Chapter 6. The Present Perfect 6.1 Pendahuluan
A. Deskripsi singkat: Pokok Bahasan ini memberikan pengetahuan tata Bahasa Inggris Perfect untuk mengungkapkan suatu kegiatan atau dalam membuat kalimat Present Perfect untuk situasi yang sudah terjadi sebelum saat ini. B. Relevansi: Pokok bahasan ini merupakan bagian pertama dua materi cara membuat kalimat untuk mengungkapkan suatu kegiatan atau situasi yang sudah terjadi dalam Bahasa Inggris. C. Kompetensi C.1. Standar Kompetensi: Kompetensi: Mampu membuat membuat kalimat dengan dengan struktur struktur Present Perfect dengan benar. C.2. Kompetensi Dasar: Setelah menyelesaikan menyelesaikan pokok bahasan ini mahasiswa mampu 1. Membuat kata kerja Past kerja Past Participle. Present Perfect Perfect. 2. Membuat kalimat dengan Forms dengan Forms Of The Present Perfect. 3. Memahami Meanings Memahami Meanings Of The Present Perfect Perfect . 4. Membandingkan kalimat Simple Past vs. Present Perfect. D. Petunjuk Belajar: bacalah tiap kalimat dengan teliti, telaah, dan tulis kembali materi dengan ringkas dalam tabel atau resume. Kerjakan semua latihan soal, verifikasi jawaban Anda dengan jawaban yang disertakan pada setiap akhir bab.
6.2 Penyajian 6.2.1 Uraian
PAST PARTICIPLE
The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. The past participle is used in the PRESENT PERFECT tense t ense and the PAST PERFECT tense. In regular verbs, the form of the past participle is the same as the simple past: both end in – ed. For irregular verbs you need to memorize them. For example :
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SIMPLE SIMPLE FORM PAST REGULAR VERBS
finish stop wait IRREGULAR see VERBS make put
finished stopped waited saw made put
PAST PARTICIPLE finished stopped waited seen made put
Exercise 1.Past participle.
Directions: write the past participle. SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
SIMPLE FORM
SIMPLE PAST
1.
finish
Finished
Finished
11.
Come
Came
2.
See
Saw
Seen
12.
Study
Studied
3.
Go
Went
13.
Stay
Stayed
4.
Have
Had
14.
Begin
Began
5.
Meet
Met
15.
Start
Started
6.
Call
Called
16.
Write
Wrote
7.
Fall
Fell
17.
Eat
Ate
8.
Do
Did
18.
cut
Cut
9.
Know
Knew
19.
Read
Read
10.
Fly
flew
20.
Be
Was/were
6.2.2 Uraian
Forms Of The Present Perfect : 1. STATEMENT:
have/has
+
past participle
For example : (a) I have finished my work. (b) The students have finished chapter 3. (c) Jim has eaten lunch.
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PAST PARTICIPLE
2. CONTRACTION
Pronoun + have
‘ve
Pronoun + has
‘s
For example : I’ve/You’ve/We’ve/They’ve eaten lunch. (a) She’s/He’s eaten lunch. (b) It’s been cold for the last three days. (c)
3. NEGATIVE: have/has + not + past participle
NEGATIVE CONTRACTION
have + not
haven’t
has + not
hasn’t
For example : (a) I have not (haven’t) finished my work. (b) Ann has not (hasn’t) eaten lunch.
4. QUESTION: have/has + subject + past participle
For example : Have you finished your work? (a) Has Jim eaten lunch? (b) (c) How long have you lived here?
5. SHORT ANSWER : have/haven’t or has/hasn’t
For example: (a) A: Have you seen that movie? B: Yes, I have. OR No, I haven’t. (b) A: Has Jim eaten lunch? B: Yes, he has. OR No, he hasn’t.
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Note: The helping verb in the short answer is not contracted with the pronoun. INCORRECT: Yes, I’ve. OR Yes, he’s.
Be careful *COMPARE: It’s cold today. [ It’s = It is: It is cold today.] It’s been cold since December. [ It’s = It has: It has been cold since December ] EXERCISE 2. Forms of the present perfect. Directions: Complete the dialogues with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect.
1. A : (you, eat , ever) ______________________ seaweed ? B : No , I ______________. I (eat, never) __________________seaweed. 2. A : (you, stay, ever) _______________________________ at a big hotel ? B : Yes , I ____________. I (stay) __________ at a big hotel lots of times. 3. A : (you, meet, ever) _______________________________ a movie star ? B : No, I _____________. I ( meet, never) _______________ a movie star. 4. A : (Tom, visit, ever) _________________________ you at your house ? B : Yes , he ____________ . He (visit) ______________ me lots of times . 5. A : (Ann, be ,ever)_______________________ in Mexico ? B : No , she ___________ . She (be, never) _________________ in Mexico . She (be, not) __________________ in any Spanish-speaking countries.
6.2.3 Uraian
Meanings Of The Present Perfect :
look at two pictures bellow:
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1. Something happened before now at an unspecified time a. The Present Perfect expresses an activity or situation that occurred (or did not occur) before now, at some unspecified time in the past, as illustrated in Fig. (a).
For example : (a) (b) (c)
Jim has already eaten lunch. Ann hasn’t eaten lunch yet. Have you ever eaten at that restaurant?
b. An activity may be repeated two, several, or more times before now, at unspecified times in the past, as illustrated in Fig. (b). For example : (d) (e)
Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times. I have eaten there twice.
2. A situation began in the past and continues to the present. When the Present Perfect is used with since or for, it expresses situation that began in the past and continue to the present, as illustrated in Fig. (c).
For example :
We’ve been in class since ten o’clock this morning. I have known Ben for ten years. I meet him ten years ago. I still know him today. We are friends. In (f): Class started at ten. We are still in class now, at the moment of speaking. (f) (g)
INCORRECT: We are in class since ten o’clock this morning
now
now
Before now
Before now
Unspecified time
Unspecified time
Fig. (a)
Fig. (b)
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now
Fig. (c)
Exercise 3. Present Perfect Direction: when speakers use the present perfect, they often contract have and has with nouns in everyday speech. Listen to your teacher say these sentences in normal contracted speech and practice saying them yourself. Discuss the meaning of the present perfect.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Bob has been in Montreal since Tuesday. (“Bob’s been in . . . .”) Jane has been out of town for two days. The weather has been warm since the beginning of April. My parents have been active in politics for forty years. Mike has already eaten breakfast. My friends have moved into a new apartment. My roommate has travelled a lot. She’s visited many different countries. My aunt and uncle have lived in the same house for twenty-five years.
6.2.4 Uraian
Simple Past vs Present Perfect
1. The SIMPLE PAST expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time (or times) in the past, as in (a), (b), and (c).
For example : a) I finished my work two hours ago. b) I was in Europe last year/three years ago/in 1999/in 1995 and 1999/when I was ten years old. c) Ann was in Miami for two weeks. •
In (a): I finished my work at a specific time in the past ( two hours ago).
•
In (c): In sentences where for is used in a time expression, the simple past expresses an activity that began and ended in the past.
2. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity that occurred at an unspecified time (or times) in the past, as in (d), (e), and (f).
For example : d) I have already* finished my work. e) I have been in Europe many times/several times/a couple of times/once/ (no mention of time). f) Bob has been in Miami for two weeks/since May first. •
In (d): I finished my work at an unspecified time in the past ( sometime before now).
•
In (f): In sentences with for or since¸ the present perfect expresses an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. *For more information about already, see Chart 4-8. 84
Exercise 4 .simple past vs. present perfect. Directions: discuss the meaning of the verb tenses.
1. All of the verbs in the following talk about past time, but the verb in (a) is different from the other three verbs. What is the difference? a. I have had several bicycles in my lifetime. b. I had a red bicycle when I was in elementary school. c. I had a blue bicycle when I was a teenager. d. I had a green bicycle when I live and worked in Hong Kong. 2. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express? a. I had a wonderful bicycle last year. b. I’ve had many wonderful bicycles. 3. What are the differences in the ideas the verb tenses express? a. Ann had a red bike for two years. b. Sue has had a red bike for two years. 4. Who is still alive, and who is dead? a. In his lifetime, Uncle Alex had several red bicycle. b. In his lifetime, Grandpa has had several red bicycle.
Exercise 5. Simple past vs. Present perfect
Directions : Look at the verb in italic. Is it simple past or is it present perfect? Check the box that describes whether the verb expresses something that happened at a specified time in the past or at an unspecified time in the past
Specified time in the past
Unspecified time in the past X
X
QUESTION Ms. Parker has been in Tokyo many times (present perfect) Ms. Parker was in Tokyo last week (simple past) I’ve met Ann’s husband. He is a nice guy. I met Ann’s husband at a party last week. Mr. White was in Rome three times last month. Mr. White has been in Rome many times. I like to travel. I’ve been in more than thirty foreign countries. 85
I was in morocco in 2001. Mary has never been in morocco. Mary wasn’t in morocco when I was in there in 2001.
EXERCISE6. Irregular Verb. Direction: Write the simple past and the past participles.
1. See
Saw
2. Eat
Seen
1. Drive
__________
__________
________ _______
2. Ride
__________
__________
3. Give
________ _______
3. Write
__________
__________
4. Fall
________ _______
4. Bite
__________
__________
5. Take
________ _______
5. Hide
__________ __________
6. Shake
________ _______
EXERCISE 7. Irregular Verbs. Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.
1. Break
broke
broken
1. Throw
2. Speak
2. Blow
3. Steal
3. Fly
4. Get
4. Drink
5. Wear
5. Sing
6. Draw
6. Swim
7. Grow
7. Go
EXERCISE 8. Irregular Verbs. Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.
1. Have
______________
______________
2. Make ______________
______________
3. Build ______________
______________
4. Lend
______________
______________
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5. Send
______________
______________
6. Spend ______________
______________
7. Leave ______________
______________
8. Lose
______________
______________
9. Sleep ______________
______________
10. Feel
______________
______________
11. Meet
______________
______________
12. Sit
______________
______________
13. Win
______________
______________
14. Hang ______________
______________
*
*
Hang is a regular verb ( hang, hanged, hanged ) when it means to kill a person by putting aRope around his/her neck. Hang is an irregular verb when it refers to suspending a thing on a wall, in a closet, on a hook, etc.
EXERCISE 9. Irregular verbs. Directions: Write the simple past and the past participles.
1. Sell 2. Tell 3. Hear 4. Hold 5. Feed 6. Read 7. Find 8. Buy 9. Think 10. Teach 11. Catch 12. Cut 13. Hit 14. Quit* 15. Put
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6.3
Penutup
6.3.1
Rangkuman A. Past Participle 1. The past participle is one of the principal parts of a verb. (See Chart 2-6,
p. 32.). The past participle is used in the PRESENT PERFECT tense and the PAST PERFECT tense. 2. The past participle of regular verbs is the same as the simple past form: both and in -ed . See chart 2-7, p. 33, for a list of irregular verbs. B. Forms Of The Present Perfect have/has + past participle Statement Pronoun + have = ‘ve Contraction Pronoun + has = ‘s have not/haven’t or has Negative not/hasn’t have/has + subject + past Question participle Short Answer have/haven’t or has/hasn’t C. Meanings Of The Present Perfect 1. The PRESENT PERFECT expresses an activity or situation that occurred (or did not occur) before now, at unspecified time in the past. 2. An activity may be repeated two, several, or more times before now, at unspecified times in the past. 3. A situation began in the past and continues to the present.
6.3.2 TES FORMATIF A. Direction: complete the sentence with the word in parentheses. Some of completions review verb tenses studied in chapter 1 and 2.Someof them preview verb tenses will be studied in this chapter: the present perfect and past perfect.
Discuss the form and meaning of new tenses. There may be more than one possible correct completion My name (be) ______________ Surasuk Jutukanyaprateep. I (be) __________from Thailand.
Right
now
________________at
I this
(study)_____________English school
since
beginning
at of
this
school.
January.
I
________________here January 2, and my classes (begin) ___________January 6.
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I
(be)
(arrive)
Since i (come) ____________here, I (do) ____________Many things, and I (meet) ________ many people. Last week, I (go) ____________to a party at my friend’s house. I (meet) ________ some of the other student from Thailand at the party, Of course we (speak) ________ Thai so I (practice, not) ________ my English that night. There (be) ________ only people from Thailand at the party. However,
since
I
(come)
_____________________
here,
I
(meet)
___________________________ a lot of other people, too. I (meet) __________________ people from Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. I enjoy meeting people from other countries. Before I came here, I (meet, never) __________________ anyone from the Ukraine or Bolivia. Now I (know) ______________________ people from both these places, and they (become) _____________________ my friends.
B. Simple past vs. present perfect Directions: Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the present perfect or
the simple past. 1. A : Have you ever been in Europe? B; Yes Ihave. I (be)have been in Europe several Times. Infact, I (be)was in Europe last year. 2. A:are you going to finish your work before you go to bed ? B: I(finish, already*) have_already finished it. I (finish) finished. My work two hours ago . 3. A :Have you ever eaten at Al’s Steak House? B: Yes , I ______________.I(eat )_____________ there many times. In fact , my wife and I (eat )______________ there last night. 4. A: Does you and Erica want to go to the movie at the palace theatre with us tonight? B: No thanks. We (see, already)_______________________________ it . We (see)_________________________ it last week. 5. A: When are you going to write your report for Mr. Goldberg? B: I(write, already)_________________________________ it. I (write) ____________________ it two days ago and gave it to him . 6. A: ( Antonio, have, ever )___________________________________ a job? 90
B: Yes, he ________________________ .He (have) _________________ a job at his uncle’s waterbed store. 7. A: This is a good book. Would you like to read it when I’m finished? B:Thanks,but I ( read, already)_____________________________________ it . I (read)_______________________________ it a couple of months ago.
8. A: What European countries (you, visit)_________________________________? B: I (visit )_____________________Hungary , Germany , and Switzerland. I (visit )________________________Hungary at 1998. I (be)________________in Germany and Switzerland in 2001. *in informal spoken English , the simple past is sometimes used with already . Practice using the present perfect with already in exercise C. Since vs For. Directions: Complete the sentence “I have been here …..” Use since or for with the give expressions.
I have been here … 1.
__ two month.
2.
__ September.
3.
__ 1998.
4.
__ last year.
5.
__ two years.
6.
__ last Friday.
7.
__ 9.30.
8.
__ three days.
9.
__ the first January.
10.
__ almost four month.
11.
__ the beginning of the term.
12.
__ the semester started.
13.
__ a couple of hours.
14.
__ fifteen minutes.
15.
__ yesterday.
16.
__ about five weeks.
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6.3.3 Umpan balik
Score = Jumlah jawaban benar x 100/44. 6.3.4 Tindak lanjut
Jika score anda kurang dari 80 maka ulangi lagi memahami rangkuman, kerjakan semua latihan, dan test formatif.
6.4 Referensi Betty Schrampfer Azar, Fundamentals of English Grammar 3rd Edition, Longman, 2003. Chapter 4. Unit 4.1 – 4.4. Page 84-87.
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