Memory
Th
C H A P T E R O V E R V IE IE W
th
tt
ti
in
rs ry
th
P h n om om en en o fami famili li ra
ie ro me or
ic rm io re al or re ogni ogniti ti n.
thro throug ug
im
rg iz
retr retrie ie al cues cues Th ou memo memori ri
in
sect sectio io
of vent vent
in
of th
arti arti ul rl
(pp.349-353)
to om re ders ders If th lo io
rd in ic
ti .. m in in d s to to re re ho ho us us e h e r e e ro ro o r : t h r oo oo t a n r u s ; m e da da l w in in ne ne r m e mo m o r O ly ly m p c s m em e m o r e a s ; s h n e h e f a sh sh g h b ea ea m o f o u a t e n o n o n
in
hapt hapt
M em em o
disc discus usss-
Obje Object ctiv iv 1: Defi Define ne m e m o r y , lain lain bulb bulb memo memori ri di fe fr ther ther memo memori ri
la
ontr ontr vers versia ia t l try
,cu 'b gi
Memo Memori ri
t. ag
e m in
48
ti
cann cannot ot err. err. Obje Object ctiv iv thre thre -sta -sta
io )nlp"""",,,
or surp surpri ri ing, ing, sign signif ific ic nt mome mome ts
le in lo
differs.
ti ri it
If
2: Desc Descri ribe be Atki Atkins nson on-S -Shi hiff ffri rin' n' clas classi si proc proces essi si mode mode of em ry nd xpla xplain in
34
hapt hapt
Memo Memory ry
m w
is processed
Objective ontr ontras as effo effort rtfu fu proc proces essi sing ng wi utoutoat proc proces essi sing ng an disc discus us th next next in-l in-lin in effe effect ct ry fo late late retr retrie ieva val. l. is
y t
ry as
r t
, w
s s
6.
3.
it
4.
pion pionee eeri ring ng rese resear arch cher er in . In In o
t t
nfor nfor at on cons consci ciou ou ,b
e s
p o
w t
nove nove
repe repeti ti ion, ion, or
, t
5.
will will incr increa ease se rete retent ntio ion. n. 6.
work workin in
memo memory ry
E n c od o d in in g : G e t n g n fo fo rm rm a t o n I n
(pp.353-361) If
is
st ; n o n to page page 256256-25 25 fo an xp anat anat on b o o st ns yl ab aw cr pt ni he a g p ro ro d uc uc t o n m en e n ttaa l n ap a p sh sh o " ta ta l u n y o a r b lluu e h e fa f a ce ce " " pe pe g w o rd rd " M o t o n e s w h i e ar ar n n g th numbers.
is
ol owin owin
de ay fi st item item ar reme rememb mber er
items. encode encode automa automatic ticall ally. y. mati mation on an de cr be emor emor enha enhanc ncin in rela relate te he se f- efer eferen ence ce effe effe t.
io or effo effort rt is .S t w
is
st ateg ateg
tora tora e:R ta ning ning Info Inform rmat at on
iv chie chie in effo effortf rtful ul proc proces essi sing ng
tu
in
l,
into meanin meaningfu gfu
ti
ll
in ef ortf ortful ul pr cess cessin ing, g, nd de crib crib some some memo memory ry enha enhanc ncin in stra strate te ie th use visu visual al enco encodi ding ng ta
ictu ictu
once oncept pt
fyo lo
I n fo fo rm r m a t io io n (pp.361-370)
ra
th
to page page 57-2 57-258 58 fo expl explan anat atio io lightning l aass he h e s S h er er lloo c k H o lm lm e s c ha h a m p io io n m e m or o r iiss t w i o ng ng u o n p a c he he ek ek ; A ro ro u a l c a e a e r a i e ve ve n n t h e b ra ra in in ; m ir ir ro ro r m a g w r n g j ig ig sa sa w p u zz zz llee ; L o nd nd o n c ab a b b ie ie ; S a oo oo r n g .
word words. s. it te
Objective 8: 1.
ra
ry
im
rs
in bl
divi divi ed into into le se conc concep epts ts
fact facts. s.
S t or o r ag a g e : R e t a in in i n
is
) t
is
ia
cate catego gori ries es an
-i
te
ti
ew broa broa
e t
abst abstra ract ct lowlow-im imag ager er
word words; s; th re ulti ulting ng
word is 19. In
ts
rs
lett lett rs of to-b to-b -r memb member er
la
d t
rete rete
units called
in lv
encoding.
13.
ie
this tech-
y w
12.
35
memory.
vent vent such such as amil amil va atio ations ns illu illu tr te ie ly
. M devi device ces. s. On io
th
tt rs
s a uc devi devi ia
in ol es form formin in lo
to-b to-bee-re reme memb mber ered ed word words; s; this this tech techni niqu qu
as ociociin
io is.ca is.call lled ed
ic
(more (more/le /less ss
re
re
le
th
accu accura rate te This sugg sugges ests ts that that peop people le ,m
th
system.
This memo memory ry fade fade
236
acco acco pany pany
capa capaci city ty of shor shortt-te term rm memo memory ry
emor emor
form form tion tion an stor storag age. e.
4.
stre streng ngth then enin in h o betw betwee ee
12
roce roce sing sing shor shor -ter -ter
me or es have have
imit imit
of cert certai ai
neur neural al conn connec ecti tion ons, s,
neur neuron ons. s.
13.
life.
neurooAplysia, th neur
5.
This
grea greate te amou amount nts, s, maki making ng syna synaps ps
s d
or ef ic ent. ent.
r r digi digits ts/l /l tt rs
ligh lightl tl
bett better er th
fo
ando ando
stim stimul ulat ates es ma nfor nforma ma io
incr increa ease se This This phen phenom omen enon on
ee
,m
,i long long-t -ter er
memo memory ry am
8. In
9.
en ie d'
an
elec electr tric ical ally ly stim stimul ulat ated ed pa ient ient
,m
e b
dura durabl ble. e. ) d
d m
will will/w /wil il
not) not)
ip ou
bjec bjecti tive ve 12 Disc Discus us so ca affe affect ct memo memory ry
ecen ecen expe expe ienc ienc s. ay stre stress ss horm hormon ones es
th maze maze impa impair ir 18
earn earn ng an
me or
mo ionion- roce roce sing sing
lust luster er
th
l m syst system em incr increa ea form formin in
area areas. s.
ac iv ty in he br in
me or
val: val:
bloc bloc ".
of
ries ries of emot emot onal onal even even s. )t
or
es
tres tres that that is prol prolon onge ged, d, sv
s t
xp
ui nd nt ac
or
pl he
ua
5.
ai
pl
or
elps elps
e l s o
20.
uc ur
t t of ve
no
ei
(pp. 370370-375 375 R e t e va v a l G e t n g n fo fo rm rm a t o n O u t (pp. ac
ea
If
h i de
or
2.
ne
at nt
ug es ve su nt
ex
da
r l ur
ns he ext, refe refe in th ext, ag 25 ex at n: bucqant m oo oo d o se se -c -c o o re re d g la la s e s m or o r p o m d ev ev i i nt nt o a n g el el s
de
es
c s he
es
bj ve 14 nt as he elea elea ning ning meas measur ures es of memo memory ry
gn on an
s a
es
(rec (recal all/ l/re reco cogn gniz ize) e) al
23.
gn
th name name of thei thei clas classm smat ates es pe
thei thei year yearbo book ok pict pictur ures es 3. If
y/
u w l p
e d proc proces esse se nc lobes.
fo la er re riev rieval al Reca Reca ling ling past past expe expe va
va ou
ou di
priming.
or gina ginall lly. y.
e a e t
am
nd
Memory
memory. w w
retrieval.
peop people le's 's beha behavi vior or (pp. 375375-38 381) 1) Forgetting (pp. If
contexts.
context in page page 258258-25 25 fo an expl explan anat at on applause o r m em e m or or y m a po on he o f h e o ng ng u m e n a l a t c ; S he h e ep ep is is hl hl y T h e w o rd rd s r el el i b lo lo w n o u a nd nd l h e m in in d
ence.
me or
fa ls us y t
1.
ul
nf
tion. Objective 17: retrieval.
ha
7.
n f
e s s o d t
memory. ol ou
forgetting.
memory.
is
olde olde adul adults ts
Objective 20: Disc Discus us he conc concep ep of to ag an escr escr be bbin bbingh ghau au fo ge ting ting curv curve. e.
deca deca ries.
t m t f
Memor
C o n s tr t r uc uc t o n (pp.
382-390)
to page page 259 fo an expl explan anat atio ion: n: r ec ec o n st st ru ru c titi o a s w e l a s r ep ep ro r o d uc uc t o n ; " hy h y pn p n o t c a l y r e r es es he he d " s iinn c e re re l w r o ng ng .
fail failur ur ha occu occurr rred ed bjec bjecti tive ve 21 Cont Contra ra
proa proa tive tive an
retr retroa oact ct ve
1.
failure. as umpt umptio ions ns
he
illu illu tr te th
roce roce
orki orking ng of
t o material.
info inform rmat atio io
abou abou it,
rent rent earn earn ng is ca le .T
d s (bet (bette ter/ r/ or e)
ha
it
witn witnes es Ob ec iv
22
umma umma iz
eud' eud'
co cept cept of repr repres es
rent rent memo memory ry rese resear arch ch
,m
ap
pain painfu fu memo memori ries es t m (les (less/ s/mo mo e) comm common on ha
reud reud be ieve ieved. d.
repo report rts. s.
d t
of hese hese nf uenc uences es
emor emor
r9
Objective 24: Desc Descri ribe be sour source ce amne amnesi sia' a' to fals fals memo memori ries es
cont contri ribu buti tion on
n w th wron wron
t t
12.
t o y a
sour source ce
Ob ecti ective ve 25 is so diff differ eren ence ce betw betwee ee true true nd alse alse memo memo ies. ies. earche he 4. Re earc
comp comp re
an simi simila lari riti ties es
emor emor es
phenomenon.
I m p o v n g M e mo mo r
,n
(pp 391-39 391-392) 2)
If
fe memories.
Sprinkled.
e p
e m 6.
or ca cont contri ribu bu
ewit ewitne ness sses es conf conf denc denc
in heir heir me orie orie
1.
ffec ffecti tive ve stud stud
he Q3 stud stud
te hniq hnique ue dent dent fies fies five five stra stra e-
s f
accu accura racy cy of thos thos memo memori ries es 7.
Me or
onst onstru ru tion tion expl explai ains ns
hy me or es memory.
inaccurate. nd ar reli reliab able le
l t
t p
prod produc uces es an ac urat urat
eyew eyew tnes tnes
memo memo
P R O GR GR E S
TES
Multip Multiplele-Cll CllOic Oic
n w o a
Questi Questions ons
If
answer). 1.
ualabuse. 10.
Rese Resear arch cher er
in are: are: incr increa easi sing ngly ly agre agre
that that memo memori ries es ) r
d.
echn echniq ique ue
ncod ncodin ing, g, stor storag age, e, re ri val. val.
in
2.
th same same cont contex ext. t. semant ntic ic memo memory ry d. sema
11.
a.
Echoic ic memo memori ries es fade fade afte afte appr approx oxim imat atel ely: y: 3. Echo a. b.
minute.
d.
4.
cramming.
second. to seconds.
hour.
not
tion?
napt naptic ic ga be ween ween cert certai ai c. relearning d. retrieval
b. reco recogn gnit itio io
date date
mpro mprove ve
neur neuron ons. s.
reca reca l.
12.
5.
fa a.
neurons.
c.
a. myelin
b. 6.
c. synapses ov d.
13.
gconsol olid idat atio io a. cons
devi device ces. s. b. imag imager er tech techni niqu ques es c. enco encodi ding ng stra stra egie egies. s. mnemon onic ic devi device ces. s. d. mnem
pa a. c.
7.
d.
consolidating. b. orga organi niza zati tion on
a.
ug
14.
c. encoding. d. chunking.
a.
c. d.
8.
a. ACh
c. serotonin
unpredictable.
Memory ry fo skil skills ls is call called ed 15. Memo
d. noradrenaline
a.
explic explicit it memory memory
prim memo memory ry c. prim implic icit it memo memory ry d. impl
9.
memories:
16.
state depend dependenc ency. y. a. state
c.
c.
b. enco encodi ding ng fail failur ure. e.
orga organi nism sm to anot anothe her. r. if five five year years. s. 10. In In had:
in fami famili liar ar cont contex ext. t. more more exot exotic ic cont contex ext. t. diff differ eren en cont contex exts ts
ow
nemo nemoni ni
devi device ces. s.
priming. vu.
r9
proc proces essi sing ng of impl implic icit it memo memori ries es
not
it
belong
th othe others rs
a. misa misatt ttri ribu buti tion on b. lock lock ng
c. sugg sugges esti tibi bili lity ty
c. proa proact ct ve nter nterfe fe ence ence d. emor emor cons constr truc ucti tion on
atch atch ng It ms pria priate te term term Defi Defini niti tion on
or Desc Descri ript ptio ions ns
.:
Terms
,,'
a. repr repres essi sion on relearning persistence pegpeg-wo word rd syst system em ca infl influe uenc nc wo
retr retrie ieva va
inte interf rfer eren ence ce
i.
orde orde
device
reme rememb mber ered ed item item knowledge
learning
time 14 th ling linger erin in
g. proa proact ctiv iv h. ra sien sien
effe effect ct of misi misinf nfor orma mati tion on
source ce amne amnesi si j. sour suggestibility I. imagery m. mood mood-c -con ongr grue uent nt echo echoic ic memo memory ry encoding
memo memory ry
Prog Progre ress ss Test Test
43
P R O G R ES ES S T E S ques questi tion on
following
th
io
re
Mult Multip iple le-C -Cho hoic ic
afte afte
7.
Vi cally. In proc proc ssin ssin
1.
a. in rete rete ti
c.
in th grea greate test st rete retent ntio ion? n?
ly benefi beneficia cial. l.
im 8.
stable stable therea thereafte fte
retent ntio io in rete
beco becomi ming ng
ll
ther therea eaft fter er
an te in
we
hour hour
of lear learni ning ng
removed.
wa redu reduce ce
re
c.
ably ably ec us
inte interf rf renc renc
ably ably ec us
inte interf rfer eren ence ce wa re uc d.
wa re uc d.
3.
th le st se siti sitive ve in trig trigge geri ring ng retr retrie ieva val? l?
th
9.
ries. memories. Il .ltr .ltrit itio io in orma orma
icti icti
ty
e to to t
eura eura
un tion tionin in
ri f t e b
10. L o n g - te te r m p o t e n titi a titi o n re er to
io th
ri
ri
ie
grea greate test st diff diffic icul ulty ty with with thos those: e:
rr
;'h.
tw ing.
::-C;"PE~rlllner\telrs
mory mory
c.
ably ably beca beca se de ay wa redu redu ed ably ably beca beca se deca deca
th
hour hour of lear learni ning ng
Dallenbach
a.
in
ti
c. semantic
forge forgetti tting ng curv curve? e?
2. Je ki
re ulte ulte
ti
Ques Questi tiol olls ls
1.
rapi rapi
ly
tain tain
lo in
rn
244
Ch pt
ry
19. It pres presen en ed when when th in orma orma ion: ion: that:
a.
accident.
ns
d.
thei thei memo memory ry
as ve
inac inaccu cu ate. ate.
vi memory: cons ruct ruct a. is cons
mont months hs late later. r.
duri during ng enco encodi ding ng nc
d.
leadin leadin
inform informati ation. on. highly ly d. is high
13.
stra strate tegy gy fo mpro mprovi ving ng
emor emor
14.
stor storag ag b.
15
failure.
eani eaning ngfu fu asso associ ciat at on c.
ge is call called ed
pati pati nt
ou beli belief ef infl influe uenc nc
ou reco recoll llec ecti tion ons. s.
d.
etri etriev eval al
mnes mnes of:
isle isle ding ding in orma orma ion. ion.
di bloc blocki king ng occu occurs rs when when
active rehear rehearsal sal a. active
d. enco encodi ding ng
esis esis an to
d. storage.
True True-F -Fal alse se Item Item
pica pica ly expe experi rien ence ce disr disrup up io plac plac ng
a. mpli mplici ci memo memori ries es b. expl expl ci me orie ories. s.
or
oi ming.
only only brie briefl fl unle unless ss it is: c or or e
reports. processing. c. hier hierar arch chie ie learning.
because:
an actu actual al expe experi rien ence ce
bered. ence ence ag
by misi misinf nfor orma mati tion on ar espe especi cial ally ly unre unreli liab able le ga
n.
that that incl includ uded ed v, q, and j. lett letter er as sugges es in i, and k, sugg et er ha been been enco encode de
gist gist beli believ ev it happ happen ens. s.
a. auto automa mati tica call lly. y. b. vi uall uall
rupt rupt reca recall ll
ha th or gina gina
c. sema semant ntic ical ally ly d. acoustically.
4.
P SY S Y C H O LO LO G Y A P P L E D ne term term an
1.
a. proa proact ct ve in er eren erence ce b. retr retroa oact ctiv iv inte interf rfer eren ence ce encodi ding ng fail failur ure. e. c. enco
conc concep epts ts
Mult Multip iple le-C -Cho hoic ic
lock lock Sh is expe experi rien enci cing ng
Ques Questi tion on
ompl omplet et hi anal analog og illill- n- he-b he-b an es qu stion tion ar to mu tipl tiplee-ch choi oi ques ques ions ions as
5.
reca recall ll on th ps chol cholog og
id er
c. study, y, exer exerci cise se test test d. stud 6.
0~----4-------4--
20
b. me or cons constr truc ucti ti n. mood-c -con ongr grue uent nt memo memory ry c. mood retrie ieva va fail failur ure. e. d. retr
2.
xamp xamp
conditions?
of
A,
d. re earn earnin ing. g.
ferent. A,
ferent.
role role of
c. retr retroa oact ctiv iv A.
inte interf rfer eren ence ce
246
er
em
diff diffic icul ulty ty in doin doin
of:
so illu illust stra rate tes: s:
automatic tic proces processin sing. g. a. automa effortful ful proces processin sing. g. b. effort d. priming.
statee-de depe pend nden en d. stat
10.
flas flashb hbul ul
memo memory ry
memo memory ry
15.
Bren Brenda da is havi having ng
store b.
.snapshot
most most peop people le
sh rt te
emor emor
most most peop people le
coni coni me or
capa capaci ci
capa capa it
c.
call
easi easily ly reme rememb mber ered ed chun chunks ks memory.
effe effect ct of
b.
a. proa proact ct ve nter nterfe fe ence ence b. retr retroa oact ctiv iv inte interf rfer eren ence ce 17
epre epre sion sion et ieva ieva fail failur ure. e.
hich hich of he fo lo in na ur of emor emor ol bo frie friend nd
sb
llus llus ra es th cons cons ruct ructiv iv
na e.
mate materi rial al he stud studie ied. d.
a. impl impl ci expl expl ci b. expl expl ci impl impl ci decl decl ra ive; ive; proc proc dura dura d. expl explic icit it decl declar arat ativ iv
youn younge ge
year years. s.
iu io
usin usin
13.
a. se anti antic; c; utom utomat at b. vi ual; ual; au omat omatic ic se anti antic; c; ef or fu d. visu visu l; ffor ffortf tful ul
da
wh ch mnem mnemon onic ic tech tech ique ique
Key Terms
K E Y T ER ER M
elbo elbowe wed. d. If
pain painfu full ll
Writin Writin
Defini Definitio tions ns
foll follow owin in
term terms. s.
1. memory
elbowed. d.
afte afte th inci incide dent nt
pe so
woul woul
3. enco encodi ding ng 4. storage
prob probab ab
a.
incapa pabl bl b. be inca
5. retrieval
of bein bein clas classi sica call ll
experi rien ence ce al of th abov abov d. expe
cond condit itio ione ned. d.
chan change ge
sensor or 6. sens
memo memory ry
shortt-te term rm memo memory ry 7. shor
9.
work workin in
memo memory ry
10.
auto automa mati ti
proc proces essi sing ng
11.
effort effortful ful proces processin sin
12 rehe rehear arsa sa a. blocking
b. rans rans ence ence c. misa misatt ttri ribu buti tion on d. suggestibility Essay, Essay, Qllest Qllestion ion he
13 spac spacin in 14.
ffec ffec
seri serial al posi positi tion on effe effect ct
15 visu visual al enco encodi ding ng 16 acou acoust stic ic enco encodi ding ng 17 sema semant ntic ic enco encodi ding ng 18 imag imager er 19 mnem mnemon onic ic
paper.)
20 chun chunki king ng 21 icon iconic ic me or echoic ic memo memory ry 22. echo po 24 amne amnesi si impl implic icit it memo memory ry expl explic icit it memo memory ry 27 hipp hippoc ocam ampu pu 28. recall 29. recognition
30 rele relear arni ning ng 31 prim primin in vu
247
r9
33
oodood-co cong ngru ruen en
34 proa proact ctiv iv
36 repr repres essi sion on
emor emor
misinf nfor orma mati tion on 37. misi
inte interf rfer eren ence ce
35 retr retroa oact ctiv iv
effe effect ct
source ce amne amnesi si 38. sour
inte interf rfer eren ence ce
Cross-Check
ng proc proces ess. s.
fter fter ou have have wri~ wri~ en
:___
in
hi chap chap er ou ca
ou shou shou
ev rs
'-
comp comp et 12
11
th proc proces esss-
ition. ACROSS 14
ting. nsor nsor emor emor es of audi audito to stimuli. 6. codi coding ng of in or atio atio acco accord rdin in to it mean meanin ing. g. Activa vati ting ng asso associ ciat atio ions ns in 7. Acti orde orde to etri etriev ev spec spec fi memory. 11 Ment Mental al pict pictur ures es 4.
fo earn earn ng an emor emor 15 su se so emor emor 19 rgan rgan zi ater ateria ia in fami familliar, iar, mean meanin ingf gful ul unit units. s. impo import rtan an
..._ 19
21
20
22
mome moment nt
to ts ound ound 12 Unco Uncons ns io int memory memory
22 Effo Effort rtfu fu repe repeti titi tion on of info inform rmat atio ion. n. DOWN
in er eres eres
he im ed ate, ate, memory. 3. An ncor ncorpo po at ories.
ni ia reco reco ding ding of nfor nforma mati tion on
misl mislea ea in
it
ncod ncodin in
of in id nt
ew ea ning ning
in capaci capacity. ty. tion tion into into memo memory ry
info info mati mation on in th ir
em
situation.
ANSWERS TIreP TIrePhe heno nome meno no
sitions.
of Memo Memory ry
nfor nfor at on
encoding;
3. informat information-p ion-proces rocessing; sing; retrieval
storage: unlimi unlimited ted (limi (limitle tless) ss)
term term enco encode ded; d; long long-t -ter er
10. Karl Karl Lash Lashle ley; y; cort cortex exes es reme rememb mber ered ed interf interfere ere decays decays
tive; tive; episod episodic; ic; simult simultane aneous ously ly
12 syna synaps pses es
6. fron fronta ta lobe lobes; s; pari pariet etal al temp tempor oral al.l .lob obes es Enco Encodi ding ng
etti etting ng In or atio atio
1. auto automa mati ti
13. serotonin
In
proc proces essi sing ng prac practi tice ce expe experi rien ence ce
enzy enzyme me It also
TP fast faster er
15 CREB CREB glut glutam amat at
17. facilitate
2. effo effort rtfu fu proc proces essi sing ng 3. rehe rehear arsa sa
18 am gd la
imbi imbi
19 disr disr pt hipp hippoc ocam ampu pus; s;
Ebbi Ebbing ngha haus us
hr nk
fewe fewe
overlearning most; most; next-i next-in-l n-line ine spacin in 7. spac
effe effect ct
seri serial al posi positi tion on effe effect ct bett better er sema semant ntic ic acou acoust stic ic visu visual al 10. semantic
3. temp tempor orar aril il
expl explic icit it verb verbal al visu visual al spat spatia ia o; lo -w ve fr nt l; empo empora ra
implic icit it eyeeye-bl blin ink; k; am gdal gdala; a; fear fear impl implic icit it 24. impl 25 infa infant ntil ile; e; hipp hippoc ocam ampu pu Retr Retrie ie al
11. self-r self-refe eferen rence ce
et in
In or atio atio
ut
1. recall
12 imag imager ery; y; effo effort rtfu fu proc proces essi sing ng 13 bett better er 14 sema semant ntic ical ally ly
hippoc ocam ampu pus; s; 22. hipp
recall recogn recognize ize 2. recall rele relear arn; n; more more
visu visual ally ly
priming
15 rosy rosy retr retros ospe pect ctio io
encode th same same
17 pegpeg-wo word rd 18 chun chunks ks ac on be
19 hier hierar arch chie ie Stor Storag age: e: Reta Retain inin in
Info Inform rmat atio io
1. sens sensor or
in befo befo e. If
cu rent rent situ situat at on he us etri etriev ev
in
ay pres presen en cues cues that that un onsc onscio ious usly ly th ar ie expe experi rien ence ce
7. statestate-dep depend endent ent 8. mood mood-c -con ongr grue uent nt 4. re ea sa
ac iv
6. digi digi s; ette ette s; be te
behavior.
simi simila la
250
neve neve suff suffer ered ed depr depres essi sion on
inte interp rpre re
Forgetting
2. forg forget etti ting ng 3.
dist distor orti tion on intr intrus usio io
ncod ncodin in
8. retr retrie ieva va 9. inte interf rfer eren ence ce 10 proa proact ctiv iv
inte interf rfer eren ence ce retr retroa oact ctiv iv
inte interf rfer eren ence ce
Progress T~st
11. -bette -bette 12 posi posi iv
rans ransfe fe
Mult Multip iple le-C -Cho hoic ic
13 repr repres essi sion on
Qlle Qllest stio ioll ll
:.i
15 stre stress ss stre streng ngth then en Memo Memon) n) Cons Constr truc ucti tion on 1. cons constr truc ucti tion on 2.
isin isinfo fo mati mation on ffec ffect; t; can; can; imag imagin inat atio io vivid vivid imagin imaginati ations ons
nfla nflati tion on
glass. 3. sour source ce amne amnesi sia; a; misa misatt ttri ribu bute te
re embe emberi ring ng
(p 370) 370)
process of
4. perc percep epti tion ons; s; inte interp rpre reta tati tion on niques." b.
im-
7. hypn hypnos osis is 8. are; are; ques ques ione ione pegpeg-wo word rd syst system em
9. neut neutra ral; l; nonJ nonJea eadi ding ng
11 3; nfan nfan il
a. Ther Ther is no such such proc proces es of "con "conso soli lida dati ting ng." ." b. Organi Organizat zation ion does so hrou hrough gh hier hier rchi rchies es no grou groupi ping ng
amne amnesi si
12 cogn cognit itiv ive; e; soci social al-c -cul ultu tura ra Impr Improv ovin in 1. Su ve
Memo Memory ry Ques Questi tion on
ea
ehea ehea se Revi Review ew
~,
8.
which which inform informati ation on is son is
Aplysia, th
be am
or effi effici cien en at sign signal al tr nsmi nsmiss ssio ion. n.
lear learne ne
.(p. 365) 9.
gi
th memo memo
expe experi rien ence ces. s. (pp. (pp. 382-383) a. If
memory.
cons cons ruct ruct on me orie orie ma devi devi te sign sign fica ficant nt from from th orig origin inal al expe experi rien ence ces. s.
17.
di
c.
d. This
d.
mnem mnemon onic ic devi device ces. s.
in dura durati tion on 18.
10. d.
fami famili liar arit it
351)
c.
(pp. 372-373)
b. op im
ni 360)
fers fers occu occur. r. unli unlimi mite te
syst system em
esea esea ch tudi tudies es of eyew eyew tnes tnes
or exot exot cnes cnesss-di di
no af ec re enti ention on
stud stud es of icon icon
(p 354)
inte inte va betw betw en
emor emor
me or
It ncod ncodin in
nd re riev riev l. peop people le's 's memo memory ry cons constr truc ucti tion on
(p. 385)
the hypnot hypnotist ist
appl appl
here here
362)
site site fo e x pl pl ic ic i m e m o r ie ie s .
21.
nc
b. is
377)
quite quite predic predictab table. le. Matc Matchi hing ng Item Item 362)
ow c. There There is 373)
2.
(p. 351) I ( 358) 380) 374)
356) 359) 358) 379) 370)
379)
12. 14.
(p. 384) 376) 376) 376)
252
Ch pt
P r og og re re s
Me
Tes
Mult Multip iple le-C -Cho hoic ic
ti in rr tl the film were weren' n' ther there. e. (pp. (pp. 82-3 82-383 83
Ques Questio tions ns
is
is th an wer. wer. (p
391-392)
379379-38 38
ri
th im
is
more poten-
one is asleep.
mo
tail tail
is
te le a.
re ll
limi limite te
into memory.
tora tora overtime. retr retrie ie al (p
th
teri teri ia
is
70
S.
ri
tion.
ic ly
ts (p
ts
poorest reten-
ie
ir ry memorie memories. s.
rain rain th
(p 354)
already
been been enco encode ded. d.
sensory memory.
en odin oding. g. (p 357) 357) ll
-t is
plac placed ed in stor storag age. e. a. corticallesioning.
360)
366) in ri th retr retrie ieva val, l, of memo memori ries es ra ti in inde indepe pend nden en of nutr nutrit itio ion. n. is
rath rath
th
ry techniques that that faci facillitate itate retent retention ion
ie
fami famili liar ar mana manage geab able le unit units. s. itio itio is is th answ answ r. (pp. (pp.
is
(p
li
87-3 87-3 8) t-
(p.380)
ra
io ig ly
te
Answers
ul memo memory ry in shor shortt-te term rm reca reca l. there is unus unusua ua cont contex ext. t.
info inform rmat atio ion. n. (p 379)
new inform informati ation. on. c.
in info inform rmat atio ion. n. (pp. (pp. 382-383) ns ar nc ra he than than an enco encodi ding ng phen phenom omen enon on b.
leve leve of retr retrie ieval val 379-380)
376)
a. This This defi define ne abse absent nt-m -min inde dedne dness ss b. This This is misa misatt ttri ribut butio ion. n. c.Th is bias bias True True-Fa -Fals ls 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
tive tive than than slee sleepi ping ng
Item Item
(p 355)
6. 7. 8.
(p 363) (p 385)
9.
(p. 388) (p 377)
P s y ch ch o lo lo g
(p 385)
acti activa va io
(p 380)
(p 392)
or
(p. 381)
of part partic icul ular ar as oc atio ations ns in memo memo y. ne
nc
(p 354)
Appl ed
Mult Multip iple le-C -Cho hoic ic
ther theref efor or
th best best expl explan anat atio ion. n.
Qlle Qllest stio io1l 1l or
a. an
ou ly expe expe ienc ienced ed
no
curr curren en si uati uation on
stor stored ed been been encod encoded ed on
among among sever several al alte altern rnat ativ ives es 356)
whic whic
accurately than he othe others rs
th im ed at
accurately.
were were enco encode de
reca recall ll
th orig origin inal al expe expe ienc iences es occu occu re he pe 373)
plac place, e, no ood. ood. c. etro etroac ac iv inte interf rfer eren ence ce woul woul ties ties in retr retrie ievi ving ng ol memo memori ries es
invo involv lv
trig trigge gere re
diff diff cu
of audi audito tory ry stim stimul uli. i. acou acoust st call call
(pp. (pp. 356-357)
effo effort rtfu fuI, I, rath rather er than than auto automa mati tic, c, proc proces essi sing ng simi simila la in appe appear aran ance ce
proc proces esse sed. d. (p 353) littl littl diffic difficulty ulty proc proces essi sing ng as auto automa ma ic rath rather er than than effo effort rtfu fuI. I. c.
254
logic logical al stat state. e. d. lash lash ul memo memori ries es ri io ly
moments inlife life (p 351) 351)
a. This This is b. This
ew info inform rmat atio ion. n. (p.3 (p.379 79 b. If ld te io th c.
ld
rr
xamp xample le
ro ctiv ctiv
tion tion ne memo memori ri s. c. This This is mo d- on ru nt
vivid memo-
inte interf rfer eren en e.
memo memory ry
(p, 358)
retr retrie ievi ving ng it b., c.,
nd to-b to-b -rem -remem embe bere re
cons consci ciou ousl sl
th
re es ecia eciall ll
"dec "decla lare re." ."
ters ters of to-b to-bee-re reme memb mber ered ed
it wa neve neve enco enco ed
page page is ofte ofte
enco encode de
item items. s.
in
eman emanti tica call lly. y.
in
word words. s.
it
auto automa mati tica call lly. y. (p ro
(stored).
ts
itio itio
it wa rn
te
appr approx oxim imat atel el
lear lear ed
il
ro
It is
re
ry
mi iv
re im ir
io
th
rain rain
's
seve seve digi digits ts (p 362) 362) b. This
ia is expe experi rien ence ced, d, this
ti
fo Bren Brenda da's 's diff diffic icul ulty ty
th
ll
re
rath rather er th
me
th im
ri
Essa Essa
impl implic icit it memo memory ry
ld
best explanation.
id re
re ie
il
it
Ques Questi tio" o"
lf
tu
icti icti
ia ic
th
re
re
ie
mati mati
ls
to
(p 3 5 6 )
16.
in
ts
(p. 3 5 6 )
17.
Ke Te ms
356)
Writi Writing ng Defini Definiti tions ons 18
1. (p, 349)
to
rt
(p 3 5 8 )
19.
ms
tc.) tc.)
im
iz ti
20 Chun Chunki king ng teri teri
life. life. (p 351)
ro
(p 3 5 8 )
is th memo memory ry te hniq hnique ue of or aniz anizin in
li
me in
ts (p 3 5 9 )
351) 351)
mati mati
M em em o
me
351)
d:
images.
mernorv
sy tem. tem. (p
onds. (p 362)
351)
367)
25. Im li
pa s. (p 351)
lri
ti ro lo
mati mati term term
in id im re tion tion (p 353) 353) te ti
in
in
io
re
352)
rm l-le l-le
io
rm
ie
alle alle
(p 354)
355)
ls
procedural or nondeclara-
l iv iv e m e m o ri ri es es . (p. 367)
decl declar ar tive tive memo memori ries es (p 367) 367)
in
rt
ie
it
info inform rmat atio io
lear learne ne
le 30 Rele Relear arni ning ng
mori mori
in
(p
earl earlie ier. r. (p 3 7 0 )
io
(p
is
370)
356)
-===-===-""'~====:!!!!!!!!~~--------
_-:::-=.-_--:_-_--_.-.-----
256
retr retrie ieve ve
pe ific ific memo memory ry (p 37
ri
tu io
(p.383)
(p ro
re 34 Proa Proact ctiv iv
inte interf rfer eren ence ce
ts
Cross-Check
is
in rm ti
inte interf rf renc renc ly
DOWN
ACROSS
rn
35 Retr Retroa oa tive tive
(p
(p
is
rn
1. repr repres essi sion on
1. recognition
6. semantic
sensory misin misinfo forma rmatio tio 4. effortful
7. priming
(p.379)
8. implicit
M em em o Re mean mean ''ba ''back ckwa ward rd.' .' Retr Retroa oact ctiv iv inte interf rfer eren ence ce is "bac "backw kwar ardd-ac acti ting ng inte interf rfer eren ence ce
19 20 21 22 ism. ism. (p
effe effect ct
10. acoustic
chun chunki king ng flas flashb hbul ul amne amnesi si rehe rehear arsa sa
12. automatic 13. proactive
long term term 16. long 17. visual
81
18. deja deja
FOCUS ON VO AB LARY LARY AN Phenomenon
LA
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P ag a g e 3 50 50 :
Memory
Page the reservoir
's feeble?
feats
( m em em o n J f ea ea ts ts )
storehouse, ( pr p r et et t
s ta ta g g eerr in in g )
nor-
Despite
storehouses and reservoirs
thin thin
ie
(accumulat-
e d l ea ea rn r n in in g ) required.
Pages
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hlgh be im li
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a sh sh l g h t
(roots) (fruits)
pens. me
it
mo
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ie
Ol mp
li
(novel) in to (L M) into into
rt-t rt-t
Enco Encodi ding ng Gett Gettin in
Info Inform rmat atio io
rm ti
lo (S
term term ).
It
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will help help stre streng ngth then en gy) will
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