Changes in the prevalence of vaping and smoking among youth in Canada, England and the United States.

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HNELDXG[B@? Ab Mny 8:>6, Enbn`n n`gptk` mgrk pkrmassavk vnpabd rkduintagbs. N bkw dkbkrntagb gc

baegtabk snit-hnsk` k-eadnrkttks, suef ns O[[I, wfaef `kiavkr fadfkr egbekbtrntagbs gc baegtabk nisg kmkrdk` ab 8:>6. Pfkrk as iattik ergss-egubtry kva`kbek kxnmababd tfk ampnet gc àcckrkbt rkduintgry crnmkwgrls nb` mnrlkt efnbdks gb vnpabd nmgbd ygutf, pnrtaeuinriy ab tfk egbtkxt gc smglabd rntks. MKPFG@U? Xkpknt ergss-sketagbni survkys wkrk egbùetk` gbiabk watf bntagbni snmpiks gc >3- tg >1-yknr-gi`s

ab 8:>4 nb` 8:>6, rkeruatk` crgm egmmkreani pnbkis ab Enbn`n (b=4,61>), Kbdinb` (b=4,654), nb` tfk [U (b=6,>0:). Pfk prkvnikbek gc vnpabd nb` smglabd wns nsskssk` cgr ‖kvkr usk‑, pnst 5: -`nys, pnst wkkl, nb` >;+ `nys pkr mgbtf. Igdastae rkdrkssagb mg`kis kxnmabk` efnbdks ab vnpabd nb` smglabd hktwkkb egubtraks nb` gvkr tamk. CAB@ABDU? Pfk prkvnikbek gc vnpabd ab tfk pnst 5: `nys, vnpabd ab tfk pnst wkkl, nb` vnpabd >;+ `nys pkr

mgbtf aberknsk` ab Enbn`n nb` tfk [U hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6 (p9.:::> cgr nii), abeiuàbd nmgbd bgb-smglkrs nb` kxpkramkbtni smglkrs, watf bg efnbdks ab Kbdinb`. Umglabd prkvnikbek aberknsk` ab Enbn`n (p9.::> cgr nii), watf mg`kst aberknsks ab Kbdinb`, nb` bg efnbdks ab tfk [U. Pfk pkrekbtndk gc ‖kvkr vnpkrs‑ wfg rkpgrtk` mgrk crkqukbt vnpabd aberknsk` ab Enbn`n nb` tfk [U, rkintavk tg Kbdinb` (Z9.:> cgr nii). ABPKXZXKPNPAGB? Pfk prkvnikbek gc vnpabd aberknsk` nmgbd Enbnànb nb` [U ygutf, nigbd watf

suhstnbtani aberknsks ab smglabd nmgbd Enbnànb ygutf, watf ckw efnbdks ab Kbdinb`. Pfk ampnet gc rkduintgry efnbdks nb` kmkrdkbek gc baegtabk snit-hnsk` k-eadnrkttks gb vnpabd nb` smglabd wnrrnbts skragus egbsa`krntagb. Nhstrnet wgr` egubt? 8;:


ABPXG@[EPAGB Snpabd rkprkskbts n ikss fnrmcui mg`k gc baegtabk `kiavkry tfnb abfniabd smglk crgm egmhustahik eadnrkttks. > Kstnhiasfk` smglkrs wfg swatef tg vnpabd fnvk tfk pgtkbtani tg rkùek tfkar fknitf rasls< fgwkvkr, tfkrk nrk wa`ksprkn` egbekrbs tfnt vnpabd mny ub`krmabk tfk rkùetagbs ab ygutf smglabd ghskrvk` ab mgst Tkstkrb mnrlkts. mnrlkts.>

Xkduintgry crnmkwgrls cgr vnpabd prgùets egbtabuk tg kvgivk ns egubtraks skkl n hninbek hktwkkb àsegurndabd vnpabd nmgbd bgb-smglkrs watfgut àsegurndabd eurrkbt smglkrs crgm swatefabd tg vnpabd. 8 Ab Mny 8:>6, Enbn`n ampikmkbtk` mgrk pkrmassavk vnpabd pgiaeaks ns pnrt gc tfk Pghneeg nb` Snpabd Zrgùets Net .5 Zrkvagusiy, baegtabk-egbtnababd baegtabk-egbtnababd k-eadnrkttks egui` bgt hk sgi` ab Enbn`n watfgut prk-mnrlkt npprgvni cgr snik gr mnrlktabd. Nitfgudf bg prgùets fn` hkkb npprgvk` cgr ikdni snik, k -eadnrkttks wkrk wa`kiy nvnainhik ab vnpk sfgps nb` gbiabk, ab n`àtagb tg bgb-baegtabk k-eadnrkttks crgm trnàtagbni rktnai gutikts. 0 Ab Mny 8:>6, baegtabkegbtnababd k-eadnrkttks hkenmk ikdniiy nvnainhik cgr snik, watf nb ammkàntk aberknsk ab tfkar nvnainhaiaty ab egbvkbtagbni rktnai gutikts, ns wkii ns tfk abtrgùetagb gc mnogr abtkrbntagbni hrnb`s, suef ns O[[I nb` Sypk. Pfk bkw Net nisg pkrmats drkntkr n`vkrtasabd nb` prgmgtagb gc vnpabd prgùets, abeiuàbd mnss mkàn n`vkrtaskmkbts nb` pgabt-gc-snik àspinys, ubikss prgfahatk` prgfahatk` nt tfk prgvabeani ikvki. Gvkrnii, tfk vnpabd mnrlkt ab Enbn`n kxpkrakbek` rnpa` efnbdk, hrabdabd at eigskr tg mgrk pkrmassavk rkduintgry skttabds ab egubtraks suef ns Kbdinb` nb` tfk [U, watf wa`ksprkn` rktnai nvnainhaiaty gc vnpabd prgùets. Hgtf egubtraks pkrmat mnrlktabd gc vnpabd prgùets, nitfgudf tg n muef iksskr kxtkbt ab tfk Kbdinb` egmpnrk` tg tfk [U, wfaik k-eadnrkttks fnvk nisg hkkb abtkdrntk` ab smglabd ekssntagb skrvaeks ab Kbdinb`. ; Pfkrk as rkintavkiy iattik kva`kbek gc tfk ampnet gc àcckrkbt rkduintgry npprgnefks gb tfk prkvnikbek gc vnpabd. Nmgbd nùits, prkiamabnry kva`kbek suddksts tfnt mgrk rkstraetavk mknsurks mny hk nssgeantk` watf igwkr prkvnikbek gc vnpabd, nitfgudf nitfgudf tfkrk nrk bgtnhik kxekptagbs, kxekptagbs, pgssahiy ùk tg igw igw egmpianbek watf rkduintagbs rkduintagbs ab 3,4 mnby ‖rkstraetavk‑ mnrlkts. Gbk stu`y gc ma`ìk nb` fadf sefggi stu`kbts kxnmabk` àcckrkbeks hktwkkb tfk Xkpuhiae gc Lgrkn nb` tfk [batk` Utntks, cabàbd igwkr rntks gc hgtf vnpabd nb` smglabd ab Lgrkn, wfkrk vnpabd rkduintagbs nrk strgbdkr. 6 Pg `ntk, fgwkvkr, tfkrk as nimgst bg kva`kbek egmpnrabd ygutf vnpabd nergss egubtraks watf àcckrkbt rkduintgry crnmkwgrls.


Pfkrk as nb urdkbt bkk` tg kxnmabk wfktfkr ygutf vnpabd mny hk sfactabd ab rkspgbsk tg efnbdks ab tfk `ksadb gc vnpabd prgùets nb` tfk kmkrdkbek gc baegtabk snit-hnsk` tkefbgigdy. Gvkr tfk pnst yknr, O[[I fns kmkrdk` ns tfk `gmabnbt vnpabd hrnb` ab tfk [U mnrlkt. >6 O[[I usks hkbzgae nea` nb` baegtabk snit tkefbgigdy tg `kiavkr vkry fadf egbekbtrntagbs gc baegtabk. >1 Nitfgudf O[[I eurrkbtiy neegubts cgr tfk mnograty gc tfk vnpabd mnrlkt ab tfk [U, gtfkr iknàbd hrnb`s fnvk nisg abegrpgrntk` baegtabk snit-hnsk` tkefbgigdy. Kmkrdabd rksknref suddksts tfnt tfksk vnpabd prgùets mny hk nssgeantk` watf drkntkr crkqukbey nb` abtkbsaty gc vnpabd, nb` nrk >1,8:,8> pnrtaeuinriy pgpuinr nmgbd nmgbd ygubd pkgpik. pkgpik .>1,8:,8> Pfk eurrkbt stu`y egmpnrk` efnbdks hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6 ab tfk prkvnikbek gc vnpabd nb` eadnrkttk smglabd nmgbd >3 - >1 yknr-gi`s ab Enbn`n, Kbdinb`, nb` tfk [U. Pfas ndk drgup enpturks n suhstnbtani prgpgrtagb gc hgtf vnpabd nb` smglabd smglabd abatantagb abatantagb ab nii tfrkk egubtraks .;,1 Ab pnrtaeuinr, tfk stu`y kxnmabk` wfktfkr tfk rkduintgry efnbdks ampikmkbtk` ab Enbn`n ab 8:>6 wkrk nssgeantk` watf efnbdks ab smglabd gr vnpabd. Nitfgudf bg mnogr rkduintgry efnbdks wkrk ampikmkbtk` ab Kbdinb` gr tfk [U gvkr tfk snmk pkrag`, tfk inrdkst aberknsks ab sniks gc O[[I geeurrk` hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6. O[[I hkenmk nvnainhik cgr snik ab tfk Kbdinb` mnrlkt ab Ouiy 8:>6, nb` Ukptkmhkr 8:>6 ab Enbn`n, nitfgudf tfk uptnlk gc O[[I nmgbd ygutf fns hkkb igwkr ab Kbdinb` tfnb Enbn`n. Enbn`n .8> @uk tg tfk egmhabntagb gc rkduintgry efnbdks nb` O[[I abtrgùetagb ab Enbn`n, wk fypgtfksazk` tfnt tfk drkntkst aberknsks ab vnpabd wgui` geeur ab Enbn`n, cgiigwk` hy tfk [U watf tfk fadfkst pkbktrntagb gc O[[I, O[[I, watf tfk iknst efnbdk ab Kbdinb`. Kbdinb`. MKPFG@U @ntn sgurek @ntn nrk crgm Tnvk > nb` Tnvk 8 gc tfk Abtkrbntagbni Pghneeg Egbtrgi Zgiaey Kvniuntagb Zrgoket (APE) Qgutf Pghneeg nb` Snpabd Uurvky, egbùetk` ab Enbn`n, Kbdinb`, nb` tfk [batk` Utntks. Gbiabk survkys wkrk egbùetk` ab Ouiy/Nudust 8:>4 (Tnvk >) nb` Nudust/Ukptkmhkr 8:>6 (Tnvk 8). Xkspgb`kbts ndk` >3 tg >1 wkrk rkeruatk` tfrgudf Bakiskb Egbsumkr Absadfts Dighni Znbki nb` tfkar pnrtbkrs‑ pnbkis, katfkr àrketiy gr tfrgudf tfkar pnrkbts. N cuii `kseraptagb gc tfk stu`y mktfg`s enb hk cgub` ab tfk Pkefbaeni Xkpgrt. 88 Mknsurks Xkspgb`kbts wkrk nslk` ac tfky fn` ’kvkr trak`” nb k-eadnrkttk/vnpk`, tfk bumhkr gc `nys tfky fn` usk` nb keadnrkttk/vnpk` ab tfkar iacktamk, nb` tfk inst tamk tfky usk` nb k-eadnrkttk/vnpk (nbniyzk` ns pnst 5: `nys nb` pnst wkkl). Znrniiki Znrniiki qukstagbs wkrk nslk` cgr ‖eadnrkttk smglabd‑, nb` wkrk usk` tg `kravk ‖kvkr‑, pnst 5: -`ny, pnst wkkl uskrs. Ab n`àtagb, n`àtagb, rkspgb`kbts wkrk einssacak` einssacak` ns bkvkr smglkrs, kxpkramkbtni smglkrs (smglk` 9>::


Pnhik > sfgw prkskbts tfk snmpik efnrnetkrastaes gc rkspgb`kbts ab knef egubtry. Bg àcckrkbeks wkrk ghskrvk` watfab egubtraks hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6, watf tfk kxekptagb tfnt, ab Enbn`n, ckwkr rkspgb`kbts a`kbtacak` ns ‖wfatk gbiy‑ (NGX=:.35, ( NGX=:.35, :.;3-:.48< p9:.:::>), nb` pnst >8-mgbtf enbbnhas usk aberknsk` (NGX=>.55, >.>;>.;0< p9:.:::>). Zrkvnikbek gc vnpabd nb` smglabd Pnhik 8 prkskbts efnbdks ab tfk prkvnikbek gc vnpabd nb` smglabd nergss tfk tfrkk egubtraks. Zrkvnikbek gc nii vnpabd nb` smglabd gutegmks aberknsk` hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6 ab Enbn`n. Bg efnbdks wkrk ghskrvk` cgr vnpabd ab Kbdinb`, watf mg`kst aberknsks ab smglabd ab tfk pnst wkkl nb` >;+ `nys pkr mgbtf. Ab tfk [U, tfk prkvnikbek gc vnpabd aberknsk`, aberknsk`, watf bg efnbdks ab smglabd smglabd hkfnvagr. Cgr ‖kvkr ‑, pnst 5: `ny nb` pnst wkkl smglabd nb` vnpabd, efnbdks hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6 wkrk sadbacaenbtiy drkntkr ab Enbn`n egmpnrk` tg tfk gtfkr egubtraks (p9.:> cgr nii). Efnbdks ab vnpabd prkvnikbek hy smglabd stntus Pnhik 5 sfgws efnbdks ab vnpabd hy smglabd stntus. Ab Enbn`n, vnpabd aberknsk` crgm 8:>4 tg 8:>6 nmgbd bkvkr smglkrs nb` kxpkramkbtni smglkrs. Ab tfk [U, vnpabd aberknsk` nmgbd bkvkr smglkrs nb` kxpkramkbtni smglkrs, watf tfk kxekptagb gc ‖kvkr vnpabd‑. Bg efnbdks hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6 wkrk ghskrvk` hy smglabd stntus ab Kbdinb`, gr nmgbd eurrkbt smglkrs ab nby egubtry. Xntag gc kvkr tg mgrk crkqukbt usk Pnhik 0 sfgws tfk pkrekbtndk gc ‖kvkr‑ vnpkrs wfg rkpgrtk` rkpgrt k` mgrk rkekbt vnpabd. Ab Enbn`n nb` tfk [U, tfk pkrekbtndk gc kvkr vnpkrs wfg rkpgrtk` rkpgrtk` vnpabd ab tfk pnst 5: `nys, tfk pnst wkkl, nb` vnpabd >;+ >;+ `nys ab tfk pnst mgbtf aberknsk` ab 8:>6 8:>6 egmpnrk` tg 8:>4. Bg efnbdks efnbdks wkrk ghskrvk` ab Kbdinb`. Ab 8:>6, 8:>6, ‖kvkr‑ smglkrs ab Enbn`n wkrk nisg mgrk ialkiy tg rkpgrt smglabd ab tfk pnst 5: `nys, wkkl, nb` >;+ `nys ab tfk pnst mgbtf egmpnrk` tg 8:>4, 8:>4 , ‖kvkr‑ smglkrs ab Kbdinb` wkrk mgrk ialkiy tg rkpgrt >;+ `nys ab tfk pnst mgbtf egmpnrk` tg 8:>4, watf bg efnbdks ab tfk [U.

Egmpnrabd àcckrkbeks hktwkkb egubtraks ab 8:>6, kvkr vnpkrs ab tfk [U wkrk mgst ialkiy, nb` kvkr vnpkrs ab tfk [L iknst ialkiy, tg rkpgrt vnpabd ab tfk pnst 5: `nys, wkkl nb` >; gr mgrk `nys ab tfk pnst mgbtf (p9.:> cgr nii) kxekpt tfk [U wns bgt sadbacaenbtiy àcckrkbt crgm Enbn`n (p=:.:>53) cgr vnpabd ab tfk pnst wkkl. Cgr kxnmpik, npprgxamntkiy >;.0% gc nii kvkr vnpkrs ab tfk [U nisg rkpgrtk` vnpabd mgrk tfnb >; `nys ab tfk pnst mgbtf,


usk, watf wkkliy vnpabd nimgst kbtarkiy egbekbtrntk` nmgbd ygutf smglkrs .;,>>,>8 Tfaik vnpabd >; `nys gr mgrk ab tfk pnst mgbtf rkmnabs igw nmgbd bkvkr smglkrs, tfkrk wns nb gvkrnii aberknsk ab rkduinr vnpabd rkdnrìkss gc smglabd stntus ab Enbn`n nb` tfk [U. Pfk aberknsks ab vnpabd geeurrk` ab pnrniiki watf tfk rask gc O[[I nb` gtfkr baegtabk snit pg`-hnsk` prgùets. Pfas bkw dkbkrntagb gc vnpabd prgùets typaeniiy fnvk drkntkr baegtabk `kiavkry nb` mgrk rkduinr pnttkrbs gc usk nmgbd ygubd pkgpik .>1,8:,8> Ab 8:>6, O[[I kmkrdk` ns tfk iknàbd vnpabd hrnb` nmgbd [U ygutf .8> O[[I wns abtrgùek` ab Enbn`n ab Ukptkmhkr 8:>6, ma`wny tfrgudf tfk eurrkbt survky, watf bgtnhik aberknsks ab tfk carst cgur wkkls gc sniks, hy wfaef pgabt at wns nirkn`y tfk skegb` mgst pgpuinr hrnb` nmgbd Enbnànb ygutf .8> O[[I wns usk` hy egbsa`krnhiy ckwkr ygutf ab Kbdinb` nt tfk tamk gc tfk survky .8> Xknsgbs cgr igwkr ikvkis gc usk nmgbd Kbdinb` ygutf nrk ubeiknr< fgwkvkr, O[[I prgùets ab Kbdinb` egbtnab ikss tfnb fnic tfk baegtabk egbekbtrntagb egmpnrk` tg [U nb` Enbnànb `kvaeks, ab egmpianbek watf Kurgpknb iamats gb baegtabk egbtkbt (>.4% ab tfk [L vkrsus ;% ab Enbn`n nb` tfk [U). 80 At sfgui` hk bgtk` tfnt, nitfgudf O[[I as tfk `gmabnbt hrnb` tg usk baegtabk-snit baegtabk-snit tkefbgigdy ab tfas tfas entkdgry, gtfkr vnpabd hrnb`s hrnb`s fnvk n`gptk` samainr baegtabk-snit baegtabk-snit hnsk` tkefbgigdy, abeiuàbd abeiuàbd gtfkr iknàbd hrnb`s hrnb`s tfnt nrk pgpuinr nmgbd [U nb` nb` Enbnànb ygutf .8> Ab rkspgbsk tg drgwabd egbekrb gvkr tfk aberknsabd pgpuinraty gc tfksk hrnb`s nmgbd ygubd pkgpik, tfk [U Cgg` nb` @rud N`mabastrntagb (C@N) fns prgpgsk` rkduintgry efnbdks tg tfk rktnai nvnainhaiaty gc k-eadnrkttks, wfaik mnbucneturkrs fnvk ub`krtnlkb vgiubtnry mknsurks ab rkspgbsk tg egbekrbs nhgut aberknsk` vnpabd nmgbd ygutf.8; Pfk aberknsk ab smglabd nmgbd Enbnànb ygutf rkprkskbts tfk mgst bgtnhik stu`y cabàbd. Pfas aberknsk stnb`s ab egbtrnst tg n trkb` gc `keiababd ygutf smglabd ab Enbn`n gvkr tfk inst skvkrni `ken`ks .>: Davkb tfk mndbatu`k gc tfas cabàbd, at waii hk ampgrtnbt tg rkpiaentk tfk rksuits ab gbk gc Enbn`n‑s bntagbniiy rk prkskbtntavk rk prkskbtntavk hkbefmnrl survkys. At as ubeiknr ubeiknr tg wfnt kxtkbt tfk aberknsks aberknsks ab vnpabd nb` smglabd smglabd nmgbd Enbnànb ygutf nrk enusniiy iablk`, gr tfk kxtkbt tg wfaef tfksk aberknsks nrk tfk rksuit gc tfk 8:>6 Net tfnt pkrmattk` tfk snik nb` mnrlktabd baegtabk-egbtnababd k-eadnrkttks, abeiuàbd abtkrbntagbni hrnb`s suef ns O[[I. At sfgui` nisg hk bgtk` tfnt tfk tamabd gc tfk 8:>6 survky wns sfgrtiy hkcgrk ikdniazntagb gc bgb-mkàeni enbbnhas ab Enbn`n. Enbbnhas rntks nmgbd Enbnànb ygutf fnvk hkkb stnhik cgr tfk pnst `ken`k, 83 nitfgudf `ntn crgm bntagbni survkys suddkst tfnt tfk prkvnikbek gc enbbnhas nmgbd ygubd pkgpik mny fnvk aberknsk` ab tfk mgbtfs pragr tg ikdniazntagb. 84


bntagbni hkbefmnrl survkys ab knef egubtry. Pfk prkvnikbek gc vnpabd nb` smglabd ab tfk stu`y snmpik nrk 88,81,5: watfab > tg 5 pkrekbtndk pgabts gc 8:>4 bntagbni kstamntks ab nii tfrkk egubtraks .88,81,5: Pg `ntk, tfkrk nrk bg 8:>6 kstamntks nvnainhik ab Enbn`n gr Kbdinb` tg egmpnrk watf tfk 8:>6 stu`y kstamntks. Ab tfk [U, tfk BQPU cgub` n 46% aberknsk ab pnst 5:-`ny vnpabd hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6, fadfiy egbsastkbt watf +40% aberknsk ghskrvk` ab tfk eurrkbt stu`y. stu`y .86 Pg curtfkr abvkstadntk pgtkbtani àcckrkbeks ab tfk 8:>6 snmpik, wk kxnmabk` niegfgi nb` enbbnhas usk. Bg àcckrkbeks wkrk ghskrvk` nergss nby egubtraks, watf tfk kxekptagb tfnt enbbnhas usk aberknsk` nmgbd Enbnànb ygutf. Fgwkvkr, tfas aberknsk as tfk egbsastkbt watf bntagbni `ntn, suddkstabd tfnt tfas as n ‖rkni‑ aberknsk, rntfkr tfnb n prgùet gc n ‖raslakr‑ snmpik gc ygutf .84 Ab n`àtagb, suppikmkbtni tksts abàentk` tfnt tfk aberknsk ab smglabd nb` vnpabd ab Enbn`n rkmnabk` sadbacaenbt nctkr nòustabd cgr enbbnhas usk, ns bgtk` nhgvk. Pfkrkcgrk, wfaik wk nelbgwik`dk tfk iamatntagb gc bgb-prghnhaiaty snmpiks, kstamntks crgm tfk eurrkbt stu`y `kmgbstrntk n fadf ikvki gc egbsastkbey watf bntagbni hkbefmnrls nb` nrk rghust nctkr neegubtabd cgr gtfkr rasl hkfnvagurs tfnt nrk fadfiy fadfiy egrrkintk` watf smglabd smglabd nb` vnpabd. Utrkbdtfs gc tfk tfk stu`y abeiu`k stnb`nr` stnb`nr` mktfg`gigdy nergss egubtraks nb` gvkr muitapik yknrs, nb` tfk abeiusagb gc `ktnaik` mknsurks gc vnpabd nb` smglabd tg kxnmabk mgrk crkqukbt pnttkrbs gc usk. Egbeiusagbs Znttkrbs gc ygutf vnpabd ab Enbn`n nb` tfk [U nrk efnbdabd ab rkspgbsk tg n rnpaìy kvgivabd baegtabk mnrlkt. Ab egbtrnst, ckw àcckrkbeks wkrk ghskrvk` nmgbd ygutf ab Kbdinb`, davkb tfk nhskbek gc mnogr rkduintgry gr mnrlkt efnbdks. Pfk eurrkbt cabàbds sfgui` hk abtkrprktk` watfab tfk hrgn`kr egbtkxt gc gvkrnii trkb`s ab smglabd nb` vnpabd, ab wfaef tfk prkvnikbek gc nùit tghneeg usk egbtabuks tg `kerknsk ab nii tfrkk egubtraks. Tfaik tfk ampnet gc vnpabd prgùets gb smglabd rntks rkmnabs fadfiy egbtkbtagus, at as nb ubcgrtubntk pnrn`gx tfnt tfk efnrnetkrastaes gc vnpabd prgùets tfnt kbfnbek tfkar kccketavkbkss ns smglabd ekssntagb na`s ‐ na`s ‐ kccaeakbt kccaeakbt baegtabk `kiavkry ‐ `kiavkry ‐ nisg nisg aberknsk tfkar pgtkbtani tg prgmgtk n`àetagb nmgbd ygubd pkgpik. Zragr tg 8:>6, tfkrk wns rkintavkiy iattik kva`kbek gc rkduinr vnpabd nmgbd ygutf tfnt madft hk abàentavk gc baegtabk n`àetagb< fgwkvkr, tfk kmkrdkbek gc O[[I nb` baegtabk snit-hnsk` prgùets mny sadbni n efnbdk. Xntfkr tfnb cuki tfk `khntk gvkr trn`k-gccs hktwkkb ikss fnrmcui baegtabk nitkrbntavks cgr nùit smglkrs vkrsus aberknsk` ygutf abatantagb, tfk cabàbds sfgui` àrket nttkbtagb tg rkduintgry mknsurks tfnt mgrk skiketavkiy tnrdkt tfksk vnpabd prgùets tg nùit smglkrs. smglkrs. Pfas àseussagb fns fns egmk tg tfk cgrk ab tfk [U, ns tfk C@N egbtkmpintks drkntkr rkstraetagbs gb n`vkrtasabd nb` prgmgtagb, cinvgurs, nb` rktnai neekss .8; Cabàbd tfk gptamni rkduintgry hninbek


PNHIKU & CAD[XKU

Pnhik >. Unmpik efnrnetkrastaes, hy survky wnvk nb` egubtry (wkadftk`) ENBN@N

KBDINB@

[U

8:>4 b=0:56

8:>6 b=56;5

8:>4 b=515;

8:>6 b=51:8

8:>4 b=0:1;

8:>6 b=0:0;

>4´3 (>´:;)

>4´; (>´:6)

>4´; (>´:8)

>4´3 (>´:;)

>4´; (>´:6)

>4´; (>´:4)

Mnik

;>´0

;>´;

;>´5

;>´5

;>´>

;>´>

‖Tfatk gbiy‑ gbiy ‑ rnek/ktfbaeaty

;6´0

04´>

41´0

44´:

45´0

45´0

Znst >8-mgbtf niegfgi usk (nby)

3>´3

;1´1

43´>

40´6

0>´;

56´6

Znst >8-mgbtf enbbnhas usk (nby)

88.;

83.6

>6.>

>4.;

8>.8

88.;

Ndk (mknb< U@)


Pnhik 8? Efnbdks ab prkvnikbek gc smglabd nb` vnpabd hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6 nmgbd ygutf ndk` >3->1 yknrs, hy egubtry

8:>4

b=0:56

Snpabd Kvkr

ENBN@N 8:>6 Efnbdk crgm 8:>4 tg 8:>6 b=56;5

NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk

8:>4

b=515;

KBDINB@ 8:>6 Efnbdk crgm 8:>4 tg 8:>6 b=51:8

NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk

8:>4

b=0:1;

[U 8:>6

b=0:0;

Efnbdk crgm 8:>4 tg 8:>6 NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk

81´5% (>>68)

54´:% (>08;)

>´;: (>´ 5>->´4>) 5>->´4>) p9:´:::>

55´4 (>506)

58´4% (>843)

:´13 (:´ 60->´:1) 60->´:1) 5>´5% p=:´5656 (>865)

55´3% (>53:)

>´>> (>´::->´80) p=:´:064

Znst 5: `nys

6´0% (50:)

>0´3 (;38)

>´1; (>´ ;6-8´0:) ;6-8´0:) p9:´:::>

6´4% (504)

6´1% (503)

>´:5 (:´ 68->´81) 68->´81) >>´>% p=:´44:: (0;0)

>3´8 (3;;)

>´;; (>´50->´6:) p9:´:::>

Znst wkkl

;´8% (8:6)

1´5 (5;4)

>´11 (>´ ;5-8´3:) ;5-8´3:) p9:´:::>

0´3% (>60)

0´3% (>46)

:´11 (:´ 45->´53) 45->´53) 3´0% p=:´138> (838)

>:´3 (081)

>´40 (>´0;-8´>:) p9:´:::>

>;+ `nys pkr mgbtf

8´>% (6;)

5´3 (>51)

>´63 (>´ 85-8´41) 85-8´41) p9:´:::>

8´:% (6:)

8´8% (64)

>´>5 (:´ 4>->´41) 4>->´41) 5´:% p=:´01:6 (>80)

;´8 (8>:) (8>:)

>´4; (>´50, 8´81) p9:´:::>

5>´1% (>866)

53´3% (>0>8)

>´5> (>´ >;->´03) p9:´:::>

0:´0% (>3>;)

51´6% (>;;;)

:´16 (:´ 63->´>8) 63->´>8) 58´5% p=:´40;3 (>588)

55´>% (>554)

>´:0 (:´15->´>;) p=:´;>56

Znst 5: `nys

>:´4% (05>)

>;´; (;11)

>´3: (>´ 58->´10) p9:´:::>

>;´3% (388)

>3´0% (30>)

>´:6 (:´ 1>->´81) 1>->´81) >>´:% p=:´8556 (0;>)

>8´8% (010)

>´>8 (:´13->´5>) p=:´>063

Znst wkkl

4´3% (5:6)

>>´1 (03:)

>´4> (>´ 54-8´>0) 54-8´>0) p9:´:::>

1´6% (51>)

>>´5% (00>)

>´>1 (:´ 14->´04) 14->´04) 6´;% p=:´:830 (504)

6´6% (5;3)

>´:0 (:´64->´8;) p=:´3345

>;+ `nys pkr mgbtf

0´6% (>13)

4´0 (863)

>´30 (>´ 80-8´>;) p9:´:::>

;´:% (8::)

3´0% (806)

>´5> (:´ 11->´48) 11->´48) 0´3% p=:´:>>; (>61)

;´>% (8:;)

>´>: (:´64->´51) p=:´08>5

Umglabd Kvkr


Pnhik 5? Efnbdks ab prkvnikbek gc vnpabd hktwkkb 8:>4 nb` 8:>6 nmgbd ygutf ndk` >3->1 yknrs, hy egubtry nb` smglabd stntus BKSKX UMGLKX 8:>4

8:>6

Efnbdk

KVZKXAMKBP NI UMGLKX 8:>4

8:>6

NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk

Efnbdk

E[XXKBP UMGLKX 8:>4

8:>6

NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk

b=84;:

b=800>

b=>13

b=851

>5´;% (545)

>1´8% (065)

>´3> (>´5:->´11) p9:´:::>

;6´4% (;10)

30´5% (485)

>´5: (>´ ::->´34), ::->´34), p=:´::66

41´6% (>;3)

43´4% (>65)

:´16 (:´ 04-8´:3), 04-8´:3), p=:´1085

Znst 5: `ny vnpabd

8´5% (35)

;´:% (>88)

8´5; (>´;>-5´3;) p9:´:::>

>6´8% (>60)

86´4% (585)

>´6; (>´ 54-8´;:), 54-8´;:), p9:´:::>

50´6% (36)

05´;% (>:0)

>´;3 (:´6;, 8´64), p=:´:;41

Znst wkkl vnpabd

:´6% (88)

8´4% (33)

5´36 (>´63-4´86) p9:´:::>

>>´:% (>>>)

>6´>% (8:5)

>´63 (>´ 84-8´48), 84-8´48), p9:´:::>

86´6% (;3)

55´:% (41)

>´81 (:´ 36-8´00), 36-8´00), p=:´8145

Snpabd >;+ `nys pkr mgbtf

:´8% (;)

:´3% (>0)

5´63 (:´ 66->3´16) 66->3´16) p=:´:>61

0´;% (0;)

3´3% (40)

>´;1 (:´ 1:-8´6>), 1:-8´6>), p=:´:540

>;´>% (81)

>6´:% (05)

>´84 (:´ ;6-8´6>), ;6-8´6>), p=:´0586

KBDINB@

b=856:

b=8504

b=>864

b=>8;:

b=856

b=833

Kvkr vnpabd

>>´1% (860)

>>´6% (843)

:´14 (:´43->´83) p=:´4108

3>´8% (464)

;1´4% (403)

:´15 (:´ 4;->´>4) p=:´0538

63´4% (8:3)

60´>% (885)

:´64 (:´08->´46) p=:´3>6:

Znst 5: `ny vnpabd

>´3% (51)

>´4% (51)

>´:5 (:´;5-8´:>) p=:´1>56

>;´8% (>1;)

>;´6% (>14)

>´:0 (:´ 43->´08) p=:´43;0

5;´4% (6;)

56´4% (>:5)

>´:6 (:´3;->´6>) p=:´31;1

Znst wkkl vnpabd

:´;% (>8)

:´0% (1)

:´44 (:´8:-8´10) p=:´3>0:

4´;% (14)

6´8% (>:8)

>´:6 (:´ 4>->´33) p=:´3883

88´8% (;5)

88´1% (3>)

>´:> (:´;;->´63) p=:´130:

Snpabd >;+ `nys pkr mgbtf

:´8% (0)

:´>% (>)

:´5> (:´:8-;´;5) p=:´8131

5´>% (0>)

5´4% (04)

>´>6 (:´ 3>-8´8;) :´;8>5

>:´6% (83)

>5´0% (53)

>´84 (:´;1-8´43) p=:´080>

[U

b=8445

b=84:6

b=>68

b=>45

Kvkr vnpabd

>5´>% (535)

>3´:% (058)

Znst 5: `ny vnpabd

8´0% (33)

Znst wkkl vnpabd Snpabd >;+ `nys pkr mgbtf

ENBN@N Kvkr vnpabd

b=>:>>

b=>>85

Efnbdk NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk

b=>:68

b=>>8>

>´80 (:´11->´06) p=:´:>8>

3;´;% (4:6)

34´>% (4;8)

>´>: (:´ 60->´05) 60->´05) p=:´5466

6;´0% (>;;)

6>´0% (>0>)

;´1% (>3:)

8´;3 (>´31-5´66) p9:´:::>

80´0% (830)

55´3% (544)

>´;4 (>´ >1-8´:4) >1-8´:4) p9:´:::>

;;´8% (>::)

;;´4% (13)

>´:5 (:´ ;5->´11) ;5->´11) p=:´1:66

>´>% (5>)

5´:% (68)

8´48 (>´06-0´16) p9:´:::>

>5´;% (>03)

88´4% (8;;)

>´61 (>´ 5;-8´3;) 5;-8´3;) p9:´:::>

53´5% (33)

00´6% (46)

>´06 (:´ 4;-8´1>) 4;-8´1>) p=:´>501

:´;% (>0)

>´;% (0:)

5´:; (>´>4-4´15) p=:´::84

3´:% (30)

>:´;% (>>6)

>´6; (>´ >0-5´::) >0-5´::) p=:´::>>

>1´6% (53)

85´0% (0>)

>´84 (:´ ;4-8´6:) ;4-8´6:) p=:´0050

:´4; (:´ 5:->´66) 5:->´66) p=:´0801


Pnhik 0? Xkekbey nb` crkqukbey gc k- eadnrkttk usk nb` smglabd nmgbd ‖kvkr‑ uskrs , hy egubtry

8:>4

ENBN@N 8:>6 Efnbdk

8:>4

KBDINB@ 8:>6 Efnbdk

NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk K-EADNXKPPKU K-EADNXKPPKU

b=>>68

b=>08;

[U 8:>4

8:>6

NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk b=>506

b=>843

Efnbdk NGX (11%EA) p-vniuk

b=>865

b=>53:

Znst 5:-`ny vnpabd nmgbd kvkr-vnpkrs

86´6% (50:)

51´;% (;38)

>´31 (>´0>-8´:0) p9:´:::>

8;´6% (504)

84´>% (503)

>´:6 (:´ 61->´5>) 61->´5>) p=:´008:

5;´0% (0;0)

06´>% (3;;)

>´31 (>´0>-8´:8) p9:´:::>

Znst-wkkl vnpabd nmgbd kvkrvnpkrs

>4´3% (8:6)

8;´:% (5;4)

>´31 (>´5;-8´>>) p9:.:::>

>5´4% (>60)

>5´1% (>46)

>´:5 (:´ 6:->´58) 6:->´58) p=:.65:4

8:´0% (838)

5>´3% (081)

>´41 (>´03-8´8:) p9:.:::>

4.8% (6;)

1.4% (>51)

>.;5 (>.>>-8.>>) p=:.::1;

;.1% (6:)

3.6% (64)

>.>4 (:.68->.34) p=:.5151

1.4% (>80)

>;.0% (8>:)

>.31 (>.86-8.80) p=:.:::8

EADNXKPPK UMGLABD

b=>866

b=>0>8

b=>3>;

b=>;;;

b=>588

b=>554

Znst 5:-`ny smglabd nmgbd kvkr-smglkrs

55´0% (05>)

08´0% (;11)

>´03 (>´88->´45) p9:.:::>

56´;% (388)

0>´5% (30>)

>´>5 (:´ 14->´58) 14->´58) p=:.>8>1

50´>% (0;>)

53´1% (010)

>´>8 (:´15->´50) p=:.88;:

Znst-wkkl smglabd nmgbd kvkr-smglkrs

85´1% (5:6)

58´3% (03:)

>´;; (>´86->´64) p9:.:::>

80´8% (51>)

86´0% (00>)

>´8; (>´ :;->´06) :;->´06) p=:.:>>5

83´5% (504)

83´3% (5;3)

>´:: (:´68->´85) p=:.14>5

Znst->; `nys/mgbtf smglabd nmgbd kvkr smglkrs

>;.8% (>13)

8:.8% (863)

>.08 (>.>0->.46) p=:.::8:

>8.0% (8::)

>3.:% (806)

>.5; (>.:1->.36) p=:.::31

>0.5% (>61)

>;.5% (8:;)

>.:3 (:.65->.53) p=:.30>>

>;+ `nys/mgbtf nmgbd kvkr vnpkrs


XKCKXKBEKU >

8

Bntagbni Nen`kmaks gc Ueakbeks, Kbdabkkrabd, nb` Mkàeabk. Zuhiae Fknitf Egbskqukbeks gc K-Eadnrkttks. Utrnttgb L, Lwnb IQ, Kntgb @I, K`s. Tnsfabdtgb, @E? Pfk Bntagbni Nen`kmaks Zrkss, 8:>6. fttp?//bntagbninen`kmaks.grd/fm`/rkpgrts/8:>6/puhiae-fknitf-egbskqukbeks-gc-k-eadnrkttks.nspx (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). Lkbbk`y X@, Nwgpkdhn N, @k Ikõb K, Egfkb OK. Dighni npprgnefks tg rkduintabd kiketrgbae eadnrkttks. Pgh Egbtrgi 8:>4< 83? 0;. 83? 00: ― 0;.

5 Fknitf Enbn`n. Snpabd prgùets, Mny 8:>6. fttps?//www.enbn`n.en/kb/fknitf-enbn`n/bkws/8:>6/:;/hneldrgub`kr-vnpabd-prgùets.ftmi (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). 0 Fnmmgb` @, Tfatk EM, Ezgia E@, Mnrtab EI, Mndkbbas Z, Ufapig U. Xktnai nvnainhaiaty nb` nb` mnrlktabd gc k-eadnrkttks ab Enbn`n. Enb O Zuhiae Fknitf 8:>;< >:3? >:3? k0:6->8. ; MeBkaii N, Hrgsk IU, Eni`kr X, Hnui` I & Xghsgb @. Kva`kbek rkvakw gc k-eadnrkttks nb` fkntk` tghneeg prgùets, 8:>6. N rkpgrt egmmassagbk` hy Zuhiae Fknitf Kbdinb`. Igb`gb? Zuhiae Fknitf Kbdinb`. fttps?//www.dgv.ul/dgvkrbmkbt/puhiaentagbs/k-eadnrkttks-nb`-fkntk`-tghneeg-prgùetskva`kbek-rkvakw/kva`kbek-rkvakw-gc-k-eadnrkttks-nb`-fkntk`-tghneeg-prgùets-8:>6-kxkeutavk-summnry (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). 3 Fnmmgb` @, Tfatk EM, Ezgia E@, Mnrtab EI, Mndkbbas Z, Ufapig U. Xktnai nvnainhaiaty nb` mnrlktabd gc k-eadnrkttks ab Enbn`n. Enb O Zuh Fknitf 8:>;< >:3 (3)? >:3 (3)? k0:6-k0>8. 4 Drnvkiy U, Cgbd DP, Eummabd LM, kt ni. Nwnrkbkss, kvkr-trani, nb` usk gc kiketrgbae eadnrkttks nmgbd >: egubtraks? Cabàbds crgm tfk APE Zrgoket. 4:0. >>? >>31> ― 4:0. Abt O Kbvargb Xks Zuhiae Fknitf 8:>0< >>? 6 Efg FO, @utrn IM, Dinbtz UN. @acckrkbeks ab n`giksekbt k-eadnrkttk nb` eadnrkttk prkvnikbek ab twg pgiaey kbvargbmkbts? Ugutf Lgrkn nb` tfk [batk` Utntks. Baegtabk Pgh Xks 8:>6< 8:? ;5. 8:? 101 ― ;5. 1 Dgvkrbmkbt gc Enbn`n. @ktnaik` tnhiks cgr tfk Enbnànb Utu`kbt Pghneeg, Niegfgi nb` @ruds Uurvky 8:>3->4. fttps?//www.enbn`n.en/kb/fknitfenbn`n/skrvaeks/enbnànb-stu`kbt-tghneeg-niegfgi-`ruds-survky/8:>3-8:>4-suppikmkbtnry-tnhiks.ftmi#t> (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). >: Xka` OI, Fnmmgb` @, Xybnr` SI, Mnàii EI, Hurlfnitkr X. Pghneeg [sk ab Enbn`n? Znttkrbs nb` Prkb`s, 8:>4 Kàtagb. Tntkrigg, GB? Zrgpki Ekbtrk cgr Zgpuintagb Fknitf Ampnet, [bavkrsaty gc Tntkrigg, 8:>4. www.tghneegrkpgrt.en (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). >> Onmni N, Dkbtzlk N, Fu UU, kt ni. Pghneeg usk nmgbd ma`ìk nb` fadf sefggi stu`kbts - [batk` Utntks, 8:>>-8:>3. MMTX Mgrh Mgrtni Tliy Xkp 8:>4< 33? 3:5. 33? ;14 ― 3:5. >8 Tnbd PT, Dkbtzlk N, Ufnrnpgvn U, Euiikb LN, Nmhrgsk HL, Onmni N. Pghneeg prgùet usk nmgbd ma`ìk nb` fadf sefggi stu`kbts - [batk` Utntks, 8:>>-8:>4. MMTX Mgrh Mgrtni Tliy Xkp 8:>6< 34? 55. 34? 381 ― 55.


>5 Gccaek cgr Bntagbni Utntastaes. Ugeani Uurvky @avasagb. Gpabagbs nb` Iackstyik Uurvky, Pghneeg Egbsumptagb nb` K-Eadnrkttks Mgùiks, Onbunry Ckhrunry, Nprai - Mny, Ouiy - Nudust nb` Getghkr - Bgvkmhkr, 8:>3 \`ntn egiiketagb]. 8b` Kàtagb. [L @ntn Ukrvaek, 8:>4. UB? 6868. fttp?//`ga.grd/>:.;8;;/[L@N-UB-6868-8 (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). >0 Fnmmgb` @, Xka` OI, Egik ND, Ikntfkr`nik UP. Kiketrgbae eadnrkttk usk nb` smglabd abatantagb nmgbd ygutf? n igbdatuàbni egfgrt stu`y. Enb Mk` 8:>4< >61? 53. >61? K>586 ― 53. Nssge O 8:>4< >; Ikvkbtfni NM, Utgbk M@, Nb`rnha B, kt ni. Nssgeantagb gc k-Eadnrkttk Snpabd nb` Zrgdrkssagb tg Fknvakr Znttkrbs gc Eadnrkttk Umglabd. ONMN 8:>3< 5>3? 8:. 5>3? >1>6 ― 8:. >3 Knst L, Fatefmnb UE, Hnlgias A, kt ni. Pfk Nssgeantagb Hktwkkb Umglabd nb` Kiketrgbae Eadnrkttk [sk ab n Egfgrt gc Qgubd Zkgpik. O N`gikse 04. Fknitf 8:>6< 38? 38? ;51 ― 04. >4 Ikvy @P, Tnrbkr LK, Eummabds LM, kt ni. Kxnmababd tfk rkintagbsfap gc vnpabd tg smglabd abatantagb nmgbd [U ygutf nb` ygubd nùits? n rkniaty efkel. Pgh Egbtrgi< 8:>6< paa? tghneegegbtrgi-8:>6-:;0003. \Kpuh nfkn` gc prabt] >6. Funbd O, @unb _, Lwgl O, kt ni. Snpabd vkrsus O[[Iabd? fgw tfk kxtrngràbnry drgwtf nb` mnrlktabd gc O[[I trnbscgrmk` tfk [U rktnai k-eadnrkttk mnrlkt. Pgh Egbtrgi 8:>6< \Kpuh nfkn` gc prabt 5> Mny 8:>6]. >1 Dgbakwaez MI, Hgylnb X, Mkssabn EX, Kiaseu N, Pgikbtabg O. Fadf kxpgsurk tg baegtabk nmgbd n`giksekbts wfg usk Ouui nb` gtfkr vnpk pg` systkms ('pg`s'). Pgh Egbtrgi 8:>6< paa? tghneegegbtrgi-8:>6-:;0;3;.\Kpuh nfkn` gc prabt] 8: Dgi`kbsgb BA, Ikvkbtfni NM, Utgbk M@, MeEgbbkii XU, Hnrrabdtgb-Pramas OI. Nssgeantagbs gc K-Eadnrkttk Baegtabk Egbekbtrntagb nb` Uuhskqukbt Eadnrkttk Umglabd nb` Snpabd Ikvkis ab N`giksekbts. ONMN Zkàntr 8:>4< 8:>4< >4>(>8)? >>18 ― >>11. >>11. 8> Fnmmgb` @, Xka` OX, Dgbakwaez M, G‑Egbbgr XO, Pfrnsfkr OC, Tnelgwsla G. Pfk rask gc O[[I vnpabd nmgbd ygutf ab Enbn`n, Kbdinb` nb` tfk [U. Uuhmattk`. 88. Fnmmgb` @, Xka` OI, Tfatk EM, Hgu`rknu E. APE Qgutf Pghneeg nb` K-Eadnrkttk Uurvky? Pkefbaeni Xkpgrt ― Tnvk Tnvk > (8:>4). Tntkrigg, GB? [bavkrsaty gc Tntkrigg. Mnref 8:>6. fttp?//`nva`fnmmgb`.en/prgokets/tghneeg-egbtrgi/ate-ygutf-tghneeg-kead/ (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). 85 [U @kpnrtmkbt gc Fknitf nb` Fumnb Ukrvaeks. Zrkvkbtabd tghneeg usk nmgbd ygutf nb` ygubd nùits? N rkpgrt gc tfk Uurdkgb Dkbkrni. Ntinbtn, DN? [U @kpnrtmkbt gc Fknitf nb` Fumnb Ukrvaeks, Ekbtkrs cgr @asknsk Egbtrgi nb` Zrkvkbtagb, Bntagbni Ekbtkr cgr Efrgbae @asknsk Zrkvkbtagb nb` Fknitf Zrgmgtagb, Gccaek gb Umglabd nb` F knitf, 8:>8. 80 Dkiikr M. Cnst-drgwabd k-eadnrkttk mnlkr O[[I tg inubef ab [L. Xkutkrs, >3 Oui, 8:>6. fttps?//www.rkutkrs.egm/nrtaeik/us-ouui-hratnab/cnst-drgwabdk-eadnrkttk-mnlkr-ouui-tg-inubef-ab-ul-a`[ULHB>L38TE (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6).


8; [U Cgg` nb` @rud N`mabastrntagb. Utntkmkbt crgm C@N Egmmassagbkr Uegtt Dgttiakh, M.@., gb prgpgsk` bkw stkps tg prgtket ygutf hy prkvkbtabd neekss tg cinvgrk` tghneeg prgùets nb` hnbbabd mkbtfgi ab eadnrkttks. >; Bgvkmhkr 8:>6. fttps?//www.c`n.dgv/BkwsKvkbts/Bkwsrggm/ZrkssNbbgubekmkbts/[EM38;660.ftm7utmWenmpnadb=>>>;>6WUtntkmkbtWC@N%8:Egmmassagbkr%8: stntkmkbt%8:gb%8:prgpgsnis%8:tg%8:n``rkss%8:ygutf%8:tghneeg%8:usk&utmWmkàum=kmnai&utmWsgurek=Kigqun (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). 83 Ikgs-Pgrg E, Xybnr` S, Murbndfnb @, Mne@gbni` ON, Fnmmgb` @. Prkb`s ab enbbnhas usk gvkr tamk nmgbd Enbnànb ygutf? 8::0-8:>0. Zrkv Mk` 8:>6< >>6 ?5:-54. >>6 ?5:-54. 84 Utntastaes Enbn`n. Bntagbni Enbbnhas Uurvky? 5r` ûnrtkr, 8:>6. fttps?//www>;:.stntenb.de.en/b>/`naiy-qugtaàkb/>6>:>>/t::>h-kbd.ftm (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). 86 Euiikb LN, Nmhrgsk HL, Dkbtzlk NU, Npkihkrd HO, Onmni N, Labd HN. [sk gc Kiketrgbae Eadnrkttks nb` Nby Pghneeg Zrgùet Nmgbd Ma`ìk nb` Fadf Uefggi Utu`kbts ‐ Utu`kbts ‐ [batk` [batk` Utntks, 8:>> ― 8:>6. 8:>6. MMTX Mgrh Mgrtni Tliy Xkp. 8:>6< 34(0;)?>843->844. 34(0;)?>843->844. 81 Utntastaes Enbn`n. Enbnànb Egmmubaty Fknitf Uurvky. Fknitf Cnet Ufkkts< Umglabd 8:>4. fttps?//www>;:.stntenb.de.en/b>/puh/68-38;x/8:>6::>/nrtaeik/;0140-kbd.ftm (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6). 5: Gccaek cgr Bntagbni Utntastaes. Ugeani Uurvky @avasagb. (8:>4). Gpabagbs nb` Iackstyik Uurvky, Pghneeg Egbsumptagb nb` K-Eadnrkttks Mgùiks, Onbunry - Ckhrunry, Nprai - Mny, Ouiy - Nudust nb` Getghkr - Bgvkmhkr, 8:>3. \`ntn egiiketagb]. 8b` Kàtagb. [L @ntn Ukrvaek. UB? 6868, fttp?//`ga.grd/>:.;8;;/[L@N-UB-6868-8 \Pnhiks dkbkrntk` cgr @ME hy [L Gccaek gc Bntagbni Utntastaes] (Neekssk` @ke 5, 8:>6).

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