Childhood, Work and Schooling- Some Reflections.pdf

cpiu] dke vkSj Ldwfyax % ,d fpaaru Mh- olark

vuqokn: ;ksxsUnz nRr

{ks=kh; izkjafHkd f'k{kk lalkèku dsanz (RRCEE)

dsanzh; f'k{kk laLFkku fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh -110007

Source: D. Vasanta (2004), Childhood, Work and Schooling: Some Reflections, Contemporary Education Dialogue, Dialogue, Volume 2:1, Monsoon 2004, pp 5-29

Mh- olark (2004), cpiu] dke vkSj Ldw fya fyax% ,d fpaaru r u , Contemporary Education Dialogue, Dialogue, xs Unz nRr nRr , {ks=kh; izkjafHkd f'k{kk lalkèku Volume 2:1, Monsoon 2004, pp 5-29. vuqokn% ;ks dsanz, ds nz h; a f'k{kk laLFkku , fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh 110007

© Copyright RRCEE, 2008 Regional Resource Centre for Elementary Education (USRN-DU) Room No. 106, CIE Annexe Academic Research Centre Guru Tegh Bahadur Marg University of Delhi Delhi-110007 Telefa Telefax: x: 2766743 27667434 4 Tel: Tel: 2766703 27667030, 0, Extn Extn: 426

Email: usrn.du@gma [email protected] il.com www.eledu.net

Translation Supported by: Sir Ratan Tata Trust, Bombay House, Homi Modi Street, Mumbai 400001

cpiu] dke vkS j Ldwfyax % ,d fpa ar u

Mh- olark

vke èkkj.kk gS fd Ldwy h f'k{kk cPpks ads 'kks"k.k dk lcls cM+k bykt gS A fiQj Hkh gekjs lkeus ,sl s thou&txr gSa tgka cPpksa ds dke djus dks cky etnwjh ugha dgk tk ldrk vkS j Ldwy o dke ds chp ges' kk Vdjko ugha jgrkA ,yhesaV ªh f'k{kk ds lkfodhZ dj.k ds lan HkZ es a bl eqís ls lac af èkr LFkkfir èkkj.kkvks a ij iqufoZpkj t:jh gS D;ksa fd bl izfØ;k esa fofoèk lkekftd&lkaL Ñfrd ifjos'k ls vkus okys cPps ,d gh nk;js es a [kM+s gksrs gSaA vkaèkz izns'k ds ljdkjh Ldwyksa ds vè;;u ls iz sfjr bl ipsZ esa cgqr lkjs nLrkostksa dh leh{kk ds vkèkkj ij ;s nyhy nh xbZ gS fd fodkl euksfoKku] f'k{kk] dY;k.k uhfr vkSj cPpksa ls la caf èkr dkuwu ks a es a eè;oxhZ;] xksj s] iq#"k 'kgjh cpiu dks gh ^LokHkkfod* ekuk tkrk gSA u dsoy fo'ks "kKksa dh jk; bl èkkj.kk ls izHkkfor jgrh gS cfYd lkaL Ñfrd rkSj &rjhds vkSj joS; s Hkh bl ls dkiQh gn rd fuèkkZ fjr gksr s gSaA blds ckn ;g ipkZ mu nwljs thou ifjos' kksa dks lkeus ykrk gS tks cpiu esa fufgr fofoèkrk dks mtkxj djrs gS]a bl èkkj.kk dks pqukSr h nsrs gSa fd Ldwy ,d fu"i{k nk;jk gS vkSj cpiu ls lacafèkr Hkzkaf r;ksa dks iq" V djus o cPpksa ds 'kks" k.k dks c<+kok nsus esa oSf'od jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd rkdrksa o varjkZ" Vªh; dY;k.kdkjh rkdrksa dh Hkwfedk dks mtkxj djrk gSA lkjka' k %

T;knkrj la LÑfr;ks a esa Ldw yh f'k{kk dks cpiu dk ^lkekU;* fgLlk ekuk tkrk gSA vke èkkj.kk gS fd Ldw yh f'k{kk ds tfj, cPpksa] [kklrkS j ls xjhc rcdks a ds cPpksa ds 'kks"k.k ij jksd yxkbZ tk ldrh gSA tks yksx bl ckr ij ;dhu j[krs gS a mudk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd Ldw fya x dh otg ls cPpks a ds le; es a eka &cki dk fgLlk fleV tkrk gSA ijarq ,s ls yksx bl ckr ij è;ku ugha ns rs fd [kq n Ldwy Hkh cPpks a ij u, rjg ds fu;a=k.k LFkkfir dj nsr s gS aA ftu cPpks a dk dke cky etnw jh dh ifjHkk"kk es a ugha vkrk muds thou ifjos'k ij gq, vè;;uks a dk fu"d"kZ gS fd Ldw fya x vkSj dke ds chp ges 'kk lhèkk Vdjko ugha gks rk vkS j cgq r lkjs cPpksa ds fy, ;s nksu aks vyx&vyx nk;js gS a tks ,d&nw ljs ds fy, iwjd dk dke djrs gSa A fygktk] Ldwy aks esa xjhc rcds ds cPpks a dh c<+rh la[;k dks ns[krs gq, t:jh gS fd ge cpiu] dke vkS j Ldw fya x ls lacafèkr dq N LFkkfir èkkj.kkvks a ij iqufoZ pkj djsAa cpiu ls la ca fèkr lkfgR; dh leh{kk vkS j vkaèkz iz ns'k ds ljdkjh Ldw yks a ij fd, x, ,d vè;;u 2 dh leh{kk ds vkèkkj ij bl ips Z es a ^vkn'kZ cpiu* dh voèkkj.kk rFkk Ldw fya x ,oa cPpks a ds dke ij mlds vlj dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA eS a lqcg lk<+ s ika p cts mBrh gw aA ?kj es a >kMw yxkrh gw a vkSj crZ u èkksrh gwaA eSa eq ga èkks dj pk; ihrh gwa A fiQj eS a nwljs ?kjks a es a ?kjs yw dke djus tkrh gw a A 11 cts ogka ls

Regional Resource Centre for Elementary Education, USRN-DU

1

ykSVrh gwa A esjk Ldw y nksigj 12 cts 'kq: gksrk gS vkS j ikap cts NqV Vh ~ gks tkrh gSA lk<+ s ikap cts eSa ?kj ykSVrh gwa A blds ckn esa [kkuk cukrh gw a vkS j ?kj ds nw ljs dke fuiVkrh gw a A jkr ds lk<+s vkB cts rd eS a viuk gks eodZ iwjk djrh gwa] [kkuk [kkrh gw a vkS j lk<+ s ukS&nl cts rd lks tkrh gw a A ifj;kst uk Ldwy ¶,u¸ dh d{kk 8 dh ,d Nk=kk nks lky yacs vè;;u ds nkS jku vkaè kz iz ns 'k ds 10 ljdkjh Ldw yks a ds 300 ekè;fed Ldw y ds cPpks a dh nSfudp;kZ ds fooj.k ls eq >s vglkl gqvk fd bu cPpks a dh ftanxh mu eè;oxhZ ; cPpksa dh fta nxh ls cgq r vyx gS ftudks eS a vkerkSj ij ns[krh FkhA eS a bl vè;;u dk fgLlk Fkh blfy, eq >s lcls cM+ k iQdZ ;g fn[kkbZ fn;k fd ^dke* ds o;Ld ifjos'k es a ges 'kk xjhcks a ds cPps gh fgLlsnkjh djrs gSa Hkys gh os ?kjsy w dke gksrs gS a ftuds fy, mUgs a dksbZ ru[okg ugha feyrhA muds nSfud thou dk fooj.k lkekU; :i ls thou fodkl vkS j [kklrkS j ls cpiu ds ml izpfyr fooj.k ls dkiQh vyx Fkk ftldk eS usa fodkl euksfoKku dh ikB~; Lrdks iq a es a vè;;u fd;k FkkA ,s lk yxrk gS fd Ldwyh ikB~ ; iq Lrds a fy[kus okyksa vkS j f'k{kk la ca èkh uhfr fuekZ rkvks a ds tgu es a Hkh ;gh iz pfyr èkkj.kk,a FkhaA rks D;k vkn'kZ cpiu tS lh dksbZ pht okdbZ gks rh gS \ D;k dks bZ ^jk"Vª h; cPpk* gksrk gS ftldks è;ku es a j[kdj f'k{kk dh :ijs [kk rS ;kj dh tkrh gSA vxj okdbZ ,s lk gS rks og (vkn'kZ) cPpk dSlk gS\ Ldw fya x ds ckgj os dkS u ls foe'kZ gS a tks vkn'kZ cpiu dh voèkkj.kk dks vkS j iq "V djrs gS a\ Ldwfya x vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k ds fy, blds D;k fufgrkFkZ gS a\ ;s dqN ,s ls loky gS a tks ;gka eS usa bl mEehn ds lkFk mBk, gS a fd muls Ldwy f'k{kk lacaèkh ekS twnk cglks a esa vkS j xgjkbZ iS nk gks xhA vkn'kZ cpiu

euksfoKku es a cPps ges'kk gh lcls egRoiw .kZ fo"k; lewgksa es a jgs gS aA f'k{kk vkS j ikyu&iks "k.k ls la ca fèkr fdrkcs a if'pe esa lks ygoha lnh es a gh fy[kh tkus yxh Fkha vkSj rc ls vkt rd fodkl euksfoKku es a iz pfyr cPpks a dh Nfo;ka yxkrkj cnyrh jgh gS a (vkS j foLr` r ppkZ ds fy, [ks ns a fjpM~ lZ 2002)A fodkl euks foKku tS fod ,oa i;kZ oj.kh; dkjdks a ls euq "; dh cukoV] fopkjksa vkSj vkpj.k es a vkus okys cnykoks a dk vè;;u djrs gq , lkekU; ekuo fodkl dh lkoZ HkkSfed izfØ;kvks a dks lkeus ykus dk iz ;kl djrk gS (cVjoFkZ 2002)A cPps dks ,d vèkw js o;Ld ds :i es a ns[kk tkrk gS ftls fodflr gks us vkSj ô;Ld tS lk* cuus dh t:jr gSA eku fy;k tkrk gS fd fodkl dh ;g iz fØ;k mu yacor~ vkSj {kS frt la ca è akks dh ekiQZr vkxs c<+rh gS ftues a gj cPps dks nkf[ky gks uk gh gSA yacor la ca èkks a dk eryc cPps vkS j fdlh ,s ls O;fDr ds chp cuus okys lacaè akks ls gksrk gS tks cPps ds eq dkcys T;knk rkdroj gS fl;r es a gksrk gSA eka&cki] f'k{kd ;k vU; o;Ld blh Js .kh es a vkrs gS aA {kS frt lacaèk vis{kr;k T;knk lerkijd gks rs gS a D;ks afd ;s lacaèk viuh mez ds lnL;ks a] cjkcj dh lÙkk okys lnL;ks a ds chp curs gSAa euks oS Kkfudks a dk ekuuk gS fd cPps vius


2

yacor~ la ca è akks ds tfj, lkekftd {kerk,a lh[krs vkSj xzg.k djrs gSa tcfd {kSfrt lacaèk mUgsa vkilh lg;ks x] iz frLièkkZ vkSj va rja xrk dk gq uj fl[kkrs gS aA 'kS 'ko voLFkk es a gh 'kq : gks tkus okyh lekthdj.k gh ;g izfØ;k o;Ld gks us rd tkjh jgrh gSA tS lk fd dbZ 'kksèkdrkZ vks a us dgk gS vkS j uhps fp=k 1 es a n'kkZ;k x;k gS] ;g cPps (;kuh tS fod dkjd) vkSj ifjos'k (;kuh lkekftd dkjd) ds chp ,d&nw ljs dks izHkkfor djus okyh ,d lrr izfØ;k gksrh gSA fp=k 1

le; 1

le; 2

le; 3

cPpk

cPpk

cPpk

cPpk

ifjos'k

ifjos'k

ifjos'k

ifjos 'k

lzksr % eS lj ,oa feykW u (1999)

bl {ks =k es a ifjos 'k 'kCn dks dkiQh O;kid vFkZ es a ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA dbZ ckj bldk vk'k; HkkS frd ifjos'k ;k ifjokj ls gksrk gS rks dbZ ckj Hkkoukvks a lsA gky ds le; rd fodkl vuqla èkku dk eq [; tks j vewr Z ,dy cPps ij jgk gS (vkS j fooj.k ds fy, ns[ aks fLeFk] dks ch ,oa CysM~l 1998_ eq j bZ 1999_ eSlj ,oa feykW u 1999)A fodkl euks foKku ds oy euks foKku dk mi&fo"k; ugha gSA bl {ks=k dh lekyks puk djrs gq, ceZu (1997) us dgk gS fd fodkl euks foKku fl¼kar aks dh fofoèkrk us cPpksa ds LoHkko] xq. akks] euksoSKkfud fodkl o ifjorZ u izfØ;kvks a vkSj ikfjokfjd thou ls la ca fèkr ppkZv aks dks vkil esa my>k fn;k gSA ;s fl¼kar ds oy iz ;ks x'kkyk ;k ikB~;iq Lrdks a rd lhfer ugha FksA os dY;k.kdkjh is'ksojks a ds fy, ,d eq [; lalkèku FksA fodkl euksfoKku us tks iz sQeodZ miyCèk djk;k gS mlls LokLF; is 'ks ojks a (lkeqnkf;d euks fpfdRld uls ±] euks oS Kkfud vkfn)] fo'ks "k f'k{kkdfeZ ;ks a vkSj f'k{kk euksfoKku ij vkèkkfjr izf'k{k.k ikus okys fu;fer Ldw y vè;kidksa ds rkSj&rjhdks a ij dkiQh vlj iM+ k gSA ys fdu ;g Kku bu is'ksojks a dk ,dek=k lzksr ugha gSA ;g mu rjhdks a ls la pfjr gksrk gS ftu rjhdks a ls ge efgykvks a dh if=kdkvks a] Lo;a lgk;rk iqLrdks a vkS j f[kykS uk m|ks x vkfn ds tfj, cPpks a] vfHkHkkodks a vkSj vU; ifjtuks a ds :i es a vius vuqHkoks a dks 'kDy nsrs gS a (,s jht 1962_ ceZ u 1997 es a m¼`r ceZ u 1991_ fla xj 1992)A blls ikyu&iks"k.k] cPps ij fu;a=k.k] jktdh; lgk;rk dh ;ks X;rk] euksfpfdRldksa rd jsiQjy vkfn ls lacafèkr iQS lys Hkh izHkkfor gksrs gSAa ceZ u (1997) dk dguk gS fd cPpksa ds fodkl dh dgkuh lka f[;dh; fooj.kks a dks lkekftd uq L[kks a (ftlls r; Regional Resource Centre for Elementary Education, USRN-DU

3

gks rk gS fd D;k lkekU; gS vkS j D;k foÑr gS) esa cnyus dk ,d cgqr rkdroj lkèku gSA bl izdkj] oxhZ ; foHksn aks dks derj ;k Js"Brj ekus tkus okys eè;oxhZ ; ekudksa ls ,d fopyu ds :i es a ns [kk tkrk gSA felky ds rkS j ij] ^la os nu'khy ekr`Ro*] ^cPps dks ds aæ es a j[kuk* vkfn voèkkj.kkvks a vkS j ml lkekftd oxZ ds ckjs es a lksp dj rks f[k, ns ftl ij mUgs a ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA oxZ] ts aMj vkSj lka LÑfrd vlekurkvks a dks LokHkkfod vkS j iQyLo:i vifjgk;Z dh rjg fn[kk;k tkus yxrk gSA vfHkHkkodksa vkS j cPpks a] firk vkS j ekrkvks a] f'k{kdksa vkS j fo|kfFkZ ;ks a ds chp cuus okys lÙkk la ca è akks dks fljs ls utjvankt dj fn;k tkrk gSA bu lÙkk la ca è akks dks LokHkkfod ekuk tkrk gSA Msoht+ (1990) us okWdjMkbu vkS j yw lh (1989) dk gokyk nsrs gq , nyhy nh gS fd tc eè;oxhZ ; eka vius cPpks a dks ^lgh phtksa* dh bPNk djuk fl[kkrh gS a vkS j ;s ;dhu fnykrh gSa fd os viuh fcYdqy futh] fugk;r Hkhrjh bPNkvksa ds vkèkkj ij phtksa dk pq uko dj jgs gS a rks okLro es a os mu cPpks a dks de Lora =k cuk ns rh gS aA muds cPps bl ckr ls okfdiQ ugha gks ikrs fd bPNk dh mudh ^viuh* la jpuk lkekftd rkS j ij fdl rjg curh gSA gekjs thou es a vkus okys vU; iM+koks a ds foijhr fdlh Hkh nh gqb Z laLÑfr es a cpiu dh voèkkj.kk dks dkuw uks ]a lkekftd fu;eksa vkSj vudgh ijaijkvksa ds tfj, dk;e j[kk tkrk gSA ;g ,d la ca è kkRed Js .kh gS ftles a cPpk og lc dq N gksrk gS tks o;Ld ugha gksrkA o;Ldksa es a cPpks a tS ls vkpj.k dks ,d jksx] ,d rjg ds iz frxkeh O;ogkj ds :i es a ns[kk tkrk gSA o;Ldks a ds foijhr cPps dks detks j vkSj fuHkZ j (fgiQktr dk t:jrea n)] xSj&ftEes nkj vkSj vKkuh ekuk tkrk gS tks ds oy miHkksx dj ldrk gS] iS nk dqN ugha dj ldrkA ;s cpiu dh dqN ,s lh eq[; fof'k"Vrk,a gS a tks 'os r eè;oxhZ ; ves fjdh lekt es a iz pfyr gS a (gkW yS aM 1986)A ml lekt dh n`'; la LÑfr (Vsyhfotu] fp=k] foKkiu vkfn) Hkh bl fufeZ fr dks gh iq"V djrh gSA cPpks a dh rLohjks a ls lac fèkr a Vkbe&ykbiQ cqd (y'k 1986) es a ,d vè;k; ^xSfVa x fn fLifjV vkWiQ pkbYMgqM vkWuVw fiQYe* (cpiu dh Hkkouk dks rLohjksa es a mrkjuk) ds uke ls gSA bl 'kh"kZ d dks ns[kdj gh ,s lk yxrk gS ekuks cpiu dk dks bZ Hkwrgk vuS frgkfld lkj feyrk gks ftls vkius ,d ckj rLohj es a mrkj fy;k rks dkiQh gSA MksukYM j'k dk ,d rdZ ;g gS fd is'ksoj cky iQksV xz ks kiQh us vius mRiknks a ds tfj, ges 'kk cPpks a vkSj cpiu ds Lo:i dh ekSt nk w fopkjèkkjk dks gh iq f"V vkS j oSèkrk iznku djus dk iz ;kl fd;k gSA bl fopkjèkkjk ds eè; esa ;g fo'okl dke djrk gS fd (d) cPpksa dks [ks yuk rks pkfg, ysfdu dHkh dke ugha djuk pkfg, D;ks afd dke o;Ldks a dh xfrfofèk gS] rFkk ([k) cPpks a ds ikl dks bZ ;kS u Kku ugha gksuk pkfg, vkSj tc mUgs a ;g Kku feys rks Hkh og fu;a f=kr vkS j uhjl rjhdks a ls gh feyuk pkfg, & elyu Ldwy es a ls Dl ,tq ds 'ku vkfnA ;kuh cpiu ,d ,slh pht gS ftls lkekftd :i ls fufeZ r vkS j ykxw fd;k x;k gSA y'k dk ekuuk gS fd ;g o;Ldks a }kjk vius O;kid lkekftd fgrks a dks è;ku esa j[kdj jph xbZ laLFkk gSA gkWy MSa (1986) us ves fjdk esa ckY;koLFkk dh fopkjèkkjk ds fuekZ .k vkS j iks "k.k esa foKkiuks a dh Hkwfedk dk foLr`r fo'ys "k.k fd;k gSA gkW yS aM dk ekuuk gS fd bl rjg dh fufeZ fr;ka u dsoy o;Ldksa vkS j


4

cPpks a ds chp LokHkkfod] rdZ la xr vkS j iwjh rjg oSèk fn[kkbZ ns us okys exj xS j&cjkcj lacaèkksa dh LFkkiuk djrh gS a cfYd os ges a ckY;koLFkk ds ckjs es a ,d lkekU; rLohj xz g.k djus vkS j fo'ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa es a jgus okys fo'ks"k cPpks a ds ckjs esa lks pus ls grks Rlkfgr Hkh djrh gSAa bl rjg dk lkekftd Kku èkhjs&èkhjs okLrfod cPpksa ds lkFk gekjs vius vknku&iz nku dk Hkh fgLlk cu tkrk gSA bl ckr dks cM+ s iSekus ij ekuk tk pqdk gS fd ckY;koLFkk ls lac fèkr a izHkqRo'kkyh fopkjèkkjkvks a dk :i&cuko la LÑfr&fof'k"V gks rk gSA fiQj Hkh] xSj&if'peh lektks a es a ckY;koLFkk fodkl ds #>kuks a ls la ca fèkr tkudkfj;ks a ;k C;kS jks a ij vkèkkfjr izdk'ku cgq r de gS aA ikB~ ;lz ksr aks es a miyCèk lk{;ks a ds vkèkkj ij dDdM+ (1980) dk dguk gS fd Hkkjrh; ijaijk es a cPpk oS pkfjd :i ls ,d ew Y;oku vkS j Lokxr ;ksX; euq "; gS ftlds izfr o;Ldks a dks lq j{kk] iz se vkSj iw jk è;ku nsuk pkfg,A dDdM+ dh jk; es a Hkkjrh; ija ijk dh fof'k"Vrk bl ckr es a ugha gS fd if'peh ijaijkvks a dh rjg o;Ldksa vkS j cPpks a ds vkilh lacaèkksa dks lekthdj.k ds :i es a fpf=kr fd;k tk, cfYd bls ,d ,s lh va rfØZ ;k ds :i es a n'kkZ ;k tkrk gS tks o;Ld&cky bdkbZ ij tksj ns rh gSA muds ,d gkfy;k fucaèk & êkW MfuZ Vh ,s.M iQhesy pkbYMgqM* (vkèkqfudrk vkSj yM+fd;ks a dk cpiu) esa dDdM+ (1997) dk dguk gS fd c<+ rs vkèkq fudhdj.k vkS j ifjokj ds Hkhrj Hkw fedkvks a ds vkilh lacèa kksa es a cnyko dh otg ls cPpks a ds iz fr lqj{kkRed yxko dh ija ijkxr fopkjèkkjk xgjs ncko es a igq pa xbZ gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ es a cpiu ls lac fèkr a lhfer vè;;uks a dh leh{kk djus ds ckn 'kekZ (2003 % 42) dk fu"d"kZ gS fd ^Hkkjrh; cPpksa ds ckjs es a O;ofLFkr nh?kZdkfyd vkadM+ aks dh deh ds lkFk&lkFk ,d ijs'kkuh ;g gS fd cPpksa dks le>us ds fy, if'peh fodkl euksoSKkfud Jsf.k;ks a dk fcuk lks ps&le>s vk;kr fd;k tk jgk gSA* vkn'kZ ckY;koLFkk ij dqN vkifÙk;ka

fdlh Hkh laLÑfr es a ifjokj vkSj jkT;] nks uks a gh cPps ds fodkl dks r; djus vkS j mls ,d ^vkn'kZ* cPps ds :i es a LFkkfir djus es a ftEes nkj gks rs gSAa mUuhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa ^fuèkZ u oxks*± ds cPpks a ds fy, 'kq : gqv k f'k'kq fo|ky; vka nks yu_ 19oha lnh ds mÙkjk¼Z dk QkW iz ;csy ;k fda MjxkVZ u vka nks yu_ 1920 ds n'kd es a vk;k ulZ jh Ldwy vkan yu ks vkSj 1960&70 ds n'kdksa es a ukjhoknh vkan yu ks }kjk is 'k dh xbZ ifjokj ds ckgj cPpks a dh [kHkky ns dh eka xks a us ^cPpksa dh ifjfèk;ks a* vkSj ^cky&ds afær* f'k{kk'kkL=k dk fuekZ .k fd;k gS (bu èkkj.kkvksa dh lekykspuk ds fy, ns[ks a flaxj 1992)A uhnjyS aM l~ es a muds vius vuq la èkku ds fu"d"kks ± vkSj fodkl euks oS Kkfudks a }kjk cpiu ds ckjs es a is 'k fd, x, if'peh fl¼karks a dh lekyks puk ds vkèkkj ij ,yh flaxj dh nyhy gS fd cky fodkl dk if'peh n'kZu fyax aks ] oxks]± u`tkrh; lew gks a vkSj ihf<+ ;ks a ds chp cuus okys lÙkk la ca è akks dks iwjh rjg utjva nkt djrk gSA vesfjdk dk ftØ djrs gq , ceZu (1997) us crk;k gS fd dqN le; igys rd fodkl euksfoKku esa firk ds :i esa iq #"kks a ij [kkl è;ku ugha fn;k tkrk FkkA fodkl la ca è kh lkfgR; es a firkvks a dks iz k;% mudh vuqifLFkfr ds tfj, gh n'kkZ ;k tkrk


5

FkkA bl ckr dks ds oy yS afxd Hkw fedk fodkl] [kklrkS j ls yM+ dks a ds la nHkZ es a gh ,d leL;k ekuk tkrk gSA fygktk] if'pe ds ,dy ifjokjksa es a cPpksa dh [kHkky ns dk ftEek cqfu;knh rkS j ij vdlj eka ds daè akks ij gh fn[kkbZ ns rk gSA Ldkj (1999) dk dguk gS fd nwljs fo'o ¼ ;q ds ckn efgyk dkexkjks a dks lkoZ tfud {ks =k ls cs n[ky dj fn;k x;k Fkk rkfd ;q ¼ ls ykS Vus okys iq#"kksa ds fy, ukS dfj;ks a dh O;oLFkk dh tk ldsA fcz Vsu es a mlh le; ;q¼dkyhu Ms&ulZ fj;ks a dks Hkh ca n fd;k tk jgk FkkA eka ds Li'kZ ls lacafèkr fl¼ka r [kw c iQys& Qys iw vkSj fnu Hkj eka&cki ds laj{k.k ls oa fpr jgus okys cPpks a ds ckjs es a uS frd viQjkriQjh cgqr T;knk FkhA cPpksa dks ikyus esa ekav aks dh liQyrk ;k foiQyrk vVykafVd ds nks uks a rjiQ cgqpfpZ r eq ík cu xbZ Fkh D;ks fd a tgka eka ukdke gks tkrh Fkh ogka jkT; dks mfpr lsokvks a dh O;oLFkk djuh iM+rh Fkh (vesfjdh lanHkZ es a cPpksa dh [kHkky ns ds bfrgkl ds vU; fooj.kks a ds fy, ns [ks a] mijksDr)A fcz Vs u vkS j ves fjdk] nks uks a gh ns 'kksa es a dY;k.kdkjh ^lgk;rk* ges 'kk pkS dlh dks vkS j c<+ k ns rh FkhA bl ckr dks n'kkZus ds fy, lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ,d ves fjdh jkT; es a feyrk gSA ogka ,d v'os r vds yh eka dks bl otg ls ts y dh ltk lqukbZ xbZ Fkh D;ks fd a mlus vi;kZ Ir@vla osnu'khy ekr` Ro fn;k FkkA mldk vijkèk ;g Fkk fd tc mldk cs Vk ?kj es a fdlh dks crk, fcuk lkbfdy ij cSB dj ?kw eus fudy x;k vkS j dbZ ?kaVs ckn ykS Vk rks mlus csV s dh fiVkbZ dj nh FkhA ,su vkjus V iQX;w Z lu (2002) uked ,d v'osr ih,pMh 'kksèkdrkZ us bl dgkuh dks vius iQhYM uksV~l es a ntZ fd;k Fkk (ewy ikB esa ;g dgkuh dfork ds :i es a 25 iUuks a es a Fkh) ftUgs a ckn es a iQX;w Zl u us viuh iq Lrd & cSM Cok;t % ifCyd LdwY l bu fn esf dax vkWi Q CySd eSlD;wfyfuVh & es a 'kkfey dj fy;k FkkA D;ks afd mijksDr yM+dk Ldwy es a Hkh ^fljnnZ* ekuk tkrk Fkk blfy, ljdkj dh nyhyks a dks vkSj cy feykA iQX;w Z lu us ftl C;kS js dks îQhYM uks V~l* ds uke ls Nkik Fkk mldk ,d la f{kIr va'k bl izdkj gS % ;s esjk cPpk gS

mUgksua s can wdas fudky yh Fkha eS a D;k djrh\ ;s esjk cPpk gS! vc eq> s esjk cPpk ikyus dk lyhdk er crkvksA ml oDr eSa m[kM+ xbZ FkhA iqfyl okyh og mldh dksgfu;ka vkSj ?kqV us tkap jgh FkhA og fNyk iM+k Fkk ysfdu oks eSua s rks ugha fd;k FkkA vkSj mUgksua s fy[k fy;k mldh ihB ij cky cjkcj [kjksap gS


6

brus bap yac h esj h gkyr rks --eSua s og ugha fd;k Fkk mldh cgu us fd;k Fkk ,d fnu os yM+ jgs Fks vkSj cgu us HkkbZ dks [kjksa p fn;kA mUgksua s i<+ dj esj s gd lquk,A esj s gkFk ihB ij ckaè k fn,A gFkdfM+;ka yxk nhA vkSj esj h gkyr --D;ks\a D;k fd;k Fkk eSa u\s

vius 'kksèki=k es a] bl eka vkS j mlds cs Vs ls ckrphr ds vkèkkj ij iQX;w lu Z us nyhy nh gS fd cpiu dks o;Ldrk ls vyx vkSj fHkUu voLFkk ds :i es a a ekuus dh izpfyr n`f"V & ftles a cPps dks o;Ldks a okyh fpa rkvks a ls cpk;k tkrk gS & lHkh oxks ± ds ckjs esa lgh ugha gSA ^,d [kjkc eksgYys* es a iyus&c<+u s dk eryc ;g gksrk gS fd cpiu dks ,d fpa rkeq Dr voLFkk ds :i es a iz kIr djus dk vkn'kZ vlaHko cu tkrk gSA xkS jryc gS fd 20oha lnh es a cky fodkl vè;;uks a dk ds aæfcan q ,d vewr Z ,dy cPps dh txg la ;q Dr eka&ckyd bdkbZ ij bl izdkj ds afær gks x;k Fkk fd mlesa eka euks oSKkfud vuq la èkku dk fo"k; Hkh Fkh vkS j ekè;e Hkh (ceZ u 1997)A bl bdkbZ ds vè;;u es a ,d [krjk ;g Fkk fd bles a Hkh cPps ds fodkl dh ftEes nkfj;ksa es a jkT; vkS j ifjokj ds chp tkuk&igpkuk Hksn dk;e Fkk (mijks Dr)A bl vè;;u es a cPps vkSj mldh ns[kHkky djus okys & ;kuh eka & ds chp cuus okys la ca è akks es a lkekftd dh voèkkj.kk dks ladqfpr dj fn;k x;k FkkA fygktk] futh&lkoZ tfud dk Hks n nks ckjk iSnk gqv k vkS j O;fDrokn rFkk mnkj ekuookn dh ,d ,slh ubZ èkkjk lkeus vkbZ tks jkT; dks cPpks a dh ns[kHkky dh ftEes nkjh ls vktkn dj nsrh FkhA bldk urhtk ;g gqv k fd ftu v'osr yksx aks ds thou es a 'os r eè;oxhZ; fLFkfr;ka ugha Fkha] muesa ls T;knkrj dks ,sl s ns[kk tkus yxk ekuks os chekj yksx gks aA ckY;oLFkk dh ifjfèk;ks a ;kuh vkokl] Ldw y Hkou vkSj Ldw y ds le;] rFkk euksjatu dh ifjfèk;ks a vkfn dks fu;a f=kr djrs gq, jkT; fdlh Hkh lekt es a ckY;koLFkk dh eq[;èkkjk dh fopkjèkkjk dks Hkh izHkkfor djrk gSA dqN 'kksèkdrkZv aks dk dguk gS fd jkT; cktkj dks Hkh fu;a f=kr djrk gS ftles a ckY;koLFkk dk fuekZ .k vkS j miHkks x fd;k tkrk gS (okMZ 1990] uq bZ osugq bZ l 1999, es a m¼`r)A


7

fujkfJr@lM+d aks ij iyus okys cPps

^fujkfJr cPpks a* dh voèkkj.kk dh vkykspuk djrs gq, uq os bZ ugq l bZ (1999,) us ôS f'od ckY;koLFkk ,ts aMk* ij Hkh ppkZ dh gS tks varjkZ "Vª h; cky dY;k.k la LFkkuks a (;w us Ldks] ;wfuls iQ] MCY;w ,pvks ] vkbZ ,yvks ) dh ns u gSA mudk dguk gS fd ;s ,ts afl;ka ckY;koLFkk ds ftu vkèkqfud vkn'kks± dks izksRlkgu rh ns gS os ,dy ifjokj vkS j jk"Vª jkT; dh ekiQZ r cuus okys ckY;koLFkk ds cktkj ij vkèkkfjr FksA mnkgj.k ds fy,] chloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr es a ves fjdk es a ckY;koLFkk dk eryc Fkk fd cPpks a dks Je ls ckgj fudkyk tk, vkSj mUgs a eka vks a dh ns [kHkky dk miHkks Drk cuk;k tk,A ;g voèkkj.kk LokLF; chek vkSj reke eukso Kkfud] S cky fpfdRldh; ,oa 'kS{kf.kd lgk;rkvks a vkSj fo'ks "kKrkvksa rd iQSyh gqb Z Fkh (t+ yht+ S j 1994)A 1960 ds n'kd rd ;w fuls iQ Hkh jk"Vª jkT;ks a dks lkiQ&liQkbZ] iks"k.k vkSj Vhdkdj.k vfHk;kuks a ds tfj, f'k'kq e`R;q nj ij vad 'k q yxkus es a enn nsrk FkkA mldk iQks dl eq[; :i ls xzkeh.k bykdks a ij jgrk FkkA lÙkj ds n'kd rd vkrs&vkrs ;g Li"V gks x;k fd ftl rjg ds vkèkq fudhdj.k ij tksj fn;k tk jgk Fkk og eqV~Bh Hkj izHkq oxZ vkS j fnuks fnu a iS Qyrs gkf'k;kbZ xjhcks a ds èkz qohdj.k dks ugha jksd ldrkA tgka ,d rjiQ gkf'k;kbZ rcds miHkks x dh ifjfèk ls ckgj Fks ogha nwljh rjiQ 'kgjksa us vklkuh ls ml ifj"Ñr O;ogkj dks viuk fy;k tks cpiu dks miHkksx ds ,d izfrf"Br {ks=k es a cny ns rk FkkA uq os bZ ugq l bZ (1999,) dk dguk gS fd cpiu ls lacafèkr iz fr"Bkiw.kZ oLrqv aks vkS j ls okvks a dks gkfly djus dh pkg dsoy vkS |ks fxd mÙkjh ns' akks rd gh lhfer ugha FkhA nf{k.kh 'kks ns a ds 'kgjks a es a Hkh bls vPNh iz frfØ;k feyhA blus 'kgjks a dh thou 'kS yh rFkk xjhcks a ds mu gkykr ds chp iQklyk vkSj c<+ k fn;k ftles a xjhc vius cPpks a dks iky jgs FksA vLlh vkSj uCcs ds n'kdksa es a ckgj ls Fkksis x,

8

fons 'kh lgk;rk iz;klksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, ljdkj ij fuHkZj jgus dh t:jr ugha Fkh D;ks fd a mls vdq 'ky] [kphZyk vkSj vfo'oluh; lkèku eku fy;k x;k Fkk (vkS j fooj.k ds fy, ns[ksa] mijks Dr)A D;ks fd a xSj&ljdkjh la xBu cPpks a dh iw jh vkcknh dks lqj{kk iznku djus ds ljdkjh y{; dks iwjk ugha dj ldrs Fks blfy, n{krk dk fopkj is 'k fd;k x;k tks cPpks a ls lacafèkr mu uo&mnkjoknh voèkkj.kkvks a ls mitk Fkk ftues a cPpks a dks lq j{kk dh vko';drk ls eq Dr viuk [k;ky j[kus es a l{ke O;fDr;ks a ds :i esa ns [kk tkrk FkkA bl èkkj.kk dks dsoy rHkh cy fey ldrk Fkk tc lgk;rk ds fy, pq us x, fujkfJr cPpks a dks ^n{krk* vkS j ^vkgr eklwfe;r* (uq os bZ ugq l bZ us ^dkWEihVs al* vkSj ^vlkW YVs M buks ls l* a 'kCnks a dk bLrs eky fd;k gS) ds feJ.k ds :i es a is 'k fd;k tk,A vFkkZr] ;s fn[kk;k tk, fd os brus dq'ky gS a fd lhfer ls okvks a ls Hkh dkiQh ykHk mBk ldrs gS aA fygktk] muds fy, vkS ipkfjd dh txg vukSipkfjd Ldw fya x] Hkks tu vkS j diM+ ks a dh txg dke vkS j dts]Z vkS j laLFkkxr lgk;rk dh txg xS j&laLFkk;h lsok,a gh dkiQh FkhaA tSlk fd uhps m¼` r vihy ls irk pyrk gS] oS f'od xjhch ds izfr bl u, miHkks Drkoknh joS;s es a yxko vkSj uSfrdrk gh eq [; ckrs a Fkha (;g vihy 2002 esa fn xkftZ; u vkS j lso fn fpYMªu iQkmaM 'ku] s fcz Vs u }kjk la ;q Dr jk"Vª vfèkos 'ku ds ekSd s ij cPpksa ds ckjs esa rS ;kj fd, x, ,d fo'ks"k nLrkos t dk fgLlk FkhA) nqfu;k Hkj esa fta nxh cgq r lkjs cPpks a ds fy, ,d tksf[ke gSA dq N ns' akks es a cPpks a ds ikl lq[kh] LoLFk] lq jf{kr vkS j f'kf{kr gksus ds ekSds T;knk gksrs gS aA dq N ns'kksa esa fLFkfr vyx gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd cky tks f[ke mik; (lhvkj,e) fodflr fd, x, gS a (;wfuls iQ }kjk 1999 es a bdV~ Bk fd, x, vka dM+ ks a ds vkèkkj ij) ftuesa tUe ls 18 lky dh mez rd ds nqfu;k ds lkjs cPpksa ds dY;k.k ij è;ku fn;k x;k gS---A bu x.kukvks a ds fglkc ls lcls [kjkc 20 ns'k uD'ks ij fpfUgr fd, x, gS-a -A ;gka lkiQ [kk ns tk ldrk gS fd dqN egk}hi vkSj aks ls csgrj gS aA felky ds rkS j ij] buesa ls T;knkrj ns'k mi&lgkjk vizQhdk ds gS a tcfd ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa ;q ¼ ds ckn Hkh] elyu] ;wx Lykfo;k ks es a] cPps dkiQh cs grj izn'kZ u dj jgs gSAa vxj vki ekgokj fliQZ 3 ikS aM dh enn djsa rks cgqr lkjs cPpksa ds fy, csgrj ftanxh gdhdr cu ldrh gSA ;gka cky tks f[ke mik;ks a dh x.kuk ds iQkew Z ys ij loky mBkus dh t:jr ugha gSA bl ppkZ ds fy, t:jh ckr ;g gS fd bl rjg ds mik; nq fu;k Hkj es a cpiu ds vuqHkoks a dh fof'k"Vrkvks a dks iks Na nsrs gS aA ,e CySd }kjk fyf[kr iqLrd fpYMªus iQLVZ % fn LVksjh vkWi Q ;wf ulsiQ] ikLV ,s.M iz stasV (vkWDliQksMZ ;w fuoflZ Vh iz sl] 1996) esa crk;k x;k gS fd ;w fuls iQ es a dke djus okys fo'ks"kK ^la iw .kZ cPps* dh t:jrks a dk vkdyu djrs gSAa CyS d }kjk fy[kh xbZ dgkuh ds C;kSj aks es a tkuk bl ips Z ds fglkc ls


9

mi;qDr ugha gksxk blfy, ;gka ,d [kkl le; ij cpiu dh ,d fuf'pr Nfo dks ifjHkkf"kr djus es a varjkZ "Vª h; cky dY;k.k ,ts fl;ks a a }kjk fuHkk;h xbZ Hkw fedk dk laf{kIr C;kSjk gh dkiQh gksxkA 1960&61 es a ;wfulsiQ us ^cPpks a dh t:jrks a* ij ,d ,sfrgkfld los Z{k.k fd;k FkkA blesa MCY;w ,pvks (LokLF; lacaèkh vko';drkvksa) ,iQ,vkbZ (iks "k.k lacaèkh vko';drkvka s )] ;w us Ldks (f'k{kk la ca è kh vko';drkvks a)] vkbZ ,yvks (iz f'k{k.k la ca è kh vko';drkvks a) vkS j la; Dr q jk"Vª lkekftd ekeys C;wjks (lekt dY;k.k lacaèkh vko';drkvks a) ls Hkh enn yh xbZ FkhA ekuk tkrk gS fd jk"Vªh; fodkl ;kstukvks a ds la nHkZ es a ^lai .kZ w cPps* dh t:jrks a ij tks j nsu s okys bl los Z{k.k dh fjiks VZ us nqfu;k ds cPpks a dh enn ds ckjs es a ;w uhls iQ ds utfj;s dks Økafrdkjh :i ls cny fn;k FkkA lÙkj ds n'kd es a ;w fuls iQ us xS j&vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds fy, Ldwyks a dk ,d vè;;u fd;kA bldh fjiks VZ dks ^cuus ds fy, lh[kuk* (yfu± x Vw ch) dk uke fn;k x;k FkkA bl nLrkos t ls êw yHkw r f'k{kk* (cs fld ,tq ds 'ku) dh voèkkj.kk lkeus vkbZA ;g ew yHkw r f'k{kk iz R;sd cPps ds fy, t:jh joS ;s] fuiq .krkvks a vkS j Kku dk U;wure iS ds t FkhA bles a lh[kus ds izfr ldkjkRed joS ;s_ ew yHkw r lk{kjrk vkS j va d Kku_ i;kZ oj.k dh oSKkfud le>nkjh_ ifjokj ds ikyu&iks "k.k] ?kj pykus vkS j vkthfodk ds fy, dkedkth Kku dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k FkkA tS lk fd CySd crkrs gS a] bl iSdst ds lcls eq [; xz kgd os yksx Fks tks Ldwy ugha tk ik, Fks ;k chp es a gh i<+kbZ Nks M+ pqds FksA buesa ls T;knkrj efgyk,a FkhaA vLlh ds n'kd 'kq: gq, es a dtZ vkS j lek;kstu izHkkoks a ds pyrs fodkl'khy ns' akks esa f'k{kk ij gks us okys [kpsZ es a Hkkjh fxjkoV vkbZ gSA bl ckj fiQj ;wuhlsiQ us cPpksa dh mÙkjthfork vkSj iz kjafHkd ckY;oLFkk f'k{kk ds ckjs esa tkudkfj;ks a ds izpkj&iz lkj ij tks j fn;kA cky LokLF; fo'ks "kKks a ds lkFk lykg&e'kfojs ds vkèkkj ij ^thou ds fy, rF;* (iSQDV~l iQkW j ykbiQ) ds uke ls ,d nLrkos t rS ;kj fd;k x;kA vLlh iUuks a ds bl nLrkos t esa tUe dk le; r; djus] lq jf{kr ekr`Ro] Lruiku] cky fodkl] Vhdkdj.k] is fp'k] eysfj;k vkS j ,M~ l ds ckjs es a tkudkfj;ka nh xbZ FkhaA ;g nLrkos t bl Kku dks yks xks a rd igqapkus okyh 'kS{kf.kd izfØ;kvks a ds fy, ,d 'kkW VZ dV FkkA 1989 esa iz dkf'kr ^thou ds fy, rF;* bruh liQy jgh fd mlds igys laLdj.k dh ika p Hkk"kkvks a es a 2]75]000 izfr;ka lky Hkj ds Hkhrj fcd pqdh Fkha (fooj.k ds fy, ns[ksa] ;w fuls iQ 1991)A bldk ljk nw la Ldj.k 1993 es a vk;kA bl ckj 176 Hkk"kkvks a es a 90 yk[k ls T;knk iz fr;ka Nkih xb±A crk;k tkrk gS fd 1995 rd vkrs&vkrs 200 Hkk"kkvksa es a bldh 1 djksM+ ls T;knk iz fr;ka Ni pqdh FkhaA u, la Ldj.k esa iz kja fHkd ckY;koLFkk fodkl ij ,d vè;k; vyx ls tksM+k x;k FkkA bl nLrkost dks cgq r lkjs ns'kksa ds Ldwyh ikB~ ;Øe es a Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;kA felky ds rkS j ij] ca xykns 'k :jy ,Moka les aV des Vh (chvkj,lh) us iz kFkfed f'k{kk O;oLFkk ls ckgj Nw V x, cPpks a ds fy, ,d xS j&vkSipkfjd f'k{kk dk;Z Øe ykxw fd;k tks dkiQh liQy jgkA chvkj,lh us caxykns 'k ds cPpks a dh fLFkfr;ks a dks è;ku es a j[krs gq , bl iSdst es a nh xbZ tkudkfj;ks a dk vius fglkc ls bLrs eky fd;k


10

FkkA 22 xzkeh.k leq nk;ks a es a chvkj,lh }kjk pyk, x, izk;ksfxd Ldwyksa es a 70 iz fr'kr yM+ fd;ka Fkha (CyS d 1996 % 231)A ;gka xkS j djus okyh ckr ;g gS fd êkud cPpk* vkS j ^vkn'kZ cpiu* tSl s fopkj varjkZ "Vª h; lgk;rk ,ts afl;ks a }kjk fuèkkZ fjr vkSj iz lkfjr gksrs gS a rkfd os vius vuq nkuks a ds forj.k vkS j fuxjkuh ij è;ku j[k lds aA ;wfulsiQ dh bl dgkuh ls nks vkS j ckrsa fudy dj vkrh ga S A igyh] D;ks fd a gj cPpk vkn'kZ cpiu ugha th ldrk blfy, jkT; dks ,sl s cPpksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, 'kkWVZdV lkspus gks axs tks bl [kkds es a ugha lekrsA bl oSdfYid 'kS{kf.kd iS ds t dk Lo:i bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd ykHkkfUorks a es a T;knkrj yM+fd;ka gS a ;k yM+ ds (;w fuls iQ }kjk rS;kj fd, x, êw yHkw r f'k{kk* ds U;wure iS dst es a ifjokj dk ikyu&iks "k.k djus vkSj ifjokj pykus ls lacafèkr Kku blhfy, fn;k x;k Fkk D;ks fd a igys ls ;g r; Fkk fd bl dk;Z Øe dk ykHk mBkus okys fo|kfFkZ ;ks a es a ls T;knkrj yM+fd;ka gks xh)A a pq uka p]s xkSj djus okyh nwljh ckr ;g Fkh fd [kklrkS j ls nf{k.k ds ns'kksa es a cpiu ,d [kkl yS afxd Nfo ls caè kk gksrk gSA u ds oy Ldw y es a [kjkc iz n'kZ u ds ihNs cfYd cPpksa dks fHk{kko` fÙk vkS j lM+ dks a ij dke djus ds fy, ckè; djus ds ihNs iz kjafHkd ckY;koLFkk ns[kHkky dh deh dkiQh egRoiw .kZ gksrh gSA laHkor% blh ckr dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ,d uhfr rS;kj dh xbZ ftldk nqfu;k Hkj ds cPpks a dh fta nxh ij Hkkjh vlj iM+kA iQyLo:i 1989 es a la ;q Dr jk"Vª cky vfèkdkj duos 'ku a (lhvkjlh) ikfjr fd;k x;k ftl ij Hkkjr lfgr 190 ls T;knk ns 'kksa us nLr[kr fd, Fks (mijksDr % 226)A bl duos 'ku a esa 18 lky ls de mez ds O;fDr dks ^cPpk* ds :i es a ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA nq fu;k dh ljdkjksa es a ls T;knkrj bl ckr ij lger Fkha fd cPpksa dks fdu phtks a dk vfèkdkj gS rFkk jkT;ks a vkS j ns[kHkky djus okyksa dh D;k ftEes nkfj;ka gks rh gS aA bl lgefr dks bl rjg ls lw=kc¼ fd;k x;k gS fd mÙkjthfork vkSj fodkl ls ys dj lq j{kk vkSj lgHkkfxrk rd cPps ds thou ds lkjs ljksdkjksa dks ^vkn'kZ* :i es a vfHkO;Dr vkSj [kka js fdr fd;k x;k gS (fclsy 2003 % 51)A bl ppkZ ls Li"V gS fd ^fo'ks"kK* (euks oS Kkfud] lekt'kkL=kh] lkekftd dk;Z drkZ vkSj cky dY;k.k vfèkdkjh) 'kgjh cpiu ds ,d [kkl ekW My dks è;ku esa j[krs gSaA ;g ,slk ekWMy gS tks ?kj ds lqjf{kr okrkoj.k ij vkèkkfjr gSA mles a ,d iRuh ;k eka dh yxkrkj mifLFkfr vkS j dkj[kkuks a] nÝrjks]a Ldw yks a vkS j nqdkuksa dh k` [kyk Ü a ds vuq:i ,d nSfud :Vhu vfuok;Z gSA ,d lgh cpiu dh O;oLFkk dks lkdkj djus ds fy, ;s lkjs rF; vfuok;Z gS a D;ks fd a ckY;koLFkk dk cktkj ?kj vkS j Ldw y es a ds fær a gksrk gS (uq bZ osu bZ gq l 1999 ,)A lkekftd igpku ds fuèkkZ j.k es a cq fu;knh egRo j[kus okys foiqy yks d (LFkkuh;) Kku dks cpiu ds egRoiw.kZ rRo ds :i esa fojys gh dHkh txg nh tkrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] iQX;w lu Z (2001) us cgq r izHkkoh

11

mldh lajpuk,a ml O;k[;kRed [kkds ds :i es a dke djrh gS a ftuds tfj, gkf'k;kbZ i`"BHkw fe ds cPps viuh eqBHks M+ ks]a O;ogkjks a] Ldwyh vuq"Bkuksa] ikB~ ;p;kZ vkSj iz kfèkdkj dks le>uk lh[krs gS a (ns[ aks LVhMeku 1997)A xjhcks a ds cPpka s dks vkèkq fudrk ds fy, fu.kkZ ;d egRo j[kus okys ckY;koLFkk izrhdks a dks vftZ r djus ds fy, iz sfjr djus dh ctk; ges a mu fu:i.kks a dks cs inZ djuk pkfg, tks muds thou dh egRoiw.kZ phtks a dk fu"ksèk djrs gS a (uq os bZ ugq bZ l 1999,)A ceZu (1995) ;s Hkh ekurs gS a fd bu fufeZ fr;ks a ds ihNs fNis eè;oxhZ; ekudks a ij Hkh loky mBk;k tkuk pkfg,A blds fy, ,s ls vè;;u gksu s pkfg, tks ckY;koLFkk ds o`gÙkj lkaLÑfrd fu:i.kks a dks lkeus yk,aA ckY;koLFkk ds varlk±LÑfrd fu:i.k

e;ky (1999) us cPpks a vkS j cpiu ls lacafèkr le>nkfj;ks a ds dqN fodYi is 'k djus ds mís '; ls u, iz ;klks a ij ppkZ dh gSA [kklrkSj ls mUgks usa 16 vkS |ksfxd ns'kksa es a fd, x, ,d O;kid vè;;u dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS tks cPpksa dh fLFkfr ls la ca fèkr gSA bl vè;;u es a cPpks a dh oSèkkfud vkS j lkekftd&vkfFkZd fLFkfr] ihf<+;ks a ds chp lalkèkuksa ds ca Vokjs vkS j cPpks a dh xfrfofèk;ks a ij è;ku fn;k x;k gSA fczV us esa 'kq: dh xbZ bl ifj;ks tuk dh ewy izLFkkiuk ;g gS fd cPpk dks bZ iz kÑfrd Js .kh ugha gks rk cfYd cPpk D;k gS vkS j cpiu dks dS ls ft;k tkrk gS] ;s ckrs a o;Ldksa ds rkSj&rjhdks]a mís';ksa vkSj laLÑfr;ks a ls fuèkkZfjr gksrh gS aA vkua ny{eh vkSj ctkt (1981] oh:: 2001 esa m¼` r) us okjk.klh ds eksfeu valkjh leqnk; ds cPpks a dh ftanxh dk ekuo'kkL=kh; vè;;u fd;k FkkA mUgksaus mÙkj Hkkjr ds bl js'ke cqudj leqnk; ds 209 cPpks a dk vè;;u fd;kA 'kksèkdrkZv ks a dk dguk Fkk fd bl leq nk; es a pkj lky dh Nks Vh&NksVh yM+ fd;ks a dh vkoktkgh Hkh fu;af=kr gksrh gSA mUgs a eks gYys ds ds oy ifjfpr ifjokjks a es a tkus dh Nw V gksrh gSA mUgs a ?kj es a gh jgus vkS j ?kjs yw dke lh[kus ds fy, iz ksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA 6 lky dh mez rd T;knkrj yM+fd;ka lkiQ&liQkbZ] crZu èkks uk vkSj HkkbZ& cguks a dh ns[kHkky djuk lh[k tkrh gSAa 9 lky dh mez esa mUgs a fcuk ins Z ckgj tkus dh NwV ugha feyrhA 13 ;k 14 lky dh mez es a ;kuh ;kS oukjHk@I;wcVhZ ij igq ap us ds dqN le; ckn gh mudks C;kg fn;k tkrk gSA 'kknh yM+fd;ks a ds cpiu dk vkSipkfjd lekiu gks rh gSA blds foijhr yM+ dks a dks rhu ;k pkj lky dh mez ls cqukbZ dh dyk fl[kkuh 'kq : dj nh tkrh gSA 10 lky dh mez rd T;knkrj yM+ ds fdlh dq 'ky cq udj ds ikl dke djus yxrs gS aA 13&14 lky dh mez rd lHkh yM+ds Lora=k :i ls cqukbZ djuk 'kq : dj nsrs gS aA yM+ dks a dks leq nk; ds èkkfeZd thou ls Hkh ifjfpr djk;k tkrk gSA mues a ls dqN enjlks a (èkkfeZd Ldw y) es a Hkh tkrs gS aA oh:: (2001) us Hkkjrh; ifjos 'k ls lacafèkr dqN vU; vè;;uksa dk mYys [k djrs gq , ô;Ld&cPpk uS r;Z ja * (dqekj 1993) dks Hkkjrh; lanHkZ es a ckY;oLFkk dk fof'k"V igyw crk;k gSA bl voèkkj.kk dh Ñ".k dq ekj }kjk dh xbZ O;k[;k ds vuqlkj nSfud thou esa cPps dks o;Ld ifjfèk dk fgLlk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g ckr lHkh lkekftd oxks ± ds ckjs es a lgh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA [kklrkS j


12

ls Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk ds la nHkZ esa dq ekj dk rdZ gS fd o;Ld&cPpk uS ja r;Z vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk, cnykoks a ls izHkkfor gqv k gSA mUgks au s bl ckr dk [kklrkS j ls mYys[k fd;k gS fd xz keh.k csjkstxkjh us dke dh ryk'k es a cM+s iS ekus ij 'kgjks a dh vks j iyk;u dks c<+kok fn;k gS vkSj gks ldrk gS fd blls Hkh cPps dh fu;k nq es a ikfjokfjd o;Ldks a dh la[;k de gqbZ gSA dq ekj dk dguk gS fd ledkyhu 'kgjh Hkkjr es a nks ijLij fojksèkh rkdrs a cPps ds lekthdj.k dks izHkkfor djrh gS a % ,d rjiQ rks ifjokj vkSj ljh nw rjiQ Ldwy] ehfM;k o cktkjA rkdsb Z (1999) us vkaèkz izns'k ds ,d xkao es a fd, x, vius vè;;u dk mYys[k fd;k gSA bl vè;;u ds tfj, cPpksa ds ^thou txr* es a muds }kjk fd, tkus okys dkeks a vkS j Ldw yh f'k{kk ij muds vlj dks le>uk pkgrs FksA 1994 ls 1997 ds chp rkdsbZ us tks vè;;u fd;k gS mlls irk pyrk gS fd bl xkao ds cPps bl rjg ds dke djrs Fks % ikuh ykuk] eos f'k;ks a dh ns[kHkky djuk] [kkuk cukuk] [ksrh ds dke vkSj vU; (HkkbZ&cguksa dh [kHkky ns vkfn)A bl xka o ds cPpksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk dke muds lekt dh thou la jpuk es a xgjs rkS j ij xqFa kk gqvk Fkk] ;g muds lekthdj.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ fgLlk Fkk] blls ifjokj dks ds oy vizR;{k :i ls enn fey jgh Fkh (D;ks afd bues a ls fdlh Hkh dke ds fy, dks bZ osru ugha fn;k tkrk)A rkdsb Z dk rdZ gS fd bu cPpks a ds dke dks ^cky Je* dh Js.kh esa ugha j[kk tk ldrkA D;ks fd a dke dk Lo:i iw js rkS j ij LFkkuh; lekt dh lajpuk vkS j thou 'kS yh ij vkèkkfjr gS blfy, gesa bl rjg ds dkeks a ls Ldwfya x ij iM+ us okys izHkkoks a dks le>us ds fy, bl lekt dh thou 'kS yh dk vPNh rjg vè;;u djuk pkfg,A rkdsb Z ds vè;;u ls Li"V gks rk gS fd o;Ld ;k cPps ds thou txr dk Ldwy dh nqfu;k ls dks bZ lacèa k ugha gksrkA ;gka rd fd Ldw y esa i<+ k, tkus okys lcdks a es a Hkh nksuks a vyx&vyx txr gksrs gS aA nwljh rjiQ eè;oxhZ; 'kgjh i`"BHkw fe ds cPps lkiQ ns[k ldrs gS a fd muds thou ds dbZ vk;ke mudh ikB~ ;iq Lrdks a es a Hkh izfrfca fcr gks rs gS aA cPpks a ds dke vkSj Ldw fya x ds vkilh la ca è akks dh iM+rky djus okys ,d vkS j vè;;u dk gokyk uq bZ osugq bZ l (1999ch) us fn;k gSA ds jy ds etnwj oxhZ ; cPpks a ds ,d lew g dk vè;;u djrs gq, mUgks usa crk;k gS fd vius ifjokj ds lnL;ks a ds lkFk dke (eNyh idM+uk vkSj tqV dh jfLl;ka cukuk) djus okys cPpks a ds thou es a Ldwy vkS j dke ds chp Vdjko ugha gSA ys fdu mUgsa ,s lk yxrk gS fd ifjokj esa cPpks a dh Hkwfedk dks ysdj o;Ldks a ds joS ;s vkS j vkdka{kkvks a dks le>us ds fy, vkS j vè;;u t:jh gSA lq ts u+ fclsy (2003) us 1997&98 ds nkSjku rs gS a fd muds thou es a Lok;Ùkrk de gSA


13

muds fy, fookg cpiu dh lhek dks ikj dj ys us dk ,d la Ldkj gSA vè;;u esa fy, x, cPpksa us vius ifjokjks a dks lgkjk us ns ] lh[kus vkSj [ks yus tS lh t:jrks a dk mYys [k fd;k FkkA gkjfdu fcy dk mYys[k djrs gq, fc'ks y crkrh gS a fd ves fjdh O;kikfjd ikcafn;ks a dh èkedh ds dkj.k nq fu;k Hkj esa fu;kZrksUeq [kh m|ks xks a ls cPpksa dks gVk fn;k x;k gSA bldk ,d urhtk ;g gq vk fd caxykns 'k ds yxHkx 10]000 cPps ,sls Ldw yks a es a tkus yxs ftUgsa [kklrkS j ls mudh t:jrks a dks è;ku es a j[kdj cuk;k x;k FkkA nwljh vksj 50]000 ls 2]00]000 cPps ,sls Fks tks bl ?kVukØe dh otg ls vkthfodk dk viuk lcls vkd"kZd fodYi xa ok cSBs FksA fc'ksy bl ?kVuk dks bl ckr dk mnkgj.k ekurh gSa fd cpiu dh oS f'od lkekftd fufeZfr jk"Vªh; vkSj LFkkuh; ljks dkjks a dks fdruk detksj dj ns rh gS aA mudk fu"kd"kZ gS fd lkekftd uhfr ds rRoks a dks cPpksa dh lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ds vkèkkj ij r; fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkS j mUgha ds ekè;e ls ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mudk ,d fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd bl rjg dh lkekftd uhfr;ks a dks fuèkkZ fjr djus es a ges a thou ifjfLFkfr;ks]a ifjokj] leqnk; vkSj jk"Vªh; mís';ks a ij fopkj djuk pkfg,A Hkkjr esa {ks =kh;] èkkfeZ d vkS j tkrh; igpkuks a dh cgq yrk cpiu dh dbZ Nfo;ks a dks tUe ns rh gSA fiQj Hkh] gekjs ikl cpiu dh ftl Nfo ds ckjs esa lcls T;knk tkudkfj;ka gSa og fga nw èkeZ ls gh la ca fèkr gS a (okW Y'k 2003)A ;gh og Nfo gS tks ikB~;iqLrds a fy[kus okyksa vkS j uhfr fuekZ rkvks a ds tgu esa gksrh gSA ;gh og Nfo gS tks cky dY;k.k is 'ks ojks a vkS j laxBuks a dks iz fjr s djrh gS (vUos "kh 2003)A byS;k (1996) us viuh Lrd iq OgkbZ vkbZ ,e ukWV , fgan w (eS a fga nw D;ksa ugha gwa) esa dq# ek leq nk; es a yM+ dks a vkSj yM+ fd;ks a ds tkrh; izf'k{k.k dk ftØ fd;k gSA bl leqnk; ds NksVs&Nks Vs yM+dks a dks HksM+ ikyu xfrfofèk;ks a dh Hkk"kk fl[kkbZ tkrh gSA os lh[krs gS a fd vyx&vyx Hks M+ksa dks dS ls igpkuk tkrk gS_ HksM ks+ a dks fdl rjg dh chekfj;ka gks ldrh gS a_ mu chekfj;ks a dk dkS u lh ouLifr;ks a ls bykt fd;k tk ldrk gS_ Hks M+ks a ds iz lo ds le; D;k djuk pkfg,_ mUgs a fdl rjg dh ?kkl f[kykuh pkfg,_ vkS j HksM ks a+ dh mQu dS ls mrkjh tkrh gS vkfnA yM+fd;ks a dks fl[kk;k tkrk gS fd cPpks a dh ns [kHkky dS ls djs a_ fepZ dh filkbZ dS ls gksrh gS] èkku dw Vuk] mQu vkS j dka Vks a dks vyx&vyx djuk] mQu ls èkkxk cukuk_ vkSj feV~ Vh ds dPps crZu aks es a [kkuk cukus dk D;k yd feyrh gSA muds fooj.k ls irk pyrk gS fd blh rjg dh xfrfofèk;ka euksoSKkfud Locksèk dk fodkl djrh agSA ysfdu] tS lk fd LVhMeku (1997) us Hkh dgk gS] xS j&izH Ro'kkyh kq leqnk;ks a ds fooj.k vkS j vuqHko dHkh vfèkÑr nLrkostks a (tSl s cky euksfoKku dh ikB~;iqLrds a ;k uhfr nLrkos t) es a nkf[ky ugha gks ikrsA xjhc ifjokjks a ds cPps [kqn eglw l djrs gS a fd ^dke* muds nSfud thou dk fgLlk gS vkS j mUgs a nks oDr dh jks Vh tq Vkus es a fgLlk caVkuk pkfg,A vkaè kz izns'k esa gS njkckn fLFkr uylkj ykW ;w fuoflZ Vh }kjk


14

cky vfèkdkj lafèk (lhvkjlh) ij 2001 es a rS ;kj dh xbZ fjiks VZ es a ,d ckW Dl dk 'kh"kZ d Fkk & ^ges a dke D;ks a ugha djuk pkfg,\* blesa ,d Nks Vs ls Ldwyh yM+ds us dgk Fkk % Ldw y ls ykS V dj ge dke D;ks a u djs a\ rhu cts ds ckn ge D;k djs a\ eS a rhu lky dh mez ls gh eka& cki ds lkFk [ksrksa es a tkus yxk FkkA eS a xk;&HkS la vkS j cdfj;ka pjkrk gwAa tc eS a muds lkFk tkrk gw a rks eS a [ks rh&ckM+h ds ,s ls dke lh[k ys rk gw a ftuds fy, cPpksa dks 15 #i, iz fr ?kaVk fey tkrk gS (cM+ ks a dks 20 #i, iz fr ?kaVk feyrk gS)A vxj eS a ;s lc uk d:a rks D;k irk eSa [ksrh djuk Hkh Hkwy tkmaQ vkS j i<+ kbZ ls Hkh eq >s dks bZ vkenuh u gksA okWY'k us fn[kk;k gS fd vax th zs f'k{kk us vktknh ls igys (1870&1947) Hkkjrh; cpiu dks fdl rjg cny fn;k FkkA og crkrs gS a fd fcz fV'k 'kklu ds nkS jku Hkkjr es a cpiu dh tks ubZ la jpuk,a vkS j vuqH ko lkeus vk, os Lora=k 'kgjh Hkkjr esa iyus&c<+ us okys Hkkjrh; cPpks a dh ftanxh dk ,d LFkk;h fgLlk cu pqds gSa A fygktk] vkt ds cPps vHkh Hkh ,d ,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk ls tw > jgs gSa tks ifjokj vkSj leq nk; ls Lora =k pyrh gSA os vHkh Hkh ,d dkWLeks ikWfyVu vkèkqfudrk vftZ r djus ds la?k"kZ es a O;Lr gS aA vxys fgLls es a eS a bl ckr ij fopkj d:axh fd fdl rjg vfèkdkjks a dk foe'kZ Hkh bu la ?k"kks ± dh mis{kk djrk gS vkS j mlds LFkku ij bl rjg ds iz;klksa ls Ldw fya x o f'k{kk'kkL=k ij iM+u s okys udkjkRed fufgrkFkks± dh mis{kk djds ,d ^vkn'kZ cpiu* dks LFkkfir djrk gSA Ldwfyax vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k ds fy, fufgrkFkZ

lHkh cPps vius thou es a fofHkUu voljks a ij o;Ldks a ds vuqd y w ekuh tkus okyh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds la idZ esa vkrs gSAa iQyLo:i] os vius cpiu dks vyx&vyx rjhdks a ls vuqH ko djrs gSAa tks yks x cky vfèkdkj ds utfj;s dh odkyr djrs gS a os cpiu dks vuqHko djus es a vkus okyh bu fHkUurkvks a vkS j muls cPpksa es a iSnk gks us okys vkRecksèk ij è;ku ugha ns ikrsA tks cPps dke ds o;Ld txr es a fgLls nkjh djrs gS a (Hkys gh mUgs a osru u feyrk gks) mudks bl rjg ds cPpks a ds :i esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gS tks viuh eklwfe;r [kks pq ds gS a vkS j ftudk cpiu fNu pqdk gS] tks vHkkxs gS a (CyS U'ksV 1996] fc'ksy 2003 es a m¼` r)A yksd uhfr;ks a ds fo'ks "kK ekurs gS a fd ;s cPps ftl rjg dk Je djrs gS a og ,d f'k{kk ds :i es a mUgs a vkxs c<+ k jgk gS vkSj ;g f'k{kk eè; oxZ ds xS j&dkedkth cPpks a dks feyus okyh f'k{kk ds led{k gksrh gS (ls Vj a iQkWj ifCyd ikW fylh LVMht 1993_ othj 2000)A uoacj 1989 es a la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk }kjk ikfjr vkS j fnla cj 1992 es a Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk LohÑr dh xbZ cky vfèkdkj lafèk (lhvkjlh) es a dgk x;k gS fd 18 lky ls de mez dk dksbZ Hkh euq "; cPpk gksrk gS vkSj lhvkjlh esa fn, x, cPpksa ds vkfFkZ d] lkaLÑfrd vkSj lkekftd vfèkdkjksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, lHkh ljdkjs a mfpr dkuw uh] iz 'kkldh; ,oa vU; dne mBk,axhA bl ckr ds fy, ljdkjksa ij dks bZ ncko ugha gS fd os fofHkUu leqnk;ka s ds fy, bu


15

vfèkdkjks a ds vFkZ vkS j fufgrkFkks ± dks Hkh le>sAa vkpZMZ (1993) crkrs gS a fd dksb Z lekt vius cPpks a ds ckjs es a fdl rjg lksprk gS vkS j vxj mUgs a vfèkdkj fn, tk ldrs gS a rks mu vfèkdkjks a ds ckjs es a fdl rjg ls iQS lys ys rk gS] ;g ckr ml ^lekt* ij fuHkZj djrh gSA nhIrk vpj (1999) us vius ,d vizdkf'kr ys [k es a nyhy nh gS fd Ldw yh f'k{kk ,d dfYir 'kgjh] lo.kZ] mPpoxhZ ;] fga nw ] yM+ ds ds :i es a fu:fir ,d ^jk"Vª h; cPps* ij ds afnz r vkS j mlds bnZ&fxnZ gh fufeZ r gSA vkSifuos f'kd f'k{kk bl fopkj ij vkèkkfjr Fkh fd ?kj ugha cfYd Ldwy gh og nk;jk gks rk gS tgka vkS ifuos f'kd fo"k;ksa dks ykxw fd;k tk,xkA Hkkjrh; ckyd ds fuekZ.k dks ifjokj@lekt ds ftEes ugha Nks M+k tk ldrk FkkA bl izdkj ljdkjh@ljdkj }kjk foÙkiksf"kr Ldwy cPps ds mQij ,d vfHkHkkodh; lÙkk dk izn'kZu djrs Fks vkS j ifjokj rFkk futh {ks =k ds vlj dks U;wure lhek es a j[kuk pkgrs FksA ysfdu Lora=krk ds ckn gq , jk"Vª h; iz ;klks a es a cPps ds ykyu&ikyu es a ifjokj@leqnk; ds izHkko dks iw jh rjg utjva nkt djus dh bPNk ugha FkhA vpj dh nyhy gS fd ,d jk"Vª h; ukxfjd dh jpuk es a l{ke O;kogkfjd f'k{kk laLFkku ds :i es a xq#dq y ekW My dk mn; ?kj ds vFkks± esa Ldwy dk Lo:i fuèkkZ fjr djus dh jk"Vªoknh pkg dk gh la ds r gSA mudk dguk gS fd ifjokj dh la jpuk ds tfj, jk"Vª ds iq uuZ ohdj.k ds fy, cpiu dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gSA bl u, ekudh; foe'kZ es a ifjokj dks Je vkS j vkua n ds chp vkewy i`Fkdrk ij vkèkkfjr ,d vyx&Fkyx futh ifjfèk ds :i esa lks pk x;k FkkA jk"Vª h; ifjokj dh Hkh lo.kZ] eè;oxhZ; vkSj 'kgjh ifjokj ds :i es a gh dYiuk dh xbZA tc rd bl vfpfUgr ijar q vis{kr;k jk"Vª h; ifjokj dh Nfo ,d oxhZ ;@tkrh; fLFkfr ls esy [kk jgh Fkh rc rd bl ifjokj vkSj jk"Vªh;@jktdh; mís';ks a ds chp dksb Z varfoZjksèk ugha Fkk D;ks fd a ;s mís'; Hkh mlh oxZ@tkfr dh vofLFkfr ls mits FksA ftu ifjokjks a dh oxhZ ;@tkrh; fLFkfr Hkhrjh vkS j ckgjh] futh vkS j lkoZtfud] Je vkS j vkua n] cpiu vkS j o;Ldrk dh l[r i`Fkdrk dks Lohdkj ugha djrh Fkh muds fy, jk"Vªh; ifjokj vkSj jk"Vªh; mís ';ksa ds chp cuus okyk ;g lg&lacaèk VwVus yxk FkkA vpj dk dguk gS fd blh fcanq ij (vLlh ds n'kd es a fdlh le;) cky vijkèk] cky etnw jh vkS j fujkfJr cPpksa tS lh ifj?kVukvks a dks iFkHkz"V ifjokjks a vkS j vi;kZ Ir Ldw fya x ls mith leL;kvks a ds :i es a fpfUgr fd;k tkus yxkA bl rjg ds cPps jk"Vª }kjk x<+ h xbZ cpiu dh fopkjèkkjk ds fy, ,d pq ukS rh Fks D;ks afd os cpiu dh igyh 'krZ & o;Ld lÙkk & dks ea tw j djus ds fy, ;kj rS ugha FksA vpj dk fu"d"kZ gS fd jk"Vª okn }kjk fufeZ r vkSj jkT; }kjk LohÑr cpiu dh fopkjèkkjk rFkk fHkUu dkj iz ds cpiuks a vkS j fHkUu iz dkj ds ifjokjks a }kjk bl rjg dh fopkjèkkjk dks nh tk jgh pq ukS rh ls tks vlkeatL; nk iS gqvk gS mlh us cky etnwjh ls la ca fèkr ekSt nk w cglks a dks vkS j T;knk yksx aks ds lkeus yk fn;k gSA ^cPps* dh dkuwuh ifjHkk"kk mís '; vkS j ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fglkc ls vyx&vyx gks ldrh gSA ;g ckr bl rF; ls Li"V gks tkrh gS fd ckfyx gksu s dh mez 14 lky (Je dkuwu) ls 21 lky (laifÙk dkuwu] fookg vkSj vU; dkuwu) rd vyx&vyx ekuh tkrh gSA jkekLokeh (1996) dk rdZ gS fd bl ekeys es a tkfr Hkh ,d Hkw fedk fuHkkrh gSA og dgrh gS a fd laifÙk vkS j vfHkHkkodrk tS ls


16

ekeys maQph tkfr;ks a dh nqfu;k dh pht gS a ftuds fy, varjkZ "Vª h; ekud vkSj duos a'ku ykxw gks rs gS a ftlls cPpk 18 lky ;k ;gka rd fd 21 lky rd dh mez rd cPpk gh cuk jgrk gSA Jfed oxZ ds cPps bu mnkj dkuwu aks ds nk;js ls ckgj gks rs gSAa jkT; Hkh mUgs a dqN O;olk;ks a (tSl s eksVj ifjogu] chM+ h m|ksx] ckxku Je] [kku] vkfn) es a 14 lky dh mez esa Hkh dkuw uu dke djus dh btktr ns rk gSA cpiu dh bu dkuwuh voèkkj.kkvks a es a ekS twn varfoZ jks èkksa ls Ldwyh f'k{kk ds {ks =k es a lfØ; cky vfèkdkj dk;Z drkZ v aks ij vlj ugha iM+k gSA lhvkjlh es a mfYyf[kr vfèkdkjks a ds vkèkkj ij mudk rdZ gS fd 14 lky ls de mez ds fdlh Hkh cPps dks dke ugha djuk pkfg, vkSj ,s ls lkjs cPpks a dks Ldwy es a gks uk pkfg,A mnkgj.k ds fy,] 1991 ls vkaè kz izns'k ds jaxkjsM~Mh ftys es a lfØ; ,e-oh iQkma Ms 'ku (,eoh,iQ) [krjukd vksj xS j&[krjukd dkeks a ds chp ;k cPpks a ds dk;Z vkSj cPpksa ds Je ds chp dks bZ iQdZ ugha ekurk (flUgk 2003)A vfèkdkjks a ds n`f"Vdks .k ls iz sfjr yksx mu ifjokjks a ds lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks utjvankt dj ns rs gS a ftues a cPps ^dke* dh dksb Z ftEesnkjh ugha ysrsA dbZ vuqlaèkkuks a esa nyhy nh xbZ gS tc dks bZ xjhc ifjokj vius ,d ;k lkjs cPpks a dks ^f'k{kk* ls fudkyus dk iQS lyk ysrk gS rks bl iQS lys dks ifjokj ds lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ds vkèkkj ij lgh lanHkZ esa ns [kuk t:jh gks tkrk gS (mnkgj.k ds fy, ns[ks]a ,aVuh ,oa xk;=kh 2002)_ rFkk cPps ds fodkl dks uqdlku igq pk a ldus okys cky Je rFkk cPps dks dqN {kerk,a ] ftEes nkfj;ka vkS j ljksdkj fodflr djus esa enn nsu s okys cky Je ds chp iQdZ fd;k tkuk pkfg, (rkds bZ 1999_ fy;srsu 2002)A dgus dk eryc ;g gS fd cky etnwjh dks la ca fèkr ifjokj }kjk Los PNk ls fy, x, iQSlys ds :i es a [kus ns dk eryc ml ifjokj dh oapukvks a dks iw jh rjg utjvankt dj uk ns gksxkA pkbYM ys cj ,s.M iw QM flD;ksfjVh fdrkc dh leh{kk djrs gq, fy;s rs u (2003) dk rdZ gS fd vxj lkoZtfud forj.k iz .kkyh (ihMh,l) etcw r gks vkSj la ca fèkr ifjokjksa dks lLrh dher ij vukt eqg ;k S djk lds rks cky etnwjh dh leL;k ij va dq 'k yxk;k tk ldrk gSA mudk dguk gS fd Ldwy u tkus okys 8 djksM+ cPpksa esa ls ds oy 1-1 djks M+ cPps gh cky etnw jh dj jgs gSAa fygktk] ges a ckdh cPpksa dh Hkh fpa rk djuh pkfg, vkS j ;s le>uk pkfg, fd os Ldwy D;ksa ugha tk jgs gSAa bldk eryc gS fd ds oy cPpks a ;k muds ekrk&firk dks la cks fèkr djus okyh cky etnw jh fojksèkh ;kstuk,a liQy ugha gks ldrhaA ub ;kstukvks a es a mu la LFkkuks a ij Hkh è;ku nsuk pkfg, tks ?kj ds Hkhrj vHkkoks a dks tUe nsr s gS aA vkerkSj ij etnwj oxZ ds cPps vius eka& cki dh enn ds fy, ?kj dk dqN dke gkFk es a ys ys rs gSa (f'kokth 2003)A bl izfØ;k esa os tks vfrfjDr Kku@fuiq .krk vftZ r djrs gS a mlls Hkh mUgs a dks bZ vkifÙk ugha gksrh tks êè;oxZ ds afær* Ldw yh ikB~ ;p;kZ dk fgLlk dHkh ugha cu ikrs gS aA vUos "kh vè;;u es a fy, x, lk{kkRdkjks a ls irk pyrk gS fd bl rjg ds cPpksa dk vkRecksèk cgq r n` <+ gksrk gS ysfdu eq [;èkkjk dh la LÑfr ls enn u feyus ds dkj.k o;Ld dk;Z txr es a lgHkkfxrk ls mitk ;g vkRecksèk ges 'kk ds fy, dq na gks tkrk gSA


17

ftu ifjokjks a es a dbZ ih<+ h ls f'k{kk dh ija ijk jgh gS muds cPpksa ds ikl dbZ rjg ls ykHk dh fLFkfr;ka gks rh gS a tks Ldwfya x ls vkSj iq "V gksrh gSAa nhik Jhfuokl (2000) us n'kkZ ;k gS fd vej fp=kdFkk us 1970&80 ds n'kdks a esa Hkkjr ds lSdM+ksa eè;oxhZ; cPpks a dh vkReNfo dks ,d [kkl lka ps es a yd ugha feyrhA mUgs a vius leq nk; ds yks xks a dh dgkfu;ka lqu us ;k i<+ us dk ekSdk dHkh ugha feyrkA ,s ls lkfgR; dk vHkko fpark dk fo"k; gks uk pkfg, tks ns 'k ds vfèkdka 'k yksx aks ds thou txr dk o.kZ u djrk gksA vc rd dh ppkZ ls Li"V gS fd cpiu dh dksbZ lkoZH fed kkS ifjHkk"kk ugha gksrh vkSj i<+kbZ chp es a Nks M+ nsu s dh otgs a fliQZ ^tcju* cky etnwjh ds eq ís ls dgha T;knk O;kid gksrh gS aA vfèkdkjks a ij ds afær n`f"Vdks .k fuf"Ø; gks pq ds Ldw yks a] ltk ds rkS j ij ekjihV] foLFkkiu] U;w ure iQhl pq dkus ;k dkWih&isu [kjhnus dh v{kerk] leqnk; ds Hkhrj fo'okl?kkr dk Hkko] fodykaxrk vkS j le> es a u vkus okyh ikB~;p;kZ tSl s dkj.kksa dks utjva nkt djrk gS (tSu ,oa vU; 2003)A tks yks x vfèkdkjksa ds n`f"Vdks .k ij tks j nsrs gS a os f'k{kk dh va roZ Lrq ds vkykspukRed vè;;u dh dksf'k'k fojys gh dHkh djrs gS aA bl ckjs es a dks bZ cgl ugha gS fd Ldw yh f'k{kk ds nk;js es a (ikB~ ;iq Lrdks a esa ) cPps ds Locksèk dks fdl rjg la cks fèkr fd;k tk jgk gS] ;k cPps ds lkekftd ,oa lka LÑfrd vk;keks a dks fdl rjg ekU;rk nh tk jgh gS ;k nh tkuh pkfg,A Je dks Je dh 'krks± ds lkFk tksM+ ns us dh otg ls vfèkdkjks a dh odkyr djus okys yks x okLro esa cky etnwjh dh tfVy leL;k ls fliQZ eq a g pqjkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs gS aA rkfyc (2003) dk ;s loky okftc gS fd ^f'kf{kr eè;oxZ dks lekt dk loZ O;kih rcdk eku ys us Hkj ls ;g r; ugha gks tk,xk fd gekjs lekt esa dks bZ oxZ foHkktu ugha gSA* vxj ge ;s le>uk pkgrs gS a fd iz kFkfed d{kkvks a es a Hkh cPpksa ds i<+kbZ tkjh j[kus dh nj bruh de D;ksa gS rks ges a yM+dksa vkSj yM+ fd;ks]a nksu aks ds ?kjks a vkSj Ldw yks a dks izHkkfor djus okyh LFkkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ks a dk vè;;u djuk pkfg,_ ges a etnwj oxZ ds cPpks a ds thou txr dk vè;;u djuk gks xk_ gesa euks foKku] lekt'kkL=k] lkekftd dk;Z ,oa f'k{kk foHkkxks a ds fo|kfFkZ ;ks a dks i<+ k, tk jgs cky fodkl ikB~ ;Øe vkSj f'k{kk'kkL=k dh lekykspuk djuh gks xhA gesa tkfr vkèkkfjr O;olk;ksa dh lw ph rS;kj djuh gks xh vkS j bl vk'k; ds C;kSj s bdV~ Bk djus gks xsa fd mu leq nk;ks a es a cPpks a dk lekthdj.k fdl rjg fd;k tk jgk gSA ges a ,sls fo|kfFkZ ;ks a vkS j f'k{kdksa dh thofu;ka bdV~Bh djuh pkfg, tks vius ifjokj es a i<+ us&fy[kus okyh igyh ih<+h ds lnL; gSa rkfd ,slh phtksa dks f'k{kk lkexz h es a 'kkfey fd;k tk ldsA ges a fofHkUu leq nk;ks a ds yM+ dks a vkS j yM+fd;ksa ls oxZ] tkfr vkSj ts aMj ls tq M+ s eqíksa ij ckr djuh pkfg, D;ks fd a cPps dh vkdka{ kkvks a] Hkkoukvks a rFkk oxhZ ; psruk ij HkkS frd vHkkoks a ds izHkkoks a ds ckjs es a ges a [kkl irk ugha gSA es jk ekuuk gS fd cPpks a ls la ca fèkr ekSt nk w lekt'kkL=kh; ,oa euks oSKkfud vuq la èkku ds ,ts aMk dks u, fljs ls fy[kus ds fy, ;s lkjh tkudkfj;ka cgqr mi;ksxh lkfcr gksu s okyh gSaA


18

fVIif.k;ka

1-

^dfjD;w yj Vª ts ka D'ka l bu lsysfDVM xouZ es aV LdwYl bu vkaèkz izns'k* 'kh"kZd 'kksèk ifj;ks tuk (lj jru VkVk VªLV] eq cbZ a }kjk foÙkiksf"kr rFkk vUos "kh efgyk vè;;u vuq la èkku ds æ] a gSnjkckn }kjk la pkfyr) es a viuh fgLlsnkjh ls eq>s bl ipsZ es a mBk, x, eq íks a ij fopkj djus dk ekS dk feykA bl ifj;ks tuk esa cgq r lkjs yksx aks us dke fd;k gSA vUos "kh esa gh blls igys izLrqr ips Z dk tks elfonk is 'k fd;k x;k Fkk ml ij bu lHkh lkfFk;ks a ls feys lq>koks a dh eS a vkHkkjh gw aA bl ys[k esa tks Hkh fopkj O;Dr fd, x, gSa muds fy, eS a iw jh ftEes nkjh ysrh gwaA eq>s MkWDVj 'kkjnk ckyxks ikyu vkSj blls igys ds elfons ij ,d vuke leh{kd }kjk nh xbZ fVIif.k;ks a ls tcnZLr ykHk gqvk gSA

2-

;g vè;;u (twu 2000 ls ebZ 2002 ds chp) gSnjkckn vkSj vkikl ds nl ljdkjh Ldw yks a ij vkèkkfjr gSA bu nl Ldw yks a es a i<+u s okys 300 cPpks a rFkk muds 120 vfHkHkkodks a ls tkudkfj;ka bdV~ Bk djus ds fy, iz'ukofy;ksa vkSj lk{kkRdkjks a dk lgkjk fy;k x;kA ftu 300 cPpks a ls geus lk{kkRdkj fy, muesa ls dsoy 40 dk dguk Fkk fd os Ldw y ds ckn dks bZ dke ugha djrsA T;knkrj cPps osru ds fy, dke ugha dj jgs FksA mudk dke vkfFkZ d vkS j ikfjokfjd ftEes nkfj;ks a es a gkFk ca Vkus rd gh FkkA mudh nSfud fnup;kZ dk vè;;u djus ij eq> s cpiu ds ckjs es a viuh le> ij iq ufoZ pkj dk ekSdk feyk gSA ;g iw jk MsVkcs l ew y :i ls rsyqxw es a Fkk ftldk vax th zs es a vuqokn gks pqdk gS vkSj mls bl vè;;u ds fy, fo'ks "k :i ls ;kj rS fd, x, ekbØkslkWÝV ,Dlsl MsVkcsl iS dst ds lgkjs daI;w VjhÑr fd;k tk pqdk gSA ;g Ms Vkcsl vUos "kh ds iq Lrdky; es a miyCèk gSA


19

lanHkZ

vpj] Mh- (1999) iwvj fyfVy fFka Xl % VqoM~ lZ ,s u vaMjLVS afMax vkWiQ pkbYMgq M bu bafM;kA la LÑfr vè;;u dk;Z'kkyk] [ktq jkgks es a 21&25 tuojh dks izLrq r ipkZA ,a Vuh ih vkS j oh- xk;=kh (2002) pkbYM yscj % , ilZ is fDVo vkWiQ yks dsy ,s .M dka DLV] Vs bdkWu kWfed ,s. M iksf yfVdy ohdyh] 28] i` "B 518&689vUos"kh (2003) dfjD;wyj Vª ka ts D'ku bu lsysDVsM xouZ es aV Ldw y bu ,-ih-A lj jru VkVk Vª LV] eqacbZ es a tek djkbZ xbZ viz dkf'kr fjiks VZA vkpZ M] Mh- (1993) fpYMªsu] jkbV~l ,s. M pkbYMgqM A yanu % jVystA ,s jht+] fiQyhis (1962) lsp a qjht vkWiQ pkbYMgqM ] iz Qkalhlh ls vax stz h esa jkWcVZ ckyfMx }kjk vuw fnr] ya nu % tks ukFku dsiA fcls y] ,l- (2003) ^fn lks 'ky daLVª D'ku vkWiQ pkbYMgq M % , ilZisfDVo iz QkWe ca xykns 'k*_ ,u dchj] th- ch- ukfclu rFkk vkj lq cz e.;e (la-) pkbYM ys cj ,s. M fn jkbV Vw ,tqd s' ku % uhM~l olstZ + jkbV~l \ ubZ fnYyh % ls t es aA CyS d] ,e (1996) fpYMªu iQLVZA fn LVksjh vkWiQ ;wfulsiQ] ikLV ,s.M iz stasV ] vkWDliQksMZ] ;w- ds- % vkW DliQks MZ ;w fuoflZ Vh iz slA ceZu] bZ- (1995) ÔgkV bt bV\ es lD;q fyfuVh ,s .M iQsfefuVh bu dYpjy fjiz stsaVs'kal vkWiQ pkbYMgqM*_ ,l foyfdalu ,oa lh fdfla xj] (la- ) iQsf efuTe ,s. M fMLdkslZ] yanu % lst esAa ------------] (1997)] ^Ms oysies Vy a lkbdksykWth ,s.M bV~ l fMLdk¡ Vs V~a l*_ Mh- iQksDl ,oa vkbZ- iz ys s lrsULdh (la-) fØfVdy lkbdksykWth % ,su baVkª sM D'ku] yanu % ls t ifCyds'ku esAa cVjoFkZ] th- (2002) Msoysi esVa y lkbdks ykWth % v LVqMsVa gSa Mcqd] bZLV llsDl] ;w-ds- % lkbDyks th iz lA s ls aVj iQkW j ifCyd ikWfylh LVMht+ (1993) pkbYM yscj bu ,ih % , ks iz iQkby] gSnjkckn % Je ,oa efgyk fodkl o cky dY;k.k foHkkx] vkaè kz iz ns 'k ljdkj ds fy, lhihih,lA iQX;w Z lu] , , (2001) cSM CokW;t+ % ifCyd Ldwy bu fn esf dax vkWiQ CySd eSlD;qfyfuVh] fef'kxu % ;wfuoflZ Vh vkW iQ fef'kxu iz lA S gkW yS aM] ih- (1986) ÔgkV bt , pkbYM\*_ ih gkWy M] Sa ts Lis al ,oa ,l OgkVuh (la- ) iQksVksxkz iQh ,s. M ikWfyfVDl % 2] yanu % dkWe fM;k s ifCyf'kax xz i q es aA byS;k] ds- (1996) OgkbZ vkbZ ,e ukWV , fgan w\ dksydkrk] lkE;kA


20

tS u] ,l-] ,- ekFkqj] ,l- jktxks iky ,oa ts- 'kkg (2003) ^fpYMª u] s odZ ,s .M ,tqd 'ku s % fjfFkafda x vkW u vkmV vkWiQ Ldw y fpYMª su*_ vkj- xks foa nk (la- ) baf M;k ,tqds'ku fjiksVZ % , izksiQkby vkWi Q csfld ,tqds'ku] ubZ fnYyh % vkWDliQksMZ ;w fuoflZ Vh iz sl esAa dDdM+] ,l- (1997) dYpj ,s. M lkbdh % lsy sD VsM ,Llst ]+ fnYyh % vkW DliQks MZ ;wfuoflZVh iz lA s ------------] (1980) fn buj oYMZ % , lkbdks,ukfyfVdy LVMh vkWiQ pkbYMgqM ,s.M lkslk;Vh bu baf M;k] ubZ fnYyh % vkWDliQks MZ ;w fuoflZ Vh iz slA dq ekj] Ñ".k (1993) ^LVMh vkWiQ pkbYMgq M ,s.M iQS feyh*_ Vh ,l ljLorh ,oa ch dkS j la- ] áweu Mso yiesaV ,s. M iS Qfeyh LVMht bu baf M;k] ubZ fnYyh % ls t es aA fy;sr u] s th ds (2002) pkbYM ys cj bu bafM;k % fMl,UVs axfyax ,ls l a ,s .M lkW Y;w 'ku] bdkWu kWfed ,s. M iksfyfVdy ohdyh] 28 fnlac j] i`"B 5190&95------------ (2003) pkbYM ys cj ,s.M iwQM flD;ksf jVh % dfeax Vw fxzIl fon :jy pkbYM odZ iqLrd dh leh{kk] vkj- jkepa æu ,oa ,y elwu }kjk la-] bdkWukWf ed ,s.M iksf yfVdy ohdyh] 16 vxLr] i`"B 3467&69 y'k] Mh- (1986) ^fn OgkbV jx*_ ih- gkW yS aM] tks Lis la ,oa flekW u okWVuh (la-) iQksVksxzkiQh ,s. M iksfyfVDl % 2] yanu % dkWe fM;k s ifCyf'kax xz iq es aA e;ky] ch 1999 ^fpYMs ªu ,s .M pkbYMgqM*_ ,l gqM] ch e;ky ,oa ,l vks fyoj (la- ) fØfVdy b';wt bu lks'ky fjlpZ % ikoj ,s. M iz sT;wfMl] cfda ?ke] vksiu ;wfuoflZ Vh iz sl esAa eS lj] Mh- ,oa ,l feykW u (la- ) (1999) ,DlIyksfjax Mso yiesa Vy lkbdksy kWt h % izQkWe bUiQsal h Vw ,Mksykslasl ] ya nu % vkjuksYMA eq bZ j] Mh- (1999) ^F;ks jht ,s.M eSFkM~ l bu Msoysies aVy lkbdksy th*_ kW , LysVj ,oa Mh eq j bZ (l-) fn CySdosy jhMj bu Mso yiesa Vy lkbdksykWth] vkW DliQks MZ] fcz Vs u % CyS dosy ifCy'klZ daiuh es aA uq bZ osugq bZ l] vks (1999,) ^fn iS jkMkW Dl vkWiQ fn dkWEihVs aV pkbYM ,s.M fn Xykscy pkbYMgqM ,ts aMk*_ vkj iQkMZ u] MCY;w oku fcalcxZu ,oa vkj oku fnTd (la -) ekWMfuZV h vkWu , 'kwfLVªxa % Mk;esa' kal bu Xykscykbts 'ku] dat aD 'ku ,s.M Mso yiesa V~l bu ,izQhdk ,s. M fc;k¡M] yhMu ,oa ya nuA bZv kbZ Mhvks ,l es aA ------------ (1999 ch) fpYMªal ykbiQ oYM~l Z % tsMa j] osyiQs;j ,s. M yscj bu fn Mso yfiax oYMZ] ubZ fnYyh % lks'ky lkb± l iz lA s jkekLokeh] xhrk (1996) fn pkbYM ,s.M fn ykW] ;wfuls iQ vkSj vkaèkz iz 'k ns T;w fMf'k;y vdkneh dh fjiks VZA


21

fjpM~ lZ ] th- (2002) iqf Vax lkbdksykWth bu bV~l Iys l % v fØfVdy fgLVkWfjdy fjO;w] nw ljk la Ldj.k] ya nu % jVystA LVkj] ,l (1999) ^ves fjdu pkbYMds ;j VqM*s _ , LysVj ,oa Mh eq j bZ la ikfnr fn CySd osy jhMj bu MsoyiesaV lkbdksy kWth] ya nu % CyS dosy es aA 'kekZ] Mh (la-) (2003) pkbYMgqM ] iS Qfeyh ,s.M lksf 'k;ks&dYpjy psa t bu baf M;k % jhbaVjizfs Vax fn buj oYMZ] ubZ fnYyh % vkW DliQks MZ ;w fuoflZ Vh iz lA s f'kokth (2003) odZ fjLik¡ flfcfyVh ,s.M fpYMs ªu (rs yqx)w ] Hkwfedk 51%5&10 flaxj] bZ (1992) pkbYMds;j ,s. M fn lkbdksy kWth vkWi Q MsoyiesaV ] yanu] U;w;kWdZ % jVystA flUgk] ,l- (2003) ^Ldw Yl ,s t LVhV~ ba ; 'ka w l iQkWj fn ,sfyfeus 'ku vkW iQ pkbYM ys cj % fn ,s Dlihfj;al vkWiQ fn ,e oh iQkma Ms 'ku bu fn jaxk jsM~Mh fMfLVªDV*_ ,u dchj ,oa vkj lq cz ge.;u (la- ) pkbYM ys cj ,s.M fn jkbV Vw ,tqds' ku bu lkmFk ,f'k;k % uhM~l olstZ + jkbV~l \ ubZ fnYyh % ls t es aA fLeFk] ih ds] ,p dksoh ,oa ,e Cys M~l (1998) vaM jLVSaf Max fpYMªUs l MsoyiesVa ] rhljk laLdj.k] ya nu % CySdos y ifCy'klZ da iuhA Jhfuokl] Mh (2000) vej fp=k dFkk % fgLVªh] es lD;q fyfuVh ,s.M fn dal fyMs ks 'ku vkW iQ fn ba fM;u fefMy Dykl (1969&1991) ih,pMh 'kksèki=k] gSnjkckn % lhvkbZ bZ ,iQ,yA LVhMeku] lh ds (1997) ySMa Ldsi iQkWj , xqM owe uS ] U;w cz alohd] U;w tlhZ % jVtlZ ;wfuoflZ Vh iz slA rkdsb]Z ,- (1999) pkbYM odZ ,s.M Ldwfyax % , dsl LVMh vkWiQ vkaèkz iz ns 'k foys t] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; es a nf{k.k ,f'k;k f'k{kk lEesyu esa izLrqr ipkZA rkfyc] ,e- (2003) êksMl vkWiQ yfu±x&ys cj fjys'kal % ,tqd 'kuy s LVª Vss tht+ ,s .M pkbYM ys cj*_ ,u- dchj] th- ch- ukfclu rFkk vkj lq cz e.;e (la-) pkbYM yscj ,s.M fn jkbV Vw ,tqd s'ku % uhM~l olsZt + jkbV~l\ ubZ fnYyh % ls t es aA ;w fuls iQ (1991) iQS DV~l iQkWj ykbiQ % , izksx slz fjiksV]Z U;w ;kdZ % ;w fuls iQ] CyS d 1996 }kjk m¼`rA oh::] vkj (2001) vyhZ pkbYMgqM ,tqd 's ku] ubZ fnYyh] lstA okW djMkbu] oh ,oa ,p yw lh (1989) MseksØls h bu fn fdpu] yanu % fojkxksA okW Y'k] ts (2003) fXy'k ba ,tqd 'ku s ,s.M bafM;u pkbYMgqM M~ ;w fjax fn jkt] 1859&1947] ,tqd s'ku Mk;ykWx 1 (1) % 35&75 ot+hj] js[kk (la- ) (2000) fn tsMa j xSi bu csf ld ,tq ds'ku % ,uthvkst ,st+ psat ,tsVa ~l ] ubZ fnYyh % lstA


22

------------ (2002) uks Vw pkbYM ys cj] ;sl Vw ,tqds'ku % vuiQks fYMax vkW iQ , xz kl:V~ l ewoes Va bu vkaè kz izns'k] bdkWukWf ed ,s. M iksf yfVdy ohdyh] 28 fnla cj] i` "B la[;k 522&529 ts +fyt+j] oh- ,- (1994) izkbflax fn izkblysl pkbYM % fn psaf tax lks' ky osY;w vkWi Q fpYMªu] fiz lVu] a ,u ts % fiz alVu ;w fuoflZ Vh iz s lA


23

Childhood, Work and Schooling- Some Reflections.pdf

Recommend Documents