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APPENDIX
PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS)
1
823
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824 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A1
Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties
Substance
Formula
Molar mass, M kg/kmol
Gas constant, R kJ/kg K*
Air Ammonia Argon Benzene Bromine n-Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Carbon tetrachloride Chlorine Chloroform Dichlo Dic hlorod rodifl ifluor uorome ometha thane ne (R(R-12 12)) Dich Di chlo loro rofl fluo uoro rome meth than ane e (R (R-2 -21) 1) Ethane Ethyl alcohol Ethylene Helium n-Hexane Hydrogen (normal) Krypton Methane Methyl alcohol Methyl chloride Neon Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Oxygen Propane Propylene Sulfur dioxide Tet etra rafl fluo uoro roet etha hane ne (R (R-1 -134 34a) a) Tric richlo hlorof rofluo luorom rometh ethane ane (R(R-11) 11) Water Xenon
— NH3 Ar C6H6 Br2 C4H10 CO2 CO CCl4 Cl2 CHCl3 CCl2F2 CHCl CH Cl2F C2H6 C2H5OH C2H4 He C6H14 H2 Kr CH4 CH3OH CH3Cl Ne N2 N2O O2 C3H8 C3H6 SO2 CF3CH2F CCl3F H2O Xe
28.97 17.03 39.948 78.115 159.808 58.124 44.01 28.011 153.82 70.906 119.38 120.91 102.92 30.070 46.07 28.054 4.003 86.179 2.016 83.80 16.043 32.042 50.488 20.183 28.013 44.013 31.999 44.097 42.081 64.063 102.03 137.37 18.015 131.30
0.2870 0.4882 0.2081 0. 0.1064 0.0520 0.1430 0.1889 0.2968 0.05405 0.1173 0.06964 0.06876 0.08078 0.2765 0.1805 0.2964 2.0769 2. 0.09647 4.1240 0.09921 0.5182 0.2595 0.1647 0.4119 0. 0.2968 0.1889 0.2598 0.1885 0.1976 0.1298 0.08149 0.06052 0.4615 0.06332
*The unit kJ/kg
K is equivalent to kPa
Critical-pointt properties Critical-poin
Temperature, K
Pressure, MPa
Volume, m3 /kmol
132.5 405.5 151 562 584 425.2 304.2 133 556.4 417 536.6 384.7 451.7 305.5 516 282.4 5.3 507.9 33.3 2 09.4 20 191.1 513.2 416.3 44.5 126.2 309.7 154.8 370 365 430.7 374.3 471.2 647.3 2 89.8 28
3.77 11.28 4.86 4.92 10.34 3.80 7.39 3.50 4.56 7.71 5.47 4.01 5.17 4.48 6.38 5.12 0.23 3.03 1.30 5.50 4.64 7.95 6.68 2.73 3.39 7.27 5.08 4.26 4.62 7.88 4.067 4.38 22.09 5.88
0.0883 0.0724 0.0749 0.2603 0.1355 0.2547 0.0943 0.0930 0.2759 0.1242 0.2403 0.2179 0.1973 0.1480 0.1673 0.1242 0.0578 0.3677 0.0649 0.0924 0.0993 0.1180 0.1430 0.0417 0.0899 0.0961 0.0780 0.1998 0.1810 0.1217 0.1847 0.2478 0.0568 0.1186
m3 /kg K. The gas constant is calculated from R R u / M M, where R u 8.314 kJ/kmol K and M M is is the molar mass.
Source: K. A. Kobe and R. E. Lynn, Jr., Chemical Review 52 Review 52 (1953), pp. 117 236; and ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals (Atlanta, Fundamentals (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), pp. 16.4 and 36.1.
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825 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–2
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases (a ) At 300 K Gas
Formula
Air Argon Butane Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Ethane Ethylene Helium Hydrogen Methane Neon Nitrogen Octane Oxygen Propane Steam
— Ar C4H10 CO2 CO C2H6 C2H4 He H2 CH4 Ne N2 C8H18 O2 C3H8 H2O
Note: The unit kJ/kg
K is equivalent to kJ/kg
Gas constant, R kJ/kg K
C p kJ/kg K
C v kJ/kg
0.2870 0.2081 0.1433 0.1889 0.2968 0.2765 0.2964 2.0769 4.1240 0.5182 0.4119 0.2968 0.0729 0.2598 0.1885 0.4615
1.005 0.5203 1.7164 0.846 1.040 1.7662 1.5482 5.1926 14.307 2.2537 1.0299 1.039 1.7113 0.918 1.6794 1.8723
0.718 0.3122 1.5734 0.657 0.744 1.4897 1.2518 3.1156 10.183 1.7354 0.6179 0.743 1.6385 0.658 1.4909 1.4108
K
k
1.400 1.667 1.091 1.289 1.400 1.186 1.237 1.667 1.405 1.299 1.667 1.400 1.044 1.395 1.126 1.327
C.
Source: Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 687, Table A.8SI.
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826 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–2
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases ( Continued ) (b ) At various temperatures
Temperature, K 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000
C p kJ/kg
K
C v kJ/kg K
k
Air
1.003 1.005 1.008 1.013 1.020 1.029 1.040 1.051 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.099 1.121 1.142
0.716 0.718 0.721 0.726 0.733 0.742 0.753 0.764 0.776 0.788 0.800 0.812 0.834 0.855
C p kJ/kg K
14.051 14.307 14.427 14.476 14.501 14.513 14.530 14.546 14.571 14.604 14.645 14.695 14.822 14.983
9.927 10.183 10.302 10.352 10.377 10.389 10.405 10.422 10.447 10.480 10.521 10.570 10.698 10.859
k
Carbon dioxide, CO2
1.401 1.400 1.398 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.381 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.359 1.354 1.344 1.336
0.791 0.846 0.895 0.939 0.978 1.014 1.046 1.075 1.102 1.126 1.148 1.169 1.204 1.234
Hydrogen, H 2
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900 1000
C v kJ/kg K
0.602 0.657 0.706 0.750 0.790 0.825 0.857 0.886 0.913 0.937 0.959 0.980 1.015 1.045
1.314 1.288 1.268 1.252 1.239 1.229 1.220 1.213 1.207 1.202 1.197 1.193 1.186 1.181
C p kJ/kg K
1.039 1.039 1.041 1.044 1.049 1.056 1.065 1.075 1.086 1.098 1.110 1.121 1.145 1.167
0.742 0.743 0.744 0.747 0.752 0.759 0.768 0.778 0.789 0.801 0.813 0.825 0.849 0.870
k
Carbon monoxide, CO
1.039 1.040 1.043 1.047 1.054 1.063 1.075 1.087 1.100 1.113 1.126 1.139 1.163 1.185
Nitrogen, N 2
1.416 1.405 1.400 1.398 1.398 1.397 1.396 1.396 1.395 1.394 1.392 1.390 1.385 1.380
C v kJ/kg K
0.743 0.744 0.746 0.751 0.757 0.767 0.778 0.790 0.803 0.816 0.829 0.842 0.866 0.888
1.400 1.399 1.398 1.395 1.392 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.370 1.364 1.358 1.353 1.343 1.335
Oxygen, O 2
1.400 1.400 1.399 1.397 1.395 1.391 1.387 1.382 1.376 1.371 1.365 1.360 1.349 1.341
0.913 0.918 0.928 0.941 0.956 0.972 0.988 1.003 1.017 1.031 1.043 1.054 1.074 1.090
0.653 0.658 0.668 0.681 0.696 0.712 0.728 0.743 0.758 0.771 0.783 0.794 0.814 0.830
Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), p. 783, Table A–4M. Originally published in Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, NBS Circular 564, 1955.
1.398 1.395 1.389 1.382 1.373 1.365 1.358 1.350 1.343 1.337 1.332 1.327 1.319 1.313
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827 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–2
Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases ( Concluded ) (c ) As a function of temperature – C p a bT cT 2 dT 3 – (T in K, C p in kJ/kmol.K )
Substance
Formula
a
b
Nitrogen Oxygen Air Hydrogen Carbon monoxide Carb Ca rbon on di diox oxid ide e Water vapor Nitric oxide Nitrous oxide Nitr Ni trog ogen en di diox oxid ide e Ammonia Sulfur Sulf Su lfur ur di diox oxiide Sulf Su lfur ur tri riox oxiide Acetylene Benzene Methanol Ethanol Hydr Hy drog ogen en ch chllor oriide Methane Ethane Propane n-Butane i -Butane n-Pentane n-Hexane Ethylene Propylene
N2 O2 — H2 CO CO2 H2O NO N2O NO2 NH3 S2 SO2 SO3 C2H2 C6H6 CH4O C2H6O HCl HCl CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C2H4 C3H6
28.90 25.48 28.11 29.11 28.16 22.26 32.24 29.34 24.11 22.9 27.5 27 .568 68 27.21 25.78 16.4 16 .40 0 21.8 36 36.2 .22 2 19.0 19.9 30.3 30 .33 3 19.89 6.90 6. 900 0 4.04 3.96 7.91 913 3 7. 6.77 6. 774 4 6.93 6. 938 8 3.95 3.15
0.1571
c
102 1.520 102 0.1967 102 0.1916 102 0.1675 102 5.981 102 0.1923 102 0.09395 102 5.8632 102 5.715 102 2.56 2. 5630 30 102 2.218 102 5.795 102 14.5 14 .58 8 102 9.2143 102 48.4 48 .475 75 102 9.152 102 20.96 102 0.7620 102 5.024 102 17.2 17 .27 7 102 30.48 102 37.15 102 41.6 41 .60 0 102 45.4 45 .43 3 102 55.2 55 .22 2 102 15.64 102 23.83 102
0.8081 0.7155 0.4802 0.4003 0.5372 3.501 1.055 0.9747 3.562 3.52 0.99072 1.628 3.812 11.20 6.527 31.57 1.22 10.38 1.327 1.269 6.406 15.72 18.34 23.01 22.46 28.65 8.344 12.18
d
105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105 105
2.873
1.312 1.966 0.8704 2.222 7.469 3.595 4.187 10.58 7.87 6.6909 3.986 8.612 32.42 18.21 77.62 8.039 20.05 4.338 11.01 7.285 31.74 35.00 49.91 42.29 57.69 17.67 24.62
109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109 109
% error
Temperature range, K
Max.
Avg.
27318 1800 00 27318 1800 00 27318 1800 00 27318 1800 00 27318 1800 00 27318 1800 00 27318 1800 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27318 1800 00 27318 1800 00 27313 1300 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27310 1000 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00 27315 1500 00
0.59 0.59 1.19 1. 19 0.72 0. 72 1.01 1. 01 0.89 0. 89 0.67 0. 67 0.53 0. 53 0.97 0. 97 0.59 0. 59 0.46 0. 46 0.91 0. 91 0.99 0. 99 0.45 0. 45 0.29 0. 29 1.46 1. 46 0.34 0. 34 0.18 0. 18 0.40 0. 40 0.22 0. 22 1.33 1. 33 0.83 0. 83 0.40 0. 40 0.54 0. 54 0.25 0. 25 0.56 0. 56 0.72 0. 72 0.54 0. 54 0.73 0. 73
0.34 0.34 0.28 0. 28 0.33 0. 33 0.26 0. 26 0.37 0. 37 0.22 0. 22 0.24 0. 24 0.36 0. 36 0.26 0. 26 0.18 0. 18 0.36 0. 36 0.38 0. 38 0.24 0. 24 0.13 0. 13 0.59 0. 59 0.20 0. 20 0.08 0. 08 0.22 0. 22 0.08 0. 08 0.57 0. 57 0.28 0. 28 0.12 0. 12 0.24 0. 24 0.13 0. 13 0.21 0. 21 0.20 0. 20 0.13 0. 13 0.17 0. 17
Source: B. G. Kyle, Chemical and Process Thermodynamics (Englewood Thermodynamics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1984). Used with permission.
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828 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–3
Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods (a ) Liquids Boiling data at 1 atm
Substance Ammonia
Normal boiling point, C 33.3
Latent heat of vaporization, hfg kJ/kg 1357
Freezing data
Freezing point, C 77.7
Latent heat of fusion, hif kJ/kg 322.4
Liquid properties
Temp., C 33.3 20
Argon Benzene Brine (20% sodium chloride by mass) n-Butane Carbon dioxide Ethanol Ethyl alcohol Ethylene glycol Glycerine Helium Hydrogen Isobutane Kerosene Mercury Methane Methanol Nitrogen Octane Oil (light) Oxygen Petroleum Propane
Refrigerant-134a
Water
185.9
80.2
161.6 394
103.9 0.5 78.4* 78.2 78.6 198.1 179.9 268.9 252.8 11.7 204293 356.7 161.5
— 385.2 230.5 (at 0°C) 838.3 855 800.1 974 22.8 445.7 367.1 251 294.7 510.4
64.5 195.8
1100 198.6
124.8
306.3
183
— 42.1
26.1
100
212.7 230–384 427.8
216.8
2257
189.3
5.5 17.4 138.5
28 126 — 80.3
56.6 114.2 156 10.8
18.9 — 259.2 160 24.9 38.9 182.2 97.7 210
109 108 181.1 200.6 — 59.5 105.7 — 11.4 58.4 99.2 25.3
57.5
180.7
218.8
13.7
187.7
80.0
96.6
0.0
—
333.7
0 25 185.6 20 20 0.5
0 25 20 20 20 268.9 252.8 11.7 20 25 161.5 100 25 195.8 160 20 25 183 20 42.1 0 50 50 26.1 0 25 0 25 50 75 100
Density, kg/m 3
Specific heat, C p kJ/kg C
682 665 639 602 1394 879
4.43 4.52 4.60 4.80 1.14 1.72
1150 601 298 783 789 1109 1261 146.2 70.7 593.8 820 13560 423 301 787 809 596 703 910 1141 640 581 529 449 1443 1374 1294 1206 1000 997 988 975 958
3.11 2.31 0.59 2.46 2.84 2.84 2.32 22.8 10.0 2.28 2.00 0.139 3.49 5.79 2.55 2.06 2.97 2.10 1.80 1.71 2.0 2.25 2.53 3.13 1.23 1.27 1.34 1.42 4.23 4.18 4.18 4.19 4.22
*Sublimation temperature. (At pressures below the triple-point pressure of 518 kPa, carbon dioxide exists as a solid or gas. Also, the freezing-point temperature of carbon dioxide is the triple-point temperature of 56.5C.)
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829 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–3
Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods ( Concluded ) (b ) Solids (values are for room temperature unless indicated otherwise) Specific heat, C p kJ/kg °C
Density, kg/m3
Substance Metals
Substance
Density, kg/m3
Specific heat, C p kJ/kg °C
2110 1922 2300 2300 1000 2420 2700 2230 2500 2700 800
0.920 0.79 0.960 0.653 0.920 0.616 0.800 0.840 0.711 1.017 1.09
921 1650 2600 545 1100 1150 1520 1500 721 513
1.56 1.71 1.86 2.01 2.11 0.909 0.880 1.21 1.840 2.009 0.800 0.800 1.26 1.38
Nonmetals
Aluminum 200 K 250 K 300 K 350 K 400 K 450 K 500 K Bronze (76% Cu, 2% Zn, 2% Al) Brass, yellow (65% Cu, 35% Zn) Copper 173°C 100°C 50°C 0°C 27°C 100°C 200°C Iron Lead Magnesium Nickel Silver Steel, mild Tungsten
8,280
0.797 0.859 0.902 0.929 0.949 0.973 0.997 0.400
8,310
0.400
2,700
0.254 0.342 0.367 0.381 0.386 0.393 0.403 0.45 0.128 1.000 0.440 0.235 0.500 0.130
8,900
7,840 11,310 1,730 8,890 10,470 7,830 19,400
Asphalt Brick, common Brick, fireclay (500C) Concrete Clay Diamond Glass, window Glass, pyrex Graphite Granite Gypsum or plaster board Ice 200 K 220 K 240 K 260 K 273 K Limestone Marble Plywood (Douglas Fir) Rubber (soft) Rubber (hard) Sand Stone Woods, hard (maple, oak, etc.) Woods, soft (fir, pine, etc.)
(c ) Foods
Food Apples Bananas Beef round Broccoli Butter Cheese, swiss Cherries Chicken Corn, sweet Eggs, whole Ice cream
Water content, % (mass) 84 75 67 90 16 39 80 74 74 74 63
Specific heat, kJ/kg °C
Freezing point, °C 1.1 0.8
— 0.6
— 10.0 1.8 2.8 0.6 0.6 5.6
Above f reezing
Below freezing
Latent heat of fusion, k J/kg
3.65 3.35 3.08 3.86 — 2.15 3.52 3.32 3.32 3.32 2.95
1.90 1.78 1.68 1.97 1.04 1.33 1.85 1.77 1.77 1.77 1.63
281 251 224 301 53 130 267 247 247 247 210
Food Lettuce Milk, whole Oranges Potatoes Salmon fish Shrimp Spinach Strawberries Tomatoes, ripe Turkey Watermelon
Water content, % (mass) 95 88 87 78 64 83 93 90 94 64 93
Specific heat, kJ/kg °C
Freezing Above p oint, ° C freezing 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.6 2.2 2.2 0.3 0.8 0.5
— 0.4
4.02 3.79 3.75 3.45 2.98 3.62 3.96 3.86 3.99 2.98 3.96
Below freezing
Latent heat of fusion, kJ/kg
2.04 1.95 1.94 1.82 1.65 1.89 2.01 1.97 2.02 1.65 2.01
317 294 291 261 214 277 311 301 314 214 311
Source: Values are obtained from various handbooks and other sources or are calculated. Water content and freezing-point data of foods are from ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, SI version (Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1993), Chapter 30, Table 1. Freezing point is the temperature at which freezing starts for fruits and vegetables, and the average freezing temperature for other foods.
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830 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–4
Saturated water—Temperature table Specific volume, m3 /kg
O 2 H Temp., T °C 0.01 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Sat. press., P sat kPa
Sat. liquid, v f
0.6113 0.8721 1.2276 1.7051 2.339 3.169 4.246 5.628 7.384 9.593 12.349 15.758 19.940 25.03 31.19 38.58 47.39 57.83 70.14 84.55
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy,
Entropy, KkJ/kg
kJ/kg
Sat. liquid, u f
Evap., u fg
Sat. vapor, u g
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
0.001000 206.14 0.001000 147.12 0.001000 106.38 0.001001 77.93 0.001002 57.79 0.001003 43.36 0.001004 32.89 0.001006 25.22 0.001008 19.52 0.001010 15.26 0.001012 12.03 0.001015 9.568 0.001017 7.671 0.001020 6.197 0.001023 5.042 0.001026 4.131 0.001029 3.407 0.001033 2.828 0.001036 2.361 0.001040 1.982
0.0 20.97 42.00 62.99 83.95 104.88 125.78 146.67 167.56 188.44 209.32 230.21 251.11 272.02 292.95 313.90 334.86 355.84 376.85 397.88
2375.3 2361.3 2347.2 2333.1 2319.0 2304.9 2290.8 2276.7 2262.6 2248.4 2234.2 2219.9 2205.5 2191.1 2176.6 2162.0 2147.4 2132.6 2117.7 2102.7
2375.3 2382.3 2389.2 2396.1 2402.9 2409.8 2416.6 2423.4 2430.1 2436.8 2443.5 2450.1 2456.6 2463.1 2469.6 2475.9 2482.2 2488.4 2494.5 2500.6
0.01 20.98 42.01 62 .99 83 .96 104.89 125.79 146.68 167.57 188.45 209.33 230.23 251.13 272.06 292.98 313.93 334.91 355.90 376.92 397.96
2501.3 2 489.6 2477.7 2465.9 2454.1 2442.3 2430.5 2418.6 2406.7 2394.8 2382.7 2370.7 2358.5 2346.2 2333.8 2321.4 2308.8 2296.0 2283.2 2270.2
250 1.4 0.000 2510 .6 0 .0761 2519.8 0.1510 25 28.9 0.2245 25 38.1 0.2966 2547.2 0.3674 2556.3 0.4369 2565.3 0.5053 2574.3 0.5725 2583.2 0.6387 2592.1 0.7038 2600.9 0.7679 2609.6 0.8312 2618.3 0.8935 2626.8 0.9549 2635.3 1.0155 2643.7 1.0753 2651.9 1.1343 2660.1 1.1925 2668.1 1.2500
9.1562 8.9496 8.7498 8.5569 8.3706 8.1905 8.0164 7.8478 7.6845 7.5261 7.3725 7.2234 7.0784 6.9375 6.8004 6.6669 6.5369 6.4102 6.2866 6.1659
9.1562 9.0257 8.9008 8.7814 8.6672 8.5580 8.4533 8.3531 8.2570 8.1648 8.0763 7.9913 7.9096 7.8310 7.7553 7.6824 7.6122 7.5445 7.4791 7.4159
0.001044 0.001048 0.001052 0.001056 0.001060 0.001065 0.001070 0.001075 0.001080 0.001085 0.001091 0.001096 0.001102 0.001108 0.001114 0.001121 0.001127 0.001134 0.001141 0.001149
418.94 440.02 461.14 482.30 503.50 524.74 546.02 567.35 588.74 610.18 631.68 653.24 674.87 696.56 718.33 740.17 762.09 784.10 806.19 828.37
2087.6 2072.3 2057.0 2041.4 2025.8 2009.9 1993.9 1977.7 1961.3 1944.7 1927.9 1910.8 1893.5 1876.0 1858.1 1840.0 1821.6 1802.9 1783.8 1764.4
2506.5 2512.4 2518.1 2523.7 2529.3 2534.6 2539.9 2545.0 2550.0 2554.9 2559.5 2564.1 2568.4 2572.5 2576.5 2580.2 2583.7 2587.0 2590.0 2592.8
419.04 440.15 461.30 482.48 503.71 524.99 546.31 567.69 589.13 610.63 632.20 653.84 675.55 697.34 719.21 741.17 763.22 785.37 807.62 829.98
2257.0 2243.7 2230.2 2216.5 2202.6 2188.5 2174.2 2159.6 2144.7 2129.6 2114.3 2098.6 2082.6 2066.2 2049.5 2032.4 2015.0 1997.1 1978.8 1960.0
2676.1 2683.8 2691.5 2699.0 2706.3 2713.5 2720.5 2727.3 2733.9 2740.3 2746.5 2752.4 2758.1 2763.5 2768.7 2773.6 2778.2 2782.4 2786.4 2790.0
6.0480 5.9328 5.8202 5.7100 5.6020 5.4962 5.3925 5.2907 5.1908 5.0926 4.9960 4.9010 4.8075 4.7153 4.6244 4.5347 4.4461 4.3586 4.2720 4.1863
7.3549 7.2958 7.2387 7.1833 7.1296 7.0775 7.0269 6.9777 6.9299 6.8833 6.8379 6.7935 6.7502 6.7078 6.6663 6.6256 6.5857 6.5465 6.5079 6.4698
Sat. vapor, v g
Sat. liquid, s f
Evap., s fg
Sat. vapor, s g
Sat. press., MPa 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195
0.10135 0.12082 0.14327 0.16906 0.19853 0.2321 0.2701 0.3130 0.3613 0.4154 0.4758 0.5431 0.6178 0.7005 0.7917 0.8920 1.0021 1.1227 1.2544 1.3978
1.6729 1.4194 1.2102 1.0366 0.8919 0.7706 0.6685 0.5822 0.5089 0.4463 0.3928 0.3468 0.3071 0.2727 0.2428 0.2168 0.19405 0.17409 0.15654 0.14105
1.3069 1.3630 1.4185 1.4734 1.5276 1.5813 1.6344 1.6870 1.7391 1.7907 1.8418 1.8925 1.9427 1.9925 2.0419 2.0909 2.1396 2.1879 2.2359 2.2835
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831 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–4
Saturated water—Temperature table ( Concluded ) Specific volume, m3 /kg
Temp., T °C
Sat. press., P sat MPa
Sat. liquid, v f
200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 330 340 350 360 370 374.14
1.5538 1.7230 1.9062 2.104 2.318 2.548 2.795 3.060 3.344 3.648 3.973 4.319 4.688 5.081 5.499 5.942 6.412 6.909 7.436 7.993 8.581 9.202 9.856 10.547 11.274 12.845 14.586 16.513 18.651 21.03 22.09
0.001157 0.001164 0.001173 0.001181 0.001190 0.001199 0.001209 0.001219 0.001229 0.001240 0.001251 0.001263 0.001276 0.001289 0.001302 0.001317 0.001332 0.001348 0.001366 0.001384 0.001404 0.001425 0.001447 0.001472 0.001499 0.001561 0.001638 0.001740 0.001893 0.002213 0.003155
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Sat. vapor, v g
Sat. liquid, u f
0.12736 0.11521 0.10441 0.09479 0.08619 0.07849 0.07158 0.06537 0.05976 0.05471 0.05013 0.04598 0.04221 0.03877 0.03564 0.03279 0.03017 0.02777 0.02557 0.02354 0.02167 0.019948 0.018350 0.016867 0.015488 0.012996 0.010797 0.008813 0.006945 0.004925 0.003155
850.65 873.04 895.53 918.14 940.87 963.73 986.74 1009.89 1033.21 1056.71 1080.39 1104.28 1128.39 1152.74 1177.36 1202.25 1227.46 1253.00 1278.92 1305.2 1332.0 1359.3 1387.1 1415.5 1444.6 1505.3 1570.3 1641.9 1725.2 1844.0 2029.6
Enthalpy,
Entropy, K kJ/kg
kJ/kg
Evap., u fg
Sat. vapor, u g
Sat. liquid, hf
1744.7 1724.5 1703.9 1682.9 1661.5 1639.6 1617.2 1594.2 1570.8 1546.7 1522.0 1596.7 1470.6 1443.9 1416.3 1387.9 1358.7 1328.4 1297.1 1264.7 1231.0 1195.9 1159.4 1121.1 1080.9 993.7 894.3 776.6 626.3 384.5 0
2595.3 2597.5 2599.5 2601.1 2602.4 2603.3 2603.9 2604.1 2604.0 2603.4 2602.4 2600.9 2599.0 2596.6 2593.7 2590.2 2586.1 2581.4 2576.0 2569.9 2563.0 2555.2 2546.4 2536.6 2525.5 2498.9 2464.6 2418.4 2351.5 2228.5 2029.6
852.45 875.04 897.76 920.62 943.62 966.78 990.12 1013.62 1037.32 1061.23 1085.36 1109.73 1134.37 1159.28 1184.51 1210.07 1235.99 1262.31 1289.07 1316.3 1344.0 1372.4 1401.3 1431.0 1461.5 1525.3 1594.2 1670.6 1760.5 1890.5 2099.3
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, s f
Evap., s fg
Sat. vapor, s g
1940.7 1921.0 1900.7 1879.9 1858.5 1836.5 1813.8 1790.5 1766.5 1741.7 1716.2 1689.8 1662.5 1634.4 1605.2 1574.9 1543.6 1511.0 1477.1 1441.8 1404.9 1366.4 1326.0 1283.5 1238.6 1140.6 1027.9 893.4 720.3 441.6 0
2793.2 2796.0 2798.5 2800.5 2802.1 2803.3 2804.0 2804.2 2803.8 2803.0 2801.5 2799.5 2796.9 2793.6 2789.7 2785.0 2779.6 2773.3 2766.2 2758.1 2749.0 2738.7 2727.3 2714.5 2700.1 2665.9 2622.0 2563.9 2481.0 2332.1 2099.3
2.3309 2.3780 2.4248 2.4714 2.5178 2.5639 2.6099 2.6558 2.7015 2.7472 2.7927 2.8383 2.8838 2.9294 2.9751 3.0208 3.0668 3.1130 3.1594 3.2062 3.2534 3.3010 3.3493 3.3982 3.4480 3.5507 3.6594 3.7777 3.9147 4.1106 4.4298
4.1014 4.0172 3.9337 3.8507 3.7683 3.6863 3.6047 3.5233 3.4422 3.3612 3.2802 3.1992 3.1181 3.0368 2.9551 2.8730 2.7903 2.7070 2.6227 2.5375 2.4511 2.3633 2.2737 2.1821 2.0882 1.8909 1.6763 1.4335 1.1379 0.6865 0
6.4323 6.3952 6.3585 6.3221 6.2861 6.2503 6.2146 6.1791 6.1437 6.1083 6.0730 6.0375 6.0019 5.9662 5.9301 5.8938 5.8571 5.8199 5.7821 5.7437 5.7045 5.6643 5.6230 5.5804 5.5362 5.4417 5.3357 5.2112 5.0526 4.7971 4.4298
Source: Tables A–4 through A–8 are adapted from Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), pp. 635–651. Originally published in Joseph H. Keenan, Frederick G. Keyes, Philip G. Hill, and Joan G. Moore, Steam Tables, SI Units (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978).
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832 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–5
Saturated water—Pressure table Specific volume, m3 /kg
O 2 H Press., P kPa 0.6113 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 75
Sat. temp., T sat °C 0.01 6.98 13.03 17.50 21.08 24.08 28.96 32.88 40.29 45.81 53.97 60.06 64.97 69.10 75.87 81.33 91.78
Sat. liquid, v f
Sat. vapor, v g
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy,
Entropy, K kJ/kg
kJ/kg
Sat. liquid, u f
Evap., u fg
Sat. vapor, u g
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, s f
0.001000 2 06.14 0 .001000 1 29.21 0 .001001 87.98 0 .001001 67.00 0 .001002 54.25 0.001003 45.67 0.001004 34.80 0.001005 28.19 0.001008 19.24 0.001010 14.67 0.001014 10.02 0.001017 7.649 0.001020 6.204 0.001022 5.229 0.001027 3.993 0.001030 3.240 0.001037 2.217
0.00 29.30 54.71 73.48 88.48 101.04 121.45 137.81 168.78 191.82 225.92 251.38 271.90 289.20 317.53 340.44 384.31
2375.3 2 355.7 2 338.6 2 326.0 2 315.9 2307.5 2293.7 2282.7 2261.7 2246.1 2222.8 2205.4 2191.2 2179.2 2159.5 2143.4 2112.4
2 375.3 2 385.0 2 393.3 2 399.5 2 404.4 2408.5 2415.2 2420.5 2430.5 2 437.9 2 448.7 2 456.7 2 463.1 2 468.4 2 477.0 2 483.9 2 496.7
0.01 29.30 54.71 73.48 88.49 101.05 121.46 137.82 168.79 1 91.83 2 25.94 2 51.40 2 71.93 2 89.23 3 17.58 3 40.49 3 84.39
2501.3 2 484.9 2 470.6 2 460.0 2 451.6 2444.5 2432.9 2423.7 2406.0 2392.8 2373.1 2358.3 2346.3 2336.1 2319.2 2305.4 2278.6
2 501.4 2514.2 2525.3 2533.5 2540.0 2545.5 2554.4 2561.5 2574.8 2 584.7 2 599.1 2 609.7 2 618.2 2 625.3 2 636.8 2 645.9 2 663.0
0.0000 9 .1562 0 .1059 8 .8697 0 .1957 8 .6322 0 .2607 8 .4629 0 .3120 8 .3311 0.3545 8.2231 0.4226 8.0520 0.4764 7.9187 0.5764 7.6750 0 .6493 7 .5009 0 .7549 7 .2536 0 .8320 7 .0766 0 .8931 6 .9383 0 .9439 6 .8247 1 .0259 6 .6441 1 .0910 6 .5029 1 .2130 6 .2434
9.1562 8 .9756 8 .8279 8 .7237 8 .6432 8.5776 8.4746 8.3951 8.2515 8 .1502 8 .0085 7 .9085 7 .8314 7 .7686 7 .6700 7 .5939 7 .4564
0.001043 0.001048 0.001053 0.001057 0.001061 0.001064 0.001067 0.001070 0.001073 0.001076 0.001079 0.001081 0.001084 0.001088 0.001093 0.001097 0.001101 0.001104 0.001108 0.001112 0.001115 0.001118 0.001121 0.001124 0.001127 0.001133 0.001139 0.001144
417.36 444.19 466.94 486.80 504.49 520.47 535.10 548.59 561.15 572.90 583.95 594.40 604.31 622.77 639.68 655.32 669.90 683.56 696.44 708.64 720.22 731.27 741.83 751.95 761.68 780.09 797.29 813.44
2088.7 2069.3 2052.7 2038.1 2025.0 2013.1 2002.1 1991.9 1982.4 1973.5 1965.0 1956.9 1949.3 1934.9 1921.6 1909.2 1897.5 1886.5 1876.1 1866.1 1856.6 1847.4 1838.6 1830.2 1822.0 1806.3 1791.5 1777.5
2506.1 2513.5 2519.7 2524.9 2529.5 2533.6 2537.2 2540.5 2543.6 2546.4 2548.9 2551.3 2553.6 2557.6 2561.2 2564.5 2567.4 2570.1 2572.5 2574.7 2576.8 2578.7 2580.5 2582.1 2583.6 2586.4 2588.8 2591.0
417.46 444.32 467.11 486.99 504.70 520.72 535.37 548.89 561.47 573.25 584.33 594.81 604.74 623.25 640.23 665.93 670.56 684.28 697.22 709.47 721.11 732.22 742.83 753.02 762.81 781.34 798.65 814.93
2258.0 2241.0 2226.5 2213.6 2201.9 2191.3 2181.5 2172.4 2163.8 2155.8 2148.1 2140.8 2133.8 2120.7 2108.5 2097.0 2086.3 2076.0 2066.3 2057.0 2048.0 2039.4 2031.1 2023.1 2015.3 2000.4 1986.2 1972.7
2675.5 2685.4 2693.6 2700.6 2706.7 2712.1 2716.9 2721.3 2725.3 2729.0 2732.4 2735.6 2738.6 2743.9 2748.7 2753.0 2756.8 2760.3 2763.5 2766.4 2769.1 2771.6 2773.9 2776.1 2778.1 2871.7 2784.8 2787.6
1.3026 1.3740 1.4336 1.4849 1.5301 1.5706 1.6072 1.6408 1.6718 1.7006 1.7275 1.7528 1.7766 1.8207 1.8607 1.8973 1.9312 1.9627 1.9922 2.0200 2.0462 2.0710 2.0946 2.1172 2.1387 2.1792 2.2166 2.2515
7.3594 7.2844 7.2233 7.1717 7.1271 7.0878 7.0527 7.0209 6.9919 6.9652 6.9405 6.9175 6.8959 6.8565 6.8213 6.7893 6.7600 6.7331 6.7080 6.6847 6.6628 6.6421 6.6226 6.6041 6.5865 6.5536 6.5233 6.4953
Evap., s fg
Sat. vapor, s g
Press., MPa 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 0.225 0.250 0.275 0.300 0.325 0.350 0.375 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30
99.63 105.99 111.37 116.06 120.23 124.00 127.44 130.60 133.55 136.30 138.88 141.32 143.63 147.93 151.86 155.48 158.85 162.01 164.97 167.78 170.43 172.96 175.38 177.69 179.91 184.09 187.99 191.64
1.6940 1.3749 1.1593 1.0036 0.8857 0.7933 0.7187 0.6573 0.6058 0.5620 0.5243 0.4914 0.4625 0.4140 0.3749 0.3427 0.3157 0.2927 0.2729 0.2556 0.2404 0.2270 0.2150 0.2042 0.19444 0.17753 0.16333 0.15125
6.0568 5.9104 5.7897 5.6868 5.5970 5.5173 5.4455 5.3801 5.3201 5.2646 5.2130 5.1647 5.1193 5.0359 4.9606 4.8920 4.8288 4.7703 4.7158 4.6647 4.6166 4.5711 4.5280 4.4869 4.4478 4.3744 4.3067 4.2438
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833 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–5
Saturated water—Pressure table ( Concluded ) Specific volume, m3 /kg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Enthalpy,
Entropy, K kJ/kg
kJ/kg
Sat. Press., temp., P MPa T sat °C
Sat. liquid, v f
Sat. vapor, v g
Sat. liquid, u f
Evap., u fg
Sat. vapor, u g
Sat. liquid, hf
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, s f
1.40 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.5 3.0 3.5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 22.09
0.001149 0.001154 0.001166 0.001177 0.001187 0.001197 0.001217 0.001235 0.001252 0.001286 0.001319 0.001351 0.001384 0.001418 0.001452 0.001489 0.001527 0.001567 0.001611 0.001658 0.001711 0.001770 0.001840 0.001924 0.002036 0.002207 0.002742 0.003155
0.14084 0.13177 0.11349 0.09963 0.08875 0.07998 0.06668 0.05707 0.04978 0.03944 0.03244 0.02737 0.02352 0.02048 0.018026 0.015987 0.014263 0.012780 0.011485 0.010337 0.009306 0.008364 0.007489 0.006657 0.005834 0.004952 0.003568 0.003155
828.70 843.16 876.46 906.44 933.83 959.11 1004.78 1045.43 1082.31 1147.81 1205.44 1257.55 1305.57 1350.51 1393.04 1433.7 1473.0 1511.1 1548.6 1585.6 1622.7 1660.2 1698.9 1739.9 1785.6 1842.1 1961.9 2029.6
1764.1 1751.3 1721.4 1693.8 1668.2 1644.0 1599.3 1558.3 1520.0 1449.3 1384.3 1323.0 1264.2 1207.3 1151.4 1096.0 1040.7 985.0 928.2 869.8 809.0 744.8 675.4 598.1 507.5 388.5 125.2 0
2592.8 2594.5 2597.8 2600.3 2602.0 2603.1 2604.1 2603.7 2602.3 2597.1 2589.7 2580.5 2569.8 2557.8 2544.4 2529.8 2513.7 2496.1 2476.8 2455.5 2431.7 2405.0 2374.3 2338.1 2293.0 2230.6 2087.1 2029.6
830.30 844.89 878.50 908.79 936.49 962.11 1008.42 1049.75 1087.31 1154.23 1213.35 1267.00 1316.64 1363.26 1407.56 1450.1 1491.3 1531.5 1571.1 1610.5 1650.1 1690.3 1732.0 1776.5 1826.3 1888.4 2022.2 2099.3
1957.7 1947.3 1917.9 1890.7 1865.2 1841.0 1795.7 1753.7 1714.1 1640.1 1571.0 1505.1 1441.3 1378.9 1317.1 1255.5 1193.3 1130.7 1066.5 1000.0 930.6 856.9 777.1 688.0 583.4 446.2 143.4 0
2790.0 2792.2 2796.4 2799.5 2801.7 2803.1 2804.2 2803.4 2801.4 2794.3 2784.3 2772.1 2758.0 2742.1 2724.7 2705.6 2684.9 2662.2 2637.6 2610.5 2580.6 2547.2 2509.1 2464.5 2409.7 2334.6 2165.6 2099.3
2.2842 2.3150 2.3851 2.4474 2.5035 2.5547 2.6457 2.7253 2.7964 2.9202 3.0267 3.1211 3.2068 3.2858 3.3596 3.4295 3.4962 3.5606 3.6232 3.6848 3.7461 3.8079 3.8715 3.9388 4.0139 4.1075 4.3110 4.4298
195.07 198.32 205.76 212.42 218.45 223.99 233.90 242.60 250.40 263.99 275.64 285.88 295.06 303.40 311.06 318.15 324.75 330.93 336.75 342.24 347.44 352.37 357.06 361.54 365.81 369.89 373.80 374.14
Evap., s fg 4.1850 4.1298 4.0044 3.8935 3.7937 3.7028 3.5412 3.4000 3.2737 3.0532 2.8625 2.6922 2.5364 2.3915 2.2544 2.1233 1.9962 1.8718 1.7485 1.6249 1.4994 1.3698 1.2329 1.0839 0.9130 0.6938 0.2216 0
Sat. vapor, s g 6.4693 6.4448 6.3896 6.3409 6.2972 6.2575 6.1869 6.1253 6.0701 5.9734 5.8892 5.8133 5.7432 5.6722 5.6141 5.5527 5.4924 5.4323 5.3717 5.3098 5.2455 5.1777 5.1044 5.0228 4.9269 4.8013 4.5327 4.4298
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Page 834
834 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–6
Superheated water T O 2 °C H
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 0.01 MPa (45.81°C)* †
Sat. 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
14.674 14.869 17.196 19.512 21.825 24.136 26.445 31.063 35.679 40.295 44.911 49.526 54.141 58.757 63.372 67.987 72.602
2437.9 2443.9 2515.5 2587.9 2661.3 2736.0 2812.1 2968.9 3132.3 3302.5 3479.6 3663.8 3855.0 4053.0 4257.5 4467.9 4683.7
2584.7 2592 .6 2687.5 2783.0 2879 .5 2977 .3 3076 .5 3279 .6 3489 .1 3705.4 3928.7 4159.0 4396.4 4640.6 4891.2 5147.8 5409.7
8.1502 8.1749 8.4479 8.6882 8.9038 9.1002 9.2813 9.6077 9.8978 10.1608 10.4028 10.6281 10.8396 11.0393 11.2287 11.4091 11.5811
P 0.20 MPa (120.23°C)
Sat. 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.8857 0.9596 1.0803 1.1988 1.3162 1.5493 1.7814 2.013 2.244 2.475 2.705 2.937 3.168 3.399 3.630
2529.5 2576.9 2654.4 2731.2 2808.6 2966.7 3130.8 3301.4 3478.8 3663.1 3854.5 4052.5 4257.0 4467.5 4683.2
2706.7 2768.8 2870.5 2971.0 3071.8 3276.6 3487.1 3704.0 3927.6 4158.2 4395.8 4640.0 4890.7 5147.5 5409.3
7.1272 7.2795 7.5066 7.7086 7.8926 8.2218 8.5133 8.7770 9.0194 9.2449 9.4566 9.6563 9.8458 10.0262 10.1982
P 0.50 MPa (151.86°C)
Sat. 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.3749 2561.2 2748.7 0.4249 2642.9 2855.4 0.4744 2723.5 2960.7 0.5226 2802.9 3064.2 0.5701 2882.6 3167.7 0.6173 2963.2 3271.9 0.7109 3128.4 3483.9 0.8041 3299.6 3701.7 0.8969 3477.5 3925.9 0.9896 3662.1 4156.9 1.0822 3853.6 4394.7 1.1747 4051.8 4639.1 1.2672 4256.3 4889.9 1.3596 4466.8 5146.6 1.4521 4682.5 5408.6
6.8213 7.0592 7.2709 7.4599 7.6329 7.7938 8.0873 8.3522 8.5952 8.8211 9.0329 9.2328 9.4224 9.6029 9.7749
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
P 0.05 MPa (81.33°C)
of saturated vapor at the specified pressure.
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
2483.9
2645.9
7.5939
1.6940
2506.1 2675.5
3.418 3.889 4.356 4.820 5.284 6.209 7.134 8.057 8.981 9.904 10.828 11.751 12.674 13.597 14.521
2511.6 2585.6 2659.9 2735.0 2811.3 2968.5 3132.0 3302.2 3479.4 3663.6 3854.9 4052.9 4257.4 4467.8 4683.6
2682.5 2780.1 2 877.7 2 976.0 3 075.5 3 278.9 3 488.7 3705.1 3928.5 4158.9 4396.3 4640.5 4891.1 5147.7 5409.6
7.6947 7.9401 8.1580 8.3556 8.5373 8.8642 9.1546 9.4178 9.6599 9.8852 10.0967 10.2964 10.4859 10.6662 10.8382
1.6958 1.9364 2.172 2.406 2.639 3.103 3.565 4.028 4.490 4.952 5.414 5.875 6.337 6.799 7.260
2506.7 2582.8 2658.1 2733.7 2810.4 2967.9 3131.6 3301.9 3479.2 3663.5 3854.8 4052.8 4257.3 4467.7 4683.5
P 0.30 MPa (133.55°C)
0.6058 0.6339 0.7163 0.7964 0.8753 1.0315 1.1867 1.3414 1.4957 1.6499 1.8041 1.9581 2.1121 2.2661 2.4201
2543.6 2570.8 2650.7 2728.7 2806.7 2965.6 3130.0 3300.8 3478.4 3662.9 3854.2 4052.3 4256.8 4467.2 4683.0 2567.4 2638.9 2720.9 2801.0 2881.2 2962.1 3127.6 3299.1 3477.0 3661.8 3853.4 4051.5 4256.1 4466.5 4682.3
2725.3 6.9919 2761.0 7.0778 2865.6 7.3115 2967.6 7.5166 3069.3 7.7022 3275.0 8.0330 3486.0 8.3251 3703.2 8.5892 3927.1 8.8319 4157.8 9.0576 4395.4 9.2692 4639.7 9.4690 4890.4 9.6585 5147.1 9.8389 5409.0 10.0110 2756.8 2850.1 2957.2 3061.6 3165.7 3270.3 3482.8 3700.9 3925.3 4156.5 4394.4 4638.8 4889.6 5146.3 5408.3
2676.2 2776.4 2875.3 2974.3 3074.3 3278.2 3488.1 3704.4 3928.2 4158.6 4396.1 4640.3 4891.0 5147.6 5409.5
7.3594 7.3614 7.6134 7.8343 8.0333 8.2158 8.5435 8.8342 9.0976 9.3398 9.5652 9.7767 9.9764 10.1659 10.3463 10.5183
P 0.40 MPa (143.63°C)
P 0.60 MPa (158.85°C)
0.3157 0.3520 0.3938 0.4344 0.4742 0.5137 0.5920 0.6697 0.7472 0.8245 0.9017 0.9788 1.0559 1.1330 1.2101
s kJ/kg K
P 0.10 MPa (99.63°C)
3.240
*The temperature in parentheses is the saturation temperature at the specified pressure. †Properties
kJ/kg K
0.4625 2553.6 0.4708 2564.5 0.5342 2646.8 0.5951 2726.1 0.6548 2804.8 0.7726 2964.4 0.8893 3129.2 1.0055 3300.2 1.1215 3477.9 1.2372 3662.4 1.3529 3853.9 1.4685 4052.0 1.5840 4256.5 1.6996 4467.0 1.8151 4682.8
2738.6 2752.8 2860.5 2964.2 3066.8 3273.4 3484.9 3702.4 3926.5 4157.3 4395.1 4639.4 4890.2 5146.8 5408.8
6.8959 6.9299 7.1706 7.3789 7.5662 7.8985 8.1913 8.4558 8.6987 8.9244 9.1362 9.3360 9.5256 9.7060 9.8780
P 0.80 MPa (170.43°C)
6.7600 6.9665 7.1816 7.3724 7.5464 7.7079 8.0021 8.2674 8.5107 8.7367 8.9486 9.1485 9.3381 9.5185 9.6906
0.2404 0.2608 0.2931 0.3241 0.3544 0.3843 0.4433 0.5018 0.5601 0.6181 0.6761 0.7340 0.7919 0.8497 0.9076
2576.8 2630.6 2715.5 2797.2 2878.2 2959.7 3126.0 3297.9 3476.2 3661.1 3852.8 4051.0 4255.6 4466.1 4681.8
2769.1 2839.3 2950.0 3056.5 3161.7 3267.1 3480.6 3699.4 3924.2 4155.6 4393.7 4638.2 4889.1 5145.9 5407.9
6.6628 6.8158 7.0384 7.2328 7.4089 7.5716 7.8673 8.1333 8.3770 8.6033 8.8153 9.0153 9.2050 9.3855 9.5575
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Page 835
835 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–6
Superheated water (Continued ) T °C
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 1.00 MPa (179.91°C)
Sat. 200 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.19444 2583.6 0.2060 2621.9 0.2327 2709.9 0.2579 2793.2 0.2825 2875.2 0.3066 2957.3 0.3541 3124.4 0.4011 3296.8 0.4478 3475.3 0.4943 3660.4 0.5407 3852.2 0.5871 4050.5 0.6335 4255.1 0.6798 4465.6 0.7261 4681.3
2778.1 2827.9 2942.6 3051.2 3157.7 3263.9 3478.5 3697.9 3923.1 4154.7 4392.9 4637.6 4888.6 5145.4 5407.4
6.5865 6.6940 6.9247 7.1229 7.3011 7.4651 7.7622 8.0290 8.2731 8.4996 8.7118 8.9119 9.1017 9.2822 9.4543
P 1.60 MPa (201.41°C)
Sat. 225 250 300 350 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.12380 2596.0 2794.0 0.13287 2644.7 2857.3 0.14184 2692.3 2919.2 0.15862 2781.1 3034.8 0.17456 2866.1 3145.4 0.19005 2950.1 3254.2 0.2203 3119.5 3472.0 0.2500 3293.3 3693.2 0.2794 3472.7 3919.7 0.3086 3658.3 4152.1 0.3377 3850.5 4390.8 0.3668 4049.0 4635.8 0.3958 4253.7 4887.0 0.4248 4464.2 5143.9 0.4538 4679.9 5406.0
6.4218 6.5518 6.6732 6.8844 7.0694 7.2374 7.5390 7.8080 8.0535 8.2808 8.4935 8.6938 8.8837 9.0643 9.2364
P 2.50 MPa (223.99°C)
Sat. 225 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.07998 2603.1 2803.1 0.08027 2605.6 2806.3 0.08700 2662.6 2880.1 0.09890 2761.6 3008.8 0.10976 2851.9 3126.3 0.12010 2939.1 3239.3 0.13014 3025.5 3350.8 0.13993 3112.1 3462.1 0.15930 3288.0 3686.3 0.17832 3468.7 3914.5 0.19716 3655.3 4148.2 0.21590 3847.9 4387.6 0.2346 4046.7 4633.1 0.2532 4251.5 4884.6 0.2718 4462.1 5141.7 0.2905 4677.8 5404.0
6.2575 6.2639 6.4085 6.6438 6.8403 7.0148 7.1746 7.3234 7.5960 7.8435 8.0720 8.2853 8.4861 8.6762 8.8569 9.0291
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 1.20 MPa (187.99°C)
0.16333 2588.8 2784.8 0.16930 2612.8 2815.9 0.19234 2704.2 2935.0 0.2138 2789.2 3045.8 0.2345 2872.2 3153.6 0.2548 2954.9 3260.7 0.2946 3122.8 3476.3 0.3339 3295.6 3696.3 0.3729 3474.4 3922.0 0.4118 3659.7 4153.8 0.4505 3851.6 4392.2 0.4892 4050.0 4637.0 0.5278 4254.6 4888.0 0.5665 4465.1 5144.9 0.6051 4680.9 5407.0
6.5233 6.5898 6.8294 7.0317 7.2121 7.3774 7.6759 7.9435 8.1881 8.4148 8.6272 8.8274 9.0172 9.1977 9.3698
P 1.80 MPa (207.15°C)
0.11042 2598.4 2797.1 0.11673 2636.6 2846.7 0.12497 2686.0 2911.0 0.14021 2776.9 3029.2 0.15457 2863.0 3141.2 0.16847 2947.7 3250.9 0.19550 3117.9 3469.8 0.2220 3292.1 3691.7 0.2482 3471.8 3918.5 0.2742 3657.6 4151.2 0.3001 3849.9 4390.1 0.3260 4048.5 4635.2 0.3518 4253.2 4886.4 0.3776 4463.7 5143.4 0.4034 4679.5 5405.6
6.3794 6.4808 6.6066 6.8226 7.0100 7.1794 7.4825 7.7523 7.9983 8.2258 8.4386 8.6391 8.8290 9.0096 9.1818
P 3.00 MPa (233.90°C)
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 1.40 MPa (195.07°C)
0.14084 0.14302 0.16350 0.18228 0.2003 0.2178 0.2521 0.2860 0.3195 0.3528 0.3861 0.4192 0.4524 0.4855 0.5186
2592.8 2603.1 2698.3 2785.2 2869.2 2952.5 3121.1 3294.4 3473.6 3659.0 3851.1 4049.5 4254.1 4464.7 4680.4
2790.0 2803.3 2927.2 3040.4 3149.5 3257.5 3474.1 3694.8 3920.8 4153.0 4391.5 4636.4 4887.5 5144.4 5406.5
6.4693 6.4975 6.7467 6.9534 7.1360 7.3026 7.6027 7.8710 8.1160 8.3431 8.5556 8.7559 8.9457 9.1262 9.2984
P 2.00 MPa (212.42°C)
0.09963 2600.3 2799.5 0.10377 2628.3 2835.8 0.11144 2679.6 2902.5 0.12547 2772.6 3023.5 0.13857 2859.8 3137.0 0.15120 2945.2 3247.6 0.17568 3116.2 3467.6 0.19960 3290.9 3690.1 0.2232 3470.9 3917.4 0.2467 3657.0 4150.3 0.2700 3849.3 4389.4 0.2933 4048.0 4634.6 0.3166 4252.7 4885.9 0.3398 4463.3 5142.9 0.3631 4679.0 5405.1
6.3409 6.4147 6.5453 6.7664 6.9563 7.1271 7.4317 7.7024 7.9487 8.1765 8.3895 8.5901 8.7800 8.9607 9.1329
P 3.50 MPa (242.60°C)
0.06668 2604.1 2804.2
6.1869
0.05707 2603.7 2803.4
6.1253
0.07058 0.08114 0.09053 0.09936 0.10787 0.11619 0.13243 0.14838 0.16414 0.17980 0.19541 0.21098 0.22652 0.24206
6.2872 6.5390 6.7428 6.9212 7.0834 7.2338 7.5085 7.7571 7.9862 8.1999 8.4009 8.5912 8.7720 8.9442
0.05872 0.06842 0.07678 0.08453 0.09196 0.09918 0.11324 0.12699 0.14056 0.15402 0.16743 0.18080 0.19415 0.20749
6.1749 6.4461 6.6579 6.8405 7.0052 7.1572 7.4339 7.6837 7.9134 8.1276 8.3288 8.5192 8.7000 8.8723
2644.0 2750.1 2843.7 2932.8 3020.4 3108.0 3285.0 3466.5 3653.5 3846.5 4045.4 4250.3 4460.9 4676.6
2855.8 2993.5 3115.3 3230.9 3344.0 3456.5 3682.3 3911.7 4145.9 4385.9 4631.6 4883.3 5140.5 5402.8
2623.7 2738.0 2835.3 2926.4 3015.3 3103.0 3282.1 3464.3 3651.8 3845.0 4044.1 4249.2 4459.8 4675.5
2829.2 2977.5 3104.0 3222.3 3337.2 3450.9 3678.4 3908.8 4143.7 4384.1 4630.1 4881.9 5139.3 5401.7
O 2 H
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Page 836
836 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–6
Superheated water (Continued ) T O 2 °C H
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 4.0 MPa (250.40°C)
Sat. 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.04978 0.05457 0.05884 0.06645 0.07341 0.08002 0.08643 0.09885 0.11095 0.12287 0.13469 0.14645 0.15817 0.16987 0.18156
2602.3 2667.9 2725.3 2826.7 2919.9 3010.2 3099.5 3279.1 3462.1 3650.0 3843.6 4042.9 4248.0 4458.6 4674.3
2801.4 2886.2 2960.7 3092.5 3213.6 3330.3 3445.3 3674.4 3905.9 4141.5 4382.3 4628.7 4880.6 5138.1 5400.5
6.0701 6.2285 6.3615 6.5821 6.7690 6.9363 7.0901 7.3688 7.6198 7.8502 8.0647 8.2662 8.4567 8.6376 8.8100
P 6.0 MPa (275.64°C)
Sat. 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.03244 0.03616 0.04223 0.04739 0.05214 0.05665 0.06101 0.06525 0.07352 0.08160 0.08958 0.09749 0.10536 0.11321 0.12106
2589.7 2667.2 2789.6 2892.9 2988.9 3082.2 3174.6 3266.9 3453.1 3643.1 3837.8 4037.8 4243.3 4454.0 4669.6
2784.3 2884.2 3043.0 3177.2 3301.8 3422.2 3540.6 3658.4 3894.2 4132.7 4375.3 4622.7 4875.4 5133.3 5396.0
5.8892 6.0674 6.3335 6.5408 6.7193 6.8803 7.0288 7.1677 7.4234 7.6566 7.8727 8.0751 8.2661 8.4474 8.6199
P 9.0 MPa (303.40°C)
Sat. 325 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.02048 0.02327 0.02580 0.02993 0.03350 0.03677 0.03987 0.04285 0.04574 0.04857 0.05409 0.05950 0.06485 0.07016 0.07544 0.08072
2557.8 2646.6 2724.4 2848.4 2955.2 3055.2 3152.2 3248.1 3343.6 3439.3 3632.5 3829.2 4030.3 4236.3 4447.2 4662.7
2742.1 2856.0 2956.6 3117.8 3256.6 3386.1 3511.0 3633.7 3755.3 3876.5 4119.3 4364.8 4614.0 4867.7 5126.2 5389.2
5.6772 5.8712 6.0361 6.2854 6.4844 6.6576 6.8142 6.9589 7.0943 7.2221 7.4596 7.6783 7.8821 8.0740 8.2556 8.4284
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 4.5 MPa (257.49°C)
0.04406 0.04730 0.05135 0.05840 0.06475 0.07074 0.07651 0.08765 0.09847 0.10911 0.11965 0.13013 0.14056 0.15098 0.16139
2600.1 2650.3 2712.0 2817.8 2913.3 3005.0 3095.3 3276.0 3459.9 3648.3 3842.2 4041.6 4246.8 4457.5 4673.1
2798.3 6.0198 2863.2 6.1401 2943.1 6.2828 3080.6 6.5131 3204.7 6.7047 3323.3 6.8746 3439.6 7.0301 3670.5 7.3110 3903.0 7.5631 4139.3 7.7942 4380.6 8.0091 4627.2 8.2108 4879.3 8.4015 5136.9 8.5825 5399.4 8.7549
P 7.0 MPa (285.88°C)
0.02737 0.02947 0.03524 0.03993 0.04416 0.04814 0.05195 0.05565 0.06283 0.06981 0.07669 0.08350 0.09027 0.09703 0.10377
2580.5 2632.2 2769.4 2878.6 2978.0 3073.4 3167.2 3260.7 3448.5 3639.5 3835.0 4035.3 4240.9 4451.7 4667.3
2772.1 5.8133 2838.4 5.9305 3016.0 6.2283 3158.1 6.4478 3287.1 6.6327 3410.3 6.7975 3530.9 6.9486 3650.3 7.0894 3888.3 7.3476 4128.2 7.5822 4371.8 7.7991 4619.8 8.0020 4872.8 8.1933 5130.9 8.3747 5393.7 8.5475
P 10.0 MPa (311.06°C)
0.018026 0.019861 0.02242 0.02641 0.02975 0.03279 0.03564 0.03837 0.04101 0.04358 0.04859 0.05349 0.05832 0.06312 0.06789 0.07265
2544.4 2610.4 2699.2 2832.4 2943.4 3045.8 3144.6 3241.7 3338.2 3434.7 3628.9 3826.3 4027.8 4234.0 4444.9 4460.5
2724.7 2809.1 2923.4 3096.5 3240.9 3373.7 3500.9 3625.3 3748.2 3870.5 4114.8 4361.2 4611.0 4865.1 5123.8 5387.0
5.6141 5.7568 5.9443 6.2120 6.4190 6.5966 6.7561 6.9029 7.0398 7.1687 7.4077 7.6272 7.8315 8.0237 8.2055 8.3783
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 5.0 MPa (263.99°C)
0.03944 0.04141 0.04532 0.05194 0.05781 0.06330 0.06857 0.07869 0.08849 0.09811 0.10762 0.11707 0.12648 0.13587 0.14526
2597.1 2631.3 2698.0 2808.7 2906.6 2999.7 3091.0 3273.0 3457.6 3646.6 3840.7 4040.4 4245.6 4456.3 4672.0
2794.3 5.9734 2838.3 6.0544 2924.5 6.2084 3068.4 6.4493 3195.7 6.6459 3316.2 6.8186 3433.8 6.9759 3666.5 7.2589 3900.1 7.5122 4137.1 7.7440 4378.8 7.9593 4625.7 8.1612 4878.0 8.3520 5135.7 8.5331 5398.2 8.7055
P 8.0 MPa (295.06°C)
0.02352 0.02426 0.02995 0.03432 0.03817 0.04175 0.04516 0.04845 0.05481 0.06097 0.06702 0.07301 0.07896 0.08489 0.09080
2569.8 2590.9 2747.7 2863.8 2966.7 3064.3 3159.8 3254.4 3443.9 3636.0 3832.1 4032.8 4238.6 4449.5 4665.0
2758.0 5.7432 2785.0 5.7906 2987.3 6.1301 3138.3 6.3634 3272.0 6.5551 3398.3 6.7240 3521.0 6.8778 3642.0 7.0206 3882.4 7.2812 4123.8 7.5173 4368.3 7.7351 4616.9 7.9384 4870.3 8.1300 5128.5 8.3115 5391.5 8.4842
P 12.5 MPa (327.89°C)
0.013495 2505.1 2673.8
5.4624
0.016126 0.02000 0.02299 0.02560 0.02801 0.03029 0.03248 0.03460 0.03869 0.04267 0.04658 0.05045 0.05430 0.05813
5.7118 6.0417 6.2719 6.4618 6.6290 6.7810 6.9218 7.0536 7.2965 7.5182 7.7237 7.9165 8.0937 8.2717
2624.6 2789.3 2912.5 3021.7 3125.0 3225.4 3324.4 3422.9 3620.0 3819.1 4021.6 4228.2 4439.3 4654.8
2826.2 3039.3 3199.8 3341.8 3475.2 3604.0 3730.4 3855.3 4103.6 4352.5 4603.8 4858.8 5118.0 5381.4
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Page 837
837 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–6
Superheated water (Concluded ) T °C
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 15.0 MPa (342.24°C)
Sat. 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
0.010337 0.011470 0.015649 0.018445 0.02080 0.02293 0.02491 0.02680 0.02861 0.03210 0.03546 0.03875 0.04200 0.04523 0.04845
2455.5 2520.4 2740.7 2879.5 2996.6 3104.7 3208.6 3310.3 3410.9 3610.9 3811.9 4015.4 4222.6 4433.8 4649.1
2610.5 2692.4 2975.5 3156.2 3308.6 3448.6 3582.3 3712.3 3840.1 4092.4 4343.8 4596.6 4852.6 5112.3 5376.0
5.3098 5.4421 5.8811 6.1404 6.3443 6.5199 6.6776 6.8224 6.9572 7.2040 7.4279 7.6348 7.8283 8.0108 8.1840
v m3 /kg
0.0019731 0.006004 0.007881 0.009162 0.011123 0.012724 0.014137 0.015433 0.016646 0.018912 0.021045 0.02310 0.02512 0.02711 0.02910
1798.7 2430.1 2609.2 2720.7 2884.3 3017.5 3137.9 3251.6 3361.3 3574.3 3783.0 3990.9 4200.2 4412.0 4626.9
1848.0 2580.2 2806.3 2949.7 3162.4 3335.6 3491.4 3637.4 3777.5 4047.1 4309.1 4568.5 4828.2 5089.9 5354.4
0.0016407 0.0019077 0.002532 0.003693 0.005622 0.006984 0.008094 0.009063 0.009941 0.011523 0.012962 0.014324 0.015642 0.016940 0.018229
1677.1 1854.6 2096.9 2365.1 2678.4 2869.7 3022.6 3158.0 3283.6 3517.8 3739.4 3954.6 4167.4 4380.1 4594.3
1742.8 1930.9 2198.1 2512.8 2903.3 3149.1 3346.4 3520.6 3681.2 3978.7 4257.9 4527.6 4793.1 5057.7 5323.5
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
v m3 /kg
kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
2390.2 2528.8 5.1419
0.005834
2293.0 2409.7 4.9269
0.012447 0.015174 0.017358 0.019288 0.02106 0.02274 0.02434 0.02738 0.03031 0.03316 0.03597 0.03876 0.04154
2685.0 2844.2 2970.3 3083.9 3191.5 3296.0 3398.7 3601.8 3804.7 4009.3 4216.9 4428.3 4643.5
0.009942 0.012695 0.014768 0.016555 0.018178 0.019693 0.02113 0.02385 0.02645 0.02897 0.03145 0.03391 0.03636
2619.3 2806.2 2942.9 3062.4 3174.0 3281.4 3386.4 3592.7 3797.5 4003.1 4211.3 4422.8 4638.0
2902.9 3109.7 3274.1 3421.4 3560.1 3693.9 3824.6 4081.1 4335.1 4589.5 4846.4 5106.6 5370.5
5.7213 6.0184 6.2383 6.4230 6.5866 6.7357 6.8736 7.1244 7.3507 7.5589 7.7531 7.9360 8.1093
0.0017892 0.002790 0.005303 0.006735 0.008678 0.010168 0.011446 0.012596 0.013661 0.015623 0.017448 0.019196 0.020903 0.022589 0.024266
1737.8 2067.4 2455.1 2619.3 2820.7 2970.3 3100.5 3221.0 3335.8 3555.5 3768.5 3978.8 4189.2 4401.3 4616.0
1791.5 2151.1 2614.2 2821.4 3081.1 3275.4 3443.9 3598.9 3745.6 4024.2 4291.9 4554.7 4816.3 5079.0 5344.0
0.0015594 0.0017309 0.002007 0.002486 0.003892 0.005118 0.006112 0.006966 0.007727 0.009076 0.010283 0.011411 0.012496 0.013561 0.014616
1638.6 1788.1 1959.7 2159.6 2525.5 2763.6 2942.0 3093.5 3230.5 3479.8 3710.3 3930.5 4145.7 4359.1 4572.8
1716.6 1874.6 2060.0 2284.0 2720.1 3019.5 3247.6 3441.8 3616.8 3933.6 4224.4 4501.1 4770.5 5037.2 5303.6
2818.1 3060.1 3238.2 3393.5 3537.6 3675.3 3809.0 4069.7 4326.4 4582.5 4840.2 5101.0 5365.1
5.5540 5.9017 6.1401 6.3348 6.5048 6.6582 6.7993 7.0544 7.2830 7.4925 7.6874 7.8707 8.0442
P 35.0 MPa
3.9305 4.4728 5.1504 5.4424 5.7905 6.0342 6.2331 6.4058 6.5606 6.8332 7.0718 7.2867 7.4845 7.6692 7.8432
0.0017003 0.002100 0.003428 0.004961 0.006927 0.008345 0.009527 0.010575 0.011533 0.013278 0.014883 0.016410 0.017895 0.019360 0.020815
P 50.0 MPa
3.8290 4.1135 4.5029 4.9459 5.4700 5.7785 6.0144 6.2054 6.3750 6.6662 6.9150 7.1356 7.3364 7.5224 7.6969
h
kJ/kg
P 20.0 MPa (365.81°C)
P 30.0 MPa
4.0320 5.1418 5.4723 5.6744 5.9592 6.1765 6.3602 6.5229 6.6707 6.9345 7.1680 7.3802 7.5765 7.7605 7.9342
u
0.007920
P 40.0 MPa
375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
h
kJ/kg
P 17.5 MPa (354.75°C)
P 25.0 MPa
375 400 425 450 500 550 600 650 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300
u
1702.9 1914.1 2253.4 2498.7 2751.9 2921.0 3062.0 3189.8 3309.8 3536.7 3754.0 3966.7 4178.3 4390.7 4605.1
1762.4 1987.6 2373.4 2672.4 2994.4 3213.0 3395.5 3559.9 3713.5 4001.5 4274.9 4541.1 4804.6 5068.3 5333.6
3.8722 4.2126 4.7747 5.1962 5.6282 5.9026 6.1179 6.3010 6.4631 6.7450 6.9386 7.2064 7.4037 7.5910 7.7653
P 60.0 MPa
3.7639 4.0031 4.2734 4.5884 5.1726 5.5485 5.8178 6.0342 6.2189 6.5290 6.7882 7.0146 7.2184 7.4058 7.5808
0.0015028 0.0016335 0.0018165 0.002085 0.002956 0.003956 0.004834 0.005595 0.006272 0.007459 0.008508 0.009480 0.010409 0.011317 0.012215
1609.4 1745.4 1892.7 2053.9 2390.6 2658.8 2861.1 3028.8 3177.2 3441.5 3681.0 3906.4 4124.1 4338.2 4551.4
1699.5 1843.4 2001.7 2179.0 2567.9 2896.2 3151.2 3364.5 3553.5 3889.1 4191.5 4475.2 4748.6 5017.2 5284.3
3.7141 3.9318 4.1626 4.4121 4.9321 5.3441 5.6452 5.8829 6.0824 6.4109 6.6805 6.9127 7.1195 7.3083 7.4837
O 2 H
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Page 838
838 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–7
Compressed liquid water T O 2 °C H
v m3
u
/kg
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 5 MPa (263.99°C)
Sat. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
0.0012859 1147.8 1154.2 0.0009 977 0.04 5.04 0.0009995 83.65 88.65 0.0010056 166.95 171.97 0.0010149 250.23 255.30 0.0010268 333.72 338.85 0.0010410 417.52 422.72 0.0010576 501.80 507.09 0.0010768 586.76 592.15 0.0010988 672.62 678.12 0.0011240 759.63 765.25 0.0011530 848.1 853.9 0.0011866 938.4 944.4 0.0012264 1031.4 1037.5 0.0012749 1127.9 1134.3
v m3 /kg
u
0.002036 0.0009904 0.0009928 0.0009992 0.0010084 0.0010199 0.0010337 0.0010496 0.0010678 0.0010885 0.0011120 0.0011388 0.0011695 0.0012046 0.0012462 0.0012965 0.0013596 0.0014437 0.0015684 0.0018226
1785.6 0.19 82.77 165.17 247.68 330.40 413.39 496.76 580.69 665.35 750.95 837.7 925.9 1016.0 1108.6 1204.7 1306.1 1415.7 1539.7 1702.8
1826.3 20.01 102.62 185.16 267.85 350.80 434.06 517.76 602.04 687.12 773.20 860.5 949.3 1040.0 1133.5 1230.6 1333.3 1444.6 1571.0 1739.3
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 10 MPa (311.06°C)
2.9202 0.0001 0.2956 0.5705 0.8285 1.0720 1.3030 1.5233 1.7343 1.9375 2.1341 2.3255 2.5128 2.6979 2.8830
0.0014524 0.0009952 0.0009972 0.0010034 0.0010127 0.0010245 0.0010385 0.0010549 0.0010737 0.0010953 0.0011199 0.0011480 0.0011805 0.0012187 0.0012645 0.0013216 0.0013972
P 20 MPa (365.81°C)
Sat. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380
h
kJ/kg
1393.0 0.09 83.36 166.35 249.36 332.59 416.12 500.08 584.68 670.13 756.65 844.5 934.1 1026.0 1121.1 1220.9 1328.4
1407.6 10.04 93.33 176.38 259.49 342.83 426.50 510.64 595.42 681.08 767.84 856.0 945.9 1038.1 1133.7 1234.1 1342.3
v m3
u
/kg
0.0009856 0.0009886 0.0009951 0.0010042 0.0010156 0.0010290 0.0010445 0.0010621 0.0010821 0.0011047 0.0011302 0.0011590 0.0011920 0.0012303 0.0012755 0.0013304 0.0013997 0.0014920 0.0016265 0.0018691
0.25 82.17 164.04 246.06 328.30 410.78 493.59 576.88 660.82 745.59 831.4 918.3 1006.9 1097.4 1190.7 1287.9 1390.7 1501.7 1626.6 1781.4
29.82 111.84 193.89 276.19 358.77 441.66 524.93 608.75 693.28 778.73 865.3 953.1 1042.6 1134.3 1229.0 1327.8 1432.7 1546.5 1675.4 1837.5
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 15 MPa (342.24°C)
3.3596 0.0002 0.2945 0.5686 0.8258 1.0688 1.2992 1,5189 1.7292 1.9317 2.1275 2.3178 2.5039 2.6872 2.8699 3.0548 3.2469
0.0016581 0.0009928 0.0009950 0.0010013 0.0010105 0.0010222 0.0010361 0.0010522 0.0010707 0.0010918 0.0011159 0.0011433 0.0011748 0.0012114 0.0012550 0.0013084 0.0013770 0.0014724 0.0016311
P 30 MPa
4.0139 0.0004 0.2923 0.5646 0.8206 1.0624 1.2917 1.5102 1.7193 1.9204 2.1147 2,3031 2.4870 2.6674 2.8459 3.0248 3.2071 3.3979 3.6075 3.8772
h
kJ/kg
1585.6 0.15 83.06 165.76 248.51 331.48 414.74 498.40 582.66 667.71 753.76 841.0 929.9 1020.8 1114.6 1212.5 1316.6 1431.1 1567.5
1610.5 15.05 97.99 180.78 263.67 346.81 430.28 514.19 598.72 684.09 770.50 858.2 947.5 1039.0 1133.4 1232.1 1337.3 1453.2 1591.9
3.6848 0.0004 0.2934 0.5666 0.8232 1.0656 1.2955 1.5145 1.7242 1.9260 2.1210 2.3104 2.4953 2.6771 2.8576 3.0393 3.2260 3.4247 3.6546
P 50 MPa
0.0001 0.2899 0.5607 0.8154 1.0561 1.2844 1.5018 1.7098 1.9096 2.1024 2.2893 2.4711 2.6490 2.8243 2.9986 3.1741 3.3539 3.5426 3.7494 4.0012
0.0009766 0.0009804 0.0009872 0.0009962 0.0010073 0.0010201 0.0010348 0.0010515 0.0010703 0.0010912 0.0011146 0.0011408 0.0011702 0.0012034 0.0012415 0.0012860 0.0013388 0.0014032 0.0014838 0.0015884
0.20 81.00 161.86 242.98 324.34 405.88 487.65 569.77 652.41 735.69 819.7 904.7 990.7 1078.1 1167.2 1258.7 1353.3 1452.0 1556.0 1667.2
49.03 130.02 211.21 292.79 374.70 456.89 539.39 622.35 705.92 790.25 875.5 961.7 1049.2 1138.2 1229.3 1323.0 1420.2 1522.1 1630.2 1746.6
0.0014 0.2848 0.5527 0.8052 1.0440 1.2703 1.4857 1.6915 1.8891 2.0794 2.2634 2.4419 2.6158 2.7860 2.9537 3.1200 3.2868 3.4557 3.6291 3.8101
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839 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–8
Saturated ice—water vapor Specific volume, m3 /kg
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Temp., T °C
Sat. press., P sat kPa
Sat. Sat. ice, vapor, v i 103 v g
Sat. ice, u i
0.01 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
0.6113 0.6108 0.5176 0.4375 0.3689 0.3102 0.2602 0.2176 0.1815 0.1510 0.1252 0.1035 0.0853 0.0701 0.0574 0.0469 0.0381 0.0309 0.0250 0.0201 0.0161 0.0129
1.0908 1.0908 1.0904 1.0901 1.0898 1.0894 1.0891 1.0888 1.0884 1.0881 1.0878 1.0874 1.0871 1.0868 1.0864 1.0861 1.0858 1.0854 1.0851 1.0848 1.0844 1.0841
333.40
206.1 206.3 241.7 283.8 334.2 394.4 466.7 553.7 658.8 786.0 940.5 1128.6 1358.4 1640.1 1986.4 2413.7 2943 3600 4419 5444 6731 8354
333.43 337.62 341.78 345.91 350.02 354.09 358.14 362.15 366.14 370.10 374.03 377.93 381.80 385.64 389.45 393.23 396.98 400.71 404.40 408.06 411.70
Enthalpy,
Entropy, KkJ/kg
kJ/kg
Subl., u ig
Sat. vapor, u g
Sat. ice, hi
2708.7 2708.8 2710.2 2711.6 2712.9 2714.2 2715.5 2716.8 2718.0 2719.2 2720.4 2721.6 2722.7 2723.7 2724.8 2725.8 2726.8 2727.8 2728.7 2729.6 2730.5 2731.3
2375.3 2375.3 2372.6 2369.8 2367.0 2364.2 2361.4 2358.7 2355.9 2353.1 2350.3 2347.5 2344.7 2342.0 2339.2 2336.4 2333.6 2330.8 2328.0 2325.2 2322.4 2319.6
333.40 333.43 337.62 341.78 345.91 350.02 354.09 358.14 362.15 366.14 370.10 374.03 377.93 381.80 385.64 389.45 393.23 396.98 400.71 404.40 408.06 411.70
Subl., hig
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. ice, s i
2834.8 2834.8 2835.3 2835.7 2836.2 2836.6 2837.0 2837.3 2837.6 2837.9 2838.2 2838.4 2838.6 2838.7 2838.9 2839.0 2839.0 2839.1 2839.1 2839.1 2839.0 2839.9
2501.4 2501.3 2497.7 2494.0 2490.3 2486.6 2482.9 2479.2 2475.5 2471.8 2468.1 2464.3 2460.6 2456.9 2453.2 2449.5 2445.8 2442.1 2438.4 2434.7 2430.9 2427.2
1.221 1.221 1.237 1.253 1.268 1.284 1.299 1.315 1.331 1.346 1.362 1.377 1.393 1.408 1.424 1.439 1.455 1.471 1.486 1.501 1.517 1.532
Subl., s ig
Sat. vapor, s g
10.378 10.378 10.456 10.536 10.616 10.698 10.781 10.865 10.950 11.036 11.123 11.212 11.302 11.394 11.486 11.580 11.676 11.773 11.872 11.972 12.073 12.176
9.156 9.157 9.219 9.283 9.348 9.414 9.481 9.550 9.619 9.690 9.762 9.835 9.909 9.985 10.062 10.141 10.221 10.303 10.386 10.470 10.556 10.644
O 2 H
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840 THERMODYNAMICS
O 2 H
0 0 2 1 0 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 5 8
0 0 8
0 5 7
0 0 6
0 0 5
0 0 4
0 0 3
0 0 2
m 3 / g
0 0 1
0 0
1 2 0 0 . 0 8 3 0 0 0 0 . 4 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 6 0 5 1 0 . 0 . 0 0 2 0 0 0 . 8 2 3 0 0 . g 0 k 4
k 1 0 . 0 = y t i s n e D
3 m g / g k k / 3 0 . J 0 k 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 9 4 8 4 7 4 6 4 5 4 4 4 3 4 2 4 1 4 0 4 9 3 8 3 7 3 6 3 5 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 = 9 h m 3 / g k
0 0 0 3
1 . 0
m 3 / g
k 3 . 0
m 3 / g k
1
8
m 3 / g k
3
0 0 9 2
7
0 1 5 1 0 2
m / 3 g k
0 3
%
0
0 5
4
0 0 1
g
k / J
k
m 3 / g k
0
0
0
0
=
0 0 0 5
0 0 3
0
2 4
h
0
4
0
8
3
0
0
6
3
5
0
0
4
0 0 5 5
0
3
m 3 / g
k = y t i s n e D
0
0 2 2 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 5 0 0
0 0
0 8 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 5 0 1 0 r 0 a 0 b 0 2
0 0 0 3 = P
4
0
3
h
7 % 0 8
0 0 6
=
2
0 0 2 4
6
% 0 7
0
0
K · g k / J 5 k , y p o r t n E
2 2
1
0 0 0 2
0
0 2 3
u a Q
g k / J k
8
0 6 r 0 0 01 8 p o a 0 v 5 0 d 1 t e 0 02 a 0 0 52 0 u r t 53 3 0 a 0 0 0 0 S 4 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 8
0 0 5 0 0 1
y t i l
6
0 3 0 4
m / 3 g k
2
% 6 0
0 0 8
1
0
0 6
0
0 4
2
50%
g
k /
0 6 0
J
0
2
4
1
k
0
8
0 9 =
3 4
0 1
9
/ J k
0 . 0
1 0 0 0 . 6 . 0 0 5 5 0 8 6 5 5 5 0 . 2 6 1 2 2 . 0 0 = 2 . 0 h 3 . 0 4 . 0 6 . 0 . 0 1 8 . 0 5 . 1 2
m / 3 g k
6
0 0
2 0
0 0 1 4
= 2
h
0 0
% 0 4
8
1 0
0
6
1
3
d i u 0 q i 1 2 0 % l 0 3 d e 0 t 0 a r 4 u 1 t 0 0 a S 1 0 % 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 0
0
1
2
3
%
0 1 8 0 0 = y t i l a u 0 0 Q 6
h
=
2
4 0 0
g
k /
J k
1
1 2 0 0
0 0 0 2 1
e r e h p s i m e H m o r f n o i s s i m r e p h t i W . 4 8 9 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 9
0 0 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 7 C 6 5 ° , e r u t a r e p m e T
0 0 4
0 0 3
0 0 2
0 0 1
0 0
, s e l b a T m a e t S C R N / S B N
, l l e K . S e g r o e G d n a , r e h g a l l a G . S n h o J , r a a H r e ) t . s e k L r o : Y e c r w u e o N S , ( n . i o r e t t a a r w o p r o r o f C 9 – m g a i A r n E g h a s R i i U d l b G s I - u F T P
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841 APPENDIX 1
5000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 5000
C 0 0 1 1 = T
1 1 0 0 ° C
°
O 2 H
1 0 0 0 ° C
9 0 0 ° C
3
m / g
4000
k 0 0 0
r a b 0 0 0 0 3 = P
1 = y t i s
0 0 0 5 2
8 0 0 ° C
n e
3
D 0 0 0 0 2
0 0 0 5 1
6 0 0 ° C
g k / J k , y p 3000 l a h t n E
4000
/ m g k 0 0 1
7 0 0 ° C
3
/ m g k 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 8 6 0 5 0 4
3
m / g
3
k 1
5 0 0 ° C
8
=
5
6 4
y t i s
3 2 5 . 1 0 1 .
5 0 . 3 0 0 a r . 5 0 1 8 6 1 8 b 0 . 0 . 0 0 . . 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 . = 0. P
a l i t y = 9 0 % 8 8 % 8 6 % 8 4 % 8 2 % 8 0 % 7 8 % 7 6 % 7 4 % 7 2 % 7 0 % 6 8 % 6 6 % 6 4 % 6 2 6 % 5 0 %
T
= 3 0 0 ° C
3000
3 . 0 2 . . 5 0 0 1 1 . 0
9 8 % 9 6% 9 4% 9 2 %
Q u
0
n e D
8 . 0 6 . 0 4 0.
2000
m / g k 1 0 .
1 . 0
3 0 5 0 0 2 1 0 8 0 6 4 1
4 0 0 ° C
3
/ m g k
2000
8 5 % 5 6 4 % 5 % 2 5 % 0 4 % 8 4 % 6 4 %
4 4 % 2 4 % 0 %
1000
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1000 10
Entropy, kJ/kg · K
FIGURE A–10
NRC Steam Tables, 1984. With Mollier diagram for water. ( Source: Lester Haar, John S. Gallagher, and George S. Kell, NBS / permission from Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York.)
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842 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–11
Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Specific volume, m3 /kg
Press., P sat MPa
Sat. liquid, v f
Sat. vapor, v g
Sat. liquid, s f
Sat. vapor, s g
0.05164 0.06332 0.07704 0.09305 0.10199
0.0007055 0.0007113 0.0007172 0.0007233 0.0007265
0.3569 0.2947 0.2451 0.2052 0.1882
0.04
4.68 9.47 14.31 16.75
204.45 206.73 209.01 211.29 212.43
0.00 4.73 9.52 14.37 16.82
222.88 220.67 218.37 216.01 214.80
222.88 225.40 227.90 230.38 231.62
0.0000 0.0201 0.0401 0.0600 0.0699
0.9560 0.9506 0.9456 0.9411 0.9390
0.11160 0.12192 0.13299 0.14483 0.15748
0.0007296 0.0007328 0.0007361 0.0007395 0.0007428
0.1728 0.1590 0.1464 0.1350 0.1247
19.21 21.68 24.17 26.67 29.18
213.57 214.70 215.84 216.97 218.10
19.29 21.77 24.26 26.77 29.30
213.57 212.32 211.05 209.76 208.45
232.85 234.08 235.31 236.53 237.74
0.0798 0.0897 0.0996 0.1094 0.1192
0.9370 0.9351 0.9332 0.9315 0.9298
0 4
0.18540 0.21704 0.25274 0.29282 0.33765
0.0007498 0.0007569 0.0007644 0.0007721 0.0007801
0.1068 0.0919 0.0794 0.0689 0.0600
34.25 39.38 44.56 49.79 55.08
220.36 222.60 224.84 227.06 229.27
34.39 39.54 44.75 50.02 55.35
205.77 203.00 200.15 197.21 194.19
240.15 242.54 244.90 247.23 249.53
0.1388 0.1583 0.1777 0.1970 0.2162
0.9267 0.9239 0.9213 0.9190 0.9169
8 12 16 20 24
0.38756 0.44294 0.50416 0.57160 0.64566
0.0007884 0.0007971 0.0008062 0.0008157 0.0008257
0.0525 0.0460 0.0405 0.0358 0.0317
60.43 65.83 71.29 76.80 82.37
231.46 233.63 235.78 237.91 240.01
60.73 66.18 71.69 77.26 82.90
191.07 187.85 184.52 181.09 177.55
251.80 254.03 256.22 258.35 260.45
0.2354 0.2545 0.2735 0.2924 0.3113
0.9150 0.9132 0.9116 0.9102 0.9089
26 28 30 32 34
0.68530 0.72675 0.77006 0.81528 0.86247
0.0008309 0.0008362 0.0008417 0.0008473 0.0008530
0.0298 0.0281 0.0265 0.0250 0.0236
85.18 88.00 90.84 93.70 96.58
241.05 242.08 243.10 244.12 245.12
85.75 88.61 91.49 94.39 97.31
175.73 173.89 172.00 170.09 168.14
261.48 262.50 263.50 264.48 265.45
0.3208 0.3302 0.3396 0.3490 0.3584
0.9082 0.9076 0.9070 0.9064 0.9058
36 38 40 42 44
0.91168 0.96298 1.0164 1.0720 1.1299
0.0008590 0.0008651 0.0008714 0.0008780 0.0008847
0.0223 0.0210 0.0199 0.0188 0.0177
99.47 102.38 105.30 108.25 111.22
246.11 247.09 248.06 249.02 249.96
100.25 103.21 106.19 109.19 112.22
166.15 164.12 162.05 159.94 157.79
266.40 267.33 268.24 269.14 270.01
0.3678 0.3772 0.3866 0.3960 0.4054
0.9053 0.9047 0.9041 0.9035 0.9030
48 52 56 60
1.2526 1.3851 1.5278 1.6813
0.0008989 0.0009142 0.0009308 0.0009488
0.0159 0.0142 0.0127 0.0114
117.22 123.31 129.51 135.82
251.79 253.55 255.23 256.81
118.35 124.58 130.93 137.42
153.33 148.66 143.75 138.57
271.68 273.24 274.68 275.99
0.4243 0.4432 0.4622 0.4814
0.9017 0.9004 0.8990 0.8973
70 80 90 100
2.1162 2.6324 3.2435 3.9742
0.0010027 0.0010766 0.0011949 0.0015443
0.0086 0.0064 0.0046 0.0027
152.22 169.88 189.82 218.60
260.15 262.14 261.34 248.49
154.34 172.71 193.69 224.74
124.08 106.41 82.63 34.40
278.43 279.12 276.32 259.13
0.5302 0.5814 0.6380 0.7196
0.8918 0.8827 0.8655 0.8117
36 32 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 12 8 4
Sat. vapor, u g
Sat. liquid, hf
Entropy, kJ/kg K
Sat. vapor, hg
40
Sat. liquid, u f
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Evap., hfg
Temp., T °C
a 4 3 1 R
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Source for Tables A–11 through A–13: M. J. Moran and H. N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992), pp. 710 15. Originally based on equations from D. P. Wilson and R. S. Basu, “Thermodynamic Properties of a New Stratospherically Safe Working Fluid—Refrigerant-134a,” ASHRAE Trans. 94, Pt. 2 (1988), pp. 2095 118. Used with permission.
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843 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–12
Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Specific volume, m3 /kg
Press., P MPa
Temp., T sat °C
Internal energy, kJ/kg
Sat. liquid, v f
Sat. vapor, v g
Sat. liquid, u f
Sat. vapor, u g
0.0007097 0.0007184 0.0007258 0.0007323 0.0007381
0.3100 0.2366 0.1917 0.1614 0.1395
3.41 10.41 16.22 21.23 25.66
206.12 209.46 212.18 214.50 216.52
0.1229 0.1098 0.0993 0.0834 0.0719
29.66 33.31 36.69 42.77 48.18
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
Sat. liquid, hf
Entropy, kJ/kg K
Evap., hfg
Sat. vapor, hg
Sat. liquid, s f
Sat. vapor, s g
3.46 10.47 16.29 21.32 25.77
221.27 217.92 215.06 212.54 210.27
224.72 228.39 231.35 233.86 236.04
0.0147 0.0440 0.0678 0.0879 0.1055
0.9520 0.9447 0.9395 0.9354 0.9322
218.32 219.94 221.43 224.07 226.38
29.78 33.45 36.84 42.95 48.39
208.18 206.26 204.46 201.14 198.13
237.97 239.71 241.30 244.09 246.52
0.1211 0.1352 0.1481 0.1710 0.1911
0.9295 0.9273 0.9253 0.9222 0.9197
0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14
37.07
0.16 0.18 0.20 0.24 0.28
15.62
1.23
0.0007435 0.0007485 0.0007532 0.0007618 0.0007697
0.32 0.36 0.4 0.5 0.6
2.48 5.84 8.93 15.74 21.58
0.0007770 0.0007839 0.0007904 0.0008056 0.0008196
0.0632 0.0564 0.0509 0.0409 0.0341
53.06 57.54 61.69 70.93 78.99
228.43 230.28 231.97 235.64 238.74
53.31 57.82 62.00 71.33 79.48
195.35 192.76 190.32 184.74 179.71
248.66 250.58 252.32 256.07 259.19
0.2089 0.2251 0.2399 0.2723 0.2999
0.9177 0.9160 0.9145 0.9117 0.9097
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2
26.72 31.33 35.53 39.39 46.32
0.0008328 0.0008454 0.0008576 0.0008695 0.0008928
0.0292 0.0255 0.0226 0.0202 0.0166
86.19 92.75 98.79 104.42 114.69
241.42 243.78 245.88 247.77 251.03
86.78 93.42 99.56 105.29 115.76
175.07 170.73 166.62 162.68 155.23
261.85 264.15 266.18 267.97 270.99
0.3242 0.3459 0.3656 0.3838 0.4164
0.9080 0.9066 0.9054 0.9043 0.9023
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
52.43 57.92 62.91 67.49 77.59 86.22
0.0009159 0.0009392 0.0009631 0.0009878 0.0010562 0.0011416
0.0140 0.0121 0.0105 0.0093 0.0069 0.0053
123.98 132.52 140.49 148.02 165.48 181.88
253.74 256.00 257.88 259.41 261.84 262.16
125.26 134.02 142.22 149.99 168.12 185.30
148.14 141.31 134.60 127.95 111.06 92.71
273.40 275.33 276.83 277.94 279.17 278.01
0.4453 0.4714 0.4954 0.5178 0.5687 0.6156
0.9003 0.8982 0.8959 0.8934 0.8854 0.8735
31.21 26.43 22.36 18.80
12.73 10.09 5.37
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844 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–13
Superheated refrigerant-134a T °C
v m3 /kg
u
kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
P 0.06 MPa (T sat
Sat. 20 a 4 10 3 0 1 10 R 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.31003 0.33536 0.34992 0.36433 0.37861 0.39279 0.40688 0.42091 0.43487 0.44879 0.46266 0.47650 0.49031
206.12 217.86 224.97 232.24 239.69 247.32 255.12 263.10 271.25 279.58 288.08 296.75 305.58
Sat. 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.10983 0.11135 0.11678 0.12207 0.12723 0.13230 0.13730 0.14222 0.14710 0.15193 0.15672 0.16148 0.16622
219.94 222.02 229.67 237.44 245.33 253.36 261.53 269.85 278.31 286.93 295.71 304.63 313.72
0.07193 0.07240 0.07613 0.07972 0.08320 0.08660 008992 0.09319 0.09641 0.09960 0.10275 0.10587 0.10897 0.11205
226.38 227.37 235.44 243.59 251.83 260.17 268.64 277.23 285.96 294.82 303.83 312.98 322.27 331.71
0.9520 1.0062 1.0371 1.0675 1.0973 1.1267 1.1557 1.1844 1.2126 1.2405 1.2681 1.2954 1.3224
12.73°C)
239.71 242.06 250.69 259.41 268.23 277.17 286.24 295.45 304.79 314.28 323.92 333.70 343.63
P 0.28 MPa (T sat
Sat. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
kJ/kg K
37.07°C)
224.72 237.98 245.96 254.10 262.41 270.89 279.53 288.35 297.34 306.51 315.84 325.34 335.00
P 0.18 MPa (T sat
s
0.9273 0.9362 0.9684 0.9998 1.0304 1.0604 1.0898 1.1187 1.1472 1.1753 1.2030 1.2303 1.2573
1.23°C)
246.52 247.64 256.76 265.91 275.12 284.42 293.81 303.32 312.95 322.71 332.60 342.62 352.78 363.08
0.9197 0.9238 0.9566 0.9883 1.0192 1.0494 1.0789 1.1079 1.1364 1.1644 1.1920 1.2193 1.2461 1.2727
v m3 /kg
u
kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
P 0.10 MPa ( T sat
0.19170 0.19770 0.20686 0.21587 0.22473 0.23349 0.24216 0.25076 0.25930 0.26779 0.27623 0.28464 0.29302
212.18 216.77 224.01 231.41 238.96 246.67 254.54 262.58 270.79 279.16 287.70 296.40 305.27
0.09933 0.09938 0.10438 0.10922 0.11394 0.11856 0.12311 0.12758 0.13201 0.13639 0.14073 0.14504 0.14932
221.43 221.50 229.23 237.05 244.99 253.06 261.26 269.61 278.10 286.74 295.53 304.47 313.57
kJ/kg K
26.43°C)
231.35 236.54 244.70 252.99 261.43 270.02 278.76 287.66 296.72 305.94 315.32 324.87 334.57
P 0.20 MPa ( T sat
s
0.9395 0.9602 0.9918 1.0227 1.0531 1.0829 1.1122 1.1411 1.1696 1.1977 1.2254 1.2528 1.2799
10.09°C)
241.30 241.38 250.10 258.89 267.78 276.77 285.88 295.12 304.50 314.02 323.68 333.48 343.43
0.9253 0.9256 0.9582 0.9898 1.0206 1.0508 1.0804 1.1094 1.1380 1.1661 1.1939 1.2212 1.2483
P 0.32 MPa ( T sat 2.48°C)
v m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
P 0.14 MPa (T sat
s kJ/kg K
18.80°C)
0.13945 216.52 236.04 0.9322 0.14549 0.15219 0.15875 0.16520 0.17155 0.17783 0.18404 0.19020 0.19633 0.20241 0.20846 0.21449
223.03 230.55 238.21 246.01 253.96 262.06 270.32 278.74 287.32 296.06 304.95 314.01
243.40 251.86 260.43 269.13 277.97 286.96 296.09 305.37 314.80 324.39 334.14 344.04
P 0.24 MPa (T sat
0.9606 0.9922 1.0230 1.0532 1.0828 1.1120 1.1407 1.1690 1.1969 1.2244 1.2516 1.2785
5.37°C)
0.08343 224.07 244.09 0.9222 0.08574 0.08993 0.09339 0.09794 0.10181 0.10562 0.10937 0.11307 0.11674 0.12037 0.12398
228.31 236.26 244.30 252.45 260.72 269.12 277.67 286.35 295.18 304.15 313.27
248.89 257.84 266.85 275.95 285.16 294.47 303.91 313.49 323.19 333.04 343.03
0.9399 0.9721 1.0034 1.0339 1.0637 1.0930 1.1218 1.1501 1.1780 1.2055 1.2326
P 0.40 MPa ( T sat 8.93°C)
0.06322 228.43 248.66 0.9177
0.05089 231.97 252.32 0.9145
0.06576 0.06901 0.07214 0.07518 0.07815 0.08106 0.08392 0.08674 0.08953 0.09229 0.09503 0.09774
0.05119 0.05397 0.05662 0.05917 0.06164 0.06405 0.06641 0.06873 0.07102 0.07327 0.07550 0.07771 0.07991 0.08208
234.61 242.87 251.19 259.61 268.14 276.79 285.56 294.46 303.50 312.68 322.00 331.45
255.65 264.95 274.28 283.67 293.15 302.72 312.41 322.22 332.15 342.21 352.40 362.73
0.9427 0.9749 1.0062 1.0367 1.0665 1.0957 1.1243 1.1525 1.1802 1.1076 1.2345 1.2611
232.87 241.37 249.89 258.47 267.13 275.89 284.75 293.73 302.84 312.07 321.44 330.94 340.58 350.35
253.35 262.96 272.54 282.14 291.79 301.51 311.32 321.23 331.25 341.38 351.64 362.03 372.54 383.18
0.9182 0.9515 0.9837 1.0148 1.0452 1.0748 1.1038 1.1322 1.1602 1.1878 1.2149 1.2417 1.2681 1.2941
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845 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–13
Superheated refrigerant-134a ( Concluded ) T °C
v m3 /kg
u
h
kJ/kg
s
kJ/kg
kJ/kg K
P 0.50 MPa (T sat 15.74°C)
Sat. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
0.04086 0.04188 0.04416 0.04633 0.04842 0.05043 0.05240 0.05432 0.05620 0.05805 0.05988 0.06168 0.06347 0.06524
253.64 239.40 248.20 256.99 265.83 274.73 283.72 292.80 302.00 311.31 320.74 330.30 339.98 349.79
kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
P 0.60 MPa (Tsat
s
kJ/kg K
21.58°C)
v m3 /kg
u kJ/kg
h kJ/kg
s kJ/kg K
P 0.70 MPa ( T sat 26.72°C)
0.02918 241.42 261.85 0.9080
P 0.80 MPa (T sat 31.33°C)
0.03581 246.41 267.89 0.9388 0.03774 255.45 278.09 0.9719 0.03958 264.48 288.23 1.0037 0.04134 273.54 298.35 1.0346 0.04304 282.66 308.48 1.0645 0.04469 291.86 318.67 1.0938 0.04631 301.14 328.93 1.1225 0.04790 310.53 339.27 1.1505 0.04946 320.03 349.70 1.1781 0.05099 329.64 360.24 1.2053 0.05251 339.38 370.88 1.2320 0.05402 349.23 381.64 1.2584 0.05550 359.21 392.52 1.2844 0.05698 369.32 403.51 1.3100 P 0.90 MPa ( T sat 35.53°C)
0.02979 244.51 265.37 0.9197 0.03157 253.83 275.93 0.9539 0.03324 263.08 286.35 0.9867 0.03482 272.31 296.69 1.0182 0.03634 281.57 307.01 1.0487 0.03781 290.88 317.35 1.0784 0.03924 300.27 327.74 1.1074 0.04064 309.74 338.19 1.1358 0.04201 319.31 348.71 1.1637 0.04335 328.98 359.33 1.1910 0.04468 338.76 370.04 1.2179 0.04599 348.66 380.86 1.2444 0.04729 358.68 391.79 1.2706 0.04857 368.82 402.82 1.2963 P 1.00 MPa ( T sat 39.39°C)
Sat. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
0.02547 243.78 264.15 0.9066 0.02691 252.13 273.66 0.9374 0.02846 261.62 284.39 0.9711 0.02992 271.04 294.98 1.0034 0.03131 280.45 305.50 1.0345 0.03264 289.89 316.00 1.0647 0.03393 299.37 326.52 1.0940 0.03519 308.93 337.08 1.1227 0.03642 318.57 347.71 1.1508 0.03762 328.31 358.40 1.1784 0.03881 338.14 369.19 1.2055 0.03997 348.09 380.07 1.2321 0.04113 358.15 391.05 1.2584 0.04227 368.32 402.14 1.2843 0.04340 378.61 413.33 1.3098 0.04452 389.02 424.63 1.3351 P 1.20 MPa (T sat 46.32°C)
0.02255 245.88 266.18 0.9054 0.02325 250.32 271.25 0.9217 0.02472 260.09 282.34 0.9566 0.02609 269.72 293.21 0.9897 0.02738 279.30 303.94 1.0214 0.02861 288.87 314.62 1.0521 0.02980 298.46 325.28 1.0819 0.03095 308.11 335.96 1.1109 0.03207 317.82 346.68 1.1392 0.03316 327.62 357.47 1.1670 0.03423 337.52 368.33 1.1943 0.03529 347.51 379.27 1.2211 0.03633 357.61 390.31 1.2475 0.03736 367.82 401.44 1.2735 0.03838 378.14 412.68 1.2992 0.03939 388.57 424.02 1.3245 P 1.40 MPa ( T sat 52.43°C)
0.02020 247.77 267.97 0.9043 0.02029 248.39 268.68 0.9066 0.02171 258.48 280.19 0.9428 0.02301 268.35 291.36 0.9768 0.02423 278.11 302.34 1.0093 0.02538 287.82 313.20 1.0405 0.02649 297.53 324.01 1.0707 0.02755 307.27 334.82 1.1000 0.02858 317.06 345.65 1.1286 0.02959 326.93 356.52 1.1567 0.03058 336.88 367.46 1.1841 0.03154 346.92 378.46 1.2111 0.03250 357.06 389.56 1.2376 0.03344 367.31 400.74 1.2638 0.03436 377.66 412.02 1.2895 0.03528 388.12 423.40 1.3149 P 1.60 MPa ( T sat 57.92°C)
Sat. 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
0.01663 0.01712 0.01835 0.01947 0.02051 0.02150 0.02244 0.02335 0.02423 0.02508 0.02592 0.02674 0.02754 0.02834 0.02912
0.01405 253.74 273.40 0.9003
0.01208 256.00 275.33 0.8982
0.01495 0.01603 0.01701 0.01792 0.01878 0.01960 0.02039 0.02115 0.02189 0.02262 0.02333 0.02403 0.02472 0.02541 0.02608
0.01233 0.01340 0.01435 0.01521 0.01601 0.01677 0.01750 0.01820 0.01887 0.01953 0.02017 0.02080 0.02142 0.02203 0.02263
270.99 275.52 287.44 298.96 310.24 321.39 332.47 343.52 354.58 365.68 376.83 388.04 399.33 410.70 422.16
0.9117 0.9264 0.9597 0.9918 1.0229 1.0531 1.0825 1.1114 1.1397 1.1675 1.1949 1.2218 1.2484 1.2746
u
0.03408 238.74 259.19 0.9097
251.03 254.98 265.42 275.59 285.62 295.59 305.54 315.50 325.51 335.58 345.73 355.95 366.27 376.69 387.21
256.07 260.34 270.28 280.16 290.04 299.95 309.92 319.96 330.10 340.33 350.68 361.14 371.72 382.42
v m3 /kg
0.9023 0.9164 0.9527 0.9868 1.0192 1.0503 1.0804 1.1096 1.1381 1.1660 1.1933 1.2201 1.2465 1.2724 1.2980
262.17 272.87 283.29 293.55 303.73 313.88 324.05 334.25 344.50 354.82 365.22 375.71 386.29 396.96 407.73
283.10 295.31 307.10 318.63 330.02 341.32 352.59 363.86 375.15 386.49 397.89 409.36 420.90 432.53 444.24
0.9297 0.9658 0.9997 1.0319 1.0628 1.0927 1.1218 1.1501 1.1777 1.2048 1.2315 1.2576 1.2834 1.3088 1.3338
258.48 269.89 280.78 291.39 301.84 312.20 322.53 332.87 343.24 353.66 364.15 374.71 385.35 396.08 406.90
278.20 291.33 303.74 315.72 327.46 339.04 350.53 361.99 373.44 384.91 396.43 407.99 419.62 431.33 443.11
0.9069 0.9457 0.9813 1.0148 1.0467 1.0773 1.1069 1.1357 1.1638 1.1912 1.2181 1.2445 1.2704 1.2960 1.3212
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846 THERMODYNAMICS
100 20
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750 20
3
10
0 0 5 1
0 5 4 1
0 5 3 1
0 0 4 1
0 0 3 1
0 5 2 1
/ m g k 0 0 0 5 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 1
0 0 0 5 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 9 9 8 8
3 0 0
4 0 0
0 7 0 6 0 0 5 0 0
16 0
1 0 0
2
2
40 32
2 0
T = 0 ° C
a P M , e r u s 0.4 s e r P
24
1 16 12 8
–
4 6 . 0
2 7 . 0
0 8 . 0
8 8 . 0
6 9 . 0
2 1 . 1
4 0 . 1
0 2 . 1
8 2 . 1
6 3 . 1
4 4 . 1
2 5 . 1
0 6 . 1
8 6 . 1
6 7 . 1
4 8 . 1
2 9 . 1
8 0 2 .
0 0 . 2
–
4 0
0.04 –
6 0
4
4 2 2 .
2 3 2 .
8 4 . 2
0 4 2 .
0.2
3.2 2.4
0.1 1.2
0.02
150
K k g / J k 1 6 2 . = S
1.6
s id u l iq d te ra t u sa
1 . 0
0.4
6
2 0
0.2
0.01 100
70 60 50
4 0
1
0.1
4
90
6 0
R-134a
a 4 3 1 R
120
8 0
4
10
3 2 0 0 k g / m D e ns i t y =
2 . 0
.3 0
200
.4 0
.5 0 = X
250
r o ap v d te ra t u sa
0 4
0
2 –
0
0 2
0
4
0 6
0 8
0 1
1
2
C 0
.7 0
300
.8 0
500
2
4 2
2
2
6
0 8 3
0.8
0.04
0.6
T
8 4 . 2
400 450 Enthalpy, kJ/kg
2
0
0
0
=
.9 0
350
2 1
1 1
–
.6 0
0 8
6 4
0 0
0
°
0 0
0
0
550
600
0.4
6 5 . 2 = S
4 6 . 2
650
2 7 . 2
700
0.02
0.3
0.01 750
FIGURE A–14 P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a. (Reprinted by permission of American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.) Note: The reference point used for the chart is different than that used in the R-134a tables. Therefore, problems should be solved using all property data either from the tables or from the chart, but not from both.
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847 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–15
One-dimensional isentropic compressible-flow functions for an ideal gas with constant specific heats and molar mass, and k 1.4† M
M*
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00
0 0.10943 0.21822 0.32572 0.43133 0.53452 0.63480 0.73179 0.82514 0.91460 1.00000 1.08124 1.1583 1.2311 1.2999 1.3646 1.4254 1.4825 1.5360 1.5861 1.6330 1.6769 1.7179 1.7563 1.7922 1.8258 1.8572 1.8865 1.9140 1.9398 1.9640 2.0642 2.1381 2.1936 2.2361 2.2953 2.3333 2.3591 2.3772 2.3904 2.4495
†Calculated
A A*
P P 0
0
T T 0
1.00000 0.99303 0.97250 0.93947 0.89562 0.84302 0.78400 0.72092 0.65602 0.59126 0.52828 0.46835 0.41238 0.36092 0.31424 0.27240 0.23527 0.20259 0.17404 0.14924 0.12780 0.10935 0.09352 0.07997 0.06840 0.05853 0.05012 0.04295 0.03685 0.03165 0.02722 0.01311 0.00658 0.00346 189(10) 5 633(10) 6 242(10) 6 102(10) 6 474(10) 7 236(10) 7 0
1.00000 0.99502 0.98027 0.95638 0.92428 0.88517 0.84045 0.79158 0.74000 0.68704 0.63394 0.58169 0.53114 0.48291 0.43742 0.39498 0.35573 0.31969 0.28682 0.25699 0.23005 0.20580 0.18405 0.16458 0.14720 0.13169 0.11787 0.10557 0.09462 0.08489 0.07623 0.04523 0.02766 0.01745 0.01134 0.00519 0.00261 0.00141 0.000815 0.000495 0
1.00000 0.99800 0.99206 0.98232 0.96899 0.95238 0.93284 0.91075 0.88652 0.86058 0.83333 0.80515 0.77640 0.74738 0.71839 0.68965 0.66138 0.63372 0.60680 0.58072 0.55556 0.53135 0.50813 0.48591 0.46468 0.44444 0.42517 0.40684 0.38941 0.37286 0.35714 0.28986 0.23810 0.19802 0.16667 0.12195 0.09259 0.07246 0.05814 0.04762 0
5.8218 2.9635 2.0351 1.5901 1.3398 1.1882 1.09437 1.03823 1.00886 1.00000 1.00793 1.03044 1.06631 1.1149 1.1762 1.2502 1.3376 1.4390 1.5552 1.6875 1.8369 2.0050 2.1931 2.4031 2.6367 2.8960 3.1830 3.5001 3.8498 4.2346 6.7896 10.719 16.562 25.000 53.180 104.143 190.109 327.189 535.938
from the following relations for k 1.4:
2
M * M
1
k 1 (k 1)M 2
T T 0
k /(k 1)
P k 1 2 1 M P 0 2 k 1 2 M 2
A k 1 2 1 2 M 1 A* M k 1 2 0
1
(k 1)/[2(k 1)]
1/(k 1)
k 1 2 M 2
1
A more extensive table is given in Joseph H. Keenan and Joseph Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948), table 30.
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848 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–16
One-dimensional normal-shock functions for an ideal gas with constant specific heats and molar mass, and k 1.4† M x
1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 4.00 5.00 10.00 †Calculated
M y
1.00000 0.91177 0.84217 0.78596 0.73971 0.70109 0.66844 0.64055 0.61650 0.59562 0.57735 0.56128 0.54706 0.53441 0.52312 0.51299 0.50387 0.49563 0.48817 0.48138 0.47519 0.43496 0.41523 0.38757 0.37796
P y
y
T y
P 0 y
P 0 y
P x
x
T x
P 0x
P x
1.0000 1.2450 1.5133 1.8050 2.1200 2.4583 2.8201 3.2050 3.6133 4.0450 4.5000 4.9784 5.4800 6.0050 6.5533 7.1250 7.7200 8.3383 8.9800 9.6450 10.333 18.500 29.000 116.50
1.0000 1.1691 1.3416 1.5157 1.6896 1.8621 2.0317 2.1977 2.3592 2.5157 2.6666 2.8119 2.9512 3.0846 3.2119 3.3333 3.4489 3.5590 3.6635 3.7629 3.8571 4.5714 5.0000 5.7143 6.000
1.0000 1.0649 1.1280 1.1909 1.2547 1.3202 1.3880 1.4583 1.5316 1.6079 1.6875 1.7704 1.8569 1.9468 2.0403 2.1375 2.2383 2.3429 2.4512 2.5632 2.6790 4.0469 5.8000 20.388
1.00000 0.99892 0.99280 0.97935 0.95819 0.92978 0.89520 0.85573 0.81268 0.76735 0.72088 0.67422 0.62812 0.58331 0.54015 0.49902 0.46012 0.42359 0.38946 0.35773 0.32834 0.13876 0.06172 0.00304 0
1.8929 2.1328 2.4075 2.7135 3.0493 3.4133 3.8049 4.2238 4.6695 5.1417 5.6405 6.1655 6.7163 7.2937 7.8969 8.5262 9.1813 9.8625 10.569 11.302 12.061 21.068 32.654 129.217
from the following relations for k 1.14:
T y
M y
2M M k /(k 2/(k 1) 1)1
P y
1 kM x 2
P 0 y
2 1 kM y
P 0x
P x y
x
2 x
2 x
T x
P y /P x
P 0 y
T y /T x
P x
1 M x 2(k 1)/2 2 1 M y (k 1)/2
2 M x 1 M y (k 1)/2
(k 1)/[2( k 1)]
2 M y 1 M x (k 1)/2
(1
kM x 2)[1
2 M y (k
1)/2]k /(k 1)
2 1 kM y
A more extensive table is given in Joseph H. Keenan and Joseph Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948), table 30.
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849 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–17
Ideal-gas properties of air u kJ/kg
v r
s ° kJ/kg K
u kJ/kg
v r
s ° kJ/kg K
0.3363 0.3987 0.4690 0.5477 0.6355
142.56 149.69 156.82 164.00 171.13
1707.0 1512.0 1346.0 1205.0 1084.0
1.29559 1.34444 1.39105 1.43557 1.47824
580 590 600 610 620
586.04 596.52 607.02 617.53 628.07
14.38 15.31 16.28 17.30 18.36
419.55 427.15 434.78 442.42 450.09
115.7 110.6 105.8 101.2 96.92
2.37348 2.39140 2.40902 2.42644 2.44356
250.05 260.09 270.11 280.13 285.14
0.7329 0.8405 0.9590 1.0889 1.1584
178.28 185.45 192.60 199.75 203.33
979.0 887.8 808.0 738.0 706.1
1.51917 1.55848 1.59634 1.63279 1.65055
630 640 650 660 670
638.63 649.22 659.84 670.47 681.14
19.84 20.64 21.86 23.13 24.46
457.78 465.50 473.25 481.01 488.81
92.84 88.99 85.34 81.89 78.61
2.46048 2.47716 2.49364 2.50985 2.52589
290 295 300 305 310
290.16 295.17 300.19 305.22 310.24
1.2311 1.3068 1.3860 1.4686 1.5546
206.91 210.49 214.07 217.67 221.25
676.1 647.9 621.2 596.0 572.3
1.66802 1.68515 1.70203 1.71865 1.73498
680 690 700 710 720
691.82 702.52 713.27 724.04 734.82
25.85 27.29 28.80 30.38 32.02
496.62 504.45 512.33 520.23 528.14
75.50 72.56 69.76 67.07 64.53
2.54175 2.55731 2.57277 2.58810 2.60319
315 320 325 330 340
315.27 320.29 325.31 330.34 340.42
1.6442 1.7375 1.8345 1.9352 2.149
224.85 228.42 232.02 235.61 242.82
549.8 1.75106 528.6 1.76690 508.4 1.78249 489.4 1.79783 454.1 1.82790
730 740 750 760 780
745.62 756.44 767.29 778.18 800.03
33.72 35.50 37.35 39.27 43.35
536.07 544.02 551.99 560.01 576.12
62.13 59.82 57.63 55.54 51.64
2.61803 2.63280 2.64737 2.66176 2.69013
350 360 370 380 390
350.49 360.58 370.67 380.77 390.88
2.379 2.626 2.892 3.176 3.481
250.02 257.24 264.46 271.69 278.93
422.2 393.4 367.2 343.4 321.5
1.85708 1.88543 1.91313 1.94001 1.96633
800 820 840 860 880
821.95 843.98 866.08 888.27 910.56
47.75 52.59 57.60 63.09 68.98
592.30 608.59 624.95 641.40 657.95
48.08 44.84 41.85 39.12 36.61
2.71787 2.74504 2.77170 2.79783 2.82344
400 410 420 430 440
400.98 411.12 421.26 431.43 441.61
3.806 4.153 4.522 4.915 5.332
286.16 293.43 300.69 307.99 315.30
301.6 1.99194 283.3 2.01699 266.6 2.04142 251.1 2.06533 236.8 2.08870
900 920 940 960 980
932.93 955.38 977.92 1000.55 1023.25
75.29 82.05 89.28 97.00 105.2
674.58 691.28 708.08 725.02 741.98
34.31 32.18 30.22 28.40 26.73
2.84856 2.87324 2.89748 2.92128 2.94468
450 460 470 480 490
451.80 462.02 472.24 482.49 492.74
5.775 6.245 6.742 7.268 7.824
322.62 329.97 337.32 344.70 352.08
223.6 211.4 200.1 189.5 179.7
2.11161 2.13407 2.15604 2.17760 2.19876
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
1046.04 1068.89 1091.85 1114.86 1137.89
114.0 123.4 133.3 143.9 155.2
758.94 776.10 793.36 810.62 827.88
25.17 23.72 23.29 21.14 19.98
2.96770 2.99034 3.01260 3.03449 3.05608
500 510 520 530 540
503.02 8.411 513.32 9.031 523.63 9.684 533.98 10.37 544.35 11.10
359.49 366.92 374.36 381.84 389.34
170.6 162.1 154.1 146.7 139.7
2.21952 2.23993 2.25997 2.27967 2.29906
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
1161.07 1184.28 1207.57 1230.92 1254.34
167.1 179.7 193.1 207.2 222.2
845.33 862.79 880.35 897.91 915.57
18.896 17.886 16.946 16.064 15.241
3.07732 3.09825 3.11883 3.13916 3.15916
396.86 404.42 411.97
133.1 2.31809 127.0 2.33685 121.2 2.35531
1200 1277.79 1220 1301.31 1240 1324.93
238.0 254.7 272.3
933.33 951.09 968.95
14.470 3.17888 13.747 3.19834 13.069 3.21751
T K
h kJ/kg
200 210 220 230 240
199.97 209.97 219.97 230.02 240.02
250 260 270 280 285
P r
550 555.74 11.86 560 565.17 12.66 570 575.59 13.50
T K
h kJ/kg
P r
r i A
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850 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–17
Ideal-gas properties of air ( Concluded ) T K
h kJ/kg
P r
u kJ/kg
v r
s ° kJ/kg K
T K
h kJ/kg
1260 1280 1300 1320 1340
1348.55 1372.24 1395.97 1419.76 1443.60
290.8 310.4 330.9 352.5 375.3
986.90 1004.76 1022.82 1040.88 1058.94
12.435 11.835 11.275 10.747 10.247
3.23638 3.25510 3.27345 3.29160 3.30959
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
1757.57 1782.00 1806.46 1830.96 1855.50
1360 1380 1400 1420 1440
1467.49 1491.44 1515.42 1539.44 1563.51
399.1 424.2 450.5 478.0 506.9
1077.10 1095.26 1113.52 1131.77 1150.13
9.780 9.337 8.919 8.526 8.153
3.32724 3.34474 3.36200 3.37901 3.39586
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900
1880.1 1941.6 2003.3 2065.3 2127.4
r 1460 1587.63 i A 1480 1611.79 1500 1635.97 1520 1660.23 1540 1684.51
537.1 568.8 601.9 636.5 672.8
1168.49 1186.95 1205.41 1223.87 1242.43
7.801 7.468 7.152 6.854 6.569
3.41247 3.42892 3.44516 3.46120 3.47712
1950 2000 2050 2100 2150
1560 1708.82 1580 1733.17
710.5 1260.99 750.0 1279.65
6.301 3.49276 6.046 3.50829
u kJ/kg
u v r
s ° kJ/kg K
1298.30 1316.96 1335.72 1354.48 1373.24
5.804 5.574 5.355 5.147 4.949
3.52364 3.53879 3.55381 3.56867 3.58335
1025 1161 1310 1475 1655
1392.7 1439.8 1487.2 1534.9 1582.6
4.761 4.328 3.994 3.601 3.295
3.5979 3.6336 3.6684 3.7023 3.7354
2189.7 2252.1 2314.6 2377.7 2440.3
1852 2068 2303 2559 2837
1630.6 1678.7 1726.8 1775.3 1823.8
3.022 2.776 2.555 2.356 2.175
3.7677 3.7994 3.8303 3.8605 3.8901
2200 2503.2 2250 2566.4
3138 3464
1872.4 1921.3
2.012 1.864
3.9191 3.9474
P r
791.2 834.1 878.9 925.6 974.2
Note: The properties P r (relative pressure) and v r (relative specific volume) are dimensionless quantities used in the analysis of isentropic processes, and should not be confused with the properties pressure and specific volume. Source: Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 785–86, table A–5. Originally published in J. H. Keenan and J. Kaye, Gas Tables (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948).
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851 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–18
Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N 2 –
–
–
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266
0 4,562 4,770 4,979 5,188
260 270 280 290 298
7,558 7,849 8,141 8,432 8,669
300 310 320 330 340
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 182.639 183.938 185.180 186.370
600 610 620 630 640
17,563 17,864 18,166 18,468 18,772
12,574 12,792 13,011 13,230 13,450
212.066 212.564 213.055 213.541 214.018
5,396 5,604 5,813 6,021 6,190
187.514 188.614 189.673 190.695 191.502
650 660 670 680 690
19,075 19,380 19,685 19,991 20,297
13,671 13,892 14,114 14,337 14,560
214.489 214.954 215.413 215.866 216.314
8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,888
6,229 6,437 6,645 6,853 7,061
191.682 192.638 193.562 194.459 195.328
700 710 720 730 740
20,604 20,912 21,220 21,529 21,839
14,784 15,008 15,234 15,460 15,686
216,756 217.192 217.624 218.059 218.472
350 360 370 380 390
10,180 10,471 10,763 11,055 11,347
7,270 7,478 7,687 7,895 8,104
196.173 196.995 197.794 198.572 199.331
750 760 770 780 790
22,149 22,460 22,772 23,085 23,398
15,913 16,141 16,370 16,599 16,830
218.889 219.301 219.709 220.113 220.512
400 410 420 430 440
11,640 11,932 12,225 12,518 12,811
8,314 8,523 8,733 8,943 9,153
200.071 200.794 201.499 202.189 202.863
800 810 820 830 840
23,714 24,027 24,342 24,658 24,974
17,061 17,292 17,524 17,757 17,990
220.907 221.298 221.684 222.067 222.447
450 460 470 480 490
13,105 13,399 13,693 13,988 14,285
9,363 9,574 9,786 9,997 10,210
203.523 204.170 204.803 205.424 206.033
850 860 870 880 890
25,292 25,610 25,928 26,248 26,568
18,224 18,459 18,695 18,931 19,168
222.822 223.194 223.562 223.927 224.288
500 510 520 530 540
14,581 14,876 15,172 15,469 15,766
10,423 10,635 10,848 11,062 11,277
206.630 207.216 207.792 208.358 208.914
900 910 920 930 940
26,890 27,210 27,532 27,854 28,178
19,407 19,644 19,883 20,122 20,362
224.647 225.002 225.353 225.701 226.047
550 560 570 580 590
16,064 16,363 16,662 16,962 17,262
11,492 11,707 11,923 12,139 12,356
209.461 209.999 210.528 211.049 211.562
950 960 970 980 990
28,501 28,826 29,151 29,476 29,803
20,603 20,844 21,086 21,328 21,571
226.389 226.728 227.064 227.398 227.728
T K
2
N
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852 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–18
Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N 2 (Concluded ) –
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
30,129 30,784 31,442 32,101 32,762
21,815 22,304 22,795 23,288 23,782
228.057 228.706 229.344 229.973 230.591
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
33,426 34,092 34,760 35,430 36,104
24,280 24,780 25,282 25,786 26,291
231.199 231.799 232.391 232.973 233.549
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
36,777 37,452 38,129 38,807 39,488
26,799 27,308 27,819 28,331 28,845
1300 1320 1340 2 N 1360 1380
40,170 40,853 41,539 42,227 42,915
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
–
–
–
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
56,227 56,938 57,651 58,363 59,075
41,594 42,139 42,685 43,231 43,777
247.396 247.798 248.195 248.589 248.979
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
59,790 60,504 61,220 61,936 62,654
44,324 44,873 45,423 45,973 46,524
249.365 249.748 250.128 250.502 250.874
234.115 234.673 235.223 235.766 236.302
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
63,381 64,090 64,810 66,612 68,417
47,075 47,627 48,181 49,567 50,957
251.242 251.607 251.969 252.858 253.726
29,361 29,378 30,398 30,919 31,441
236.831 237.353 237.867 238.376 238.878
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
70,226 72,040 73,856 75,676 77,496
52,351 53,749 55,149 56,553 57,958
254.578 255.412 256.227 257.027 257.810
43,605 44,295 44,988 45,682 46,377
31,964 32,489 33,014 33,543 34,071
239.375 239.865 240.350 240.827 241.301
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
79,320 81,149 82,981 84,814 86,650
59,366 60,779 62,195 63,613 65,033
258.580 259.332 260.073 260.799 261.512
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
47,073 47,771 48,470 49,168 49,869
34,601 35,133 35,665 36,197 36,732
241.768 242.228 242.685 243.137 243.585
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
88,488 90,328 92,171 94,014 95,859
66,455 67,880 69,306 70,734 72,163
262.213 262.902 263.577 264.241 264.895
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
50,571 51,275 51,980 52,686 53,393
37,268 37,806 38,344 38,884 39,424
244.028 244.464 244.896 245.324 245.747
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
97,705 99,556 101,407 103,260 105,115
73,593 75,028 76,464 77,902 79,341
265.538 266.170 266.793 267.404 268.007
1700 1720 1740
54,099 54,807 55,516
39,965 40,507 41,049
246.166 246.580 246.990
3150 3200 3250
106,972 108,830 110,690
80,782 82,224 83,668
268.601 269.186 269.763
T K
h kJ/kmol
Source: Tables A–18 through A–25 are adapted from Kenneth Wark, Thermodynamics, 4th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983), pp. 787 98. Originally published in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971.
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853 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–19
Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O 2 –
–
–
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,404 6,694 6,984 7,275
0 4,575 4,782 4,989 5,197
260 270 280 290 298
7,566 7,858 8,150 8,443 8,682
300 310 320 330 340
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 196.171 197.461 198.696 199.885
600 610 620 630 640
17,929 18,250 18,572 18,895 19,219
12,940 13,178 13,417 13,657 13,898
226.346 226.877 227.400 227.918 228.429
5,405 5,613 5,822 6,032 6,203
201.027 202.128 203.191 204.218 205.033
650 660 670 680 690
19,544 19,870 20,197 20,524 20,854
14,140 14,383 14,626 14,871 15,116
228.932 229.430 229.920 230.405 230.885
8,736 9,030 9,325 9,620 9,916
6,242 6,453 6,664 6,877 7,090
205.213 206.177 207.112 208.020 208.904
700 710 720 730 740
21,184 21,514 21,845 22,177 22,510
15,364 15,611 15,859 16,107 16,357
231.358 231.827 232.291 232.748 233.201
350 360 370 380 390
10,213 10,511 10,809 11,109 11,409
7,303 7,518 7,733 7,949 8,166
209.765 210.604 211.423 212.222 213.002
750 760 770 780 790
22,844 23,178 23,513 23,850 24,186
16,607 16,859 17,111 17,364 17,618
233.649 234.091 234.528 234.960 235.387
400 410 420 430 440
11,711 12,012 12,314 12,618 12,923
8,384 8,603 8,822 9,043 9,264
213.765 214.510 215.241 215.955 216.656
800 810 820 830 840
24,523 24,861 25,199 25,537 25,877
17,872 18,126 18,382 18,637 18,893
235.810 236.230 236.644 237.055 237.462
450 460 470 480 490
13,228 13,525 13,842 14,151 14,460
9,487 9,710 9,935 10,160 10,386
217.342 218.016 218.676 219.326 219.963
850 860 870 880 890
26,218 26,559 26,899 27,242 27,584
19,150 19,408 19,666 19,925 20,185
237.864 238.264 238.660 239.051 239.439
500 510 520 530 540
14,770 15,082 15,395 15,708 16,022
10,614 10,842 11,071 11,301 11,533
220.589 221.206 221.812 222.409 222.997
900 910 920 930 940
27,928 28,272 28,616 28,960 29,306
20,445 20,706 20,967 21,228 21,491
239.823 240.203 240.580 240.953 241.323
550 560 570 580 590
16,338 16,654 16,971 17,290 17,609
11,765 11,998 12,232 12,467 12,703
223.576 224.146 224.708 225.262 225.808
950 960 970 980 990
29,652 29,999 30,345 30,692 31,041
21,754 22,017 22,280 22,544 22,809
241.689 242.052 242.411 242.768 242.120
T K
2
O
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854 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–19
Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O 2 (Concluded )
2
O
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
31,389 32,088 32,789 33,490 34,194
23,075 23,607 24,142 24,677 25,214
243.471 244.164 244.844 245.513 246.171
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
34,899 35,606 36,314 37,023 37,734
25,753 26,294 26,836 27,379 27,923
246.818 247.454 248.081 248.698 249.307
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
38,447 39,162 39,877 40,594 41,312
28,469 29,018 29,568 30,118 30,670
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
42,033 42,753 43,475 44,198 44,923
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
–
–
–
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
58,880 59,624 60,371 61,118 61,866
44,247 44,825 45,405 45,986 46,568
263.861 264.283 264.701 265.113 265.521
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
62,616 63,365 64,116 64,868 65,620
47,151 47,734 48,319 48,904 49,490
265.925 266.326 266.722 267.115 267.505
249.906 250.497 251.079 251.653 252.219
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
66,374 67,127 67,881 69,772 71,668
50,078 50,665 51,253 52,727 54,208
267.891 268.275 268.655 269.588 270.504
31,224 31,778 32,334 32,891 33,449
252.776 253.325 253.868 254.404 254.932
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
73,573 75,484 77,397 79,316 81,243
55,697 57,192 58,690 60,193 61,704
271.399 272.278 273.136 273.891 274.809
45,648 46,374 47,102 47,831 48,561
34,008 34,567 35,129 35,692 36,256
255.454 255.968 256.475 256.978 257.474
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
83,174 85,112 87,057 89,004 90,956
63,219 64,742 66,271 67,802 69,339
275.625 276.424 277.207 277.979 278.738
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
49,292 50,024 50,756 51,490 52,224
36,821 37,387 37,952 38,520 39,088
257.965 258.450 258.928 259.402 259.870
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
92,916 94,881 96,852 98,826 100,808
70,883 72,433 73,987 75,546 77,112
279.485 280.219 280.942 281.654 282.357
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
52,961 53,696 54,434 55,172 55,912
39,658 40,227 40,799 41,370 41,944
260.333 260.791 261.242 261.690 262.132
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
102,793 104,785 106,780 108,778 110,784
78,682 80,258 81,837 83,419 85,009
283.048 283.728 284.399 285.060 285.713
1700 1720 1740
56,652 57,394 58,136
42,517 43,093 43,669
262.571 263.005 263.435
3150 3200 3250
112,795 114,809 116,827
86,601 88,203 89,804
286.355 286.989 287.614
T K
h kJ/kmol
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855 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–20
Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO 2 –
–
–
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,601 6,938 7,280 7,627
0 4,772 5,026 5,285 5,548
260 270 280 290 298
7,979 8,335 8,697 9,063 9,364
300 310 320 330 340
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 202.966 204.464 205.920 207.337
600 610 620 630 640
22,280 22,754 23,231 23,709 24,190
17,291 17,683 18,076 18,471 18,869
243.199 243.983 244.758 245.524 246.282
5,817 6,091 6,369 6,651 6,885
208.717 210.062 211.376 212.660 213.685
650 660 670 680 690
24,674 25,160 25,648 26,138 26,631
19,270 19,672 20,078 20,484 20,894
247.032 247.773 248.507 249.233 249.952
9,431 9,807 10,186 10,570 10,959
6,939 7,230 7,526 7,826 8,131
213.915 215.146 216.351 217.534 218.694
700 710 720 730 740
27,125 27,622 28,121 28,622 29,124
21,305 21,719 22,134 22,522 22,972
250.663 251.368 252.065 252.755 253.439
350 360 370 380 390
11,351 11,748 12,148 12,552 12,960
8,439 8,752 9,068 9,392 9,718
219.831 220.948 222.044 223.122 224.182
750 760 770 780 790
29,629 20,135 30,644 31,154 31,665
23,393 23,817 24,242 24,669 25,097
254.117 254.787 255.452 256.110 256.762
400 410 420 430 440
13,372 13,787 14,206 14,628 15,054
10,046 10,378 10,714 11,053 11,393
225.225 226.250 227.258 228.252 229.230
800 810 820 830 840
32,179 32,694 33,212 33,730 34,251
25,527 25,959 26,394 26,829 27,267
257.408 258.048 258.682 259.311 259.934
450 460 470 480 490
15,483 15,916 16,351 16,791 17,232
11,742 12,091 12,444 12,800 13,158
230.194 231.144 232.080 233.004 233.916
850 860 870 880 890
34,773 35,296 35,821 36,347 36,876
27,706 28,125 28,588 29,031 29,476
260.551 261.164 261.770 262.371 262.968
500 510 520 530 540
17,678 18,126 18,576 19,029 19,485
13,521 13,885 14,253 14,622 14,996
234.814 235.700 236.575 237.439 238.292
900 910 920 930 940
37,405 37,935 38,467 39,000 39,535
29,922 30,369 30,818 31,268 31,719
263.559 264.146 264.728 265.304 265.877
550 560 570 580 590
19,945 20,407 20,870 21,337 21,807
15,372 15,751 16,131 16,515 16,902
239.135 239.962 240.789 241.602 242.405
950 960 970 980 990
40,070 40,607 41,145 41,685 42,226
32,171 32,625 33,081 33,537 33,995
266.444 267.007 267.566 268.119 268.670
T K
2
O C
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Page 856
856 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–20
Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO 2 (Concluded ) –
–
–
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
42,769 43,859 44,953 46,051 47,153
34,455 35,378 36,306 37,238 38,174
269.215 270.293 271.354 272.400 273.430
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
86,420 87,612 88,806 90,000 91,196
71,787 72,812 73,840 74,868 75,897
301.543 302.217 302.884 303.544 304.198
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
48,258 49,369 50,484 51,602 52,724
39,112 40,057 41,006 41,957 42,913
274.445 275.444 276.430 277.403 278.361
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
92,394 93,593 94,793 95,995 97,197
76,929 77,962 78,996 80,031 81,067
304.845 305.487 306.122 306.751 307.374
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
53,848 54,977 56,108 57,244 58,381
43,871 44,834 45,799 46,768 47,739
297.307 280.238 281.158 282.066 282.962
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
98,401 99,606 100,804 103,835 106,864
82,105 83,144 84,185 86,791 89,404
307.992 308.604 309.210 310.701 312.160
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
59,522 60,666 61,813 62,963 64,116
48,713 49,691 50,672 51,656 52,643
283.847 284.722 285.586 286.439 287.283
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
109,898 112,939 115,984 119,035 122,091
92,023 94,648 97,277 99,912 102,552
313.589 314.988 316.356 317.695 319.011
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
65,271 66,427 67,586 68,748 66,911
53,631 54,621 55,614 56,609 57,606
288.106 288.934 289.743 290.542 291.333
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
125,152 128,219 131,290 134,368 137,449
105,197 107,849 110,504 113,166 115,832
320.302 321.566 322.808 324.026 325.222
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
71,078 72,246 73,417 74,590 76,767
58,606 59,609 60,613 61,620 62,630
292.114 292.888 292.654 294.411 295.161
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
140,533 143,620 146,713 149,808 152,908
118,500 121,172 123,849 126,528 129,212
326.396 327.549 328.684 329.800 330.896
1600 O C 1620 1640 1660 1680
76,944 78,123 79,303 80,486 81,670
63,741 64,653 65,668 66,592 67,702
295.901 296.632 297.356 298.072 298.781
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
156,009 159,117 162,226 165,341 168,456
131,898 134,589 137,283 139,982 142,681
331.975 333.037 334.084 335.114 336.126
1700 1720 1740
82,856 84,043 85,231
68,721 69,742 70,764
299.482 300.177 300.863
3150 3200 3250
171,576 174,695 177,822
145,385 148,089 150,801
337.124 338.109 339.069
2
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
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857 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–21
Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO –
–
–
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 220 230 240 250
0 6,391 6,683 6,975 7,266
0 4,562 4,771 4,979 5,188
260 270 280 290 298
7,558 7,849 8,140 8,432 8,669
300 310 320 330 340
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 188.683 189.980 191.221 192.411
600 610 620 630 640
17,611 17,915 18,221 18,527 18,833
12,622 12,843 13,066 13,289 13,512
218.204 218.708 219.205 219.695 220.179
5,396 5,604 5,812 6,020 6,190
193.554 194.654 195.713 196.735 197.543
650 660 670 680 690
19,141 19,449 19,758 20,068 20,378
13,736 13,962 14,187 14,414 14,641
220.656 221.127 221.592 222.052 222.505
8,723 9,014 9,306 9,597 9,889
6,229 6,437 6,645 6,854 7,062
197.723 198.678 199.603 200.500 201.371
700 710 720 730 740
20,690 21,002 21,315 21,628 21,943
14,870 15,099 15,328 15,558 15,789
222.953 223.396 223.833 224.265 224.692
350 360 370 380 390
10,181 10,473 10,765 11,058 11,351
7,271 7,480 7,689 7,899 8,108
202.217 203.040 203.842 204.622 205.383
750 760 770 780 790
22,258 22,573 22,890 23,208 23,526
16,022 16,255 16,488 16,723 16,957
225.115 225.533 225.947 226.357 226.762
400 410 420 430 440
11,644 11,938 12,232 12,526 12,821
8,319 8,529 8,740 8,951 9,163
206.125 206.850 207.549 208.252 208.929
800 810 820 830 840
23,844 24,164 24,483 24,803 25,124
17,193 17,429 17,665 17,902 18,140
227.162 227.559 227.952 228.339 228.724
450 460 470 480 490
13,116 13,412 13,708 14,005 14,302
9,375 9,587 9,800 10,014 10,228
209.593 210.243 210.880 211.504 212.117
850 860 870 880 890
25,446 25,768 26,091 26,415 26,740
18,379 18,617 18,858 19,099 19,341
229.106 229.482 229.856 230.227 230.593
500 510 520 530 540
14,600 14,898 15,197 15,497 15,797
10,443 10,658 10,874 11,090 11,307
212.719 213.310 213.890 214.460 215.020
900 910 920 930 940
27,066 27,392 27,719 28,046 28,375
19,583 19,826 20,070 20,314 20,559
230.957 231.317 231.674 232.028 232.379
550 560 570 580 590
16,097 16,399 16,701 17,003 17,307
11,524 11,743 11,961 12,181 12,401
215.572 216.115 216.649 217.175 217.693
950 960 970 980 990
28,703 29,033 29,362 29,693 30,024
20,805 21,051 21,298 21,545 21,793
232.727 233.072 233.413 233.752 234.088
T K
O C
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858 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–21
Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, CO ( Concluded ) –
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
30,355 31,020 31,688 32,357 33,029
22,041 22,540 23,041 23,544 24,049
234.421 235.079 235.728 236.364 236.992
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
33,702 34,377 35,054 35,733 36,406
24,557 25,065 25,575 26,088 26,602
237.609 238.217 238.817 239.407 239.989
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
37,095 37,780 38,466 39,154 39,844
27,118 27,637 28,426 28,678 29,201
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
40,534 41,226 41,919 42,613 43,309
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
–
–
–
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
56,756 57,473 58,191 58,910 59,629
42,123 42,673 43,225 43,778 44,331
253.991 254.398 254.797 255.194 255.587
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
60,351 61,072 61,794 62,516 63,238
44,886 45,441 45,997 46,552 47,108
255.976 256.361 256.743 257.122 257.497
240.663 241.128 241.686 242.236 242.780
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
63,961 64,684 65,408 67,224 69,044
47,665 48,221 48,780 50,179 51,584
257.868 258.236 258.600 259.494 260.370
29,725 30,251 30,778 31,306 31,836
243.316 243.844 244.366 244.880 245.388
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
70,864 72,688 74,516 76,345 78,178
52,988 54,396 55,809 57,222 58,640
261.226 262.065 262.887 263.692 264.480
44,007 44,707 45,408 46,110 46,813
32,367 32,900 33,434 33,971 34,508
245.889 246.385 246.876 247.360 247.839
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
80,015 81,852 83,692 85,537 87,383
60,060 61,482 62,906 64,335 65,766
265.253 266.012 266.755 267.485 268.202
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
47,517 48,222 48,928 49,635 50,344
35,046 35,584 36,124 36,665 37,207
248.312 248.778 249.240 249.695 250.147
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
89,230 91,077 92,930 94,784 96,639
67,197 68,628 70,066 71,504 72,945
268.905 269.596 270.285 270.943 271.602
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
51,053 51,763 52,472 53,184 53,895
37,750 38,293 38,837 39,382 39,927
250.592 251.033 251.470 251.901 252.329
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
98,495 100,352 102,210 104,073 105,939
74,383 75,825 77,267 78,715 80,164
272.249 272.884 273.508 274.123 274.730
1700 1720 O 1740 C
54,609 55,323 56,039
40,474 41,023 41,572
252.751 253.169 253.582
3150 3200 3250
107,802 109,667 111,534
81,612 83,061 84,513
275.326 275.914 276.494
T K
h kJ/kmol
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859 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–22
Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H 2 –
–
–
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 260 270 280 290
0 7,370 7,657 7,945 8,233
0 5,209 5,412 5,617 5,822
0 126.636 127.719 128.765 129.775
1440 1480 1520 1560 1600
298 300 320 340 360
8,468 8,522 9,100 9,680 10,262
5,989 6,027 6,440 6,853 7,268
130.574 130.754 132.621 134.378 136.039
380 400 420 440 460
10,843 11,426 12,010 12,594 13,179
7,684 8,100 8,518 8,936 9,355
480 500 520 560 600
13,764 14,350 14,935 16,107 17,280
640 680 720 760 800
–
–
–
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
42,808 44,091 45,384 46,683 47,990
30,835 31,786 32,746 33,713 34,687
177.410 178.291 179.153 179.995 180.820
1640 1680 1720 1760 1800
49,303 50,622 51,947 53,279 54,618
35,668 36,654 37,646 38,645 39,652
181.632 182.428 183.208 183.973 184.724
137.612 139.106 140.529 141.888 143.187
1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
55,962 57,311 58,668 60,031 61,400
40,663 41,680 42,705 43,735 44,771
185.463 186.190 186.904 187.607 188.297
9,773 10,193 10,611 11,451 12,291
144.432 145.628 146.775 148.945 150.968
2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
63,119 64,847 66,584 68,328 70,080
46,074 47,386 48,708 50,037 51,373
189.148 189.979 190.796 191.598 192.385
18,453 19,630 20,807 21,988 23,171
13,133 13,976 14,821 15,669 16,520
152.863 154.645 156.328 157.923 159.440
2300 2350 2400 2450 2500
71,839 73,608 75,383 77,168 78,960
52,716 54,069 55,429 56,798 58,175
193.159 193.921 194.669 195.403 196.125
840 880 920 960 1000
24,359 25,551 26,747 27,948 29,154
17,375 18,235 19,098 19,966 20,839
160.891 162.277 163.607 164.884 166.114
2550 2600 2650 2700 2750
80,755 82,558 84,368 86,186 88,008
59,554 60,941 62,335 63,737 65,144
196.837 197.539 198.229 198.907 199.575
1040 1080 1120 1160 1200
30,364 31,580 32,802 34,028 35,262
21,717 22,601 23,490 24,384 25,284
167.300 168.449 169.560 170.636 171.682
2800 2850 2900 2950 3000
89,838 91,671 93,512 95,358 97,211
66,558 67,976 69,401 70,831 72,268
200.234 200.885 201.527 202.157 202.778
1240 1280 1320 1360 1400
36,502 37,749 39,002 40,263 41,530
26,192 27,106 28,027 28,955 29,889
172.698 173.687 174.652 175.593 176.510
3050 3100 3150 3200 3250
99,065 100,926 102,793 104,667 106,545
73,707 75,152 76,604 78,061 79,523
203.391 203.995 204.592 205.181 205.765
T K
T K
h kJ/kmol
2
H
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860 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–23
Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O –
–
–
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 220 230 240 250
0 7,295 7,628 7,961 8,294
0 5,466 5,715 5,965 6,215
260 270 280 290 298
8,627 8,961 9,296 9,631 9,904
300 310 320 330 340
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 178.576 180.054 181.471 182.831
600 610 620 630 640
20,402 20,765 21,130 21,495 21,862
15,413 15,693 15,975 16,257 16,541
212.920 213.529 214.122 214.707 215.285
6,466 6,716 6,968 7,219 7,425
184.139 185.399 186.616 187.791 188.720
650 660 670 680 690
22,230 22,600 22,970 23,342 23,714
16,826 17,112 17,399 17,688 17,978
215.856 216.419 216.976 217.527 218.071
9,966 10,302 10,639 10,976 11,314
7,472 7,725 7,978 8,232 8,487
188.928 190.030 191.098 192.136 193.144
700 710 720 730 740
24,088 24,464 24,840 25,218 25,597
18,268 18,561 18,854 19,148 19,444
218.610 219.142 219.668 220.189 220.707
350 360 370 380 390
11,652 11,992 12,331 12,672 13,014
8,742 8,998 9,255 9,513 9,771
194.125 195.081 196.012 196.920 197.807
750 760 770 780 790
25,977 26,358 26,741 27,125 27,510
19,741 20,039 20,339 20,639 20,941
221.215 221.720 222.221 222.717 223.207
400 410 420 430 440
13,356 13,699 14,043 14,388 14,734
10,030 10,290 10,551 10,813 11,075
198.673 199.521 200.350 201.160 201.955
800 810 820 830 840
27,896 28,284 28,672 29,062 29,454
21,245 21,549 21,855 22,162 22,470
223.693 224.174 224.651 225.123 225.592
450 460 470 480 490
15,080 15,428 15,777 16,126 16,477
11,339 11,603 11,869 12,135 12,403
202.734 203.497 204.247 204.982 205.705
850 860 870 880 890
29,846 30,240 30,635 31,032 31,429
22,779 23,090 23,402 23,715 24,029
226.057 226.517 226.973 227.426 227.875
500 510 520 530 540
16,828 17,181 17,534 17,889 18,245
12,671 12,940 13,211 13,482 13,755
206.413 207.112 207.799 208.475 209.139
900 910 920 930 940
31,828 32,228 32,629 33,032 33,436
24,345 24,662 24,980 25,300 25,621
228.321 228.763 229.202 229.637 230.070
550 560 570 580 590
18,601 18,959 19,318 19,678 20,039
14,028 14,303 14,579 14,856 15,134
209.795 210.440 211.075 211.702 212.320
950 960 970 980 990
33,841 34,247 34,653 35,061 35,472
25,943 26,265 26,588 26,913 27,240
230.499 230.924 231.347 231.767 232.184
T O 2 K H
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861 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–23
Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H2O (Concluded ) –
–
–
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
1000 1020 1040 1060 1080
35,882 36,709 37,542 38,380 39,223
27,568 28,228 28,895 29,567 30,243
232.597 233.415 234.223 235.020 235.806
1760 1780 1800 1820 1840
70,535 71,523 72,513 73,507 74,506
55,902 56,723 57,547 58,375 59,207
258.151 258.708 259.262 259.811 260.357
1100 1120 1140 1160 1180
40,071 40,923 41,780 42,642 43,509
30,925 31,611 32,301 32,997 33,698
236.584 237.352 238.110 238.859 239.600
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940
75,506 76,511 77,517 78,527 79,540
60,042 60,880 61,720 62,564 63,411
260.898 261.436 261.969 262.497 263.022
1200 1220 1240 1260 1280
44,380 45,256 46,137 47,022 47,912
34,403 35,112 35,827 36,546 37,270
240.333 241.057 241.773 242.482 243.183
1960 1980 2000 2050 2100
80,555 81,573 82,593 85,156 87,735
64,259 65,111 65,965 68,111 70,275
263.542 264.059 264.571 265.838 267.081
1300 1320 1340 1360 1380
48,807 49,707 50,612 51,521 52,434
38,000 38,732 39,470 40,213 40,960
243.877 244.564 245.243 245.915 246.582
2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
90,330 92,940 95,562 98,199 100,846
72,454 74,649 76,855 79,076 81,308
268.301 269.500 270.679 271.839 272.978
1400 1420 1440 1460 1480
53,351 54,273 55,198 56,128 57,062
41,711 42,466 43,226 43,989 44,756
247.241 247.895 248.543 249.185 249.820
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600
103,508 106,183 108,868 111,565 114,273
83,553 85,811 88,082 90,364 92,656
274.098 275.201 276.286 277.354 278.407
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580
57,999 58,942 59,888 60,838 61,792
45,528 46,304 47,084 47,868 48,655
250.450 251.074 251.693 252.305 252.912
2650 2700 2750 2800 2850
116,991 119,717 122,453 125,198 127,952
94,958 97,269 99,588 101,917 104,256
279.441 280.462 281.464 282.453 283.429
1600 1620 1640 1660 1680
62,748 63,709 64,675 65,643 66,614
49,445 50,240 51,039 51,841 52,646
253.513 254.111 254.703 255.290 255.873
2900 2950 3000 3050 3100
130,717 133,486 136,264 139,051 141,846
106,605 108,959 111,321 113,692 116,072
284.390 285.338 286.273 287.194 288.102
1700 1720 1740
67,589 68,567 69,550
53,455 54,267 55,083
256.450 257.022 257.589
3150 3200 3250
144,648 147,457 150,272
118,458 120,851 123,250
288.999 289.884 290.756
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
O 2 H
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862 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–24
Ideal-gas properties of monatomic oxygen, O T K
0 298 300 500 1000 H O 1500 , O 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
–
–
–
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 6,852 6,892 11,197 21,713 32,150 34,234 36,317 38,400 40,482 42,564 43,605 44,646 45,687 46,728 47,769 48,811 49,852
0 4,373 4,398 7,040 13,398 19,679 20,931 22,183 23,434 24,685 25,935 26,560 27,186 27,811 28,436 29,062 29,688 30,314
0 160.944 161.079 172.088 186.678 195.143 196.488 197.751 198.941 200.067 201.135 201.649 202.151 202.641 203.119 203.588 204.045 204.493
–
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500
50,894 51,936 52,979 54,021 55,064 56,108 57,152 58,196 59,241 60,286 61,332 62,378 63,425 65,520 67,619 69,720 71,824 73,932
30,940 31,566 32,193 32,820 33,447 34,075 34,703 35,332 35,961 36,590 37,220 37,851 38,482 39,746 41,013 42,283 43,556 44,832
204.932 205.362 205.783 206.196 206.601 206.999 207.389 207.772 208.148 208.518 208.882 209.240 209.592 210.279 210.945 211.592 212.220 212.831
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
77,015 78,801 80,592 82,388 84,189 85,995 87,806 89,622 91,442 93,266 95,095 96,927 98,763 102,447 106,145 109,855 113,578 117,312
57,061 58,431 59,806 61,186 62,572 63,962 65,358 66,757 68,162 69,570 70,983 72,400 73,820 76,673 79,539 82,418 85,309 88,212
248.628 249.364 250.088 250.799 251.499 252.187 252.864 253.530 254.186 254.832 255.468 256.094 256.712 257.919 259.093 260.235 261.347 262.429
TABLE A–25
Ideal-gas properties of hydroxyl, OH –
–
–
T K
h kJ/kmol
u kJ/kmol
s ° kJ/kmol K
0 298 300 500 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300 2350
0 9,188 9,244 15,181 30,123 46,046 49,358 52,706 56,089 59,505 62,952 64,687 66,428 68,177 69,932 71,694 73,462 75,236
0 6,709 6,749 11,024 21,809 33,575 36,055 38,571 41,123 43,708 46,323 47,642 48,968 50,301 51,641 52,987 54,339 55,697
0 183.594 183.779 198.955 219.624 232.506 234.642 236.672 238.606 240.453 242.221 243.077 243.917 244.740 245.547 246.338 247.116 247.879
2400 2450 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750 2800 2850 2900 2950 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500
–
–
–
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863 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–26
Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, and absolute entropy at 25°C, 1 atm –
Substance
Formula
hf ° kJ/kmol
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Water vapor Water Hydrogen peroxide Ammonia Methane Acetylene Ethylene Ethane Propylene Propane n-Butane n-Octane n-Octane n-Dodecane Benzene Methyl alcohol Methyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Ethyl alcohol Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Hydroxyl
C(s ) H2(g ) N2(g ) O2(g ) CO(g ) CO2(g ) H2O(g ) H2O() H2O2(g ) NH3(g ) CH4(g ) C2H2(g ) C2H4(g ) C2H6(g ) C3H6(g ) C3H8(g ) C4H10(g ) C8H18(g ) C8H18() C12H26(g ) C6H6(g ) CH3OH(g ) CH3OH() C2H5OH(g ) C2H5OH() O(g ) H(g ) N(g ) OH(g )
0 0 0 0 110,530 393,520 241,820 285,830 136,310 46,190 74,850 226,730 52,280 84,680 20,410 103,850 126,150 208,450 249,950 291,010 82,930 200,670 238,660 235,310 277,690 249,190 218,000 472,650 39,460
–
g f ° kJ/kmol
0 0 0 0 137,150 394,360 228,590 237,180 105,600 16,590 50,790 209,170 68,120 32,890 62,720 23,490 15,710 16,530 6,610 50,150 129,660 162,000 166,360 168,570 174,890 231,770 203,290 455,510 34,280
–
s ° kJ/kmol K
5.74 130.68 191.61 205.04 197.65 213.80 188.83 69.92 232.63 192.33 186.16 200.85 219.83 229.49 266.94 269.91 310.12 466.73 360.79 622.83 269.20 239.70 126.80 282.59 160.70 161.06 114.72 153.30 183.70
Source: From JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1971); Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, NBS Technical Note 270-3, 1968; and API Research Project 44 (Carnegie Press, 1953).
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864 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–27
Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbons
Fuel (phase)
Formula
Molar mass, kg/kmol
Carbon (s ) Hydrogen (g ) Carbon monoxide (g ) Methane (g ) Methanol () Acetylene (g ) Ethane (g ) Ethanol () Propane () Butane () 1-Pentene () Isopentane () Benzene () Hexene () Hexane () Toluene () Heptane () Octane () Decane () Gasoline () Light diesel () Heavy diesel ( ) Natural gas (g )
C H2 CO CH4 CH4O C2H2 C2H6 C2H6O C3H8 C4H10 C5H10 C5H12 C6H6 C6H12 C6H14 C7H8 C7H16 C8H18 C10H22 CnH1.87n CnH1.8n CnH1.7n CnH3.8nN0.1n
12.011 2.016 28.013 16.043 32.042 26.038 30.070 46.069 44.097 58.123 70.134 72.150 78.114 84.161 86.177 92.141 100.204 114.231 142.285 100–110 170 200 18
Density1, kg/L 2 — — — 0.790 — — 0.790 0.500 0.579 0.641 0.626 0.877 0.673 0.660 0.867 0.684 0.703 0.730 0.72–0.78 0.78–0.84 0.82–0.88 —
1
At 1 atm and 20 C.
2At
25C for liquid fuels, and 1 atm and normal boiling temperature for gaseous fuels.
3At
25C. Multiply by molar mass to o btain heating values in kJ/kmol.
Enthalpy of vaporization2, kJ/kg — — — 509 1168 — 172 919 420 362 363 — 433 392 366 412 365 363 361 350 270 230 —
Specific heat1, C p kJ/kg C
Higher heating value3, kJ/kg
Lower heating value3, kJ/kg
0.708 14.4 1.05 2.20 2.53 1.69 1.75 2.44 2.77 2.42 2.20 2.32 1.72 1.84 2.27 1.71 2.24 2.23 2.21 2.4 2.2 1.9 2
32,800 141,800 10,100 55,530 22,660 49,970 51,900 29,670 50,330 49,150 47,760 48,570 41,800 47,500 48,310 42,400 48,100 47,890 47,640 47,300 46,100 45,500 50,000
32,800 120,000 10,100 50,050 19,920 48,280 47,520 26,810 46,340 45,370 44,630 44,910 40,100 44,400 44,740 40,500 44,600 44,430 44,240 44,000 43,200 42,800 45,000
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865 APPENDIX 1
TABLE A–28
Logarithms to base of the equilibrium constant K p The equilibrium constant K p for the reaction A A Temp., K H2 298 500 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 3400 3600 3800 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
2H
O2
2O
164.005 186.975
N2
2N
H2O
C B B C D D is defined as K p ≡
H2
1 O2 2
H2O
1 H 2 2
OH CO2
P C C P D D P A A P B B
CO
1 O2 2
1 N 12 O2 2 2
367.480
92.208
106.208
103.762
35.052
92.827
105.630
213.372
52.691
60.281
57.616
20.295
39.803
45.150
99.127
23.163
26.034
23.529
9.388
30.874
35.005
80.011
18.182
20.283
17.871
7.569
24.463
27.742
66.329
14.609
16.099
13.842
6.270
19.637
22.285
56.055
11.921
13.066
10.830
5.294
15.866
18.030
48.051
9.826
10.657
8.497
4.536
12.840
14.622
41.645
8.145
8.728
6.635
3.931
10.353
11.827
36.391
6.768
7.148
5.120
3.433
8.276
9.497
32.011
5.619
5.832
3.860
3.019
6.517
7.521
28.304
4.648
4.719
2.801
2.671
5.002
5.826
25.117
3.812
3.763
1.894
2.372
3.685
4.357
22.359
3.086
2.937
1.111
2.114
2.534
3.072
19.937
2.451
2.212
0.429
1.888
1.516
1.935
17.800
1.891
1.576
1.690
0.609
0.926
15.898
1.392
1.088
0.202 0.934 2.486 3.725 4.743 5.590
0.019
14.199
0.945
0.501
0.796 2.513 3.895 5.023 5.963
12.660
0.542
0.044
9.414
0.312 0.996 1.560 2.032
0.920 1.689 2.318 2.843
0.169 0.701 1.176 1.599 2.490 3.197 3.771 4.245
6.807 4.666 2.865
NO
1.513 1.356 1.216 0.921 0.686 0.497 0.341
Source: Gordon J. Van Wylen and Richard E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, English/SI Version, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986), p. 723, table A.14. Based on thermodynamic data given in JANAF, Thermochemical Tables (Midland, MI: Thermal Research Laboratory, The Dow Chemical Company, 1971).
p
K
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866 THERMODYNAMICS
TABLE A–29
Properties of the atmosphere at high altitude Altitude, m
Temperature, C
Pressure, kPa
Gravity, g m/s2
Speed of sound, m/s
Density, kg/m3
Viscosity, kg/m s
0 200 400 600 800
15.00 13.70 12.40 11.10 9.80
101.33 98.95 96.61 94.32 92.08
9.807 9.806 9.805 9.805 9.804
340.3 339.5 338.8 338.0 337.2
1.225 1.202 1.179 1.156 1.134
1.789 1.783 1.777 1.771 1.764
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
8.50 7.20 5.90 4.60 3.30
89.88 87.72 85.60 83.53 81.49
9.804 9.803 9.802 9.802 9.801
336.4 335.7 334.9 334.1 333.3
1.112 1.090 1.069 1.048 1.027
1.758 1.752 1.745 1.739 1.732
2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
2.00 0.70 0.59 1.89 3.19
79.50 77.55 75.63 73.76 71.92
9.800 9.800 9.799 9.799 9.798
332.5 331.7 331.0 330.2 329.4
1.007 0.987 0.967 0.947 0.928
1.726 1.720 1.713 1.707 1.700
3000 3200 3400 3600 3800
4.49
70.12 68.36 66.63 64.94 63.28
9.797 9.797 9.796 9.796 9.795
328.6 327.8 327.0 326.2 325.4
0.909 0.891 0.872 0.854 0.837
1.694 1.687 1.681 1.674 1.668
4000 4200 4400 4600 4800
10.98
61.66 60.07 58.52 57.00 55.51
9.794 9.794 9.793 9.793 9.792
324.6 323.8 323.0 322.2 321.4
0.819 0.802 0.785 0.769 0.752
1.661 1.655 1.648 1.642 1.635
5000 5200 5400 5600 5800
17.5
54.05 52.62 51.23 49.86 48.52
9.791 9.791 9.790 9.789 9.785
320.5 319.7 318.9 318.1 317.3
0.736 0.721 0.705 0.690 0.675
1.628 1.622 1.615 1.608 1.602
6000 6200 6400 6600 6800
24.0
47.22 45.94 44.69 43.47 42.27
9.788 9.788 9.787 9.786 9.785
316.5 315.6 314.8 314.0 313.1
0.660 0.646 0.631 0.617 0.604
1.595 1.588 1.582 1.575 1.568
7000 8000 9000
30.5
41.11 35.65 30.80
9.785 9.782 9.779
312.3 308.1 303.8
0.590 0.526 0.467
1.561 1.527 1.493
10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000
49.9
26.50 19.40 14.17 10.53 7.57
9.776 9.770 9.764 9.758 9.751
299.5 295.1 295.1 295.1 295.1
0.414 0.312 0.228 0.166 0.122
1.458 1.422 1.422 1.422 1.422
5.79 7.09 8.39 9.69
12.3 13.6 14.9 16.2
18.8 20.1 21.4 22.7
25.3 26.6 27.9 29.2
36.9 43.4
56.5 56.5 56.5 56.5
Thermal conductivity, W/m C
105 105 105 105 105
0.0253 0.0252 0.0252 0.0251 0.0250
105 105 105 105 105
0.0249 0.0248 0.0247 0.0245 0.0244
105 105 105 105 105
0.0243 0.0242 0.0241 0.0240 0.0239
105 105 105 105 105
0.0238 0.0237 0.0236 0.0235 0.0234
105 105 105 105 105
0.0233 0.0232 0.0231 0.0230 0.0229
105 105 105 105 105
0.0228 0.0227 0.0226 0.0224 0.0223
105 105 105 105 105
0.0222 0.0221 0.0220 0.0219 0.0218
105 105 105
0.0217 0.0212 0.0206
105 105 105 105 105
0.0201 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195 0.0195
Source: U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Based on year-round mean conditions at 45 latitude and varies with the time of year and the weather patterns. The conditions at sea level ( z 0) are taken to be P 101.325 kPa, T 15C, 1.2250 kg/m3, g 9.80665 m2 /s.
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867 APPENDIX 1
(a) 0 < Pr < 1.0 T r = 5.00 3.00
1.0 0 . 6 0 0
8. 0 0
6. 0 0
5 .0 0
0 . 7
. 6 5 5 .
0.9
4. 0 0 . 5 0 3
0 7 0 0 . 8 0
2.00
3. 0 0 0 2. 6 2. 4 0 0 2. 2 0 2. 0
1.60 1.40
0 1. 8
0 1. 6 5 0 1. 0 1. 4 0 1. 3
0 . 8 5
0.8
0 .9 0
1.30
0 1. 2
1.2 0
0 1. 1
v – T P R —
=
Z , R O T C A F Y T I L I B I S S E R P M O C
T r = 2.5 Z ≈1.00 T r = 15 ≈ T r = 3.00
NOTE
0.7
0.6
0 0. 9
1 .1
0
0 0. 8
1.00
2.00 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.90
30
REDUCED PRESSURE, Pr = —–
Pcr
T REDUCED TEMPERATURE, T r = —– T cr
v PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME, vr = —– RT cr / Pcr
CHART NO. 1
Z 0.95
20 0 .6 0
0 . 6 5
15
0.90 0.00
. 0 7 = 0 v r
T r =
1
. 0
0.85 12 0 10 . 7 0
0.4
0.80
vr
0.05
0.75 0.10
Pr
1953
0.3 0.0
0 1. 0
1 .0 5
P
0.5
1.15
0 .9 5
---DEVIATION > 1.0%
NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
Z
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
REDUCED PRESSURE, Pr
FIGURE A–30a Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart—low pressures. (Used with permission of Dr. Edward E. Obert, University of Wisconsin.)
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868 THERMODYNAMICS
(b) 0 < Pr < 7
3.50
1.10 T r = 5.00
2.50
Z 1.00
0 0
5.
3
0.90
2.00
0 0 .
0 0 0 0 . 4 2. 1 6 . 1 0 2 1.
1.80
. 0 1 0
0 7 0 0 8 9 0. 0. 0 0. 0. 6
1.60
0 . 0 5 = 5 4 v r
– v T0.80 P R —
0.
=
Z , R O 0.70 T C A F Y T I L I 0.60 B I S S E R P M O 0.50 C
1.50 0
0. 4
3 5 0.
1.40 3 0
0.
5 1.30 0 2 . =
v r
. 0 0 2
1.20 NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
1.15
P
1.10
0.40
REDUCED PRESSURE, Pr = —–
Pcr
T
REDUCED TEMPERATURE, T r = —–
T cr
v —– RT cr / Pcr
1.05
PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME, vr =
0.30 1953
T r = 1.00
0.20 0.0
0.5
1.0
CHART No. 2
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
REDUCED PRESSURE, Pr
FIGURE A–30b
Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart—intermediate pressures. (Used with permission of Dr. Edward E. Obert, University of Wisconsin.)
7.0
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869 APPENDIX 1
(c) 0 < Pr < 40 5 0. 1 0
4.0 NELSON — OBERT GENERALIZED COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
0 . 0 = 1
1 0 . 5 1. 1 0 . 0 5 1 2 1. 1
P
REDUCED PRESSURE, Pr = —–
Pcr
3.0
T REDUCED TEMPERATURE, T r = —– T cr
CHART No. 3
v
PSEUDO REDUCED VOLUME, vr = —–
Y T I L I B I S S E R P M O C
0. 1 2
0 1. 4 0 0 1. 5 1. 6
=
Z , R O T C A F
0.115
0 1. 3
RT cr / Pcr
– v T P R —
Z
0 0. 1 1
T r
0.1 3
0 1. 8 2. 0 0 2. 5 0
2.0
0.1 4
3. 0 0
0.16
3.5 0 .0 0 4
0.20
5. 0 0
6. 0 0
8.00
10.00 0.30 15.00 v 0.60 r =
1.0
0 T r = 5. 0
. 0 1 2 0 0 1 . =
T r
0.0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
REDUCED PRESSURE, Pr
FIGURE A–30c
Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart—high pressures. (Used with permission of Dr. Edward E. Obert, University of Wisconsin.)
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870
7.5
THERMODYNAMICS
0.50
7.0
0.55 T r
0.60
6.5 0.65 0.70
6.0 S a t ur a t ed l i q u i d
5.5
0.75 0.80 0.90
5.0
0.94 0.92 0.98 0.96
0.75 0.80
– 4.5 h r – — c l — a T e 4.0 R d i — h —
h
Z
=
0.85
1.02 0.85
1.06 0.90
1.08 1.15
0.94
– h – r – — c 3.0 l — a T e u d R i — – h – — 2.5
1.04
1.10
0.92
3.5
1.00
1.20
0.96
1.25
1.30 0.98
1.40
=
h
Z
e r u t r a p e d y p l a h t n E
2.0
1.50
1.5
1.70 1.80
1.0
r a p o 5 d v 9 r a t e 0. u t S a . 9 0 0
0.5
0 0 1.
1.60
1.90 2.00 2.20
0 1 0 . 1 2 . 0 1 3 1.
2.40 2.60
. 0 1 5
2.80 3.00
2. 0 0
4.00
0
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0 4.0 5.0
10
20
30
Reduced pressure, Pr
–
h r – — c l — T a e R d i — h
0.500 9 0 0 . =
— 0.400
T r
=
– – h r – — c 0.300 l — a T e u d R i — – h — FIGURE A–31
Generalized enthalpy departure chart. (Source: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 558, fig. C.2, and p. 561, fig. C.5.)
=
h
Z
e r u t r a p e d y p l a h t n E
0 8 0.
. 0 1 0
r p o v a d t e r a u t S a
0.200
0 1. 1 1. 2 0 1. 4 0
1. 6 0
0.100
2.00 0.000 0
0.05
0.10
0.15 Pr
0.20
0.25
0.30
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871 APPENDIX 1
10.0
– 0.500
s
– —
o r a p . 0 0 9 d v = e t a r T r t u S a 0 0 1. 0
l — a R 0.400 e
d i — e s r u — t r = 0.300 a p e d – – s y – — 0.200 p – u l — o a r e R t d n i s — E – — 0.100 =
9.0
8 0 .
1. 2 0 1. 4 0 1.60
s
Z 0.000
T r
8.0
1. 1 0
0
2.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 P r
0.50
s
Z
– 7.0 – — l — R a e d i — s — s
=
0.55 0.60 S a t u r a t e d l i q u i d
6.0
– s – – — u l — a e R d i — – s — 5.0 =
0.75
0.75
s
Z
e r u t r a p e d y p o r t n E
0.65 0.70
0.80
0.80 0.85
4.0
0.85
0.90 0.90
0.94
0.92
0.92 0.98
0.96
0.94
1.00
1.02
0.96
3.0
0.94 0.98
1.04
1.02
1.06 1.08
0.98
1.06
1.10 1.15
2.0
FIGURE A–32 1.20 1.30
1.0
5 9 . 0 0 0 .
p o r t e d v a 0 S a t u r a 0 .9
1.
1.60
0 1. 2
1. 4 0
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.40.5
1.80
2.00 3.00
1.60
0
1.50
1.40
4 1 0 1. 1 0
1.0
2.0
2.50
3.0 4.0 5.0
Reduced pressure, Pr
10
20
30
Generalized entropy departure chart. (Source: John R. Howell and Richard O. Buckius, Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, SI Version (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987), p. 559, fig. C.3, and p. 561, fig. C.5.)
