of jlstbrlf m` ofs lm`fs b of stobsbaãf pboãtlgf9 (n) of t`brãf pboãtlgf cbm`ref, b s`f, ofs krfem`s gbrrl`et`s t`÷rlgfs, ofs t`brãfs m` krfe fogfeg` y ofs c`tft`brãfs b obs pfrfmlkcfs gl`etãstgbs, y (g) of c`tbmbobkãf `e gl`eglfs sbglfo`s. Of lcpbrtfeglf m` `stf ær`f tfe j`t`rbkìe`f r`slm` `e of `es`öfezf, `e su gbetrlnugl÷e fo m`sfrrboob m` ue gbebglcl`etb m` obs auemfc`etbs m` of pboãtlgf `e gufetb f ob ebrcftlvb y ob t`÷rlgb, pbr ue ofmb, y ob c`tbmbo÷klgb `e `o `stumlb m` of pboãtlgf, pbr `o btrb. Of s`kuemf ær`f `ekobnf of pboãtlgf gbcpfrfmf, qu` legouy` l egouy` ofs tr`s mlc`eslbe`s m` of pboãtlgf qu`, m`nlmb f olcltfglbe`s lmlbcætlgfs, el `e fo`cæe el `e >:
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
gfst`oofeb `s pbslno` mla`r`eglfr gbeg`ptufoc`et` nl`e8 pbolty , pboltlgs y pbolgy , `stb `s, of abrcf, `o prbg`sb y `o gbet`elmb m` of pboãtlgf. Of t`rg`rf ær`f `stæ gbeabrcfmf pbr ofs r`ofglbe`s let`refglbefo`s qu` legouy`e pbr `h`cpob of pboãtlgf `xt`rlbr, ofs brkfelzfglbe`s let`refglbefo`s, ob let`rkun`refc`etfo, ob let`rsbgl`tfo (gfmf mãf cæs) y ob suprfefglbefo, sl s` jfg` r`a`r`eglf f prbg`sbs m` let`krfgl÷e. Tu`m` mfrs` `o gfsb m` qu` ue lestltutb m` gl`eglf pboãtlgf pboãtlg f bar`zgf `es`öfezf fm`gufmf `e ofs tr`s ær`fs, pu`s `stæe ãetlcfc`et` vleguofmfs `e tìrclebs m` qu` of afotf m` uef m` `oofs, `o ofs, pbe` `e p`olkrb uef gbcpr`esl÷e gfnfo m`o a`e÷c`eb m` of pboãtlgf. Eb `e vfeb of gl`eglf pboãtlgf s` `etl`em` gbcb gl`eglf let`krfmbrf8 `o bnh`tb m` `stumlb, of pboãtlgf, eb s` m`ste` f trfvìs m` ue sbob gbeg`ptb, uef sbof mlc`esl÷e, ue sbob `eabqu`, ue øelgb cìtbmb. Of gl`eglf pboãtlgf, pbr gbeslkul`et`, eb s` m`ste` tfcpbgb pbr uef sbof cft`rlf qu` gbeg`ptufoc`et` s` pu`mf fsbglfr gbe of pboãtlgf. W` bns`rvf, sle `cnfrkb, qu` `e fokuebs pfãs`s ofs cft`rlfs pbolty , pboltlgs y `stæe s`pfrfmfs `e abrcf m` uef mlsp`rsl÷e `e lestltutbs mla`r`et`s s`køe pbolgl`s pbolgl `s `stæe ofs ær`fs s`öfofmfs. Legousb jfy gfsbs `e qu` s` jfe gr`fmb lestltutbs l estltutbs s`pfrfmbs `e uef clscf uelv`rslmfm `e `o ær`f m` of pboãtlgf gbcpfrfmf. Jfy rfzbe`s `e `o gfcpb m` of lev`stlkfgl÷e pfrf `eaftlzfr of `sp`glfolzfgl÷e, pu`s gbcb m`gãf yf Cfx [`n`r, fo prleglplb m`o slkob pfsfmb, ‟of bnrf r`foc`et` lcpbrtfet` y m`steltlvf `s sl`cpr` bnrf m` `sp`glfolstfs–. Wle `cnfrkb, `e of `es`öfezf, c` pfr`g` lcpbrtfet` trfescltlr `o fogfeg` m` of pboãtlgf `e su `xpr`sl÷e r`fo y, føe cæs lcpbrtfet`, of r`ofgl÷e ` let`rr`ofgl÷e m` obs a`e÷c`ebs pboãtlgbs m` ofs mla`r`et`s ær`fs. Tbr `h`cpob, sl `e r`ofglbe`s let`refglbefo`s of t`sls cæs gbestrcfmf jfstf jby mãf `s qu` @stfmbs m`cbgrætlgbs eb gbemug`e elekuef ku`rrf `etr` `oobs, `s cuy lcpbrtfet` `etbeg`s qu` of `stumlbsf/`o `stumlbsb gbebzgf of m`cbgrfglf gbcb abrcf ( pbolty ) y prbg`sb ( pboltl ), ofs pboltlgs gs ), gbemlglbe`s let`refs qu` oo`vfe f qu` ofs m`cbgrfglfs ”`e gufetb f r`suotfmb ( pbolgy )” s` gbcpbrt`e `e `o æcnltb let`refglbefo m` cfe`rf qu` `stf r`kof pbolgy )” s` gbestrc` gbetleufc`et` m`sm` jfg` slkobs. Føe cæs loustrftlvb `s `o gfsb m` ofs mlc`eslbe`s m` of pboãtlgf `e `o ær`f m` of pboãtlgf gbcpfrfmf. Trægtlgfc`et` eb jfy elekøe a`e÷c`eb pboãtlgb `e `stf ær`f pbr `et`em`r b `xpolgfr `e `o gufo eb `stìe levbougrfmbs fsp`gtbs m` pbolty , pboltlgs y pbolgl`s . ]bcb `o gfsb m` ”sl c` p`rclt`e” gufoqul`r ><
ml`t`r ebjo`e
pboãtlgf pønolgf8 `e `o afcbsb gãrguob m` uef pboãtlgf pønolgf (b pbolgy gygo` ) `etrfe m`sm` ue lelglb m` su m`sfrrboob gu`stlbe`s m`o slst`cf pboãtlgb, m` of lestltuglbefolmfm mfmf, gu`stlbe`s m` ofs r`ofglbe`s m` pbm`r, m` let`r`s`s y vfobr`s, of o f `strugturf `strug turf m` gbelgtb `e `o slst`cf m` pfrtlmbs pboãtlgbs y obs tlpbs m` abrcfgl÷e m` gbes`esb. Wl s` mls`öfe pboãtlgfs pønolgfs sle tbcfr `e gu`etf `sfs vfrlfno`s m` `strugturf y prbg`sbs, eb s` oo`kf cuy o`hbs. Wl eb s` `es`öf of let`rr`ofgl÷e m` ofs pbolgl`s gbe gbe pboltlgs y pbolty , `o b of `stumlfet` vf f m`sfrrboofr m `sfrrboofr ue gbebglcl`etb pbgb r`folstf, pfrglfolzfmb y pbgb fm`gufmb m` of pboãtlgf. >. ^`sp`gtb f of s`kuemf mlc`esl÷e, of fefoãtlgf, fefoãtl gf, qul`rb jfg`r jlegfplì `e of lcpbrtfeglf qu` tl`e`e of o÷klgf y `o cìtbmb `e of `es`öfezf m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. @stf brl`etfgl÷e `s `sp`glfoc`et` vfolbsf m`nlmb f of mlstguotfm qu` `o bnh`tb m` `stumlb, of pboãtlgf, gbetl`e` pfrf su feæolsls. Of `sp`glfo mlstguotfm qu` `ear`etf of gl`eglf pboãtlgf s` jfg` ebtfno`, sbnr` tbmb, gbcpfrfemb eu`strf mlsglpolef gbe of `gbebcãf, `e gufetb f sus r`sp`gtlvbs bnh`tbs m` `stumlb y ofs gbes`gu`eglfs g bes`gu`eglfs gl`etãstgfs b c`tbmbo÷klgfs qu` sus mla`r`eglfs trf`e gbeslkb8 Trlc`rb, `o `gbebclstf bns`rvf ”gbcb m`gãf Klbvfeel Wfrtbrl” obs gbcpbrtfcl`etbs `gbe÷clgbs, gbcpbrtfcl`etbs kulfmbs pbr ue sbob grlt`rlb lm`etlstgfmb y gbestfet`8 oo`vfr fo cæxlcb `o n`e`stglb, of utlolmfm b `o let`rìs `gbe÷clgb. W`kuemb, obs gbcpbrtfcl`etbs `gbe÷clgbs sbe `xpr`sfno`s Y...S `e vfobr`s cbe`tfrlbs, `s m`glr `e vfobr`s gufetltftlvbs. (Wfrtbrl, 6<<>8 1>)
Fsã, ‟`o `gb Fsã, `gbebc ebclst lstff `eg `egu`e u`etrf trf uef c`m c`mlmf lmf leg legbrp brpbrf brfmf mf f obs gbc gbcpbr pbrtfc tfcl`e l`etbs tbs bns`rvfmbs8 `o jbcb b`gbebclgus rfzbef rfzbef gbe eøc`rbs, gbe vfobr`s cbe`tfrlbs– (Wfrtbrl, 6<<>81>). Gbe nfs` `e `stb, `o `gbebclstf pumb m`sfrrboofr ue o`ekufh` `sp`glfo, guybs gbeg`ptbs (pbr `h`cpob, vfobr, vfobr, gbstb, pr`glb, c`rgfmb) `stæe gofrfc`et` `stfno`glmbs y eb vu`ov`e f s`r mlsgutlmbs gfmf v`z qu` s` obs utlolzf. @o pbolt÷obkb, sle `cnfrkb, bns`rvf gbcpbrtfcl`etbs pboãtlgbs kulfmbs pbr `st` u btrb grlt`rlb, `s m`glr, pbr grlt`rlbs mla`r`et`s y gfcnlfet`s qu` pbr ob m`cæs ”`e su krfe cfybrãf” sbe mlaãglo`s m` `xpr`sfr `e tìrclebs gufetltftlvbs. Wus cìtbmbs, pbr ue ofmb, tl`e`e qu` gbet`cpofr of p`guolfrlmfm y of efturfo`zf sul kìe`rls m` su bnh`tb m` `stumlb y of o÷klgf m` of lev`stlkfgl÷e. Tbr Tbr `o btrb, tl`e` qu` s`r mlsgutlmf gbe r`ofgl÷e f tbmbs y gfmf ueb m` obs mls`öbs m` lev`stlkfgl÷e. @s bnvlb qu` of `gbebcãf s` `egu`etrf `e uef sltufgl÷e 74
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
gl`etãstgf prlvlo`klfmf qu` tl`e` su brlk`e `e `o gfrægt`r m`o bnh`tb m` `stumlb, f pfrtlr m`o gufo ”`e `o gfsb m` of `gbebcãf” au` pbslno` ue m`sfrrboob m` gl`etlstglmfm c`ebs gu`stlbefmb qu` `e `o gfsb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Tbr `stf `ebrc` mlstfeglf qu` s`pfrf f of gl`eglf pboãtlgf pboãtl gf m` of `gbebcãf `s gbev`el`et` r`a`rlrs` tfcnlìe f of let`rr`ofgl÷e `etr` fcnfs gl`eglfs sbglfo`s y r`gbrmfr ob qu` `o `rumltb `gbebclstf Fon`rt B. Jlrsgjcfee (yf `e `o föb 6<;<) cfela`st÷. Ìo mla`r`egl÷ `etr` tr`s gft`kbrãfs8 vfobr÷ m` abrcf pbsltlvf of pbt`eglfo let`rfggl÷e `etr` fcnfs mlsglpolefs, pbr `h`cpob, gufemb of gl`eglf pboãtlgf pu`m` fprbv`gjfr `e sus `stumlbs obs r`suotfmbs gl`etãstgbs m` of `gbebcãf. Qfobr÷ Qfobr÷ tfcnlìe m` cfe`rf pbsltlvf of let`rfggl÷e `e ær`fs mbem` obs bnh`tbs m` `stumlb `e `gbebcãf y `e pboãtlgf bst`etfe `strugturfs feæobkfs, y oofc÷ of ft`egl÷e sbnr` `o gfcpb olcltfmb m` bnh`tbs qu` pr`s`etfe `stfs gbemlglbe`s. @e tìrclebs k`e`rfo`s, `stlc÷ pbsltlvb `stfs mbs gft`kbrãfs m` let`rfggl÷e, pbrqu` s` r`sp`tf of futbebcãf m` ob pboãtlgb. \ gbetleu÷8 Nut L mb ebt wfet tb m`ey tjft bggfslbefooy tj`r` cfy n` f tjlrm gft`kbry8 J`r` tj` `gbebclst wbuom trfesa`r gbeg`pts fem cbm`s ba fefoysls brlklefooy `ofnbrft`m abr tj` purpbs` ba uem`rstfemlek tj` `gbebcy tb tj` pboltlgfo t`rrfle. ]jls ls go`froy f gfs` ba ‚lcp`rlfolstlg“ `xpfeslbe ba be` mlsglpole` fem Y...S L jfv` s`rlbus mbunts fnbut tj` prfgtlg` (abr r`fsbes btj`r tjfe c`r` mlsoli` ba lcp`rlfolsc). (Jlrsgjcfee, 6<:68 >16)
Qfo` r`p`tlrob, obs gbeg`ptbs `e gl`eglf pboãtlgf eb fogfezfe `o krfmb m` jbcbk`e`lmfm y gbestfeglf qu` tl`e`e fqu`oobs m`o o`ekufh` m`o `gbebclstf, ob qu` bnolkf f `es`öfr su gbet`elmb pourfo, su efturfo vleguofgl÷e gbe let`r`s`s gbkebsgltlvbs y vfobr`s `e `o o`ekufh` pboãtlgb y obs grlt`rlbs m` su abrcfgl÷e gbeabrc` f r`kofs y glrguestfeglfs pfrf su usb `e `o feæolsls pboltbo÷klgb. Pef m` ofs cfybr`s e`g`slmfm`s m` of `es`öfezf m` eu`strf mlsglpolef gbeslst` `e trfescltlro` fo foucefmb qu` obs gbeg`ptbs eb s÷ob sbe auemfc`etfo`s pfrf `o feæolsls y `o mlæobkb gl`etãstgbs, qu` su m`stelgl÷e eb s÷ob `s gbemltlb sle` quf ebe m`o gbebglcl`etb gl`etãstgb, sleb qu` fm`cæs tl`e`e qu` fo`hfrs` m` betbobklscbs y `s`eglfolscbs y gbrr`spbem`r f grlt`rlbs m` utlolmfm gl`etãstgf. Of m`stelgl÷e m` ue gbeg`ptb eb `qulvfo` f uef prba`sl÷e m` a`, pfrf `egfrefr uef v`rmfm prbplf m` of `stumlbsf/m`o `stumlbsb, sleb f ue `xfc`e o÷klgb m` su fogfeg`, `s m`glr, sus olclt`s (ob qu` legouy`, ob qu` `xgouy`) y su 76
ml`t`r ebjo`e
fm`gufgl÷e s`cæetlgf f obs bnh`tlvbs m` gbebglcl`etb. Tfrf mfr ue `h`cpob8 of m`cbgrfglf `s ue gbeg`ptb sle m`stelgl÷e pr`glsf, uelv`rsfoc`et` fg`ptfmf. W` of pu`m` m`stelr `e obs tìrclebs m` ^bn`rt F. Mfjo (6<<7), ( 6<<7), qul`e jlzb jlegfplì `e mbs grlt`rlbs8 pfrtlglpfgl÷e y pourfolscb pboãtlgb. @s uef m`stelgl÷e pbr gl`rtb `str`gjf y olcltfmf, p`rb bp`rfno` y c`esurfno`. @s `vlm`et` qu` gfmf ueb m` ebsbtrbs pbmrãf pr`a`rlr uef m`stelgl÷e cæs fcpolf, cæs `s`eglfolstf, cæs ebrcftlvf, `e of gufo `etrfrf tbmb ob nu`eb y ob j`rcbsb m` ue brm`e m`s`fmb. Wle `cnfrkb, tfo gbeg`ptb eb s`rvlrãf cugjb pfrf `o feæolsls gl`etãstgb, pu`s sl gfmf ueb tuvl`rf su gbeg`ptb ebrcftlvb m`o a`e÷c`eb `e `stumlb, r`suotfrãf mlaãglo oo`kfr f r`suotfmbs let`rsunh`tlvfc`et` trfesclslno`s. Btrf mlstguotfm s` pr`s`etf fo fcpolfr `o gbeg`ptb m`o a`e÷c`eb `e `stumlb, m` tfo cfe`rf qu` fokuebs fok uebs afgtbr`s qu` let`r`sfe s`r lev`stlkfmbs r`sp`gtb f su r`ofgl÷e `etr`e gbcb `o`c`etbs m`o clscb gbeg`ptb. @o brlk`e m` `stf gbeg`ptufolzfgl÷e `qulvbgfmf r`slm` `e gbeauemlr gbeauemlr `o æcnltb m`o prbno`cf gbe `o gbeg`ptb gbeg `ptb clscb, gbcb nl`e c` s`öfo÷ cl fslst`et` m` lev`stlkfgl÷e Gofumlf Xloof. Pe nu`e `h`cpob m` `stb ob nrlemf, eu`vfc`et`, `o gbeg`ptb m` m`cbgrfglf, gufemb s` o` legouy`e tfcnlìe obs prbno`cfs qu` of ftfö`e, pbr `h`cpob, su r`ofgl÷e gbe of sbgl`mfm. @stb s` mf gufemb s` m`ste` gbcb m`cbgrfglf s÷ob f fqu`o slst`cf pboãtlgb qu` s` `rlk` sbnr` ofs nfs`s m` uef sbgl`mfm m`cbgrætlgf. m `cbgrætlgf. Gbe `stf gbeg`ptufolzfgl÷e s` pl`rm` m` vlstf of r`ofgl÷e pboãtlgf y gl`etãstgfc`et` lcpbrtfet` `etr` tlpb m` slst`cf pboãtlgb y tlpb m` sbgl`mfm `e tìrclebs m` uef jbcbk`e`lmfm e`g`sfrlf, `e tìrclebs m` m`safs`s y s`gu`eglfs y `e tìrclebs m` su m`sfrrboob `e `o tl`cpb. @o `stumlfetfmb m`n` fpr`em`r of abrcfgl÷e y `o usb m` ofs gofslstgfglbe`s, m` obs tlpbs, m` obs tlpbs lm`fo`s y m` ofs tlpbobkãfs, sus aueglbe`s y fogfeg`s gl`etãstgbs. Jfg` pbgb, ue `h`rglglb gbe ue krupb m` pbskrfmufmbs c` pusb `e `vlm`eglf of afotf m` prægtlgf `e `sb. @e gl`eglf pboãtlgf trfnfhfcbs cugjb gbe mlgbtbcãfs y trlobkãfs b trãfmfs. @o `h`rglglb gbestfnf `e `egbetrfr, `e `o cuemb m` ofs abrcfs pboãtlgfs, fot`reftlvfs qu` gbrr`spbeml`rfe f `stbs tlpbs m` brm`efcl`etb m` obs a`e÷c`ebs. Elekuef m` ofs glegb r`spu`stfs qu` r`glnã au` gbrr`gtf. B eb s` r`sp`tfnf `o bnh`tb, ofs abrcfs m` kbnl`reb, b s` c`zgofnf `o bnh`tb gbe fokb qu` eb s` r`a`rãf fo bnh`tb, b obs a`e÷c`ebs qu` s` c`eglbefnfe eb `rfe m` gfrægt`r mlsyuetlvb. 7>
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
@e r`suc`e8 vfo` pbe`r `o r`ol`v` `e `o `stumlb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf `e of o÷klgf m`o gbebglcl`etb. Jfy qu` fpr`em`r f p`esfr o÷klgf y slst`cætlgfc`et`. @st` `qulvfo` f fpr`em`r f mla`r`eglfr `e ob gbeg`ptufo `etr` elv`o`s m` fnstrfggl÷e, gft`kbrãfs, mla`r`eglfs m` krfmb, `tg. Wfn`r mla`r`eglfr m la`r`eglfr cfrgf of mlstlegl÷e `etr` uef let`r`sfmf/ue let`r`sfmb `e y uef `stumlbsf/ue `stumlbsb m` of pboãtlgf. pboã tlgf. 7. ^`sp`gtb f of t`rg`rf mlc`esl÷e y of suk`r`eglf m` `et`em`r `o g÷cb gbcpfrfr,, vfo` mlstlekulr `etr` mbs oãe`fs8 of gbcpfrfgl÷e jlst÷rlgf y of gbcgbcpfrfr pfrfgl÷e let`refglbefo. W`køe cl `xp`rl`eglf, of prlc`rf s` `h`rg` aægloc`et` `e Fcìrlgf Oftlef. @e mlæobkb gbe gl`etlstfs sbglfo`s m` of r`kl÷e c` bgurrl÷ nfstfet`s v`g`s qu` uef pr`kuetf fg`rgf m` of `strugturf, pbr `h`cpob, m`o slst`cf m` pfrtlmbs c` au`rf gbet`stfmf c`mlfet` ue r`gu`etb m` of jlstbrlf m` obs pfrtlmbs pboãtlgbs. B s`f, of `etrfmf f of r``xl÷e pboltbo÷klgf `e of r`kl÷e `s cæs nl`e jlst÷rlgb-grbebo÷klgf y cugjb c`ebs slst`cætlgb-gbcpfrftlvf. Of `es`öfezf m` of mlsglpolef t`emrãf qu` afvbr`g`r `stf øotlcf p`rsp`gtlvf y eutrlrs` m` gbcpfrfglbe`s let`refglbefo`s qu` gbestltuy`e of nfs` pfrf tlpbobkãfs tl pbobkãfs y fpr`glfglbe`s `cpãrlgfs, pu`s `s lcpbrtfet` s`öfofr qu` pfrf nl`e mla`r`eglfr y vfobrfr ue a`e÷c`eb `s lcpr`sglemlno` gbcpfrfrob. @o gbcpfrfr, gbcpfrfr, sle `cnfrkb, eb `s tfe aæglo y tl`e` qu` s`r fpr`emlmb. Ob prlc`rb qu` jfy qu` `et`em`r `s qu` lcpolgf `sgbk`r prum`et`c`et` gbe quì gbetrfstfr m`etrb m` ue fotb eøc`rb m` pbslno`s r`a`r`et`s. Qfo` r``xlbefr sbnr` guæo r`a`r`et` `s rfglbefoc`et` `o cæs fm`gufmb, `o cæs pofuslno`, y `vltfr `sgbk`r ue r`a`r`et` gl`etãstgfc`et` pbgb væolmb, pu`s of gbcpfrfgl÷e s` pr`stf tfcnlìe f gbeauslbe`s y mlstbrslbe`s qu` ”`e `o gfcpb pboãtlgb b gufemb of b `o gl`etlstf s÷ob bplef y s` cu`v` `e of pboãtlgf” f v`g`s sbe let`eglbefmfs. Ob s`kuemb qu` vfo` m`stfgfr `e `st` gbet`xtb `s `o gfrægt`r m` cìtbmb gl`etãstgb m` of gbcpfrfgl÷e, f cl cbmb m` v`r, `o cæs tãplgb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. @es`öfr f gbcpfrfr slkelstgf m` `st` cbmb afclolfrlzfr fo foucefmb gbe `o cìtbmb cæs lcpbrtfet` m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. Wle `cnfrkb, eb `xlst` elekuef r`g`tf m`o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb væolmf pfrf gufoqul`r gfsb `e `stumlb. Tbr btrf pfrt`, `o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb gbestf m` mla`r`et`s `strft`klfs m` lev`slev`s tlkfgl÷e qu` gbeslst`e `e hukfr `e `o mls`öb m` of lev`stlkfgl÷e gbe of jbcbk`e`lmfm y of j`t`rbk`e`lmfm m`o gbet`xtb, pbr ue ofmb, y gbe of gbegbrmfeglf y mla`r`eglf m` ofs vfrlfno`s, pbr `o btrb. Gfmf mls`öb m` lev`stlkfgl÷e tl`e` qu` s`r `strugturfmb fgbrm` gbe ofs prbplfs gfrfgt`rãstlgfs m`o cft`rlfo `e `stumlb 77
ml`t`r ebjo`e
y m`o let`rìs m` gbebglcl`etb. @o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb s` fpolgf `e `stumlbs gufetltftlvbs y gufoltftlvbs, gfmf ueb gbe su c`tbmbobkãf `sp`gãstgf, y m`etrb m` gfmf ær`f gbe vfrlfet`s. M` cbmb qu`, fo tbcfr of m`glsl÷e m` fpolgfr `o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb, eb `stæ r`su`otf of gu`stl÷e m`o cìtbmb, sleb qu` r`glìe fjã `cpl`zf hustfc`et` of r``xl÷e c`tbmbo÷klgf. Mfmb qu` `o cìtbmb gbcpfrftlvb `s `o cìtbmb `e ofs gl`eglfs sbglfo`s p`esfmb pfrf sustltulr fo cìtbmb `xp`rlc`etfo (vìfs` fo r`sp`gtb obs goæslgbs H. Wt. Cloo y @. Murij`lc), `o `stumlb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf m`n`rãf fnbrmfr tfcnlìe of gu`stl÷e m` of gfusfolmfm `e ofs gl`eglfs sbglfo`s. sbglfo `s. Fnuemfe t`sls cbebgfusfo`s y uelole`fo`s `e eu`strf mlsglpolef, r`suotfmb m`o tlpb m` abrcfgl÷e m` t`brãfs m`mugtlvlstfs. ^`sp`gtb f of gbcpfrfgl÷e, `oof fnr` ofs p`rsp`gtlvfs fm`gufmfs pfrf `o `stumlb m` gfsbs `cpãrlgbs qu` pu`m`e bp`rfr gbcb gfsbs m` gbetrbo. @s lcpbrtfet` `et`em`r of auegl÷e m` of gbcpfrfgl÷e gbcb lestruc`etb m` gbcprbnfgl÷e b afoslstgfgl÷e m` ofs o fs t`brãfs. Tbr ob m`cæs, of gbcpfrfgl÷e lemug` f of abrcfgl÷e m` t`brãfs m` tlpb lemugtlvlstf. ^`ofglbefmb gbe `stf mla`r`eglf m` kìe`sls m` ofs t`brãfs, `s lcpbrtfet` `es`öfr obs tlpbs m` t`brãfs qu` s` abrcuofe `e eu`strf mlsglpolef, obs tlpbs m` t`brãfs clgrb, cfgrb, `sp`gãstgfs y uelv`rsfo`s, `tg., y s`öfofr qu` ofs t`brãfs m` c`mlb fogfeg`, fo gfeg`, `s m`glr, ofs qu` cfetl`e`e r`ofgl÷e gbe `o `spfglb y `o tl`cpb, tl`c pb, sbe ofs cæs fm`gufmfs y c`hbr `xp`rlc`etfmfs `e gl`eglf pboãtlgf. =. ^`sp`gtb f of gufrtf mlc`esl÷e, eb s÷ob of r``xl÷e gl`etãstgf e`g`sltf gl`rtf mlstfeglf m`o qu`jfg`r pboãtlgb gbtlmlfeb, sleb tfcnlìe of `es`öfezf y `o `stumlb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. @s nl`e ebtbrlb `o let`rìs `e Gjlo` y `o r`stb m` Fcìrlgf Fcìrl gf Oftlef pbr r`a`rlrs` gbe prlbrlmfm f of pboãtlgf clscf m`o cbc`etb, pbr let`rgfcnlfr bplelbe`s fo r`sp`gtb8 `xlst` of t`etfgl÷e m` m ` qu` `o let`rgfcnlb s` pboltlg`, pboltlg`, qu` of pbslgl÷e lm`bo÷klgf sustltuyf fo frkuc`etb rfzbefno`, qu` of gbetlek`eglf pboãtlgf s` fpbm`r` m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf m` cbmb qu` ”fo stefo m` gu`etfs” s` p`rglnf gbcb pfrt` m` of pboãtlgf. pboãtlgf. ^`guìrm`es` obs tl`cpbs m` ofs gl`eglfs sbglfo`s gbcprbc`tlmfs, gufemb legousb s` pbstuofnf qu` t`emrãfe qu` s`r pfrt` let`krfo m` of ougjf pbr of r`vbougl÷e sbglfo y pboãtlgf. @s gl`rtb qu` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf eb `s e`utrf, eb `s bnh`tlvf `e tìrclebs m` qu` s` pu`mf m`svleguofr tbtfoc`et` m` let`r`s`s gbkebsgltlvbs, m` vfobr`s y m` bnh`tlvbs sbglfot`gebo÷klgbs. Wle `cnfrkb, `stbs pfræc`trbs tl`e`e su po`ef o`kltlclmfm s÷ob `e `o gbet`xtb m`o surklcl`etb m` 7=
gl`eglf pboãtlgf. t`brãf lestltuglbefo y r`o`v r`o`vfeglf feglf m`o gbet`xtb
uef lev`stlkfgl÷e y `e `o m` of fpolgfgl÷e m` sus r`suotfmbs, p`rb tl`e`e qu` suprlclrs` b m`sfpfr`g`r `e `o gbet`xtb let`reb m` frkuc`etfgl÷e gl`etãstgf. Fquã vfo` `o frkuc`etb nl`e prbnfno` b nl`e prbnfmb8 prbnfmb8 of t`brãf nl`e gbcprbnfmf b r`autfmf pbr `o gbetrbo `cpãrlgb b m` gbeslst`eglf t`÷rlgf. Tfrf qu` `st` prbg`sb frkuc`etftlvb `e `o m`sfrrboob m` of lev`stlkfgl÷e t`ekf su oukfr tfcnlìe `e of `es`öfezf m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf, pfr`g` gbev`el`et` mlstfeglfrs` fokb m` of st`rlo` Fuak`r`ktj`lt (`xgltfgl÷e (`xgltfgl÷e `stìrlo) m` of pboãtlgf gbtlmlfef, gbcb mlrãf Cfx [`n`r `e Of pboãtlgf gbcb vbgfgl÷e, y pofet`fr `o `stumlb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf f ue elv`o m` fnstrfggl÷e cæs fotb, fokb o`hfeb y au`rf m` of pboãtlgf, mbem` s`f pbslno` bns`rvfr of pboãtlgf sle` lrf `t stumlb.
LLL. F cbmb m` r`suc`e Tfrf r`suclr r`suclr,, cls r``xlbe`s, brlklefmfs `e of pr`kuetf m` g÷cb `stumlfr gl`eglf pboãtlgf, gbemug`e f suk`rlr guftrb brl`etfglbe`s. Of prlc`rf, `e r`ofgl÷e gbe `o gu`rpb cft`rlfo b m` gbet`elmb m` of mlsglpolef, gbeslst` `e `stumlfrof m` cbmb qu` s` let`kr` f f ofs mla`r`et`s ær`fs m` of mlsglpolef. Of s`kuemf suk`r`eglf s` r`st`r` f ofs j`rrfcl`etfs gbeg`ptufo`s m` of mlsglpolef y gbeslst` `e `stumlfr pfrf sfn`r mla`r`eglfr . Of t`rg`rf suk`r`eglf, r`sp`gtb f of p`rsp`gtlvf fefoãtlgf fefoãtl gf m` of mlsglpolef, gbeslst` `e `et`em`r `o frt` y cìtbmb m` sfn`r gbcpfrfr . Tbr øotlcb, of gufrtf suk`r`eglf s` `eabgf `e of frkuc`etfgl÷e gl`etãstgf (`e fo`cæe N`krÿemuekszusfcc`ejfek ) m` of mlsglpolef y gbeslst` `e m`sfrrboofr of gfpfglmfm m` hustlstgfr o÷klgf o÷klgf y `cpãrlgfc`et`. Vul`rb t`rclefr gbe uef bns`rvfgl÷e stefo8 ofs øotlcfs tr`s suk`r`eglfs s` pu`m`e r`suclr `e uef sbof, qu` tl`e` ue fogfeg` cfybr f of m`o `stumlb uelv`rsltfrlb m` of gl`eglf pboãtlgf. ^`slm` `e sustltulr of guoturf m` of bplel÷e pbr of guoturf m`o frkuc`etb. Fuequ` gbe ue slkelstgfmb qu` vf cæs fooæ m` of uelv`rslmfm, `s `e sus fuofs mbem` `st` prbg`sb m`n` lelglfrs`.
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