Chapter 16 the Endocrine System

Chapter 16 The Endocrine System A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.:  FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes 2. ACTH ________.:  secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion rue 3. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones: T rue 4. ADH ________.: is inhibited by alcohol  5. Aldosterone ________.:  f  unctions to increase sodium reabsorption 6. Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant:  False 7. All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP rue second-messenger: T rue 8. All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, rue and LH: T rue rue 9. All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA: T rue 10. Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium: T rue rue 11. Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system: T rue rue 12. Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that has destructive effects on the skeletal system:  False 1.

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of  biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is between  f  irst and second  possible because ________.: G protein acts as the link between f   messengers 14. Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include o f  several several di ff    ff  erent second-messenger systems  ________.: possible activation o f   15. Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________.:  Hormones 16. Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are both caused by a genetic mutation involving the synthesis of insulin:  False 17. Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system:  False 18. Eicosanoids do not include ________.:  Hydrocortisones 19. Factors that inhibit TSH release do not include ________.: excessively high blood  iodine concentrations 20. Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin:  False 21. Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress:  False 22. Glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress. They accomplish glucose,  f  atty acid, and amino acid levels and  this by ________.: increasing blood glucose, f   enhancing blood pressure 13.

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.: C ortisol  icant  24. Gonadocorticoid(s) ________.:  production by the adrenal gland is insigni f   compared with sex hormone release f  rom the gonads during late puberty ormative years 25. Growth hormone ________.:  promotes long bone growth during the f   26. Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones:  False 27. Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.: during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes 28. Hypersecretion of growth hormone:  Acromegaly 29. Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex: C ushing's Disease  f  ism 30. Hyposecretion of growth hormone:  P ituitary Dwar  31. Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex:  Addison's Disease 32. Hyposecretion of the pancreas:  Diabetes Mellitus 33. Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants: C retinism 34. In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ________.: U  p-regulation 35. In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation: T rue 36. Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released ________.: when the body's glucose level rises 37. Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine: T rue 23.

Leptin is secreted by ________.:  Adipocytes 39. LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin: T rue 40. Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters: T rue 41. Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.: C ortisol  42. Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.: T hymus gland  43. One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?: humoral stimulation 44. Oxytocin ________.: release is an example o f  a positive f  eedback control mechanism 45. Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions: T rue 46. Peptide hormones enter the target cells and elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects:  False 47. Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue:  P arathyroid  48. Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body:  P ancreas 49. Produces the body's major metabolic hormones: T hyroid  irst enter into the 50. Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.:  f   hypophyseal portal system 51. Select the correct statement about the structure or function of chemical messengers.:  An amino acid derivative can be a hormone 38.

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.: hypophyseal portal system 53. Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.: down-regulation 54. Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.: entering the nucleus o f  a cell and  initiating or altering the expression o f  a gene 55. The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ___: the presence o f  the appropriate receptors on the cells o f  the target  tissue or organ 56. The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitoninparathormone: T rue 57. The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin: T rue 58. The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid:  False 59. The endocrine structure that develops from the nervous system is the anterior pituitary:  False 60. The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction:  Adrenal Medulla 61. The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin:  False 62. The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.: is partly contained within the in f  undibulum 63. The major targets of growth hormone are ________.: bones and skeletal muscles 64. The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is  ________.: Aldosterone 52.

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.: it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones  f  rom the hypothalamus f  or release 66. The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________.: T hyroid Hormone 67. The only known effect of prolactin in humans is to produce impotence in males:  False 68. The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________.: targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that  calcium will be released  69. The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis: T rue 70. The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.: binding  to speci f  ic receptors and employing the services o f  G proteins and c A M  P  71. The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands:  Hypophysis 72. The stimulus for calcitonin release is usually excessive amounts of growth hormone synthesis:  False 73. The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual: T rue 74. The thyroid gland is embedded in the parathyroid tissue:  False 75. Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.:  steroid hormones, because both di ff  use easily into target cells 65.

76.

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________.: entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei.

Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?:  I t  does not require a second messenger to e ff  ect a response  H and T SH  78. Tropic hormones ________.: include ACT  79. Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________.: Second messengers 80. What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-base hormones?: C alcium 81. When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.:  E  pinephrine 82. Which of the following does not act as a second messenger in second-messenger systems of hormone action?: C almodulin 83. Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?:  E nzyme 84. Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?: direct control o f  the nervous system  pinephrine 85. Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?:  E  86. Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis?:  P arathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator o f  calcium levels in the blood  87. Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?:  Liver  88. Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?: a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DN   A 89. Which organ does not have hormone production?:  Liver  90. Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?:  Heart  77.