Chapter 11 – Development of in Adolescence and Adulthood
endocrine system gonads and adrenal gland
The Transition of Adolescence
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puberty: the stage that marks the
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adolescences begins
beginning of
around 13 and end at
adolescences and ruing
22
which sexual functions
not universal, varies
reach maturity
amongst cultures -
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primary sex
usually seen in
characteristics:
industrial societies
structures needed for
our society, college
reproduction, develop
students have
during puberty
“marginal status” –
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onset of puberty for
capable of reproduction
females based on
and physically mature,
menarche: first
but have not achieved
occurrence of
emotional and economic
menstruation (around 12-13) – mostly sterile,
independence
but can get pregnant
Physical Changes
onset of puberty for males based on spermache: first
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adolescent growth
ejaculation; not valid,
spurt – rapid growth in
may not have seminal
height and weight (11
fluid but no active
for girls and 2 years
sperm
later in boys) pubescence: the two-year span
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puberty earlier than
preceding puberty during which the changes leading to physical
males
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and sexual maturity takes place
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heart and lungs grow, muscle content
secondary sex
increase more
characteristics:
obvious in boys; both
physical features that
boy and girl the same
distinguish one gender
in strength, speed
from the other but that
and endurance before
are not essential for
12, but boys are
reproduction (eg. facial
advantages after
hair, deeper voice in
puberty in all 3 areas
men; breast
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girl’s begin and end
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secondary sex
development in
characteristics
women)
continue to develop up
pituitary gland
until 17 in girls and 20
in boys
identity moratorium -
Crisis absent, commitment present = identity foreclosure
- girls who mature early and boys whomature late
Crisis absent, commitment absent =
more self-aware of body, lessidentity diffusion
popular, more prone psychological disorders, - Identity achievement: successful achievement of isolations, more likely to perform deviant sense of identity; flexible, successful behavior
relationships, etc.
- optimal adjustment: girls is “on time” - Identity moratorium: active struggling for a maturation and boys is “early maturation” sense of identity; conflicted between conforming/rebelling, ambivalent feelings
Cognitive Changes
towards parents, intense Identity foreclosure: premature commitment
- adolescence:
to visions, values, roles prescribed by parents;
1.
think abstractly and efficiently connected to family, cognitively rigid, etc..
2.
self-aware and self-reflective Identity diffusion: inability to make identity
3.
can view points in several commitment, perceptions given up in finding identity;
4.
solve problems by generating alienatedhypothesis from parents, low levels of moral
and testing them reasoning, less emotional intimacy 5. overanalyze – pseudostupidity: “Why didn’t I think of that”
Time of Turmoil?
6.
acquire more knowledge
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7.
skilled at deductive reasoning
is a period of “Storm and Stress”
8.
better at math, science, spatial
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9.
more likely to engage in “risky” parent-adolescent behavior conflicts;
Edward T. Hall – adolescence
Adolescence tend to: increase
experience more volatile emotions
Personality Changes
and extremes of mood; engage in more risky behavior
- challenges for adolescence – greater - autonomy Not consistent in other and “individuation”
cultures -
The Search for Identity
Even with conflicts, most
teens close to parents
- each stage has a psychosocial crisis-thatMinority one cannot cope with has to overcome
transition to adulthood (6-18)
- stable More likely to: fell less - identity: having a relatively clear and sense of who one is in the larger society competent, depression, suicidal, -
gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation drug alcohol play abuse, chronic big role
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delinquency
identity emerges from “identity crisis” – gradual; end with commitment Adolescent to certain career Suicide and personal values
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Marcia’s Four Identity statuses: -
Increasing number of suicides (15-24)
Crisis and commitment present -= identity Parasuicides: self-destructive achievement
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behavior that is not fatal nor
Crisis present, commitment absent entirely = intentional; eg. attempted
suicides (can range from small to
family and career are concerned
deadly acts) -
Ratio of attempted to
Erikson’s Theory: Intimacy vs. Isolation
completed in adolescence = 100:1
- the more you can share, the longer the
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relationship
Boys complete suicides more,
- 5 statuses: (Orlofsky)
girls attempted suicide more
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Homosexuals more like for
1.
intimate – can form open and close
suicides (stress, lack social help)
relationships and are involved in committed
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relationships
Girls use less lethal methods
while boy uses deadly methods
2.
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committed relationship because they are
Lower tolerance for perceived
preintimate – haven’t experienced
weakness implied in attempt
ambivalent about making commitments
suicides
3.
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close, see each other as objects to manipulate
Suicides is a mean of
stereotyped – superficial relationships, not
escaping averse self=awareness
4.
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relationships, but resembles stereotyped qualities
Suicidal ideation: thinking
pseudointimate – involved in permanent
about committing suicides
5.
isolate – avoid social situation, loners whose
(common in high school)
social interaction only involve a few acquaintances
History of stress since childhood, may be rooted in family
- successful relationship depend on identity
and friends, etc…, engage in more
relationships or individual may rely too much on
risky acts
the other as their identity short relationships
The Expanse of Adulthood
status, Identity of self must be clear before
Adjusting to the World of Work - men changes jobs every 2 years during 20s
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Social clock: person’s notion
- men in full-time stay till retire
of a developmental schedule that
- women have many disruptions, eg child care,
specifies what he or she should
etc….
have accomplished by certain
- women usually take part-time, household
points in life
chores fall upon women mostly
- if events come too early or too late, it causes stress, psychological distress
Adjusting to Marriage and Family Life - Later marriages (women: 25, male: 27), having
Early Adulthood (From Age 20 to 40)
children later - First few years very happy
- “demographically dense” – most role changes First child discrepancies occur during this period
between the responsibilities of parent after
conflicts, martial dissatisfaction childbirth homosexuals - Time to sort sexual orientation,
take longer, stressful
and mental health (esp. women)
- “emerging adulthood” (late teen through Dual-earner 20s) family – women - Not marrying or having havechildren greateras responsibility early at home more - Dependence on parents work-family for emotional conflictand financial support longer than previously Homosexuals – more flexible - Arnett suggests, young division people of labor, use this workload is shared and time to discover identity completed more fully based where on personal preference
Middle Adulthood (From Age 40-65)
“emptying of the nest” – only
25% of parents report sadness (not a lot), younger siblings report
Erikson’s Theory: Generativity vs. Stagnation -
sadness
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Generativity: concern for
“empty nest” (mothers)
welfare of future generation, give
improved mood and well being
back and pass on knowledge to
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the next generation
and sexual relationships can suffer
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Demonstrate generativity
when providing unselfish guidance
When child returns moods Today, increase young adults
coming home
to younger people (not necessarily
- Reasons: find job, marital separation, divorce,
their children)
job loss
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- Postparental period gives parents more time to
Stagnation: self-absorbed and
self-indulgent preoccupation with
devote to each other, more travel and leisure
one’s own needs
time, can pursue new interests
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- Marital satisfaction goes up
High generative individuals
are: well adjusted and high in life satisfaction
Transitions in the Work Role
- Stable career pattern: peak if their careers, more
Confronting the Aging Process -
responsibility, more money, etc…
No middle age in the past due
- use this opportunity to mentor younger workers
to low life expectancy
(generativity)
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- changing careers pattern: seek to begin different
New concept today due to
increase life expectancy
kinds of work due to being laid of or simply just
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wanting to change fields
Challenges: coming to terms
with aging process
- third group are women coming back into
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workforce after family concerns
Many physical changes such
as weight gain, bad eye sight, saggy skin, wrinkles, body aches, decrease height, etc…. -
After early adulthood, people
Is there a Midlife Crisis? - when individuals feel they are out of control of their own life (psychology, social wellbeing,
perceive themselves as younger
physical health, relationships)
than they are
- midlife crisis: turbulent period of doubts and
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reappraisals of one’s life (around 35-45)
Women find hard to accept
growing old
- many people go through this stage
support “double
standard of aging”: perception
- other research suggest, midlife bring a period of
that women’s attractiveness
reflection but midlife crisis is not typical
declines more with age than men
- mostly men that go through “midlife crisis”
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- women go through “midcourse corrections” –
Feeling younger greater
psychological adjustment and
new adventures, new relationship, new purpose
health
(constructive)
Transitions in the Parenting Role
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during adolescence of child
conflicts and power struggles
Late Adulthood (after 65)
Erikson’s Theory: Integrity vs Despair
- ego integrity: able to look back in life forand support have a - and sense of satisfaction and find meaning African American elders: ritual purpose there
kin: neighbors or peers acquire
status as close family and render - despair: tend to dwell on past mistakes, contemplate the approach of death mutual aid -
bitterness
Church play central role in
psychological in adjustment - resolutions earlier in life better resolutions the future - well-being correlated Aging: to increasing age and Process a Gradual psychological maturity and the factors of generativity and integrity Physical account Changes for most of relation Changes in Appearance -
Retirement - declining retirement age (to 62)
Height decreases, weight increase (more fat
content), Skin wrinkles, saggy, face changes as
- most people welcome retirement, show features no stretch and jaw gets smaller, Grey hair adverse impact on health or life satisfaction Declining attractiveness – - maybe problem for people who were affect forced women to due to “double retire (eg. illness, retirement policy, job standard of aging” elimination, etc) Women worth decreases - stressful if it occurs at the same time along as other with physical attractiveness life changes Changes in support Networks -
Sensory Changes
older people still maintain
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Deterioration in hearing and vision (more
close relationship with children
frequent in men)
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Vision between 30-mid 60 far sighted
doesn’t mean they are happier
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60+
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friends are more important
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Poor depth perception, do not
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friendship provide
recover as fast from glare, poor
however, being close with fam
near sighted
companionship, as well as
darkness adaptability, etc.
opportunities for leisure activities
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and sharing thoughts and
accidents
Poor eyesight more traffic
emotions -
older people have less friends
since they are more selective -
have friends that make them
happy, not give them stress -
can serve as buffer for
Neurological Changes - neurons: individuals cells that receive, integrate
changing social roles, loss of
and transmit info
status
- neurons declines in brain
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- dementia: abnormal condition marked by
Men have larger networks,
women have smaller but more
multiple cognitive deficits that include memory
intimate
impairment
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- Dementia caused by disease such as AIDS,
Men rely heavily on wife for
support, while wife rely on children
Parkinson’s Alzheimer’s, etc..
- Dementia and senility are not normal aging process
Intelligence
- Alzheimer’s disease account for 50-60% stable of intelligence even after 60 -
dementia
- It is progressive and takes 8-10 years -
intelligence varies high cognitive functioning
- Aging, Gender and ethnicity can be used bettertohealth and life satisfaction, predict alzheimers (women, americans etc.and Europeans more vulnerable) stimulating Processing activities and Problem Solving - Engaging in cognitiveInformation reduces chance of alzheimers
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ability to handle simultaneous
- Symptoms: memory loss, reduced energy, inputs decreases loss -
temper, depression
ability to narrow one’s focus
- As it gets worse: difficulty speaking,decreases comprehending, performing complicated decrease tasks, efficiency in filtering memory loss (recent events), lose bladder out info control, etc death
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info processing is much
slower -
Hormonal Changes
problem solving skills
- reduction of sexual activity in older age decrease is not because of hormonal changes but conforming to societal views - menopause: time when menstruation - ceases working memory decreases - decrease estrogen
- loss bone density
with age prone to bone working memory: short-term, - fractures
- women suffer little psychological limited distress capacity memory store - reactions vary
that people use to juggle info they
- idea of “male menopause” – spermare decreases currently focusing on but still ale to bare child
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decline in episodic memory –
where the keys are, where the car Changes in Health Status
is parked
- health diminishes with age
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people beliefs trigger of
- vital organs lose some functional memory capacity loss trigger self-fulfilling - more vulnerable to diseases
prophecies memory loss
- diseases have greater seriousness older people do not have vivid - lifestyle affect health
early memories of the past
- affluent individuals are healthier - varies amongst ethnicPersonalities groups, based on social status
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contradictory conclusions
- home health care and assisted living- facilities can be both stable or can be alterative to nursing homes – allow elderly changed to be (I assume it varies) more independent - use of nursing homes Death varies ethnically based on and Dying family member available to take care of elderly
Attitudes About Death Cognitive Changes
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western societies AVOID the topic of death ties with deceased loved ones
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death system: collection of
- however, people still report that they talk, or feel
rituals and procedures used by a
their presence
culture to handle death (varies in
- Asian, African Hispanic cultures, maintain
different cultures)
emotional ties
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negativism and avoidance are
not universal death systems -
The Grieving Process - distress is inevitable response to loss, failed to
death anxiety: fear and
apprehension about one’s own
feel distress mean improper grieving
death
- Stages:
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terror management suggests
1.
Numbness – survivors dazed and confused,
cultures have traditions and
neasea or tightness in through, occurs when death is
institution that deal with death
unexpected
anxiety eg. churches
2.
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person, have illusions, frustration and angry, sadness
yearning – survivors try to recover the lost
- well-formulated personal-philosophyand andsob life uncontrollably satisfaction reduced death anxiety
disorganization and despair – acceptance of
3.
helplessness, despair and depression, - death anxiety declines with age, oldloss people
scared of the uncertainty before death extreme fatigue 4. reorganization – resume normal routine The Process of Dying -
varies amongst individuals
Stage 1: denial
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researchers can separate
Stage 2: Anger
preloss depression from loss-
Stage 3: Bargaining – wants more time, induced postpone depression death
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participants’ grief patterns:
Stage 4: depression – “preparatory grief: sadness absentofgrief/resilient pattern – anticipating an impending loss
low levels of depression before and after
Stage 5: acceptance – taken care death of unfinished business, ready to die, desire of having someone chronic grief – depression warm close
exist before and after
- however, do not necessary follow stages,common usually grief – increase in jumble of emotions
depression after death and decrease
- these are all affected by age, depression ethnicity, social over time setting, personality, etc…
depressed-improved – decrease in depression after death
Bereavement and Grieving
chronic depression depressed both before and after
- bereavement: painful loss of a loved- oneabsent grief more common – through death
early acceptance
- mourning: formal practices of an individual chronic and grief – preloss a community in response to a death dependency on spouse Cultural Variations
positive emotions and
laughing can alleviate stress from
- western culture, motivated to breakgrief emotional
- authoritative positive outcomes, do well in
Coping with various types of loss
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Coping with miscarriage and
still birth is painful
school, self-reliant, friendly, cooperative
- authoritarian less well in school, low self-
highest level
of depression
esteem, poor social skills
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- permissive undisciplined, impulsive, and
Loss husband more depressed
than loss parent
easily frustrated
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- neglectful maladaptive behavior, low
Death of intimate is an
adjustment challenge – experience
academics and social competence, delinquency,
may vary (bereavement)
alcohol and substance abuse
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- ALL correlational
When child loses a parent
frequent crying, angry outbursts, trouble concentrating, etc… -
Rearing Adolescents
Symptoms can last for months
to years
- during adolescences, there is an increase power
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struggle between child and parent
Bereavement overload:
individuals experience several
- authoratiative – highest competence and
deaths at the sametime or in a
adjustment
close succession (eg. natural disasters)
- neglectful – lowest
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Elderly and gay’s suffer from
toward effective parenting
bereavement overload
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Sympathy and support and
time
coping with loss
1. set high, but reasonable standards 2. stay alert for goo behavior and reward it 3. explain your reasons when you ask a child to do
Application
something 4. encourage children to take the perspective of
Dimensions of Childrearing
others 5. enforce rules consistently
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2 dimensions of parental
behavior 1.
using punishment effectively
parental acceptance – high
acceptance, higher self-esteem in
- often has unintended negative side effects
children
- can lead to, reduced quality of parent-child
2.
parental control - strictness
relationship, poorer mental health, increased
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Authoritative parents: high
delinquency and aggression in both child and
acceptance, high control, best
adulthood
parenting style
- guidelines for effective punishments
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Authoritarian parents: low
1.
punishment should not damage the child’s
acceptance, high control
self-esteem
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2.
punishment should be swift
3.
punishment should be consistent
Permissive parents: high
acceptance, low control
- Neglectful parents: low acceptance,4.low control punishment should be explained 5. Correlates of Parenting Styles
point out alternatives, positives ways for you
child to behave and reinforce these actions
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