CHAPTER 4 : MATTER AND SUBSTANCE 1. CHANGES IN MATTER 1. Matter is living and non living living things that have mass and and fill space. 2. Matter differs in physical characteristics characteristics such as shape, colour colour and hardness. particles in constant and random random motion. 3. All matter is consists of small discrete particles Kinetic Theory Theory of Matter. Matter. 4. The Kinetic The particles in a matter are in continous random motion because of kinetic energy The motion is called particles kinetic energy energy and this theory of matter states that: that: Matter consists of fine and and discrete particles particles ♣ Particles always move, vibrate and rotate randomly. ♣ ♣ The temperature of matter increases as the particles kinetic energy increases 5. All matter matter exists in one of the three states: states:
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Arrangement of particles
Particles are packed together in a regular pattern
Particles are not packed closely in regular pattern.
Particles are widely space
Movement of particles
The particles vibrate from side to side and spin around their fixed position
Particles move freely Particles are also held together by a strong attractive forces
Move freely in all direction at high speeds
Diagram of particles
INTERCONVERSION INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER i) MELTING POINT is a temperature where a solid turns into a liquid 0 The melting point of ice is 0 C When a liquid is heated heated the particles given more more energy and they start to move faster and further apart. At certain temperature temperature the particles break break free of one another and and the liquid turns into steam ii) BOILING POINT is the temperature at which a liquid changes to gas 0 The boiling point of water is 100 C A liquid can turn into gas even at low temperature. temperature. It only occurs at the the surface of a liquid. liquid. This process process is called evaporation. evaporation. Some substance substance go go directs from solid state to gaseous This process proce ss is called cal led sublimation. If a gas loses their kinetic energy, the gas turns into water. Condensation is a process when a gas turns into liquid. iii) FREEZING is a process when a liquid turns into a solid. Examples. melting
boiling
Ice
condensation
freezing
2.
Gas
Water
ATOM STRUCTURE
Particle
Symbol
Position
Electrical charge
Relative mass
Proton
p
Inside the nucleus
Positive
1
Neutron
n
Inside the nucleus
Neutral
1
Electron
e
Outside the nucleus
Negative
1/1840
Key electron proton
neutron
3.
PROTON NUMBER, NUCLEON NUMBER IN ATOM i) Proton number Each atom of the same element has certain number of proton, neutron and electron Therefore the chemical and physical properties of element are different This difference in proton number caused the atom from different element behave differently. The number of protons in an atom is called the proton number All atom of the same element have the same proton number The mass of an atom depends on the number of proton and neutrons it contains ii) Nucleon number The total number of proton and neutron in an atom shell is called then nucleon number. number of proton + number of neutron… The number of nucleon An atom is electrically neutral hence the number of electron is equal to the number of proton. iii) Isotopes The differences of nucleon number in the same elements are called isotopes • Isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties because they have the • same number of proton The isotopes isotopes have the same chemical chemical properties but but differences in physical physical properties properties • Hydrogen isotopes (Hydrogen-1, Hydrogen-2, Hydrogen-3) have slightly different boiling • point. ═
Hydrogen-1
Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen-3
Proton
1
1
1
Electron Neutron Proton number Nucleon number Physical properties Chemical properties
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 2 different same
1 2 1 3
4. THE PERIODIC TABLE The Periodic Table is a longitunal grid of every element that exist. • •
Each grid contains the symbol of the element , the proton number and the nucleon number. Nucleon number Proton number
14 7
N
Nitrogen •
•
Symbol Name of element
The elements are arranged in order of increasing increasi ng proton number. The proton number increases from lef to right across the Periodic Table. Table.
Group
I Period
II
1
H
2
Li Be
III IV V VI VII VIII
He B C N O F Ne
3 4
5 6 7
A row of elements in Periodic Table is called period and numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6,and 7.. The first element is very reactive solid and the last element is a nonreactive gas There are 8 columns in the Periodic Table. The column in Periodic Table is called group and numbered I,II ,III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII
5.
5. PROPERTIES OF SUBSTANCES Particles in substances can exist as atoms , molecules and ions
Molecules
Atoms An atom is the : Solid particle of an element that can take part in a chemical change. Neutral particles Metal are made of atom particles that are arranged closely by strong attractive forces Eg. copper contains only copper atom.
Formed when two or more atom are combined chemically Usually a molecule made of metal and non-metal atoms that are bound by a chemical bond. Two types of molecules : Molecule of element is a molecule made up of the same atom
Molecule of compound a molecule that made up of different atoms
Ions This chemical particles are called ions Particles with opposite charges attract by strong electrostatic forces between them Metals have a tendency of lack electrons to become positive ions. Non-metals have a tendency to give electrons to become negative ions Most ionic compounds are made up of metal ion and nonmetal ions. Na+
Cl-
A sodium chloride compound is ma de of a sodium ion and chloride ion
Physical properties of substances PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Physical state at room temperature
ATOM Solid (for all metal except mercury) Gas (For noble gases)
Substance made of MOLECULE
ION
Solid, liquid or gas
Solid High
Melting point / Boiling point
High for metal
Low
Electrical conductivity
All metal are good conductivity of electricity
Do not conduct electricity
Attraction forces
Strong metallic bond
Weak Van der Waal’s forces
Conduct electricity when molten state or dissolved in water Strong electrostatic forces
6. METALS AND NON-METALS 1. Physical properties of metals and non-metals Physical properties Surface Ductility Malleability Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity Tensile strength
Metals Shiny Ductile malleable Good electric conductor Good thermal conductor Very strong
Non-metals Dull Non-ductile Brittle Poor conductor Poor thermal conductor Weak
2. The uses of metal and non metal
Name Gold Silver Copper
Aluminium Iron Carbon Noble gas Sulphur
Physical characteristics Shiny surface Can withstand corrosion uctile alleable ood conductor of electricity ight and strong ood conductor of electricity alleable Ductile Malleable Carbon exists in two forms: i) Diamond ii) Graphite Neon and argon are not reactive Yellow in colour and burns easily
Uses Jewellery Gas and water piping Copper tooling and statue Electrical wires In making the bodies of aeroplane Cooking utensil and electrical cables Used as cans for drinks and food To make engine parts o the car Used in construction industry As jewellery Used as lead in making pencils Used in lights bulbs Used in manufacturing car batteries
7. PURIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES
1. 2.
3. 4.
Solutions are made by: What is pure substance? Characteristics of Pure Substances Method of purification
i) ii)
Dissolving a solid into a liquid eg. Dissolve sugar into water Dissolving a liquid into a liquid eg Dissolve alcohol into water
Pure substances are substances that contains only one type of substance. They do not have other substances eg sugar contains only sugar molecules. Pure substances have fixed boiling point and melting point. Eg. Pure water boils at 100 ºC and pure ice melts at 0 ºC i) Filtration ii) Crystallisation iii) Distillation
5. i) Filtration - The process to separate solid from solution ii) Crystallisation - The process of forming crystal from liquid or gas iii) Distillation - The process to obtain a pure substance from a mixture of solution 1. The liquid mixture is heated until the required substance boils and turns into vapour 2. The vapour cools down and condenses into a pure liquid iv) Fractional distillation Two or more liquids can mix together to form a solution • • This solution can be separated by fractional distillation This is done by using fractional distillation • A fractionating column separate liquids in the order of boiling points. • • The liquid with the lowest boiling point is obtained first
PAPER 1 1.
The diagram shows a change in the state of matter.
X
Y
The state of X and Y are X Solid Solid Liquid Liquid
A B C D
2.
Y Gas Liquid Gas Liquid
The diagram shows the changes in the three state of matter. Solid
S
P
Q
T
R Liquid
Gas U
In which processes is heat absorbed from the surrounding?
A. B. C. D.
3.
P,Q,U Q,R,S R,S,T S,T,P
The diagram shows the arrangement of particles in three state of matter.
What is process E? A B C D 4.
Which of the following state is the lowest kinetic energy of water particles?
A B C D
5.
Ice Water Steam Vapour
What happen to the temperature when ice melts? A B C D
6.
Boiling Melting Freezing Condensation
Vary Increase Decrease Remain constant
Which of the following graph shows the correct change in temperature when water is heated until it boils?
A
Temperature (ºC)
C
Temperature (ºC)
Time
Time
Temperature (ºC)
Temperature (ºC)
B
D
Time
7.
Time
Which of the following particle and charge is correctly matched?
A B C D
Subatomic Particle Proton Neutron Electron Neutron
Charge Positive Negative Positive Negative
8.
Which of the following statements is true about isotopes? A B C D
9.
Different chemical characteristics Different in proton and neutron number Same number of protons but different number of neutrons Same number of neutrons but different number of protons
The table shows the proton and nucleon number of elements L,M,N,O. Element L M N O
Proton Number 5 6 6 7
Nucleon Number 11 12 14 14
Which elements are isotopes? A B C D
10.
What is the basic of the arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table?
A B C D
11.
L and M M and N N and O L and O
Proton number Neutron number Electron number Nucleon number
The diagram below shows an element Z
16 8 Which of the following is true about Z? A B C D
12.
It has 16 protons It has 8 neutrons The nucleon number is 8 The number of electron is 16
What is the melting point of pure water? A B C D
-5°C 0 C 100°C 107°C
13.
What is the characteristic of a molecular substance? A B C D
14.
High melting point Good conductor of heat Good conductor of electricity The attractive forces are weak
Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
Substances Chlorine Carbon dioxide Sodium chloride Lead bromide
A B C D
15.
Particles atoms atoms molecules ions
The diagram shows atoms of a metal when force is applied to a part of it. Force
Atoms in metal
The atom layers slides on each other
What is the property of metal involved in the diagram? A B C D
16.
Solid Shiny Ductile Malleable
Isotope X has 17 proton number and 37 nucleon number.How many protons and neutrons does it have?
A B C D
Protons 17 17 17 18
Neutrons 17 37 20 17
17.
Which of the following processes represent melting?
A
B
Solid
Liquid
C 18.
D
Which of the following subatomic particles have charges? A B C D
19.
Gas
Electrons only Neutrons and protons Electrons and protons Electrons and neutrons
The diagram below shows a model of an atom. Which is an electron?
A C B
20.
21.
Which of the following particle is positively charge?
A
Particle L
Proton number 3
Electron number 2
B
M
6
6
C
N
9
10
D
O
17
18
Which of the following is the characteristic of a metal? A B C D
22.
D
Low melting point Have a dull surface Bad conductor of heat Good conductor of electricity
Which of the following group in the Periodic Table is named correctly?
A B C D
Group I II III IV
Name Halogens Alkali earth metals Alkali metals Noble gases
23.
Which of the following comparisons between metals and non-metals is true?
A B C D
24.
Metals Shiny surface Low melting point Not malleable Not ductile
Non-metals Dull surface High melting point Malleable Ductile
The diagram below shows the melting point and boiling point of substances S,T,U and V. Substances S T U V
Melting point ( °C) 115 -39 -113 78
Boiling point (°C) 445 357 -30 216
Which substances are in the solid state at room temperature? A B 25.
26.
A
B
C
D
Which of the following non-metal can conduct electricity? Helium Sulphur
C D
Carbon Oxygen
Dry ice changes into carbon dioxide when left in the open. What is the name of the process? A B
28.
S and V U and S
Which of the following A, B, C and D represents gas particles?
A B
27.
C D
S and T T and U
Melting Sublimation
C D
Condensation Evaporation
Why is it difficult to compress a solid? A B C D
Solid particles are far apart Solid particles are very big Solid particles are closely arranged Solid particles are held together by a strong force
29.
Which of the following is correct about pure water?
A B C D 30.
Melting points (°C) 0 0 100 100
Which of the following is the physical properties of a non-metal? A B C D
31.
Boiling points ( °C) 0 100 0 100
Have shiny surface Electrical conductors Poor thermal conductor Are closely packed particles
The diagram shows the structure of two particles L and M. L M
3p 3n
3p 4n
Which of the following is correct about L and M? A B C D 32.
They are molecules Ions with same charge Ions with different charge Atoms of the same elements.
The diagram below shows an atom A. 7
A 3 How many electrons are present in an atom A?
A. B.
33.
3 4
C. D.
7 10
The diagram shows a simple Periodic Table. S P Q R
Which element represents a metal?
A. B.
34.
To make the blade of knives For making the bodies of car In the production of telephone wire To insulate the handle of cooking pans
The boiling point will decrease There is no effect on the boiling point The boiling point will be higher than 100 C The boiling point will increase and then decrease
What is the suitable method to obtain salt crystal from a salt solution? A. B. C. D.
39.
Copper, iron, gold Copper, carbon, gold Zinc chlorine, sulphur Carbon, chlorine, sulphur
The boiling point of pure water is 100 °C. When salt dissolved in it, what is the effect on its boiling points? A. B. C. D.
38.
Evaporation Sublimation Simple distillation Fractional distillation
Which of the following is a common use of non-metal? A. B. C. D.
37.
R S
Which of the following elements are non-metals? A. B. C. D.
36.
C. D.
Which of the following technique would you use to separate water and alcohol? A. B. C. D.
35.
P Q
Filtrate the solution Evaporate the solution Distill the solution in flask Put the solution in freeze
Which of the following pair is correct?
A. B. C. D.
Process Freezing Boiling Condensation Evaporation
Energy Released Released Absorbed Released
40.
Which of the following atoms X,Y,Z have 2 neutrons. Atoms
Proton number
X Y Z A. B.
41.
Nucleon number
3 4 6
7 6 8
C. D.
X,Y and Z X and Y only
Y and Z only X and Z only
The diagram shows elements P and Q in a Periodic Table.
P
Q
What is the similarity between P and Q? A. B.
42.
C. D.
Nucleon number Proton number
Chemical properties Physical properties
The diagram shows some physical properties of substances L, M and N. Properties Physical state at room temperature Boiling point Attraction force
Substances L
Substances M
Substances N
Gas
Solid
Gas
Low Low
High Strong
Low Low
What are L, M and N?
A. B. C. D.
43.
L Ammonia Iron Oxygen Ammonia
M Oxygen Oxygen Ammonia Iron
N Iron Ammonia Iron Oxygen
The diagram shows the changes of matter from one state to another.
What happened during the process?
A. B. C. D.
44.
Fractional distillation is used to separate the different components of crude oil. Why can we use that process? A. B. C. D.
45.
It has a fixed boiling point It has a fixed melting point It consists of one substance It consists of more than one substance
A substance P boils at 105°C. What is P ? A. B. C. D.
47.
Crude oil is not reactive The size of the components are different The kinetic energy of components are different The boiling points of the components are different
Which of the following is true about impure substance. A. B C D
46.
Heat is being absorbed The particles move slower The particles move closer apart Kinetic energy of particles decrease
Alcohol Pure water Naphthalene Sugar solution
Which of the following object is made of metal? A. B. C.
Glass cutter Electric cable Casing for telephone
PAPER 2 SECTION A 1.
Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the electrical conductivity of atomic substance, ionic substance and molecular substance.
A
Switch
Cardboard Carbon rod
Substance
Bunsen burner
Diagram 1 The result of the experiment is recorded in Table 1 Type of substance
Ammeter’s reading /A Solid state Melting state
Lead powder
1.5
1.2
Sulphur powder
0.0
0.0
Lead(II) bromide powder
0.0
1.8
Table 1 (a) State the variables in this experiment. i)
Manipulated variable:
Type of substance …………………………………………………………………………… [ 1 mark] ii)
Responding variable: Reading of ammeter …………………………………………………………………………… [ 1 mark]
iii) Constant variable: Mass of substance …………………………………………………………………………… [ 1 mark]
(b)
State one hypothesis for this experiment. Lead powder conducts electricity in solid and molten state, sulphur …….………………………………………………………………………………
cannot conduct electricity while lead(II) bromide can conduct ……..……………………………………………………………………………… electricity in molten state only ……..……………………………………………………………………………… [ 1 mark]
(c) Based on the result in Table 1, classify the substances into their class..
Atomic substance Lead …………………………
Ionic substance Lead (II) bromide …………………………
Molecular substance Sulphur …………………………
[ 2 marks]
2. Diagram 2 shows an experiment to obtain pure water from salt water. Thermometer
Leibig condenser Salt water
Distillate
Diagram 2 (a) State the variables in this experiment. i.
Manipulated variable:
ii.
Presence of salt // Salt water …………………………………………………………………………… [ 1 mark] Responding variable: Boiling point ……………………………………………………………………… [ 1 mark]
SES 1511 Kelantan 2007
*The bolded and italic letter is the answer
68
(b)
State one hypothesis for this experiment.
Distilled water can be obtained from salt water through distillation ………..…………………………………………………………………………… [ 1 mark] (c)
The boiling point of the distillate is 100 0C. What is the inference?
Distillate is a pure water ………………………………………………………………….............................. …………………………………………………………………............................. [ 1 mark] (d)
(e)
What is the change of state in the Leibig condenser?
Steam to liquid // gas to liquid …….……………………………………………………………............................. [ 1 mark] What is the name of the process in Diagram 2? Distillation .......................................................................................................................... [ 1 mark]
SECTION B 1.
Diagram 3 shows the Periodic Table with some elements denoted by letters P,R,S and T.
I
II
III
IV V
VI
VII VIII
R F
P
T
S
Diagram 3 a) . What is the name of the
Group i) Vertical column : ………………………………………………………. ii) Horizontal row
:
Period ………………………………………………………..
[ 1 mark] [ 1 mark]
SES 1511 Kelantan 2007
*The bolded and italic letter is the answer
69
b)
What property changes from P to R?
P is a solid while R is gas …………………………………………………………………………. [ 1 mark] c)
Give one physical property of S.
All are gases ………………………………………………………………………. [ 1 mark] d)
What is the name of the group where T belongs?
Transitional Metal ………………………………………………………………………. [ 1 mark] e)
What is the proton number of R?
9 …………………………….. [ 1 mark] f)
What is the electron number of P?
3 ……………………………..
4.
Table 3 below shows the number of protons, neutrons and nucleon number of particles A,B,C and D.
Particle A B C D
Number of protons 11 17 17 20
Number of neutrons 12 18 20 22
Nucleon number 23 35 37 42
Table 3 a)
Complete the table above [2 mark]
b) i) Which pair of particles are isotope?
B and C …………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 mark] ii) Give your reason for the answer in b) i) B and C have the same number of proton but different ……………………………………………………………………………………….. number of neutron ……………………………………………………………………………………….. [1 mark] c)
Particle A is a neutral atom. How many electrons does A have?
11 …………………………….. ……………………………………………………… [1 mark]
SES 1511 Kelantan 2007
*The bolded and italic letter is the answer
70
SECTION C 1.
Study the statement below carefully. Molecular substances are not conduct electricity in all state Atomic substances are good electric conductor You are given a copper metal, a sulphur roll, connecting wire ,switch and ammeter. (a)
Suggest a suitable hypothesis to investigate this statement.
(1 mark)
(b)
Describe one experiment to test your hypothesis based on the following. (i) Aim of experiment (1 mark) (ii) Variables (2 marks) (iii) List of apparatus (1 mark) (iv) Method (4 marks) (v) Tabulation of data (1 mark)
ANSWER
Hypothesis
:
Copper is a good electric conductor but sulphur do not
Aim of experiment :
To study the electrical conductivity of copper and sulphur
Variables
:
Constant : Size // Mass of substance Manipulated : Type of substance // Metal and Non metal Responding : Electrical conductivity of substance
List of apparatus
:
Copper metal, sulphur. connecting wire, switch, ammeter, Battery
Method
:
Tabulation of data :
An electric circuit is set up as shown in the diagram The switch is turns on. The deflection of ammeter’s needle is observed and recorded Step 1 to 3 is repeated using sulphur Type of substance
Deflection of ammeter’s needle
Copper Sulphur
SES 1511 Kelantan 2007
*The bolded and italic letter is the answer
71
2.
a)
Give five differences between metal and non-metal
b)
Diagram 4 shows three substances. Bromine
Sulphur
(4 marks)
Iodine
Substance DIAGRAM 4 You are required to develop a concept of an non-metal. Your answer should be based on the following aspects: • • • •
Identify two common characteristics of a non-metal. Develop an initial concept of a non-metal. Give one example of a non-metal and one which is not a non-metal. Give reason for each example. Build the real concept of a non-metal. (6 marks)
ANSWER a)
Properties Appearance Density Melting point Electrical conductivity Heat conductivity
Metal Shiny High High Good conductor Good conductor
Non-metal Dull Low Low Poor conductor Poor conductor
b) Identify two common characteristics of a non-metal. Not conduct electricity in all state Have dull surface Develop an initial concept of a non-metal. Substance which have dull surface and not conduct electricity in all state are non-metal Give one example of a non-metal and one which is not a non-metal. Give reason for each example. Example - Plastic because not conduct electricity in all state Non-example – Iron because conduct electricity in all state// have shiny surface Build the real concept of a non-metal. Non-metal is a substance which have dull surface and not conduct electricity in all sta te
SES 1511 Kelantan 2007
*The bolded and italic letter is the answer
72
