Church History II Final Exam Study Guide

CHURCH HISTORY II FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 1. Identify 3 of the following church leaders (each worth points): A. Daniel Payne: African Methodist Episcopal Church Historian and its foremost educator. Also, most renowned AMEC 19th century bishop. He is the founder of Wilberforce University. B. A female friend of John Knox, who compiled the first transition of Calvin’s works into English – Anne Locke C. Leader of the Azusa Street Revival – William J. Seymour D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton – one of the early leaders of the woman suffrage movement in America. Also fought for the ordination of women. Argues that Elohim is a divine plurality; that’s why God is male and female. E. Robert Bellarmine – the main systematizer of Catholic polemics against Protestantism. F. The first great Pietist (often called the Father of Pietism) – Philipp Jakob Spener G. Organizer of the Moravian Church – Count Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf H. August Hermann Francke – most renown of all Lutheran Pietist for his social justice and organizing of foreign missions. I. Founder of the Quaker Movement – George Fox J. Founder of Christian Science – Mary Baker Eddy Briefly describe the origins of 3 of the following church bodies (each worth 2 points) A. African Methodist Episcopal Church – In Philadelphia, Richard Allen led a 1787 succession in reaction to the segregation-taking place in the Wesleyan Methodist church. It wasn’t until 1816 when Allen was consecrated bishop that the AMEC was actually formed. B. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church – In New York, a later 1793 African American separation from Methodist ecclesiastical segregation led to the formation of the AMEZC in 1924. The leaders of the secession setup their own democratic church in reaction to undesired interference by Bishop Allen in seeking to plant his own church in New York. C. Christian Methodist Episcopal – the CME Church, called the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church until 1954, was established in 186, as a result of an agreement between African Americans and white Protestants, apart of the

Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The white members wanted to segregate from the African Americans so they released them to start the CME church. D. Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) – was established in 1983 with the merger of the northern body (United Presbyterian Church) and the southern body (Presbyterian Church in the United States). E. Church of God In Christ – established in 1907 by Charles H. Mason and other supporters after attending the Azusa Mission. COGIC is a Pentecostal, Holiness body. F. Salvation Army – the leaders were William Booth and his wife, Catherine Mumford. It was founded in 1865 in England by Methodists who were distressed about their church’s apparent abandonment of Wesleyan ideals in favor of middleclass respectability. Aimed to provide for the spiritual and physical well-being of the urban masses. G. Society of Friends – started by George Fox after being ostracized from the church because of his newfound spiritual insights. They believe the “inner light “ exists in all humans providing access to God. Often the followers would tremble as a result of religious enthusiasm, leading to critics calling the Quakers. H. United Methodist Church – founded in 1968 as a result of a merger between the Methodist Church and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. 2. Identify in 1 sentence, 3 of the following (each worth 3 points): A. Huguenots – were French Protestants who were Calvinistic. The Edict of Nantes granted them freedom to practice their religion, but forbade them from owning places of worship and collecting funds. B. Jansenism – Names after Cornelius Jansenius. Emerged out of a concern that a Catholic condemnation of the Reformers might effectively entail a denial of Augustine’s thought. C. Gallicanism – According to Gallicans, ecclesiastical authority resides with the bishops, not with the pope. D. Remonstrants – followers of Arminius that offered an alternative to Calvin’s view of predestination in 1610. They affirmed predestination but said it was based on God’s foreknowledge. E. Social Gospel – started by Walter Rauschenbusch and believed that there must be a relationship between the gospel and the misery in which the urban masses lived, that the social and economic life of America must conform to the gospel.

F. Edict of Nantes – issued by Henry IV in 1958 granting the Huguenots freedom of religion as long as they renounced foreign alliances. G. Azusa Street Revival – A black-led interracial movement initiated by William Seymour that resulted in an outbreak of tongues in Los Angeles in 1906. H. Barmen Declaration – a document prepared by Barth that represent the formal protest of the Confessing Church against Hitler and his Nazi regime. I. Westminster Confession – a document produced by the “Westminster Assembly” that is Reformed Orthodox in theology and Presbyterian in Polity; thus it is the official statement of faith for the Presbyterian Church. J. Letter from Birmingham Jail –drafted by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. during his imprisonment in a Birmingham, AL jail. It was a response to a public letter drafted by white religious leaders who believed Kings nonviolent movement was wrong. 3. Prior to the formation of African-American denominations, what two church movements of the modern period had the best recode opposing slavery? Methodists and Quakers 4. Compare and Contrast the views of 3 sets of the following (each set worth 5 points): [Only two of your choices may be A, B, I, or K] A. Luther and Nominalism (on Justification) – Nominalists believe we are saved by grace and works, with works preceding grace. Luther believes that we are saved by grace through faith. B. Luther and the Council of Trent – Luther believes that we are saved by grace through faith. The Council of Trent affirms the views of Thomas Aquinas, that justification is a process, with the cooperation of the will. The will cooperates with God in preparing for grace. C. The Barmen Declaration and the German Christians (on Church-state relations) – The Barmen Declaration, written by Barth, supports Calvin view of the state (law) being subordinated to the church (gospel). The German Christians support Luther’s two-kingdom ethic. D. Karl Barth and Friedrich Schleiermacher (Where does Tillich stand in this debate) – Barth supports “neoorthodoxy” and the orthodox method of interpreting our human experience in terms of the traditional theological concepts. Schleiermacher is a correlationsit that was influenced by romanticism; interpreting scripture through our human experiences. Tillich was a correlationist as well, but he is influenced by existentialism instead of romanticism.

E. Jacob Arminius and Synod of Dort (what is Calvin’s position in this debate)? Arminius and the “Remonstrants” affirmed predestination but said it was based on God’s foreknowledge of who would later have faith. Also they were against double predestination, proclaiming that Christ death was for all and that grace is not irresistible and can be lost. The Synod of Dort affirms T.U.L.I.P. (total depravity – unconditional election – limited atonement – irresistible grace perseverance of the saints). Calvin is on the side of the Synod of Dort. 5. Compare and contrast the views 2 sets of the following (each set worth 5 points): [One o f the choices must be A, C, or E. The other must be B, D, or F.] A. Luther, Calvin, and Simons on church-state relationships - Luther believes in the two-kingdom ethic in which the state and the church are to be kept distinct by employing to circles that overlap but are not concentric. Christians lives in between both realms. Simmons believes the believer’s church and that the church should receive no support from the world. Calvin believes that the gospel has the final word over the law, exercising influence over the state. B. General Baptists and Particular Baptists – The Particular Baptists believe in double predestination that only certain people will be saved. General Baptists reject predestination in favor of a Arminianism and its idea that grace is available to all. C. Luther and Calvin on the most important use of the law – Both Luther and Calvin believe in the two initial uses of the law: (1) political and (2) theological. Luther emphasizes the theological use of the law, which uses the law of God as a way of condemning sin. While Calvin emphasizes a third use of the law as a way of helping instruct Christian living. D. Anglican Evangelicals and the Oxford Movement – The Anglican Evangelicals tried to push the protestant side of the Anglican Church of England reflected in the life of the church. As a backlash to this movement the Oxford Movement, started by Newman and Keble, sought to recover the Catholic elements of the Anglican heritage such as apostolic succession and the central role of the Eucharist. E. Martin Luther King Jr. and Walter Rauschenbusch – King and Rauschenbusch both started social movements. King’s movement sought to gain equality for blacks and Rauschenbusch headed the Social Gospel Movement with an emphasis on gaining social justice for the poor white union workers. King was influenced by Rauschenbusch, however he thought Rauschenbusch was naïve in thinking that the kingdom of God could be brought here to earth. F. John Locke and David Hume on the reliability of sense experience –

6. Compare and Contrast the views of Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Wesley, and Church of England, and the Council of Trent on the status of the consecrated bread and wine in the Lord’s Supper. (worth 5 points)  Zwingli – the consecrated bread and wine are mere symbols  Calvin – though the elements remain bread and wine, and Christ is not in them, by eating and drinking one is brought to Christ’s heavenly presence.  Luther – Christ is really in the bread and wine, though the elements remain bread and wine.  Council of Trent – the elements are no longer bread and wine, but really Christ’s Body and Blood.  Wesley and the Church of England – same as Calvin. Compare the views of the above person/church bodies with regard to Baptism (who it is for and what it accomplishes)  Zwingli – believes that we are born again in eternity and that baptism is a symbol of what has already taken place in eternity. Infants are baptized b/c God has already chosen the infant and the practice of admitting infants to the old covenant is symbolic of the inclusion into the new covenant.  Calvin – believes that baptism is a seal of one’s election. If one dies w/o having received the sacrament of baptism then that means that one was not elected. The elect infants are entitled to baptism as an of the elect.  Luther – believes that we are born again in baptism. He too advocates for infant baptism b/c it is testimony to justification by grace and a long-standing tradition of the church.  Council of Trent – believes that we are born again in baptism. Advocates for infant baptism because it is the means by which one is born again and it is a longstanding tradition of the church.  Wesley and the Church of England – baptism is the instrument through which one is drafted into the church. 7. Describe in 1 or 2 sentences (or merely list) the theological commitments of the following (each worth 3 points): A. Vatican I  Mary was immaculately concepted;  Infallibility of the Bible; and  The Pope is infallible when speaking “ex-cathedra”, from the chair B. Vatican II was concerned about ecumenism, building bridges between the Church and the modern world. C. Council of Trent –  Condemns Protestants, consolidating Catholic Reformation;  Regulates indulgences;  Mandates clerical and monastic reform;  Affirms most theological convictions of Thomas Aquinas

8. Identify the central theological issue in the mind of Luther that caused the Reformation. Is the continuing existence of Protestantism still justifiable in light of subsequent developments in the Roman Catholic Church beginning with the Counter-Reformation? Be sure that your answer notes some of these developments. The two central theological issues for Luther was justification by grace through faith and the sale of indulgences. The Roman Catholic Church has witnessed developments similar to Luther’s views. The Council of Trent declared that we are saved by a cooperation of grace and works. The council also halted the sale of indulgences and relics. Vatican II and its ecumenical movement declared bishops would share in the power; that Protestants are separate brethrens whose communities have vestiges of the Catholic Church; affirmed the Priesthood of all believers; worship would no longer be done in Latin but in the language of the masses; declared that Protestants could be included in the church); justification by grace and lapsarian election. All of these developments would seem to end the need for Protestantism. However, they do not address one of the major issues in the Protestant movement the varied views of the sacrament and the churches polity. With these differences still existing I would say that Protestantism still needs to exist. 9. List 3 of the theologically distinct parties that comprised Puritanism –  Episcopal loyalists - were committed to working for reform while remaining in the Church of England and maintaining its Episcopal polity.  Presbyterians – remained loyal to the Church England, but believed that reform could be accomplished by the adoption of a Presbyterian polity, which exercise authority on behalf of the whole body.  Independents the most radical broke away from the Church of England calling for a congregational polity. Describe the Anabaptist Movement’s theological agenda and identify its distinct groups. (worth 3 points) The Anabaptist theological agenda was to: 1. the voluntary character of church membership; 2. the separation of these churches from the national or territorial state; 3. the rejection of infant baptism and insistence on believer’s baptism. 4. restoration of the N.T. church    

The Spiritualists- Schwenkfield Early Anabaptists – Giebel Revolutionary Anabaptist – Hoff Later Anabaptist – Simons

10. Name 2 of the numerous theologians/theological movements that Martin Luther King Jr. expressly identified as exerting influence on his though. In each case, note how he claims to have been influenced. (worth 3 points) – The influence of the great Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi was evident in King’s method of nonviolence. King was also influenced by Tillich and his existentialism, which King

believed well portrays the human condition as Neihbur had sought to describe our sinful nature. *Describe the teachings of the Mikaelites and Stephanites, noting why they were condemned and which church condemned them. (worth 3 points)The Mikaelites taught a Gnostic dualism contending that God cannot be known and so only can be approached by degrees under the guidance of certain teachers who can interpret the secret meaning of scripture. The Stephanites did not venerate the cross or the Virgin Mary. 11. Answer two of the following three questions. (Each worth 4 points)  Explain your answer taking into account both the modern Revivalism of True or False: Revivalism in America has always been devoid of social concern Dwight Moody and Billy Graham as well as the Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening. – It is false that Revivalism has always been devoid of social concern. Starting with the Great Awakening the Revivalism has been concerned with the conversion of all individuals. During this Revivalism we see the first real outreach to convert African American slaves in the south. Also we began to see a development of semi-independent religious for slaves began in this period. The first half of the Second Great Awakening ushered in another revival that pushed Christian devotion and living. During this period women played a major role in forming mission societies and serving in leadership roles. As well we see a growth in African American membership. However, as a result of segregation in the south we see the development of African American denominations. Dwight Moody was an exception to the social concern going on in his period. He was only concerned with saving souls not to transform society. He ushered a new form of American Revivalism that was not concerned with social issues. Thus, Billy Graham the greatest modern revivalist, followed in his footsteps on being concerned with conversion of souls and not social concerns. 

Explain the present status of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church in relation to the Coptic Church. Has such a relationship between these church bodies always existed? The Ethiopian Orthodox church declared itself autocephalous in 1952, maintaining its longtime sisterly relation with the Coptic Orthodox Church while becoming independent. The ties between these church bodies were longstanding dating back to the fourth century.

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Compare and Contrast the views of the National Baptist Convention, when led by Joseph Jackson, and the Progressive National Baptist Convention, under the influence of Martin Luther King, Jr., with regard to strategies of liberation. – Joseph Jackson and the NBC advocated less protest and more individual responsibility on the part of African Americans. He called for “production, not protest” and for blacks to do for themselves, not merely receive help from whites. King and the PNBC supported the use of nonviolent protest as a means of creating tension in society in order to reveal the sins of racism and to coerce a response of justice.

12. Explain Immanuel Kant’s view of truth (or how we come to know what it is true [epistemology]). Contrast it with a pre-Enlightenment understanding of this concept. (worth 3 points) – Through his epistemology, especially the distinction between the noumenon (the thing-in-itself, which can never be known) and the phenomenon (one’s perception of the noumenon), Kant insisted that one can only obtain phenomal knowledge of the thing. Everyone has his/her own perception of truth. PreEnlightenment understanding contends that truth is the stories told by the elders. The truth accessible through tradition for Pre-Enlightenment men and women was deemed absolute. Compare and contrast the Sons of Unction and the Sons of Grace. (worth 3 points) – The Sons of Unction teach that Christ two natures are unified like a phantasm, just as when water is poured into wine, the wine remains wine. The Sons of Grace teach that the unification of Christ’s divinity and humanity takes place through the redemptive birth of Christ’s divinity and happened when the Father anointed the Son with the Spirit. A synod by the Ethiopian monarchs at Berru Meda in 1978 settled the controversy by urging them to submit to a common faith and under those suppositions effectively conceded the validity of both schools.

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