Chapter 10 COMMON STOCK VALUATION Multiple Choice Questions Overview
1.
All All of the the fol follo lowi wing ng are are rel relat ativ ivee valu valuat atio ion n tech techni niqu ques es exc excep ept: t:
a. b. c. d.
P/E ratio. Price/book value ratio Price/sales ratio Price/dividend ratio
(d, moderate) Discounted Cash Flow Techniques
2.
The esti estima matted val value of com common mon stoc stock k is the: he:
a. b. c. d.
present va value of of al all ex expected ca cash fl flows. present value of all capital gains. ns. future val valu ue of of al all di dividen dend pa payments. present va value of of al all di dividend pa payments.
(a, moderate) 3.
Disc Discou ount nted ed cash cash flow flow tech techni niqu ques es used used in valu valuin ing g com commo mon n sto stock ck are are bas based ed on:
a. b. c. d.
future va value an analysis. present va value an analysis. the CAPM. the APT.
(b, easy) The Dividend Discount Model
4.
All All of of the the foll follow owin ing g are are inte interc rcha hang ngea eabl blee ter terms ms exce except pt for: for:
a. b. c. d.
discount rate coupon rate required rate of return capitalization rate
(b, moderate)
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The Dividend Discount Model
5.
Which of the following is a problem using the dividend discount model to value common stock?
a. b. c. d.
The model does not account for the risk of the stock. The model does not consider the present value of the dividends. The model does not consider that dividends may not be paid The model does not account for small dividends.
(c, moderate) 6.
Which of the following is not one of the dividend growth rate models?
a. b. c. d.
the infinite growth model the zero growth model the constant growth model the multiple growth model
(a, moderate) 7.
The constant growth dividend model uses the:
a. b. c. d.
historical growth rate in dividends. historical growth rate in earnings. estimated growth rate in dividends. estimated growth rate in earnings.
(c, moderate) 8.
The zero-growth dividend model:
a. b. c. d.
gives the highest value for a common stock. is the most accurate model to use. is equivalent to the valuation model for preferred stock. assumes the highest required return possible.
(c, easy)
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9.
The dividend model that is most appropriate for a young company that pays small dividends now but is expected to increase dividends in years is the:
a. b. c. d.
zero-growth model. constant growth model. expansion growth model. multiple growth model.
a few
(d, moderate) 10.
Under the multiple growth model, at least ------ different growth rates are used.
a. b. c. d.
two three four five
(a, easy) 11.
The constant growth rate model of the DDM implies that:
a. b. c. d.
earnings are not relevant to stock prices. dividends remain constant from now to infinity. the stock price grows at the same rate as dividends. all of the above are implied by the model
(c, difficult) 12.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons two investors both using the constant-growth version of the DDM on the same stock might arrive at different estimates of the stock's value?
a. b. c. d.
They used different expected returns. They used different growth rates of dividends. They used different required returns. All of the above are possible reasons they might arrive at different values.
(a, moderate)
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13.
a. b. c. d.
What is the estimated value of a stock with a required rate of return of 15 percent, a projected constant growth rate of dividends of 10 percent and expected dividend of $2.00 . $4 Solution: P0 = D1/(k – g) $40 = 2/(.15 - .10) $44 = $40 $20
(b, moderate) 14.
XYZ Company has expected earnings of $3.00 for next year and usually retains 40 percent for future growth. Its dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 10 percent indefinitely. If an investor has a required rate of return of 16 percent, what price would he be willing to pay for XYZ stock?
a.
$12.50 b.
c. d.
Solution:
Dividends
$25.00 $30.00 $40.00
=
$3(1 - .4) =
P0
= =
$1.80 D1/(k – g) 1.80/(.16 - .1) = $30
(c, moderate) 15.
WWW Company currently (t = 0) earns $4.00 per share, and has a payout of 40 percent. Dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of 8 percent per year. The required rate of return is 15 percent. The price of this stock would be estimated at
a.
$57.14. $22.86. $10.67. $24.69.
b. c. d.
Solution: D0 = $4 x .4 = $1.60 = 1.60(1.08) = 1.73 1D P0 = D1/(k – g) = 1.73/(.15 - .08) = $24.69
(d, moderate) 16.
Tyler Toys currently earns $3.00 per share and currently pays $1.20 per share in dividends. It is expected to have a constant growth rate of 7 percent per year. The required rate of return is 14 percent. What is the intrinsic value of this stock?
a. b. c. d.
$42.86 $18.34 $17.14 $40.05
Solution:
(b, moderate)
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D0 = $1.20 D1 = 1.20(1.07) = 1.28 P0 = = 1.28/(.14 - .07) = $18.34
Other Discounted Cash Flow Approaches
17.
Which of the following statements regarding intrinsic value and market price is true?
a.
If intrinsic value is greater than the current market price, the stock should be avoided or, if already held, sold. If intrinsic value is less than the current market price, the stock is undervalued. If intrinsic value is equal to the current market price, the stock is correctly valued. If the intrinsic value is greater than the current market price, the stock is considered speculative.
b. c. d.
(c, moderate) 18.
Analysts often use a ________% rule in security valuation in recognition of the fact that estimating a security's value is an inexact process.
a. b. c. d.
5 10 15 20
(c, difficult) 19.
In the Streetsmart Guide to Valuing a Stock, the discount rate used is the:
a. b. c. d.
risk-free rate. risk-free rate plus a risk premium. after-tax weighted average cost of capital. before-tax weighted average cost of capital.
(c, difficult) 20.
Which of the following situations indicates a signal to sell a stock?
a. IV > CMP b. IV < CMP c. IV = CMP d. Impossible to determine. (b, easy)
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21.
A major difference between the dividend discount model (DDM) and the free cash flow to equity model (FCFE) is that the FCFE:
a. b.
accounts for potential capital gains and the DDM does not. measures what a firm could pay out in dividends and the DDM measures what is actually paid. measures both dividend growth and stability and the DDM only measures the dividend growth. bases its calculations on future value techniques while the DDM uses present value calculations.
c. d.
(c, difficult) 22.
Which of the following models incorporates debt financing, including both the repayment and interest on existing debt as the sale of new debt, as well as preferred stock financing?
a. b. c. d.
FCFE model FCFF model constant growth rate model multiple growth rate model
(b, difficult) Relative Valuation Techniques
23.
Under the P/E model, stock price is a product of:
a. b. c. d.
EPS and DPS P/E ratio and EPS EPS and required return P/E ratio and required return
(b, easy) 24.
a. c. d.
A firm has net income of $1 million with 250,000 shares outstanding with a total market value of $16 million. What is its P/E ratio? 64 b. 32 16
4
Solution: 1 mil/250,000 = $4 EPS 16 mil/250,000 = $64 MPS 64/4 = 16 P/E RATIO
(d, moderate)
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25.
If interest rates rise and other factors remain constant, the P/E ratio of a company will:
a. b. c. d.
become negative. increase. decrease. become more volatile.
(c, moderate) 26.
Which of the following variables has an inverse relationship with the P/E ratio?
a. b. c. d.
payout ratio expected growth rate of dividends expected growth rate of earnings required rate of return
(d, difficult) 27.
Which of the following changes will likely lead to a higher P/E, assuming other factors are equal?
a. b. c. d.
A decrease in the dividend payout ratio An increase in growth rate of earnings An increase in the required rate of return A decrease in the dividend yield
(b, moderate) 28.
Which of the following statements regarding P/E ratios is true?
a. b. c. d.
Generally, the riskier the stock, the higher the P/E ratio. In recent years, the small capitalization stocks had the highest P/E ratios. As interest rates increase, P/E ratios are expected to decline. Growth prospects often lead to higher P/E ratios.
(b, difficult)
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29.
Economic value added is the difference between:
a. b. c. d.
operating profits and cost of capital. operating profits and cost of equity. net profits and cost of capital. net profits and cost of equity.
(a, difficult) 30.
A stock that is currently enjoying a strong demand by investors would likely to have:
a. b. c. d.
a high dividend yield. a high P/E ratio a high payout ratio a high required return
(b, moderate) 31.
Book value is:
a. b. c. d.
the same as market value. a more accurate valuation technique than the dividend models. the accounting value of the firm as reflected in the financial statements. the same as liquidation value.
(c, easy) 32.
a.
c. d.
A company has a price to sales ratio of 1.10, annual sales of $2 billion and 100 million shares of common stock outstanding. Its stock price is: $20 per share b. $18.18 $17.52 $22.00
Solution: 2 billion/100 million = $20 Sales $20 x 1.10 PSR = $22 MPS
(d, moderate) 33.
The price to book value ratio tends to be close for:
a. b. c. d.
high-tech companies. banks. utilities. service companies.
(b, moderate)
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34.
Which of the following statements concerning price to book value is true?
a.
There is an inverse relationship between price to book values and market prices. It is calculated as the ratio of price to the book value of assets. There is supporting evidence that stocks with low price to book values significantly outperform the market. Price to book value ratios for many stocks range from 5.5 to 10.5.
b. c. d.
(c, difficult) 35.
The price/sales ratio indicates:
a. b. c. d.
the amount of risk in the firm’s operations. what the market is willing to pay for a firm’s revenues. the price advantage a company has for its brand names. what the analysts see as the breakup value of the firm.
(b, moderate) 36.
A relatively new valuation technique that emphasizes the difference between a firm’s operating profits and its cost of capital is called:
a. b. c. d.
the discounted dividend model. the capital asset pricing model. economic value added model. the market capitalization model.
(c, moderate) 37.
It is recommended that investors interested the EVA approach should seek companies that have a return of capital in excess of ------- because this will likely exceed the cost of capital and the company is, therefore, adding value.
a. b. c. d.
10 20 30 40
(b, difficult)
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True-False Questions The Dividend Discount Model
1.
Earnings per share is an accounting concept whereas dividends represent actual cash payments.
(T, easy,) 2.
Relatively small changes in the inputs used in the DDM can change the estimated value by large percentage amounts.
(T, moderate) 3.
If all investors use the constant growth dividend model to value the same stock, they will all arrive at the same estimate of value.
(F, difficult) 4.
Unlike the discounted cash flow techniques, the relative valuation approach does not require that an estimate of the stock's value be made.
(T, moderate) 5.
If the growth rate in dividends is greater than the required rate of return, the price found under the constant growth model will be negative.
(T, difficult, p. 10-10) 6.
Under the zero-growth dividend model, expected dividends are the same as current dividends.
(T, easy) Other Discounted Cash Flow Approaches
7.
If the intrinsic value of stock is greater than the current stock price, the stock is overvalued and should be sold short.
(F, moderate) Relative Valuation
8.
Other things equal, the lower the required return, the lower the P/E.
(F, moderate)
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9.
EVA analysis reflects an emphasis on return on capital.
(T, moderate) 10.
Firms with significant intellectual property tend to have a high book value.
(F, difficult) 11.
Declining interest rates in the market should send P/E ratios, on average, higher.
(T, easy) 12.
You would expect a lower PSR for a retail company than for a biotechnology company.
(T, moderate) 11.
The recent corporate scandals should send a message that investors want disclosure of important financial information.
(T, easy) Bursting the Bubble on New Economy Stocks - A Lesson in Valuation
12.
The "New Economy" stocks of the 1990s proved conclusively that the old valuation principles do not apply today.
(F, easy) Which Approach to Use?
13.
Relative valuation methods tend to be more sophisticated, more formal and less intuitive than discounted cash flow techniques.
(F, moderate) 14.
Morningstar reports a "fair value" for stocks based on a discounted cash flow analysis.
(T, moderate)
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Short-Answer Questions 1.
Why are dividends the foundation of valuation for common stock?
Answer:
They are the only cash payments a stockholder receives directly from a company. Like bond interest, they represent expected future benefits from the investment.
(easy)
2.
The higher the payout ratio, the higher the P/E is expected to be, other things being equal. However, other things might not be equal. Give an example of something that might not be equal and how it would affect the P/E.
Answer:
A higher payout would lead to a higher dividend and higher price in the DDM. If the higher payout caused the growth to decrease because of lower earnings retention, the price and P/E might increase less or fall. The point is that the variables are not necessarily independent, and changing one may change others.
(difficult) 3.
The financial newscaster comments that the Stock X is overvalued at an earnings multiple of 60. What could cause a P/E this high?
Answer:
Either the price could be high relative to normal earnings or the earnings could be low with very high growth expectations.
(moderate) 4.
What are the implications for the usefulness of the P/E ratio if a company’s earnings are very low (like a few cents) or negative?
Answer:
Either very low or negative earnings cause P/E ratios to be distorted. Earnings per share of one cent make a $5 stock to have a P/E of 500. Negative earnings per share would cause a negative P/E, which doesn't make sense.
(difficult) 5.
What variables must be estimated to use the dividend discount model? The P/E model?
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Answer:
To use the DDM the analyst must project the growth rate at which the dividends are expected to grow ad infinitum. With this growth rate the next expected dividend can be projected. The investor’s required rate of return must also be estimated. To use the P/E model the analyst must project the next period earnings and the P/E ratio.
(moderate) 6.
You calculate the intrinsic value of a stock to be $27. You check The Wall Street Journal and find the actual price to be $30. What could differ in your analysis and the market’s valuation? If you are confident about your analysis, should you buy or not?
Answer:
Factors that could differ include the discount rate required by investors, the future dividend growth rate, and the next expected dividend. If you are confident about your valuation of $27, you should not buy the stock, which is overvalued.
(difficult) 7.
Why did investors favor large cap stocks in the mid to late 1990s?
Answer:
They were perceived as less risky during a time when an economic slowdown was predicted and they showed strong earnings growth.
(moderate)
Critical Thinking/Essay Questions 1.
Often “high-flyer” stocks have high P/E ratios, yet some analysts seek low P/E stocks. Are high or low P/E ratios more reliable as tools for valuation of stocks?
Answer:
Low P/E ratios are likely to be more stable than high P/Es, and, therefore, more reliable in valuation models. High P/Es may be distorted by temporarily high demand for a particular stock rather than by economically justified pricing. High P/Es can also be caused by temporarily depressed earnings. High P/Es, then, are subject to greater swings as prices fluctuate without any realistic tie to earnings potential.
(difficult) 2.
Explain how (a) the payout rate, (b) the expected dividend growth rate, and (c) the required rate of return affect the P/E ratio.
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Answer:
To answer this question, substitute the DDM into the P/E formula. P/E
=
P0 = D1/(k – g) = D1/E1 E1 E1 k–g From the above formulation, one can see that (a) a higher payout will increase D1 causing a higher P/E, (b) a higher growth rate, g, will cause a higher P/E, and (c) the higher required rate of return, k, will cause a lower P/E. (moderate)
Problems 1. The Crazy Horse Corporation's stock is trading at $75. The firm paid out $2.20 in dividends during the last year. If the payout ratio of the firm is 45 percent, what is its price earnings ratio?
Solution:
Payout ratio .45 EPS P/E
= = =
DPS/EPS 2.20/EPS 4.89
=
75/4.89
=
15.34
(moderate) 2.
A. T. Edwards paid an annual dividend of $1.25 last year. Investors expect the dividends to grow at a rate of 6 percent per year over the foreseeable future. If the required rate of return for this stock is 12 percent, what is its intrinsic value today?
Solution: P0 = [D0 (1+g)]/ (k-g) = [(1.25)(1.06)]/(.12-.06) = 1.325/.06
=
$22.08
(moderate) 3.
Bronco Inc.'s common stock is currently selling for $42 and paying a dividend of $3. If the investors expect dividends to double in 8 years, what is the required rate of return for Western Inc?
Solution: In order for dividends to double in 9 years the annual compound growth rate (g) must be: (1 + g)8
= g
2 = 21/8 - 1
P0
=
=
0.0905 or 9.05 percent
[D0 (1+g)]/ (k-g)
Therefore,
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k =
= D1/P0 + g = 0.1684 or 16.84 percent
3(1.0905)/42 + .0905
(moderate) 4.
The current market price of the stock of a company, Stryker Ltd. is $30 per share. The dividends for the next year are expected to be $4.00 per share and the investor is confident that the selling price of the stock will be $35 at the end of one year. What is the implied rate of return assuming dividends are growing at a constant rate?
Solution:
P0 = $30; D1 = $4; P1 = $35 P0
=
D1 / (k-g)
(k – g) =
D1/ P0 =
Now, P1 = 35 = (1 + g) = g = g =
D1(1 + g)/(k – g) 4(1 + g)/(0.1333) 1.1667 1.1667 – 1 0.1667
Therefore,
k k
= =
4/30
As determined previously, (k – g) = 0.1333 0.1333 + g 0.1333 + 0.1667 =
=
0.1333
0.2999 or 29.99 percent
(difficult) 5.
The directors of MJ Inc. expect to pay a dividend of $2.00 (annual) a year from today. It is estimated that during the next four years (i.e. years 2 through 5), the dividend will grow at an annual rate of 16 percent (i.e. g1 = 16 percent). After that, the growth rate (g2) will be equal to 12 percent per year and continue at that rate indefinitely. Calculate the present value of the MJ's stock if the required rate of return is 15 percent.
Solution: Price of stock = (Sum of the Present value of dividends received in years 1-5) + (Present value of the price at the end of year 5) Year 1 2 3 4 5
Growth rate .16 .16 .16 .16 .16
Chapter Ten Common Stock Valuation
Expected dividend 2.00 2.32 2.6912 3.1217 3.6212
133
PVIF,15%,n Present value .869565 1.73913 .756144 1.75425 .657516 1.76951 .571753 1.78484 .497177 1.80038 Sum = 8.84611
P5
= =
D5(1 + g2)/( k – g2) 3.6212(1 + .12)/(.15 - .12)
Present value of P5 P0
=
=
$135.19(0.497177)
$8.85 + 67.21
=
=
$135.19
=
$67.21
$76.06
(difficult) 6.
Brotech Unlimited sells at $40 per share, and its latest 12 month earnings were $8 per share, of which $3.20 per share were paid as dividends.
(a) (b)
What is Brotech's current P/E ratio? If Brotech's earnings are expected to grow by 9 percent per year, what is the projected price for next year assuming that the P/E ratio remains constant? If you had a required rate of return of 15 percent, expected the dividend payout ratio to remain constant, and dividends to grow at a rate of 9 percent, would you buy this stock? Explain your answer.
(c)
Solution:
(a) 40/8
Current P/E = Current Price/Current earnings = 5
=
(b)
=
E1 x P/E
=
$43.60
(c) =
P0 = $58.13
D1/(k - g)
P1
8(1.09) x 5 =
=
3.20(1.09)/(.15 - .09)
Yes, I would buy this stock since its intrinsic value of $58.13 is greater than its current price of $40. (moderate) 7.
Contemporary Casuals, Inc., (CCI) has a beta of 1.15, an expected dividend of $2.30, and an expected dividend growth rate of 5 percent for the foreseeable future. The S&P500 expected return is 18 percent, and the Treasury bill rate is 6 percent. (a) (b)
Solution:
Calculate the required return on Contemporary stock. Calculate the price of Contemporary stock. (a)
kCCI
= =
RF + β CCI[E(R M) - RF] .06 + 1.15[.18 - .06]
=
2.30/(0.198 - .06)
$16.67
or 19.8 percent (b)
P0
Chapter Ten Common Stock Valuation
=
D1/(k - g) =
134
=
0.198
(moderate)
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