GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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Table of Contents Chapter 10 GPRS Radio Network Network Planning and Optimization............................................ Optimization............................................ ......... ....... .. 101 GPRS !asi" Prin"iples# 1011 Network Stru"ture and Fun"tional $ntities# 101% Ser&i"e Fun"tion and Num'ering Plan( 101) Main *nter+a"es and Related Proto"ols%, 101# Radio Channels and -heir *mportan"e)# 101. System *n+ormation and Main Flows#) 101, Parameters and /ppli"ation,) 10% GPRS Network Planning0 10%1 Capa"ity Planning1 10%% Co&erage Planning 10%) Fre2uen"y Planning1 10) GPRS Network Optimization% 10)1 GPRS Network Optimization O'3e"ti&es and Prin"iples) 10)% Network Optimization *nde4es# 10)) Network Optimization Pro'lem /nalysis(1
!ist of "ig#res "ig#re 10$1 10$1 GPRS network stru"ture# "ig#re 10$% MM 10$% MM state transition model1( "ig#re 10$& GPRS 10$& GPRS address and num'ering diagram%0 "ig#re 10$ NS/P* 10$ NS/P* num'ering diagram%1 "ig#re 10$' Main 10$' Main inter+a"es in the GPRS system%. "ig#re 10$( GPRS 10$( GPRS data trans+er proto"ol plat+orm% "ig#re 10$) Stru"ture 10$) Stru"ture o+ a radio "hannel)# "ig#re 10$* Stru"ture 10$* Stru"ture o+ the R5C6M/C data 'lo"k), "ig#re 10$+ Stru"ture 10$+ Stru"ture o+ R5C6M/C 'lo"k), "ig#re 10$10 7plink 10$10 7plink two phase a""ess 8a"knowledged 8a"knowledged mode9 +low on CCC: #. 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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"ig#re 10$11 ;ownlink 10$11 ;ownlink -!F esta'lishment +low# "ig#re 10$1% 10$1% Coordinated GPRS atta"h.0 "ig#re 10$1& 7pdate 10$1& 7pdate o+ the "oordinated R/65/ within a SGSN.) "ig#re 10$1 GPRS 10$1 GPRS deta"h initiated 'y the MS.. "ig#re 10$1' P;P 10$1' P;P "onte4t a"ti&ation a"ti&ation initiated 'y the MS ., "ig#re 10$1( P;P 10$1( P;P "onte4t modi+i"ation,0 "ig#re 10$1) Re"o&ery 10$1) Re"o&ery +low +or GPRS suspended ser&i"e,1 "ig#re 10$1* Co&erage 10$1* Co&erage "orresponding "orresponding to +our GPRS "hannel "hannel "oding s"hemes s"hemes "ig#re 10$1+ Relationship 10$1+ Relationship 'etween C6* and distan"e( "ig#re 10$%0 Relationship 10$%0 Relationship 'etween C6* distri'ution pro'a'ility and C6*( "ig#re 10$%1 Fre2uen"y 10$%1 Fre2uen"y reuse "lusters supported 'y GPRS "hannel "oding s"hemes 0 "ig#re 10$%% Relationship 10$%% Relationship 'etween C6* distri'ution distri'ution pro'a'ility and +re2uen"y reuse "oe++i"ient 1
!ist of Tables Table 10$1 ;e+inition 10$1 ;e+inition o+ the priority "lass in GPRS
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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Table 10$1 Meaning 10$1 Meaning o+ the F!* 'it)( Table 10$1' 10$1' MS multislot "apa'ility#0 Table 10$1( Coordination 10$1( Coordination 'etween 'etween GPRS NMO and paging paging # # Table 10$1) P;P 10$1) P;P "onte4t dea"ti&ation initiated 'y the MS,0 Table 10$1* Meaning 10$1* Meaning o+ the /5P:/,) *NS=M$/S=C:/NN$5=5*S-=/> >/*5 ,. ,. Table 10$1+ Meaning 10$1+ Meaning o+ the *NS=M$/S=C:/NN$5=5*S-=/ Table 10$%0 GPRS 10$%0 GPRS su's"ri'er?s a&erage data rate) Table 10$%1 /& 10$%1 /&era erage ge a&ail a&aila'l a'le e 'andwi 'andwidth dth o+ o+ the P;C: P;C: under under &ario &arious us "on+i "on+igur gurati ation ons s
8a9 8a9 ,
Table 10$%% /& 10$%% /&era erage ge a&ail a&aila'l a'le e 'andwi 'andwidth dth o+ o+ the P;C: P;C: under under &ario &arious us "on+i "on+igur gurati ation ons s
8'9 8'9 ,
Table 10$%& Mapping 10$%& Mapping relationship o+ GPRS "hannel "oding "oding s"heme and C6* Table 10$% Per"entage 10$% Per"entage o+ &oi"e "o&erage "o&erage area relati&e to "hannel "hannel "oding s"heme s"heme ( ( Table 10$%' Relationship 10$%' Relationship 'etween grade o+ &oi"e ser&i"e and C6*1 Table 10$%( ;e+inition 10$%( ;e+inition o+ the GPRS P;C: num'er. Table 10$%) ;e+inition 10$%) ;e+inition o+ GPRS "ongestion rate, Table 10$%* ;e+inition 10$%* ;e+inition o+ GPRS "all drop rate
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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Chapter 10 GPRS Radio Network Network Planning and Optimization 10.1 GPRS ,asi- Prin-iples Gene General ral Pa"ke Pa"kett Radio Radio Ser&i" Ser&i"e e 8GPRS 8GPRS99 is a kind kind o+ mo'il mo'ile e pa"ke pa"kett data data ser&i" ser&i"e e de&eloping +rom the e4isting GSM mo'ile "ommuni"ation network GPRS introdu"es pa"ket swit"hing +un"tional entities to the GSM digital mo'ile "ommuni"ation "ommuni"ation network *n this "ase@ the data "an 'e transmitted in terms o+ pa"ket in a GPRS system -he GPRS system e4pands e4pands the ser&i"es ser&i"es pro&ided pro&ided 'y the original original GSM "ir"uit swit"hing swit"hing system system -here+ore@ -here+ore@ in a GPRS system@ mo'ile users "an use pa"ket data mo'ile mo'ile terminals to a""ess the *nternet or other pa"ket data networks -he digital "ellular "ellular mo'ile "ommuni"ati "ommuni"ation on 'ased 'ased on GSM and C;M/ as and the pa"ket data "ommuni"ation 'ased on the *nternet are the two industries en3oying the +astes +astestt growth growth in in+or in+ormat matio ion n area area -end -enden" en"y y shows shows that that the two indust industri ries es are are "oming "oming to integrat integration ion -he ad&ent ad&ent o+ the GPRS takes the +irst +irst step towards towards the integration o+ the mo'ile "ommuni"ation and the pa"ket data "ommuni"ation Currently@ Currently@ while the &oi"e ser&i"e keeps de&eloping@ de&eloping@ the %G mo'ile "ommuni"ation grad gradual ually ly suppor supports ts *P and and highAs highAspe peed ed data data ser&i" ser&i"es es Moreo Moreo&e &err@ the )G mo'il mo'ile e "ommuni"ation will 'e also "hara"terized 'y *P and high data ser&i"es GPRS pro&ides multiple data ser&i"es@ in"luding P-P 8PointAtoAPoint9 ser&i"e@ P-MAM 8Point to Multipoint Multi"ast9 ser&i"e@ P-MAG 8Point to Multipoint Group Call9 ser&i"e@ and *PAM 8*nternet Proto"ol Multi"ast9 ser&i"e GPRS "an 'e applied in &arious areas@ in"luding $Amail@ BBB 'rowse@ B/P ser&i"e@ ele"troni" "ommer"e@ in+ormation 2uery@ remote super&isory@ and so on
10.1.1 Network Str#-t#re Str#-t#re and "#n-tional "#n-tional ntities -he -he GPRS GPRS netwo network rk supp support orts s pa"ke pa"kett swit"h swit"hin ing g and and pa"ke pa"kett transm transmiss ission ion@@ whi"h whi"h ena'les ena'les the GSM network network to e++i"ien e++i"iently tly support support data ser&i"es ser&i"es /s shown in $rror Re+eren"e sour"e not +ound@ +ound @ the GPRS network is an o&erlay network o+ the e4isting
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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GSM network *n the GPRS network@ the +un"tional entities@ su"h as Ser&i"e GPRS Support Node 8SGSN9 and Gateway GPRS Support Node 8GPSN9 are added to the e4isting GSM network -he GPRS network and the e4isting GSM network share the same !SS system@ 'ut the the "orr "orres espo pond ndin ing g hard hardwa ware re and and so+t so+twa ware re must must 'e upgr upgrad aded ed to meet meet the the re2uirements re2uirements o+ GPRS ser&i"es Meanwhile@ the inter+a"es o+ the +un"tional entities o+ the GPRS network and the GSM network must 'e properly de+ined *n addition@ the MS must 'e re2uired to support the GPRS ser&i"es -he GPRS network "an "onne"t to PSP;N with the help o+ GGSN $ither the D. or D%. "an work as the inter+a"e proto"ol Moreo&er@ Moreo&er@ the GPRS network "an "onne"t to the *P network dire"tly
"ig#re 1.1 GPRS network stru"ture
-he +ollowing introdu"es the +un"tions o+ the e2uipments related to the GPRS network in detail
/. GPRS mobile station
-erminal e2uipment
-he terminal e2uipment 8-$9 is a "omputer terminal operated 'y users *n the GPRS system@ it transmits and re"ei&es the pa"ket data o+ the terminal users -he -$ "an 'e an independent "omputer@ or "an 'e integrated with the mo'ile terminal 8M-9 -o some e4tent@ all the +un"tions pro&ided 'y the GPRS network ena'le a pa"ket data
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transm transmiss ission ion path path to 'e esta'l esta'lish ished ed to "onn "onne"t e"t the -$ and and the e4ter e4ternal nal data data networks
Mo'ile terminal
-he mo'ile terminal "an "ommuni"ate with the -$ *n addition@ it "an "ommuni"ate with !-S through through 7m inter+a" inter+a"e e and esta'lish esta'lish logi"al logi"al links to SGSN *n a GPRS network@ the M$ "an en3oy the ser&i"es pro&ided 'y the GPRS system only when it is "on+igured with related GPRS +un"tional so+tware ;uring data "ommuni"ation@ the M- "onne"ts the -$ to the Modem in the GPRS system -he +un"tions o+ the M- and -$ "an 'e integrated into one physi"al de&i"e
Mo'ile station
-he mo'ile station 8MS9 "an 'e taken as the integration o+ the M- and -$ Physi"ally@ it "an 'e either one entity or two entities 8-$ E M-9 -hree types o+ MSs are a&aila'le@ in"luding type /@ type !@ and type C -he MSs o+ type / "an per+orm per+orm pa"ket swit"hed ser&i"e and pa"ket pa"ket "ir"uit "ir"uit swit"hed swit"hed ser&i"e ser&i"e simultan simultaneou eously sly -he MSs o+ type ! "an 'e atta"hed atta"hed to the GPRS GPRS network network and the e4isting GSM network@ 'ut they "annot per+orm pa"ket swit"hed ser&i"e and pa"ket "ir"uit swit"hed ser&i"e simultaneously -he MSs o+ type C "annot 'e atta"hed to the GPRS network and the e4isting GSM network
//. ,TS -he 'ase station trans"ei&er 8!-S9 is the wireless part in !SS system *t is "ontrolled 'y 'ase station "ontroller 8!SC9 and ser&es one or more "ells -he +un"tions o+ the !-S are as +ollows
Realize radio transmission and related "ontrol +un"tion 'etween the !-S and the MS through 7m inter+a"e
Ful+i Ful+ill ll the +un"tio +un"tions ns o+ the 7m inter inter+a" +a"e e at the +irst and se"ond se"ond layers layers and and transparently transmit the messages at the third layer
:elp the !SC to +ul+ill the +un"tions o+ the 7m inter+a"e at the third layer
///. ,SC !SC is the "ore "ontrollin "ontrolling g part in the !SS system o+ the GSM network network and the GPRS network network For pa"ket swit"hed swit"hed ser&i"e@ the !SC underta undertakes kes the +ollowin +ollowing g responsi'ilities
Con+igure pa"ket radio "hannels
Control the "on&ersion o+ the radio "hannel 'etween pa"ket swit"hed ser&i"e and pa"ket "ir"uited ser&i"e
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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Pro&i Pro&ide de ne"es ne"essa sary ry pa"ke pa"kett "all "all "ontro "ontroll suppor supportt +or the the "ells "ells with with no Pa"ke Pa"kett !road"ast Control Channel 8P!CC:9
/. PC Pa"ket Pa"ket "ontrol "ontrol unit 8PC79 helps the !SS support support the GPRS *ts +un"tions +un"tions are as +ollows
Manage the ma3or part o+ the pa"ket radio resour"es
Control pa"ket "alls
-ransmit pa"ket data
Support G' inter+a"e and P' inter+a"e
. SGSN SGSN is a 'asi" network element in the GPRS network -he SGSN is introdu"ed to the GSM network to ena'le GPRS ser&i"e -he main +un"tion o+ the SGSN is to +orward the pa"ket data +or the MSs within the lo"al SGSN ser&i"e areas@ whi"h is similar similar to the +un"tion +un"tion o+ the >isited >isited Mo'ile Swit"hing Swit"hing Center 8>MSC9 in the GSM "ir"uit network -he spe"i+i" +un"tions o+ the SGSN are as +ollows
Forward the pa"ket data and pro&ide the route +or all the GPR; MSs within the lo"al SGSN ser&i"e areas
Pro&ide en"ryption and authenti"ation
Manage session
Manage mo'ility
Manage logi"al links
Pro&ide Pro&ide the inter+a" inter+a"e e with GPRS !SS@ GGSN@ :5R@ SMSAGMS SMSAGMSC@ C@ and SMSA *BMSC
Gene Genera rate te the the outp output ut 'ill 'ills s and and "oll "olle" e"tt the the in+o in+orm rmat atio ion n o+ the the util utiliz ized ed radi radio o resour"es
*n addition@ addition@ the SGSN "ontains "ontains the +un"tion +un"tion similar similar to that o+ the >5R in the GSM netw networ ork k Bhen Bhen su's su's"r "ri' i'er ers s are are in GPRS GPRS atta atta"h "h stat state@ e@ the the SGSN SGSN stor stores es the the in+ormation o+ the su's"ri'ers and their lo"ation Similar to >5R@ most in+ormation o+ the SGSN su's"ri' su's"ri'ers ers are o'tained o'tained +rom the >5R when when the su's"ri'er su's"ri'ers s per+orm per+orm lo"ation update
/. GGSN -he Gateway Gateway GPRS Support Support Node 8GGSN9 is introdu" introdu"ed ed to the GSM network network to support GPRS ser&i"e *t pro&ides the route and en"apsulation +or the data pa"kets to 'e transmitted 'etween the GPRS network and the e4ternal data networks Bhi"h GGSN is sele"ted as the gateway is de"ided a""ording to su's"ri'ers? su's"ription
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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in+orma in+ormation tion and a""ess a""ess point point name name 8/PN9 8/PN9 during during the P;P "onte4t "onte4t a"ti&ation a"ti&ation -he GGSN pro&ides the +ollowing +un"tions
Pro&ide the inter+a"e to the e4ternal data networks
Manage GPRS session and esta'lish the "ommuni"ation 'etween the MS and e4ternal networks
Generate and output 'ills 8it is mainly applied when su's"ri'ers su's"ri'ers use the e4ternal networks9 Note2
-he GGSN must pro&ide the inter+a"e +or the MS to a""ess e4ternal pa"ket data networks From the perspe"ti&e o+ e4ternal networks@ the GGSN "an 'e "ompared to the router o+ the *P o+ all the su's"ri'ers in the GPRS network@ so it has to e4"hange the route in+ormation with e4ternal networks
//. CG Charging gateway 8CG9 "olle"ts@ "om'ines@ and prepro"esses the GSN 'ills and keeps the "ommuni"ation at the inter+a"es 'etween 'illing "enters -his e2uipment does does not not e4ist e4ist in earlie earlierr GSM GSM netwo networks rks -he -he 'ills 'ills o+ the GPRS su's" su's"ri' ri'ers ers are generated +rom multiple network elements when the su's"ri'ers a""ess the network on"e Moreo&er@ ea"h network element will generate multiple 'ills -here+ore@ the CG is introdu"ed to "om'ine and prepro"ess the 'ills 'e+ore they are sent to 'illing "enter /s a result@ the load o+ the 'illing "enter is eased *n addition@ the SGSN and the GGSN do not ha&e to pro&ide the inter+a"e to 'illing "enter
///. R34/S ;uring ;uring nonA nonAtr trans anspa pare rent nt a""ess a""ess@@ the the netwo network rk will will authe authenti nti"at "ate e the su's" su's"ri' ri'er ers? s? identities -he Remote /uthenti"ation /uthenti"ation ;ial in 7ser Ser&i"e Ser&er 8R/;*7S9 stores the in+orm in+ormati ation on o+ the authe authenti nti"at "atio ion n and and author authoriza izatio tion n o+ the su's" su's"ri' ri'ers ers -his -his +un"tional entity is not e4"lusi&e to the GPRS
/5. 4NS -wo types o+ ;omain Name Ser&ers 8;NS9 e4ist in the GPRS network One "onne"ts the GGSN to e4ternal networks *ts main +un"tion is to resol&e the domain name o+ the e4ternal networks@ whi"h is "ompletely e2ui&alent to the +un"tion o+ the general ;NS +i4ed on the *nternet -he other one is applied in the GPRS 'a"k'one network *t +un"tions in two aspe"ts One is to resol&e the *P address o+ the GGSN a""ording to
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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the determined /PN during the P;P "onte4t a"ti&ation -he other one is to resol&e the *P address o+ the original SGSN a""ording to the original routing area num'er during the routing area update -he ;NS is not e4"lusi&e to GPRS
5. ,G *n +a"t@ the 'order gateway 8!G9 is a router *t pro&ides the route 'etween the SGSN and GGSN in the GPRS network and manages the se"urity *t is not e4"lusi&e to the GPRS
5/. 6!R -he -he home home lo"ati lo"ation on regis register ter 8:5R9 8:5R9 store stores s the perm perman anen entt in+orm in+ormati ation on o+ GPRS GPRS su's"ri'ers su's"ri'ers *t pro&ides the re2uired re2uired data o+ the su's"ri'ers to the SGSN *n addition@ it "an update the in+ormation o+ the su's"ri'ers i+ ne"essary and noti+y the update to the "orresponding SGSN -he :5R has the +ollowing +un"tions
Manage the data o+ GPRS su's"ri'ers
Manage the in+ormation o+ the lo"ation o+ GPRS su's"ri'ers
/uthenti"ate /uthenti"ate su's"ri'ers? su's"ri'ers? identities Re"o&er errors
5//. 7SC8!R -he Mo'ile Swit"hing Center 8MSC96>isitor 5o"ation Register 8>5R9 "an "om'ine the GPRS ser&i"e ser&i"e and the GSM ser&i"e ser&i"e with the help o+ Gs inter+a"e inter+a"e *n this "ase@ "ase@ the MSC 6>5R store 'oth the in+ormation o+ the *nternational Mo'ile Su's"ri'er *dentity 8*MS*9 8*MS*9 o+ su's" su's"ri' ri'er ers s and the the relat related ed SGSN SGSN num' num'ers ers -he -he MSC6> MSC6>5R 5R ha&e ha&e the +ollowing +un"tions
Com'ine atta"hment and deta"hment
Com'ine lo"ation update and route update
Page "ir"uit ser&i"e
Prompt nonAGPRS in asso"iated status
Re2uest su's"ri'er in+ormation
*ndi"ate mo'ile in+ormation
10.1.% Ser9i-e "#n-tion and and N#mbering N#mbering Plan *n a Pu'li" 5and Mo'ile Network 8P5MN9@ the GPRS ena'les su's"ri'ers to transmit and and re"ei re"ei&e &e data data unde underr endA endAtoA toAen end d pa"ke pa"kett trans+ trans+er er mode mode -wo types types o+ 'ear 'earer er ser&i"es are de+ined in GPRS -hey are P-P ser&i"e and P-M ser&i"e !ased on the standard network proto"ols supported 'y GPRS 'earer ser&i"es@ GPRS "arriers "an
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
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suppo support rt or pro&i pro&ide de su's" su's"ri' ri'er ers s with with &ario &arious us tele"o tele"omm mmuni uni"at "ation ion ser&i" ser&i"es es -he appli"ation appli"ation o+ the ser&i"es pro&ided 'y GPRS has the +ollowing "hara"teristi"s "hara"teristi"s
-hey are appli"a'le in the transmission o+ the dis"ontinuous nonAperiodi" nonAperiodi" 8'urst9 data data -he o""urren" o""urren"e e inter&al inter&al o+ the 'urst data is +ar greater greater than its mean mean transmit delay
-hey "an 'e applied to pro"ess the data ser&i"e shorter than .00 'ytes *n this "ase@ "ase@ the data ser&i"e ser&i"e "an o""ur se&eral se&eral times in ea"h se"ond and "an 'e +re2uently transmitted
-hey "an 'e applied to pro"ess the data ser&i"e o+ thousands o+ 'ytes *n this "ase@ "ase@ the data ser&i"e ser&i"e "an o""ur o""ur se&er se&eral al times times in ea"h ea"h hour hour and "an 'e +re2uently transmitted
-hese "hara"teristi"s pro&e that the GPRS is +a&ora'le to the appli"ation o+ the 'urst data ser&i"es ser&i"es and "an e++i"ien e++i"iently tly use the "hannel "hannel resour"es resour"es :owe&er :owe&er@@ the GPRS network must restri"t the huge data ser&i"es -he reasons are as +ollows
/ small small amount amount o+ data tra++i" tra++i" is pres"ri'ed pres"ri'ed in the GPRS network -he GPRS network is de&eloped +rom the e4isting GSM network Currently@ GSM networks mainly pro&ide telephony ser&i"e -he telephony su's"ri'ers are o+ great intensity and the tra++i" &olume o+ great@ 'ut the intensity o+ the GPRS data su's"ri'ers is relati&ely low@ so only a small num'er o+ "hannels "an 'e applied to the GPRS ser&i"e in a "ell
-he transmission rate o+ the data on radio "hannels is low Currently@ the CSA1 and CSA% "oding s"hemes are in general use -hey "an meet the re2uirement o+ "arrierAtoAinter+eren"e "arrierAtoAinter+eren"e ratio 8C6*9 is e2ual to or greater than ( d! and ensure 100 8CSA19 and (0 8CSA%9 o+ the GPRS "o&erage *n this "ase@ howe&er@ the transmission rate o+ the data is only (0. 'it6s 8CSA19 and 1)#'it6s 8CSA%9 8in"luding the R5C 'lo"k header9 -he reason is that hal+ o+ the 'it rate 8CSA19 and one third o+ the 'it rate 8CSA%9 in the radio link "ontrol 8R5C9 8R5C9 'lo"ks 'lo"ks is applied applied to the +orward +orward error error "orre"tio "orre"tion n 8F$C9 8F$C9 -hough this redu"es the re2uirement o+ C6*@ it redu"es the transmission rate o+ the data -hough the transmission rate o+ the data under the CSA) 81.,'it6s9 and CSA# 8%1#'it6s9 is relati&ely high 8in"luding the R5C 'lo"k header9@ it is enhan"ed through redu"ing and "an"eling the error "orre"tion 'its@ so the CSA) and CSA# "oding s"hemes re2uire re2uire the C6* to 'e a greater &alue *n this "ase@ the CSA) and CSA# are appli"a'le in the areas with greater C6* &alue *n addition@ the num'er o+ multislot "hannels supported 'y the MS is limited at present@ so the GPRS network must restri"t the huge data ser&i"es Generally@ the high data is allowed to o""ur se&eral times in ea"h hour
Bhen the GPRS ser&i"e and GSM ser&i"e share "hannels@ the telephony ser&i"e takes the higher priority i+ the "hannels are dynami"ally allo"ated allo"ated -he two times o+ "on&ersa "on&ersation tion gapping gapping o+ any one dynami"a dynami"ally lly allo"ate allo"ated d "hannel "hannel "an 'e 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
applied to the GPRS ser&i"e For the GPRS system@ its pa"ket data "hannel "an 'e shared 'y multiple multiple GPRS MSs -hat is@ multiple multiple logi"al logi"al "hannels "hannels "an 'e reuse reused d on one one physi physi"al "al "hann "hannel el -her -here+o e+ore re@@ the the GPRS GPRS "an 'e parti" parti"ula ularl rly y applied +or the 'urst data *n this "ase@ the utilization rate o+ the "hannels "an 'e greatly enhan"ed
/. GPRS bearer seri9-e %:
PTP PTP data ata ser ser9i-e i-e
-he P-P ser&i"e ena'les the transmission o+ one or more pa"kets 'etween two su's"ri'ers -wo types o+ P-P ser&i"e are a&aila'le -hey are P-P Conne"tionless Network Network Ser&i"e Ser&i"e 8P-PAC5N 8P-PAC5NS9 S9 and P-P Conne"tio Conne"tion n Orientat Orientated ed Network Network Ser&i"e Ser&i"e 8P-PACONS9 -he P-PAC5NS P-PAC5NS 'elongs 'elongs to the ser&i"e type o+ data diagram diagram *t is mainly mainly applied in 'ursting nonAintera"ting nonAintera"ting ser&i"e and it is supported supported 'y the Conne"tionless Conne"tionless Network Proto"ols 8C5NP9@ su"h as the *nternet Proto"ols 8*P9 P-PAC P-PACONS ONS is appli applied ed in 'urst 'urst e&ents e&ents and and inter intera"t a"tin ing g appli appli"at "atio ion n ser&i ser&i"e "e *t is supporte supported d 'y the Conne"ti Conne"tion on Orienta Orientated ted Network Network Proto"ol Proto"ols s 8CONP9@ 8CONP9@ su"h as the D%. &:
PT7 PT7 data ser9 er9i-e i-e
-he P-M data ser&i"e ena'les single in+ormation to 'e sent to multiple su's"ri'ers su's"ri'ers *t in"ludes the +ollowing three types o+ ser&i"es
P-MAM data ser&i"e -his ser&i"e ena'les the in+ormation to 'e sent to all the "urrent su's"ri'ers in an area *t is a kind o+ oneAway oneAway "ommuni"at "ommuni"ation ion ser&i"e@ ser&i"e@ so not all su's"ri' su's"ri'ers ers "an ne"essarily re"ei&e the in+ormation "orre"tly "orre"tly -he time to pro&ide the pa"ket data and the 2uality o+ ser&i"e 8
P-MAG data ser&i"e -his ser&i"e ena'les ena'les the in+ormat in+ormation ion to 'e sent to "urrent "urrent spe"i+i" su'Agroup su'Agroup su's"ri'ers in an area *t pro&ides 'oth oneAway "ommuni"ation and multiAway "ommuni" "ommuni"atio ation n -he P-MAG data ser&i"e is parti"ul parti"ularly arly used to pro&ide pro&ide the "ommuni"ation "ommuni"ation to group data su's"ri'ers@ so it is mainly used in the areas@ su"h as in the dispat"hing management o+ group su's"ri'ers@ ta4i dispat"h@ group "lassi+ied in+ormation@ and spe"ial news ser&i"es
*PAM data ser&i"e -his -his ser&i ser&i"e "e is one one o+ the ser&i ser&i"es "es de+in de+ined ed in the *nterne *nternett Proto Proto"o "ols ls -he in+ormation o+ the data is transmitted among the parti"ipants o+ the *PAM data ser&i" ser&i"es es -he -he su's"r su's"ri'e i'ers rs in an *P grou group p "an "an 'e 'oth 'oth +i4ed +i4ed and and mo'il mo'ile e *P 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
su's"ri'ers -he ser&i"e areas o+ *PAM are not restri"ted in terms o+ geography@ so the *PAM su's"ri'ers "an 'e either a group o+ su's"ri'ers in a P5MN or in the *nternet
//. GPRS s#pplementar; ser9i-e /""ording to the spe"i+i"ations spe"i+i"ations de+ined in the $-S* GPRS in SMGH% earlier@ earlier@ most o+ the supplementary supplementary ser&i"es +or the "ir"uit swit"hed ser&i"e are in appli"a'le to GPRS -he supplementary ser&i"es appli"a'le to GPRS in"lude
Call Forwarding 7n"onditional 8CF79
Call Forwarding on Mo'ile Su's"ri'er Not Rea"ha'le 8CFNR"9
Closed 7ser Group 8C7G9
/d&i"e o+ Charge Charge 8*n+ormation9 8*n+ormation9 8/oC*9
/d&i"e o+ Charge Charge 8Charging9 8Charging9 8/oCC9 8/oCC9
*n addi additio tion@ n@ spe"i+ spe"i+i" i" GPRS GPRS supple suppleme menta ntary ry ser&i" ser&i"es es are are appli appli"a "a'le 'le to GPRS GPRS su's"ri' su's"ri'ers ers Currently Currently@@ the spe"i+i" spe"i+i" GPRS GPRS supplem supplementa entary ry ser&i"e ser&i"e is the I'arring I'arring GPRS interworking +ilesJ ser&i"e -his ser&i"e restri"ts su's"ri'ers +rom a""essing e4ternal networks with the help o+ the interworking +iles a"ti&ated 'y 'arring -he -he spe"i+ spe"i+i"a i"atio tions ns in the $-S* GPRS GPRS in SMGH% SMGH%( ( later later "learl "learly y indi"a indi"ate te that that the supplementary ser&i"es are not de+ined +or GPRS
///. Other ser9i-e relationships of GPRS and GS7 :
PTP S7S
*n the GPRS network@ the MS "an re"ei&e and send short messages *+ the MS is in GPRS atta"h and *MS* deta"h state@ the short message ser&i"e 8SMS9 is pro&ided 'y the GPRS "hannel *+ the MS is in GPRS atta"h and *MS* atta"h state@ short messages "an 'e sent 'oth on the GPRS "hannel and the CS "ontrol "hannel *n this "ase@ the "hannel priority is de"ided 'y "arriers Generally@ Generally@ the radio resour"es will 'e more e++i"iently used i+ the short messages are sent on the GPRS "hannel *+ the CS "ontrol "hannel is in use@ the SGSN will page the MS@ and the short messages are sent in this way ':
CirCir-#i #itt swit swit-h -hed ed ser9 ser9ii-e e
*+ 'oth the SGSN and the MSC6>5R supports the Gs inter+a"e@ and when the SGSN stores the "orresponding >5R num'er and the >5R stores the "orresponding SGSN num'er@ a "orrelation will 'e esta'lished 'etween the SGSN and the MSC6>5R -he "orrelati "orrelation on +un"tions +un"tions to "oordinate "oordinate the MSs in GPRS atta"h and *MS* atta"h state@ and the operation mode is related to the operation mode o+ the network and the type o+ the MS *+ a GPRSAa GPRSAatta tta"he "hed d MS enter enters s the "ir"ui "ir"uitt swit"h swit"hed ed mode mode 8dedi 8dedi"at "ated ed
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
mode9@ it "an re2uest the network to suspend the GPRS ser&i"e /+ter +inishing the "ir"uit swit"hed ser&i"e@ howe&er@ it "an re"o&er the suspended GPRS ser&i"e
/. GPRS
Priorit; -lass
-he priority priority "lass ensures ensures su's"ri' su's"ri'ers ers to en3oy en3oy the 'asi" or important important ser&i"es ser&i"es in a'normal a'normal "ases Bhen network resour"es are s"ar"e or "ongested@ "ongested@ the network side and the MS de"ide whi"h data pa"ket must 'e dis"arded and whi"h data pa"ket must 'e sent a""ording to their priority "lasses / priority "lass is a )A'it 'inary "ode Currently Currently@ three priority "lasses are de+ined -hey are priority "lass 1@ %@ and ) For uplink transmission@ the three priority "lasses maps the radio priority "lasses %@ )@ and # For the transmission o+ the signaling at radio radio inter+a" inter+a"es@ es@ the high high priority priority "lasses "lasses must 'e adopted adopted -he priority priority "lass is de+ined in -a'le 11 11
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Table 1.1 ;e+inition o+ the priority "lass in GPRS
Coding
Priority "lass
Meaning
001
1
:ighest priority "lass
%
010
%
Normal priority "lass
)
011
)
5owest priority "lass
#
):
"lass +or uplink transmission
Reli Relia abilit ilit; ; -la -lass ss
-he relia'ility "lass is de+ined 'y together 'y the G-P@ G-P@ 55C@ and R5C transmission modes modes -he relia'ility relia'ility "lass in the
G-P
55C +rame
55C data
R5C
"lass
mode
mode
mode
mode
/ppli"a'le ser&i"e type NonArea NonAreall time ser&i"e@ ser&i"e@
1
/"knowle
/"knowle
Prote"te
/"knowle
dged
dged
d
dged
great great error error sensiti&i sensiti&ity ty@@ appli"a'le ser&i"e &i"e
to that that
the "anno annott
pro"ess the loss o+ data NonArea NonAreall time ser&i"e@ ser&i"e@ general error sensiti&ity@ %
7na"know /"knowle
Prote"te
ledged
d
dged
Prote"ted
appli"a'le ser&i"e
to that
the "an
pro"ess pro"ess a little little loss the data NonAreal times ser&i"e@ poor poor error error sensit sensiti&i i&ity ty@@ )
7na"know
7na"know
Prote"te
/"knowle
ledged
ledged
d
dged
appli"a'le ser&i"e
to that
the "an
pro"ess the loss o+ the data and the GMM6SM ser&i"e
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
RealAtime ser&i"e@ poor error #
7na"know
7na"know
Prote"te
7na"know
appli"a'le
ledged
ledged
d
ledged
ser&i"e
sensiti&ity@ to
the
that
"an
pro"ess the loss o+ the data Real RealAt Atim ime e ser& ser&i" i"e@ e@ no error .
7na"know
7na"know
7nprote"
7na"know
appli ppli"a "a'l 'le e
ledged
ledged
ted
ledged
ser&i"e
sensiti&ity@ to
the the
that
"an
pro"ess the loss o+ the data Note:
For real-time services, proper delay and throughput are required to be configured for QoS script.
*:
4ela; -lass
-he delay "lasses de+ined in the
;ela elay "la "lass ss
1% 'ytes Mean delay6s
10%# 'ytes (. delay6s
Mean delay6s
(. delay6s
001
1 8predi"ted9
K 0.
K 1.
K%
K
010
% 8predi"ted9
K.
K %.
K 1.
K .
011
) 8predi"ted9
K 0.
K %.0
K .
K ).
100
# 8'est e++ort9
16%6%01(
Not de+ined
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
+:
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Peak throughput "lass
-he peak throughput "lass de+ines the ma4imum transmission transmission rate that ea"h P;P "onte4t "an rea"h in the network -he peak throughput "lass is de"ided 'y the data transmission "apa'ility o+ the MS and the allo"ation o+ the radio resour"es -he peak throughp throughput ut is measure measured d at the Gi inter+a"e inter+a"e and the R re+eren re+eren"e "e point -he peak throughput "lass is de+ined in -a'le in -a'le 11 11 Table 1.1 ;e+inition o+ the peak throughput "lass in GPRS
Peak throughput "lass
Peak throughput 8'yte6s9
0001
1
1000 8k'it6s9
0010
%
%000 81,k'it6s9
0011
)
#000 8)%k'it6s9
0100
#
000 8,#k'it6s9
0101
.
1,000 81%k'it6s9
0110
,
)%000 8%.,k'it6s9
0111
,#000 8.1%k'it6s9
1000
1%000 810%#k'it6s9
1001
(
%.,000 8%0#k'it6s9
10: 7ean 7ean thro# thro#gh ghp#t p#t -las -lass s -he mean throughout "lass de+ines the mean transmission rate that the P;P "onte4t is e4pe"ted e4pe"ted to rea"h rea"h during during the P;P "onte4t "onte4t a"ti&atio a"ti&ation n in the GPRS network network -he mean throughput is measured at the Gi inter+a"e and the R re+eren"e point@ and the measu measure remen mentt time time does does not not in"lud in"lude e the data data transm transmiss ission ion time time *+ the the mean mean throughput throughput "lass is the 'est e++ort@ it means that the network must pro&ide su's"ri'ers with negotia'le throughput throughput "lass a""ording to the re2uests o+ the su's"ri'ers and the allo"ation o+ the network resour"es resour"es -he mean throughput throughput "lass is de+ined in -a'le 11 11 Table 1.1 ;e+inition o+ the mean throughput in GPRS
16%6%01(
Coding
Mean throughput "lass
Mean throughput 8'yte6h9
00001
1
100 8a'out 0%%'it6s9
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
00010
%
%00 8a'out 0##'it6s9
00011
)
.00 8a'out 11'it6s9
00100
#
1000 8a'out %%'it6s9
00101
.
%000 8a'out ##'it6s9
00110
,
.000 8a'out 11'it6s9
00111
10000 8a'out %%'it6s9
01000
%0000 8a'out ##'it6s9
01001
(
.0000 8a'out 111'it6s9
01010
10
100000 8a'out %%%'it6s9
01011
11
%00000 8a'out ###'it6s9
01100
1%
.00000 8a'out 11k'it6s9
01101
1)
1000000 8a'out %%k'it6s9
01110
1#
%000000 8a'out ##k'it6s9
01111
1.
.000000 8a'out 11k'it6s9
10000
1,
10000000 8a'out %%k'it6s9
10001
1
%0000000 8a'out ##k'it6s9
10010
1
.0000000 8a'out 111k'it6s9
11111
)1
!est e++ort
. GPRS #pper la;er f#n-tion For the appli"ation o+ the GPRS upper layer +un"tions in network entities@ see -a'le 1% 1% Table 1.% /ppli"ation 1.% /ppli"ation o+ o+ the GPRS upper upper layer +un"tions in network network entities "#n-tion
7S
,SS
SGSN
GGSN
6!R
1. Network a--ess -ontrol f#n-tion Registration
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D
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
/uthenti"ation /uthenti"ation
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
D
5i"ense "ontrol
D
D D
D
D
Message s"reening
D
Pa"ket terminal adaptation
D
Charging ;ata Colle"tion
D
D
%. Pa-ket ro#ting and transfer f#n-tion Forward 8relay9
D
D
D
D
Routing
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
/ddress translation translation and and mapping mapping $n"apsulation -unneling Compression
D
D
$n"ryption
D
D
&. 7obilit; management f#n-tion
D
D
5ogi"al link esta'lishment
D
D
5ogi"al ink maintenan"e
D
D
5ogi"al link release
D
D
D D
D
. !ogi-al link management f#n-tion
'. Radio reso#r-e management f#n-tion 7m management
D
D
Cell resele"tion
D
D
7mA-ran4
D
D
Path management
D
D
Note:
X indicates that that an entity has has the function function listed in the left column. column.
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he +ollowing +ollowing introdu introdu"es "es the network network a""ess a""ess "ontrol "ontrol +un"tion +un"tion@@ pa"ket pa"ket routing routing and trans+er +un"tion@ mo'ility management +un"tion@ logi"al link management +un"tion@ and radio resour"e management +un"tion respe"ti&ely 1:
Netw Networ ork k a--e a--ess ss -on -ontr trol ol f#n f#n-t -tio ion n
-his +un"tion "ontrols the MS to a""ess the network so as to make the MS use the related network resour"e to +ul+ill data ser&i"e For GPRS network@ su's"ri'ers "an a""ess the network +rom the M- and the +i4ed network side 8in"luding the *nternet and D%.9 /s +or some spe"ial "arriers@ they "an restri"t su's"ri'ers +rom a""essing the network or pro&ide spe"i+i" ser&i"es to spe"i+i" su's"ri'ers -he GPRS network a""ess +un"tion "onsists o+ the +ollowing Registration +un"tion
/uthenti"ation /uthenti"ation +un"tion
5i"ense +un"tion
Message s"reening +un"tion
Pa"ket terminal adaptation +un"tion
Charging ;ata Colle"tion +un"tion
%:
Pa-ket Pa-ket ro#ti ro#ting ng and transf transfer er f#n-t f#n-tion ion
-his +un"tion ensures the pa"ket data to 'e sent to the destination a""ording to the 'est path -his +un"tion "onsists o+ the +ollowing
Forward 8relay9 +un"tion
Routing +un"tion /ddress translation translation and and mapping mapping +un"tion
$n"apsulation $n"apsulation +un"tion
-unneling +un"tion
Compression Compression +un"tion
$n"ryption +un"tion
;NS +un"tion
&:
7obi 7obili lit; t; man manag agem emen entt f#nf#n-ti tion on
-his +un"tion is applied to monitor the "urrent lo"ation o+ the MS in the P5MN -he mo'ility management +un"tion o+ GPRS is similar to that o+ GSM -hat is@ one or more "ells "onstitute a routing area 8R/9 or a R/ su'set@ and the SGSN pro&ides ser&i"es +or se&eral R/s -he mo'ility management 8MM9 o+ su's"ri'ers "an 'e des"ri'ed a""ording to three types types o+ MM state state $a"h $a"h type type o+ state state des"ri des"ri'es 'es a "erta "ertain in le&el le&el o+ +un"ti +un"tion on and and
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
in+ormation allo"ation /ll the in+ormation is stored in the MM "onte4t o+ the MS and the SGSN -he -he three three types types o+ MM state state are idle state@ state@ stand stand'y 'y state state and and read ready y state state -he network monitors monitors the MS lo"ation a""ording to the MM state o+ the MS *+ the MS is in stand'y state@ the network only knows the R/ o+ the MS Bhen the MS is in ready state@ the network "an know whi"h "ell the MS is in -he +ollowing introdu"es the three types o+ state respe"ti&ely a:
/dle state
Bhen Bhen the MS is in idle state@ state@ the MM "onte4t "onte4t o+ the MS and the SGSN does not "ontain "ontain the &alid lo"ation lo"ation and routing routing in+orma in+ormation tion o+ the su's"ri' su's"ri'er er -he MS "an re"ei&e the P-MAM ser&i"e in+ormation@ 'ut it "annot "arry out the P-MAG ser&i"e *+ the MM "onte4t is to 'e esta'lished 'etween the MS and the SGSN@ the MS must per+orm P5MN sele"tion@ "ell sele"tion and resele"tion@ and GPRS atta"h program b:
Standb; state
Bhen the MS is in stand'y state@ the su's"ri'er atta"hes the GPRS network@ and MM "onte4t "onte4t identi+ied identi+ied 'y the *MS* o+ the su's"ri'er su's"ri'er is esta'lis esta'lished hed in the MS and the SGSN -he MS "an re"ei&e 'oth the P-MAM ser&i"e data and the P-MAG ser&i"e data *n addition@ it "an also re"ei&e the "ir"uit swit"hed pages passing the SGSN :owe&er@ the MS "an neither re"ei&e the P-P ser&i"e in this state@ nor "an it send the P-P ser&i"e and the P-MAG data -he MS "an sele"t and resele"t the GPRS R/s and "ells Bhen the MS enters a new R/@ it noti+ies noti+ies its "urrent "urrent lo"ation lo"ation to the SGSN with the help help o+ the MM pro"edure pro"edure Bhen the MS is in stand'y state@ it "an initiate the pro"edures to a"ti&ate and dea"ti&ate the P;P "onte4t !e+ore the re"ei&ing and sending data@ the P;P "onte4t must 'e a"ti&ated Bhen the network needs to send data or signaling to the stand'y MS@ the SGSN will send a paging re2uest in the R/ where the MS is in *+ the MS re"ei&es the paging re2uest and makes a response@ the MM state o+ the MS will "hange +rom stand'y state to ready state Meanwhile@ when the SGSN re"ei&es the response +rom the MS@ the MM state o+ the SGSN will "hange +rom stand'y state to ready state Bhen the MS needs to send data and signaling signaling to the network@ network@ the MM state o+ the MS will "hange +rom stand'y state to ready state a+ter the MS sends the data and the signaling Bhen the SGSN re"ei&es the data and the signaling +rom the MS@ its MM state will "hange +rom stand'y state to ready state $ither the MS or the SGSN "an initiate the GPRS deta"h pro"edure pro"edure to "hange the MM state to idle state state Bhen the MS lea&es the ready ready state +or stand'y stand'y state@ the 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
SGSN will start the MS rea"ha'le timer /+ter re"ei&ing the P-P P;7 +rom the MS@ the SGSN will stop this timer *+ this timer e4pires@ the SGSN will initiates the impli"it GPRS deta"h pro"edure *n this "ase@ the MM "onte4t o+ the MS and the SGSN will 'e deleted and the MS will enter the idle state -:
Read; state
Bhen the MS is in ready state@ the in+ormation o+ the "ell that the MS has "amped on is added to the MM "onte4t "orresponding to MS in the SGSN -he MS pro&ides the in+orma in+ormation tion to the network network through through initiating initiating the pro"edu pro"edure re to a"ti&ate a"ti&ate the P;P "onte4t Bhen the MS is in ready state@ the MS "an 'oth re"ei&e and send P-P P;7 -he network does not start the PS page +or the MS@ and the page +or other ser&i"es "an 'e realized 'y the SGSN !e+ore the MM ready timer 8-))1#9 e4pires@ the MM state keeps in ready state regardl regardless ess that the MS should should 'e allo"ate allo"ated d with radio resour"e resour"e /+ter /+ter the -))1# e4pires@ the MM state will "hange to stand'y state *+ the MM state will "hange +rom stand'y state 'a"k to idle state@ the MS must initiate the pro"edure to dea"ti&ate the P;P "onte4t Figure )1 shows )1 shows the transition o+ the three types o+ MM state
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ig#re &.1 MM state transition model :
!ogi-a !ogi-all link link manag manageme ement nt f#nf#n-tio tion n
-he -he logi"a logi"all links links indi"a indi"ate te the links esta'l esta'lish ished ed 'etwe 'etween en the MS and and the GPRS GPRS network and needed +or the transmission o+ pa"ket data -he logi"al link management +un"tion keeps "hannel +or the "ommuni"ation 'etween the MS and the P5MN /+ter logi"al links are esta'lished@ the MSs and the logi"al links are oneAtoAone mat"hed -he logi"al management +un"tion "onsists o+ the +ollowing
5ogi"al link esta'lishment +un"tion
5ogi"al ink maintenan"e +un"tion
5ogi"al link release +un"tion
':
Radio Radio reso# reso#r-e r-e manag manageme ement nt f#n-t f#n-tion ion
-he radio resour"e management management +un"tion in&ol&es the allo"ation and management management o+ the radio radio "ommuni" "ommuni"atio ation n "hannel "hannels s For the GPRS GPRS radio radio resour"e resour"e managem management ent +un"tion@ it must ena'le the GPRS ser&i"e and GSM ser&i"e to share the radio "hannels -he radio resour"e management +un"tion "onsists o+ the +ollowing
7m management +un"tion
Cell resele"tion +un"tion
7mAtran4 +un"tion
(:
Netw Networ ork k mana manage geme ment nt f#n f#n-t -tio ion n
*t is the operation and maintenan"e +un"tion o+ the GPRS system -he realization o+ this +un"tion &aries with "arriers
/. GPRS n#mbering plan -he distri'ution o+ the addresses@ num'ers@ and identities in&ol&ed in the GPRS are shown in Figure in Figure ,1
"ig#re (.1 GPRS address and num'ering diagram
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
*n a GPRS 'a"k'one network@ ea"h SGSN had an internal *P address@ whi"h is used +or the "ommuni" "ommuni"atio ation n within within the 'a"k'one 'a"k'one network network *n addition addition@@ the SGSN has a SGSN SS num'er@ whi"h is used +or the "ommuni"ation with MSC6>5R@ :5R@ and $*R $*R $a"h $a"h GG GGSN SN also also has has an inte intern rnal al *P addr addres ess@ s@ whi" whi"h h is used used +or +or the the "ommuni" "ommuni"atio ation n within within the 'a"k'one 'a"k'one network network *+ the GGSN "onne"ts "onne"ts to the :5R through G" inter+a"e@ it should also ha&e a GGSN SS num'er Moreo&er@ as the gateway "onne"ting to e4ternal data networks@ the GGSN has an address used +or the "onne"tion with the e4ternal data networks -he GPRS MS has an e4"lusi&e *MS* Bhen it is atta"hed to the GPRS@ the SGSN will allo"ate a temporary PA-MS* to the MS *+ the MS intends to a""ess an e4ternal P;N@ it must ha&e an address 8it is "alled P;P address9 "orresponding to the P;N For e4ample@ i+ the MS a""esses the D%.6D. network@ the type o+ the P;P address is D1%1 address *+ the MS a""esses an *P network@ the type o+ the P;P address is the *P address o+ the *P network -he *P address "an 'e either a stati" address or a dynami" dynami" address address@@ among among whi"h the dynami" dynami" address address is allo"ate allo"ated d 'y the GGSN GGSN Bhen starting the pa"ket data ser&i"e@ the MS must pro&ide an /PN to the SGSNL otherwise the network "annot know whi"h e4ternal network the MS intends to a""ess Bhen the GPRS pa"ket data ser&i"e is 'eing pro"essed@ the logi"al link 'etween the MS and the SGSN is identi+ie identi+ied d 'y the -55* only@ only@ and the logi"al logi"al link 'etween 'etween the SGSN and the GGSN is identi+ied 'y the -*; only 1:
/7S/
Compared with the original GSM su's"ri'ers@ GPRS su's"ri'ers also ha&e an *MS* e4"ept e4"ept anonymo anonymous us su's"ri' su's"ri'ers ers -he anonymo anonymous us a""ess a""ess means means that a su's"ri' su's"ri'er er a""esses the network anonymously anonymously without the *MS* or *M$* authenti"ation authenti"ation *n this "ase@ the "all "ost is paid 'y the "alled party Carriers "an de"ide whether to allow the anonymous a""ess a""ording to a"tual ser&i"e needs %:
P$T7S/
-he -he SGSN SGSN will will allo" allo"ate ate a PA-MS* PA-MS* used used +or pa"ket pa"ket "all "all to the GPRSAatt GPRSAatta"h a"hed ed su's"ri'ers -he PA-MS* is related to the su's"ri'er *MS* !oth the PA-MS* and -MS* "onsist o+ are )%A'it "odes@ 'ut the most signi+i"ant 'it o+ PA-MS* is 11@ and the most signi+i"ant 'it o+ -MS* is 00@ 01@ and 10 &:
NS3P/
/s shown in Figure )1@ )1 @ the network layer ser&i"e a""ess point identi+ier 8NS/P*9 is the address used +or appli"ation layer o+ the pa"ket data proto"ol 8P;P9 to a""ess the su'Anetwork su'Anetwork dependent dependent "on&ergen"e proto"ol 8SN;CP9 For the D%. and *P@ *P@ they ha&e their own NS/P* -he &alue o+ NS/P* ranges +rom 0 to 1. Currently@ the NS/P* whose &alue ranges +rom . to 1. are used +or dynami" allo"ation
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ig#re &.1 NS/P* num'ering diagram :
T!!/
-he -55* stands +or temporary logi"al link identity Bhen the MS has 3ust a""essed the GPRS network and the GPRS network has not allo"ated the PA-MS* to the MS@ the -55* identi+ies the e4"hanged signaling 'etween the MS and the SGSN -he -55* identi+ie identi+ies s a solar solar logi"al link 'etween 'etween the MS and the SGSN in an R/ *+ the MM "onte4t does not know whi"h R/ the -55* 'elongs to@ the -55* and the routing area identi+ier 8R/*9 should 'e used together *n a R/@ the -55* and the *MS* are oneAtoA one mat"hed -he -55* "onsists o+ )%A'it "odes *n the GPRS system@ there are +our types o+ -55*@ and they are introdu"ed hereunder a:
!o-al T!!/
-he most signi+i"ant 'it o+ the lo"al -55* is 11 -he other 'its "ome +rom the PA-MS* allo"ated 'y the SGSN to the MS -he lo"al -55* is &alid only in the R/s related to the PA-MS* b:
"oreign T!!/
-he most signi+i"ant 'it o+ the +oreign -55* is 10 -he other 'its "ome +rom the PA-MS* allo"ate allo"ated d 'y the other R/ Bhen the su's"ri'er su's"ri'er per+orms per+orms R/ update@ update@ the MS will report the R/ update to the SGSN -:
Random T!!/
*+ no PA-MS* is atta"hed to the MS@ the MS must pro&ide a random -55* -he most +i&e signi+i"ant 'it o+ the random -55* is 01111 -he others are random 'its d:
3ssisted T!!/
-he assisted -55* pro&ides pro&ides the identiti identities es to the anonymo anonymouslyA uslyAa""e a""essed ssed MSs -he most +i&e signi+i"ant 'it o+ the assisted -55* is 011 01110 -he others are allo"ated 'y the SGSN 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
e:
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
NS3P/8T!!/ pair
-he NS/P*6-55* pair is used to sele"t the route o+ the network layer -he -55* "an identi+y the logi"al links 'etween the MS and the SGSN -he NS/P* and the -55* are used as the route o+ the network layer -here is only one NS/P*6-55* pair in a R/ f:
P4P address
-he P;P address is the address o+ the pa"ket proto"ol -he MS is identi+ied 'y the *MS* For di++erent di++erent e4ternal networks@ howe&er@ they must ha&e the P;P address i+ they intend intend to +ul+ill +ul+ill the pa"ket pa"ket data +un"tionL +un"tionL 'e"ause 'e"ause the P;P address address helps the e4ternal data networks identi+y the P;P "onte4t o+ the MS -he P;P address "an 'e di&ided into *P address 8*P# address or *P, address9 and D1%1 address 8+or the D%. ser&i"e9 -he pre&ious pre&ious types types o+ addresse addresses s "an 'e either either stati"all stati"ally y or dynami"a dynami"ally lly allo"ate allo"ated d Bhen they are stati"ally allo"ated@ allo"ated@ the MS must 'e su's"ri'e to the network +irst@ and then the network network will allo"ate allo"ate a "orrespo "orrespondin nding g address address to the MS Meanwhi Meanwhile@ le@ the netwo network rk will will re"or re"ord d the +i4ed +i4ed addr address ess in the S*M "ard "ard and and the the data' data'ase ase o+ the the su's" su's"ri' ri'er er -he -he type type o+ P;P addr address ess must must 'e made made "lear "lear durin during g su's"r su's"ript iption ionLL otherwise the system will re3e"t the P;P address that has not 'een su's"ri'ed g:
T/4
-unnel -unnel identi+ier identi+ier 8-*;9 "onsists "onsists o+ *MS* and NS/P* *t lies in the G-P header header and identi+ie identi+ies s the solar P;P "onte4t "onte4t 'etween 'etween GSNs 8'etween 8'etween SGSN and GGSN@ or 'etween SGSN and the original SGSN9 -he -*; "onsists o+ 'ytes For the spe"i+i" +ormat@ see -a'le 11 Table 1.1 -*; +ormat !it
,
.
#
)
%
1 *MS* the %nd digit
*MS* the 1st digit
*MS* the #th di digit
*MS* the )rd digit
*MS* the ,th di digit
*MS* the .th digit
*MS* the th di digit
*MS* the th digit
*MS* the 10th di digit
*MS* the (th digit
*MS* the 1%th di digit
*MS* the 11th digit
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
*MS* the 1#th di digit
*MS* the 1)th digit
NS/P*
*MS* the 1.th digit
h:
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
R3/
-he R/* stands stands +or routing routing area identi+ier identi+ier -he "arriers "arriers de+ine de+ine the R/ / R/ "an "ontain one or more "ells@ or it "an 'e a lo"ation area@ or a su'set o+ a lo"ation area / lo"ation area is "ontrolled 'y a SGSN /s a kind o+ system in+ormation@ in+ormation@ the R/ in+ormation will 'e 'road"ast on "ommon "ontrol "hannels R/* MCC E MNC E 5/C E R/C 8-he R/C has a ma4imum o+ 1, 'its9 CG* 5/* E R/C E C* 8*+ the "ell supports GPRS@ the CG* "ontains the R/CL otherwise it does not "ontain the R/C9 i:
C/
-he C* stands +or "ell identity -he C* o+ the GPRS network is the same as that o+ the original GSM network =:
GSN address address and n#mber n#mber
-o "ommuni"ate with the GPRS 'a"k'one network and other GSNs@ ea"h SGSN and ea"h GGSN ha&e an *P address 8*P*P&,9 o+ their own -hese addressed are the intern internal al addre addresse sses s o+ the the GPRS GPRS netwo network@ rk@ and and ea"h ea"h addr address ess has has one one or more more "orresponding "orresponding domain names -he GSN address "onsists o+ address type 8% 'its9@ address length 8, 'its9@ and address 8a ma4imum o+ 1, 'its9 Bhen the address type is 0@ the address is *P&# address Bhen the address type is 1@ the address is *P&, address -o "ommuni"ate with the :5R and the $*R@ ea"h SGSN must still ha&e a SGSN SS num'er num'er *+ the GGSN "onne"ts "onne"ts to the :5R through through G" inter+a" inter+a"e@ e@ it must ha&e a GGSN SS num'er k:
3PN
-he /PN identi+ies the GGSN that is to 'e used in the GPRS 'a"k'one network *n the GGSN@ the /PN is used to "hara"terize the e4ternal data networks -he /PN "onsists "onsists o+ two parts One is /PN network identi+i"at identi+i"ation ion *t is mandato mandatory ry -he "arriers allo"ate the /PN network identi+i"ation to the *nternet ser&i"e pro&iders 8*SP9 and "ompanies and it is the same as the +i4ed *nternet domain name -he other one is /PN "arrier identi+i"ation *t is optional and identi+ies the home network *t is e4presses as I444yyygprsJ For e4ample@ MNCMCCgprs 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Generally@ the /PN network identi+i"ation "an 'e stored as the su's"ription data in the :5R Su's"ri'ers "an pro&ide the /PN to SGSN when initiating pa"ket ser&i"es@ 'e"ause the /PN helps the SGSN sele"t the GGSN that the su's"ri'ers should a""ess a""ess and helps the GGSN GGSN 3udge 3udge whi"h whi"h e4terna e4ternall network network should 'e sele"ted sele"ted *n addition@ the /PN "an 'e stored as a wild"ard 89 *n this "ase@ the su's"ri'ers and the the SGSN SGSN "an "an "hoo "hoose se to a""e a""ess ss an /PN /PN that that is not not stor stored ed in the the :5R :5R -he -he su's su's"r "ri' i'er ers s "an "an sele sele"t "t the the GG GGSN SN a""o a""ord rdin ing g to di++ di++er eren entt /PNs /PNs -hat -hat is@ is@ the the su's"ri'ers "an a"ti&ate multiple P;P "onte4ts 8ea"h P;P "onte4t is related to one /PN only9 -he reason +or the su's"ri'ers to sele"t di++erent di++erent /PNs is that they "an sele"t an e4ternal network to a""ess through di++erent GGSNs -he /PN "annot o'tain the real *P address o+ the GGSN or the e4ternal network node until the ;NS su""ess+ully resol&e their domain names /n /PN "onsists o+ one or more la'els@ and ea"h la'el "onsists o+ an o"tet indi"ating the length and multiple o"tets "oded 'y the A'it /SC** -he ma4imum length o+ an /PN is 100 o"tets -he &alue o+ an o"tet "an 'e e4pressed e4pressed 'y $nglish letters@ /ra'i" num'ers@ and the mark IAI -he /PN network identi+i"ation "ontains at least one la'el@ and the ma4imum length o+ the la'el is ,) o"tets -he la'el o+ the /PN network identi+i"ation "annot 'e a IJ@ the +irst la'el "annot 'e Ira"J@ Ila"J@ and IsgsnJ@ and the last la'el "annot 'e IgprsJ -he /PN network network identi+i"ati identi+i"ation on is e4"lusi&el e4"lusi&ely y allo"ate allo"ated d 'y ea"h GPRS P5MN P5MN -he /PN "arrier identi+i"ation identi+i"ation identi+ies one GPRS P5MN only@ only@ in"luding three la'els -hey -hey are I"arrier I"arrier nameJ@ "arrier "arrier groupJ@ groupJ@ and IgprsJ IgprsJ a""ordi a""ording ng to the +rontAto +rontAtoA'a A'a"k "k se2uen"e -he de+aulted /PN "arrier identi+i"ation is IMNCMCCgprsJ
10.1.& 7ain /nterfa-es /nterfa-es and Related Proto-ols Proto-ols /. 7ain /nterfa-es >arious arious inter+a" inter+a"es es e4ist among the entities in the GPRS network network $2uipments $2uipments o+ di++erent di++erent "arriers "ooperate with ea"h other i+ these inter+a"es are properly de+ined Figure #% shows #% shows the main inter+a"es in the GPRS system
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ig#re .% Main inter+a"es in the GPRS system
-he +ollowing introdu"es the inter+a"es shown in Figure #% #% 1:
R refere eren-e point int
-he R re+eren" re+eren"e e point point is the inter+a"e inter+a"e "onne"tin "onne"ting g the -$ to M- M- Su's"ri' Su's"ri'ers ers "an per+orm pa"ket data ser&i"es at the -$ %:
m interfa-e
-he -he 7m inter inter+a +a"e "e "onne "onne"ts "ts the MS to the GPRS netwo network rk side side *t maint maintain ains s the "ommu "ommuni" ni"ati ation on 'etwe 'etween en the MS and and the netwo network rk side side *n addit additio ion@ n@ it helps helps the the realizati realization on o+ multiple multiple +un"tion +un"tions@ s@ in"ludin in"luding g the pa"ket pa"ket data transmi transmission ssion@@ mo'ility mo'ility management@ session management@ and radio resour"e management@ 'etween the MS and the GPRS network side -he RF part o+ the 7m inter+a"e utilizes the timeslot o+ the GSM "arrier@ "arrier@ 'ut it must 'e "on+igured with P;C: -he "oding s"hemes s"hemes on the P;C: "an 'e di&ided into CS1@ CS%@ CS)@ and CS# "orresponding to the data trans+er rate -he P;C: supports multislot transmission -he num'er o+ transmitted timeslots is de"ided 'y the multislot le&el o+ the MS &:
Gb interfa-e
-he -he G' inte inter+ r+a" a"e e "onn "onne" e"ts ts the the SGSN SGSN to the the !SS !SS -he -he SGSN SGSN main mainta tain ins s the the "ommuni"ation with the !SS and the MS with the help o+ G' inter+a"e so that the +un"tion +un"tions@ s@ in"ludin in"luding g pa"ket pa"ket data transmis transmission sion@@ mo'ile mo'ile managem management@ ent@ and session session management@ "an 'e realized 'etween them Moreo&er@ the G' inter+a"e pro&ides +low "ontrol +un"tion -his inter+a"e is a must in the GPRS networking Currently@ the standard GPRS proto"ols de+ine that the G' inter+a"e adopts +rame relay as the trans+er proto"ols at 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
the lower layer *n addition@ the standard GPRS proto"ols also de+ine that either +rame relay or P-P +rame relay "an 'e used +or "ommuni"ation "ommuni"ation 'etween the SGSN and the !SS :
Gi ref refe erenren-e e po point int
-he Gi re+eren re+eren"e "e point point "onne"ts "onne"ts the GPRS GPRS network network to the e4ternal e4ternal pa"ket pa"ket data networks networks *t lies 'etween 'etween the GGSN and the e4ternal e4ternal pa"ket data networks networks -he GPRS network "onne"ts "ommuni"ates with &arious P;Ns 8su"h as the *nternet9 or *S; *S;Ns
thr through ugh
the
Gi
re+er e+ere en"e
point int
-he
opera eration tions s@
in"l n"ludin uding g
the the
en"apsulation6de"apsulation o+ the proto"ols@ the "on&ersion o+ the addresses 8su"h as the "on&ersion 'etween *P address o+ a pri&ate network and that o+ a pu'li" network9@ the authenti"ation and authorization o+ the su's"ri'er a""ess@ must 'e per+ormed at the Gi re+eren"e point ':
Gn interfa-e
-he Gn inter+a"e "onne"ts the GPRS support nodes 8GSN9 with ea"h other -hat is@ the Gn inter+a"e "onne"ts the SGSNs to ea"h other and "onne"ts the SGSN to the GGSN within the P5MN !ased on the -CP67;P proto"ols@ the Gn inter+a"e 'ears the G-P to "arry out the "ommuni"ation and manage the pa"ket data transmission and mo'ility (:
Gs interfa-e
-he -he Gs inter inter+a" +a"e e "onne" "onne"ts ts the the SGSN SGSN to the the MSC6> MSC6>5R 5R *t adop adopts ts the !SS/PE !SS/PE proto"ols 'earing on the No signaling -he "ooperation o+ the Gs inter+a"e and the MSC helps the SGSN manage the mo'ility o+ the MS *n addition@ the Gs inter+a"e ena'les ena'les the SGSN to re"ei&e re"ei&e the "ir"uit "ir"uit swit"hed swit"hed paging paging messages messages +rom the MSC and deli&er them to the MS through PC7 *+ no Gs inter+a"e is pro&ided@ the SGSN "annot "annot per+orm per+orm paging paging "oordina "oordination tion@@ so the network "an work under under the network network mode mode o+ oper operat atio ion n ** 8NMO 8NMO **9 **9 and and NMO NMO *** *** only only@@ and and this this will will pre& pre&en entt the the enhan"ement o+ the "all "onne"ted ratio *n addition@ i+ no Gs inter+a"e is pro&ided@ the R/s o+ the "om'ined lo"ations "annot 'e updated@ and this will results in hea&y signaling load in the system ):
Gr inter+a"e
-he Gr inter+a"e "onne"ts the SGSN to the :5R *t adopts the M/E proto"ols 'earing 'earing on the No signaling -he SGSN o'tains the data relati&e to the MS through the Gr inter+ inter+a"e a"e -he -he :5R stores stores the data data and the the routin routing g in+orm in+ormat ation ion +or the GPRS GPRS su's su's"r "ri' i'er ers s Bhen Bhen any any R/ upda update tes s in the the SGSN SGSN@@ the the SGSN SGSN will will upda update te the the "orresponding in+ormation in the :5R Bhen the data in the :5R "hanges@ the :5R will noti+ies the "hange to the SGSN *:
Gd interfa-e
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he Gd inter+a"e "onne"ts the SGSN to the SMSAGMSC and SMSA*BMSC -he SGSN@ SMSAGMSC@ SMSA*BMSC@ and SMC "ooperate with ea"h other at the Gd inter+a"e to +ul+ill the SMS in the GPRS system -he Gd inter+a"e ena'les the SGSN to re"ei&e short messages and +orward them to the MS *+ no Gd inter+a"e is pro&ided@ the Class C MSs "annot "annot re"ei&e and send short short messages messages when atta"hed atta"hed to the GPRS network +:
Gp interfa-e
-he Gp inter+a"e "onne"ts GPRS networks with ea"h other@ so it is used 'etween the GSNs that 'elong to di++erent P5MNs -he Gp inter+a"e is similar to the Gn inter+a"e in tele"omm tele"ommuni" uni"atio ation n proto"o proto"ols ls e4"ept e4"ept that the 'order 'order gateway gateway and +ire wall are added to the Gp inter+a"e !e"ause the !G pro&ides the routing proto"ols +or the 'order gateways@ the Gp inter+a"e ena'les the GSNs 'elonging to di++erent P5MNs to "ommuni"ate with ea"h other normally 10: 10: G- inte interf rfaa-e e -he G" inter+a"e "onne"ts the GGSN to the :5R Bhen the network side initiates the P;P "onte4t "onte4t a"ti& a"ti&ati ation on@@ the GGSN uses uses the *MS* to re2u re2uest est the address address o+ the "urren "urrentt SGSN SGSN where where the su's" su's"ri ri'er 'er is in +rom +rom the :5R *n "urre "urrent nt mo'ile mo'ile data ser&i"es@ this kind o+ situation is seldom seen 11: Gf inte interf rfaa-e e -he G+ inter+a"e "onne"ts the SGSN to $*R Generally@ Generally@ the $*R is not "on+igured "on+igured with the networks at present@ so the G+ inter+a"e "annot 'e ne"essarily emphasized
//. Related proto-ols -he data and signaling in the GPRS system are transmitted in an integrated plat+orm@ plat+orm@ as shown in Figure 111
"ig#re 11.1 GPRS data trans+er proto"ol plat+orm
-he +ollowing introdu"es the proto"ols shown in Figure 111 111 1:
G-P
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he G-P stands +or GPRS tunneling proto"ol *t is used +or the tunneling transmission o+ the data and signaling 'etween 'etween GSNs in the GPRS 'a"k'one network -he G-P is appli"a'le to the Gn inter+a"e and the Gp inter+a"e -he G-P "onsists o+ G-P signaling and data transmission program *n the signaling plat+orm@ the G-P de+ines the tunneling "ontrol and management proto"ols +or the MS to a""ess the GPRS network *n the trans+er plat+orm@ plat+orm@ the G-P utilizes the tunnels esta'lished 'etween the GSNs to transmit su's"ri'er data /ll P;P P;7s transmitted 'etween GSNs must 'e en"apsulated en"apsulated with the G-P header header -he +ormat o+ the G-P header is +i4ed to %0 'ytes@ the last o+ whi"h identi+y the -*;s +or spe"i+i" su's"ri'ers *n addition@ the G-P pro&ides the +low "ontrol +un"tion %:
4P8TCP
-he 7;P6-CP is the transport layer proto"ol used to esta'lish the relia'le link +rom endAtoAend -he -CP orients to "onne"tion *t "an dis"ard and prote"t the errors and "ontrols "ontrols +low +low *n addition@ addition@ it ensures ensures the data to 'e a""urately a""urately transmitt transmitted ed and "an used to 'ear the G-P P;7s that re2uire relia'le transmission Compared with the -CP@ the 7;P orients to nonA"onne"tion *t neither re"o&ers errors nor "ares a'out whether re"ei&es the messages "orre"tly or not *nstead@ it transmits and re"ei&es the data only *t is used to 'ear the G-P P;7s that do not re2uire relia'le transmission &:
/P
-he -he *P stan stands ds +or +or the the *nte *ntern rnet et prot proto" o"ol ols s *t is used used to sele sele"t "t the the rout route e +or +or the the su's"ri'er data and "ontrol signaling in the GPRS 'a"k'one network Currently the *P&# is widely used@ 'ut it will gradually de&elop into *P&, :
,SSGP
-he !SSGP 8!SS GPRS proto"ols9 in"ludes the +un"tions o+ the network layer and parts parts o+ the the trans transpor portt layer layers s *t pro&id pro&ides es a radio radio link link that that is used used to transm transmit it the una"knowledged data 'etween the !SS and the SGSN -he primary +un"tion o+ the !SSGP is to e4plain the routing in+ormation and the C9 to transmit !SSGP pa"ket data units 8!SSGP P;79 -he !>C "onsists o+ a group o+ network ser&i"e &irtual "ir"uits 8NSA>C9 and is only identi+ied 'y the !SSGP &irtual "ir"uit identi+i"ation 8!>C*9 and
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For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
network network ser&i"e entity identi+i"atio identi+i"ation n 8NS$*9 8NS$*9 in the SGSN *n the !SSGP layer@ layer@ the !>C* identi+ies a "ell -he !SSGP has three three users users -hey are relay 8R59@ 8R59@ GPRS mo'ility mo'ility managem management ent 8GMM9@ and network management 8NM9 -he +un"tion o+ +low "ontrol is a&aila'le is the !SSGP layer layer -his +un"tion "ontrols the load +or the C !>C Firs Firstt the the !SSG !SSGP P puts puts ea"h ea"h 55CA 55CAP; P;7@ 7@ with with -55* -55* as identi+i"ation@ re"ei&ed 'y ea"h 55CAP;7 into the 'u++er o+ the "orresponding MS@ and then put the data@ with !>C* as identi+i"ation@ into the 'u++er o+ the !>C Bhen the "ell works normally@ the PC7 must start the +low "ontrol pro"edure *n this "ase@ "ase@ the the PC7 report reports s the size and rate rate o+ the 'u"ket 'u"kets s in the "ell "ell to the SGSN SGSN periodi"ally periodi"ally a""ording to the radio pa"ket "hannels * n addition@ it must also report the size and the rate o+ the MS to the SGSN a""ording to the radio resour"e seized 'y the MS 7pon re"ei&ing the reports@ the SGSN ad3usts the downlink data rate +or the "ell and the MS a""ording to the reported parameters parameters in needed time /nd this is how the downlink downlink data data +low is "ontroll "ontrolled ed -he SGSN SGSN "ontrols "ontrols the +low a""ording a""ording to one prin"iple -hat is@ when "ontrolling the 55CAP;7 +low@ it "ontrols the +low o+ the MS +irst@ and then "ontrols the +low o+ the !>C Note2
-he 'u"ket o+ the "ell is the ma4imum o+ pa"ket data that the "ell "an store -hat is@ it is the ma4imum amount o+ the pa"ket data o+ that the 'u++er o+ the !>C "an store -he 'u"ket &aries with the num'er o+ pa"ket "hannel in the "ell
-he 'u"ket o+ the MS is the ma4imum amount o+ the pa"ket data that the MS "an store -hat is@ it is the ma4imum amount o+ the pa"ket data that the 'u++er o+ the MS "an store -he 'u"ket &aries with the num'er o+ "hannels allo"ated to the MS
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
-he 'u"ket rate is the data transmission rate
':
NS
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he NS stands +or network ser&i"e -he primary +un"tions o+ the NS layer in"lude the transmis transmission sion o+ the network network ser&i"e ser&i"e pa"ket pa"ket data data units units 8NSAP;79 8NSAP;79@@ the indi"ati indi"ation on o+ network "ongestion@ and the indi"ation o+ NS layer state -he NS layer "onsists o+ the NS su'Anetwork and the NS "ontrol part Currently@ the NS su'Anetwork adopts the +rame relay -he NS "ontrol part transmits the NSAP;7@ shares the load@ and manages the NSA>C -he NSA>C is the +rameArelay permanent &irtual "ir"uit 8P>C9 and it is only identi+ied 'y the NSA>C* in the SGSN -he NSA>C* is an endAtoAend identi+i"ation at the G' inter+a"e (:
SN4CP
-he SN;CP stands +or Su'ANetwork ;ependent Con&ergen"e Con&ergen"e Proto"ol -he SN;CP layer layer is the transiti transition on 'etwe 'etween en the the netwo network rk layer layer and and the link layer layer *t mainly mainly "ontri'utes "ontri'utes to the transparent transparent transmission o+ the network layer P;7 8NAP;79 and the enhan"ement enhan"ement o+ the "hannel utilization utilization -he SN;CP "an reuse the date 8it is +rom &arious &arious ser&i"e ser&i"e sour"e9 to 'e transmitt transmitted ed -he P;P type o+ the data &aries with its ser&i"e sour"e and the P;P "onte4t is identi+ied 'y di++erent NS/P*s / type o+ P;P "an "ontain se&eral P;P "onte4ts and NS/P*s and di++erent P;Ps "an use a NS/P* -he SN;CP layer pa"ket data unit 8SNAP;79 8SNAP;79 in"ludes in"ludes header header and data data One SNA P;7 "ontains the data o+ one NAP;7 only -he SNAP;7 has two +ormats@ SNA;/-/ P;7 and SNA7N*-;/-/ P;7@ the +irst o+ whi"h is used to transmit the data o+ the a"knowledged mode@ and the se"ond o+ whi"h is used to transmit the data o+ the una"knowledged mode -he -he SN;CP SN;CP has has two "ompr "ompress essio ion n types@ types@ data data head header er "ompr "ompress ession ion and and data data "ompression ):
!!C
-he 55C stands +or logi"al logi"al link "ontrol "ontrol -he 55C proto"ol proto"ol is the radio link proto"o proto"oll used at the transport layer and 'ased on highAspeed digital su's"ri'er line 8:;S59 *t pro&ides the logi"al link 'etween the MS and the SGSN@ with endAtoAend en"ryption and and no erro errorr -he -he 55C 55C laye layerr supp suppor orts ts poin pointA tAto toAm Amul ulti tipo poin intt addr addres essi sing ng@@ data data retransmission retransmission and multiple
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For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
will will indi" indi"ate ate that that the ma4im ma4imum um &alid &alid 'ytes 'ytes o+ SNA;/ SNA;/-/ P;7 are are 1.%0 1.%0 7nder 7nder una"knowledged una"knowledged mode@ the parameter N%01A7 will indi"ate that the ma4imum &alid 'ytes o+ the SNA7N*-;/-/ P;7 are .00 -he 55C layer has set di++erent ser&i"e a""ess points 8S/P9 +or di++erent upper layer su's"ri' su's"ri'ers ers $a"h S/P is identi+ie identi+ied d 'y one ser&i"e ser&i"e a""ess a""ess point point identi+ie identi+ierr / S/P* S/P* "onsists "onsists o+ # 'ytes and lo"ates lo"ates in the leastA# leastA# digits o+ the +ield address address o+ the 55C +rame Currently , &alues are adopted@ in whi"h the S/P* 1 mat"hes the GPRS mo'il mo'ility ity mana managem gemen ent6s t6sess ession ion mana manage geme ment nt 8GMM 8GMM6SM 6SM99 ser&i" ser&i"e@ e@ the S/P* S/P* mat"hes mat"hes the short message message ser&i"e@ ser&i"e@ and the S/P* )@ .@ (@ and 11 mat"h mat"h data ser&i"e o+ the su's"ri'ers whose
R!C
-he R5C proto"ol is applied 'etween the link layer and the network layer *t "ontrols the radio links -he primary +un"tion o+ R5C layer is to disassem'le and assem'le 55CAP;7 -he appli"ation o+ the sliding window me"hanism ena'les the R5C layer to ensure the data transmission 'etween the MS and the !SS through adopting the a"knowledged a"knowledged mode or una"knowledged mode -he size o+ the GPRS R5C sliding window is ,# a:
R!C a-knowledged mode
7nde 7nderr this this mode mode@@ ea"h ea"h R5C R5C data ata 'lo" 'lo"ks ks sent sent 'y the the send sendiing end end must must 'e a"knowle a"knowledge dged d 'y the re"ei&ing re"ei&ing endL otherwise otherwise the sending sending end must sele"t the automati" repeat re2uest 8/R<9 me"hanism to resend the data Only a+ter all the data are sent and a"knowledged a"knowledged 'y the re"ei&ing end@ the temporary 'lo"k +low 8-!F9 "an 'e released -he -he -!F is a kind kind o+ physi physi"al "al "onne "onne"ti "tion on used used +or the trans transmi missi ssion on o+ the data 'etween the MS RR entity and the !SS RR entity *t e4ists during data transmission only b:
R!C #n #na-knowledged mo mode
7nder una"knowledged mode@ the data sent 'y the sending end do not ha&e to 'e a"knowledged 'y the re"ei&ing end and the dis"arded data 'lo"ks do not ha&e to 'e resent either -he -!F "an 'e released a+ter the data is "ompletely sent Note2 /t present@ all all GPRS networks networks adopt the the R5C a"knowledged a"knowledged mode mode +:
73C
-he M/C stands +or medium a""ess "ontrol -he M/C proto"ol is applied to the link layer layer *ts prima primary ry +un"ti +un"tions ons are to de+in de+ine e the GPRS logi"a logi"all "han "hannel nels s at the 7m 16%6%01(
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For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
inter+a"e and make "oordination to ena'le multiple MSs to share these "hannels or ena'le ena'le one MS to use the physi"al physi"al "hannels "hannels o+ di++ere di++erent nt timeslots timeslots -here+or -here+ore@ e@ the M/C must +ul+ill the +ollowing tasks
Fully reuse the uplink and downlink
Per+orm the "ontention and de"ision during uplink a""ess
-ransmit the downlink data a""ording to a""ess attempt se2uen"e
Pro"ess the radio priority "lass
Mat"h the 55CAP;7 to the "orresponding physi"al "hannels
-here -here are three M/C modes@ modes@ in"ludin in"luding g +i4ed +i4ed allo"ati allo"ation@ on@ dynami" dynami" allo"atio allo"ation@ n@ and e4tended dynami" allo"ation@ whi"h are detailed in the +ollowing a:
"i>ed allo-ation
7nder this mode@ the !SS allo"ates the radio 'lo"ks to 'e used 'y the MS in ad&an"e *+ there is still data needs to 'e transmitted a+ter all the radio 'lo"ks ha&e 'een used@ the !SS will reallo"ates radio 'lo"ks to the MS b:
4;nami- allo-ation
7nder this mode@ the !SS allo"ates the radio 'lo"ks to 'e used 'y the MS when MS needs them Bhen assigning radio resour"es to the MS@ the !SS will assign se&eral radio radio "hannel "hannels s and the "orrespo "orrespondi nding ng uplink uplink state state +lag 87SF9 +or the MS 7pon re"ei&ing an assignment message@ the MS 'egins to listen the downlink radio 'lo"ks in the assigned "hannel to o'tain the 7SF *+ this 7SF is the same as the assigned 7SF@ the MS will transmit the data on the "orresponding uplink radio 'lo"k -:
>tende nded d;n d;na amimi- all allo o-ation ion
7nder this mode@ the resour"e allo"ation me"hanism is the same as that under the dynami" allo"ation mode e4"ept that greater uplink throughput is pro&ided under the dynami" allo"ation mode /""ording to e4tended e4tended dynami" allo"ation@ the multislots are allo"ated to the MS a""ording to its multislot "apa'ility "apa'ility 7pon re"ei&ing a 7SF on one P;C:@ the MS "an transmit the data on 'oth the P;C: and the P;C:s with a greater num'er
10.1. Radio Channels Channels and Their /mportan-e /mportan-e /. Radio Chnnels 10: T;pes of pa-k pa-ket et data data logi-al logi-al -hannels -hannels Pa"ket Pa"ket data data logi"al logi"al "hannels "hannels "an 'e di&ided di&ided into +our types -hey are pa"ket pa"ket data data tra++i" "hannel 8P;-C:9@ pa"ket 'road"ast "ontrol "hannel 8P!CC:9@ pa"ket "ommon
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"ontrol "ontrol "hannel "hannel 8PCCC:9@ 8PCCC:9@ and pa"ket pa"ket dedi"ate dedi"ated d "ontrol "ontrol "hannel "hannel 8P;CC:9 8P;CC:9 -he +ollowing details the +our types o+ "hannels respe"ti&ely a:
P4TC6
-he P;C: is used to transmit the su's"ri'er data under pa"ket trans+er mode and the trans+er rate ranges +rom 0 to %% k'it6s /ll the P;CC:s are unidire"tional -he P;-C: uplink 8P;-C:679 helps the MS to transmit the data to the GPRS network -he P;-C: downlink 8P;-C:6;9 helps the GPRS network to transmit the data to the MS b:
P,CC6
-he P!CC: 'road"asts the parameters needed 'y the MS to a""ess the network +or pa"ket ser&i"e *n addition@ it also 'road"asts the parameters parameters used +or "ir"uit swit"hed ser&i"e -he GPRSAatta"hed MSs monitor the P!CC: only *+ a "ell has the P!CC:@ "orresponding prompt is present in the !CC: -hat is@ the MS will 'e told that this "ell is "on+igured with the P!CC: through S*1) *+ there is no P!CC: is the "ell@ the !CC: will 'road"ast 'road"ast the parameters used +or pa"ket ser&i"e -:
PCCC6
-he PCC: "an 'e di&ided into the +ollowing types Pa"ket paging "hannel 8PPC:9
*t is applied to the downlink only and used to page the MS Pa"ket random a""ess "hannel 8PR/C:9
*t is applied to the uplink only and used to re2uest one or more P;-C: +or the MS Pa"ket a""ess grant "hannel 8P/GC:9
*t is applied to the downlink only and used to allo"ate one or more P;-C: Pa"ket noti+i"ation "hannel 8PNC:9
*t is applied to the downlink only and used to noti+y the MS that the P-MAM "all e4ists *+ there is no PCCC: in a "ell@ the in+ormation o+ the pa"ket ser&i"e is transmitted on the CCC: *+ there is PCCC:@ the in+ormation o+ the pa"ket ser&i"e is transmitted on the the PCCC PCCC:@ :@ and and the the in+o in+orm rmat atio ion n o+ the the "ir" "ir"ui uitt swit swit"h "hed ed ser& ser&i" i"e e "an "an also also 'e transmitted on the PCCC: d:
P4CC6
-he P;CC: "an 'e di&ided into the +ollowing types
Pa"ket asso"iated "ontrol "hannel 8P/CC:9 *t is 'iAdire"tional and used to transmit the pa"ket signaling
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Pa"ket timing ad&an"e "ontrol "hannel uplink 8P-CC:679
*t is used to transmit the random a""ess 'urst so that the !SS side "an estimate the timing ad&an"e +or the MS per+orming the pa"ket ser&i"e Pa"ket timing ad&an"e "ontrol "hannel downlink 8P-CC:6;9
*t is used used to pro&i pro&ide de the in+ormat in+ormation ion o+ timin timing g ad&an ad&an"e "e +or multipl multiple e MSs MSs / P-CC:6; mat"hes multiple P-C:67s 11: Combinat Combination ion of the pa-ket pa-ket data data logi-al logi-al -hanne -hannels ls -here are the +ollowing "om'inations
P!CC: E PCCC: E P;-C: E P/CC: E P-CC:
PCCC: E P;-C: E P/CC: E P-CC:
P;-C: E P/CC: E P-CC:
*+ the "ell needs needs the P!CC:@ P!CC:@ the +irst "om'inatio "om'ination n is used used / "ell needs needs only one group o+ the "om'ination only *+ a great great num'er o+ MSs are present present in a "ell@ "ell@ one or more groups groups o+ the se"ond se"ond "om'ination "om'ination "an 'e "on+igured when the PCCC: is 'usy 'usy -he se"ond "om'ination "om'ination "annot 'e "on+igured with a "ell unless the +irst "om'ination is "on+igured -he third "om'ination is used to transmit the uplink and downlink pa"ket data only only / "ell "an 'e "on+igured with one or more groups o+ this "om'ination 1%: 7apping transfor transformation mation between between logi-al logi-al -hannels -hannels and and ph;si-al ph;si-al -hannels -hannels -he GPRS "hannel "hannel adopts adopts .%Amulti .%Amulti+ram +rame e stru"tur stru"ture e $a"h pa"ket "hannel "hannel has .% multi+rames multi+rames in total@ +our o+ whi"h +orm a radio 'lo"k -here+ore@ -here+ore@ a radio 'lo"k "onsists o+ 1% radio 'lo"ks and # idle +rames Figure 1%1 shows 1%1 shows the stru"ture
!0
!1
!%
D
!)
!#
!.
D
!,
!0A!11C 1% radio 'lo"ks
!
!
D
!(
!1 0
!11
D
DC idle +rame
"ig#re 1%.1 Stru"ture o+ a radio "hannel
*n a GPRS system@ the pa"ket logi"al "hannel has a mapping relationship with the P;C: physi"al "hannel a""ording to the radio 'lo"k se2uen"e -hat is@ !0@ !,@ !)@ !(@ !1@ !@ !#@ !10@ !%@ !@ !.@ !1
For the P!CC:@ it "an 'e mapped to the !0@ !)@ !,@ !(@ and so on -he spe"i+i" num' num'e e o+ radio radio 'lo"ks 'lo"ks are are de"id de"ided ed 'y the para parame meter ter !S=P!C !S=P!CC:= C:=!5 !5S S a""ording to how 'usy the P!CC: is
For the PCCC:@ the P/GC: and the PPC: "an 'e mapped to any radio 'lo"k o+ the downlink downlink "hannels "hannels e4"ept e4"ept the radio 'lo"ked 'lo"ked seized seized 'y the P!CC: P!CC: -he uplink radio 'lo"ks seized 'y the PR/C: "orrespond to the radio 'lo"ks seized 'y the P!CC:@ P/GC:@ and PPC: 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
For the P;-C:@ it "an 'e mapped to all the radio 'lo"ks and is used to transmit the pa"ket data
For the P/CC:@ P/CC:@ it "an 'e mapped to all the radio 'lo"ks and is used to send the "ontrol message
For the P-CC:@ the 1% th and the ) th uplink +rames o+ ea"h .%Amulti+rame +orm a PPCC:67 "hannel@ and the 1% th and the ) th downlink +rames o+ two neigh'oring .%Amulti+rame +orm a P-CC:6; "hannel
//. Channel -oding / GPRS radio 'lo"k "an only 'ear #., 'its Four "oding s"hemes are a&aila'le +or the GPRS "hannel -hey are CSA1@ CSA%@ CSA)@ and CSA# Bhen "oding the "hannel a""ording to CSA1@ +irst add the 7SF to the data 'it as in+ormation 'it@ and then add the 'lo"k "he"k se2uen"e 8!SC9 to dete"t and "orre"t the "odes /+ter that@ add the tail 'its and "on&olute all the 'its 'y hal+ Finally@ the #.,A'it "hannel "ode is o'tained Bhen "oding the "hannel a""ording to CSA% and CSA)@ +irst add the 7SF to the data 'it as in+ormat in+ormation ion 'it@ and then add the !CS to dete"t dete"t and "orre"t "orre"t the "odes "odes /+ter preA"oding the 7SF@ add the tail 'it and "on&olute all the 'its 'y hal+ using the "hopping te"hnologies Finally@ the #.,A'it "hannel "ode is o'tained Bhen Bhen "oding the "hannel "hannel a""ordin a""ording g to CSA#@ CSA#@ +irst +irst add the 7SF to the data 'it as in+ormation in+ormation 'it@ and then add the !CS to dete"t and "orre"t the "odes /+ter that@ preA "ode the 7SF Finally@ Finally@ the #.,A'it "hannel "ode is o'tained o'tained Note that the CSA# does not adopt "on&olutional "odes For details@ see -a'le 11 11 Table 1.1 GPRS "hannel "oding s"heme Channel "oding
;ata rate
;ata 'it
7SF
!CS
-ail 'it
CSA1
11
)
#0
#
(0.
CSA%
%,
,
1,
#
1)#
CSA)
)1%
,
1,
#
1.,
CSA#
#%
1%
1,
0
%1#
s"heme
8k'it6s9
-he data transmission rate and the re2uirement re2uirement on transmission 2uality &ary with the CS -he higher higher the data transmissio transmission n rate@ rate@ the higher the transmis transmission sion 2uality is re2uired Bhen transmitting the data@ the !SS "an ad3ust the "hannel CS a""ording
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
to the &ariation o+ the radio 2uality *n this "ase@ the radio resour"e "an 'e +ully used and the data transmis transmission sion rate "an 'e enhan"ed enhan"ed 'ased on the assuran" assuran"e e o+ the transmission 2uality
///. R!C873C blo-k str#-t#re Bhen Bhen used used +or pa"ket data transmissio transmission@ n@ the stru"tur stru"ture e o+ the R5C6M/C R5C6M/C 'lo"k is di++erent +rom that when it is used +or "ontrol message transmsion 1&: R!C873 R!C873C C data data blo-k blo-k -he R5C6M/C data 'lo"k "onsists o+ M/C header and R5C data 'lo"k@ the later o+ whi"h "onsists o+ R5C header@ R5C data unit@ and reser&ed 'it /nd the R5C data unit "ontains "ontains the o"tets that are +ragmente +ragmented d +rom one or more 55C P;7 Figure 1)1 shows the stru"ture o+ the R5C6M/C data 'lo"k R!C873C blo-k M/C header
R5C data unit R5C header
R5C data unit
Reser&ed 'it
"ig#re 1&.1 Stru"ture o+ the R5C6M/C data 'lo"k
-he size o+ the R5C6M/C data 'lo"k &aries with the CS type For details@ see -a'le 11 11 Table 1.1 -he size o+ the R5C6M/C data 'lo"k -he -he size size o+ R5C6 R5C6M/ M/C C data data CS type
'lo"k when reser&ed 'it is not
Reser&ed 'its
a""ounted 8'yte9
-he -he size size o+ R5C6M/ R5C6M/C C data 'lo"k 8'yte9
CS1
%%
0
%%
CS
)%
)% 6
CS!
)
)
) )6
CS"
.%
.% 6
1: R!C873 R!C873C C -ontr -ontrol ol bloblo-k k -he R5C6M/C 'lo"k used +or the "ontrol message transmission "onsists o+ M/C header and R5C6M/C "ontrol 'lo"k Figure 1#1 shows 1#1 shows the stru"ture o+ the R5C6M/C 'lo"k R5C6M/C 'lo"k M/C header
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R5C6M/C "ontrol 'lo"k
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ig#re 1.1 Stru"ture o+ R5C6M/C 'lo"k 1': 1': "iel "ield d rema remark rk -he +ollowing pro&ides the remarks on the main +ields a:
S" field
-he 7SF +ield is transmitted in all uplink R5C6M/C 'lo"ks *t indi"ates the owner o+ the downlink downlink 'lo"k or the user o+ the ne4t radio radio 'lo"k 'lo"k o+ the same timeslot timeslot Bhen per+orming dynami" allo"ation@ the network side uses the 7SF to allo"ate the uplink radio radio resou resour"e r"es s to the MS -he -he 7SF +ield stand stands s +or the eight eight di++er di++erent ent &alue &alues s "omposed o+ the 'inary "odes On the PCCC:@ the &alue o+ the 7SF is 111@ indi"ating that the "orresponding uplink 'lo"k is the uplink random a""ess 'lo"k b:
S/ bit
-he S* 'it stands +or suspend suspend indi"atio indi"ation n 'it *n the window me"hanism me"hanism@@ the S* 'it indi"ates whether the R5C transmit window o+ the MS needs the suspension -he MS must set the S* 'it in all uplink R5C data 'lo"ks For the meaning o+ the S* 'it@ see -a'le 11 11 Table 1.1 Meaning o+ the S* 'it >alue
-he -he R5C R5C tran transm smit it wind window ow o+ the the MS does oes not need eed
0
suspension
1
-:
Meaning
-he R5C transmit window o+ the MS needs suspension
S8P bit
-he S6P 'it stands +or the supplementary6polling supplementary6polling 'it *t is used to indi"ate whether the relati&e reser&ed reser&ed 'lo"k period 8RR!P9 +ield is &alid or not For the meaning o+ the S6P 'it@ see -a'le 1% 1% Table 1.% Meaning o+ the S6P 'it >alue
Meaning
0
-he RR!P +ield is in&alid
1
-he RR!P +ield is &alid
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
d:
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
RR,P field
-he RR!P stands +or relati&e reser&ed 'lo"k period -his +ield indi"ates the lo"ation o+ the uplink 'lo"ks where the network side sends the P/C$- CON-RO5 /C message message or the P/C$P/C$- ;5 /C6N/C /C6N/C message message to -he &alue o+ the RR!P 'it ranges +rom 0 to ) For the meaning o+ the RR!P +ield@ see -a'le 1) 1) Table 1.& Meaning o+ the RR!P +ield >alue
Meaning
00
-;M/ -;M/ +ram +rame e num num'e 'err 8NE 8NE)9 )9 mod mod % %1.,# 1.,# upl uplin ink k 'lo" 'lo"k k
01
-;M/ -;M/ +ram +rame e num num'e 'err 8NE1 8NE1 or or NE1 NE19 9 mod mod %1 %1., .,# # upli uplink nk 'lo" 'lo"k k
10
-;M/ -;M/ +ram +rame e num num'e 'err 8NE% 8NE%1 1 or or NE% NE%%9 %9 mod mod %1 %1., .,# # upli uplink nk 'lo" 'lo"k k
11
-;M/ -;M/ +ram +rame e num num'e 'err 8NE 8NE%, %,99 mod mod %1. %1.,# ,# upl uplin ink k 'lo 'lo"k "k
e9
$++e"ti&e payload typ type
-his +ield indi"ates the range o+ the e++e"ti&e data "ontained in the R5C6M/C 'lo"k For the meaning o+ this +ield@ see -a'le 1# Table 1. Meaning o+ the e++e"ti&e payload type >alue
Meaning
00
-he R5C6M/C 'lo"k "ontains one R5C data 'lo"k -he R5C6M/C 'lo"k "ontains one R5C "ontrol 'lo"k 'ut not "ontains
01
the optional 'ytes in the R5C6M/C "ontrol header On the downlink@ the RC56M/C 'lo"k "ontains 'oth one R5C "ontrol
10
'lo"k and the +irst optional 'yte in the R5C6M/C "ontrol header
11
f:
Reser&ed
",/ bit
-he F!* 'it stands +or the +inal 'lo"k indi"ator 'it@ indi"ating the +inal downlink R5C data 'lo"k in the downlink -!F For the meaning o+ the F!* 'it@ see -a'le 1. 1.
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Table 1.' Meaning o+ the F!* 'it >alue
Meaning
0
-he "urrent 'lo"k is not the +inal R5C data 'lo"k in the -!F
1
-he "urrent 'lo"k is the +inal R5C data 'lo"k in the -!F
g:
RT/ field
-he R-* stands +or the radio transa"tio transa"tion n identi+ie identi+ier r -his +ield +ield is used to num'er a group o+ the R5C6M/C 'lo"ks "onstituting a R5C "ontrol message / R-* "onsists o+ . 'its@ and its &alue ranges +rom 1 to )1 h:
T"/ field
-he -F* +ield stands stands +or the temporary temporary 'lo"k +low identi+i identi+ier er +ield *t identi+ie identi+ies s all the -!Fs a++iliated a++iliated to the R5C ;i++eren ;i++erentt "hannel "hannels s "an share the same -F*@ whi"h "an identi+y identi+y the same same -!F and di++eren di++erentt -!Fs -!Fs -he -!* o+ a "hannel "hannel is a++iliat a++iliated ed to an uplink or downlink -!F only at any time -he same MS "an use either the same -F* or di++erent -!*s during -!F transmission !oth the uplink -F* and downlink -F* are .A 'it 'inary "odes@ and their &alue ranges +rom 0 to )1 i:
,SN field
-he !SN +ield stands +or the 'lo"k se2uen"e num'er num'er +ield *t is the num'er o+ ea"h o+ the R5C data 'lo"ks in the -!F -!F -he !SN is the A'it 'inary 'inary "ode@ and its &alue &alue ranges +rom 0 to 1%
/. /. 7S m#ltislot -apabilit; -he MS multislo multislott "apa'ilit "apa'ility y is di&ided di&ided into % "lasses "lasses -he num'er num'er o+ the pa"ket "hannels "an 'e used 'y the MS simultaneously &aries with the multislot "apa'ility "lass "lass -he MS reports reports its multisolt multisolt "apa'ility "apa'ility "lass in the pa"ket resour"e resour"e re2uest re2uest message message Bhen allo"atin allo"ating g the radio resour"e resour"e to the MS@ the !SS must must "onsider "onsider multiple +a"tors@ su"h as the amount o+ the data to 'e transmitted@ the re2uired
Ma4imum timeslots
Multislot "apa'ility "lass
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Ma4imum timeslots
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
R4
-4
Sum
1
1
1
%
%
%
1
)
%
#
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
R4
-4
Sum
1,
,
,
N/
)
1
N/
%
)
1
N/
)
1
#
1(
,
%
N/
.
%
%
#
%0
,
)
N/
,
)
%
#
%1
,
#
N/
)
)
#
%%
,
#
N/
#
1
.
%)
,
,
N/
(
)
%
.
%#
%
N/
10
#
%
.
%.
)
N/
11
#
)
.
%,
#
N/
1%
#
#
.
%
#
N/
1)
)
)
N/
%
,
N/
1#
#
#
N/
%(
N/
1.
.
.
N/
Note:
#$ indicates the ma$imum timeslots used by the %S for do&nlin' transmission transmission in a ()%* frame.
($ indicates the ma$imum timeslots used by the %S for uplin' transmission in a ()%* frame.
Sum indicates the sum of the timeslots used by the %S for data transmission in a ()%* frame. (hat is, the number of the timeslots used by the %S for uplin' and do&nlin' transmission must be equal to or less than the value of the Sum.
/""ording to the multislot "apa'ility "lass "on+igured "on+igured with the MS@ the MS "an 'e di&ide di&ided d into into two types types -hat -hat is@ type 1 and and type type % *n the %( multi multislo slott "apa'i "apa'ilit lity y "lasses@ the MSs whose multislot "apa'ility "lasses are 1A1% and 1(A%( 'elong to type 1@ and the MSs whose multislot "apa'ility "lasses are 1)A1 'elong to type % -he MSs o+ type 1 "annot transmit and re"ei&e data simultaneously@ while the MSs o+ type % "an
. 4R5 -he ;RD stands +or dis"ontinuous re"eption -o redu"e the power "onsumption in idle state@ the MS needs to adopt the ;RD model 7nder this model@ the MS re"ei&es the related paging messages on the paging "hannels only regardless o+ the paging type Bhen Bhen atta"h atta"hin ing g to the the GPRS@ GPRS@ the MS need needs s to noti+ noti+y y the GPRS6 GPRS6GSM GSM netwo network rk whethe whetherr it suppo supports rts the ;RD or not not *+ yes@ yes@ the the MS works a""ordi a""ording ng to the ;RD 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
paramet parameters ers re"ei&e re"ei&ed d +rom the network network For the "urrent network@ network@ it determin determines es the paging group that the MS 'elongs to a""ording to the !S=P/=MFRMS re"ei&ed on the CCC:
/. Power -ontrol Currentl Currently y@ the GPRS system pro&ide pro&ides s the algorithms algorithms +or uplink uplink open open loop loop power power "ontrol "ontrol -he open open power power "ontrol is 'ased 'ased on the assumption assumption that the uplink uplink and downlink ha&e the same path loss -here+ore@ -here+ore@ the MS "an ad3ust the output power a""ordin a""ording g to the le&el o+ the re"ei&ed re"ei&ed signals signals -he power "ontrol "ontrol paramet parameters ers are deli&ered in the S*1) *n the GPRS system@ the algorithm +or uplink power "ontrol is e4pressed as +ollows PC: min 8 0 A C: A 8C E #9@ PM/D9 :ere@
PC: is the output power o+ the MS during uplink power "ontrol
0 is
CH is
is
C is the normalized le&el o+ the re"ei&ed signals *t is the a&erage le&el o+ the
the ma4imum transmit power o+ the MS the power "ontrol parameter sent 'y the network side to the MS
the power "ontrol parameter sent 'y the network side to the MS
'ursts o+ # -;M/ +rames in a radio 'lo"ks
PM/D is the ma4imum ma4imum transit transit power o+ the MS allowed 'y the "ell@ "ell@ and it is deli&ered in the system in+ormation
For open loop power "ontrol@ the
10@ so PC: min 8 0 A C: A C A #9@ PM/D9
Bhen the MS per+orms the uplink open loop power "ontrol@ the &alues o+ PM/D are known +or the MS -he &alue o+ the
C:
0@
C@ and
is "al"ulated 'y the network side
a""ording to the !-S re"ei&ing le&el@ !-S transmit power@ and the ma4imum MS transmit power power *n addition@ the &alue o+ the
C: "an 'e
sent to the MS in the R5C6M/C
"ontrol message Bhen the MS per+orms the downlink open loop power "ontrol@ it uses the same power to transmit transmit the # -;M/ -;M/ +rames +rames in a radio radio 'lo"k Bhen the MS has resele"te resele"ted d and enter entered ed a new "ell@ it must must transm transmit it the data with with the ma4imum ma4imum outpu outputt 'e+or 'e+ore e re"ei&ing the power "ontrol parameters +rom the "ell
//. Timing ad9an-e -ontrol !e"ause the pa"ket data is dis"ontinuously dis"ontinuously transmitted@ it is hard +or the network side to o'tain the timing ad&an"e 8-/9 o+ the MS /s a result@ the downlink data may not 'e normally re"ei&ed -here+ore@ the GPRS system introdu"es a new timing ad&an"e
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
algorithm@ whi"h is di&ided into initial timing ad&an"e "ontrol algorithm and "ontinuous timing ad&an"e "ontrol algorithm *n this "ase@ the &alid -/ "an always 'e o'tained 1(: /nitial /nitial timing timing ad9anad9an-e e -ontrol -ontrol algorit algorithm hm Bhen the MS a""esses the network@ the !-S uses this algorithm to "al"ulate the -/ o+ the MS a""ording to the a""ess 'urst re"ei&ed on the P/C: 8the MS sends the a""ess 'urst9 /+ter that@ the !-S deli&ers the !-S to the MS in a Pa"ket /ssignment message *+ a -!F is esta'lis esta'lished hed during uplink uplink or downlink downlink data data transmis transmission sion@@ the Pa"ket ;ownlink /ssignment message may not in"lude -/ *n this "ase@ the network side "an set the polling 'its in the Pa"ket ;ownlink /ssignment message /+ter re"ei&ing the message@ the MS will send a Pa"ket Control /"k6Na"k message to the network side to help it to o'tain the -/ *n addition@ when the MS has sent a Pa"ket Channel Re2uest message@ the network "anno "annott ne"es ne"essa sary ry deli&e deli&err a Pa"ket Pa"ket /ssignm /ssignmen entt messa message ge to the MS due due to no a&aila'le resour"e resour"e *n this "ase@ to o'tain the -/@ the network side "an ena'le the pa"ket polling pro"edure to send a Pa"ket Polling message to make the MS send # Pa"ket /"k6Na"k messages in the +orm o+ 'ursts *+ the Pa"ket /ssignment message does not in"lude -/@ the MS "an o'tain the -/ +rom the Pa"ket Pa"ket Power Power Control6 Control6-i -iming ming /d&an"e /d&an"e message message or the timing timing ad&an"e ad&an"e update only 1): Contin#o Contin#o#s #s timing timing ad9an-e ad9an-e -ontrol -ontrol algorith algorithm m -his algorithm is applied to the pa"ket trans+er mode -he MS as"ertains the P-CC: allo"ated to it the a""ording to the -/* sent in the Pa"ket /ssignment message and sends the a""ess 'ursts on the "orresponding P-CC: 8-he -/* stands +or timing ad&an"e inde4@ and its &alue ranges +rom 0 to 1.9 -he network side "al"ulates the new -/ -/ o+ the MS a""ording to the re"ei&ed re"ei& ed a""ess 'ursts 'urst s /+ter that@ it tells t ells the -/ to the MS through through the "orrespo "orrespondi nding ng P-CC:@ P-CC:@ or the Pa"ket Pa"ket Power Power Control Control6-i 6-iming ming /d&an"e message message and the Pa"ket 7plink 7plink a"k6Na"k message message
10.1.' S;stem /nformation /nformation and 7ain "lows /. Pa-ket s;stem information -he pa"ket system in+ormation 8PS*9 is used to 'road"ast the parameters needed 'y the MS when the MS intends to a""ess the network *+ the "ell supports GPRS ser&i"e@ the S*1) must 'e added to the !CC: -he S*1) in"ludes the in+ormation on GPRS "ell a""ess a""ess "ontrol@ "ontrol@ GPRS "ell sele"tio sele"tion n and resele"tio resele"tion@ n@ and GPRS power "ontrol 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he P!CC: "an 'e either "on+igured or not "on+igured in a "ell -he S*1) will tell the MS wheth whether er the P!CC: P!CC: is prese present nt in the "ell "ell or not On the P!CC: P!CC: mainly mainly the GPRS dedi"ates PS* is 'road"ast@ in"luding PS*1@ PS*%@ PS*)@ PS*)'is@ PS*#@ PS*.@ and PS*1) -he +ollowing lists them respe"ti&ely
PS*1 "ontains the in+ormation on "ell sele"tion@ PR/C: "ontrol@ "ontrol "hannel des"ription@ and power "ontrol parameters
PS*% "ontains "ontains the in+ormat in+ormation ion on +re2uen +re2uen"y "y list@ "ell allo"ati allo"ation on ta'le@ ta'le@ GPRS mo'ile allo"ation ta'le@ and PCCC: des"ription
PS*) "ontains the in+ormation on neigh'or "ell !CC: allo"ation ta'le and the ser&i"e "ell6nonAser&i"e "ell sele"tion parameters
PS*)'is PS*)'is "ontain "ontains s the in+ormati in+ormation on on neigh'o neigh'orr "ell !CC: allo"ati allo"ation on ta'le ta'le and nonAser&i"e "ell sele"tion parameters
PS*# "ontains the P;C: lists used 'y the MS to make measurement in ser&i"e "ells
PS*. "ontains the in+ormation on measurement report and network "ontrol "ell resele"tion
PS*1 PS*1) ) is the the same same as the the S*1) S*1) 'roa 'road" d"as astt on the the !CC: !CC: *t "ont "ontai ains ns the the in+ormation in+ormation relati&e to the a""ess o+ the spe"i+i" GPRS "ells
-he PS*1@ PS*%@ PS*)@ and PS*# "an 'e 'road"ast either on the P!CC: or P/CC: -he PS*. "an only 'e 'road"ast on P!CC: -he P!CC: "an only 'e 'road"ast on P/CC: *+ there is a P!CC: in the "ell@ it does not send the PS*1) and the PS*1 is 'road"a 'road"ast st periodi"all periodi"ally y on the P/CC: *+ there there is no P!CC: in a "ell@ "ell@ the PS*1) is 'road"ast periodi"ally on the P/CC:
//. Cell resele-tion -he GPRS "ell resele"tion is independent o+ the GSM "ell resele"tion :ando&er is not used in the GPRS system *n either pa"ket trans+er mode or pa"ket idle mode@ the ser&i"e "ell is sele"ted a""ording to "ell resele"tion program in the GPRS system *n the GPRS system@ the "ell resele"tion "an 'e per+ormed 'y the MS automati"ally or "ontrolled 'y the network side 1*: 7S a#tomati a#tomati-all -all;$st ;$start arted ed -ell resele-t resele-tion ion -he MS always monitors the P!CC:6!CC: "arrier o+ the neigh'or "ells *t "hooses to atta"h the 'est "ell a""ording to the signal strength and the 'ase station "olor "ode 8!CC9 o+ the "arriers Meanwhile@ Meanwhile@ it starts the R/ update pro"edure to noti+y its R/ to the network *+ no P!CC: is present in ser&i"e "ell where the MS is in@ the MS will monitor the S* 'road"ast on the !CC: and resele"ts the "ell using the C16C% rules that are used in the GSM 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
For the parameter CR:@ howe&er@ it is pro"essed a""ording a""ording to di++erent di++erent situations Bhen the MS is in pa"ket idle mode@ i+ the R/ o+ the ser&i"e "ell is di++erent di++erent +rom that o+ the resele"ted new "ell@ the CR: must 'e used Bhen the MS is in ready state@ i+ the MS resele"ts a new "ell@ the CR: must 'e used *+ the P!CC: is "on+igured with the ser&i"e "ell where the MS is in@ the MS needs to monitor the S* 'road"ast on the P!CC: only *n this "ase@ the MS "an resele"t the "ell "ell usin using g the the C)16 C)16C) C)% % rule rules s used used in the the GPRS GPRS 8For 8For deta detail ils@ s@ see see prot proto" o"ol ols s +S%..9 +S%.. 9 Gene General rally ly@@ no P!CC: P!CC: is "on+i "on+igu gure red d with with the "urren "urrentt GPRS GPRS system system@@ so the MS resele"t the "ell using the C16C% rules only 1+: Network$ Network$-ont -ontrolle rolled d -ell resele resele-tio -tion n -he network side "an also "ontrol the "ell resele"tion *n this "ase@ the MS will su'mit the measurement report to the network side periodi"ally a""ording to the parameters 'road"ast in the S* -he network will send the pa"ket "ell "hange order to assign the "ell that the MS must atta"h a""ording to the +a"tors@ su"h as the measurement report +rom the MS and the load o+ the neigh'or "ells 7pon re"ei&ing the pa"ket "ell "hange order@ the MS will stop transmitting the data on the uplink immediately and de"oding the data on the downlink downlink Meanwhile@ Meanwhile@ the MS starts the timer timer -)1# and 'egins to ente enterr
the the
resel esele" e"te ted d
"ell "ell
-his -his
pro" pro"es ess s
is
"ont "ontro roll lled ed
'y
the the
para parame mete ter r
N$-BOR=CON-RO5AOR;$R@ whi"h is a network "ontrol mode parameter -here three types o+ network "ontrol modes@ in"luding NC0@ NC1@ and NC% -hey are de+ined as +ollows a:
NC0
-his is +or general general MSs *n this mode@ mode@ the MS will resele"t resele"t the "ell automati"a automati"ally lly without sending the measurement report to the network side b:
NC1
*n this mode@ the MS will send the measurement report to the network side while resele"t the "ell automati"ally -:
NC%
-his is the network "ontrol mode *n this mode@ the MS will send the measurement report to the network side 'ut not resele"t the "ell automati"ally *nstead@ it a""epts the networkA"ontrolled "ell resele"tion -he -he NC1 and NC% are are appli appli"a' "a'le le to the MSs MSs in ready ready state state only only -he -he NC0 is appli"a' appli"a'le le to the MSs 'oth in ready ready state and stand'y state state -hat -hat is@ the MSs in stand'y state "an only use the NC0 mode 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
*n the "urrent GPRS phase@ only the NC0 mode is used +or "ell resele"tion -hat is@ the networkA"ontrolled "ell resele"tion has not 'een used
///. plink T," establishment Bhen there is data to 'e transmitted on the upper layer o+ the MS@ the R5C6M/C layer o+ the MS will initiate pa"ket a""ess pro"edure -he pa"ket a""ess o+ the MS "an 'e di&ided di&ided into short short a""ess@ a""ess@ one phase phase a""ess@ a""ess@ two phase phase a""ess@ a""ess@ paging response@ "ell update@ and mo'ility management -hey are detailed as +ollows
*+ the data 'lo"ks to 'e transmitt transmitted ed are less than R5C 'lo"ks@ 'lo"ks@ the "hannel "hannel re2uest type o+ the MS is short a""ess -he num'er o+ data pa"kets is "al"ulated a""ording to CSA1
*+ the data 'lo"ks to 'e transmitted are more than -5C 'lo"ks and the R5C mode is re2uired to 'e the a"knowledged mode@ the "hannel re2uest o+ the MS is one phase a""ess or two phase a""ess
*+ the measurement report o+ the MS is to 'e transmitted@ the "hannel re2uest type o+ the MS is the +irst phase o+ the two phase a""ess
*+ the pagin paging g respo response nse@@ "ell "ell upda update@ te@ or mo'il mo'ility ity mana manage gemen mentt works works as the the "hannel re2uest type@ it is generally 'e treated as one phase a""ess or two phase a""ess
-he same pro"edure is used +or short a""ess or one phase a""ess -hat is@ the radio resour"e 8su"h as the -F* and dynami"allyAallo"ated 7SF@ or the radio 'lo"k 'it ta'le9 is allo"ated to the MS on"e@ and then the MS 'egins to transmit the data For the two phase a""ess "hannel re2uest@ the network side allo"ates one radio 'lo"k to the MS only only +or the +irst +irst time time -he MS sends sends the Pa"ket Pa"ket Resour Resour"e "e Re2ues Re2uestt message on the single allo"ated radio 'lo"k@ and then the network side allo"ates the radio resour"e 8in"luding the -F*@ 7SF@ or radio 'lo"k 'it ta'le9 to the MS +or the se"ond time9 / pa"ket "hannel re2uest is an A'it or 11A'it a""ess 'urst@ whi"h "arries only a little in+orm in+ormati ation@ on@ 'ut 'ut a pa"ke pa"kett resou resour"e r"e re2u re2uest est is a R5C6M/ R5C6M/C C "ontr "ontrol ol 'lo"k 'lo"k "oded "oded a""ording to CSA1@ whi"h "arries more in+ormation@ in"luding the -55* o+ the MS@ the multisolt "apa'ility o+ the MS@ and the radio priority "lass9@ so this is help+ul +or the network to allo"ate more suita'le resour"e to the MS *n the "urrent "urrent GPRS system@ system@ most "arrier "arriers s adopt adopt the two phase a""ess@ so the +ollowing mainly introdu"es the two phase a""ess pro"edure Figure 1(1 shows 1(1 shows the uplink two phase a""ess 8a"knowledged mode9 +low on CCC:
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ig#re 1+.1 7plink two phase a""ess 8a"knowledged mode9 +low on CCC:
-he +ollowing details the +low -he MS sends a Channel Re2uest message to the network side on R/C: a9
7pon 7pon re"e re"ei&i i&ing ng the the Cha Chann nnel el Re2u Re2uest est mess messag age@ e@ the the netwo network rk side side will will sen send d an *mmediate /ssignment /ssignment message@ whi"h "arries an assigned uplink 'lo"k@ on the "orresponding /GC:
'9
-he -he MS sen sends ds a Pa"k Pa"ket et Reso Resour" ur"e e Re2u Re2uest est messag message@ e@ whi"h whi"h "arri "arries es -55* -55*@@ in the the assigned uplink 'lo"k
"9
-he netw networ ork k side side allo allo"a "ate tes s the the upli uplink nk "hann "hannel el to the MS a""or a""ordi ding ng to the pa"ket resour"e re2uest and re"ei&es the Pa"ket 7plink /ssignment /ssignment message@ whi"h "arries -55*@ deli&ered on the P;C: *n this "ase@ the two phase a""ess "ontention and de"ision are "ompleted
d9
For For dynami dynami" " allo"a allo"atio tion@ n@ the the netwo network rk side side sets sets the the 7SF 7SF on the the assi assign gned ed upli uplink nk pa"ket "hannel@ and the MS sends the R5C data 'lo"ks@ whi"h "arries no -55*@ on the "orresponding uplink 'lo"ks -o a"knowledge that the R5C data 'lo"ks ha&e 'een re"ei&ed@ the network side sends 'a"k a Pa"ket 7plink /"k6Na"k message to the MS a+ter re"ei&ing multiple uplink R5C data 'lo"ks a""ording to the range and the data transmission delay o+ the sliding window *n addition@ the network side sends 'a"k the Pa"ket 7plink /"k6Na"k message to the MS upon re"ei&ing an uplink R5C data 'lo"k whose S* +ield is 1
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
e9
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Bhen Bhen the the data data is 'ein 'eing g trans transmi mitt tted ed@@ the the netwo network rk will will a"kno a"knowl wled edge ge the the data data /+ter that@ the MS will "onsider retransmitting retransmitting the data a""ording to the a"knowledgement
+9
Bhen the the data is tra transm nsmitte itted d to the the las last !S=C S=C>=M/ =M/D 8it is a para aramete eter 'road"ast 'road"ast in the S*9 data 'lo"k@ the MS will start the "ountdown +low +low *n the last uplink R5C data 'lo"k@ the MS will se the C> +ield to 0
g9
7pon 7pon re"e re"ei&i i&ing ng the the data data 'lo"k 'lo"k whos whose e C> +iel +ield d is 0@ the the netw networ ork k side side will will send send a Pa"ket 7plink /"k6Na"k message to the MS *+ the network side has re"ei&ed all the R5C data 'lo"ks@ it will set the F/* +ield o+ the Pa"ket 7plink /"k message to 1 *+ the network has not re"ei&ed all the network R5C data 'lo"k@ it will set the F/* to 0 *n this "ase@ the MS must retransmit the una"knowledged data 'lo"k
h9
7pon 7pon re"e re"ei&i i&ing ng a Pa"k Pa"ket et 7plink 7plink /"k6Na /"k6Na"k "k mess messag age e whose whose F/* is 1@ 1@ the MS will will send a pa"ket "ontrol a"k message to the network side@ and then release the -!F
-he data transmission +low in the uplink una"knowledged mode is almost the same as that in the uplink a"knowledged mode e4"ept that the data do not ha&e to 'e retransmitted in the +ormer mode
/. /. 4ownlink T," establishment *+ the netwo network rk side needs needs to send data to the MS in pa"ke pa"kett idle idle mode@ mode@ it must must esta'lish the downlink -!F through pa"ket paging %0: Paging Paging -oor -oordin dinat ation ion *n the GPRS system@ the network side "an page the "ir"uit ser&i"e through the paging "oordination as well as pa"ket paging For the GPRSAatta"hed and *MS*Aatta"hed MS@ the MSC6>5R "an page the "ir"uit ser&i"e when the network network works in network o+ operation mode * 8NMO*9 *n this "ase@ the "onne"tion 'etween the SGSN and MSC must support the Gs inter+a"e *+ the MS is in stand'y state@ the page is per+ormed in the R/ *+ the MS is in ready state@ the page is per+ormed in the "ell 7nder 7nder NMO*@ NMO*@ i+ a P;C: P;C: is allo" allo"ate ated d to the the MS@ MS@ the the system system sends sends the paging paging message on the P/CC: P/CC: *+ no P;C: is allo"ated 'ut a PCCC: is "on+igured "on+igured with the system@ the system sends the paging message on the PPC: *+ the PCCC: is not "on+igured with the system@ the system sends the paging message on the PC: through P' inter+a"e *+ no Gs inter+a"e is pro&ided 'etween the SGSN and MSC@ the GPRS6GSM system "an works in NMO** and NMO*** * n this "ase@ the system "an send the Pa"ket Paging
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
message on the CCC: only 7pon re"ei&ing the Pa"ket Paging message@ the MS a""esses the R/C: and then starts to "onne"t the "ir"uit *+ the MS is per+orm per+orming ing the GPRS ser&i"e@ ser&i"e@ the MS will starts the GPRSAsus GPRSAsuspen pended ded pro"edure to suspend the GPRS ser&i"e unless the "ir"uit "onne"tion is released /+ter that@ the network side starts the re"o&ery pro"edure pro"edure to re"o&er the GPRS ser&i"e For the "oordination 'etween GPRS NMO and paging@ see -a'le 11 11 Table 1.1 Coordination 'etween GPRS NMO and paging NMO
Chan Channe nell
+or +or Chan Channe nell
+or +or
"ir"uit paging
GPRS paging
PPC:
PPC:
Paging "oordination -he -he
pagi paging ng
"oor "oordi dina nati tion on
+un" +un"ti tion on
is
a&aila'le and the Gs inter+a"e should 'e PC:
PC:
sele"ted For the GPRSAatta"hed MSs@ the pa"ket pa"ket paging paging "hannel "hannel assigned assigned 'y the network network +un"tions +un"tions the same as the "ir"uit
*
pagi paging ng "han "hanne nel@ l@ so the the MSs MSs ha&e ha&e to monitor monitor one type o+ the "hannels "hannels only only *+ P/CC:
Q
ha&ing allo"ated a P;C: to the MS@ the netw networ ork k
deli deli&e &ers rs
the the
"ir" "ir"ui uitt
pagi paging ng
in+ormation to the MS on the P;C: -he paging "oordina "oordination tion +un"tion is not a&ail &aila' a'lle **
PC:
PC:
/ll
pagin ging
messag ssages es
are are
deli deli&e &ere red d on PC: PC: and and the the MS has has to monitor the PC: only@ e&en i+ it has 'een assigned the P;C:
PC:
PPC:
-he paging "oordina "oordination tion +un"tion is not a&aila'le -he network deli&ers the Cir"uit Paging message on the PC: *+ the "ell is
***
"on+igured with the PCCC:@ the network PC:
PC:
deli&ers the Pa"ket Paging messages on the PPC:L otherwise it is sent on the PC:
%1: 4ownlink 4ownlink T," T," estab establishm lishment ent on on CCC6 CCC6 Figure %11 shows %11 shows the downlink -!F esta'lishment +low
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ig#re %1.1 ;ownlink -!F esta'lishment +low
-he +ollowing detail the +low i9
Bher Bhere e ther there e is downli downlink nk data data to 'e 'e tran transmi smitte tted d to the the MS@ MS@ the the SGSN SGSN must must send send a Pa"ket Paging message
39
-he SGSN sends the Pa"ket Paging message to the PC7 through G' inter inter+a" +a"e@ e@ and and then then the PC7 "on&e "on&erts rts the messa message ge into into a Pa"ket Pa"ket Pagin Paging g Re2u Re2uest est messag message e at the 7m inter inter+a" +a"e e and and send sends s it to the MS *+ the !SS system is "on+igured with the PCCC:@ this message is sent on the PPC: *+ no PCCC: is "on+igured +or the !SS system@ the PC7 deli&ers this message to the !SC through P' inter+a"e@ and the !SC sends it on the PC:
k9
7pon 7pon re"e re"ei& i&in ing g the the Pa"k Pa"ket et Pagi Paging ng mess messag age@ e@ the the MS will will initi initiat ate e the the -!F esta'lishment +low@ and then send the message in the +orm o+ R5C data 'lo"k to the PC7 at the 7m inter+a"e inter+a"e through through pa"ket pa"ket response response pa"kets pa"kets -he R5C data 'lo"k "arries the -55*
l9
-he -he PC7 PC7 send sends s the pag pagin ing g resp respon onse se dat data a 'lo" 'lo"k k in the the +orm +orm o+ o+ upli uplink nk P;7 P;7 to to the SGSN
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
m9
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
7pon 7pon re"ei&i re"ei&ing ng the the paging paging response response@@ the SGSN make the response response to the the PC7 in the +orm o+ downlink P;7
n9
7pon re"ei& "ei&iing the the down ownlink link P;7 +ro +rom the the SGSN@ SN@ the PC7 PC7 deli& eli&e ers an *mmed *mmediat iate e /ssign /ssignme ment nt messa message ge on the CCC: CCC: throu through gh P' inter inter+a" +a"e e -he *mmed *mmediat iate e /ssign /ssignme ment nt messa message ge "arrie "arries s the assig assigned ned downli downlink nk pa"ke pa"kett "hannels and the starting time o+ -F* and -!F
o9
;uri ;uring ng the the downl downlin ink k -!F esta esta'l 'lis ishm hmen ent@ t@ to ena'l ena'le e the MS to o'ta o'tain in the the &alid &alid -/@ the network side "an deli&er the Pa"ket Polling Re2uest message with -F* as the identi+i"ation on the downlink P/CC:
p9
7pon 7pon re"e re"ei&i i&ing ng the the Pa"k Pa"ket et Poll Polling ing Re2ues Re2uestt messa message ge@@ the MS will will respo respond nds s a Pa"ket Control /"knowledgement message whose type is a""ess 'urst 8/!9 on an immediate assignment "hannel
29
-he -he netwo network rk side side e4tra e4tra"ts "ts the the -/ -/ +rom +rom the the /!@ /!@ and and then then noti+i noti+ies es the the -/ -/ to the the MS through a Pa"ket Power Control6-iming /d&an"e message /+ter that@ the netwo network rk assig assigns ns the downl downlink ink "hann "hannel el to the the MS 'y deli&e deli&erin ring g a Pa"ket Pa"ket ;ownlink /ssignment message
r9
-he -he netw networ ork k side side +rag +ragme ment nts s the P;7 P;7 into into se&e se&era rall downl downlin ink k R5C dat data a 'lo"k 'lo"ks s and sends them to the MS through the downlink pa"ket "hannel /""ording to the range o+ the sliding window@ the network side sets the RR!P +ield in the sent R5C data 'lo"ks /""ording to the indi"ation o+ the RR!P@ the network side a"knowled a"knowledges ges the re"ei&ed re"ei&ed the R5C data 'lo"k 'lo"k 'y sending sending the Pa"ket Pa"ket ;ownlink /"k6Na"k message on the "orresponding P/CC:
s9
-he -he netwo network rk sid side e will will set set the F!* F!* to to 1 in in the the last last downl downlink ink data data 'lo"k 'lo"k *+ the the MS has re"ei&es all the R5C data 'lo"ks@ it will send the pa"ket downlink a"k6na"k whose F/* is 1L otherwise it will send the pa"ket downlink a"k6na"k whose F/* is 0 to re2uest the network to resend the data 'lo"ks that it has not re"ei&ed
t9
7pon 7pon re" re"ei ei&i &ing ng the the Pa" Pa"ke kett ;ownl ;ownlin ink k /"k /"k6N 6Na" a"k k mess messag age e whos whose e F/* F/* is 1@ 1@ the the network side will release the -!F
. 7obilit; management -he -he GPRS GPRS mo'i mo'ili lity ty mana manage geme ment nt in"l in"lud udes es many many aspe aspe"t "tsL sL in"l in"lud udin ing g
GPRS GPRS
atta"h6d atta"h6deta" eta"h h and "ell6R/ update@ update@ and "oordinated "oordinated R/65/ update update Bhen the MS "omplete "ompletes s the GPRS atta"h@ atta"h@ the SGSN will esta'lish esta'lish mo'ility mo'ility managem management ent +or the MS@ stores the "urrent lo"ation and state o+ the su's"ri'er /+ter that@ when the MS roams 'etween "ells or R/s@ it will start the "ell6R/ update automati"ally -he SGSN will monitor monitor the MS and store the latest lo"ation lo"ation o+ the MS i+ the MS per+orms per+orms the
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ell6R "ell6R/ / update update su""es su""ess+u s+ully lly Bhen Bhen the MS per+o per+orm rms s the "oordi "oordina nated ted GPRS GPRS atta"h6*M atta"h6*MS* S* atta"h atta"h and "oordinate "oordinated d "ell6R/ "ell6R/ update@ update@ the SGSN will e4"hange e4"hange the lo"ation in+ormation o+ the MS with the MSC through the Gs inter+a"e -he +ollowing introdu"es the GPRS atta"h@ "ell update@ lo"ation area 85/9 update@ and GPRS deta"h respe"ti&ely %%: %%: GPRS GPRS att attaa-h h -he GPRS atta"h is di&ided into normal GPRS atta"h and "oordinated GPRS atta"h -he normal GPRS atta"h atta"hes the *MS* o+ the MS to the GPRS ser&i"e and the "oordinated GPRS atta"h atta"hes the *MS* o+ the MS to 'oth the GPRS ser&i"e and nonAGPRS ser&i"e -he GPRS atta"h is applied to most o+ the "urrent networks Figure %%1 shows %%1 shows the "oordinated GPRS atta"h 'S
*SS
ne+ S,S-
old S,S-
,,S-
(I!
ne+ 'SC/L!
HL!
old 'SC/L!
$. Attac% !e#uest ". Identification !e#uest ". Identification !esponse 3. Identi t !e#uest !e#uest 3. Identi t !esponse !esponse ). Aut%entication &. I'(I C%eck 6a. Update Location 6b. Cancel Location 6c. Cancel Location Ack 6d. Insert Subscriber Data 6e. Insert Subscriber Data Ack 6f. Update Location Ack 7a. Location Update !e#uest 7b. Update Location 7c. Cancel Location 7d. Cancel Location Ack 7e. Insert Subscriber Data 7f. Insert Subscriber Data Ack 7g. Update Location Ack 7%. Location Update Accept 2. Attac% Accept . Attac% Co1plete $0. 'SI !eallocation !eallocation Co1plete
"ig#re %%.1 Coordinated GPRS atta"h
-he +ollowing details the +low 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
a9
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he -he MS sen sends ds an /tta /tta"h "h Re2u Re2uest est mess messag age e to the the SGSN SGSN -he -he messa message ge "ar "arrie ries s the the *MS* *MS* 8or 8or PA-MS* PA-MS* and the old R/*9@ R/*9@ MS "lassm "lassmark ark@@ atta"h atta"h type@ ;RD parameter parameter@@ and the old PA-MS* signature 8it is used when the PA-MS* is used9 Bhether to use the *MS* or not depends on whether the "urrent PA-MS* is &alid or not -he PA-MS* and the old R/* must appear at the same time -he atta"h type indi"ates indi"ates the "urrent "urrent atta"h types@ types@ in"luding in"luding GPRS atta"h@ atta"h@ *MS* atta"h@ and "oordinated GPRS6*MS* atta"h
'9
*+ the the MS is iden identi ti+i +ied ed 'y 'y the PAPA-MS MS** and and the itit has mo& mo&ed ed to to anot anothe herr SGSN SGSN ser&i"e area when it is in deta"h state@ the SGSN o'tains the *MS* o+ the MS through sending sending an identi+i"ation identi+i"ation re2uest message 8it "ontains the PA-MS*@ the old R/*@ and the old -APMS*9 to the old SGSN -he old SGSN will send 'a"k an identi+i"ation response message@ whi"h "ontains the *MS* and authenti"ation triplet
"9
*+ 'ot 'oth h the the new new and and the the old old MS do do not not know know the the MS@ MS@ the the new new SGSN SGSN will will send send an identity re2uest message to the MS@ with *SM* as the identi+i"ation type -he MS will send 'a"k an identity response message@ whi"h "arries the *MS*
d9
*+ the the MM "ont "onte4 e4tt does does not not e4is e4istt at the the netw networ ork k side side@@ the the netwo network rk side side will will en+or"e the authenti"ation pro"edure *+ the PA-MS* allo"ation is ne"essary@ the network side must support en"ryption
e9
-he -he +low +low "he "he"ki "king ng the the *M$* *M$* is optio optional nal Gene Genera rally lly@@ it "an "an 'e omitt omitted ed
+9
*+ the the SGSN SGSN "od "odes es "ha "hang nge e durin during g GPRS GPRS deta" deta"h@ h@ the the new new SGS SGSN N must must send send an update lo"ation message@ whi"h in"ludes the SGSN "odes@ SGSN address@ and *MS*@ to the :5R /+ter that@ the :5R will send a "an"el lo"ation message to the old SGSN 7pon re"ei&ing the message@ the old SGSN will sends 'a"k a Can"el 5o"ation /"k message -hen the :5R will send an *nsert Su's"ri'er ;ata message@ whi"h "ontains the *MS* and the data o+ GPRS su's"ri'ers@ to the new SGSN /+ter a"knowledging that the MS is in a new R/@ it "onstru"ts the MM "onte4t o+ the MS and sends 'a"k an *nsert Su's"ri'er ;ata /"k message message@@ whi"h whi"h "arries "arries the *MS*@ to the :5R /+ter /+ter "an"elin "an"eling g the old MM "onte4t and inserting the new MM "onte4t@ the :5R will send 'a"k an 7pdate 5o"ation /"k message to the new SGSN
g9
*+ the the atta" atta"h h type type o+ the the MS MS is *MS* *MS* atta" atta"h h or GPRS GPRS6*M 6*MS* S* atta atta"h "h@@ upon upon re"e re"ei&i i&ing ng the +irst *nsert Su's"ri'er ;ata message +rom the :5R@ the new SGSN will start the lo"ation lo"ation update to the new MSC6>5R MSC6>5R -he >5R "odes are +rom the 5/ in+ormation -his operation makes the >5R identi+ies the MS as GPRS atta"h
h9
-he new new SGSN SGSN send sends s an /tta /tta"h "h /"" /""ep eptt mess messag age e to the the MS MS -he -he messa essage ge "ontains the PA-MS*@ >5R -MS*@ PA-MS*@ and SMS priority
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
i9
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
*+ the the re"e re"ei&e i&ed d PA-MS PA-MS** and and the the >5R >5R -MS* -MS* ha&e ha&e 'een 'een upd update ated@ d@ to to a"kno a"knowle wledg dge e that the -MS* has 'een re"ei&ed@ the MS will send 'a"k an /tta"h Complete message
39
*+ the re"ei&ed >5R -MS* has 'een updates@ to a"knowledge a"knowledge that the >5R -MS* is reallo"ated@ the new SGSN will send a -MS* Reallo"ation Complete message to the >5R
k9
*+ the the atta atta"h "h re2u re2uest est has has not not 'een 'een a""e a""ept pted@ ed@ the new SGSN SGSN will will sen send d 'a"k 'a"k an an /tta"h Re3e"t Re3e"t message to the the MS
%&: %&: Cell Cell #pd #pdat ate e Bhen the MS in ready state enters the new "ell that has the same R/ with the old one@ the MS will per+orm "ell update -he +ollowing details the "ell update +low a9
-he -he MS send sends s an upli uplink nk 55CA 55CAP;7 P;7 o+ o+ any type type tha thatt "arrie "arries s the iden identi+ ti+i"a i"atio tion n o+ the MS to the !SS
'9
/t the the G' G' inter inter+a" +a"e@ e@ the the !SS !SS sends sends the re"ei re"ei&ed &ed PPCAP; PPCAP;7 7 and and the the CG* CG* o+ the the new "ell 8the CG* in"ludes the R/C and 5/C9 to the SGSN in the +orm o+ !SSGP P;7
"9
-he -he !SSGP !SSGP P;7s P;7s that that "onta "ontain in the the ident identi+ i+i" i"at atio ion n o+ the new new "ell "ell are "orr "orre" e"tl tly y re"ei&ed 'y the SGSN
d9
-he -he SGSN SGSN re"or re"ords ds the the result results s o+ the the "ell "ell update update o+ o+ the MS -he -he netw networ ork k sends sends the su'se2uent ser&i"e to the MS through the new "ell
%: %: !3 #pda #pdate te -he 5/ update in"ludes the update o+ the 5/s within the SGSN@ the update o+ the 5/s 'etween SGSNs@ the update o+ the "oordinated R/65/ within the SGSN@ and the update o+ the "oordinated R/65/ 'etween R/65/s Generally Generally@@ a SGSN "ontains one or more 5/@ and ea"h 5/ "ontains one or more R/ -he *MS*Aatta *MS*Aatta"he "hed d and GPRSAatt GPRSAatta"he a"hed d MS "an per+orm per+orm the "oordina "oordinated ted R/65/ R/65/ update when entering entering the "ells o+ NMO* *+ the MS enters the a R/ o+ other NMO that does not support paging "oordination@ it is meaningless +or the MS to initiate the R/65/ update *n addition@ the ways the MSs supporting the R/ update &ary with the types o+ the MSs For the MSs o+ "hass /@ they support the R/ update only when per+orming the "ir"ui "ir"uitt ser&i" ser&i"e e For the MSs o+ "lass "lass !@ they they do not suppor supportt any any upda update te when when per+o per+ormi rming ng the the "ir"ui "ir"uitt upda update te For the MSs MSs o+ "lass "lass C@ they they do not not supp support ort the "oordinated R/65/ update 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
For the "urrent GPRS networks@ its data tra++i" is not great@ so the R/ and the 5/ are set in the same way Figure %#1 shows %#1 shows the update +low o+ the R/65/ within a SGSN
"ig#re %.1 7pdate o+ the "oordinated R/65/ within a SGSN
-he +ollowing details the +low a9
-he -he MS sends sends a Routi Routing ng /rea /rea 7pda 7pdate te Re2u Re2uest est mess messag age@ e@ whi"h whi"h "on "ontai tains ns the the old R/*@ the old PA-MS* signature@ and the update type9 to the SGSN -he update type indi"ates whether the update is the "oordinated R/65/ update or the *MS*Aatta"hed R/65/ update update !e+ore sending the message to the SGSN@ the the !SS !SS 3oins 3oins the CG* 8in"lu 8in"ludin ding g the R/C and and 5/C9 5/C9 o+ the "ell where where the message 'elongs to
'9
-he -he se" se"ur urit ity y +un +un"t "tio ion n is is opt optio iona nal l
"9
*+ the the Gs inte inter+ r+a" a"e e is pres presen entt and has has "onn "onne" e"te ted d the SGS SGSN N to the the >5R@ >5R@ when when the update type indi"ates that the "oordinated R/65/ atta"hed to the *MS* updates or the 5/ "hanges during 5/ update@ the SGSN will send a 5o"ation 7pdate Re2uest message@ whi"h in"ludes the new 5/*@ *MS*@ SGSN num'er@ and 5/ update type@ to the >5R -he lo"ation update type indi"ates whether the
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
lo"ation update is *MS* atta"h or it is the normal update -he >5R num'er "an 'e o'tained +rom the R/* listed in the data ta'le o+ the SGSN -he >5R "reates or updates its "onne"tion with the SGSN through storing the SGSN num'er d9
*+ the the >5R >5R dis"o& dis"o&er ers s that that the data data o+ a su' su's"r s"ri'e i'err has has not not 'een 'een iden identi+ ti+ied ied 'y 'y the :5R@ the new >5R must noti+y it to the :5R 7pon re"ei&ing the noti+i"ation@ the :5R must "an"el the data o+ the su's"ri'er in the old >5R and insert the data to the new >5R
e9
-he -he new new >5R >5R allo" allo"at ates es a new new >5R >5R -MS* -MS* to the the su' su's" s"ri ri'e 'err and and send sends s 'a"k 'a"k a 5o"ation 7pdate /""ept message 8>5R -MS*9 to the SGSN *+ the >5R has not "hanged@ this message does not "ontain the >5R -MS*
+9
*+ the the MS is is not not allowe allowed d to atta atta"h "h to to the the new new 5/ or the the *M$ *M$** 8opti 8optiona onal9 l9 dete" dete"tio tion n +ails@ the SGSN will re3e"ts the 5o"ation 7pdate Re2uest *+ the MS is allowed to atta"h to the new 5/ and the *M$* dete"tion 8optional9 su""eeds@ the SGSN will update the MM "onte4t o+ the MS and allo"ates a new PA-MS* to the MS Meanwhile@ Meanwhile@ the SGSN will send 'a"k a Routing /rea /rea 7pdate /""ept message@ whi"h "arries the new PA-MS*@ new >5R -MS*@ and PA-MS*@ to the MS
g9
*+ the the PA-MS PA-MS** or the >5R >5R -MS* -MS* is real reallo lo"a "ate ted d su""e su""ess ss+u +ull lly y@ the MS will will send send 'a"k a Routing Routing /rea /rea 7pdate 7pdate Complete Complete message@ message@ whi"h "arries "arries the new PA -MS* and new >5R -MS*@ to the SGSN
h9
*+ the the MS has has a"kn a"know owle ledg dged ed the the >5R -MS -MS*@ *@ the the SGSN SGSN will will send send a -MS* -MS* Reallo"ation Complete message 8>5R -MS*9 to the >5R
%': %': GPRS GPRS det detaa-h h -he GPRS deta"h "an 'e initiated 'y either the MS or the network side@ in whi"h the GPRS deta"h initiated 'y the network side "an 'e initiated 'y either the SGSN or the :5R -he purpose +or the :5R to initiate the GPRS deta"h is to "an"el the su's"ri'er MM and P;P "onte4ts "onte4ts stored stored in the SGSN SGSN /nd the GPRS deta"h initiated initiated 'y the SGSN "an help the MS reatta"h to the GPRS or rea"ti&ate the old P;P "onte4ts Figure %.1 shows %.1 shows the GPRS deta"h initiated 'y the MS
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
'S
*SS
S,S-
,,S-
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
'SC/L!
$. Detac% !e#uest ". Delete 4D4 Conte5t !e#uest ". Delete 4D4 Conte5t !esponse 3. I'SI Detac% Indication ). ,4!S Detac% Detac % Indication &. Detac% Accept
"ig#re %'.1 GPRS deta"h initiated 'y the MS
-he +ollowing details the +low a9
-he -he MS sends sends a ;eta" ;eta"h h Re2ue Re2uest st mess messag age e that that "onta "ontain ins s the deta deta"h "h type type and and swit"h o++ indi"ation to the SGSN -he deta"h type in"ludes GPRS deta"h@ *MS* deta"h@ and "oordinated *MS*6GPRS deta"h -he swit"h o++ indi"ation indi"ates whether the deta"h is "ause 'y the swit"h o++ or not
'9
*+ the the deta deta"h "h type type is GPRS GPRS deta deta"h@ "h@ the the SGS SGSN N will will send send a ;ele ;elete te P;P P;P Cont Conte4 e4tt Re2uest message to the GGSN to a"ti&ate the P;P "onte4t o+ the MS in the GGSN Meanwhile@ Meanwhile@ the GGSN must "on+irm the message 'y sending 'a"k a ;elete P;P Conte4t Response message to the SGSN
"9
*+ the the deta" deta"h h type type is *MS* *MS* deta" deta"h@ h@ the the SGSN SGSN will will send send an an *MS* *MS* ;eta" ;eta"h h *ndi" *ndi"ati ation on message to the >5R
d9
*+ the the MS atta atta"he "hed d to 'oth 'oth the the *MS* *MS* and and GPRS GPRS per+ per+orm orms s GPRS GPRS deta" deta"h h only only@@ the SGSN SGSN will will send send a GPRS GPRS ;eta"h ;eta"h *ndi"ati *ndi"ation on messa message ge to the >5R 7pon 7pon re"ei&in re"ei&ing g this message@ message@ the >5R will "an"el the in+orma in+ormation tion related related to the SGSN SGSN and and not not deli& deli&er er any any pagi paging ng messa message ge or lo"ati lo"ation on upda update te messa message ge through this SGSN
e9
*+ the the swit"h swit"h o++ o++ ind indi"a i"atio tion n indi" indi"ate ates s that that the GPRS GPRS deta"h deta"h is is not not "ause "aused d 'y the the swit"h o++@ the SGSN will send a ;eta"h /""ept message to the MS
/. Session management -he GPRS session management management in"ludes P;P "onte4t a"ti&ation and dea"ti&ation@ P;P "onte4t "orre"tion@ and short message sending and re"eption *n addition@ the GPRS session management "an 'e also applied to suspend and re"o&er the "ir"uit swit"hed ser&i"e under GPRS pa"ket trans+er mode
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he MS "an 'e "onne"ted to many other e4ternal P;Ns through the GPRS network /s a result@ to tell the pa"ket data ser&i"e +rom ea"h P;N@ the GPRS network will allo"ate a P;P address to the ea"h P;N@ and ea"h P;P address mat"hes a P;P "onte4t -he P;P "onte4t des"ri'es the P;P state and the in+ormation related to the "urrent ser&i"es@ in"luding P;P type@ P;P address@ P;P state@ /PN@ NS/P*@ and te>tt a-ti9a a-ti9atio tion n Figure %,1 shows %,1 shows the P;P "onte4t a"ti&ation initiated 'y the MS
"ig#re %(.1 P;P "onte4t a"ti&ation initiated 'y the MS
-he +ollowing details the a"ti&ation +low a9
-he -he MS sen sends ds an an /"ti /"ti&at &ate e P;P P;P Cont Conte4t e4t Re2 Re2ues uestt messa message ge to to the the SGSN SGSN -his -his message message "ontains "ontains the NS/P*@ -*@ P;P type@ P;P address@ address@ /PN@ re2uest re2uested ed
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he P;P address indi"ates that is the dynami" P;P address or the stati" P;P address the MS adopted *+ the MS adopts the dynami" P;P address@ the +ield is &a"ant -he /PN is the logi"al name o+ an inter+a"e o+ an e4ternal P;N that the MS intend intends s to "onne" "onne"t t -he -he MS "an "hoose "hoose a re+er re+eren en"e "e point point in the the e4ter e4ternal nal networks with the help o+ /PN@ and the /PN "orresponds to one physi"al or logi"al inter+a"e in the GGSN -he re2uested
/+ter /+ter re"e re"ei&i i&ing ng the the re2ue re2uest st messa message@ ge@ the the SGSN SGSN 3udg 3udges es whethe whetherr to per+ per+orm orm the the auth authen enti ti"a "ati tion on and and en"r en"ryp ypti tion on and and real reallo lo"a "ate te the the PA-M PA-MS* S* or not not For For anon anonymo ymous us a""ess a""ess@@ the SGSN SGSN does does not not per+or per+orm m the authe authenti nti"a "atio tion n and and en"ryption
"9
/+te /+terr "omp "omple leti ting ng the the en"r en"ryp ypti tio on@ the SGSN SGSN pro& pro&id ides es the MS with with the the P;P P;P "onte4t and the P;P address 8i+ it is stati" address9 and authenti"ate the /PN through the in+ormation re"orded in the P;P "onte4t First First the SGSN must authenti authenti"ate "ate whether whether the end o+ the /PN address address is marked with GPRS *+ yes@ the SGSN must remo&e the identi+i"ation part 8su"h as MNCMCCGPRS9 +rom the /PN and "ompare the network name with the su's"ription in+ormation *+ the su's"ription re"ord e4ists@ the SGSN must "ontinue authenti"ating other re"ords "on"erning the MS /+ter that@ the SGSN sends the "omplete /PN to the ;NS and o'tains the "orresponding address o+ the GGSN +rom the /PN *+ the SGSN "annot resol&e the address o+ the GGSN +rom the /PN or the a"ti&ation re2uest is in&alid@ the SGSN will re3e"t the P;P a"ti&ation re2uest *+ the SGSN resol&e the address o+ the GGSN +rom the /PN su""ess+ully@ it "reates a -*; 8*MS* E NS/P*9 8-he *MS* is stored in the MM "onte4t o+ the SGSN@ and the NS/P* is +rom the /"ti&ate P;P Conte4t Re2uest message9@ and then sends a Create P;P Conte4t Re2uest message to the GGSN -his message "ontains the P;P type@ P;P address@ /PN@ /PN@ the negotiated
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he GGSN "an +ind out an e4ternal network with the help o+ /PN -he SGSN "an restri"t the properties o+ the re2uested
-he -he GGSN GGSN "an "an de"id de"ide e to a""e a""ept pt or or re3e re3e"t "t the the P;P P;P "onte "onte4t 4t a"ti&at a"ti&atio ion n a""or a""ordin ding g to the sele"tio sele"tion n model model For e4ample@ e4ample@ i+ the su's"ri'ed su's"ri'ed /PN is re2uire re2uired@ d@ the GGSN GG SN only only a""ep a""epts ts the P;P "onte4 "onte4tt a"ti&a a"ti&atio tion n +or +or the su's" su's"ri ri'ed 'ed /PN indi"ated 'y the SGSN sele"tion model *+ the GGSN a""epts the P;P "onte4t a"ti&ation@ it will "reate a new re"ord that will de&elop into a 'illing identi+i"ation in the P;P "onte4t "onte4t list -his re"ord re"ord allows the P;P P;7 to 'e transmit transmitted ted 'etween 'etween the GGSN@ SGSN@ SGSN@ and e4ternal e4ternal networks networks Meanwhi Meanwhile@ le@ the 'illing 'illing 'egins -he GGSN "an +urther restri"t the negotiated
e9
*+ the the SGSN SGSN re"ei re"ei&e &es s the Crea Create te P;P P;P Conte Conte4t 4t Resp Respon onse se mess messag age e +rom +rom the GGSN@ it will insert the NS/P*@ GGSN address@ dynami" P;P address into the P;P "onte4t *n addition@ it will sele"t the radio priority "lass a""ording to the negotiated
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
;i++erent
/+te /+terr re"e re"ei& i&in ing g an /"t /"ti& i&at ate e P;P P;P Cont Conte4 e4tt /""e /""ept mess messag age e +rom +rom the the MS@ the SGSN SGSN enters enters the P;P a"ti&ation a"ti&ation state state /t this time@ the route route +or the pa"ket pa"ket data data transmis transmission sion 'etween 'etween the MS and the GGSN is esta'lis esta'lished hed *+ the P;P "onte4t "onte4t a"ti&ation a"ti&ation +ails or the SGSN sends sends 'a"k an /"ti&ate P;P Conte4t Re3e"t message@ with the P;P Con+iguration Options Options as the "ause@ the MS "an attem attempt pt to a"ti&a a"ti&ate te the same same /PN +or up to . times times *+ the the MS still +ails +ails to a"ti&ate it +or the +i+th time@ the MS will stop a"ti&ating the P;P "onte4t
%): P4P -onte>t -onte>t dea-ti9 dea-ti9atio ation n -a'le 11 shows 11 shows the P;P dea"ti&ation initiated 'y the MS
Table 1.1 P;P "onte4t dea"ti&ation initiated 'y the MS -he +ollowing details the dea"ti&ation +low a9
-he -he MS send sends s a ;ea"t ;ea"ti&a i&ate te P;P P;P Conte Conte4t 4t Re2u Re2uest est mess messag age e that "ar "arrie ries s the the -* needed in the P;P "onte4t dea"ti&ation@ to the SGSN
'9
-he -he se" se"ur urit ity y +un +un"t "tio ions ns are are opt optio iona nal l
"9
-he -he SGSN SGSN send sends s a ;elet ;elete e P;P P;P Conte Conte4t 4t Re2u Re2uest est mess messag age e to the the GGSN GGSN 7pon 7pon re"ei&ing it@ the GGSN deletes the P;P "onte4t and sends 'a"k a ;elete P;P Conte4t Response 8-*;9 to the SGSN *+ the MS is using the dynami" address@ the GGSN releases the P;P address and marks this address +or su'se2uent
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
use -he ;elete P;P Conte4t message is transmitted through through the whole GPRS 'a"k'one network d9
-he -he SGSN SGSN sends sends 'a"k 'a"k a ;ea ;ea"ti "ti&at &ate e P;P P;P Conte Conte4t 4t /""ep /""eptt 8-*9 8-*9 messa message ge to to the the MS
%*: P4P -ont -onte>t e>t modi modififi-at ation ion Figure %1 shows %1 shows the P;P "onte4t modi+i"ation
"ig#re %*.1 P;P "onte4t modi+i"ation
-he +ollowing details the modi+i"ation +low a9
-he -he SGSN SGSN send sends s an 7pd 7pdate ate P;P Conte4 Conte4tt Re2ues Re2uestt messag message e that that "onta "ontain ins s the -*;@ -*;@ negot negotiat iated ed
'9
7pon 7pon re"e re"ei& i&in ing g the the 7pda 7pdate te P;P Con Conte4t te4t Re2u Re2ues estt mess messag age@ e@ i+ the the GG GGSN SN dis"o&er dis"o&ers s that the negotia negotiated ted
"9
7pon 7pon re" re"ei& ei&ing ing the the Modi Modi+y +y P;P P;P Con Conte4 te4tt Re2ues Re2uestt messa message@ ge@ the the SGSN SGSN will will send send a Modi+y P;P Conte4t Re2uest message that "arries the -*@ negotiated
d9
7pon 7pon re"e re"ei& i&in ing g the Modi Modi+y +y P;P P;P Conte Conte4t 4t Re2u Re2ues estt mess messag age@ e@ the the MS will will send send 'a"k a Modi+y P;P Conte4t /""ept message to the SGSN i+ a""epting the modi+i"ation re2uestL otherwise the MS will dea"ti&ate the P;P "onte4t *+ the SGSN SGSN does not re"ei&e re"ei&e the response response +rom the MS on time@ time@ the SGSN "an resend the Modi+y P;P Conte4t Re2uest message up to +our times
%+: GPRS ser9 ser9i-e i-e s#spen s#spension sion and and re-o9er re-o9er; ; *+ the MS in GPRS pa"ket trans+er mode starts the GSM "ir"uit ser&i"e and the MS "annot per+orm the GPRS ser&i"e and the GSM "ir"uit ser&i"e at the same time@ the 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
MS re2uest the network side to suspend the GPRS ser&i"e Bhen the GSM ser&i"e "omplete "ompletes@ s@ the network side will noti+y noti+y the MS to re"o&er re"o&er the suspend suspended ed GPRS ser&i"e Figure %(1 shows %(1 shows the +low 'S
*SS
S,S-
'SC/L!
$. Dedicated 'ode (ntered ". Suspend 3. Suspend 3. Suspend Ack ). !esu1e ). !esu1e Ack &. C%annel !elease 6. !outeing Area Update !e#uest
"ig#re %+.1 Re"o&ery +low +or GPRS suspended ser&i"e
-he +ollowing details the +low u9
-he -he MS in pa"ke pa"kett trans trans+er +er mode mode must must enter enter the dedi" dedi"ate ated d mod mode e
&9
-he -he MS send sends s a RR Susp Suspen end d mess messag age e that that "arr "arrie ies s the -55* -55* and and R/* R/* to the the PC7 through the !SC to indi"ate to suspend the "urrent pa"ket data ser&i"e and 'egins the dedi"ated ser&i"e 7pon re"ei&ing the message@ the PC7 "an suspend all the GPRS ser&i"es
w9
-he -he PC7 sen sends ds a Suspe Suspend nd mess messag age e that that "arrie "arries s the the -55* -55* and and R/* R/* to noti noti+y +y the the SGSN SGSN to suspe suspend nd the "urre "urrent nt pa"ke pa"kett data data ser&i" ser&i"e e 7pon 7pon re"ei& re"ei&ing ing the message@ message@ the SGSN stops sending the P;7 to the MS and stores the status o+ the "urrent pa"ket data ser&i"e@ and then sends 'a"k a Suspend /"k message to the PC7
49
7pon 7pon re"e re"ei&i i&ing ng the the Sus Suspen pend d /"k /"k mess messag age@ e@ the the PC7 noti+ noti+ies ies the !SC to to 'egi 'egin n the dedi"ated ser&i"e and stores the -55* and R/* o+ the MS *n this "ase@ the MS "an still re2uest the SGSN to re"o&er the GPRS ser&i"e a+ter lea&ing the dedi"ated mode
y9
On"e On"e dete dete"t "tin ing g that that the dedi" dedi"at ated ed ser&i ser&i"e "e "ompl "omplet etes es@@ the !SC prep prepar ares es +or rele releas asin ing g the the "ir" "ir"ui uitt ser& ser&i" i"e e "han "hanne nell and and noti noti+i +ies es the the "urr "urren entt lo"a lo"ati tion on
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in+ormation in+ormation o+ the MS to the PC7 *+ the PC7 "an re2uest the SGSN to re"o&er the GPRS ser&i"e@ it will send a Resume message that "arries the -55* and R/* to the SGSN to re"o&er the suspended pa"ket data ser&i"e Meanwhile@ Meanwhile@ the PC7 report the "urrent lo"ation in+ormation o+ the MS z9
-he -he SGSN SGSN send sends s 'a"k 'a"k a Resume Resume /"k mess messag age e to the PC7 to "on "on+ir +irm m that that the the pa"ket data transmission is re"o&ered and 'egins to transmit the P;7
aa9
-he PC7 noti+i noti+ies es the !SC to re"o&er re"o&er the the suspend suspended ed pa"ket pa"ket data data ser&i ser&i"e "e /+ter /+ter that@ that@ the !SC sends a Channel Channel Release Release message message 8Resume9 8Resume9 to the MS and releases releases the resour"e resour"e seized in the dedi"ated dedi"ated mode *n addition addition@@ the PC7 noti+ies the MS whether to re"o&er the suspended data ser&i"e in this message -he Resume indi"ates indi"ates that whether whether the !SS has re2uest re2uested ed the SGSN to re"o&er the GPRS ser&i"e +or the MS su""ess+ully or not -hat is@ whether the !SS !SS has re"ei re"ei&ed &ed a Resum Resume e /"k messag message e 'e+or 'e+ore e sendin sending g the Chan Channel nel Release message or not
''9 ''9
Bhen Bhen the MS lea&e lea&es s the the dedi dedi"a "ate ted d mode mode +or +or the the pa"k pa"ket et trans trans+e +err mode mode@@ it 'egins to transmit and re"ei&e the pa"ket data
""9
*+ the MS MS has not not re"ei&e re"ei&ed d any Chan Channel nel Rele Release ase 8Res 8Resum ume9 e9 messa message ge 'e+or 'e+ore e lea&ing the dedi"ated mode@ or the message indi"ates that the !SS has not re2uested the SGSN to re"o&er the GPRS ser&i"e +or the MS su""ess+ully@ the MS will re"o&er re"o&er the GPRS GPRS ser&i"e ser&i"e 'y sending sending a 5o"ation 5o"ation 7pdate 7pdate Re2uest Re2uest message to the SGSN
10.1.( Parameters and 3ppli-ation /. Cell resele-tion parameters Currently@ the "ell resele"tion algorithm +or most GPRS systems is the same as that +or the GSM system@ so the parameters "on"erned are the same -hese parameters ha&e 'een introdu"ed in the pre&ious "hapters@ so here we will not +o"us on detailing them
//. Power -ontrol parameters General Generally ly@@ power power "ontrol "ontrol paramet parameters ers are deli&er deli&ered ed in the system system in+orma in+ormation tion 8S*9 8S*9 7pon 7pon re"ei re"ei&in &ing g these these para paramet meters ers@@ the MS 3udg 3udges es its -D "lass "lass a""or a""ordin ding g to the the en&ironment at the radio inter+a"es :ereunder is the des"ription o+ the parameters &0: 3!P63
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-his parameter is used 'y the MS to "al"ulate the &alue o+ its output power 8P
9 on
C:
the uplink P;C: -his parameter "onsists o+ #A'it "odes For the meaning@ see -a'le 11 Table 1.1 Meaning o+ the /5P:/ >alue
Code
Corresponding &alue
0
0000
00
1
0001
01
%
0010
0%
)
0011
0)
#
0100
0#
.
0101
0.
,
0110
0,
0111
0
1000
0
(
1001
0(
10
1010
10
For the open loop power "ontrol@ this parameter must 'e set to 10 !e"ause the "urrent "urrent GPRS systems systems adopt adopt the open loop power power "ontrol "ontrol only@ only@ this parameter parameter is always set to 10 &1: G3773 -his parameter is the "lass o+ the initial power "lass o+ the MS a""ording to the GPRS power "ontrol algorithm *ts &alue ranges +rom 0 to )1@ in the unit o+ d! . &%: Pb -his parameter sets the !-S output power redu"tion 8relati&e to the output power used on !CC:9 used on the P!CC: *+ a "ell is not "on+igured with the P!CC:@ this parameter parameter makes nonsense !e"ause "urrent GPRS systems are not "on+igured with the P!CC:@ this parameter is not used at present -he &alues o+ this parameter "an 'e 0@ A% d!@ A# d! and A)0 d! &&: &&: T?3 T?3G?@ G?@ -his parameter sets the signal strength +ilter period +or the MS when it is in pa"ket idle mode -he MS uses this parameter to measure the downlink signal strength in pa"ket 16%6%01(
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For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
idle mode and "al"ulate C &alue :ere C stands +or the le&el o+ the signals re"ei&ed 'y the MS under "ertain algorithm *ts &alues range +rom 0 to %. &: &: T?3 T?3G?T G?T -his parameter sets the signal strength +ilter period +or the MS when it is in pa"ket trans+er mode -he MS uses this parameter to measure the downlink signal strength in pa"ket idle mode and "al"ulate C &alue &': &': N?3 N?3G?/ G?/ -his parameter sets the +iltering "onstant o+ the "ollision signal strength +or the power "ontrol *ts &alues range +rom 0 to 1. &(: PC?73 PC?73S?C S?C63N 63NN! N! -his parameter sets whi"h "hannel is used 'y the MS to measure the re"ei&ed power "lass *+ is set to !CC:@ the MS will measure the le&el o+ the signals re"ei&ed on the downlink downlink !CC: !CC: *+ it is set to P;C:@ P;C:@ the MS will measure measure the le&el o+ the signals signals re"ei&ed on the downlink P;C: Generally@ this parameter is set to !CC: -he &alue o+ this parameter parameter "an 'e either the !CC: or P;C: a""ording a""ording to a"tual a"tual "onditions &): /NS?73S /NS?73S?C63 ?C63NN! NN!?!/ST ?!/ST?3 ?3 3/! -his parameter indi"ates whether the in+ormation in+ormation o+ the *N-=M$/S=C:/NN$5=5*S*N-=M$/S=C:/NN$5=5*Sis 'road"ast in the PS*# +or the "ell Currently@ this parameter is set to 0 +or the network -his parameter is 1A'it "ode For the meaning@ see Table 1.1 Meaning o+ the *NS=M$/S=C:/NN$5=5*S-=/>/*5 Code 0
1
Meaning -he in+ormation o+ the *N-=M$/S=C:/NN$5=5*S- is not 'road"ast in the PS*# -he in+ormation in+ormation o+ the *N-=M$/S *N-=M$/S=C:/ =C:/NN$5= NN$5=5*S5*S- is 'road"a 'road"ast st in the PS*#
///. Radio link -ontrol parameters General Generally ly@@ the reser&a reser&ation tion and release release o+ the radio links links are "ontrolled "ontrolled 'y related related timers and "ounters that are deli&ered in the S* Bhen the MS is in a di++erent radio link status@ it will start the "orrespond "orresponding ing timer and "ounter "ounter -he +ollowing +ollowing details details these timers and "ounters respe"ti&ely 16%6%01(
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&*: T&1(* -his timer sets the time o+ the MS waiting +or the Pa"ket 7plink /ssignment /ssignment message *+ the P!CC: does not e4ist@ this timer is 'road"ast 'road"ast in S*1) /+ter sending a Pa"ket Resour"e Re2uest message or a Pa"ket Control /"knowledgement /"knowledgement message@ the MS starts this timer to wait +or the Pa"ket 7plink /ssignment message 7pon re"ei&ing the Pa"ket 7plink /ssignment message@ message@ the MS stops the timer Bhen the timer e4pires@ the MS will restart the pa"ket a""ess -he &alue o+ this timer "an 'e set to .00ms@ 1000ms@ 1.00ms@ %000ms@ %.00ms@ or )000ms Bhen setting the &alue +or this timer@ you must "onsider the e++e"t o+ the radio en&ironment en&ironment Bhen the radio en&ironment en&ironment is +a&ora'le@ +a&ora'le@ the timer "an 'e set to a smaller &alue to ensure the utilization o+ radio resour"eL otherwise the timer must 'e set to a 'igger &alue to enhan"e the su""ess rate o+ -!F esta'lishment Generally@ this timer is set to 1000ms &+: T&1+% -his timer sets the time o+ an MS waiting +or the -!F release a+ter the MS re"ei&es the last data 'lo"k -he MS starts this timer when sending a IPa"ket ;ownlink /"k6Na"kJ message 8F/* 19 to the network@ or sending a IPa"ket Control /"kJ message as a response to the last data 'lo"k in the una"knowledged una"knowledged mode 7pon re"ei&ing the Pa"ket ;ownlink /ssignment message or the Pa"ket -imeslot Re"on+igure message deli&ered 'y the MS@ the MS will stop this timer *+ this timer e4pires@ the MS will release the resour"e relati&e to the -!F and 'egin to monitor the paging "hannel -he &alue o+ this parameter "an 'e set to .00ms@ 1000ms@ 1.00ms@ 0ms@ 0ms@ 1%0ms@ 1,0ms@ or %00ms *+ it is set to a too small &alue@ the MS will return to idle state immediatel immediately y a+ter a+ter re"ei&in re"ei&ing g the data *n this "ase@ new -!F 'lo"ks must 'e esta'lished i+ there is new data to 'e sent to the MS@ and this will result lengthen the data transmission time *+ it is set to a too 'ig &alue@ howe&er@ it will waste the radio resour"e Generally@ this timer is re"ommended to .00ms 0: 0: 4R5? 4R5?T/ T/7 7R? R?73 735 5 -his paramet parameter er sets the ma4imum ma4imum time +or the MS to work in the nonA;RD nonA;RD mode when when the MS lea&es lea&es the pa"ke pa"kett trans trans+er +er mode +or the pa"ket pa"ket idle idle mode mode -his -his parameter is 'road"ast in the "ell 'road"ast Bhen lea&ing the pa"ket trans+er mode +or the pa"ket idle mode@ the MS must stay in the nonA;RD nonA;RD mode +or a while while Bhen Bhen the MS stays in the nonA;RD nonA;RD mode@ it will monitor all CCC: 'lo"ks and the PC7 will reser&e the related "onte4ts o+ the MS -he reser&ation time is de"ided 'y the minimum &alue o+ the Non=;RD=-imer Non=;RD=-imer and ;RD=-imer=Ma4 16%6%01(
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-his parameter is represented in )A'it 'inary -he parameter &alue is represented as % 8k A 19@ 8:ere k ;RD=-*M$R=M/D@ ranging +rom 0 to Bhen k 0@ this parameter &alue is 09 -he &alue o+ the parameter "an 'e set to one o+ the 0s@ 1s@ %s@ #s@ s ,#s -he I*mmediate /ssignment CommandJ message is sent +aster in the nonA;RD mode that in ;RD mode@ so the -!F esta'lis esta'lishmen hmentt takes takes shorter shorter time in the nonA;RD nonA;RD mode@ 'ut power "onsumption o+ the MS is great in the nonA;RD mode Generally@ this parameter "an 'e set to )@ that is@ the MS enters the ;RD mode #s later 1: P3N *n radio link +ailure "ontrol@ the P/N parameters and the N)10% used at the MS side are used used together together -he P/N "onsists "onsists o+ three three parame parameters ters@@ in"ludin in"luding g P/N=;$C@ /N=;$C@ P/N=*NC@ and P/N=M/D $a"h time the MS resele"ts a new "ell@ it will set the &alue +or N)10% a""ording a""ording to the paramet parameter er P/N=M/D /N=M/D Bhen the MS re"ei&es re"ei&es a Pa"ket Pa"ket /"k6Na"k message@ message@ the N)10% is in"reased to the P/N=*NC@ 'ut it "annot e4"el the P/N=M/D *+ the sending window window is +ull@ +ull@ the MS will stop the -)1% *+ the MS does not re"ei&e re"ei&e the Pa"ket /"k6Na"k message until the -)1% e4pires@ the MS will su'tra"t the P/N=;$C +rom the N)10% Bhen the N)10% is e2ual or less than 0@ the MS will per+orm a'normal -!F release and triggers the "ell resele"tion -he &alue o+ P/N=;$C ranges +rom 0 to -he &alue o+ the P/N=*NC ranges +rom 0 to /nd the &alue o+ the P/N=M/D "an 'e one o+ the 0@ #@ @ 1%@ 1,@ %0@ %#@ %@ and )% *+ the &alues o+ the pre&ious three parameters are all set to 0@ the N)10% is in&alid %: %: ,S?C ,S?C? ?73 735 5 -his paramete parameterr is used 'y the MS to "al"ulat "al"ulate e the Countdow Countdown n >alue alue 8C>9 8C>9 *+ the P!CC: does not e4ist@ it is 'road"ast in the S*1) ;uring the "ountdown period@ the MS sets the C> in ea"h uplink R5C data 'lo"k and noti+ies the !SN? o+ the R5C data 'lo"ks to 'e transmitted on the uplinks to the network to ensure that the last R5C data 'lo"k is transmitted 3ust when the C> is 0 -he -he ma4im ma4imum um C> "an "an 'e 1. Suppos Suppose e that that the num' num'er er o+ the R5C 'lo"k 'lo"k to 'e transmitted is the last 'ut D one@ i+ D !S=C>=M/D@ the C> DL otherwise the C> 1. -he &alue o+ the !S=C>=M/D ranges +rom 0 to 1.
/. /. 7obilit; management ma nagement parameters For the mo'ility management in the GPRS system@ "orresponding GMM timers must 'e used to "ontrol the waiting time or period +or some operations in "ase o+ a'normal
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"onditio "onditions ns *n +a"t@ the initial initial &alues &alues o+ the needed needed GMM timers are de+ined de+ined during system system initiali initializat zation ion 7sers 7sers "an &iew and and modi+ modi+y y the initi initial al &alue &alue o+ a timer timer -he -he +ollowing introdu"es some important parameters &: T&&1% -his parameter designates the setting o+ the length o+ the periodi"al route update timer that is used at the MS side -he network sends this timer parameter to the MS in an /tta"h /""ept or Routing /rea 7pdate /""ept message during MS atta"h or route update -he MS updates the lo"ation areas periodi"ally a""ording to the period de+ined 'y this timer -he -he MSs o+ Class Class ! do ha&e ha&e to upda update te their their lo"ati lo"ation on areas areas period periodi"a i"ally lly when when per+orming "ir"uit swit"hed tele"ommuni"ation@ 'ut other GPRSAatta"hed MSs must update update their their lo"ation lo"ation area periodi periodi"ally "ally -he +low o+ periodi periodi"al "al route route update update is the almost the same as the lo"ation area update in the SGSN e4"ept the update type For the MSs atta"hed to 'oth the *MS* and GPRS@ their periodi"al route update type is de+ined 'y the network mode o+ operation 8NMO9 7nder the NMO* mode@ the MS per+orms the periodi"al routing area update only *n this "ase@ the MSC6>5R takes the GPRSAatta"hed MS as impli"it deta"h@ and the periodi"al lo"ation area update is "ompleted 'y the SGSN *+ the SGSN re"ei&es no message on the periodi"al lo"ation area update and the SGSN has deta"hed the MS@ it will send an *MS* ;eta"h *ndi"ation message to the MSC6>5R 7nder the NMO** or NMO*** mode@ the MS must per+orm the periodi"al routing area update and the periodi"al lo"ation area update respe"ti&ely@ in whi"h the +ormer is realized through the G' inter+a"e and the later is realized through the /'is inter+a"e Bhen the MS is in ready state@ it will stop -))1% when sending the 55CAP;7 ea"h time Bhen the MS returns to the stand'y state@ it will restart the -))1% *+ the MS "annot "omplete the periodi"al routing area update update in the GPRS network@ it must wait +or a "ompensation time that is e2ui&alent to the -))1% to the restart the periodi"al routing area update *+ the -))1% is set to a too small &alue@ huge signaling +low will 'e generated in the system and the power o+ the MS will 'e "onsumed 2ui"kly though the ser&i"e 2uality o+ the network "an 'e enhan"ed -here+ore@ the &alues o+ the -))1% mainly depend on the tra++i" +low o+ the system and the system?s "apa'ility to pro"ess the tra++i" +low Generally@ the -))1% must 'e set to a relati&ely 'igger &alue +or the networks whose tra++i" +low is great
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-he -))1% "onsists o+ A'it "odes@ ranging +rom 0 to %..@ and the step length is , minutes :ere@ I0J indi"ates that the periodi"al routing area update is unne"essary unne"essary and I1J indi"ates , minutes -he de+aulted &alue is .# minutes : T&&1 -his timer@ a R$/;T timer@ maintains the R$/;T timers in the MS and SGSN *+ the -))1# is ena'led@ great memory "onsumption "aused 'y the in+inite a""umulation o+ the MM "onte4ts and P;P "onte4ts "an 'e a&oided in the SGSN -he R$/;T timer "an "ontrol the time +or the MS and the MM "onte4t in the SGSN to keep in MM R$/;T state /+ter sending the 55CAP;7@ 55CAP;7@ the MS will restart the -))1% On"e re"ei&ing the "orre"t "orre"t 55CAP;7@ the SGSN will also restart the -))1# Bhen the MS is in R$/;T state and the -))1% is working@ the MS must per+orm the "ell update a+ter ea"h "ell resele"tion 8*+ the new "ell and the ser&i"e "ell 'elong to di++erent routing areas@ the MS must per+orm the routing area update9 On"e the -))1# e4pires@ the MS and the MM "onte4t in the SGSN must transit to the S-/N;!T state *n this "ase@ the MS does not per+orm "ell update a+ter ea"h "ell resele"tion resele"tion 8*+ the new "ell and the ser&i"e "ell 'elong to di++erent routing areas@ the MS still must per+orm the routing area update9 -he length o+ the -))1# in the MS and SGSN is the same@ and it is "ontrolled 'y the SGSN through the /tta"h /""ept message and the Routing 7pdate /""ept message *+ it is not pro&ided in the /tta"h /""ept message and the Routing 7pdate /""ept message@ the length o+ the R$/;T timer re"ommended re"ommended 'y the MS should 'e used *+ the MS does not pro&ide the length either@ the de+aulted &alue should 'e used -he -))1# "onsists o+ A'it "odes@ in whi"h the least . signi+i"ant 'its indi"ate the &alues o+ the timer@ and the most ) signi+i"ant 'its indi"ate the step length o+ the &alue -he &alue o+ the -))1# ranges +rom 0 to U For details@ see -he
most
signi+i"ant 'its
)
-he
least
signi+i"ant 'its
.
>alue o+ th the tim time er
Rem Remark
000
00000
0s
000
00001
%s
-he step length is
Q
Q
Q
%s
000
11111
,%s
001
00000
0
001
00001
1min
Q
Q
Q
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001
11111
)1min
010
00000
0
010
00001
,min
Q
Q
Q
010
11111
U
111
Q
-imer 'arred
-he step length is ,min
Not a"ti&ated
Note:
/hen the value of the (!!1" is set to , the %S must return to S(*0)2 state.
(he (!!1" is defaulted to ""s.
. Other parameters Other Other para paramet meter ers s relat relati&e i&e to radio radio netwo network rk plann plannin ing g and and optim optimiza izatio tion n are are the parameters parameters "on"erning P;C: support "apa'ility and the "hannel "oding "on&ersion Bhen setting setting these these parame parameters@ ters@ you must "onsider "onsider the operation operation o+ the "urrent networks networks and the "ooperation "ooperation 'etween 'etween e2uipme e2uipments nts !e"ause !e"ause the setting setting o+ these these parameters &aries with "arriers@ they are not detailed in this 'ook
10.% GPRS Network Planning Bhen planning the GPRS network@ you must ensure the
Currently@ the GPRS system does not pro&ide the uplink power "ontrol and the duty ratio 8a"ti&ation +a"tor9 o+ the radio signals on the P;C: nearly rea"hes 100@ so the introdu"tion o+ the GPRS will 'ring new inter+eren"e into the GSM network -o some e4tent@ it will result in the de"rease o+ the &oi"e 2uality and the rise o+ the "all drop rate *n this "ase@ the &oi"e ser&i"e area o+ the GSM network will shrink
-he +re2uen"y hopping has no apparent ad&antage against the GPRS ser&i"e For CSA1@ the +re2uen +re2uen"y "y hopping hopping "an impro&e impro&e the per+orm per+orman"e an"e o+ the GPRS 16%6%01(
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network For CSA% or CSA)@ the +re2uen"y +re2uen"y hopping makes little sense For CSA#@ the +re2uen"y hopping will redu"e the per+orman"e o+ the GPRS network
/t the "urrent stage@ the GPRS does not support the networkA"ontrolled networkA"ontrolled "ell resele"tion@ and the GPRS MS and GSM MS use the same "ell sele"tion and resele"tion parameters -here+ore@ i+ you intend to ensure the
Bith the de&elopment o+ the GPRS ser&i"e@ it may a++e"t the "hannel load o+ the GSM network@ so you need to make an o&erall reAplanning For e4ample@ i+ the CCC: is used as the a""ess "hannel "hannel o+ the GPRS ser&i"e@ ser&i"e@ the load on the CCC: will greatly in"rease
-he GPRS introdu"es introdu"es the dynami" P;C: allo"ation strategy@ strategy@ whi"h "ompli"ates the dispat"h o+ radio resour"es@ so it has "ertain e++e"t on the "hannel allo"ation and o""upation +or the GSM network
-hough the pre&ious e++e"ts are present@ you "an take the +ollowing measures to ease the negati&e e++e"ts
-he !CC: "arrier must also transmits at the +ull power@ so the introdu"tion o+ the GPRS ser&i"e ser&i"e will not add new inter+er inter+eren"e en"e on the downlink downlink dire"tion dire"tion /s a result@ it has no e++e"t on the ser&i"e area o+ the GSM network -here+ore@ you "an "on+igure the P;C: on the !CC: "arrier
Bhen the GPRS ser&i"e grows up@ you "an di&ide a lo"ation area into se&eral routing routing areas a""ordin a""ording g to the geograp geographi" hi" distri'ut distri'ution ion and the GPRS ser&i"e distri'ution within this lo"ation area
;uri ;uring ng the the earl early y stag stage e a+te a+terr the the GPRS GPRS ser& ser&i" i"e e is intr introd odu" u"ed ed@@ to a&oi a&oid d "ompli"at "ompli"ating ing the network network planning planning@@ you would would 'etter 'etter not "hange the e4isted e4isted +re2uen"y hopping hopping parameters Meanwhile@ to +ully use the ad&antages o+ GPRS "oding "oding te"hnolo te"hnology gy while while ensure ensure the e4isting e4isting &oi"e 2uality@ 2uality@ you "an "onsider "onsider planning an independent "hannel +or the GPRS ser&i"e *n addition@ you "an also "onsider "onsider introdu"in introdu"ing g new +re2uen"ie +re2uen"ies s into the network network or plannin planning g the GPRS "apa'ility on the +re2uen"ies that where the tra++i" is not great Furthermore@ Furthermore@ you "an still "onsider making out a more en"oding rate solution
$na'le the uplink power "ontrol in the GPRS system
;o not +re2uently "hange the "hannel "oding s"hemes in the GPRS system
10.%.1 Capa-it; Planning -he "apa"ity planning +or the GPRS network in"ludes the tra++i" "hannel planning and signalin signaling g "hannel "hannel planning@ planning@ the +ormer +ormer o+ whi"h whi"h helps helps you "on+igure "on+igure a suita'le suita'le num'er o+ P;C:s to pro&ide the GPRS ser&i"e to the e4pe"ted GPRS su's"ri'ers@ and and the later later o+ whi"h whi"h helps helps you you 3udge 3udge wheth whether er to e4pa e4pand nd the "apa"it "apa"ity y +or the
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
signaling "hannels or not a""ording to the network "on+iguration and the rise o+ the signaling load "aused 'y the appli"ation o+ the GPRS
/. Traffi- -hannel -apa-it; -al-#lation Plan the "apa"ity +or the tra++i" "hannels a""ording to the +ollowing steps a9
Cal"ul Cal"ulate ate the the num' num'er er o+ GPR GPRS S su's"r su's"ri'e i'ers rs a""or a""ordin ding g to the the GPRS GPRS perme permeati ation on rate and the num'er o+ GSM su's"ri'ers
'9
Cal" Cal"ul ulat ate e the mean mean throug throughp hput ut o+ ea"h ea"h su's su's"r "ri' i'er er a""or a""ordi ding ng to the tra++ tra++i" i" model model o+ the GPRS su's"ri' su's"ri'ers ers and "on&ert "on&ert the mean mean throughp throughput ut into the 'andwidth re2uirement 8'ps9 and the tra++i" 8erl9
"9
Cal"ul Cal"ulate ate the num'er num'er o+ P;C: P;C:s s the the syste system m must must pro& pro&ide ide a""or a""ordin ding g to the the GoS GoS o+ the pa"ket ser&i"e
d9
Cal" Cal"ul ulat ate e the num num'e 'err o+ the the stati stati" " P;C:s P;C:s and and dyna dynami mi" " P;C:s P;C:s the the syste system m must pro&ide a""ording to the P;C: utilization rate
//. Cal-#lating the n#mber of GPRS s#bs-ribers !ased on the num'er o+ GSM su's"ri'er in a "ell and the permeation rate o+ the GPRS su's"ri'ers@ you "an "al"ulate the num'er o+ the GPRS su's"ri'ers in the "ell -he +ormula is as +ollows -he num'er o+ GPRS su's"ri'ers the num'er o+ GSM su's"ri'ers the permeation rate o+ the GPRS su's"ri'ers
///. A#i9alent b#s;$ho#r traffi- -al-#lation ;ue to the +eatures o+ pa"ket data ser&i"es@ su"h as delay and "all 2ueuing@ the $rlang! "annot 'e dire"tly applied to "al"ulating the tra++i" o+ GPRS su's"ri'ers@ whi"h whi"h is di++er di++eren entt +rom +rom the appli appli"a "atio tion n o+ this this +ormu +ormula la in the "al"ul "al"ulati ation on o+ the "ongestion in spee"h ser&i"es General Generally ly@@ some methods methods 'ased 'ased on +i4ed *P networks networks "an 'e used used to estimate estimate the "apa"ity o+ a GPRS system /""ording /""ording to the tra++i" model o+ the +i4ed *P network and the "hara"teristi"s o+ GPRS proto"ols@ you "an "al"ulate the a&erage tra++i" o+ ea"h su's"ri'er su's"ri'er -hen a""ording to the 'earer "apa'ility "apa'ility o+ the physi"al "hannels at the wireless inter+a"es@ you "an "al"ulate the e2ui&alent tra++i" o+ ea"h GPRS su's"ri'er ': Cal-#lating the GPRS GPRS s#bs-ribersB s#bs-ribersB a9erage a9erage a--ess a--ess rate *n a"tua a"tuall plann planning ing@@ you need need to estima estimate te the 'usyA 'usyAho hour ur a&era a&erage ge tra++ tra++i" i" o+ ea"h ea"h su's"ri' su's"ri'er er !e+ore !e+ore the estimatio estimation@ n@ howe&er howe&er@@ you need need to estimate estimate the su's"ri' su's"ri'er?s er?s a&erage a""ess rate Generally@ the a&erage a""ess rate is de"ided together 'y the
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"hannel "oding s"hemes@ su's"ri'er?s multislot "apa'ility@ 'lo"k error rate 8!5$R9@ header@ and a&erage load +a"tor Tou need to make the +ollowing assumptions 'e+ore "al"ulating the a&erage a""ess rate
-her -here e is no SN;C SN;CP P "omp "ompre ress ssio ion n and and de"o de"omp mpre ress ssio ion@ n@ and and no SN;C SN;CP P segmentation and reassem'ly 8/n *P pa"ket like this is transmitted 'y one 55C P;7 at the 55C layer9
-he 55C uses una"knowledged mode to transmit data@ and the R5C uses the a"knowledged mode 8a retransmission rate o+ 10 must 'e "onsidered9
55C +rames 55C header 8( 'ytes9 E SN;CP header 8# 'ytes9 E *P data E FCS 8) 'ytes9@ and ea"h pa"ket seizes a R5C indi"ation 'yte in length
-he a&erage length o+ ea"h *P pa"ket is %00 'ytes
-he *P data +lows "ontinuously within at least 10 *P pa"kets
*+ the data is transmitted in R5C a"knowledged mode@ the transmission o+ ea"h 55C P;7 means on"e -!$ setup and release Generally@ Generally@ +rom the -!F setup to -!F release@ the R5C6M/C "ontrol 'lo"k o&erheads a""ount +or %0 o+ the total radio 'lo"ks
-he known "onditions are as +ollows
/ radio radio 'lo"k is transmitted transmitted e&ery e&ery %0ms
-he !5$R is 10
-he R5C6M/C header seizes ) 'ytes -here+ore@ i+ the tail 'it is not "onsidered@ under the CSA1@ CSA%@ CSA)@ and CSA#@ the 55C P;7 transmitted in ea"h R5C data 'lo"k is %0 'ytes@ )0 'ytes@ ), 'ytes@ and .0 'ytes
-he sum o+ the 'ytes o+ the head o+ the FR@ NS@ !SSGP@ 55C@ and SN;CP at the G' inter+a"e is .) 'ytes
!ased on the pre&ious assumptions and known "onditions@ the +ollowing +ormulas "an 'e used to "al"ulate the a&erage a""ess rate under ea"h CS at the *P layer
A
B
M
T
V IP
>G' >*P V 81.0 E .)961.0 1)% > *P
$
M M 0." M 0.$ 0.0"
A" T
:ere@
IMJ indi"ates the minimum num'er o+ R5C data 'lo"ks needed +or transmitting N 55CAP;7s
I/1Iindi"ates the total 'ytes o+ the N55CAP;7s
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
I/%Iindi"ates the total 'ytes o+ N*P pa"kets
I!J indi"ates the 'ytes o+ 55CAP;7 that ea"h R5C data 'lo"k "an 'ear
I-J indi"ates the time +or transmitting N55CAP;7s 8N*P pa"kets9
I>*PIindi"ates the estimated 'earer rate o+ ea"h P;C: at the *P layer
I>G'J indi"ates the estimated 'earer rate needed 'y ea"h P;C: at the *P layer
-a'le 11 lists 11 lists the GPRS su's"ri'er?s a&erage data rate Table 1.1 GPRS su's"ri'er?s a&erage data rate
Physi Physi"al "al layer layer rate rate at 7m inter+a"e !earer rate at *P layer !earer rate needed at /'is physi"al layer !earer rate needed at G' physi"al layer
CSA1 8k'ps9
CSA% 8k'ps9
CSA) 8k'ps9
CSA) 8k'ps9
(0.
1)#
1.,
%1#
.#%
1#
(
1),)
1,
1,
)%
)%
1(
10(
1%(,
10(
For the GPRS networks where the "on&ersion among &arious "hannel "oding rates is a&aila'le@ the a&erage a""ess rate o+ ea"h timeslot at the *P layer "an 'e "al"ulated 'y the +ollowing +ormula >*Pa >CS1RCS1 E >CS%RCS% E >CS)RCS) E >CS#RCS# :ere@
I>*PaJ indi"ates the a&erage 'earer rate o+ ea"h timeslot at the *P layer
I>CS1@ >CS%@ > CS)@ and >CS#J indi"ates the a&erage 'earer rates o+ CSA1 to CSA# at the *P layer respe"ti&ely
IRCS1@ RCS%@ RCS)@ and R CS#J indi"a indi"ates tes the per"e per"enta ntage ge o+ the CSA1 to CSA# CSA# respe"ti&ely
!ased on the 'earer rate at *P layer listed in -a'le 11@ 11@ the a&erage a""ess rate o+ ea"h su's"ri'er "an 'e "al"ulated 'y the +ollowing +ormula when multiple timeslots are 'ound >a >*pa NR :ere@
I>aJ indi"ates the a&erage a""ess rate o+ ea"h su's"ri'er
I>*paIindi"ates the a&erage 'earer rate o+ ea"h timeslot at the *P layer 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
INJ indi"ates the ma4imum num'er o+ 'ound timeslots allowed 'y the multislot "apa'ility o+ the MS
IRJ indi"ates the multislot "apa'ility utilization o+ an MS
*+ the ratio o+ CSA1 to CSA% is 1(@ the a&erage a""ess rate o+ ea"h timeslot at the *P layer in the network .#% 4 10 E 1# 4 (0 ,k'it6s *+ the multislot "apa'ility o+ an MS is ) E 1@ that is@ up to ) downlink timeslots and 1 uplink timeslot "an 'e 'ound@ the multislot "apa'ility utilization o+ the MS "an rea"h ,0@ ,0@ so the the a&er a&erag age e a""e a""ess ss rate rate o+ ea"h ea"h su's su's"r "ri' i'er er is , , 4 ) 4 ,0 ,0 1#1,%k'it6s (: Cal-#lat Cal-#lating ing GPRS s#bs-ri s#bs-riberBs berBs a9erag a9erage e traffitraffiCurrently@ GPRS su's"ri'er?s a&erage tra++i" is "al"ulated a""ording to the +ollowing method !ase !ased d on the the mode modell 8it 8it is +rom +rom Chin ChinaN aNet et99 appl applie ied d in +i4e +i4ed d *P area areas s and and the the "hara"ter "hara"teristi" isti"s s o+ mo'ile mo'ile data@ data@ ea"h GPRS su's"ri' su's"ri'er?s er?s tra++i" tra++i" "an 'e "al"ulate "al"ulated d a""ording to the +ollowing two +ormulas
S r1 V r% V 8/ V n V - V r) V R6),009
S6/ r1 V r% V n V - V r) V R6),00
:ere@
ISJ indi"ates the tra++i" o+ the lo"al GPRS network
I>J indi"ates the 'usyAhour a&erage tra++i" o+ the GPRS su's"ri'er
I/J indi"ates the num'er o+ lo"al GPRS su's"ri'ers
InJ indi"ates the a&erage times +or ea"h su's"ri'er to a""ess the network
I-J indi"ates the a&erage length o+ ea"h "on&ersation
Ir1J indi"ates 'usyAday "on"entration "oe++i"ient@ whi"h indi"ates the ratio o+ the tra++i" on the 'usiest day in a month -his "oe++i"ient has little relation with the tra++i" types Generally@ it "an 'e 16%0
Ir%J indi"ates the 'usyAhour "on"entration "oe++i"ient@ "oe++i"ient@ whi"h indi"ates the ratio o+ the tra++i" tra++i" at the 'usiest 'usiest hour in a day day *t &aries &aries greatly a""ording a""ording to di++ere di++erent nt tra++i" types
Ir%J indi"ates indi"ates the duty ratio@ whi"h indi"ates indi"ates the ratio ratio o+ the a"tual time +or a su's"ri'er to download data to the total time +or the su's"ri'er to stay in the network Generally@ it is 16#
IRJ indi"ates the a&erage a""ess rate o+ a su's"ri'er
/""ording to the pre&ious methods@ China Mo'ile estimated the a&erage tra++i" +or GRPS GRPS su's"r su's"ri'e i'ers rs in %001 %001A%0 A%00% 0%@@ and and the 'usyA 'usyAhou hourr a&era a&erage ge tra++ tra++i" i" o+ ea"h ea"h su's"ri'er is 10'it6s
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
/+ter "al"ulating the GRPS su's"ri'er?s a&erage tra++i"@ you "an plan the "apa"ity +or the GPRS network ): Cal-#lating eA#i9alent eA#i9alent b#s;$ho#r b#s;$ho#r traffitraffi- of ea-h ea-h GPRS s#bs-riber s#bs-riber *n a"tual "onditions@ su's"ri'ers are 2uite sensiti&e to the dynami" 'andwidth used during the transmission Considering the "on&enien"e and +le4i'ility o+ the "al"ulation@ you "an "on&ert the 'usyAhour a&erage tra++i" o+ a su's"ri'er into the tra++i" re2uired 'y the a&erage 'andwidth and the 'usyAhour tra++i" -he a&erage 'andwidth 'andwidth o+ GPRS su's"ri'er is e2ual to the GSM physi"al "hannel rate or the GPRS su's"ri'er?s a&erage a""ess !e"ause the GSM physi"al "hannel rate is 1, k'ps@ the a&erage 'andwidth o+ GPRS su's"ri'er is 1 !yte6s i+ the pre&ious assumptions are present *+ the $rlang! $rlang! "an "al"ulate "al"ulate the e2ui&ale e2ui&alent nt tra++i" tra++i" o+ a GPRS su's"ri'er su's"ri'er@@ you "an a'stra"t a'stra"t the 'eha&ior 'eha&ior o+ the GPRS su's"ri'er su's"ri'er as Ipa"ket Ipa"ket "allJ *+ ea"h pa"ket pa"ket "all seizes one IGPRS "hannelJ@ the 'andwidth o+ the GPRS "hannel "an 'e taken as the a&erage 'andwidth o+ a GPRS su's"ri'er *n this "ase@ 'usyAhour e2ui&alent tra++i" o+ a GPRS su's"ri'er 'usyAhour a&erage tra++i"6 "hannel width 'usyAhour a&erage tra++i"6a&erage 'andwidth
/. /. P4C6 n#mber -al-#lation /+ter o'taining the 'usyAhour e2ui&alent e2ui&alent tra++i" o+ a GPRS su's"ri'er@ su's"ri'er@ you "an estimate the "apa"ity re2uirement re2uirement +or the GPRS network a""ording to $R5/NG! -he "orresponding +ormulas are as +ollows
-he num'er o+ GPRS "hannels $R5/NG! 8GPRS tra++i" and GoS9
GPRS tra++i" the num'er o+ GPRS su's"ri'ers 'usyAhour e2ui&alent e2ui&alent tra++i" o+ a GPRS su's"ri'er
-he -he num' num'er er o+ P;C:s P;C:s the num'er num'er o+ GPRS GPRS "hann "hannels els GPRS GPRS "han "hannel nel 'andwith6*P layer 'andwidth o+ ea"h P;C:
:ere :ere@@ the the GPRS GPRS "han "hanne nell 'and 'andwi widt dth h is the the a&er a&erag age e 'and 'andwi widt dth h o+ the the GPRS GPRS su's"ri'er@ and the *P layer 'andwidth is the *P layer rate at ea"h timeslot
. Stati- and d;nami- P4C6 -onfig#raiton -al-#lation -hrough -hrough "al"ulatin "al"ulating g the pro'a'ility pro'a'ility o+ the -C:s to 'e seized using the Poisson pro'a'ility pro'a'ility distri'ution +ormula@ you "an o'tain the a&erage a&aila'le 'andwidth o+ the dynami" P;C: under &arious "on+igurations :ereunder are two e4amples
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
*+ the stati" P;C: 1@ and the dynami" P;C: 1@ %@ and )@ the a&erage a&aila'le 'andwidth 'andwidth o+ the P;C: under &arious "on+igurations are listed in the -a'le 11 11
Table 1.1 /& 1.1 /&er erag age e a&ail &aila' a'le le 'andw andwid idth th o+ the the P;C: P;C: unde underr &ari &ariou ous s "on+ "on+ig igur urat atio ions ns Num' Num'er er Pro'a' Pro'a'ilit ility y
/&aila'le
Cir"uit
-C:6P;C:
ser&i"e
timeslot
tra++i"
Num'er
+or the the num'er num'er o+ idle idle
-C:s is N
o+
a&er a&erag age e
a&aila'le P;C:s when the num'er o+ dynami"
o+ -RDs
8a9 8a9
P;C:s is M N0
N1
N%
N&
71
7%
7&
1
%(
#,
(,
1,,(
%)0)
1(.
%1
).0
%
1#
%
)#
..%
0
10#
1(
%
)0
)
%%
1#.
%(.
#1
.,)
%0
1(
%(0
)
#
%(
%1
%
)0
#.
.(
1(
%(1
)0
.
)
%%.
%,
)#0
#%%
.0
1(
%(1
)1
,
#.
).,
%.
)1
)#
#.)
1(
%(%
)%
.%
#%1
%.1
)0)
),0
#1(
1(
%(%
))
,0
#(,
%##
%(1
)#0
)(1
1(
%(%
))
*+ the stati" P;C: 0@ and the dynami" P;C: 1@ %@ and )@ the a&erage a&aila'le 'andwidth 'andwidth o+ the P;C: under &arious "on+igurations are listed in the -a'le 1% 1%
Table 1.% /& 1.% /&er erag age e a&ail &aila' a'le le 'andw andwid idth th o+ the the P;C: P;C: unde underr &ari &ariou ous s "on+ "on+ig igur urat atio ions ns
8'9 8'9
Num'er o+ a&erage
Num'er o+ -RDs
Cir"uit
Pro'a'ility Pro'a'ility +or the num'er num'er o+ o+ idle
-C:6P;C:
ser&i"e
-C:s is N
timeslot
tra++i"
/&aila'le
a&ai a&aila la'l 'le e
P;C: P;C:s s
when the num'er o+ dynami" dynami" P;C:s P;C:s is M
N0
N1
N%
N&
71
7%
7&
1
%(
1(0
#.(
(.0
1,)
0(
1(%
%,
%
1#
%
%00
)#1
.#1
(%
0(
1()
%%
)
%%
1#.
1(.
%(0
#10
..%
0(
1()
%#
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
#
%(
%1
1(
%%
),)
#,,
0(
1()
%.
.
)
%%.
%00
%,%
)))
#1)
0(
1()
%.
,
#.
).,
%00
%.%
)1%
)
0(
1()
%,
.%
#%1
1((
%#,
%(
).)
0(
1(#
%,
,0
#(,
1(
%#0
%.
)))
0(
1(#
%,
Bhen the num'er o+ the dynami" P;C:s is M@ the num'er o+ the a&erage a&aila'le P;C:s is the sum o+ the +ollowings
-he de+ined num'er o+ the stati" P;C:s
*+ only only one one dynam dynami" i" P;C: P;C: is a&ail a&aila'l a'le@ e@ the pro'a' pro'a'ili ility ty is the the +igure +igure in the pre&ious ta'le when N 1 *+ only only two dynami" dynami" P;C:s P;C:s are a&aila'le a&aila'le@@ the pro'a'ili pro'a'ility ty is the +igure +igure in the
pre&ious ta'le when N % *+ M dynami" P;C:s are a&aila'le@ the pro'a'ility is the sum o+ +igures in the
pre&ious ta'le when N W M
/. Signaling -hannel planning -he steps to plan the signaling "hannels are as +ollows a9
Cal" Cal"ul ulat ate e the the "apa "apa"i "ity ty o+ the the "urr "urre ent sign signal alin ing g "han "hanne nell a""o a""ord rdin ing g to the the "on+iguration o+ the e4isting network
'9
Cal" Cal"ul ulat ate e the signa signali ling ng load load o+ the unit unit su's" su's"ri ri'e 'ers rs o+ &ario &arious us ser&i ser&i"e "e types types a""ording to the GPRS ser&i"e model
"9
Cal" Cal"ul ulat ate e the tota totall signa signali ling ng load load o+ the the ea"h ea"h ser& ser&i" i"e e type type a""or a""ordi ding ng to the the "apa"ity planning result
d9
Xudg Xudge e wheth whether er to e4pa e4pand nd the the signal signalin ing g "han "hanne nell "apa" "apa"it ity y a""o a""ord rdin ing g to the the signaling load
Curr Curren entl tly y@ most most o+ the the e4is e4isti ting ng GSM GSM netw networ orks ks adop adoptt nonA nonA"o "om' m'in ined ed CCC: CCC: "on+iguration "on+iguration ;uring the early GPRS network "onstru"tion stage@ the network size and the num'er o+ su's"ri'ers are not great@ so you do not ha&e to e4pand the CCC: a+te a+terr intr introd odu" u"in ing g the the GPRS GPRS ser& ser&i" i"e e to the the e4is e4isti ting ng GSM GSM netw networ ork k Bith Bith the the de&elopm de&elopment ent o+ the GPRS network@ network@ howe&er howe&er@ you must in"rease in"rease the num'er num'er o+ CCC:s in a""ordan"e with the rise o+ the network load
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he size o+ the R/ "an 'e planned the same as that o+ the 5/ at the planning stage /s the num'er o+ GPRS su's"ri'ers su's"ri'ers grows@ howe&er@ howe&er@ to redu"e the load on the PC:@ you must s"ale down the R/ to redu"e pa"ket pages Considering Considering the operation o+ the pre&ious GPRS network@ you do not ha&e to e4pand the "apa"ity +or the R/C: and the PC:@ 'ut you need to "on+igure the e4tendedA !CC: +or the /GC: 'ased on a"tual "onditions in "ase o+ /GC: "ongestion Tou "an ease the signaling "hannel "apa"ity using the +ollowing methods
Con+igure multiple nonA"om'ined CCC:s
$na'le the PCCC: as early as possi'le
Support the Gs inter+a"e
10.%.% Co9erage Planning -he "o&erage area o+ the GPRS network depends greatly upon the "hannel "oding s"heme s"hemes s For a "ertai "ertain n "o&era "o&erage ge area area@@ the $6N is the the restri restri"ti "tion on +a"tor +a"tor For the inter+eren"eArestri"ted area@ the C6* is the main restri"tion +a"tor -he +ollowing lists the "o&erage inde4es re2uired +or the "urrent GPRS system
-he !5$R is e2ual to or less than 10
7nder the CSA1@ the area "o&ered 'y the GPRS ser&i"e must 'e the same with the area "o&ered 'y the &oi"e ser&i"e pro&ided 'y the GSM network
7nder the CSA%@ the area "o&ered 'y the GPRS ser&i"e must e2ual to 0 or more o+ the area "o&ered 'y the &oi"e ser&i"e pro&ided 'y the GSM network
-a'le 1) lists 1) lists the &alues o+ "arrierAtoAinter+eren"e "arrierAtoAinter+eren"e ratio 8C6*9 "orresponding "orresponding to ea"h GPRS "hannel "oding s"heme Table 1.& Mapping relationship o+ GPRS "hannel "oding s"heme and C6* C6* 8+re2uen"y hopping is
C6*8+re2uen"y hopping is
used9
not used9
CSA1
1 d!
10 d!
CSA%
11. d!
1% d!
CSA)
1), d!
1) d!
CSA#
%0 d!
1% d!
Channel "oding s"heme
Note:
(he data in this table is calculated &hen the 34# is 15.
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
*n the en&ironment en&ironment where inter+eren"e is present@ the "o&erage area per"entage o+ the GPRS network relati&e to the &oi"e "o&erage area &aries with the "hannel "oding s"hemes@ as listed in Table 1. Per"entage o+ &oi"e "o&erage area relati&e to "hannel "oding s"heme Channel "oding s"heme
OkumuraA:ata 89
Bal+ishA*kegami 89
CSA1
(
0
CSA%
,1
,)
CSA)
.#
.
CSA#
)#
)
Note:
(he data in this table is obtained based on the follo&ing assumptions6
(he interference in the service area is constant.
(he frequency hopping is not used.
(he C78 of the voice service is 9 d.
For the "o&erag "o&erage e "orrespo "orrespondi nding ng to the +our "hannel "hannel "oding s"hemes@ s"hemes@ see Figure #% #%
"sA1 "sA% "sA) "sA#
"ig#re ).% Co&erage "orresponding to +our GPRS "hannel "oding s"hemes
*n a"tual GPRS network planning@ you must de+ine the "o&erage and "ontinuous "on&erg "on&erge e 'ased 'ased on the areas "o&ered "o&ered 'y the &oi"e ser&i"e ser&i"e o+ the e4isting e4isting GSM network Currently@ you "an o'tain the "orresponding "ur&e indi"ating the per+orman"e o+ the GPRS GPRS netwo network rk with with the the help help o+ emula emulatio tion n tools tools /s shown shown in Figure #)@ under 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
normal "onditions@ "onditions@ the C6* at the "ell edge is ( d! when the GSM tra++i" is 'usy On"e the GPRS ser&i"e is introdu"ed@ the C6* de"rease de"rease as the GPRS load in"reases Bhen the GPRS load is 100@ the area where the C6* is greater than ( d! a""ounts +or only o+ the original area
"ig#re ).& Relationship 'etween C6* and distan"e
Figure ## shows ## shows the relationship 'etween the C6* distri'ution pro'a'ility and C6* /s the "ur&e shows@ the C6* also de"reases as the GPRS load in"reases Suppose that the C6* at the "ell edge is e2ual or greater than ( d!@ the "o&erage ratio is (0 when the GPRS ser&i"e is not introdu"ed@ 'ut the "o&erage ratio redu"es to , when the GPRS load rea"hes 100
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ig#re ). Relationship 'etween C6* distri'ution pro'a'ility and C6*
/""ording to related proto"ols@ a mapping relationship e4ists 'etween the grade o+ &oi"e ser&i"e and the C6*@ as listed in -a'le #1 #1 Table .1 Relationship 'etween grade o+ &oi"e ser&i"e and C6* Grade o+ &oi"e ser&i"e C6* 8d!9
0
1
%
)
#
.
,
%)
1(
1
1.
1)
11
#
Generally@ the !CC: "arrier is o+ #) reuse and the C6* "annot 'e greater than 1) d!@ so the re2uire re2uiremen mentt on the GPRS GPRS "o&erag "o&erage e "an 'e ensured ensured -he reuse le&el o+ the nonA!CC: "arrier is higher than that o+ the !CC: "arrier@ "arrier@ so the C6* must 'e planned greater than ( d! -here+ore@ it is re"ommended to "on+igure the P;C: on the !CC: "arrier
10.%.& "reA#en-; Planning Bhen planning the +re2uen"y +re2uen"y +or the GPRS network@ you must "onsider the data rate o+ the netwo network@ rk@ 'e"au 'e"ause se the data rate rate &aries &aries with with "han "hanne nell "odin "oding g s"hem s"hemes es /s introdu"ed 'e+ore@ the re2uirement on C61 is di++erent under di++erent "hannel "oding s"hemes@ while the +re2uen"y reuse pattern depends largely on the re2uirement on C6*
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Figure #. lists #. lists the +re2uen"y reuse "lusters supported supported 'y the GPRS "hannel "oding s"hemes "ig#re ).' Fre2uen"y reuse "lusters supported 'y GPRS "hannel "oding s"hemes
Channel "o "oding s"heme
C6* th threshold 8d!9
Fre2uen"y reuse "l "lusters
>oi"e
(
CSA1
10
(
CSA%
1%
1%
CSA)
1)
1)
CSA#
1%
Y1(
(
～
For the GSM network@ the &oi"e "ommuni"ation has relati&ely lower re2uirement on the 'it error rate -o enhan"e spe"tral +re2uen"y@ you "an use aggressi&e +re2uen"y reuse te"hnology :owe&er@ the GSM data "ommuni"ation has high re2uirements on the 'it error rate@ so aggressi&e +re2uen"y reuse te"hnology "annot ensure the data transmission Generally Generally@@ &oi"e ser&i"e and data ser&i"e e4ist within t he same "ell simultaneously simultaneously !e"ause !e"ause the #) reuse pattern pattern is used in the +re2uen +re2uen"y "y planning planning +or GSM !CC: "arrier@ the C6* o+ the "hannels on the !CC: "arriers "an meet the re2uirements o+ GPRS ser&i"e /s a result@ i+ "on+iguring "on+iguring the P;C: on the !CC: "arriers@ you do not ha&e to "onsider the aggressi&e reuse pattern@ +re2uen"y hopping@ and power "ontrol For the stati" P;C:@ it must 'e "on+igured on the !CC: "arrier or on the -C: "arrier where the reuse distan"e meet the C6* re2uirement For the dynami" P;C:@ it must 'e "on+igured "on+igured on the "arriers "arriers where the C6* re2uiremen re2uirementt is met For the "ells "ells with &arious +re2uen"y reuse patterns@ you must 'egin to "on+igure them on the "arriers with +urther reuse distan"e a""ording to the GPRS "hannel sele"tion me"hanism *n addit additio ion@ n@ di++er di++erent ent GPRS GPRS load load has has di++e di++eren rentt e++e" e++e"tt on the C6* C6* -he large largerr the +re2uen"y reuse "oe++i"ient is@ the looser the +re2uen"y reuse@ so the network "an 'ear 'ear hea& hea&ie ierr GPRS GPRS load load Figure Figure #, #, shows shows the relati relation onshi ship p 'etwe 'etween en the the C6* distri'ution pro'a'ility and +re2uen"y reuse "oe++i"ient
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"ig#re ).( Relationship 'etween C6* distri'ution pro'a'ility and +re2uen"y reuse "oe++i"ient
For For the areas areas where where the GPRS GPRS load load is hea&y hea&y@@ to ensur ensure e the
10.& GPRS Network Optimization /s the GPRS ser&i"e grows@ the
-he -he "hann "hannel el "odin "oding g s"hem s"hemes es adopt adopted ed +or the the most most o+ the "urre "urrent nt GPRS GPRS networks are CSA1 and CSA%@ and the multislot "apa'ility o+ the GPRS MSs are )E1 or #E1 -here+ore@ the limit rate +or the data to 'e transmitted is #0% k'it6s or .), k'it6s -hat is@ 1)#8)6 1)#8)6#9 #9 k'it6s k'it6s 8#0%6. 8#0%6.),9 ),9 k'it6s :owe&er@ :owe&er@ the rate redu"tion during the transmission is not "onsidered into this limit rate
!e"ause the a"ti&ation +a"tor on the GPRS "hannel is near 100@ theoreti"ally the inter+eren" inter+eren"e e against against the GPRS ser&i"e ser&i"e is ) d! more than than that against against the &oi"e ser&i"e /s a result@ the C6* in the areas where the GPRS tra++i" is huge will 'e"ome small and the ser&i"e area will shrink *n this "ase@ the a""ess su""ess ratio o+ the GPRS ser&i"e will 'e redu"ed *n addition@ the redu"tion o+ the C6* will result in the de"rease o+ the data transmission rate
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
/s the &oi"e ser&i"e o+ the GSM network grows@ the radio "hannel resour"e will 'e"ome s"ar"e@ so only a small num'er o+ P;C:s "an 'e pro&ided to the GPRS ser&i"e Meanwhile@ owing to the improper "on+iguration "on+iguration o+ the stati" "hannels and dynami" "hannels@ the "hannel utilization ratio in some areas is low or e&en no "hannel is a&aila'le to the data ser&i"e in some areas *n addition@ to a&oid network "ongestion@ you need to adopt the tra++i" guide strategies di++erent +rom that that used used +or +or the the GSM GSM ser& ser&i" i"e e +or +or the the GPRS GPRS ser& ser&i" i"e e a""o a""ord rdin ing g to the the "hara"teristi"s "hara"teristi"s o+ the data ser&i"e
-he operation o+ the GPRS system will add the signaling load on the PC: and /GC: For the GPRS networks networks with great load@ load@ you must redu"e the the load on the PC: and /GC: through redu"ing the s"ope o+ the routing area *n this "ase@ you must reAplan the routing area
Curre Currentl ntly y@ the GPRS GPRS system system does does not not suppo support rt the netwo networkA rkA"o "ontr ntroll olled ed "ell "ell resele"tion@ resele"tion@ 'ut the GPRSAatta"hed GPRSAatta"hed MSs still resele"t the "ell +ollowing the same pro"edure used in the GSM network -here+ore@ i+ the network layout and the parameters parameters are not properly set@ the MSs will resele"t the "ell +re2uently +re2uently - hough +re2uent +re2uent "ell resele"tion resele"tion has little little e++e"t e++e"t on the GSM network@ network@ it will greatly greatly redu"e the GPRS data transmission rate
10.&.1 GPRS Network Optimization Ob=e-ti9es and Prin-iples Prin-iples /. GPRS network optimization ob=e-ti9es -he o'3e"ti&es to optimize the GPRS network are listed in the +ollowing
$sta'lish and resear"h mo'ile data ser&i"e model -o a"hie&e this o'3e"ti&e@ you must must "olle "olle"t "t and and analy analyze ze the the data data on the system system per+or per+orma man"e n"e@@ resou resour"e r"e "on+iguration@ network resour"e@ data ser&i"e@ and su's"ri'ers? 'eha&ior
Optimize the "on+iguration o+ the parameters and radio resour"es +or the radio a""ess network -o -o a"hie&e this o'3e"ti&e@ you must understand the operation o+ the GPRS network in "om'ination with the market position
/""umulate the e4perien"es e4perien"es on GPRS network optimization optimization +or +uture use 8)G ser&i"e9
//. GPRS network optimization prin-iples -he prin"iples to optimize the GPRS network are listed in the +ollowing
Mining the e4isting e2uipment resour"es to the ma4imum to meet the growing ser&i"es
$nhan"e the in&estment e++i"ien"y
Ma4imize the spe"trum resour"e utilization
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
*mpro&e theh
/dopt di++erent di++erent ad3ustment ad3ustment strategies to optimize the network at ea"h stage a""ording to the de&elopment o+ the GPRS network
-he work +low applied to the GPRS network optimization is similar to that applied to the GSM GSM netwo network rk optim optimiza izatio tion@ n@ and and it is intro introdu du"ed "ed in the pre&i pre&ious ous "hap "hapter ters s -her -here+o e+ore re@@ this this "hap "hapter ter aims aims to analy analyze ze the pro'le pro'lems ms hit hit durin during g the netwo network rk optimization and pro&ides some 'ene+i"ial suggestions
10.&.% Network Optimization /nde>es !e"ause !e"ause the GPRS system ena'le ena'le the data to a""ess a""ess the network network in the +orm o+ pa"kets@ the inde4es used +or the GPRS network per+orman"e are di++erent +rom that used +or the GSM network *n addition@ the GPRS ser&i"e will a++e"t the GSM ser&i"e to some e4tent@ so you must "onsider the related inde4es used +or the GSM network i+ you intend to ha&e an o&erall e&aluation o+ the GPRS network *t must 'e emphasized that the GPRS has not de&eloped to a high le&el at present@ and the tra++i" tra++i" model used is relati&e relati&ely ly "onser&a "onser&ati&e@ ti&e@ 'ut the GPRS ser&i"e ser&i"e may "hange rapidly i+ new ser&i"es are introdu"ed -here+ore@ to pre&ent the rapid "hange o+ GPRS GPRS tra++i tra++i" " mode modell +rom +rom impa"t impa"tin ing g the netwo network rk plann planning ing@@ you must must keep keep monitoring the key inde4es used +or the GPRS network -he GPRS network inde4es are di&ided into t ra++i" statisti"s inde4 and test inde4 -he +ormer is registered 'y the OMC and "olle"ted 'y the PC7 or SGSN -he later is o'tained +rom the results o+ the items tested 'y means o+ C<- and ;- For tra++i" statisti"s inde4es@ this se"tion introdu"es the inde4es that are measured at the PC7 side and indi"ates the per+orman"e o+ the radio inter+a"es For test inde4es@ this se"tion introdu"es parts o+ the inde4es relati&e to the "urrent GPRS ser&i"e
/. Traffi- statisti-s inde>es -he analysis o+ the tra++i" statisti"s inde4es "an help you optimize the network@ handle +ailures@ and esta'lish pa"ket tra++i" model -here+ore@ the tra++i" statisti"s inde4es needed needed to 'e emphasized emphasized during the routing routing maintenan" maintenan"e e "an 'e di&ided di&ided into the +ollowing three "ategories
System per+orman"e inde4es -hese -hese inde4es inde4es indi"ate indi"ate the pro"essi pro"essing ng "apa'ili "apa'ility ty and the data data through throughput put "apa'ility o+ the system -hrough analyzing these inde4es@ you "an know more in+orm in+ormati ation on on the netwo network rk opera operatio tion n and and plan plan and and optim optimize ize the the netwo network rk a""ordingly 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Maintenan"e inde4es
-hese inde4es indi"ate a'normities o""urred in the network -hrough analyzing them@ you "an +ind out the where the +ailure lies and optimize the a""ordingly Re+eren"e inde4es
-hese inde4es are related to tra++i" models -hrough analyzing these inde4es@ you "an a""umulate more data and e4perien"es on network operation +or the +uture network optimization and reAplanning -he +ollowing details the three "ategories o+ inde4es respe"ti&ely *: S;stem S;stem performa performan-e n-e inde>es inde>es -he system per+orman"e inde4es in"ludes P;C: num'er@ network "ongestion ratio@ and "all drop rate -hey are detailed in +ollowing a:
P4C6 n#mber
-his inde4 indi"ates whether the system has o&erloaded or not For the de+inition o+ the related P;C: tra++i" statisti"s inde4es@ see -a'le 11 11 Table 1.1 ;e+inition o+ the GPRS P;C: num'er *nde4 /&aila'le /&aila'le
;e+inition P;C:
;uring ;uring a measurem measurement ent period@ period@ the a&erage a&erage num'er num'er o+
a&erage num'er
P;C:s a&aila'le under the !SC
Seized P;C: a&erage
;uring a measurement period@ the a&erage num'er o+ the
num'er
P;C:s a&aila'le under the !SC
Currently@ Currently@ the P;C: is di&ided into dynami" P;C: and stati" P;C: -he tra++i" data is an a&erage a&erage &alue@ &alue@ so i+ the a&erage a&erage num'er num'er o+ the P;:C a&aila'l a&aila'le e e4"els e4"els the a&erage &alue@ the ma4imum &alue is pro'a'ly 'eyond the "apa'ility o+ the "urrent PC7 e2uipments to pro"ess the P;C: *n this "ase@ the ser&i"e in some "ells may 'e a++e"ted Bhen "he"king the a&erage num'er o+ the a&aila'le P;C:s@ you must "he"k the a&erage num'er num'er o+ the seized P;C:s *+ the a&erage num'er num'er o+ the seized P;C:s is small@ it means that the a"tual tra++i" &olume is not great pro'a'ly due to too many stati" P;C:s ha&e 'een "on+igured +or the "ell *n this "ase@ the "hannel utilization ratio ratio is low low -o -o sol&e sol&e this pro'lem@ pro'lem@ you must redu"e redu"e the num'er num'er o+ stati" stati" P;C:s P;C:s "on+igured +or the "ell where the tra++i" &olume is low *+ the a&erage num'er o+ the seized P;C:s is large@ it means that the a"tual tra++i" &olume is great *n this "ase@ you must e4pand the "apa"ity +or the hardware e2uipments 16%6%01(
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
b:
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Netw etwork -on -ongest estion ion ratio atio
-he network "ongestion ratio originally means that the ratio o+ the MSs who "annot a""ess the network due to network "ongestion *n the GPRS system@ the a""ess +low used +or the MS is di++erent di++erent +rom that in the GSM system@ system@ so the meaning meanings s o+ this inde4 are di++erent *n the GPRS system@ the network "ongestion ratio re+ers to the rise o+ the -!F setup +ailures resulted +rom the de"rease o+ the pa"ket immediate assignment assignment su""ess ratio due to multiple +a"tors@ su"h as data "on+iguration@ "on+iguration@ network "apa"ity@ "hannel 2uality@ "ir"uit ser&i"e 'usyness@ pa"ket ser&i"e 'usyness@ and so on -he GPRS "ongestion ratio is re"orded on the uplink and downlink as +ollows
7plink -!F "ongestion rate times o+ uplink -!F setup +ailure6times o+ uplink -!F setup re2uest 8times uplink -!F setup re2uest Q times o+ uplink -!F setup su""ess96times o+ uplink -!F setup re2uest
;ownlink ;ownlink -!F "ongestio "ongestion n rate times times o+ downlin downlink k -!F setup +ailure6time +ailure6times s o+ downlink -!F setup re2uest 8times o+ downlink -!F setup re2uest Q times o+ downlink -!F setup su""ess96times o+ downlink -!F setup re2uest
For more in+ormation on the GPRS "ongestion rate@ see -a'le 1% 1% Table 1.% ;e+inition o+ GPRS "ongestion rate *nde4
;e+inition
-imes imes o+ uplin uplink k -!F
-he times +or the PC7 to re"ei&e the 7plink -!F Setup
setup re2uest
Re2uest message
-imes imes o+ uplin uplink k -!F setup su""ess -imes imes
o+
downlin nlink k
-he times +or the PC7 to su""ess+ully re"ei&e the uplink data data 'lo" 'lo"ks ks +rom +rom the the MS a+te a+terr send sendin ing g the the 7pli 7plink nk /ssignment /ssignment message -he times +or the PC7 to send the ;ownlink /ssignment
-!F setup re2uest
message
-imes imes
-he times +or the PC7 to send the ;ownlink ;ownlink /ssignm /ssignment ent
o+
downlin nlink k
-!F setup su""ess
/"k message to to the MS
/""ording to the GPRS +low@ +low@ assignment messages messages are retransmitted many times@ so an assignment +ailure has little e++e"t on the MS /s a result@ it is still a""epta'le that the "ongest "ongestion ion ratio "an 'e a little little high higher er *n the the GPRS GPRS netwo network@ rk@ high high uplin uplink k "ongestion ratio is pro'a'ly resulted +rom the s"ar"ity o+ the network resour"e or poor 2uali 2uality ty o+ the radio radio links links *+ the the downli downlink nk "onges "ongestio tion n ratio ratio is high@ high@ it is pro' pro'a' a'ly ly 'e"ause o+ the poor 2uality o+ the radio links
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
-:
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
Call drop rate
*n the GPRS system@ "all drop rate re+ers to the -!F a'normal releases during data transmission *t is also re"orded on the uplinks and downlinks as + ollows
7plink -!F "all drop rate times o+ uplink -!F a'normal release6 release6 times o+ uplink -!F setup su""ess 8times o+ uplink -!F setup su""ess Q times o+ uplink -!F normal release96times o+ uplink -!F setup su""ess
;ownlink -!F "all drop rate times o+ downlink -!F a'normal release6timed o+ downlink -!F setup su""ess 8times o+ downlink -!F setup su""ess Q times o+ downlink -!F normal release96times o+ downlink -!F setup su""ess
For more in+ormation on the GPRS "all drop rate@ see -a'le 1) 1) Table 1.& ;e+inition o+ GPRS "all drop rate *nde4
;e+inition
-imes o+ uplink -!F normal release
-he times +or the PC7 to re"ei&e the Pa"ket Control /"k
message
indi"ating
stopping
the
-!F
transmission +rom the MS -he times +or the PC7 to su""ess+ully su""ess+ully re"ei&e re"ei&e the
-imes imes o+ uplin uplink k -!F setup setup su""ess
upli uplink nk data data 'lo" 'lo"ks ks o+ the the MS a+te a+terr send sendin ing g the the down downli link nk
a"kn a"know owle ledg dged ed
or
"ont "ontro roll
mess messag age e
indi"ati indi"ating ng stopping stopping the -!F transmis transmission sion +rom the MS
-imes
o+
downlink
-!F
normal release
-he times +or the PC7 to re"ei&e the ;ownlink
-imes o+ downlink -!F setup
-he -he tim times +or +or the the PC7 PC7 to sen send the the ;own ;ownli link nk
su""ess
/ssignment /ssignment /"k message message to the the MS
For "urrent GPRS networks@ the -!F transmission time is short 8% to ) se"onds in a&erage9@ a&erage9@ so the "all drop rate is higher than that in the GSM network@ 'ut it has little e++e"t on the ser&i"e Similar to the "ongestion rate@ high "all drop rate is pro'a'ly resulted +rom the poor 2uality o+ the radio links *n addition@ +re2uent "ell resele"tion will result in more -!F a'normal releases +: 7aint 7aintena enann-e e inde> inde>es es -hese inde4es in"lude the inde4es related -!F setup and release per+orman"e@ per+orman"e@ R5C data transmiss transmission ion per+orm per+orman"e an"e@@ 55C data transmiss transmission ion per+orm per+orman"e an"e@@ and radio radio "hannel per+orman"e
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
a:
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
T," T," set set#p #p and and rel rele ease ase per perfo form rman an-e -e
-he -!F setup and release per+orman"e is "losely related to the radio 2uality@ tra++i" &olume@ and the MS 'eha&iors -he inde4es inde4es related to the -!F setup and release release per+orm per+orman"e an"e are listed in the +ollowing
7plink -!F a'normal releases "aused 'y N)101 o&er+low
7plink -!F a'normal releases "aused 'y N)10) o&er+low
;ownlink -!F a'normal releases "ause 'y N)10. o&er+low
7plink or downlink -!F a'normal releases "aused 'y S7SP$N;
7plink or downlink -!F a'normal releases "aused 'y F57S:
7plink or downlink -!F a'normal releases due no a&aila'le radio resour"e
b:
!!C !!C dat data a tra trans nsm missi ission on perf perfor orma man n-e
-he inde4es related to the 55C data transmission per+orman"e in"lude the uplink or downlink throughput rate at the 55C layer and the times +or the 55CAP;7 to 'e dis"arded -:
Radio adio -hann annel perf erform rman an-e
-he inde4es related to the radio "hannel per+orman"e "he"ks the utilization o+ the P;C: and its logi"al "hannels and the "ell resele"tion o+ the MS@ in"luding a"tual a&erage P;C: utilization rate@ uplink P;-C:6/CC: utilization rate@ and the times o+ Pingpong "ell resele"tion '0: Re+eren"e inde4es -he re+eren"e re+eren"e inde4 in"lude in"lude the tra++i" tra++i" statisti"s statisti"s at the 55C layer layer@ -!F data +low measurement@ P;C: seizure measurement@ and MS 'eha&ior measurement -hese inde4es "he"k the tra++i" properties o+ the 55C layer@ R5C6M/C layer@ physi"al layer@ and the MS respe"ti&ely
//. Test inde>es -his se"tion details the test inde4es '1: GPRS GPRS atta atta-h -h test test -he +ollowing details the inde4es related to the GPRS atta"h test@ and they are tested a""ording to the multiple login o+ the GPRS network
GRPS atta"h su""ess rate
GPRS atta"h atta"h su""ess su""ess rate times o+ GPRS su""ess su""ess atta"h6time atta"h6times s o+ GPRS atta"h atta"h attempt 100 -he GPRS atta"h su""ess means that the MS re"ei&es the GPRS atta"h a""ept message within 1. se"onds a+ter sending the /tta"h Re2uest message
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
/&erage /&erage atta"h time
/&erage /&erage atta"h time the sum o+ ea"h GPRS atta"h su""ess time6times o+ GPRS atta"h su""ess. /+ter sending the +irst /tta"h Re2uest message@ the MS will re"ei&e the GPRS atta"h message@ and the delay 'etween the two messages is de+ined as the GPRS atta"h su""ess time '%: B/P test -he B/P test in"ludes the B/P we'site login test and page update test ;uring B/P we'site login test@ the 'u++ers must 'e "leared +rom the MS ;uring the page update test@ test@ multip multiple le pages pages must 'e &isite &isited d -he -he inde4e inde4es s relate related d to the the B/P B/P test test are are introdu"ed as +ollows
P;P a"ti&ation su""ess rate
P;P a"ti&ation su""ess rate times o+ P;P a"ti&ation su""ess6total times o+ P;P a"ti&ation attempt 100 . -he P;P a"ti&ation su""ess means that the MS re"ei&es the /"ti&ate /"ti&ate P;P Conte4t /""ept /""ept message message within 1. se"onds se"onds a+ter sending sending the /"ti&ate P;P Conte4t Conte4t Re2uest Re2uest message
/&erage /&erage P;P a"ti&ation a"ti&ation time
/&erage /&erage P;P a"ti&ation time the sum o+ ea"h P;P a&ti&aton su""ess time6times o+ P;P a"ti&atio a"ti&ation n su""ess su""ess /+ter sending the +irst /"ti&ate P;P Conte4t Re2uest message@ the MS will re"ei&e the /"ti&ate P;P Conte4t /""ept message@ and the delay 'etween the two messages is de+ined as the P;P a"ti&ation su""ess time
B/P we'site login su""ess rate
B/P we'site login su""ess rate times o+ su""ess login6times o+ login attempt -he B/P we'site login su""ess rate means that the we' page displays "ompletely within ,0 se"onds a+ter the MS applies to &isit the B/P we'site *+ the MS +ails to log in to the system@ you must re"ord the login +ailure messages o+ the MS and di&ide them into "ertain types
/&erage /&erage B/P +irst page display display time
/&erage /&erage B/P +irst page display time the sum o+ ea"h B/P +irst page display time6times o+ B/P +irst page display su""ess /+ter the MS re2uest to &isit the B/P we'site@ it takes a time +or the +irst page o+ the we'site to "ompletely display@ display@ and this time is de+ined as the a&erage B/P +irst page display time
B/P page update su""ess rate
B/P page update su""ess rate times o+ B/P upate su""ess6times su""ess6times o+ B/P update update attempt -he su""ess+ully updated B/P pages re+er to the pages to 'e 'rowsed are "ompletely and "orre"tly displays in ,0 se"onds '&: Ping test
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
/""ording to the ping test@ the tailored length o+ the data pa"ket is used to ping the sites sites in the the GG GGSN SN lo"al lo"al area area netwo network rk -he inde4e inde4es s relate related d to the ping test test are are introdu"ed as +ollows
Ping su""ess rate
Ping su""ess rate times o+ ping su""ess6times o+ ping attempts 100
Ping a&erage delay
Ping a&erage delay the sum o+ ea"h ping su""ess6times o+ ping su""ess ': PT" appliappli-atio ation n la;er la;er download download rate rate test test /""ording to this test@ the +iles with the tailored length are downloaded downloaded +rom the designated ser&er -he main test inde4es are introdu"ed as +ollows
P-F appli"ation layer download rate test
P-F appli"ati appli"ation on layer layer downloa download d rate a"tual a"tual downloa downloaded ded 2uantity 2uantity 8'yte96a"tual 8'yte96a"tual downloaded time 8s9
/&erage /&erage throughout throughout o+ F-P download download R5C R5C layer
-his inde4 is re"orded 'y dedi"ated test so+tware '': R/7 8Routing /rea 7pdate9 test
/&erage /&erage R/7 inter&al
/&erage /&erage R/7 inter&al time time total test time time 8s96total R/7 times times
/&erage /&erage R/7 distan"e
/&erage /&erage R/7 distan"e total test distan"e distan"e 8km96totoal 8km96totoal R/7 times '(: Cell resele"tion test
/&erage /&erage inter&al +or "ell resele"tion resele"tion
/&erage /&erage inter&al +or "ell resele"tion resele"tion total test time time 8s96total times times o+ "ell resele"tion resele"tion
/&erage /&erage distan"e +or "ell "ell resele"tion resele"tion
/&erage /&erage distan"e +or "ell resele"tion resele"tion total test distan"e 8m96total times o+ "ell resele"tion '): '): Co9e Co9era rage ge test test -his inde4 is measured 'y "o&erage ratio per kilometer@ whi"h is e2ual to the ratio o+ the total test distan"e 8m9 to the times +or the MS not within the GPRS "o&erage "o&erage No GPRS "o&erage o""urs in the +ollowing situations
;uring the "o&erage test@ the MS transits +rom R$/;T state or S-/N;!T state to *;5$ state
-he MS stays in R$/;T S-/-$ or S-/N;!T state@ 'ut its le&el stays lower than A(#d!m in . se"onds or more
-he MS re"ei&es the outAo+Aser&i"e message
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
'*: Call drop test *t is measured a""ording to the "all drop rate per kilometer 8kilometer6time9@ whi"h is e2ual to the rate o+ the total test distan"e6total times o+ download "all drop -he "all drop is de+ined as +ollows
-he PPP "onne"tion 'etween the "omputer and the MS is interrupted -hat is@ the "omputer prompts that the dialing "onne"tion is interrupted
-he PPP "onne"tion is normal@ 'ut the data "annot 'e transmitted +or ) minutes or more when the signals in the network are normal
10.&.& Network Optimization Optimization Problem Problem 3nal;sis /. 3tta-h problems '+: '+: 3tta 3tta-h -h fai fail# l#re re -he su's"ri'er atta"h +ailure is di&ided into indi&idual +ailure@ area +ailure@ and total +ailure *+ any +ailure o""urs@ +irst you should analyze the MS *+ it is the area +ailure@ you should analyze the "ell and PC7 *+ it is the total +ailure@ you should analyze the "ore network -he indi&idual +ailure is "aused 'y the +ollowing +a"tors
-he properties o+ the /PN or the MOS$N o+ the MS are wrongly set
-he MS "annot atta"h the network in time due to +re2uent "ell resele"tion
-he MS does not su's"ri'e to the GPRS ser&i"e
-he &isit "lass "ontrol restri"ts the MS to a""ess the network
-he area +ailure is "aused 'y the +ollowing +a"tors
-he GPRS +un"tion is not ena'led in the "ell
-he -he GPRS GPRS resou resour"e r"e "annot "annot 'e allo"a allo"ate ted d to the MS due due to &oi"e &oi"e "hann "hannel el "ongestion and no stati" P;C: a&aila'le
-he PC7 uplink and downlink +low is a'normal as a result o+ the PC7 hardware and so+tware +ailures
-he MS "annot atta"h the network due to poor network "o&erage
-he total +ailure is "aused 'y the +ollowing +a"tors
-he data is not or wrongly transmitted at the signaling network
-he signaling inter+a"e plane +ails
-he addressing +ormat o+ the SGSN e2uipment and that o+ the :5R e2uipment is in"ompati'le with ea"h other
-he network inter+a"es or links are a'normal
-he su's"ri'er data in the :5R is a'normal
(0: (0: Slow Slow att attaa-h h
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he MS may atta"h the network at a low speed due to the +ollowing +a"tors
-he relati&e "on+iguration o+ the GSN and the No signaling network is in"orre"t
-he poor per+orman"e o+ the SGSN slows down the pro"essing speed
-he signaling load o+ the network is too high
(1: Cross$SG Cross$SGSN SN ro#ting ro#ting area area #pdate #pdate fail#re fail#re -he "rossASGSN routing area update +ailure is "aused 'y the +ollowing +a"tors
-he data +or the ad3a"ent SGSNs are wrongly "on+igured
-he R/* in the ;NS is in"orre"tly translated in the SGSN
-he Gn inter+a"e or Gr inter+a"e +ails
//. 3--ess problems (%: !ow random random a--es a--ess s s#--es s#--ess s rate rate -he random random a""ess a""ess o""urs o""urs when the su's"ri' su's"ri'er er sends sends a "hannel "hannel re2uest re2uest on the R/C: R/C: 'ut 'ut the netwo network rk "anno "annott de"od de"ode e the the re2ues re2uestt due due to radi radio o inter inter+er +eren" en"e e or e2uipme e2uipment nt +ailure +ailure -o sol&e this pro'lem@ pro'lem@ you must +ully "onsider "onsider the inter+er inter+eren"e en"e 'and and "hannel seizure General Generally ly@@ i+ 'oth the random random a""ess a""ess rate and the immediat immediate e assignm assignment ent su""ess su""ess rate are 2uite low@ the reasons are pro'a'ly that the "hannels are una&aila'le and the system is unsta'le (&: 6igh T," set#p set#p fail# fail#re re rate rate Currently@ the main reasons +or the high -!F setup +ailure rate are that the MS and the network e2uipments are in"ompati'le in"ompati'le with ea"h other and the related parameters parameters are not properly set -he other reasons are listed in the +ollowing
-he e++e"t +rom the radio en&ironment and system resour"e
-he MS does not support the assigned +re2uen"y
-he MS "annot seize a radio "hannel
-he parameters P/N=;$C@ P/N=*NC@ and P/N=M/D are not properly set
-he timers@ su"h as -)1, and -)1(% are not properly set
///. Paging problems Paging Paging pro'lems pro'lems are "losely "losely related related to low paging su""ess su""ess rate *+ the PC7 "annot "annot re"ei&e re"ei&e the a""ess re2uest re2uest +ed 'a"k 'y the MS a+ter the system system sends the pa"ket pa"ket paging message@ paging pro'lems will o""ur -he reasons +or the low pa"ket paging su""ess rate are listed in the +ollowing
-here are dead zones in the "o&erage area
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
-he parameters related to the paging "hannels and the routing areas@ in"luding CCC: num'er@ !S=/G=!5S=R$S@ and !S=P/=MFRMS@ are not properly set@ whi"h "ause PC: "ongestion and /GC: "ongestion
-here is no response to the deli&ered paging messages due to +re2uent lo"ation update and "ell resele"tion
-he inter+eren"e present in the radio en&ironment pre&ents the MS +rom "orre"tly de"oding the in+ormation
-he unreasona'le paging strategies "auses paging o&erload
-he -he pagi paging ng pro"e pro"ess ss "anno "annott 'e "omple "ompleted ted due to hea&y hea&y load on the the tra++i tra++i" " "hannel 8Generally@ in the GPRS system@ the +irst 55C P;7 re"ei&ed 'y the SGSN marks the su""ess page9
/. /. P4P a-ti9ation problems (: !ow P4P a-ti9 a-ti9atio ation n s#--es s#--ess s rate rate -he P;P a"ti&ation su""ess rate is low when there is no response to the MS or the MS is re3e"ted during the P;P a"ti&ation a+ter the MS atta"hes the GPRS network -he possi'le reasons are listed in the +ollowing
-he /PN o+ the MS is wrongly set
-he MS mismat"hes the
-he *P address o+ the MS is wrongly set
-he su's"ri'er operation is wrong
-he PC7 +ails
-he ;NS resolution is a'normal
-he G-P 'etween the SGSN and the GGSN is a'normal
-he +irewall is in a'normal work
-he pro'lems are present in the P;N
-he router +ails
(': !ow P4P P4P a-ti9 a-ti9at ation ion spe speed ed -he possi'le reasons +or low P;P a"ti&ation speed are as +ollows
-he /PN o+ the SGSN is wrongly "on+igured
-he lo"al ;NS or roaming ;NS +ailure "auses low /PN resolution speed
-he improper "on+iguration "on+iguration o+ the ;:CP or R/;*7S ser&er "auses the GGSN to pro"ess the data and signaling at a low speed
. 3bnormal P4P dea-ti9ation -he a'norm a'normal al P;P dea"ti&ation dea"ti&ation indi"ates indi"ates that the P;P "onte4t "onte4t is dea"ti&a dea"ti&ated ted a'normally *+ the P;P "onte4t is dea"ti&ated a'normally@ the "onne"tion 'etween the su's"ri'ers and the e4ternal data network will 'e interrupted *n this "ase@ the P;P
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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization Chapt hapte er 10 GPRS Radio adio Netw etwork ork Plann lannin ing g and and Optim ptimiz izat atio ion n
For For inte intern rnal al use use only only
"onte4t must 'e rea"ti&ated i+ the su's"ri'er intends to a""ess the network -he possi'le reasons +or the a'normal P;P dea"ti&ation are listed in the +ollowing
-he poor radio 2uality "auses the MS to +ail to make a response to the network
*mproper network operation "auses a'normal P;P dea"ti&ation
-he MS "annot respond to the networkAa"ti&ated P;P "onte4t due to inade2uate pro"essing "apa'ility
-he MS +ails to get the authenti"ation +rom the :5R during lo"ation update
/. 4ata transmission problems ((: !ow GPRS data data transm transmissi ission on rate rate -he possi'le possi'le reasons reasons +or the low GPRS data transmiss transmission ion rate are listed listed in the +ollowing
Fre2uent "ell resele"tion is "aused 'y improper setting o+ the parameters and addressing layout
-he C6* +ails to meet the re2uirement to retransmit the R5C
-he C6* "annot ensure the adoption o+ higher "hannel "oding s"heme
-he system 'ottlene"k is "aused 'y the improper setting o+ the "hannels at the 7m inter+a"e and the parameters at the G' inter+a"e
(): 3bnorma 3bnormall T," T," dis-onne dis-onne-tio -tion n *+ the -!F is a'normally released a+ter 'eing released@ released@ the "orresponding "orresponding data needs to 'e retransmitted 'ut the P;P "onte4t needs not to 'e reAsetup@ and this is de+ined as the a'nor a'norma mall -!F -!F dis"on dis"onne" ne"tio tion n -he -he possi possi'le 'le reaso reasons ns +or a'no a'norm rmal al -!F -!F dis"onne"tion are listed in the +ollowing
-he dynami" pa"ket resour"e is seized 'y +or"e due to high tra++i" load
-he "ell resele"tion happens +re2uently
-he radio en&ironment is poor
-he MS +ails
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