CH8201 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING Unit I: Part-A
1. Define: Chemical Engineering. Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies physical sciences (physics and chemistry), life sciences (microbiology and biochemistry), together with applied mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Chemical engineering is the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. 2. Define: Chemical Engineer. Chemical engineers "develop economic ways of using materials and energy". Chemical engineers use chemistry and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting. They may be involved in designing and constructing plants as a project engineer in selecting optimal production methods and plant equipment to minimize costs and maximize safety and profitability. 3. Draw the Chemical Engineering Tree.
4. Who is first Chemical Engineer? Write W rite short note about him. George Edward Davis (1850 – 1907) 1907) is regarded as the founding father of the discipline of Chemical Engineering. Davis was born at Eton on 27 July 1850, the eldest son of George Davis, a bookseller. At the age of fourteen he worked for a local bookbinder but he abandoned this for his interest in chemistry. Davis studied at the Slough Mechanics Institute and spent a year studying at the Royal School of Mines in London (now part of Imperial College, London) Then he worked in the chemical industry around Manchester, which at the time was the main center of the chemical industry in the UK. Davis worked as a chemist at Brearley and Sons for three years. He also worked as an inspector for the Alkali Act of 1863
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In 1872 he was engaged as manager at the Lichfield Chemical Company. His
works included what was at the time the tallest chimney in the UK, with a height of more than 200 feet. He married Laura Frances Miller on 10 December 1878, and they had at least one son. He worked as a consultant to the chemical industry jointly with his brother Alfred, founded the Chemical Trade Journal and had 67 patents granted, as well as publishing scientific papers. Davis was also instrumental in the formation of the Society of Chemical Industry (1881), which he had wanted to name the Society of Chemical Engineering, and was its first Secretary. He was also interested in microscopy, founding the journal Northern Microscopist in 1881, and publishing a textbook on the subject, Practical Microscopy. He died in West Dulwich, on 20 April 1907.
5. What are the major roles played by Chemical Engineers to the world? The chemical engineer creates and develops manufacturing processes dedicated to the production of goods, to chemical transformations as well as to equipment for those processes. Their role is crucial in many sectors of the chemical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, plastic, petrochemical and food industry. Some examples, Sl
Field
Feedstock
Product
No
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bio-Chemistry Refinery Material Environment Pharmaceutical Bio-Medical Textile Food
E-coli Crude oil Starch, Glycerol Polluted Soil, Water Plants, Natural products Crustacean Shells Natural and Synthetic fibers Edible items
Insulin Fuels, Polymers, Chemicals Bio-Plastics Clean Soil, Water Medicines Tissue regeneration Cloth, Furnishings Value added
6. How do you proud to be a Chemical Engineer? Explore your view. I wake up at morning. Seen at the mirror and started brushing your teeth. The toothpaste you used is manufactured by chemical engineer. After that started sipping the hot coffee but the gas burner that you used for heating is designed by a chemical engineer for efficient utilization of energy, coffee is processed by a chemical engineer. Started wearing your brand new shoes. The polymer or glue used in your shoes is chemical engineering. Started wearing dresses, result of the effort of is chemical engineering. Powder, perfume, nail polish so on .chemical engineering. The fuel which drives bike / car is chemical engineering. I started my LCD laptop. LCD crystals is chemical engineering. I have gone to photocopier and took a quick photocopy. The ink used is chemical engineering. I felt sick and gone to hospital. Medicines, ...that's chemical engineering,
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My food prepared and processed, ice-cream, chocolates so on.. chemical
engineering Proud to be a chemical engineer now and for life We are unsung heroes of every nation working day and and makes sure that wheels of our world keep rolling..... 7. Expand: AIChE, MIT. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 8. Write a bout COURSE ‘X’ (Course ‘Ten’). The history of chemical engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is closely bound with the history of the discipline itself. In 1888, a series of lectures about British chemical industry operating practices presented by George E. Davis at Manchester Technical School in the UK, and it spread to German universities Influenced by developments MIT chemistry professor Lewis M. Norton created Course X, the world’s first four -year chemical engineering curriculum. Lewis Norton developed the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's “Course X,” which combined mechanical engineering with industrial chemistry, 1888 The first chemical engineering curriculum at MIT was offered in 1888 and helped to establish chemical engineering as a discipline. Combining mechanical engineering with industrial chemistry, Course X was designed, according to a contemporary course catalog, “to meet the needs of students who desire a general training in mechanical engineering, and at the same time to devote a portion of their time to the study of the applications of chemistry to the arts, especially to those engineering problems which relate to the use and manufacture of chemical products.” Since then, members of the MIT Department of Chemical Engineering have developed the tools and guidelines to define and advance the field. Research in cutting-edge industries, including nanotechnology and biotechnology, and in traditional areas of inquiry depend on chemical engineers to decipher molecular information in order to develop new products and processes. Students work in a broad range of fields and create innovative solutions to important industrial and societal problems. They develop clean and sustainable energy systems, make advances in the life sciences, design and produce pharmaceuticals, and discover and create new materials. The department has led the nation in awarding graduate degrees, have distinguished themselves as leaders in industry, government, and academia. 9. Name four achievements of Chemical Engineering. Drinking or potable water Petrol or gasoline (and other fuels including diesel) Antibiotics Plastics 3 | A U Q u e s t i o n B a n k – C H 8 2 0 1 / P C E / C o m p i l e d b y R A K K
10. Name four eminent personality of chemical engineering. Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani is an Indian business magnate who is the chairman, managing director and largest shareholder of Reliance Industries Limited. Xi Jinping is the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, the President of the People's Republic of China, and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Harsha Bhogle (born 19 July 1961) is an Indian cricket Commentator and journalist. Y. G. Mahendran or Y. Gee. Mahendra, is an Indian dramatist, actor, singer, playwright and comedian from the state of Tamil Nadu. Supermodel Cindy Crawford graduated from high school as valedictorian and studied chemical engineering at Northwestern University on scholarship. Unit I: Part-B
1. Differentiate chemistry, chemical engineering and chemical technology.
Chemistry: The branch of science concerned with the substances of which matter is composed, the investigation of their properties and reactions, and the use of such reactions to form new substances. Chemistry is the scientific discipline involved with compounds composed of atoms, i.e. elements, and molecules, i.e. combinations of atoms. Their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other compounds. Chemistry addresses topics such as how atoms and molecules interact via chemical bonds to form new chemical compounds. Chemical Engineering: Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies physical sciences (physics and chemistry), life sciences (microbiology and biochemistry), together with applied mathematics and economics to produce, transform, transport, and properly use chemicals, materials and energy. Chemical engineering is the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. Chemical Technology: Chemical engineering is a discipline influencing numerous areas of technology. Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. In broad terms, chemical engineers conceive and design processes to produce, transform and transport materials — beginning with experimentation in the laboratory followed by implementation of the technology in full-scale production. Chemical Engineering is the field “pure” of its category and Technology is application of “pure” engineering specific field like Petroleum Technology, Textile Technology, Printing Technology, Bio-Technology and so on.
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2. Write about history of chemical engineering in brief. The Industrial Revolution led to an unprecedented escalation in demand, both with regard to quantity and quality, for bulk chemicals such as soda ash. This meant two things: one, the size of the activity and the efficiency of operation had to be enlarged. Chemical engineering as a discipline that was developed out of those practicing "industrial chemistry" in the late 19th century. Even though industrial chemistry was being practiced in the mid-1800s, but during 1880s that the engineering elements required to control chemical processes were recognized as a distinct professional activity. Chemical engineering was first established as a profession in the United Kingdom when the first chemical engineering course was given at the University of Manchester in 1887 by George E. Davis in the form of twelve lectures covering various aspects of industrial chemical practice. As a consequence George E. Davis is regarded as the world's first chemical engineer. The first high-volume chemical process was implemented in 1823 in England for the production of soda ash, which was used for the production of glass and soap. During the same time, advances in organic chemistry led to the development of chemical processes for producing synthetic dyes from coal for textiles, starting in the 1850s. In the latter half of the 1800s a number of chemical processes were implemented industrially, primarily in Britain. And in 1887 a series of lectures on chemical engineering which summarized industrial practice in the chemical industry was presented in Britain and these lectures stimulated interest in the United States and to some degree led to the formation of the first chemical engineering curriculum at MIT in 1888. In 1908, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers was formed. The acceptance of the “horseless carriage,” which began commercial production in the 1890s, created a demand for gasoline, which ultimately fueled ex ploration for oil. In 1901, a Texas geologist and a mining engineer led a drilling operation and produced more oil than all of the other oil wells in the United States. The success of oil exploration was to some degree driven by the demand for gasoline for the automobile industry. These early industrial chemists/chemical engineers had few analytical tools available to them and by the 1930s and 1940s a number of nomographs were developed. In 1960s were the beginnings of the computer-based technology that is commonplace today. For example, since the 1970s computer-aided design (CAD) packages have allowed engineers to design complete processes by specifying only a minimum amount of information. These automation projects provided improved product quality while increasing production rates and overall production efficiency with relatively little capital investment. Beginning in the mid-1990s, new areas came on the scene that took advantage of the fundamental skills of chemical engineers, including the microelectronics industry, the
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pharmaceutical industry, the biotechnology industry, and, more recently, nanotechnology. The Industrial Revolution was when a shift from batch to more continuous processing began to occur. Due to the application of Chemical Engineering techniques during manufacturing process development, larger volume chemicals are now produced through a continuous "assembly line" chemical processes. Today commodity chemicals and petrochemicals are predominantly made using continuous manufacturing processes whereas specialty chemicals, fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals are made using batch processes. 3. Write about the eminent personalities of chemical engineering? George Edward Davis: Known as the father of the discipline ‘Chemical Engineering’, George Davis gave the first 12 ‘Chemical Engineering’ lectures in the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. The lectures were the core of the discipline, which defined and explained what Chemical Engineering basically is. He even wrote the book, ‘A Handbook of Chemical Engineering, Volume I and II’, which explained the basic industrial operations done on a much larger scale. Arthur D. Little: Arthur D. Little is the famous international consultancy firm, but, the man behind it is a famed Chemical Engineer and who laid the foundations for unit operations. John. H Perry: Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook wouldn’t have been possible without John. H Perry, who edited the first Handbook — published in 1934. John was a Chemical Engineer and also a PhD holder in Physical chemistry. He is more known for his handbook, which contains all the important properties and knowledge required by Professors and Chemical Engineers. Robert Samuel Langer, Jr: Robert Langer is known as the father of Tissue Engineering and has over 1,100 issued and pending patents. He is known for his contributions to medicine and biotechnology and has invented new technologies, especially in the drug delivery systems. Thomas H. Chilton: Source: DuPont Known as the father of modern Chemical Engineering Practices, Chilton and Allan P. Colburn developed what is known as the Chilton-Colburn analogy. This analogy is widely known and used in courses like mass and heat transfer. He worked as a Chemical Engineer at DuPont for 35 years and contributed to understanding the chemical phenomena behind heat and momentum. Elmer L.Gaden, Jr. Richmond Elmer was the father of ‘Biochemical Engineering’, who served 25 years of his career in academics. He is known for his dissertation topic, which was based on penicillin production. Carl Bosch: Although, Haber process was invented by Fritz Haber, the process was further scaled up to the industrial level, thanks to Carl Bosch. This process enables the production of synthetic fertilizers and today contributes to half of the world’s food production. Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau: Margaret became the first women to ever receive a doctorate in Chemical Engineering from MIT. She is mainly known for producing the first commercial penicillin plant and also contributed to creating processes, which produced high-octane gasoline. She was also the first female member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). 6 | A U Q u e s t i o n B a n k – C H 8 2 0 1 / P C E / C o m p i l e d b y R A K K
Vladimir Haensel: Holding nearly 150 patents and more than 400 foreign patent, Vladimir is famous for inventing the platforming process. This is a process where platinum is used as a catalyst to produce clean, low-cost gasoline, containing a higher energy content. Fritz Haber: Although, his contribution is mostly in the field of Chemistry, without his invention, two-thirds of the world’s food production would have been impossible. His very well-known Haber process, is the process where nitrogen is converted to Ammonia, under high temperature and pressure. These are very few world renowned chemical engineers.
4. Write about at least ten greatest achievements by our chemical engineering to this world.
There are many chemicals that are most essential in daily life. These chemicals are used either in combined form or as some reagents. More than 1000 of these chemicals are in use daily life. Here are the list of few chemicals and its uses. The discipline covers a wide-ranging set of societal interests and needs, including the following: health; habitable environment; national defense and security; transportation; communications; agriculture; clothing and food; and various life amenities. S.
Common
No
name of the
Molecular Formula and IUPAC name
Use
Chemical
1
Baking powder
NaHCO3; Sodium bicarbonate
Used for baking for cooking, releases CO 2 in reaction with other ingredients
2
Soap
Esters
Used for bathing and washing clothes
3
Detergent
Sodium sulfate, Sodium hydroxide and phosphate compounds
Used for washing clothes
4
Toothpaste
Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride
Used for cleaning teeth while brushing
5
Salt
NaCl, Sodium Chloride
Used in seasoning for cooking; also used as preservative
6
Vinegar
C2H4O2, Acetic acid, ethanoic acid
Used as preservative and for seasoning foods. Utilized for various household cleaning uses.
7
Graphite
Carbon
Used in Pencil
8
Alcohol
Ethanol (C 2H6O)
Used in alcoholic drinks
9
Bleaching Powder
NaOCl
Commonly used domestic bleach. Used for cleaning purposes
10
Sugar
Sucrose, C12H22O11
Used in cooking as sweetener
11
Aspirin
C9H8O4, Acetyl Salicylic Acid
Used in various medicines
12
Mouthwash
H2O2, Hydrogen Peroxide,
Used for personal hygiene.
13
Caustic soda
NaOH, Sodium hydroxide
It’s a highly corrosive alkali which is used for cleaning, unblocking sinks, drains and toilets.
14
Moth balls
C6H4Cl2, 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Have strong pungent smell and is used for
15
Chalk
CaCO3; Calcium Carbonate
Uses include blackboard chalk, pavement chalk, gymnastics and sometimes in toothpaste.
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5. Write about what are the chemical things we have crossed (involved) in our day today life starts from waking up in your bed and then till go to sleep. Production of Synthetic Ammonia and Fertilizers, Production of petrochemicals, Commercial-scale production of antibiotics (biotechnology/ pharmaceuticals), Establishment of the plastics industry, Establishment of the synthetic fiber industry, Establishment of the synthetic rubber industry, Electrolytic production of Aluminum, Energy production and the development of new sources of energy, Production of fissionable isotopes, Production of IT products (storage devices, microelectronics, ultraclean environment), Artificial organs and biomedical devices, Food processing, Process Simulation tools. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Unit II: Part – A
1. Write in short about role of mathematics in chemical engineering. 2. Write in short about role of physics in chemical engineering. 3. Write in short about role of chemistry in chemical engineering. 4. Write in short about role of biology in chemical engineering. 5. Write Zeroth law of thermodynamics. 6. Write first law of thermodynamics. 7. Write second law of thermodynamics. 8. Write third law of thermodynamics. 9. Define: internal energy. 10. What is meant by enthalpy? 11. Write the concept of entropy. 12. What is meant by heat capacity? 13. Write the Kelvin – Planck statement. 14. Write the Clausius statement 15. What are the limitations of first law of thermodynamics? 16. Define: system and surroundings. 17. Define: extensive property and intensive property. 18. What is meant by adiabatic process? 19. What is meant by analogy in transport phenomena? 20. Write the analogy between momentum transfer, mass transfer and heat transfer. 21. What is meant by Reynolds number? 22. Define: laminar flow and turbulent flow. 23. Write Newton’s law of viscosity. 24. Write Fourier’s law of heat conduction. 25. Write Newton’s law of cooling. 26. Write Stefan-Boltzmann law. 27. Write Fick’s law of diffusion. 28. Write mass conservation law. 29. Write Newton’s second law. 30. Write law of energy conservation. 8 | A U Q u e s t i o n B a n k – C H 8 2 0 1 / P C E / C o m p i l e d b y R A K K
31. What are the three modes of heat transfer? 32. Define any one mass transfer operation. 33. Classify the types of reactions. 34. Define: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous reactions. 35. Define: Catalytic and Non-catalytic reactions. 36. Define: Unimolecular, Bimolecular and Termolecular reactions. 37. Define: Exothermic and Endothermic reactions. 38. Define: First order reaction, second order reaction and third order reactions. 39. Define: Reversible and irreversible reactions. 40. What is meant rate of chemical reaction? 41. What are the factors affecting the rate of a reaction? 42. Write Arrhenius law. 43. Define: Elementary and Non Elementary Reactions. 44. Define: Molecularity of reaction. 45. Write the methods used to analyze the kinetic data or rate data. 46. Define: ideal reactor. 47. Define: batch reactors. 48. Define: CSTR. 49. Define: PFR. 50. Define: non-ideal reactors. 51. What is meant bb fixed bed reactor. 52. Define: tubular reactor. 53. Define: fluidized bed reactor. 54. What is meant by catalyst? 55. What are the types of catalysts? 56. What is meant by promoters (in catalysis)? 57. Define: inhibitors (in catalysis). 58. Define: accelerators (in catalysis). 59. What is meant by carriers/supports (in catalysis)? 60. Define the term ‘Catalyst Deactivation’. 61. What is meant error (in process control)? 62. Define: set point. 63. Draw the generalized process control system. 64. What is meant by closed loop system (in process control)? 65. What is meant by open loop system (in process control)? 66. What is meant by feedback (in process control)? 67. What is meant by offset (in process control)? 68. Explain shortly Laplace Transform. 69. Write initial value theorem (in Laplace Transform). 70. Write final value theorem (in Laplace Transform). 71. Write the step function (in Laplace Transform). 72. Write the impulse function (in Laplace Transform). 73. Write the ramp function (in Laplace Transform). 74. Write the sinusoidal function (in Laplace Transform). 75. Draw the components of the control system. 76. Draw the block diagram of the simple control system? 9 | A U Q u e s t i o n B a n k – C H 8 2 0 1 / P C E / C o m p i l e d b y R A K K
77. What are the types of controllers? Unit II: Part – B
1. Write in brief about role of ‘mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology’ in chemical engineering. 2. Derive Newton’s law of viscosity. 3. Explain the three modes of heat transfer. 4. Explain any four mass transfer operations. 5. Derive continuity equation in (1-D) one dimensional flow. 6. What are the characteristics of catalysts? 7. Write the application of catalytic process. 8. Explain the methods of catalyst preparation. 9. Draw the generalized process control system and explain it. 10. Draw the bock diagram of a hot water control system and explain it. 11. What is the role of Laplace Transform in process control? Explain in the aspects of process dynamics and control with some important Laplace functions. Unit III: Part – A
1. Define unit operations and unit process. 2. Draw the chemical engineering tree. 3. Name four unit operations. 4. Name four unit processes. 5. Is combustion comes under unit process or unit operations? Justify. 6. Define calcination reaction. 7. Name the unit operations involved in manufacture of sulfuric acid. 8. Name the unit processes involved in manufacture of sulfuric acid. 9. Name the unit operations involved in manufacture of soda ash. 10. Name the unit processes involved in manufacture of sulfuric acid. 11. What is meant by Solvay process? 12. What is meant by modified Solvay process? 13. How sodium carbonate is extracted from natural deposits? 14. Name the catalyst used in manufacture of sulfuric acid. What are the advantages of it. 15. Write the combustion (burning) reaction involved in manufacture of sulphuric acid. 16. Write the overall reaction of soda ash formation. 17. Write the two main reactions involved in production of H 2SO4. 18. Why platinum is not recommended as catalyst in production of H 2SO4. 19. What is meant by block diagram? 20. Draw the simple block diagram of manufacture of soda ash. 21. Draw the simple block diagram of manufacture of H 2SO4. 22. What is meant by chemical process equipment design? 23. Write in short about the chemical industry which you have visited?
Unit III: Part – B
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1. Draw the chemical engineering tree. Define unit operations and unit process. Describe in detail about unit operations and unit process with few examples. 2. How do you represent the process flowsheet? Explain with one industrial example. 3. Explain manufacture of sulphuric acid (Contact process) with neat flow diagram. 4. Explain manufacture of soda ash (Solvay process) with neat flow sheet. 5. What do you know about the designing of chemical equipments? Explain it. 6. Explain the simple chemical engineering experiments which you have done in your laboratory. 7. What you have learnt from your chemical engineering plant visit? Unit IV: Part – A
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Write in short the role of computers in chemical engineering. Name any four chemical engineering software. Write in short about the role of chemical engineering in food industry. Write in short about the role of chemical engineering in medical field. Write in short about the role of chemical engineering in energy engineering. Write in short about the role of chemical engineering in global environment. Write in short about the role of chemical engineering in biochemical engineering. Write in short about the role of chemical engineering in electronic industry. Write in short about the allied chemical industry which you have visited?
Unit IV: Part – B
1. Explain the role of computers in chemical engineering. 2. Relate chemical engineering and other engineering disciplines. 3. Compare traditional and modern chemical engineering. 4. Explain the role of chemical engineering in food industry. 5. Explain the role of chemical engineering in medical field. 6. Explain the role of chemical engineering in energy engineering. 7. Explain the role of chemical engineering in global environment. 8. Explain the role of chemical engineering in biochemical engineering. 9. Explain the role of chemical engineering in electronic industry. 10. What you have learnt from your allied chemical industry visit? Unit V: Part – A
1. 2. 3. 4.
What is meant by paradigm shifts in Chemical Engineering? Define: range of scales in Chemical Engineering. Write few job opportunities in chemical engineering field. What do you think about the future of chemical engineering?
Unit V: Part – B
1. 2. 3. 4.
Write about paradigm shifts in Chemical Engineering? Explain, range of scales in Chemical Engineering. Write in detail about the job opportunities in chemical engineering field. What do you think about the future of chemical engineering? Explore your view in detail.
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