Chemistry 5070 Learner Guide From Examination From 2016

Learner Guide Cambridge O Level Chemistry

5070

Cambridge Secondary 2

Cambridge International Examinations retains the c opyright on all its publications. Registered Centres are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use. However However,, we cannot give permission to Centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within a Centre. © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Version 2

Contents How to use this guide .......................................................................................................3 Section 1: How will you be b e tested? Section 2: Examination advice Section 3: What will be tested? Section 4: What you need to know Section 5: Useful websites Section 6: Appendices

Section 1: How will you be tested? .....................................................................................5 About the papers About the practical papers

Examination tion advice ..................... .......................................... ........................................... ........................................... ............................. ........ 7 Section 2: Examina How to use this advice General advice Paper 1 advice Paper 2 advice Paper 3 advice Paper 4 advice

will be tested? tested? ...................... ............................................ ........................................... ........................................... ........................ .. 11 Section 3: What will know .................... .......................................... ........................................... ......................................... .................... 13 Section 4: What you need to know How to use the table

Section 5: Useful websites ................................................................................................39 Appendices s .................... ......................................... .......................................... .......................................... ......................................... .................... 41 Section 6: Appendice Other things you need to know Using the Periodic Table Qualitative Analysis Notes Glossary of terms used in science papers

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Cambridge O Level Chemistr y 5070

How to use this guide

How to use this guide The guide describes what you need to know about your Cambridge O Level Chemistry examination. It will help you plan your revision for both the theory and practical papers and will explain what we are looking for in your answers. The guide contains the following sections:

Section 1: How will you be tested? This gives you information about the theory papers and the different types of practical assessment.

Section 2: Examination advice This section gives you advice to help you do as well as you can. Some of the ideas are general advice and some are based on the common mistakes that learners make in exams.

Section 3: What will be tested? This section describes the areas of knowledge, understanding and skills that we will test you on.

Section 4: What you need to know This shows the syllabus content in a simple way so that you can check: •

the topics you need to know about

•

details about each topic in the syllabus

•

how much of the syllabus you have covered

Section 5: Useful websites A selection of websites containing useful resources to help you study for your Cambridge O Level Chemistry.

Section 6: Appendices This section covers the other things you need to know such as: •

how to make the most of the copy of the Periodic Table that you are given in the theory papers

•

how to use the Qualitative Analysis Notes

•

what is the meaning of terms, like describe or explain, used in examination questions.

Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070

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How to use this guide

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Section 1: How will you be tested?

Section 1: How will you be tested? About the papers You will be entered for three papers: two of these will be theory papers and one will be a practical paper. You will need to ask your teacher which practical paper you will be taking. There is no choice in the theory papers that you will take.

Paper

How long?

What is in the paper?

Marks (% of the total exam marks)

Paper 1 Theory Multiple choice

1 hour

40 multiple-choice questions. In each question you choose one answer from the four provided.

40 marks (about 27%)

Paper 2 Theory Structured questions

1½ hours

Section A (45 marks) consists of a number of structured questions. Section B (30 marks) consists of four questions each of 10 marks. You choose three of these questions. In both Section A and Section B you write your answers in the spaces provided.


Paper 3 or 4 Practical assessment

see next table

see next table


About the practical papers You will do one of the practical pap ers shown in the table. Your teacher will tell you which practical paper you will do. While the number of marks differs between the papers, your �nal mark will be calculated so that it is worth the same percentage of the total exam marks.

Paper

How long and how many marks?

What do you do?

Paper 3 (Practical Test)

1½ hours (40 marks)

You do a practical exam which is super vised by your teacher.

Paper 4 (Alternative to Practical)

1 hour (60 marks)

You answer a written paper about practical work.


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Section 1: How will you be tested?

Here are some more details about each of the practical papers. If you are unsure of anything, ask your teacher.

Paper 3 Practical Test You do a practical exam which is super vised by a teacher. In the exam paper you are given instructions about the experiments you must carry out and you are asked to record observations and data which you then interpret or process. You will be given a copy of the Qualitative Analysis Notes but you are not allowed to use any other sources of information such as note bo oks or text books. The questions in the Practical Test may include: •

a simple titration

•

an experiment that involves the measurement of a quantity such as temperature or time

•

an investigation of unknown substances using test-tube reactions.

You need to know how to: •

measure volumes of liquids using measuring cylinders, burettes and pipettes

•

carry out acid-alkali titrations using methyl orange indicator or other titrations given suitable information. Your burette readings should be given to the nearest 0.1 cm3 and titrations should be repeated until two titres are within 0.2 cm3

•

measure time and be able to record readings to the nearest second

•

measure temperature and be able to record readings to the nearest 0.5oC.

•

�lter

•

identify ions and gases using the Qualitative Analysis Notes

•

test for oxidising agents and reducing agents.

Paper 4 Alternative to Practical This is a written paper about practical work. You should have experience of experimental chemistry so you know how to:

6

•

record readings from diagrams of apparatus, e.g. burette readings

•

answer questions on the arrangement of apparatus, e.g. for collecting gases

•

suggest suitable apparatus for investigations

•

identify sources of error and suggest improvements in experiments

•

complete tables of data

•

plot and interpret information from graphs

•

draw conclusions from information.

•

answer questions about experimental data

•

perform simple calculations

•

answer questions about tests for ions, gases, oxidising and reducing agents –you will be expected to learn and remember these tests

•

draw conclusions from information.


Section 2: Examination advice

Section 2: Examination advice How to use this advice These ideas provide advice for making the most of your knowledge and understanding in examinations and highlight some common mistakes made by learners. They are collected under various sub-headings to help you prepare for the papers.

General advice You cannot score marks unless you write answers but this does not mean you should spend all the time writing in an examination. It is impor tant to read the question carefully so that you know what to answer. By knowing what needs to be covered, you can produce an appropriate answer and spend less time writing. The most basic advice for being successful in examinations is to: •

read each question carefully and then answer it

•

write to the point, being speci�c not vague.

Much of what follows illustrates these points with regard to the papers you will take. There is no magic recipe for being successful in exams. You need to work hard in your study and prepare thoroughly. The advice is about making the most of what you can do in the exam and so allow you to obtain the best result. •

Read the question so that you understand exactly what is required before you start to answer. You must do what the question asks. We often use certain terms to make it clear what is required e.g. explain, describe, suggest. The meaning of these words can be found in the appendices section at the end of this document and also in the syllabus.

•

Take careful note of how many marks there are for a question. Generally the number of marks indicates the number of points you need to cover in your answer.

•

Provide what the question asks for. If a question asks for two examples, give two – extra wrong answers may lose you marks. ‘Describe what you observe’ requires you to write down what you see, hear or feel (e.g. the test-tube gets hot).

•

Write to the point. There is a lot of time wasted in exams by writing the same answer more than once and by including irrelevant material.

•

Read over your answer and check for any contradictions.

•

In calculations always show your working – even if your answer is wrong, you may get marks for your method. Give units when needed. Your answer should be given in the manner requested or to the same number of signi�cant �gures as the data provided in the question. Make sure that you understand the difference between signi�cant �gures and decimal places. For example the mass 11.445 g is to 5 signi�cant �gures and 3 decimal places. If it was corrected to 4 signi�cant �gures it would become 11.45 g and corrected to 3 signi�cant �gures 11.4 g.

•

When you draw diagrams, make sure they �ll the space given on the paper and they are fully labelled.

•

The correct spelling of a chemical name is not always required to obtain the mark as long as it cannot be mistaken for another. However, in questions where you are asked to select the names of chemicals or the like from a list, you are expected to get the spelling correct. Examples like writing ‘ammonium’ for ‘ammonia’ or ‘chlorine’ for ‘chloride’ will not be given credit bec ause these are chemical mistakes.


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•

You must write your answers in black ink. Papers are scanned so that they can be marked online by examiners and other ink colours do not scan well. Dark black pencil (HB) should be used for drawings.

Paper 1 advice •

Attempt every question. There are forty questions and forty marks available.

•

Do not make any assumptions about the order of responses – just because the last two answers have been D, it does not mean that the next one cannot be D as well.

•

Read each question carefully. If possible work out the answer before you look at the four alternatives provided – you can usually do this with calculations. If this is not possible, eliminate options which are clearly incorrect and then choose between those left. While you must select an answer, you should never be making a guess from four.

•

Do not try to work out the answers in your head. Write on the question paper to help you understand and solve the problems.

•

Practice is important in making you better at multiple choice. You may �nd it useful to get your teacher or someone else to mark your answers to a paper and then look over your mistakes without being told the correct answers. This will allow you to spot careless errors, which are the result of poor technique, e.g. poor reading of the question and also to identify material which is not known or well understood.

Paper 2 advice You need to read the question so that you know what is required to answer it. T he following ideas seek to explain the advice given through examples. •

You must answer the question set.

State one speci�c use of nickel other than its use in alloys. (1 mark) The word ‘speci�c’ is important here. You will get no credit for ‘nickel is used as a catalyst’ because you must also identify the industrial reaction catalysed i.e. the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Suggest two possible consequences of an increase in global warming. (2 marks) The answer requires two effects of global warming, e.g. polar ice melting, sea level rising but does not want an explanation of how or why global warming occurs. Describe how the boiling points of unbranched alkanes vary with the size of their molecules. (1 mark) An answer like ‘the boiling points depend on the size of the molecules’ is not good enough. It indicates the candidate knows size affects boiling point but it does not state how changing size changes boiling po int. ‘As the molecules get larger the boiling points increase’ answers the question set. •

You must be speci�c not vague in writing an answer.

How do fertilisers increase crop yields? (1 mark) Vague answers simply state that fertilisers contain food for plants or similar whereas a speci �c answer would note that the fertiliser co ntains nitrogen and link this to protein and growt h. Explain why carbon monoxide must not be allowed to escape from the furnace. (1 mark) ‘Carbon monoxide is toxic or poisonous’ is the answer whereas ‘pollutant’, ‘harmful’ and ‘causes breathing dif�culties’ are vague. •

The number of marks for a question can give you an indication of the number of points you should make in your answer.

Explain why zinc chloride conducts electricity when molten, not when solid. (2 marks) ‘In molten zinc chloride the ions can move’ is one point and scores 1 mark. ‘The solid does not conduct

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because the ions cannot move’ is the other scoring point. It is common to �nd that candidates score the �rst mark but not the second. Explain how the processes of photosynthesis and respiration help regulate the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (3 marks) There are three points to make – one about photosynthesis, another about respiration and a �nal one about ‘regulate’, i.e. maintaining the balance. Consequently the following answer scores all the marks – ‘Plants take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in photosynthesis. In respiration carbon dioxide is released to the atmosphere. These processes maintain a balance because the amount of carbon dioxide taken up is equal to the amount being released.’ •

It is important that you know what is meant by the scienti�c terms or phrases used in the questions.

State two differences in the physical properties of the metals potassium and iron. (2 marks) State one difference in the chemical properties of the metals potassium and iron. (1 mark) The �rst question is about properties such as melting point, density, hardness so ‘potassium has a low melting point and iron has a high melting point’ scores 1 of the 2 marks. The second question is about the chemical reaction of the metals and an answer such as ‘potassium is very reactive and iron is not very reactive’ or ‘potassium reacts with water and iron does not’ will gain the mark. Write an equation for the complete c ombustion of methane. (1 mark) ‘Write an equation’ in the exam means a symbol equation i.e. a balanced formula equation – it must contain the correct formulae for the reactants and products and be balanced. While formula writing and balancing equations are skills acquired through practice, marks are often lost because candidates forget the nonmetals made up of diatomic molecules, e.g. O2, N2, H2, Cl 2. The term ‘complete combustion’ for a hydrocarbon like methane means plenty of oxygen is available in the burning and so carbon dioxide and water are the products.

Paper 3 advice Question 1 is a quantitative problem involving measuring, recording data and using the data. •

You should record readings as instructed – burette readings to the nearest cm3, e.g. 23 cm3, thermometer readings usually to the nearest 0.5oC and timings to the nearest second.

•

In titration-based problems you record burette readings in the table provided. From your titrations you must obtain two results which are within 0.2 cm3, tick these results and then average them. Some candidates forget to identify the results they average and others average all their results rather than just the ones ticked.

•

In experiments where times or temperatures are recorded, the data is often used to produce a graph. Plot the results carefully and use the p oints to draw a graph line (or lines) as instructed. Usually you are told whether the line is straight or curved but do recognise that ‘a line of best �t’ can be straight or curved.

•

When using your data in calculations, make sure that you act upon the advice in the questions. You should give answers to three signi�cant �gures unless instructed otherwise.

Question 2 is an investigation of unknown substance using test-tube reactions. •

The Qualitative Analysis Notes will be on the last page of the exam paper and you must make sure that you have carried out and understand all the tests described.

•

You also need to know tests for oxidising and reducing agents and be familiar with other test-tube reactions such as those of acids and metals.

•

You must record observations carefully using the correct words. The way the test results are recorded in the Qualitative Analysis Notes is ideal. Substances should always be described – solids have a colour, e.g. a white precipitate, solutions have a colour or are colourless (clear does not mean colourless) and gases are generally colourless but when they are formed in liquids, bubbles are seen.


9


•

You must describe a positive test for a gas before it can be identi�ed. Recording ‘the gas is hydrogen’ will score no marks but ‘the gas pops with a lighted splint (1 mark) and is hydrogen (1 mark) scores 2.

Paper 4 advice This is a paper which tests your knowledge of practical work so in revision make sure that you study all the experiments you have done and seen demonstrated.

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•

You do not get the Qualitative Analysis Notes in the exam and need to learn all those tests for anions, cations and gases.

•

You also need to learn tests for oxidising and reducing agents and know the reactions of acids, metals and organic compounds from the syllabus.

•

You will be expected to be familiar with the practical techniques and equipment identi�ed in the Practical assessment section of the syllabus content – use the Checklist in Section 4 to help you with this.

•

You need to be able to take readings from diagrams of scales of measuring instruments such as burettes, measuring cylinders or thermometers.

•

Questions involving the processing of data, e.g. calculations and graph plotting are set in the context of an experiment such as a titration, measuring temperature changes, reaction rates, using a gas syringe.


Section 3: What will be tested?

Section 3: What will be tested? The Cambridge O Level Chemistry examination aims to test: •

your knowledge (what you remember) and understanding (how you use what you know and can apply it)

•

how you handle information and solve problems

•

your use of experimental skills.

These are called the assessment objectives (AOs), and are explained in the table below. The theory papers test mainly AO1 Knowledge with understanding, and AO2 Handling information and solving problems. The practical assessment tests AO3 Experimental skills and investigations. Your teacher will be able to provide you with more detailed information about the assessment objectives.

Assessment objective (AO)

What the AO means

What you need to be able to do

AO1 Knowledge with understanding

remembering facts and applying these facts to new situations

•

use scienti�c ideas, facts and laws

•

know scienti�c vocabulary and terms, e.g. what is reduction?

•

know about chemical apparatus and how it works

•

know about chemical symbols, quantities, e.g. volume, and units, e.g. dm3

•

know about the importance of science in everyday life

•

select and organise information from graphs, tables and written text

•

change information from one form to another, e.g. draw graphs, construct symbol equations from word equations

•

arrange data and carry out calculations

•

identify patterns from information given and draw conclusions

•

explain scienti�c relationships, e.g. use the kinetic particle theory to explain ideas about rate of reaction

•

make predictions and develop scienti�c ideas

•

solve problems

•

follow instructions (to use apparatus and techniques)

•

make observations and measurements and record them

•

analyse experimental results and suggest how valid they are

•

plan an experiment and suggest improvements

AO2 Handling information and solving problems

AO3 Experimental skills and investigations (the parts in brackets only refer to Paper 3)

how you extract information and rearrange it in a sensible pattern and how you carry out calculations and make predictions

planning (and carrying out) experiments and recording and analysing information


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Section 3: What will be tested?

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Section 4: What you need to know

Section 4: What you need to know The table that follows identi�es what you need to know for the examination. It is arranged in 11 themes, e.g. Metals, the Periodic Table. Some of these themes are split into topics, e.g. Properties of metals, Reactivity series, Extraction of metals. The third column gives a list of what you should be able to do.

How to use the table You can use the table throughout your c ourse to follow or aid your learning. When you think you have a good knowledge of a topic, you can tick the appropriate box in the Checklist column. The main headings in the topic areas are followed by the details of what you should know. You can use the table as a revision aid. For instance, test yourself as follows: •

cover up the details in the third column with a piece of paper

•

try to remember the details

•

when you have remembered them correctly, put a tick in the appropriate box.

You can use the comments column: •

to add further information about the details for each bullet point

•

to note relevant page numbers from your text book

•

to add learning aids, e.g. OIL RIG – oxidation is loss (of electrons) and reduction is gain (of electrons)

•

to highlight areas of dif�culty or things which you need to ask your teacher about.

You should note that questions on Section 25, Electronic Systems, only appear in Paper 2 and are always set as an alternative within a question. Your teacher may have chosen not to cover this Section in your course. In that case you should not need to learn that topic. Do, however, make sure that you understand section 24, Introductory Electronics.


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s r u f u f o l o n u s t o g s d c e i i n f o n f p a e h t e e a s d i e i r t b e x h d o d d i x i n o d a n a n n n s e o g i g a r i m o n r d n t d i i l o n c i u b a b r a w o m c h r n o t f a e o i h b e n t i r d a i e r c t x d s i a e i o t s d d c a

r e s y s e a o i n l l r e e l o n h h t o s z y c o b h m r e d t i e d t h w t e n n a f s i n o u n o e a i l o t e i c c t c s c y a a n c i r a m e r t p n r l e s o s o b t e b r p o i r , s r o a t m i p c n i o s e e e e e i t u s h h h h t t t d C t s u n e e e F e b y n b b b i i i C r m s o r r o z o t c c c s c s o s o m e e f o e f h r d d d o f o p

o t f e o s l t e o u s n r e t a b i e r c n h h r t t o n u e c t o n m o c s e i l e c d h e d y i n c h t c x a i h o e n i e w t o d d a i t b x s r n s o e a o i s d c b d a n e r a n g a h c o e g t f s i b o u n s w t e r a o m e o r c h r h n e t a s h a n e u o e w a h p g b m s t e i l r r a e a o t e g b c s e m a e o s e e t t r l h d h t a s a g t

, e s r s e e a t c t e n r a a s t c e n s m i c c r b i n u u n a s o a f s d g o l r e a o s v r l , e u o n t c s a i e n s g n d e y u x m f q o o o e r , s g f y s t t n i n r e l o e i a t c m r s a r a e a w v l h r t w t a a e a e l s n a h n i b b t i i r a o e t m c . t s l g a n g e n t . o d i s c e

• •

• •

•

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s t n e m m o C

s o c t i t e t n a e u y t l a l u t a � t n n i a l c o o p d n n b n r i a o c a s i n n t i o s a m i r u t b i u d c i c a m l c e a a r o c f x c f o n o e o t o d v e c i t e s r o e a m u f s f i w e r e r e o u h e f h s t l r h e e e t u b t b e s r i i e r r e c d c v c u s n s d s e e a d o c d e r g


•

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t e n r e e h m p e n s o o i r m e v d m h 0 t n n T 1 A a e

32


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s t n e m m o C

d n n d n e s n i i a u a d d a s l n r e e c a e e v v t m s r l l g e r l i o o o y i , s s o t m f x s s h r i i o t y s f d . d l b e e s e s g s a t e . e d a m b e e i e f h e r o l c c o t i , r r l o c n u t c n l a n f i i a a t l i l t t t s , c o e e m s a s f u p g t l b � u b e u a q e a f u r a u s n s m b w h e a p r m e b o e h s r n e a a s o h e f e n c , h , m o s m o b b t s p s o r d t s y l s y i e , a t t a s t a a t c s a l a i a n r u e n e h m a h m h w o i t t s g r r p r e r l e p i e t e e t e o r e t t t t n a a t m r t a a i a e u o e t t t s c f d s w m s w e


•

•

e y , l e d d i d d a o n u t i e a s r m s � h , e d c s a l a a i w g n t s f r l r i b e a n o r t a d i e i u w u o m a c t n r b n p , o r r o g e e s c a r e n f a s s d i v p e a g m i c i e k m n i o l n r d s e h o m c l n o a s o r r o e e d o c o i i t u d i t r m c d c u f t r a s n y m o e c e a a n a a r u e s h l m a b s s w e i n o r f f o h v s r i f l y t a n s e e m w o t i p t g a a k u h a o r s h s o m s h t e c c l u o l e m a i r e t c h e o o g e t k h r n r t o d k h u s c b e c l e o t e o e i v t p a a y o o n o a b a s d i o w h t v i c s n t l e t n o t n s a w r m n a e s h e n u i d o d n f o m i a e e i o e t h s u c o t e i a h g a e s t e r s l f a t e a n h s r n a a u i i h i r o n t w t m t o s t w i o l e a g a e s f e f t i e l a e o r p � t a h h o c b b b l o h t t i n a i i i n o t m u r i y o l r r r e e h e k e d c c s m c b s e g s e e s o p t c t i m c s . b n r i o r a r t a i l s n e e y e s e f r a t h a o d i . c b s d s o u r d u c d o f p •

•

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c i p o T

s e n a k l A 1 . 1 1

t e n r e e h m p e n s o o i r m e v d m h 0 t n n T 1 A a e

c y i r n a t s g r i O m e h 1 1 c

•

•

s e . , s l g y i e u . t c e i s r e e , l o s s c o e i i s s m t r v u e e , o h p t s g t o o n l f r i p o o o n p m i o s s g h a d i n n i a m l e n d r o i t b , n e d t y a h i e l t n i z i b e a s e a g b i n e s a r i m h t c l t r s e m e e a s c n d m � a i •


33



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s t n e m m o C

d n s h a u t d o i e g w h o s l c o n n o a m b r o r b h a e s e a c h o r 2 t n s + f a a d k n y 2 o l s h H s a e d n e 4 n e C r a t u C k a t a l l 1 r a u u c u r C e t m t d a r h e t s f o s f e h e o l h c b s a i r t n r a r c e e s i n w b r a e e e r n d s g d u


•

y e . v b e i . t n i s o r c s i t e a e e u n t m r n i a t o k u l s y s i a b l y l u 4 f a s i t r C d n e – e n n 1 d C i e g a n d d e o i e r n t a s h a e c n s u n a m e b a t s n r u i r a m b b e k o n l o m a c u t r t e e o o a s f h i h t e t n t n a e i p e h n t e e r t o � a c l m a e e t x h n m d s e c

h d t n s i a u w d o s e g n h o o l c o b n r a a m c r o o b s h r e e a d n h y t e s h k f a n o l 2 a s d e H s e t n e 4 n a C C r e r u – u k a t l l c 2 a t a u u C s r d e n m t h e t u r o s f h e e f h c b o l i r t n s a r a r c e e s i n w b r a e e e r n d s g d u

. e i . s e n e k l a 4 C – 2 C d e h c e n a r n e b t n u u b o e t h t e e n e m a h t n e

d n a s s e n n o e b k l a r f a c o o r e r d y u h t c a g n f u i k n a c a m r c e y h t b e n e b g i r o c r s d e y d h

g s n s i e o e d s d n t n i n n e e l i a e t o n a t s k i a b m e e l t n r k a n o u e o l r n t c e a f e h b a t o s k f s s l s a o n s n o n e o o u t u n i o f s i t t e o i o e i c m c n t g c a n u a a o r q o n r f i e s e i r a f i r t k r s e g u r n d c o e f f o n b m i a e e i r t t r s s i c d a y e r y u m l n l t u b y o o d d a a u t c p a c h a b s m t e l e s n d e e e e n i d d o h o n h h h t t t n b s r a e e e m e m i a h o t a t r u r b b b b t s n c i i i g e r t l l r r r e o n e a i r s c t d e s c s c s h e i s d n e m i r e e e t y u m s d h p d d d w

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c i p o T

c y i r n t e a s g i m r m e O e h 1 h T 1 c

34


s e n e k l A 2 . 1 1

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s . y l e b o i . d h s e e s o l n t t u i c o l o r c s t a o l r a h a u u g o s o g o d l t 4 h r c o o a a o l C l o s r a c h – p l m 1 4 m n a o o f u i d h c C C f l o o l o a – t o e a e 1 r n s s n f h t C u e a a o o i t f t n d g m l c H o s o l s a o e i O u f r r s o – e h o b t o h u d f a c n r n a m d y n o g i u o l t a h t c i a n t x s r u o c b m f a i c o d i s n b o l u c n r e n i e e e a o t a t s u t h h h h o o t t i t t n l c e i e o e e l e h i l e t e o b c h n d t b b b i b y a i t x i a i d s t r r r r e o h a e c i c e c c t s s b s e g s r w m e a e e e e r a e e r a d h t v d s d n m d d c

y a b l g o i n n a s h t u e e f n e o h n t o e i t o a t m r m o a f e e t s h t f o e n t b i o s i r y t i l c a s d t e d a d a c

s a , t n e y s v k b l l o n o s i r n a d a h c s t l a i e o . h f . o o e g e l n s l , c o o i o c n a t n u a i a l , g l m h r f t e o o e f u f f n e o o l e h s b t i t a a e e t s w b n u i r e e e n c t s m e a r e r e t d f s a

•

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s t n e m m o C

s s e e n n e e k k l l d a a o f f o o o f n n m o r t o o i i e t t t d c c e a a e i l e e h r r t p f p n n o a o o i i t t g s i i a n d d d i d d e a a n n a t e a e e e r g h h u m t o t m t r a e d e a s e t t y h b e b h t s i n c s i r r u e u c c d h t y l s h s t t r e i e i a o o d w d w t s p p


c i p o T

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s l o h o c l A 3 . 1 1



35



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f o ) l e c e p i t n s e m l a a h t x p e e . ( g y n . l e o a , p ) f s a e o s n n e n r e o h o i i t t t a ( e a m o i s y n l m r o r e o m m o p m f f y e e l o l � h o g t n e p s n e i e h l n s t c b u i o e i , r t e i s c t s m d g a a e o r d d f a t s b •

s t n e m m o C

s u o g o l o m 4 o C h – a 1 s C d s a e i c s H h a t d 2 f i c c i o l a O y c C x i – s e l o y g r u b x i r t n o n c a c b i u r r d a t a t c n s e e h e o c c h b n t i s r a r c e w s i b r a e e r n d s d u


c i p o T

•

c i m l s u d y l i s a c s d i e x s l t d i o s y i e m h c g t b a c x d r t i a n o a m c i o i o r a f c c w b s c i k i e p r a l s u a o s a c e y m n l d r 4 l c i x o a o e e C o r t o s h n � w h s d o s 1 i n e b t o a e a s r d e h d t e c s e C h a a n f t i l c c t u c a e h d s a e a o f r n b i f t n d f a s o e n o o o m f a r t o r c o s o n n b n n a s o i f s l t n i c o a o o i i c o a e u o l i t b i t o e h t g r t c , y c m 4 n a u o a s r d y a s t a x c I x ) C h i e o e e I o d c l f x o r i – t b r t a u V e c r 1 e r e a o i c e ( 4 a n t C m a h e h e r o h t t b t h c s C e i e . c – a t l t e 1 h r e e e e h e n y h t i . i p b i b a b b y a t x i C c i r r r b s e s r o s o g c c c c h n w b d d d s s t s i m a s r a m m i i o a i e e e e r a r c n c a d d w d c a t a m d c d f a

4 C – 1 C d n m a s s d o r l o i f c a d h o e l c i c l a m r d y o e x f o b s r r h c e n a t c a s r d e b e e n u h h t 4 c n e C a r – b m a 1 n n C u

, s e m u f r e p s a . g . e , s s r t e n e t v s l e o f s o , s s g e n s i u r e u o t v a a t s �

e v a h s e e l g u r s c a t i l l e s n s o e u a l g l a s a m o k r e m c n l i u c s a l r e m m / o l t o o d n r m f e n a t o l r r i e s f c u t f i a b i n m s d u t e t a e l h n b u i c t e r e t e r c e s l o a f f e i t d m s d

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c i l y x o b r a C s 4 i . d 1 1 c a


36


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o r s c l a e u M c e l 5 . o 1 1 m

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y s b i c d t s e a s l p u a e c l s b a m d e l a r b g o e r d p i o n b o i t n u o l l n o f p o e l a h t s e o p b s i i r d c s e e d h t

s a s e t t t a m f n e n a e e d s r r m n e e a e f f a s f f h i i t d s e d n i h g h t h e n t t i t i i g v o r n w w a i p s v t h t , u u a e h s s l r b b e u s n e e t t c a o a s n e r l l e e s y d o y n n s s l y i h m e s t a r i e o o t a n t s T r o b c r s u a s r a a p k r f a c m e i n e l e y l b b s m e i i f a i e r o r g s t r c d c a t u s i n n t s i k o e a e m e n n d n d a m d l i i u

s r a g u s o t e x l s e n l p i m p i e t s m o r o t p c o f h f o o c r s s t a i i s s y y l l s . o o r r g . d d y y e , h h s e e s e t h h a t r t d i c d e a e y b o b h i i r r o c c n s i s b e r e a d m a d c

•

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a m d , n o m n s r o l a l f o e a s r y s i r h f n r g n u t n e r o t e a b f l o d e i a y a b m o t l n l o n m g m a a e n y r y n , s l s s o n u a i n i n e o t p e o d m l p c h h t a e t u c e y n a a r r n u e l n o t f f i s s , c c s o o , e , s n s d s e e r d g e r r i a e w e n t u u � , o m i u i t t m l h e h h c c a t p y n s l l y e u u o c r r l r r t a o m l t s r o i p c s e s e p y a f a s . r p m e e g e m e e e o . y , o T l h h n h h e e t n t o t r s t , e , l n t o t p e e s e i e y l u m u n b t r s e r e b n o o e i u i g e r s r e i T e l m e n k k c v c y r n r i y y t e l l s s d h r a e s o i v o g e o o e w g w a d p p d n a t s T �


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Section 5: Useful websites

Section 5: Useful websites The websites listed below provide useful resources to help you study for your Cambridge O Level Chemistry.

GCSE Chemistry www.gcsechemistry.com/ This is a well-organised and easy-to-use site which provides good coverage of the chemistry needed for O Level. Bitesize Chemistry www.bbc.co.uk/schools/websites/11_16/site/science.shtml While the site is organised around UK syllabuses, there is much helpful information to aid the stud y of Cambridge O Level Chemistry. The site co ntains revision material, tests, videos and provides access to other useful websites. S-cool! GCSE Chemistry Revision Guide www.s-cool.co.uk This is a good general site which can be used in various ways to assist your learning. Doc Brown’s docbrown.info The site contains a lot of material suitable for Cambridge O Level in the GCSE Chemistry sections. It is good for studying and revising individual topics. Royal Society of Chemistry www.rsc.org/Learn-Chemistry/ This is part of the Royal Society for Chemistry site – go to resources for students where there is much stimulating material to help you in your study. For revision you might �nd gridlocks a good way of learning the facts you need for various topics. Revision Time www.revisiontime.com This site gives references to other relevant websites.


39

Section 5: Useful websites

40


Section 6: Appendices

Section 6: Appendices Other things you need to know There are three other things you need to know about your chemistry course.

Using the Periodic Table A copy of the Periodic Table is given on the back cover of the theory papers. You need to make sure that you are familiar with the layout of the table and know that: •

the groups are the columns in the table numbered I-VII

•

the periods are the rows across the table

•

the �rst period only contains two elements, hydrogen and helium.

•

the key shows the relative atomic masses and the proton (atomic) number of each element

•

the volume of one mole of gas at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.) is shown at the bottom of the Periodic Table.

A copy of the Periodic Table you will use is shown on the next page


41


I I I V

4

e i m u e H l H

0 2

e n o e N N

0 1

2

I I V

9 1

I V

6 1

e n i

F l r o u

F 9

V

4 1

V I

2 1

I I I

0 4

1 1

n e g y x O 8

O

n e g o r t i N 7

N

n o b r a C 6

C

n o r o B 5

B

r n o g r A A

n

4 8

K 6 3

8 1

5 . 5 3

2 3

1 3

8 2

e n i r o l h C 7 1

C

l

r u f l u S 6 1 s u r o h p s o h 5 P 1

S

P

o i i n c S l i S

l

m u i n i m u l A 3 1

A

r i n B m o r

7 2 1

B 5 3 m

9 7

e i u e S l n e

8 2 1

S 4 3 c

5 7

s i n e s A A r

m u

3 7

e i n a G m r

2 2 1

9 1 1

m u a i l a G l G

5 1 1

n c n Z i Z

2 1 1

p u e p o 9 C C

8 0 1

e i l k c N i N

6 0 1

2

t

1

H

6 5

a o l o C b C

3 0 1

e n r F I o

1 0 1

h C 4 2

1 5

m u i d a n a V 3 2

V

m u 8 i i 4 T n a t i

T 2 2

m u

m

u i l 9 e l r B y e

4 2

B 4

I

i m u 7 L i h t i

L 3

42


g i s e g M n a

0 4

3 2

u a i m N d o S

9 3

1 1

b d a e P L

m u n i d

I

n I 9 4

2 8 4 0 2

d i u m C d a

1 0 2

r e g l v i A S 7

7 9 1

u d i d a P l l a

m

u h i o R d h

m u

u i n e h R t u

m

u b i o N b i

5 9 1

u a i m C l c a

8 8

m u i r t t Y 9 3

Y

2 9 1

0 9 1

t S 8 3 m

5 8

u b i d b R i u

R 7 3

m u r i d

i r I 7 7

I

u s i m O m s

O 6 7

6 8 1

m

e i u n e R h

R 5 7 n e t s g n u T 4 7

4 8 1

W

1 8 1

u a l a t T n a

m

T 3 7

8 7 1

9 3 1

m

u r i t S n o r

u t i m n P t a l

P 8 7

m

i 0 Z 4

d u l o A G 9 7

N 1 4

u i 1 r n 9 Z o c r

y r

g u c e H r

M 0 8

M 2 4

3 9

m u i

l T l a h

l

T 1 8

m u

9 8

K

7 0 2

n e 6 o d 9 b M y l o

u c i d S n a c

m u i s s a t o P 9 1

n i n S T

u i t B i m s

B 3 8

e 3 T 4

C 0 2

M 2 1

h

9 0 2

m u i

S 1 2

I I

y n

b i o m S t n

e c t n T h c

m

5 4

P 4 8

R 4 4

n M

m

m

R 5 4

e s e n a g n a M 5 2

u i 2 r m 5 C o r

o i u o P l n o

u r e i u l T l e

P 6 4

6 2

5 5

m

A 5 8

m

7 2

n e g o r d y H 1

n t i t a A t s

4

8 2

9 5

e

e n i d o I 3 5

C 8 4

r

p u o r G

6 8

I

m

0 3

9 5

4 5

0 5

1 3

4 6

o n n a R d R

A 1 5

e G 2 3

0 7

o e n n e X X

T 2 5

3 3

5 6

s t n e m e l E e T h E t E f H o e S l A b a T T A c D i d o i r e P e h T

1 3 1

e

0 8

4 1 7 2

o r t K p y r

7 3 1

u f i m n H f a

H 2 7 * m u n a h t n a 7 L 5

a L

a i m u r a B B

6 5

3 3 1

m

s i u e C s a

C 5 5

†

7 2 2

u c i m n A i t c

A 9 8

6 2 2

u a i m R d a R

8 8

m

r i u n F c a r

F 7 8

s e s i r i e e s r e d s i d o i n o a n h t t i c n a A L 3 1 0 7 - 1 8 0 5 9 * †

r e b m u n ) c i m o t a ( n o t o r p = b

s s a m c i m o t a e v i t a l e r = a

l o b m y s c i m o t a = X

a

X b

y e K

. ) . p . t . r ( e r u s s e r p d n a e r u t a r e p m e t m o o r t a 3 m d 4 2 s i s a g y n a f o e l o m e n o f o e m u l o v e h T


Qualitative Analysis Notes The chemical tests for various ions and gases are provided in these notes. You must learn these tests for Papers 1 and 2, and for Paper 4, Alternative to Practical. However, if you are entered for Paper 3, Practic al Test, you will be given a copy of the notes in the examination. You should note the following points: •

Anions are negatively charged ions.

•

Cations are positively charged ions.

•

In the tests for anions, [in solution] means that the substance is dissolved in water.

•

Aqueous means dissolved in water.

•

Ppt. means precipitate.

•

In the tests for aqueous cations, ‘in excess’ means that you add a lot more of the aqueous sodium hydroxide or ammonia to see if any precipitate formed remains (i.e. is insoluble in excess) or disappears (i.e. is soluble in excess).

Glossary of terms used in science papers We use terms, sometimes called command words, to help you to understand what examiners are looking for in your answer. This table explains what ea ch of these words or phrases means and will help you to understand the kind of answer you should write. The list of command words is in alphab etical order. You should remember that the meaning of a term may vary slightly according to how the question is worded. It is always best to read the whole question before you start to answer it.

Term

Meaning

Calculate

A numerical answer is needed. You should show any working, especially when there are two or more steps in a calculation. e.g. Calculate the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the solution

Deduce

This may be used in two ways: i. You �nd the answer by working out the patterns in the information given to you and drawing logical conclusions from it. You may need to use information from tables and graphs and do chemical calculations e.g. deduce what will happen to the level of carbon dioxide if … ii. You �nd the answer by referring to a scienti�c law or theory, e.g. use your knowledge of the kinetic theory to deduce what will happen when …

De�ne

You need to state the meaning of something, e.g. reduction is gain of electrons; a hydrocarbon is a compound containing only hydrogen and carbon.


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Term

Meaning

Describe

You need to state the main points about something (using labelled diagrams if this helps you), e.g. describe how metals and non-metals differ in their properties . You may also be asked to describe either observations, e.g. describe what you see when sodium reacts with water, or how to do particular experiments, e.g. describe how to separate a mixture of coloured inks.

Determine

You are expected to use a formula that you know to calculate a quantity, e.g. determine the relative molecular mass of ethanol.

Discuss

You have to write down points for and against an argument, e.g. discuss points for and against the use of petrol as a fuel.

Estimate

This may be used in two ways: i. You need to work out an approximate value for a quantity, based on your knowledge of theory and the information provided, e.g. estimate the boiling point of butanol. ii. For titrations, ‘estimate’ may also mean that you need to calculate an exact quantity, e.g. estimate the concentration of sodium hydroxide.

Explain

You have to give reasons for your answer OR refer to a particular theory, e.g. explain why reaction rate increases with temperature.

Find

This is a general term which can mean several similar things, such as calculate, measure, determine, etc.

List

Write down a number of separate points. Where the number of points is stated in the question, you should not write more than this number, e.g. list three properties of metals.

Meant What is meant by the term…)

See ‘Understand’

Measure

You are expected to �nd a quantity by using a measuring instrument, e.g. length (by using a ruler), volume (by using a measuring cylinder).

Outline

State the main points brie�y, e.g. outline the process of extracting aluminium from pure aluminium oxide.

Predict

This can be used in two ways: i. You �nd the answer by working out the patterns in the information provided and drawing logical conclusions from this. You may need to use information from tables and graphs and do chemical calculations, e.g. predict what will happen to the level of carbon dioxide if … ii. It may also mean giving a short answer stating what might happen next e.g. predict what you would see when X reacts with bromine water.


v0.1 Cambridge O Level Chemistry 5070

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Term

Meaning

Sketch

i.

ii.

When drawing graphs, this means that you may draw the approximate shape and/or position of the graph BUT you need to make sure that any important details, such as the line passing through the origin or �nishing at a certain point, are drawn accurately. When drawing apparatus or other diagrams, a simple line drawing is all that is needed, but you must make sure the proportions are correct and the most important details are shown. You should always remember to label your diagrams.

State

You should give a short answer without going into any detail, e.g. state the name of the compound with the formula CuSO 4 . BUT, remember that ‘state the meaning of…’ is different. It is more like ‘understand ’.

Suggest

This may be used in two ways: i. There may be more than one correct answer to the question,e.g. after adding aqueous sodium hydroxide to the solution a white ppt was seen, suggest an ion that may be present. ii. You are being asked to apply your general knowledge of chemistry or reasoning skills to a topic area that is not on the syllabus, e.g. applying ideas about reduction to a question on the extraction of zinc.

Understand (what do you understand by the term…)

You should (i) de�ne something and (ii) make a more detailed comment about it, e.g. what do you understand by the term diffusion. The amount of detail depends on the number of marks awarded.


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Chemistry 5070 Learner Guide From Examination From 2016

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