APUSHNo t esCh apt er26
Co norDr i s c ol l
PRESI DENTNI XON Ni x on’ sDome st i cPol i c i e s
-Most l yi nt er es t edi nf or ei gnpol i c y ,hehadnodes i r et obat t l eCongr es s,s t i l l underDemoc r at i c c ont r ol ,ondomes t i ci s s ues .J us tasEi s enhowerhadhel pedt oi ns t i t ut i onal i z et heNewDeal , Ni x o na c c e p t e da nde v e ne x p a nd edma n ye l e me me nt so ft h eGr e atSo c i e t y
-TheEnvi r on me me nt a lPr o t e c t i o nAg en cyo v er s a wp r o gr a mst ms oc omb atwa t e ra nda i rp ol l u t i o n, c l e an edu ph az a r d ou swa s t e s ,a ndr e qu i r e d“ e nv i r o nme nt a li mp ac t ”s t a t e me me nt sf r o ma ny pr oj ec tt hatr ec ei v edf eder al f undi ng.TheOc cupat i onal Saf et yandHeal t hAdmi ni s t r at i ons ent i ns pec t or si nt ot henat i on’ swor k pl ac es .TheNat i onal T r a ns por t at i onSaf et yBoar di ns t r uc t ed a ut o mo mo bi l ema k er sonh owt oma k et h ei rc a r ss af e r
-TheEndanger edSpec i esAc tpr ohi bi t eds pendi ngf eder al f undsonan ypr oj ec tt hatmi ght e xt i ngui s hanani mal s pec i es .TheCl eanAi rAc ts etai rqual i t ys t andar dsf orc ar bonmono xi de ando t herc hemi c al sr el eas edb yc ar sandf ac t or i esandl edt oadr amat i cdec l i nei nai r pol l ut i on Ni xonandWel f ar e
-Per hapsNi x on’ smo mos ts t ar t l i ngi ni t i at i v ewashi spr opos al f oraFami l yAs si s t anc ePl an,or “ neg at i v ei nc omet ax , ”t hatwoul dr epl ac eAi dt oFami l i eswi t hDependentChi l dr en( AFDC) whi c hwashel pi ngpoorf ami l i esandhadl i mi t edac c es s .
-Conser v at i v epol i t i c i ansnowat t ac k edr ec i pi ent sofwel f ar easpeopl ewhopr ef er r edt ol i v eat t hee x pens eofhones tt ax pa y er sr at hert hanbywor k i ng
-Ast r i k i ngex ampl eofNi x on’ swi l l i ngnes st obr eakt hepol i t i c al mol d,hi spl ant or epl ac e wel f ar ewi t haguar ant eedannual i nc omef ai l edt owi nappr o v al b yCongr es s Ni xonandRace
-I nNi x on’ sfi r s tt hr eey ear si noffic e,t hepr opor t i onofs out her nbl ac ks t udent sat t endi ng i nt egr at eds c hool sr os ef r om 32per c entt o77per c ent
-Forat i me,t heNi x o nadmi ni s t r at i onal s opur s ued“ affir mat i v eac t i on”pr ogr amst oupgr ade mi n or i t ye m mp p l o y me me nt
-ThePhi l adel phi aPl an,r equi r edt hatc ons t r uc t i onc ont r ac t or sonf eder al pr oj ec t shi r es pec i fi c n umb er sofmi n or i t ywo r k e r s .
-Ni x o ns e emst oha v ev i e we dt h ep l a nma i n l yasawa yoffi gh t i n gi n fl at i o nb ywe ak e ni n gt h e poweroft hebui l di ngt r adesuni ons
-Tradeuni onsofs ki l l edwor k er sl i k epl umber sandel ec t r i c al wor k er s ,whi c hhadv i r t ual l yno b l a c kme mb mb er s ,s t r o ng l yo pp os edt h ePh i l a del p hi aPl a n
-Ni x onat t ac k edt hev er yaffir mat i v eac t i ongoal shi sadmi ni s t r at i onhadi ni t i at ed.He abandonedt hePhi l adel phi aPl ani nf a vorofani neffec t i v eonet hats t r es s edv ol unt ar yl oc al effor t st owar dmi nor i t yhi r i ngi ns t eadoff eder al r equi r ement s ,j us tt os ec ur ev ot esi nt henex t el ec t i on. TheBur gerCour t
APUSHNo t esCh apt er26
Co norDr i s c ol l
-WhenEar l War r enr e t i r edaschi efj us t i c ei n1969,Ni x o nappoi nt edWar r enBur ger ,af eder a l c our t of appeal sj udge,t os uc c eedhi m
-Whi l et hepac eofc hanges l owed,t heBur gerCour t ,atl eas ti ni t i al l y ,c ons ol i dat edand e xp andedman yo ft hej udi c i al i nno v at i onsoft he1960s
-Thedeci s i onl edt ohundr edsofc as esi nwhi c hj udgest hr oughoutt hecount r yor der edt he us eofbus i ngasat ool t oac hi e v ei nt egr at i on.Wi t hman ywhi t epar ent sde t er mi nedt ok eep t hei rc hi l dr eni nnei ghbor hoods chool sando t her swi l l i ngt omo v et ot hes ubur bsorenr ol l t hem i npr i v at eac ademi est oa voi di nt egr at i on,bus i ngbec ameal i ght ni ngr odf orpr ot es t s
-I ndeed,b yt he1990s ,publ i cs c hool si nt heNor t hwer econs i der abl ymor esegr eg at edt han t hos ei nt heSout h TheCour tandAffir mat i veAct i on
-Manywhi t esc amet ovi e w affir mat i v eac t i onpr ogr amsasaf or m of“ r e v er s edi s c r i mi nat i on, ” c l ai mi ngt hat ,i nv i ol at i onoft heFour t eent hAmendment ’ sequal pr ot ec t i onc l aus e,t hey gr ant edmi nor i t i esspec i al adv ant agesov erwhi t es
-Thej us t i c es ,howev er ,pr ov edi nc r eas i ngl yhos t i l et ogov er nment al affir mat i v eac t i onpol i c i es -Just i c eLe wi sF .Powel l ,aNi x onappoi nt eewhoc as tt hedec i di ngv ot ei nt he54dec i s i on, r ej ec t edt hei deaoffi x eda ffir ma t i v eac t i onquo t as .Headded,ho we v er ,t hatr ac ec oul dbe u se da so nef a ct o ra mo ngma nyi na dmi s s i o nsde c i s i o ns ,s oa ffir ma t i v eac t i o nc o nt i n ue da t mos tc ol l egesanduni v er s i t i es TheCont i nui ngSexualRevol ut i on
-Tot heal ar m ofc ons er v a t i v e s,dur i ngt he1970st hes e xual r e v ol ut i onpas s edf r om t he c ount er c ul t ur ei nt ot hes oc i al mai ns t r eam.ThenumberofAmer i c answhot ol dpubl i c opi ni on pol l st hatpr emar i t al s e xwaswr ongpl umme t ed
-Asar es ul tofwomen’ schangi ngas pi r at i onsandt heav ai l abi l i t yofbi r t hc ont r ol andl egal abor t i ons ,t heAmer i c anbi r t hr at edec l i neddr amat i c al l y
-I n1972,Congr es sappr o v edTi t l eI X,whi c hbannedgenderdi s c r i mi nat i oni nh i gher educ at i on,andt heEqual Cr edi tOppor t uni t yAc t ,whi c hr equi r edt hatmar r i edwomenbegi v e n ac c es st oc r edi ti nt hei ro wnname
-Ri ght sgr oupsbegant oel ec tl oc al offic i al s ,per s uadedman ys t at est odec r i mi nal i z e homos ex ual r el at i ons ,andsuc c eededi nc onv i nc i ngc i t i eswi t hl ar gega ypopul at i onst opas s ant i di s cr i mi nat i onl aws
-Thedemandofst udentpr o t es t er st hati ndi v i dual sbeempo wer edt ode t er mi net hei ro wn “ l i f es t y l e”emer gedi ndepol i t i c i z edf or mi nAmer i c ans ’obs es si onwi t hs el f i mpr ov ement t hr oughfi t nes spr ogr ams ,heal t hf ooddi e t s ,andne wf or msofps y c hol ogi c al t her ap y Ni xonandDet ent e
-Justasdomest i cpol i c i esands oc i al t r endsunderNi x ondi s appoi nt edc ons er v at i v es ,t he y v i ewedhi sf or ei gnpol i c yasdanger ous l y“ s of t ”onc ommuni s m
APUSHNo t esCh apt er26
Co norDr i s c ol l
-I nhi sr el at i onswi t ht hemaj orc ommuni s tp ower s ,ho we v er ,Ni x onf undament al l yal t er edCol d Warpol i c i es .Ni x onhadl aunc hedhi spol i t i c al c ar eerasafi er c eand,c r i t i c sc har ged, u ns c r u pu l o usan t i c o mmu ni s t
-Ni x onal s ohopedt hati fr el at i onswi t ht heSo vi etUni oni mpr ov ed,t heRus s i answoul d i n fl ue nc eNo r t hVi e t n am t oa gr e et oa ne ndt ot h eVi e t n am Wa ro nt e r msa c c ep t a bl et ot h e Uni t edSt at es
-I n1971,Ki s s i ngerfl ews ec r e t l yt oChi na,pa vi ngt hewa yf orNi x on’ sownas t oni s hi ngpubl i c v i s i tofFebr uar y1972.Thet r i pl edt ot heBei j i nggo ver nment ’ st ak i ngupChi na’ sseatatt he Uni t edNat i ons ,pr e vi ous l yoc c up i edb yt hee xi l edr egi meonT ai wan
-Ni x o nandBr ez hne vpr oc l ai medane w er aof“ peac ef ul c oe x i s t enc e, ”i nwhi c h“ dé t ent e” ( c ooper at i on)woul dr epl ac et hehos t i l i t yoft heCol dWar VI ETNAM ANDWATERGATE Ni xonandVi et nam
-Ni x onr anf orpr es i denti n1968dec l ar i ngt hathehada“ s ec r e tpl an”t oendt hewar .Ont ak i ng o ffic e,h ea nn ou nc edan ewp ol i c y , Vi e t n ami z a t i o n.Un de rt h i spl a n,Ame r i c a nt r o op swo ul d g r a du al l ybewi t h dr a wnwh i l eSo ut hVi e t n ame s es o l d i e r s ,b ac k e db yc o nt i n ue dAme r i c an b omb i n g,d i dmo r ea ndmo r eo ft h efi g ht i n g h ewa re sc a l a t e d,p r o t e s t sag ai ns p r e ado nc ol l e gec a mp us e s -Ast -Att h es amet i me ,t r o opmo r a l ei nVi e t n am p l u mme t e d.Al t h ou ghal l y o un gme nwe r es ub j e c t t ot hedr af t ,f ormos toft hewarc ol l eges t udent sr ec ei v ede x empt i ons .Asar es ul t ,t hear my wa sp r e do mi n an t l yco mp os e do fwo r k i n gc l a s swh i t e sa ndme mb er sofr a c i a lmi n or i t i e s
- So l d i e r se xp er i me nt e dwi t hd r u gs ,o pe nl ywo r ep ea cean db l a c kp owe rs y mb ol s ,r e f u se d o r d er s ,a ndev e na s sa ul t e du np op ul a ro ffic e r s
-WarPower sAc t ,Themos tv i gor ousas s er t i onofc ongr es s i onal c ont r ol o v erf or ei gnpol i c yi n t henat i on’ shi s t or y ,i tr equi r edt hepr es i dentt os eekcongr es si onal appr ov al f ort he c o mmi t me nto fAme r i c a nt r o op so v er s e as TheEndoft heVi et nam War
-Ear l yi n1 97 3,Ni x o na c hi e v edwh ath ade l u de dh i spr e de ce s so r s —an eg ot i a t e ds e t t l e me nti n Vi e t nam.ThePar i speac eagr eement ,t her es ul toffi v ey ear soft al k s ,madepos s i bl et hefi nal wi t hdr a wal ofAmer i c ant r oops nmentofSout hVi e t nam c ol l aps ed;t heUni t edSt at esdi dno ti nt er v e nee x c ep tt o -Thegover e v a c ua t et h eAme r i c a ne mb as s y ,a ndVi e t n am wa sr e un i fi e du nd erc o mmu ni s tr u l e
-Theonl ywart heUni t edSt at eshasev erl os t ,Vi et nam wasami l i t ar y ,pol i t i c al ,ands oc i al di s as t er Wat er gat e
-Ni x o nwa so bs e ss e dwi t hse c r e cya ndc ou l dno ta cc ep th on es td i ff er e nc eo fo pi n i o n.He v i ewedev er ycr i t i casat hr eatt onat i onal s ec ur i t yanddev el opedan“ enemi esl i s t ”t hat i nc l udedr epor t er s ,pol i t i c i ans ,andc el ebr i t i esunf r i endl yt ot headmi ni s t r at i on
APUSHNo t esCh apt er26
Co norDr i s c ol l
-I nJ une1972,fi v ef or merempl o y eesofNi x on’ sr eel ec t i onc ommi t t eet o okpar ti nabr eak i nat De mo cr a t i cPa r t yh ea dq ua r t e r si nt h eWa t e r g at eap ar t me ntc omp l e xi nWa sh i n gt o n,D. C.A s ec ur i t yguar dc al l edpol i c e,whoar r es t edt hei nt r uder s
-Wheni tb ec a mek n ownt h atNi x o nh adma det a per e c or d i n gsofc o nv e r s a t i o nsi nh i soffic e ,a s pec i al pr os ec ut ort hepr es i denthadr el uc t ant l yappoi nt edt oi nv es t i gat et heWat er gat eaffai r demandedcopi es Ni x on’ sFa l l
-Bymi d 1 97 4,i th adbe co mecl e art h atwh et h ero rn otNi x o nk ne wi na dv a nc eo ft h e Wat er g at ebr eak i n,hehadbec omei n v ol v edi mmedi at el yaf t er war di naut hor i z i ngpa y ment s t ot hebur gl ar st or emai ns i l entorc ommi tper j ur y ,andhehador der edt heFBIt ohal ti t s i nv es t i gat i onoft hec r i me
-Hi spol i t i c al s uppor thav i ngev apor at ed,Ni x onbec amet heonl ypr es i denti nhi s t or yt or es i gn -Congr es sal s os t r engt henedt heFr eedom ofI nf or mat i onAc t( FOI A) ,i ni t i al l yenac t edi n1966. Si nc e1974,t heFOI Ahasal l oweds c hol ar s ,j our nal i s t s ,andor di nar yci t i z enst ogai nac c es s t omi l l i onsofpagesofr ec or dsoff eder al agenc i es
-TheWat er gat ec r i s i sal s odi s t r ac t edat t ent i onf r om t heec onomi ccr i s i st hatbegani nt hef al l of 1973.I t si nabi l i t yt of as hi onar es pons et ot hi scr i s i s ,whi c hgr i ppedt heUni t edSt at esf or muc hoft he1970s ,deal tl i ber al i s my etanot herbl o w THEENDOFTHEGOLDENAGE TheDe cl i neofMa nuf a ct ur i ng
-Wi t hAmer i c anpr os per i t yseemi ngl yunas sai l abl eandt hemi l i t ar y i ndus t r i al c ompl ext hr i v i ng, s uc ces si v eadmi ni s t r at i onshaddev ot edl i t t l eat t ent i ont ot hel es spos i t i v eec onomi c consequencesoft heCol dWar r engt heni t sant i c ommuni s tal l i es ,t heUni t edSt at espr omot edt hei ndus t r i al -Tost r e c on s t r u c t i o no fJ a pa na ndGe r ma n ya ndt h ee me r g en c eo fn ewc e nt e r sofma nu f a c t u r i n gi n p l a c esl i k eSo ut hKo r e aa ndT ai wan
-I n1971,f ort hefi r s tt i mei nt het went i et hc ent ur y ,t heUni t edSt at esex per i enc eda mer c handi s et r adedefi c i t —t hati s ,i ti mpor t edmor egoodst hani te xpor t ed x o nt o okt h eUn i t e dSt a t e so fft h eg ol ds t a nd ar d ,e nd i n gt h eBr e t t o nWo od sa gr e eme ntt h at -Ni fi x edt hev al ueoft hedol l arandot herc ur r enc i esi nt er msofgol d.Henc ef or t h,t hewor l d’ s c ur r enc i eswoul d“ fl oat ”i nr el at i ont ooneanot her ,t hei rwor t hdet er mi nednotbyt r eat ybutby i nt er nat i onal c ur r enc ymar k et s St a gfla t i on
-Buti n1973,abr i efwarbr ok eoutbe t weenI s r ael andi t sne i ghbor sEgy ptandSy r i a.Mi ddl e Eas t er nAr abs t at esr et al i at edf orWes t er ns uppor tofI s r ael byquadr upl i ngt hepr i c eofoi l and s us pendi ngt hee xpor tofoi l t ot heUni t edSt at esf ors ev er al mont hs
-Becauset her api dl ygr o wi ngdemandf orf uel b yc ar sandf ac t or i esout s t r i ppeddomes t i c s uppl i es ,by1973t heUni t edSt at esi mpor t edonet hi r dofi t soi l
APUSHNo t esCh apt er26
Co norDr i s c ol l
-Ri s i ngoi l pr i c esr i ppl edt hr ought hewor l dec onomy ,c ont r i but i ngt ot hec ombi nat i onof s t agnantec onomi cgr o wt handhi ghi nfl at i onkno wnas“ s t agfl at i on. ”
-Byt h ee ndoft h ed ec a de ,J a pa nh adbe c omet h ewo r l d’ sl e ad i ngau t o mo bi l epr o du ce r ,a nd i mpor t sac c ount edf ornear l y25per c entofc ars al esi nt heUni t edSt at es TheBel eaguer edSoci alCompact
-Facedwi t hdec l i ni ngpr ofi t sandr i s i ngo v er s easc ompet i t i on,c or por at i onss t eppedupt he t r end,al r eadyunderwa ybef or e1970,t o war del i mi nat i ngwel l pai dmanuf ac t ur i ngj obs t hr oughaut omat i onan ds hi f t i ngpr oduc t i ont ol o wwagear easoft heUni t edSt at e sand o v e r s e a s l eri ndus t r i al c i t i ess uffer edev ens har perdec l i nes .Ast hei rt axbas ess hr i v el ed,many -Smal f oundt hems el v e sunabl et omai nt ai npubl i cs er v i c es
-I ns omemanuf ac t ur i ngc ent er s ,pol i t i c al andec onomi cl eader swel c omedt heoppor t uni t yt o r emak et hei rc i t i esasfinanc e,i nf or mat i on,andent er t ai nmenthubs Laboront heDef ensi ve way saj uni orpar t neri nt heDemoc r at i cc oal i t i on,t hel abormov ementf oundi t s el ff or c ed -Al ont ot hedef ens i v e
-Eveni nt hi sc ent erofuni oni s m,wor k i ngc l as sNe w Yor k e r shadnoc hoi c ebutt oabs or bj ob l os sesandadr as t i cdec l i nei npubl i cs er v i c es
-Bet we en1 95 3a nd1 97 3,me di a nf a mi l yi n c omeh add ou bl e d.Bu tb eg i n ni n gi n1 97 3,r e al wageses s ent i al l ydi dno tr i s ef ort went yy ear s .The1970swasoneofonl yt wodec adesi nt he t we nt i e t hc e nt u r yt h ate nd edwi t hAme r i c an so na v er ag ep oo r e rt h anwh eni tb eg an For dasPr esi dent a l dFo r d ,wh oh adb ee na pp oi n t e dt or e pl a c eVi c ePr e s i d en tAg ne w,s u c c ee de dt ot h e -Ger Wh i t eHo us ewh enNi x o nr e s i g ne d
-For dandhi sc hi efec onomi cadv i s er ,Al anGr eens pan,bel i e v edt hatAmer i c anss pentt oo muc honc on sump t i onands av edt ool i t t l e,l ea v i ngbus i nes swi t hi ns uffic i entmone yf or i n v e s t me nt
- I nac ont i nuat i onofNi x on’ spol i c yofdé t ent e,t heUni t edSt at esandSo vi e tUni ons i gnedan a gr e eme nta tHe l s i n k i ,Fi n l a nd ,t h atr e c og ni z e dt h ep er ma ne nc eo fEu r o pe’ spo s t –Wo r l dWa r I Iboundar i es
-Overt i me ,t heHel s i nk iAc c or dsi ns pi r edmo v ement sf orgr eat erf r eedom wi t hi nt he c ommu ni s tc ou nt r i e so fe as t e r nEu r o pe TheCa r t e rAdmi ni s t r a t i on
-I nt hepr es i dent i al el ec t i onof1976,J i mmyCar t er ,af or mergo ver norofGeor gi a,nar r owl y d ef e at e dFo r d .Ag r a du at eo ft h eU. S.Na v a lAc a de mywh ol a t e rb ec a meap ea nu tf a r me r , Car t erwasv i r t ual l yunk no wnout s i dehi ss t at ewhenhel aunc hedhi sc ampai gnf ort he De mo cr a t i cno mi n at i o n
APUSHNo t esCh apt er26
Co norDr i s c ol l
-Car t erhadmuc hi ncommonwi t hPr ogr es s i v esoft heear l yt went i et hc ent ur y . Hi spa ss i ons wer ema k i n gg ov e r n me ntmo r ee ffic i e nt ,p r o t e ct i n gt h ee nv i r o nme nt ,a ndr a i s i n gt h emo r a l t oneofpol i t i c s.Unl i k et hePr ogr es si v es ,howev er ,heembr ac edt heas pi r at i onsofbl ac k Amer i cans
Car t erandt heEconomi cCr i si s t houghhi spar t yc ont r ol l edbot hhous es ,Car t erof t enf oundhi ms el fatoddswi t hCongr es s . -Al Hevi e wedi n fla t i o n,n otu ne mp l o y me nt ,a st h ec ou nt r y ’ sma i nec on omi cp r o bl e m,a ndt o c o mb ati th ep r o mo t e dc u t si ns p en di n go nd ome s t i cpr o gr a ms
-Cart e ra l s ob el i e v edt h ate x pa nd edu s eo fn uc l e are ne r g yc o ul dh el pr e du ced ep en de nc eo n i mpor t edoi l
-Si n c et h eNe wDe al ,De mo c r a t sh adp r e s e nt e dt h ems e l v e sa st h ep ar t yo fa fflu en c ea nd ec onomi cgr o wt h.ButCar t ers eemedt obepr es i di ngo v eraper i odofnat i onal dec l i ne TheEmer genceofHumanRi ght sPol i t i cs t erwasi nfl uenc edbyt hepr ol i f er at i onofi nf or mat i onaboutgl obal deni al sofhumanr i ght s -Car s pr eadb ynongo v er nment al agenc i esl i k eAmnes t yI nt er nat i onal andt heI nt er nat i onal League f o rHu ma nRi g ht s
-I n1978,Car t erc utoffai dt ot hebr ut al mi l i t ar ydi c t at or s hi pgov er ni ngAr gent i na,whi c hi nt he nameofant i c ommuni s m hadl aunc heda“ di r t ywar ”ag ai ns ti t so wnci t i z ens ,k i dnappi ngoff t hes t r e et sands ec r e t l ymu r der i nganes t i mat ed10, 000t o30, 000per s ons
-I n1979,hebr oughtt hel eader sofEgy ptandI s r ael t ot hepr es i dent i al r e t r eatatCampDa vi d a ndb r o k er e dah i s t o r i cpe ac ea gr e eme ntb et wee nt h et woc ou nt r i e s.He mpr o v edAmer i c anr el at i onswi t hLat i nAmer i c ab yagr eei ngt oat r eat y ,r at i fi edb yt heSenat e -i i n1978,t hatpr o vi dedf ort het r ans f eroft hePanamaCanal t ol oc al c ont r ol b yt hey ear2000
-Bot hc ons er v at i v eCol dWar r i or sandf or ei gnpol i c y“ r eal i s t s ”s ev er el ycr i t i c i z edCar t er ’ s e mp ha s i so nhu ma nr i g ht s TheI r a nCr i s i sandAf gha ni s t a n ngas t r at egi cl oc at i onont hes out her nbor dero ft heSo v i e tUni on,I r anwasamaj or -Occupyi s uppl i erofoi l andani mpor t erofAmer i c anmi l i t ar yequi pment
-TheI r ani anr e vol ut i onmar k edani deol ogi c al s hi f ti noppos i t i onmo v ement si nt heMi ddl eEas t f r om s oc i al i s m andAr abnat i onal i s mt or el i gi ousf undament al i s m
-Anot herc r i s i st hatbeg ani n1979under mi nedAmer i c anr el at i onswi t hMos c ow.Att heendof t haty ear ,t heSov i etUni ons entt hous andsoft r oopsi nt oAf ghani s t ant os uppor taf r i endl y gov er nmentt hr eat enedbyanI s l ami cr ebel l i on
-t heCar t erDoc t r i ne,dec l ar edt hatt heUni t edSt at eswoul dus emi l i t ar yf or c e,i fnec es sar y ,t o pr ot ec ti t si nt er es t si nt hePer s i anGul f
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-I na nu ns u cc e ss f u la t t e mp tt ob r i n gd owni n fl at i o n,Ca r t e rh ada ba nd on edt h eKe y ne si a n ec onomi cpol i c yofi nc r eas edgo v er nments pendi ngt ocombatr ec es s i oni nf a v orofhi gh i nt er es tr at es THERI SI NG TI DEOFCONSERVATI SM TheRel i gi ousRi ght
-Chal l e ng edb yt h es e cu l a ra ndma t e r i a lc o nc er n so fAme r i c a ns o ci e t y ,s o med en omi n at i o ns t r i edt obr i ngr el i gi oni nt ohar mon ywi t ht hes ei nt er es t s ;ot her sr eas ser t edmor et r adi t i onal r el i gi ousv al ues i c al Ch r i s t i a nsha db ec o memo r ean dmo r eal i e na t edf r o m ac ul t u r et h ats e eme dt o -Evangel t hem t ot r i v i al i z er el i gi o nandpr omo t ei mmor al i t y . The ydemandedt her e v er s al ofSupr e me Cour tdec i s i onsbanni ngpr a y eri npubl i cs chool s ,pr ot ec t i ngpor nogr aph yasf r eespeec h,and l egal i z i ngabor t i on
-Chr i s t i anc ons er v at i v e ss eemedmos tagi t at edb yt heongoi ngs e xual r e v ol ut i on,whi c ht he y s awasunder mi ni ngt het r adi t i onal f ami l yandpr omot i ngi mmor al i t y TheBat t l eovert heEqualRi ght sAmendment i ngt he1970s ,“ f ami l yv al ues ”mo v edt ot hec ent erofc ons er v at i v epol i t i c s,nowher emor e -Dur s ot h ani nt h eb at t l eo v e rt h eEq ua lRi g ht sAme nd me nt( ERA)
-TheERAdebat er e fl ec t e dadi v i s i o na mo ngwo me na smu c ha sab at t l eo ft h es e x e s .T oi t s s up po r t e r s ,t h ea me nd me nto ffe r e dagu ar a nt e eo fwo me n’ sf r e ed om i nt h ep ub l i cs p he r e .T o i t sf oes ,f r eedom f orwomens t i l l r es i dedi nt hedi v i nel yappoi nt edr ol esofwi f eandmot her
- t hank st ot hemobi l i z at i onofc ons er v at i v ewomen,t heamendmentf ai l edt oac hi e v e r at i fi c at i onbyt her equi r edt hi r t y ei ghts t at es TheAbor t i onCont r over sy ebi t t erbat t l eemer gedi nt he1970so verabor t i onr i ght s ,ano t here xampl e,t o -Anevenmor c ons er v a t i v e s,o fho wl i be r al si noffic epr omo t eds e xual i mmor al i t yatt hee x pens eofmor al v al ues
-Theabor t i oni s suedr ewabi t t er ,s omet i mesvi ol entl i net hr oughAmer i c anpol i t i c s.I taffec t ed bat t l esov ernomi neest oj udi c i al pos i t i onsandl edt odemons t r at i onsatf ami l y pl anni ngand abor t i onc l i ni c s
-Tot heendoft hec ent ur y , mos twomenwoul dc ont i nuet oha v et hel eg al r i ghto fac c es st o a bo r t i o n.Bu ti nma nya r e ast h ep r o ce du r ebe ca memo r ean dmo r edi ffic ul tt oob t a i nas hos pi t al sanddoc t or ss t oppedpr o vi di ngi t TheTaxRevol t
-Wi t hl i ber al sunabl et odev i s eaneffec t i v epol i c yt oc ount er ac tdei ndus t r i al i z at i onand dec l i ni ngr eal wages ,ec onomi canx i e t i esal s oc r eat edagr o wi ngc ons t i t uenc yf or c on s er v a t i v eec o no mi c s
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-Toconser v at i v e s,t axr educ t i onss er v e dt hedual pur pos eofenhanc i ngbus i nes spr ofi t sand r educ i ngt her es our c esav ai l abl et ogo v er nment ,t husmak i ngne ws oc i al pr ogr amsfi nanc i al l y i mp os s i bl e .Ma nyAme r i c a nsf o un dt a x esi n c r e as i ng l yb ur d en so me
-I n1978,c ons er v a t i v e ss pons or edandCal i f or ni av o t er sap pr o v edPr opo si t i on13,abanon f ur t heri nc r eas esi npr oper t yt ax es .Thev ot edemons t r at edt hatt hel ev el oft ax at i onc oul dbe apower f ul pol i t i c al i s s ue
-Apar al l el ups ur geofgr as s r oo t sc ons er v a t i s m wasr efl ec t edi nt h eSagebr us hRebel l i on us hRebel l i onhadf e wc onc r e t eac c ompl i s hment s ,buti tunder s c or edt her i s i ng -TheSagebr t i deofan t i go v er nments ent i ment TheEl e ct i onof1 98 0
-By1980,Car t er ’ sappr o val r at i nghadf al l ent o21per c ent —l owert hanNi x on’ satt het i meof hi sr es i gnat i on.Ac ons er v at i v et i des eemedt ober i s i ngt hr oughoutt heWes t er nwor l d
-Ronal dRe ag an’ s1 98 0c a mp ai g nf o rt h ep r e s i d en cyb r o ug htt o ge t h ert h ema nys t r a nd sof 1970sc ons er v a t i s m.Hepl edgedt oends t agfl at i onandr es t or et hec ount r y ’ sdomi nantr ol ei n t hewor l dandi t sc onfi denc ei ni t s el f .“ Le t ’ smak eAmer i c agr eatagai n, ”hepr oc l ai med
-Reaganal s oappeal eds k i l l f ul l yt o“ whi t ebac k l as h. ”Hek i c k edoffhi sc ampai gni n Phi l adel phi a,Mi s s i s s i ppi ,wher et hr eec i v i l r i ght swor k er shadbeenmur der edi n1964,wi t ha s peec hemphas i z i nghi sbel i efi ns t at es ’r i ght s
-Ji mmyCar t er ’ sr eput at i oni mpr o vedaf t erhel ef tt heWhi t eHous e THEREAGAN REVOLUTI ON ReaganandAmer i canFr eedom
-Unl i k emos tmoder npr es i dent s ,hewasc ont entt oout l i nebr oadpol i c yt hemesandl ea v et hei r i mpl ement at i ont oo t her s ,washar dl yapol i t i c al no vi c e,ha vi nggo v er nedCal i f or ni adur i ngt he -Reagan,however t ur bul ent1960s .Ane x cel l entpubl i cs peak er ,hi sopt i mi s m andaff abi l i t yappeal edt ol ar ge number sofAmer i cans
-Reaganr e sh ap edt h en at i o n’ sag en daa ndp ol i t i c a ll a ng ua gemo r ee ffe c t i v e l yt h ana ny pr es i dents i nc eFr ank l i nD.Roos ev el t .Li k eFDR,hesei z edont hevoc abul ar yofhi s o pp on en t sa n dg a v ei tn e w me an i n g
-heal s op r o v edt ob eap r a gma t i s t ,r e c og ni z i ngwh ent oc omp r o mi s es oa sn ott of r a gme nth i s di v er s ec oal i t i onofs uppor t er s Rea ganomi cs
-Li k eRo os e v e l ta ndJ oh ns o nb ef o r ehi m,Re ag ans po k eof“ e c on omi cf r e ed om”a ndpr o po s ed an“ ec onomi cBi l l ofRi ght s . ”Buti nc ont r as tt ohi spr edec es s or s ,whous edt hes ephr as est o s uppor tc ombat i ngpo v er t ya nds t r e ngt heni ngec onomi cs ec ur i t y , ec onomi cf r eedom f or Reaganmeantc ur t ai l i ngt hepowerofuni ons ,di s mant l i ngr egul at i ons ,andr adi c al l yr educ i ng t a x e s
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-TheTaxRef o r m Ac tr e du ce dt h er a t eont h ewe al t h i e s tAme r i c a nst o28pe r c e nt .Th es e meas ur esmar k edas har pr e t r eatf r om t hepr i nc i pl eofpr ogr es s i v i t y ,oneoft hewa ys t went i et hc ent ur ysoc i et i est r i edt oaddr es st heunequal di s t r i but i onofweal t h
-Reagan’ sec on omi cpr o gr a m,k n owna s“ s up pl y s i d ee c on omi c s ”b ypr o po ne nt san d“ t r i c k l e downec onomi c s”bycr i t i c s,r el i edonhi ghi nt er es tr at est oc ur bi nfl at i onandl owert axr a t es , es pec i al l yf orbus i nes s esandhi ghi nc omeAmer i c ans ,t os t i mul at epr i v at ei nv es t ment Rea ganandLa bor
-I nAu gu s t1 98 1,wh en13 , 0 00me mb er so fPATCO,t h eu ni o no fa i rt r a fficc o nt r o l l e r s ,b eg ana s t r i k ei nv i ol at i onoff eder al l aw,Reaganfi r edt hem al l .Heus edt hemi l i t ar yt oov er s eet he nat i on’ sai rt r affics y st em unt i l newc ont r ol l er sc oul dbet r ai ned
-“ Reaganomi c s, ”asc r i t i c sdubbedt headmi ni s t r at i on’ spol i c i es ,i ni t i al l ypr oduc edt hemos t s ev er er ec es s i ons i nc et he1930s .Al ongper i odofec onomi cex pans i on,howe v er ,f ol l o wed t h ed o wn t u r no f1 98 1– 19 82 nOc t o be r1 98 7,t h ema r k e ts u ffe r e di t ss ha r p es td r o ps i n ce1 92 9,b uts t o c k ss oo nr e s ume d -I t hei rupwar dc l i mb ThePr obl e m ofI ne qua l i t y
-Byt hemi d1990s ,t her i c hes t1per c entofAmer i c ansowned40per c entoft hena t i on’ s weal t h,t wi c et hei rs har et went yy ear sear l i er
-Becauseoff al l i ngi nv es t menti npubl i chous i ng,t her el eas eofment al pat i ent sf r om s t at e hos pi t al s ,andc ut si nwel f ar e,homel es sper s onsbec ameav i s i bl efi x t ur eont hes t r eet sof c i t i e sf r o m Ne w Yo r kt oL osAn ge l e s
-Dur i n gt h e1 97 0s ,J i m Cr o wh adfi na l l ye nd edi nma nywo r k pl a ce san du ni o ns .Bu tj u s ta s dec adesofpai nf ul effor t st oobt ai nbet t erj obsbor ef r ui t ,hundr edsoft hous andsofbl ac k wor k er sl os tt hei rj obswhenf ac t or i esc l os edt hei rdoor s al l ,dur i ngt he1980sbl ac kmal esf el l f ar t hert hananyot hergr oupi nt hepopul at i oni n -Over t e r mso fwa ge san dj o bs TheSecondGi l dedAge
-Buyi n go utc o mp an i e sg en er a t e dmo r ep r o fi t st h anr u nn i n gt h em;ma k i n gd ea l s ,n otma k i n g pr oduc t s ,bec amet hewa yt oge tr i c h sf oo t edt hebi l l f ors omeoft hec ons equenc es .Theder egul at i onofs a vi ngsan dl oan -Taxpayer a s s oc i a t i o ns —b an k st h ath adge ne r a l l yc o nfi n edt h ems e l v e st ofi na nc i n gh omemo r t g ag es — al l owedt hes ei ns t i t ut i onst oi nv es ti nuns oundr eal es t at ev ent ur esandc or por at emer ger s
-Suppl y s i deadv oc at esi ns i s t edt hatl o wer i ngt ax e swoul denl ar gego v er nmentr e v enueb y s t i mul at i ngec onomi cac t i v i t y .Buts pur r edbyl ar gei nc r eas esi nf undsf ort hemi l i t ar y ,f eder al s pendi ngf arout s t r i ppedi nc ome,pr oduc i ngl ar gebudge tdefi c i t s ,des pi t eas s ur anc esb y s uppl y s i der st hatt hi swoul dnothappen Conser vat i vesandReagan
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-Theadmi ni s t r at i ons har pl yr educ edf undi ngf orGr eatSoc i e t yant i po v er t ypr ogr amssuc has f oods t amps ,s c hool l unc hes ,andf eder al fi nanc i ngofl o wi nc omehous i ng.Buti tl ef ti nt ac t c or eel ement soft hewel f ar es t at e,s uc hasSoc i al Sec ur i t y , Medi c ar e,andMedi c ai d,whi c h man yc ons er v at i v eswi s hedt oc ur t ai l s i gni fi c ant l yorr epeal
-Reagangavever bal s uppor tt oapr opos edc ons t i t ut i onal a mendmentr es t or i ngpr a y eri n publ i csc hool sbutdi dl i t t l et opr omot ei t spas sage.Theadmi ni s t r at i onl aunc heda“ J us tSay No”c ampai gnag ai ns ti l l egal dr ugus e
-Tot h ee ndo fRe ag an’ spr e si d en cy ,t h eSu pr e meCo ur tc o nt i n ue dt oa pp r o v ep l a nsb yp r i v a t e e mp l o y er sa ndc i t ya nds t a t ego v er n me nt st oup gr a demi n or i t ye mp l o y me nt Rea ganandt heCol dWar
-I nf or ei gnpol i c y ,Reaganbr eat hednewl i f ei nt ot her het or i c al di v i s i onoft hewor l di nt oaf r ee We s ta ndu nf r e eEa s t .Her e s ume dv i g or o usde nu nc i a t i o no ft h eSo v i e tUn i o n—c al l i n gi ta n “ e vi l empi r e” —ands pons or edt hel ar ges tmi l i t ar ybui l dupi nAmer i c anhi s t or y ,i nc l udi ngne w l ongr angebomber sandmi s s i l es .I n1983,hepr opos edanent i r el yne ws t r at egy , t he St r at egi cDef ens eI ni t i at i v e,bas edonde v el opi ngas pac ebas eds y s t em t oi nt er c eptand d es t r o ye ne mymi s s i l e s
-HesentAmer i c a nt r o op st ot h eCa r i b be ani s l a ndofGr e na dat oou s tapr o Cu ba n gov er nment ,andheor der edt hebombi ngofLi by ai nr e t al i at i onf ort hec ount r y ’ sal l eged i n vol v ementi nat er r or i s tat t ac konaWes tBer l i nni ght c l ubi nwhi c hanAmer i c andi ed
-Abandoni n gt h eCa r t e ra dmi n i s t r a t i o n’ se mp ha si so nhu ma nr i g ht s ,Re ag anemb r a c edt h e i dea,adv anc edi n1979b yneoc ons er v at i v ewr i t erJ eaneKi r k pat r i c k ,t hatt heUni t edSt at es s houl doppos e“ t o t al i t ar i an”c ommuni s t sbutas s i s t“ aut hor i t ar i an”nonc ommuni s tr egi mes v a do r ’ sar myma ss a cr e dh un dr e dsofc i v i l i an si nt h et o wno fEl Mo z ot ei n1 98 1, -WhenElSal t heSt at eDepar t mentdeni edt hatt hee vent ,wi del yr epor t edi nt hepr es s,hadt ak enpl ac e TheI r a nCont r aAffa i r
-Amer i c a ni n v ol v e me nti nCe nt r a lAme r i c ap r o du c edt h eg r e at e s ts c an da lo fRe ag an’ s pr es i denc y ,t heI r anCont r aaffai r .I n1984,Congr es sbannedmi l i t ar yai dt ot heCont r as fi ght i ngt heSandi ni s t ago v er nmentofNi c ar agua,whi c h,asnot edear l i er ,hadous t edt he Ame r i c a nb ac k e dd i c t a t o rAn as t a s i oSo mo z ai n1 97 9 n1987,af t eraMi ddl eEas t er nne ws pa perl eak e dt hes t or y , Congr es shel dt el e vi s edhe ar i ngs -I t hatr ev eal edapat t er nofoffic i al dupl i c i t yandv i ol at i onoft hel awr emi ni s centoft heNi x oner a
-Reagandeni edk no wl edgeoft hei l l eg al pr oc eedi ngs ,butt heI r anCont r aaff ai runder mi ned c onfi denc et hathec ont r ol l edhi sownadmi ni s t r at i on Rea ganandGor bache v
-Reagansof t enedhi sant i c ommuni s tr he t or i candes t abl i s hedgoodr el at i onswi t hSo v i e t p r e mi e rMi k ha i l Go r b ac he v
-Gor bac hevi naugur at edpol i c i esk no wnasgl as nos t( pol i t i c al opennes s )andper es t r oi k a ( e co no mi cr e f o r m)
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-Havi ngent er edoffic easanar dentCol dWar r i or ,Reaganl ef twi t hhos t i l i t i esbe t weent he s up er p owe r smu chd i mi n i s he d.Hee v enr e pu di a t e dh i sea r l i e rc omme ntt h att h eSo v i e tUn i o n wasan“ ev i l empi r e, ”s ay i ngt hati tr ef er r edt o“ anot herer a. ” Reagan’ sLegacy
-Rhet or i c al l y ,hes oughtt oaddr es st hec onc er nsoft heRel i gi ousRi ght ,adv oc at i nga“ r et ur nt o s pi r i t ual v al ues ”asawayt os t r engt hent r adi t i onal f ami l i esandl oc al c ommuni t i es
-Becauseoft h eI r a nCo nt r as c a nd al a ndt h ee no r mo usde fi c i t st h eg ov e r n me nth ad ac c umul at ed,Reag anl ef tt hepr es i denc ywi t hhi sr eput at i ons ome whatt a r ni s hed
-Dur i n gt h e1 99 0s ,t h es ea ndo t h erc on s er v a t i v ei d ea swo ul db ee mb r a ce da l mo s ta sf u l l yby Pr es i dentBi l l Cl i nt on,aDemoc r at ,asb yReaganandt heRepubl i c ans TheEl e ct i onof1 98 8
-Tel e v i s i o na dv e r t i s e me nt sa ndme di ae x po s é sno wd omi n at e dp ol i t i c al c amp ai g ns -Bot hpar t i esr anneg at i v ec ampai gns t houghhedi dno tma t c hReagan’ sl ands l i dev i c t or yof1984,Bus hac hi e v edas ubs t ant i al -Al maj or i t y ,wi nni ng54per c entoft hepopul arv ot e
-Democr at i cs uc c es si nr et ai ni ngc ont r ol ofCongr es ssugges t edt hatanel ec t or al bas ee xi s t ed f oracomeback