Chapter-2 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler The Allied Powers -The UK, France, the then USSR and USA Axis Powers - Germany, Italy and Japan. Central powers - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turey !"tt#man $mpire% Genocidal war
&. Killing #' a selected racial gr#up (y the #ther. Under the shad#) #' the Sec#nd *# *#rld rld *ar, *ar, Germany had )aged a gen#cidal )ar against Je)s. +. The num(er #' pe#ple illed included inc luded milli#n Je)s, +, Gypsies, & milli#n #lish ci/ilians, 0, Germans )h# )ere c#nsidered mentally and physically disa(led, (esides innumera(le innu mera(le p#litical #pp#nents. #pp#ne nts. 1. 2a3is de/ised an unprecedented means #' illing pe#ple, that is, (y gassing them in /ari#us illing centers. What was international Militar Tri!"nal#
&. A'ter the Sec#nd Sec#n d *#rld *#rld *ar *ar the allied p#)ers '#rmed an internati#nal military c#urt !Tri(unal% at 2urem(erg t# punish 2a3i )ar criminals. +. The 2urem(erg Tri(unal sentenced #nly ele/en leading 2a3is t# death. 4any #thers )ere impris#ned '#r li'e. German in the t he World War War $
&. Germany, a p#)er'ul empire '#ught the First *#rld *ar !&5&6-&5&7% al#ngside the Austrian empire and Turey and against aga inst the Allies !$ngland, France and Russia.% Ru ssia.% +. All 8#ined the )ar enthusiastically h#ping t# gain 'r#m a 9uic /ict#ry. 1. Germany made initial gains (y #ccupying France and :elgium. 6. :ut USA;s entry changed the c#urse #' the )ar. <. H#)e/er the Allies )#n the *ar (y de'eating Germany and the =entral #)ers in 2#/em(er &5&7.
%irth of the Weimar Rep"!lic and its fail"re
&. The de'eat #' Imperial Germany and the a(dicati#n #' the emper#r ga/e an #pp#rtunity t# parliamentary parties t# recast German p#lity. p#lity. A 2ati#nal Assem(ly Assem(ly met at *eimar *eimar and esta(lished a dem#cratic c#nstituti#n )ith a 'ederal structure. +. The *e *eimar imar c#nstituti#n had s#me inherent defects , )hich made it unsta(le and /ulnera(le t# dictat#rship. "ne de'ect )as pr#p#rti#nal representati#n. representati#n. This made achie/ing a ma8#rity (y any #ne party a near imp#ssi(le tas, )hich led t# a rule (y c#aliti#ns.
1. An#ther de'ect )as Article 67, )hich ga/e the resident the p#)ers t# imp#se emergency, suspend ci/il rights and rule (y decree. 6. *ithin its sh#rt li'e, the *eimar Repu(lic sa) t)enty di''erent ca(inets !g#/ernments%lasting #n an a/erage +15 days, and a li(eral use #' Article 67. e#ple l#st c#n'idence in the dem#cratic parliamentary system, )hich seemed t# #''er n# s#luti#ns e>cept Hitler..
&ersailles treat- 'A Pease treat si(ned !etween allied powers and German)
&. Germany l#st its #/erseas c#l#nies, a tenth #' its p#pulati#n an d &1 per cent #' its territ#ries. +. 0< per cent #' its ir#n mines and + per cent #' its c#al mines )ere gi/en t# France, #land, ?enmar and @ithuania. 1. The Allied #)ers demilitarised Germany t# !n#t t# p#ssess m#re than #ne lah s#ldiers% )eaen its p#)er. 6. Germany )as made resp#nsi(le '#r the I *#rld *ar and damages the Allied c#untries su''ered. Germany )as '#rced t# pay c#mpensati#n am#unting t# (illi#n. <. The Allied armies als# #ccupied the res#urce-rich Rhineland '#r much #' the &5+s. No*em!er criminals
4any Germans held the ne) *eimar Repu(lic resp#nsi(le '#r n#t #nly the de'eat in the )ar (ut the disgrace at Bersailles. Th#se )h# supp#rted the *eimar Repu(lic, mainly S#cialists, =ath#lics and ?em#crats (ecame easy targets #' attac in the c#nser/ati/e nati#nalist circles. They )ere m#cingly called as the 2#/em(er criminals. The +ffects of the World War $ in German a. Psychological Effect (social effect)
&. The First *#rld *ar le't a deep imprint #n $ur#pean s#ciety. S#ldiers )ere placed a(#/e ci/ilians. +. #liticians and media laid great stress #n the need '#r men t# (e aggressi/e, str#ng and masculine. 1. Aggressi/e )ar pr#paganda and nati#nal h#n#ur led t# p#pular supp#rt '#r c#nser/ati/e dictat#rships b. Political Radicalism( Political effect)
&. The (irth #' the *eimar Repu(lic c#incided )ith the re/#luti#nary uprising #' theSpartacist @eague #n the pattern #' the Re/#luti#n in Russia. +. The p#litical atm#sphere in :erlin )as charged )ith demands '#r S#/iet-style g#/ernment. :ut the uprising )as suppressed )ith the help #' a )ar /eterans #rganisati#n called Free =#rps. c. Economic crisis (Hyperinflation)
&. Germany had '#ught the )ar largely #n l#ans and had t# pay )ar reparati#ns in g#ld. Thisdepleted g#ld reser/es.
+. In &5+1 Germany re'used t# pa y s# the French #ccupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr. 1. Germany printed paper currency reclessly. *ith t## much printed m#ney in circulati#n, the /alue #' the German mar 'ell. In April the US d#llar )as e9ual t# +6, mars, in August 6,+&, mars and in ?ecem(er 57,7, mars. 6. This crisis came t# (e n#)n as hperinflation, a situati#n )hen prices rise phen#menally high. d. Economic Depression and its impact on Germany
&. The years (et)een &5+6 and &5+7 USA ga/e sh#rt-term l#ans t# Germany. This supp#rt )as )ithdra)n )hen the *all Street $>change crashed in &5+5 in the USA. +. Fearing a 'all in prices, pe#ple made 'rantic e''#rts t# sell their shares. "n #ne single day, +6 "ct#(er, &1 milli#n shares )ere s#ld. This )as the start #' the Great $c#n#mic ?epressi#n in the USA. 1. The German ec#n#my )as the )#rst hit (y the ec#n#mic crisis. :y &51+, industrial pr#ducti#n )as reduced t# 6 per cent, *#rers l#st their 8#(s, and num(er #' unempl#yed t#uched an unprecedented milli#n. 6. Germans hung placards ar#und their necs saying, *illing t# d# any )#r. <. Unempl#yed y#uths t## t# criminal acti/ities and t#tal despair (ecame c#mm#n place. The middle classes, especially salaried empl#yees and pensi#ners, sa) their sa/ings diminish )hen the currency l#st its /alue. e. Proletarianisation ( Fear of becoming poor)
&. The rich, small (usiness men, middle class and sel'-empl#yed pers#ns de/el#ped a 'ear that at any time they )#uld (ec#me p##r and c#me t# street in p#/erty. +. This gr#up (egan t# supp#rt Hitler and his ideas. Hitlers Promises
&. Hitler pr#mised t# (uild Germany in t# a str#ng nati#n. +. Hitler pr#mised t# und# the in8ustice #' the Bersailles Treaty and rest#re the dignity #' the German pe#ple. 1. He pr#mised empl#yment '#r th#se l##ing '#r )#r. 6. He pr#mised t# secure 'uture #' the y#uth. <. He pr#mised t# )eed #ut all '#reign in'luences and resist all '#reign c#nspiracies against Germany. Hitlers .estr"ction of .emocrac 1.
"n 1 January &511, resident Hinden(urg #''ered the =hancell#rship t# Hitler. Ha/ing ac9uired p#)er, Hitler set #ut t# dismantle the structures #' dem#cratic rule. 2. A mysteri#us 'ire that (r#e #ut in the German arliament (uilding and the Fire ?ecree #' +7 Fe(ruary &511 )as passed )hich inde'initely suspended ci/ic rights lie 'reed#m #' speech, press and assem(ly.
3.
Then he turned #n his arch- enemies, the =#mmunists, m#st #' )h#m )ere hurriedly paced #'' t# the ne)ly esta(lished c#ncentrati#n camps. The repressi#n #' the =#mmunists )as se/ere. The s#cialists, dem#crats and =ath#lics als# )ere arrested and illed. 4. "n 1 4arch &511, the 'am#us $na(ling Act )as passed. This Act esta(lished dictat#rship in Germany. It ga/e Hitler all p#)ers t# c#ntr#l #/er the ec#n#my, media, army and 8udiciary. 5. Special sur/eillance and security '#rces )ere created t# c#ntr#l and #rder s#ciety in )ays that the 2a3is )anted. Apart 'r#m the already e>isting regular p#lice in green uni'#rm the Gestap# !secret state p#lice%, the SS !the pr#tecti#n s9uads%, criminal p#lice and the Security Ser/ice !S?%. The p#lice '#rces arrested, t#rtured and illed the undesira(les. Reconstr"ction of German +conom ! Hitler
&. Hitler assigned the resp#nsi(ility #' ec#n#mic rec#/ery t# the ec#n#mist H8almar Schacht )h# pr#/ided empl#yment thr#ugh a state-'unded )#r-creati#n pr#gramme. This pr#8ect pr#duced the 'am#us German superhigh)ays and the pe#ple;s car, the B#ls)agen. +. In '#reign p#licy als# Hitler ac9uired 9uic successes. He re#ccupied the Rhineland in &51, and integrated Austria and Germany in &517 under the sl#gan, "ne pe#ple, "ne empire, and "ne leader. 1. He then )ent #n t# )rest German-speaing Sudetenland 'r#m =3ech#sl#/aia, and g#((led up the entire c#untry. In all #' this he had the unsp#en supp#rt #' $ngland and France. 6. These 9uic successes at h#me and a(r#ad seemed t# re/erse the destiny #' the c#untry. Hitler in/ested hugely in rearmament as the state still ran #n de'icit 'inancing. <. Hitler ch#se )ar as the )ay #ut #' the appr#aching ec#n#mic crisis )hich led t# II *#rld *ar. German in the World War $$
&. In Septem(er &515, Germany in/aded #land. This started a )ar )ith France and $ngland. In Septem(er &56, a Tripartite act )as signed (et)een Germany, Italy and Japan, strengthening Hitler;s claim t# internati#nal p#)er. +. Hitler m#/ed t# achie/e his l#ng-term aim #' c#n9uering $astern $ur#pe. He )anted t# ensure '##d supplies and li/ing space '#r Ger mans. 1. He attaced the S#/iet Uni#n in June &56&. In this hist#ric (lunder Hitler e>p#sed the German )estern 'r#nt t# :ritish aerial (#m(ing and the eastern 'r#nt t# the p#)er'ul S#/iet armies. The S#/iet Red Army in'licted a crushing and humiliating de'eat #n Germany at Stalingrad. 6. Japan )as e>panding its p#)er in the east. It had #ccupied French Ind#-=hina and )as planning attacs #n US na/al (ases in the aci'ic. *hen Japan e>tended its supp#rt t# Hitler and (#m(ed the US (ase at earl Har(#r, the US entered the Sec#nd *#rld *ar. <. The )ar ended in 4ay &56< )ith Hitler;s de'eat and the US dr#pping #' the at#m (#m( #n Hir#shima and 2agasai in Japan. Hitlers world*iew/ Nazi ideolo(/ Nazi world*iew 'pec"liar feat"res of Nazi World &iew)
&. Acc#rding t# 2a3i ide#l#gy there )as n# e9uality (et)een pe#ple, (ut #nly a racial hierarchy. In this /ie) (l#nd, (lue-eyed, 2#rdic German Aryans )ere at the t#p, )hile Je)s )ere l#cated at the l#)est rung. They came t# (e regarded as an anti-race, the arch-enemies #' the Aryans. +. The #ther ide#l#gy #' Hitler;s )as Lebensraum, #r li/ing space. He (elie/ed that ne) territ#ries had t# (e ac9uired '#r settlement. This )#uld enhance the area #' the m#ther c#untry, and the material res#urces t# (e used '#r Germany. 1. 2a3is )anted #nly a s#ciety #' pure and healthy 2#rdic Aryans. They al#ne )ere c#nsidered desira(le. "nly they )ere seen as )#rthy #' pr#spering and multiplying against all #thers )h# )ere classed as undesira(le. 6. Under the $uthanasia r#gramme, Helmuth;s 'ather al#ng )ith #ther 2a3i #''icials had illed many Germans )h# )ere c#nsidered mentally #r physically un'it. <. 4any Gypsies and (lacs li/ing in 2a3i Germany )ere c#nsidered as racial in'eri#rs.They )ere )idely persecuted. $/en Russians and #les )ere c#nsidered su(human and illed. . Je)s remained the )#rst su''erers in 2a3i Germany. They had (een stere#typed as illers #' =hrist and usurers. They li/ed in separately mared areas called ghett#s. They )ere #'ten persecuted thr#ugh peri#dic #rganised /i#lence, and e>pulsi#n 'r#m the land. The Racial 0topia and 1illin( of polish Ci*ilians
&. Gen#cide and )ar (ecame t)# sides #' the same c#in in Germany. "ccupied #land )as di/ided up. 4uch #' n#rth-)estern #land )as anne>ed t# Germany. #les )ere '#rced t# lea/e their h#mes and pr#perties (ehind t# (e #ccupied (y ethnic Germans +. 4em(ers #' the #lish intelligentsia )ere murdered in large num(ers in #rder t# e ep the entire pe#ple intellectually and spiritually ser/ile. 1. #lish children )h# l##ed lie Aryans )ere '#rci(ly snatched 'r#m their m#thers ande>amined (y race e>perts. I' they passed the race tests they )ere raised in German 'amilies and i' n#t, they )ere dep#sited in #rphanages )here m#st perished.
o"th in Nazi German / What happened in schools "nder Nazism#
&. All sch##ls )ere cleansed and puri'ied. This meant that teachers )h# )ere Je)s #r seen as p#litically unrelia(le )ere dismissed. +. =hildren )ere 'irst segregated Germans and Je)s c#uld n#t sit t#gether #r play t#gether. Su(se9uently, undesira(le children Je)s, the physically handicapped, Gypsies )ere thr#)n #ut #' sch##ls. 1. G##d German children )ere su(8ected t# a pr#cess #' 2a3i sch##ling, a pr#l#nged peri#d #' ide#l#gical training. Sch##l te>t(##s )ere re)ritten. Racial science )as intr#duced t# 8usti'y 2a3i ideas #' race. S tere#types a(#ut Je)s )ere p#pularised e/en in classes. 6. =hildren )ere taught t# (e l#yal and su(missi/e, hate Je)s, and )#rship Hitler. $/en the 'uncti#n #' sp#rts )as t# nurture a spirit #' /i#lence and aggressi#n am#ng children. Hitler (elie/ed that (#>ing c#uld mae children ir#n hearted, str#ng and masculine.
<. C#uth #rganisati#ns )ere made resp#nsi(le '#r educating German y#uth in the .the spirit #' 2ati#nal S#cialism.. Ten-year-#lds had t# enter Jung/#l. At &6, all (#ys had t# 8#in the 2a3i y#uth #rgani3ati#n called Hitler C#uth, )here they learnt t# )#rship )ar, gl#ri'y aggressi#n and /i#lence, c#ndemn dem#cracy, and hate Je)s, c#mmunists, Gypsies and all th#se ca teg#rised as undesira(le. The Nazi C"lt of Motherhood
&
*hile (#ys )ere taught t# (e aggressi/e, masculine and steel hearted, girls )ere t#ld that they had t# (ec#me g##d m#thers and rear pure-(l##ded Aryan children. Girls had t# maintain the purity #' the race, distance themsel/es 'r#m Je)s, l## a'ter the h#me, and teach their children 2a3i /alues + In 2a3i Germany all m#thers )ere n#t treated e9 ually. *#men )h# (#re racially undesira(le children )ere punished and th#se )h# pr#duced racially desira(le children )ere a)arded. They )ere gi/en 'a/#ured treatment in h#spitals and c#ncessi#ns in sh#ps , theatre ticets and rail)ay 'ares. 1 T# enc#urage )#men t# pr#duce many children, H#n#ur =r#sses )ere a)arded. A (r#n3e cr#ss )as gi/en '#r '#ur children, sil/er '#r si> and g#ld '#r eight #r m#re. 6 All Aryan )#men )h# de/iated 'r#m the prescri(ed c#de #' c#nduct )ere pu(licly c#ndemned, and se/erely punished. Th#se )h# maintained c#ntact )ith Je)s, #les and Russians )ere paraded thr#ugh the t#)n )ith sha/ed heads and (lacened 'aces. The Art of Propa(anda 'wh was Nazi propa(anda effecti*e in creatin( a hatred for 3ews)
&. The 2a3i regime used language and media )ith care, and #'ten t# great e''ect. 2a3is ne/er used the )#rds ill #r murder in their #''icial c#mmunicati#ns. 4ass illings )ere termed special treatment, final solution, euthanasia, selection and disinfections. +. 4edia )as care'ully used t# )in supp#rt '#r the regime and p#pularise its )#rld/ie). 2a3i ideas )ere spread thr#ugh /isual images, 'ilms, radi#, p#sters, catchy sl#gans and lea'lets. 1. In p#sters, gr#ups identi'ied as the enemies #' Germans )ere stere#typed, m#ced, a(used and descri(ed as e/il. S#cialists and li(erals )ere represented as )ea and degenerate. They )ere attaced as malici#us '#reign agents. 6. "rth#d#> Je)s )ere sh#)n )ith 'l#)ing (eards )earing a'tans. They )ere re'erred t# as /ermin, rats and pests. Their m#/ements )ere c#mpared t# th#se #' r#dents. How did the common people react to Nazism#
&. 4any pe#ple sa) the )#rld thr#ugh 2a3i eyes, and sp#e their mind in 2a3i language. They 'elt hatred and anger surge inside them )hen they sa) s#me#ne )h# l##ed lie a Je). +. They mared the h#uses #' Je)s and rep#rted suspici#us neigh(#urs. They (elie/ed that 2a3ism )#uld (ring pr#sperity and impr#/e general )ell-(eing. 1. :ut n#t e/ery German )as a 2a3i. 4any #rganised acti/e resistance t# 2a3ism, (ra/ing p#lice repressi#n and death. The large ma8#rity #' Germans, h#)e/er, )ere passi/e #nl##ers and apathetic )itnesses. They )ere t## scared t# act, t# di''er, t# pr#test.
What did 3ews feel in Nazi German#
&. =harl#tte :eradt secretly rec#rded 8e);s dreams in her diary and later pu(lished them in a highly disc#ncerting (## called the Third Reich of Dreams. +. She descri(es h#) Je)s themsel/es (egan (elie/ing in the 2a3i stere#types a(#ut them. They dreamt #' their h##ed n#ses, (lac hair and eyes, Je)ish l##s and (#dy m#/ements. 1. The stere#typical images pu(licised in the 2a3i press them e/en in their dreams. Je)s died many deaths e/en (e'#re they reached the gas cham(er. Holoca"st
&. Je)s )anted the )#rld t# remem(er the atr#cities and su''erings they had endured during the 2a3i illing #perati#ns. They c#llected and preser/ed d#cuments )r#te diaries, ept n#te(##s, and created archi/es )hich are called the Holocaust . +. "n the #ther hand )hen the )ar seemed l#st, the 2a3i leadership distri(uted petr#l t# its 'uncti#naries t# destr#y all incriminating e/idence a/aila(le in #''ices. 1. The hist#ry and the mem#ry #' the H#l#caust li/e #n in mem#irs, 'icti#n, d#cumentaries, p#etry, mem#rials and museums in many parts #' the )#rld t#day. These are a tri(ute t# th#se )h# resisted 2a3ism and a )arning t# th#se )h# )atched the 2a3i crimes in silence.
