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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL-601206

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY

III SEM MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Regulation 2013

QUESTION BANK PREPARED BY R.ASHOK KUMAR M.E (CAD)

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

UNIT - I - FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS Part - A 1.1) What is a fluid? How are fluids classified? 1.2) Define fluid. Give examples. 1.3) How fluids are classified?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]

1.4) Distinguish between solid and fluid.

[AU, May / June - 2006]

1.5) Differentiate between solids and liquids.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

1.6) Discuss the importance of ideal fluid.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.7) What is a real fluid?

[AU, April / May - 2003]

1.8) Define Newtonian and Non – Newtonian fluids.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.9) What are Non – Newtonian fluids? Give example.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.10) Differentiate between Newtonian and Non – Newtonian fluids. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 1.11) What is the difference between an ideal and a real fluid? 1.12) Differentiate between liquids and gases. 1.13) Define Pascal’s law.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2008]

1.14) Define the term density. 1.15) Define mass density and weight density.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

1.16) Distinguish between the mass density and weight density. [AU, May / June - 2009] 1.17) Define the term specific volume and express its units.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.18) Define specific weight. 1.19) Define specific weight and density. 1.20) Define density and specific gravity of a fluid.

[AU, May / June - 2012] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.21) Define the term specific gravity. 1.22) What is specific weight and specific gravity of a fluid?

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.23) What is specific gravity? How is it related to density?

[AU, April / May - 2008]

1.24) What do you mean by the term viscosity? 1.25) What is viscosity? What is the cause of it in liquids and in gases? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 1.26) Define Viscosity and give its unit.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

1.27) Define Newton’s law of viscosity.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 2

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.28) State the Newton's law of viscosity. [AU, April / May, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2007] 1.29) Define Newton’s law of viscosity and write the relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

1.30) What is viscosity and give its units?

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.31) Define coefficient of viscosity.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

1.32) Define coefficient of volume of expansion.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.33) Define relative or specific viscosity.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

1.34) Define kinematic viscosity.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.35) Define kinematic and dynamic viscosity.

[AU, May / June - 2006]

1.36) What is the importance of kinematic viscosity?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.37) Mention the significance of kinematic viscosity.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

1.38) What is dynamic viscosity? What are its units? 1.39) Define dynamic viscosity.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]

1.40) Define the terms kinematic viscosity and give its dimensions. [AU, May / June - 2009] 1.41) What is kinematic viscosity? State its units?

[AU, May / June - 2014]

1.42) Differentiate between kinematic viscosity of liquids and gases with respect to pressure.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

1.43) Write the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 1.44) What are the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity of a fluid? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006, 2012] 1.45) Differentiate between kinematic and dynamic viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec – 2008, 2011] 1.46) How does the dynamic viscosity of liquids and gases vary with temperature? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2008] 1.47) What are the variations of viscosity with temperature for fluids? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 1.48) What is the effect of temperature on viscosity of water and that of air? 1.49) Why is it necessary in winter to use lighter oil for automobiles than in summer? To what property does the term lighter refer?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 3

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.50) Define the term pressure. What are its units?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

1.51) Give the dimensions of the following physical quantities [AU, April / May - 2003] a)

Pressure

b)

surface tension

c)

Dynamic viscosity

d)

kinematic viscosity

1.52) Define eddy viscosity. How it differs from molecular viscosity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 1.53) Define surface tension.

[AU, May / June - 2006]

1.54) Define surface tension and expression its unit.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.55) Define capillarity.

[ AU, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2006]

1.56) What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? 1.57) Define the term vapour pressure. 1.58) What is meant by vapour pressure of a fluid? 1.59) Brief on the significance of vapour pressure.

[AU, April / May - 2010] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.60) What are the types of pressure measuring devices? 1.61) What do you understand by terms: i)

Isothermal process ii)

adiabatic process

1.62) What do you mean by capillarity?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.63) Explain the phenomenon of capillarity. 1.64) Define surface tension. 1.65) What is compressibility of fluid? 1.66) Define compressibility of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, May / June - 2009] 1.67) Define compressibility and viscosity of a fluid.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

1.68) Define coefficient of compressibility. What is its value for ideal gases? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 1.69) List the components of total head in a steady, in compressible irrotational flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 1.70) Define the bulk modulus of fluid.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.71) Define - compressibility and bulk modulus.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2011]

1.72) Write short notes on thyxotropic fluid.

CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 4

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.73) What is Thyxotrphic fluid?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

1.74) One poise’s equal to __________Pa.s. 1.75) State the empirical pressure density relation for a liquid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 1.76) Give the types of fluid flow. 1.77) Define steady flow and give an example. 1.78) Define unsteady flow and give an example. 1.79) Differentiate between the steady and unsteady flow.

[AU, May / June - 2006]

1.80) When is the flow regarded as unsteady? Give an example for unsteady flow. [AU, April / May - 2003] 1.81) Define uniform flow and give an example. 1.82) Define non uniform flow and give an example. 1.83) Differentiate between steady flow and uniform flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

1.84) Define laminar and turbulent flow and give an example. 1.85) Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2008, April / May - 2015] 1.86) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.87) State the criteria for laminar flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.88) State the characteristics of laminar flow.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.89) What are the characteristics of laminar flow?

[AU, May / June - 2014]

1.90) Mention the general characteristics of laminar flow.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

1.91) Define - Incompressible fluid.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.92) Define compressible and incompressible flow and give an example. 1.93) Define rotational and irrotational flow and give an example. 1.94) Distinguish between rotation and circularity in fluid flow. [AU, April / May - 2005] 1.95) Define stream line. What do stream lines indicate?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

1.96) Define streamline and path line in fluid flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

1.97) What is stream line and path line in fluid flow? 1.98) What is a streamline? 1.99) Define streak line. 1.100) Define stream function.

[AU, April / May - 2010] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] [AU, April / May - 2008]

[AU, April / May – 2010, May / June - 2012]

CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 5

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.101) Define control volume.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

1.102) What is the use of control volume?

[AU, April / May - 2015]

1.103) What is meant by continuum?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.104) Define continuity equation. 1.105) Write down the equation of continuity.

[AU, Nov / Dec –2008, 2009, 2012]

1.106) State the continuity equation in one dimensional form? [AU, May / June - 2012] 1.107) State the general continuity equation for a 3 - D incompressible fluid flow. [AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.108) State the continuity equation for the case of a general 3-D flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 1.109) State the equation of continuity in 3 dimensional incompressible flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 1.110) State the assumptions made in deriving continuity equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 1.111) Define Euler's equation of motion. 1.112) Write the Euler's equation.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.113) What is Euler’s equation of motion?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.114) Define Bernoulli's equation. 1.115) Write the Bernoulli’s equation in terms of head. Explain each term. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 1.116) What are the basic assumptions made is deriving Bernoulli’s theorem? [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2012] 1.117) List the assumptions which are made while deriving Bernoulli’s equation. [AU, May / June - 2012] 1.118) State at least two assumptions of Bernoulli’s equation. [AU, May / June - 2009] 1.119) What are the three major assumptions made in the derivation of the Bernoulli’s equation?

[AU, April / May - 2008]

1.120) State the assumptions used in the derivation of the Bernoulli's equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 1.121) State Bernoulli’s theorem as applicable to fluid flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 6

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.122) Give the assumptions made in deriving Bernoulli’s equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.123) What are the applications of Bernoulli’s theorem?

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.124) Give the application of Bernoulli’s equation. 1.125) List the types of flow measuring devices fitted in a pipe flow, which uses the principle of Bernoulli’s equation.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

1.126) Mention the uses of manometer.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.127) State the use of venturimeter.

[AU, May / June - 2006]

1.128) Define momentum principle. 1.129) Define impulse momentum equation. 1.130) Write the impulse momentum equation.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

1.131) What do you understand by impulse momentum equation? [AU, May / June - 2013] 1.132) State the momentum equation. When can it applied.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

1.133) State the usefulness of momentum equation as applicable to fluid flow phenomenon.

[AU, May / June – 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.134) Define discharge (or) rate of flow. 1.135) Discuss the momentum flux.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.136) Find the continuity equation, when the fluid is incompressible and densities are equal. 1.137) What is the moment of momentum equation?

[AU, May / June - 2014]

1.138) Explain classification of fluids based on viscosity. 1.139) State and prove Euler's equation of motion. Obtain Bernoulli's equation from Euler's equation. 1.140) State and prove Bernoulli's equation. What are the limitations of the Bernoulli's equation? 1.141) State the momentum equation. How will you apply momentum equation for determining the force exerted by a flowing liquid on a pipe bend? 1.142) Give the equation of continuity. Obtain an expression for continuity equation for a three - dimensional flow. 1.143) Calculate the density of one litre petrol of specific gravity 0.7? [AU, April / May - 2011] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 7

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.144) If a liquid has a viscosity of 0.051 poise and kinematic viscosity of 0.14 stokes, calculate its specific gravity.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

1.145) Calculate the mass density and specific volume of one litre of a liquid which weighs 7 N.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

1.146) A soap bubble is formed when the inside pressure is 5 N/m2above the atmospheric pressure. If surface tension in the soap bubble is 0.0125 N/m, find the diameter of the bubble formed.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.147) Determine the gauge pressure inside a soap bubble of diameter 0.25 cm and 6 cm at 22°C.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.148) The converging pipe with inlet and outlet diameters of 200 mm and 150 mm carries the oil whose specific gravity is 0.8. The velocity of oil at the entry is 2.5 m/s, find the velocity at the exit of the pipe and oil flow rate in kg/sec. [AU, April / May - 2010] 1.149) Find the height through which the water rises by the capillary action in a 2mm bore if the surface tension at the prevailing temperature is0.075 g/cm. [AU, April / May - 2003] 1.150) Find the height of a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is 730mm of Hg at normal conditions.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.151) Suppose the small air bubbles in a glass of tap water may be on the order of50 μ m in diameter. What is the pressure inside these bubbles?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.152) An open tank contains water up to depth of 2.85m and above it an oil of specific gravity 0.92 for the depth of 2.1m. Calculate the pressures at the interface of two liquids and at the bottom of the tank.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.153) Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them is being filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil if the upper plate is moved with the velocity of 2.5m/s. Define specific weight. [AU, May / June - 2012] 1.154) Calculate the height of capillary rise for water in a glass tube of diameter 1mm. [AU, May / June - 2012] PART - B 1.155) What are the various classification of fluids? Discuss 1.156) State and prove Pascal's law.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

[AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]

CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 8

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.157) What is Hydrostatic law? Derive an expression to show the same. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 1.158) Explain the properties of hydraulic fluid.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.159) Discuss the equation of continuity. Obtain an expression for continuity equation in three dimensional forms.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.160) Explain in detail the Newton's law of viscosity. Briefly classify the fluids based on the density and viscosity. Give the limitations of applicability of Newton's law of viscosity.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.161) Classify the fluids according to the nature of variation of viscosity. Give examples

[AU, April / May - 2015]

1.162) State the effect of temperature and pressure on viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2009] 1.163) Explain the term specific gravity, density, compressibility and vapour pressure. [AU, May / June - 2009] 1.164) Explain the terms Specific weight, Density, Absolute pressure and Gauge pressure.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.165) Define Surface tension and also compressibility of a fluid? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006] 1.166) Explain the practical significance of the following liquid properties: surface tension, capillarity and vapour pressure.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

1.167) Explain the phenomenon surface tension and capillarity. [AU, April / May - 2011] 1.168) Derive an expression for the capillary rise of a liquid having surface tension σ and contact angle θ between two vertical parallel plates at a distance W apart. If the plates are of glass, what will be the capillary rise of water? Assume σ = 0.773N / m, θ= 0° Take W=l mm.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

1.169) What is compressibility of fluids? Give the relationship between compressibility and bulk modulus

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.170) Prove that the relationship between surface tension and pressure inside the droplet of liquid in excess of outside pressure is given by P = 4σ/d. [AU, April / May –2010, 2011, Nov / Dec - 2008] 1.171) Explain the following CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 9

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

 Capillarity  Surface tension  Compressibility  Kinematic viscosity

[AU, May / June - 2012]

1.172) Derive the energy equation and state the assumptions made while deriving the equation.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.173) Derive Euler's equation of motion.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

1.174) Derive from the first principles, the Euler’s equation of motion for a steady flow along a stream line. Hence derive Bernoulli’ equation. State the various assumptions involved in the above derivation.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

1.175) Derive from basic principle the Euler’s equation of motion in 2D flow in X-Y coordinate system and reduce the equation to get Bernoulli’s equation for unidirectional stream lined flow.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

1.176) State Euler’s equation of motion, in the differential form. Derive Bernoulli’s equation from the above for the cases of an ideal fluid flow. [AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.177) State the law of conservation of man and derive the equation of continuity in Cartesian coordinates for an incompressible fluid. Would it alter if the flow were unsteady, highly viscous and compressible?

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.178) Derive the equation of continuity for one dimensional flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010] 1.179) Derive the continuity equation for 3 dimensional flow in Cartesian coordinates. [AU, May / June - 2006] 1.180) Derive the general form of continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.181) Derive the continuity equation of differential form. Discuss weathers equation is valid for a steady flow or unsteady flow, viscous or in viscid flow, compressible or incompressible flow. 1.182) Derive continuity equation from basic principles.

[AU, April / May - 2003] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.183) Derive Bernoulli’s equation along with assumptions made. [AU, May / June - 2007]

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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.184) State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an in compressible fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2004, 2005, April / May – 2010, May / June - 2013] 1.185) State Bernoulli’s theorem for steady flow of an in compressible fluid. Derive an expression for Bernoulli equation and state the assumptions made. [AU, May / June - 2009] 1.186) State the assumptions in the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007] 1.187) Derive an expression for Bernoulli’s equation for a fluid flow. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2004, 2005, April / May - 2010] 1.188) Derive Bernoulli’s equation from the first principles? State the assumptions made while deriving Bernoulli’s equation.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

1.189) Derive from basic principle the Euler’s equation of motion in Cartesian co – ordinates system and deduce the equation to Bernoulli’s theorem steady irrotational flow.

[AU, April / May - 2004]

1.190) Derive the Euler’s equation of motion and deduce the expression to Bernoulli’s equation.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.191) Develop the Euler equation of motion and then derive the one dimensional form of Bernoulli’s equation.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

1.192) Show that for a perfect gas the bulk modulus of elasticity equals its pressure for  An isothermal process  γ times the pressure for an isentropic process [AU, April / May - 2003] 1.193) State and derive impulse momentum equation.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

1.194) Derive momentum equation for a steady flow.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

1.195) Derive the linear momentum equation using the control volume approach and determine the force exerted by the fluid flowing through a pipe bend. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 1.196) With a neat sketch, explain briefly an orifice meter and obtain an expression for the discharge through it.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.197) Draw the sectional view of Pitot’s tube and write its concept to measure velocity of fluid flow?

[AU, April / May - 2005]

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PROBLEMS 1.198) A soap bubble is 60mm in diameter. If the surface tension of the soap film is 0.012 N/m. Find the excess pressure inside the bubble and also derive the expression used in this problem.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.199) A spherical water droplet of 5 mm in diameter splits up in the air into 16 smaller droplets of equal size. Find the work involved in splitting up the droplet. The surface tension of water may be assumed as 0.072 N/m

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.200) A liquid weighs 7.25N per litre. Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of the liquid. 1.201) One litre of crude oil weighs 9.6N. Calculate its specific weight, density and specific gravity.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.202) Determine the viscosity of a liquid having a kinematic viscosity 6 stokes and specific gravity 1.9.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]

1.203) Determine the mass density; specific volume and specific weight of liquid whose specific gravity 0.85.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.204) If the volume of a balloon is to reach a sphere of 8m diameter at an altitude where the pressure is 0.2 bar and temperature -40°C. Determine the mass hydrogen to be charged into the balloon and volume and diameter at ground level. Where the pressure is 1bar and temperature is 25°C.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.205) A pipe of 30 cm diameter carrying 0.25 m3/s water. The pipe is bent by 135° from the horizontal anti-clockwise. The pressure of water flowing through the pipe is 400 kN. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 1.206) A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.72. Find its density and specific weight. Find also the weight per litre of the liquid. 1.207) A 1.9mm diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is 960kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid raise 5mm in the tube, making a contact angle of 15°. Determine the surface tension of the liquid.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

1.208) A hollow cylinder of 150 mm OD with its weight equal to the buoyant forces is to be kept floating vertically in a liquid with a surface tension of 0.45 N/m2. The contact angle is 60º. Determine the additional force required due to surface tension. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 12

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.209) A 0.3m diameter pipe carrying oil at 1.5m/s velocity suddenly expands to 0.6m diameter pipe. Determine the discharge and velocity in 0.6m diameter pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012] 1.210) Explain surface tension. Water at 20°C (σ = 0.0.73N/m, γ = 9.8kN/m3 and angle of contact = 0°) rises through a tube due to capillary action. Find the tube diameter requires, if the capillary rise is less than 1mm.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.211) A Newtonian fluid is filled in the clearance between a shaft and a concentric sleeve. The sleeve attains a speed of 50cm/s, when a force of 40N is applied to the sleeve parallel to the shaft. Determine the speed of the shaft, if a force of 200N is applied.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

1.212) An oil film thickness 10mm is used for lubrication between the square parallel plate of size 0.9 m * 0.9 m, in which the upper plate moves at 2m/s requires a force of 100 N to maintain this speed. Determine the  Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and  Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes. The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2003]

1.213) The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the plate is 60cm. The thickness of the oil film is 12.5mm. The upper plate, which moves at 2.5 meter per sec, requires a force of 98.1N to maintain the speed. Determine the  Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and  Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes. The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.214) What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid which is compressed in a cylinder from a volume of 0.0125m3 at 80N/cm2 pressure to a volume of 0.0124m3 at pressure 150N/cm2

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2004]

1.215) Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of elasticity of a liquid, if the pressure of the liquid is increased from 7MN/m2 to 13MN/m2, the volume of liquid decreases by 0.15%.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

1.216) The measuring instruments fitted inside an airplane indicate the pressure 1.032 *105Pa, temperature T0 = 288 K and density ρ0 = 1.285 kg/m3 at takeoff. If a standard temperature lapse rate of 0.0065° K/m is assumed, at what elevation is the plane CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 13

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

when a pressure of 0.53*105 recorded? Neglect the variations of acceleration due gravity with the altitude and take airport elevation as 600m. 1.217) A person must breathe a constant mass rate of air to maintain his metabolic process. If he inhales 20 times per minute at the airport level of 600m, what would you except his breathing rate at the calculated altitude of the plane? [AU, May / June - 2009] 1.218) Two points (1) and (2) which are at the same level in the body of water in a whirlpool are at radial distances of 1.2m and 0.6m respectively from the axis of rotation. The pressure and then velocity of water at point (1) and 15KPa (gauge) and 2 m/s respectively. What are the pressure and velocity at point (2)? What is the difference in water surface elevations above points (1) and (2)? What are the radial distances of a point on the water surface which is at same level (1) and (2)? [AU, April / May - 2015] 1.219) The space between two square parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of the plate is 75 cm. The thickness of oil film is 10 mm. The upper plate which moves at 3 m/s requires a force of 100 N to maintain the speed. Determine the  Dynamic viscosity of the oil  Kinematic viscosity of the oil, if the specific gravity of the oil is 0.9. 1.220) A rectangular plate of size 25cm* 50cm and weighing at 245.3 N slides down at 30° inclined surface with uniform velocity of 2m/s. If the uniform 2mm gap between the plates is inclined surface filled with oil. Determine the viscosity of the oil. [AU, April / May – 2004, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.221) A space between two parallel plates 5mm apart, is filled with crude oil of specific gravity 0.9. A force of 2N is require to drag the upper plate at a constant velocity of 0.8m/s. the lower plate is stationary. The area of upper plate is 0.09m2. Determine the dynamic viscosity in poise and kinematic viscosity of oil in strokes. [AU, May / June - 2009] 1.222) The space between two large flat and parallel walls 25mm apart is filled with liquid of absolute viscosity 0.7 Pa.sec. Within this space a thin flat plate 250mm * 250mm is towed at a velocity of 150mm/s at a distance of 6mm from one wall, the plate and its movement being parallel to the walls. Assuming linear variations of

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velocity between the plates and the walls, determine the force exerted by the liquid on the plate.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

1.223) A jet issuing at a velocity of 25 m/s is directed at 35° to the horizontal. Calculate the height cleared by the jet at 28 m from the discharge location? Also determine the maximum height the jet will clear and the corresponding horizontal location. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 1.224) Determine the velocity of a jet directed at 35º to the horizontal to clear 8 m height at a distance of 22 m. Also determine the maximum height this jet will clear and the total horizontal travel. What will be the horizontal distance at which the jet will be again at 8 m height?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.225) A flat plate of area 0.125m2 is pulled at 0.25 m/sec with respect to another parallel plate 1mm distant from it, the space between the plates containing water of viscosity 0.001Ns/ m2. Find the force necessary to maintain this velocity. Find also the power required. 1.226) The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is given by u = 2y – y2 where u is the velocity in m/sec at a distance y meters above the plate. Determine the velocity gradient and shear stress at the boundary and 0.15m from it. Dynamic viscosity of the fluid is 0.9Ns/m2

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.227) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by u = (3/4) * y – y2 where u is velocity in m/s and at depth y in m above the plate. Determine the shear stress at a distance of 0.3m from the top of plate. Assume dynamic viscosity of the fluid is taken as 0.95 Ns/m2

[AU, April / May - 2005]

1.228) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by a relation,

2 𝑢 = 𝑦( −𝑦) 3 1.229) Where y is the vertical distance above the plate in meters. Assuming a

viscosity of 0.9Pa.s, find the shear stress at y = 0 and y = 0.15m. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.230) If the velocity distribution of a fluid over a plate is given by 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 with the vertex 0.2m from the plate, where the velocity is 1.2 m/s. calculate the velocity gradients and shear stresses at a distance of 0m, 0.1m and 0.2m from the plate, if the viscosity of the fluid is 0.85Ns/m2.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.231) Lateral stability of a long shaft 150 mm in diameter is obtained by means of a 250 mm stationary bearing having an internal diameter of 150.25 mm. If the space between bearing and shaft is filled with a lubricant having a viscosity 0.245 N s/m2, what power will be required to overcome the viscous resistance when the shaft is rotated at a constant rate of 180 rpm?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.232) Find the kinematic viscosity of water whose specific gravity is 0.95 and viscosity is0.0011Ns/m2. 1.233) The dynamic viscosity of oil, used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve is6poise. The shaft is of diameter 0.4m and rotates at 190 rpm. Calculate the power lost in the bearing for a sleeve length of 90mm. The thickness of the oil film is 1.5mm.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, May / June - 2012]

1.234) A 200 mm diameter shaft slides through a sleeve, 200.5 mm in diameter and 400 mm long, at a velocity of 30 cm/s. The viscosity of the oil filling the annular space is m = 0.1125 NS/ m2. Find resistance to the motion.

[A.U. Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.235) A 0.5m shaft rotates in a sleeve under lubrication with viscosity 5 Poise at 200rpm. Calculate the power lost for a length of 100mm if the thickness of the oil is 1mm.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.236) A 15 cm diameter vertical cylinder rotates concentrically inside another cylinder of diameter 15.10 cm. Both cylinders are 25 cm high. The space between the cylinders is filled with a liquid whose viscosity is unknown. If a torque of 12.0 Nm is required to rotate the inner cylinder at 100 rpm, determine the viscosity of the fluid.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

1.237) Oil flows through a pipe 150mm in diameter and 650mm in length with a velocity of 0.5m/s. If the kinematic viscosity of oil is 18.7 * 10-4 m2/s, find the power lost in overcoming friction. Take the specific gravity of oil as 0.9. [AU, April / May - 2015] 1.238) A400 mm diameter shaft is rotating at 200 r.p.m. in a bearing of length 120 mm. If the thickness of film is 1.5 mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.7 N.s/m2, determine (i) Torque required to overcome friction in bearing (ii) Power utilized to overcoming viscous friction. Assume linear velocity profile. [AU, May / June - 2014]

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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.239) The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer constructed of two 80cm long concentric cylinders. The outer diameter of the inner cylinder is 16 cm, and the gap between the two cylinders is 0.12 cm. The inner cylinder is rotated at 210 rpm, and the torque is measured to be 0.8 N m. Determine the viscosity of the fluid.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.240) Calculate the gauge pressure and absolute pressure within (i) a droplet of water 0.4cm in diameter (ii) a jet of water 0.4cm in diameter. Assume the surface tension of water as 0.03N/m and the atmospheric pressure as 101.3kN/m2. 1.241) What do you mean by surface tension? If the pressure difference between the inside and outside of air bubble of diameter, 0.01 mm is 29.2kPa, what will be the surface tension at air water interface? Derive an expression for the surface tension in the air bubble and from it, deduce the result for the given conditions. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 1.242) Determine the viscous drag torque and power absorbed on one surface of a collar bearing of 0.2 m ID and 0.3 m OD with an oil film thickness of 1 mm and a viscosity of 30 centi poise if it rotates at 500 rpm.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.243) A 1.9-mm - diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is 960 kg/ m3, and it is observed that the liquid rises 5 mm in the tube, making a contact angle of 15°. Determine the surface tension of the liquid. [AU, April / May - 2008] 1.244) At the depth of 2km in ocean the pressure is 82401kN/m2. Assume the specific weigth at the surface as 10055 N/m3 and the average bulk modulus of elasticity is 2.354 * 109 N/m2 for the pressure range. Determine the change in specific volume between the surface and 2km depth and also determine the specific weight at the depth?

[AU, April / May – 2004, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.245) At the depth of 8km from the surface of the ocean, the pressure is stated to be 82MN/m2. Determine the mass density, weight density and specific volume of water at this depth. Take density at the surface ρ = 1025kg/m3 and bulk modulus K = 2350MPa for indicated pressure range.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

1.246) Eight kilometers below the surface of ocean pressure is 81.75MPa. Determine the density of sea water at this depth if the density at the surface is 1025 kg/m3 and the average bulk modulus of elasticity is 2.34GPa.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.247) A cylinder of radius 0.65 m filled partially with a fluid and axially rotated at 18 rad/s is empty up to 0.3 m radius. The pressure at the extreme edge at the bottom was 0.3 bar gauge. Determine the density of the fluid.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.248) A liquid is compressed in a cylinder having a volume of 0.012 m3 at a pressure of 690 N/cm2. What should be the new pressure in order to make its volume 0.0119 m3? Assume bulk modulus of elasticity (K) for the liquid = 6.9 x 104 N/cm2. [AU, May / June - 2013] 1.249) Calculate the capillary rise in glass tube of 3 mm diameter when immersed in mercury; take the surface tension and the angle of contact of mercury as 0.52 N/m and 130° respectively. Also determine the minimum size of the glass tube, if it is immersed in water, given that the surface tension of water is 0.0725 N/m and capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 0.5mm.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

1.250) The capillary rise in a glass tube is not to exceed 0.2mm of water. Determine its minimum size, given that the surface tension for water in contact with air = 0.0725N/m.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, May / June - 2012]

1.251) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm diameter when immersed in(i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20°C and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20 °C in contact with air are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 ° and for mercury u = 130°. Take specific weight of water at 20°C as equal to 9780 N/m3. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 1.252) Derive an expression for the capillary rise at a liquid in a capillary tube of radius r having surface tension σ and contact angle θ . If the plates are of glass, what will be the capillary rise of water having σ = 0.073 N/m, θ = 0°? Take r = 1mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 1.253) A pipe containing water at 180kN/m2 pressure is connected to differential gauge to another pipe 1.6m lower than the first pipe and containing water at high pressure. If the difference in height of 2 mercury columns of the gauge is equal to 90mm, what is the pressure in the lower pipe?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 18

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.254) Determine the minimum size of glass tubing that can be used to measure water level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface tension of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2004, 2012]

1.255) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4 mm diameter, when immersed in (i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20°C and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20 °C in contact with air are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 and for mercury u = 130°. Take specific weight of water at 20°C as equal to 9790N/ m3. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2007] 1.256) A Capillary tube having inside diameter 6 mm is dipped in CCl4at 20o C. Find the rise of CCl4 in the tube if surface tension is 2.67 N/m and Specific gravity is 1.594 and contact angle u is 60° and specific weight of water at 20° C is 9981 N/m3. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 1.257) Two pipes A & B are connected to a U – tube manometer containing mercury of density 13,600kg/m3. Pipe A carries a liquid of density 1250kg/m3 and a liquid of density 800kg/m3 flows through a pipe B, The center of pipe A is 80mm above the pipe B. The difference of mercury level manometer is 200mm and the mercury surface on pipe A side is 100mm below the center. Find the difference of pressure between the two connected points of the pipes.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.258) A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. Calculate the difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if 785 N of the oils collected in a tank in 25 seconds.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

1.259) A simple U tube manometer containing mercury is connected to a pipe in which a fluid of specific gravity 0.8 and having vacuum pressure is flowing. The other end of the manometer is open to atmosphere. Find the vacuum pressure in the pipe, if the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 40cm and the height of the fluid in the left from the center pipe is 15cm below. Draw the sketch for the above problem. [AU, April / May - 2011, May / June - 2012] 1.260) A U-tube is made of two capillaries of diameter 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm respectively. The tube is kept vertically and partially filled with water of surface tension 0.0736 CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 19

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

N/m and zero contact angles. Calculate the difference in the levels of the mercury caused by the capillary.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.261) Define the terms gauge pressure and absolute pressure. A U tube containing mercury has its right limb open to atmosphere. The left limb is full of water and is connected to a pipe containing water under pressure, the centre of which is in the level with the free surface of mercury. If the difference in the levels of mercury in the limbs id 5.1cm, calculate the water pressure in the pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.262) The barometric pressure at sea level is 760 mm of mercury while that on a mountain top is

735 mm. If the density of air is assumed constant at 1.2 kg/m3,

what is the elevation of the mountain top?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

1.263) The barometric pressure at the top and bottom of a mountain are 734mm and 760mm of mercury respectively. Assuming that the average density of air = 1.15kg/m3, calculate the height of the mountain.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

1.264) The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about 120 mmHg. If a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm of the person, determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density of the blood to be 1050 kg/ m3.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

1.265) When a pressure of 20.7 MN/m2 is applied to 100 litres of a liquid, its volume decreases by one litre. Find the bulk modulus of the liquid and identify this liquid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 1.266) The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The tank is at sea level, and the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line leading from the tank to the nozzle is a pump, which increases the pressure of water. If the water jet rises to a height of 27 m from the ground, determine the minimum pressure rise supplied by the pump to the water line.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.267) Determine the minimum size of the glass tubing that can be used to measure water level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface tension of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m

[AU, April / May - 2004]

1.268) A cylinder of 0.6m3 in volume contains air at 50oC and 0.3N/mm2 absolute pressure. The air is compressed to 0.3m3. Find the (i) pressure inside the cylinder

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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

assuming isothermal process and (ii) pressure and temperature assuming adiabatic process. Take k = 1.4. 1.269) A 30cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters 20cm and 15cm respectively. If the average velocity in the 30cm diameter pipe is 2.5m/sec, find the discharge in this pipe. Also determine the velocity in the 15cm diameter pipe if the average velocity in the 20cm diameter pipe is 2m/sec. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010] 1.270) Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2m diameter at 3m/second then passes through a pipe BC 1.5m diameter. At C, the pipe branches. Branch CD is 0.8m in diameter and carries one - third of the flow in AB. The flow velocity in branch CE is 2.5m/sec. Find the volume rate of flow in AB, the velocity in BC, the velocity in CD and the diameter of CE. 1.271) Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at sections 1 and 2 respectively. The rate of flow, through the pipe is 35litre/sec. The section 1 is 6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is 39.24N/cm2, find the intensity of pressure at section 2.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

1.272) A pipe 200m long slopes down at 1 in 100 and tapers from 600mm diameter at the higher end to 300mm diameter at the lower end and carries 100 litres/sec of oil having specific gravity 0.8. If the pressure gauge at the higher end reads 60kN/m2, determine the velocities at the two ends and also the pressure at the lower end. Neglect all losses

[AU, April / May - 2015]

1.273) Water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100m having diameters 600mm at the upper end and 300mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/ sec. The pipe has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher level is 19.62 N/cm2. 1.274) Water flows at the rate of 200 litres per second upwards through a tapered vertical pipe. The diameter at the bottom is 240 mm and at the top 200 mm and the length is 5 m. The pressure at the bottom is 8 bar, and the pressure at the topside is 7.3 bar. Determine the head loss through the pipe. Express it as a function of exit velocity head.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

1.275) A pipe of diameter 400mm carries water at a velocity of 25m/sec. The pressures at the points A and B are given as 29.43N/cm2 and 22.563 N/cm2 respectively, while CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 21

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

the datum head at A and B are 28m and 30m. Find the loss of head between A and B. 1.276) A drainage pipe is tapered in a section running with full of water. The pipe diameters at the inlet and exit are 1000 mm and 50 mm respectively. The water surface is 2 m above the center of the inlet and exit is 3 m above the free surface of the water. The pressure at the exit is250 mm of Hg vacuum. The friction loss between the inlet and exit of the pipe is 1/10 of the velocity head at the exit. Determine the discharge through the pipe.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.277) A pipeline 60 cm in diameter bifurcates at a Y-junction into two branches 40 cm and 30 cm in diameter. If the rate of flow in the main pipe is 1.5 m3/s, and the mean velocity of flow in the 30 cm pipe is 7.5 m/s, determine the rate of flow in the 40 cm pipe.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

1.278) A pipeline of 175 mm diameter branches into two pipes which delivers the water at atmospheric pressure. The diameter of the branch 1 which is at 35° counterclockwise to the pipe axis is 75mm. and the velocity at outlet is 15 m/s. The branch 2 is at 15° with the pipe center line in the clockwise direction has a diameter of 100 mm. The outlet velocity is 15 m/s. The pipes lie in a horizontal plane. Determine the magnitude and direction of the forces on the pipes.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

1.279) A pipeline conveys 10 lit/s of water from an overhead tank to a building. The pipe is 2km long and 15cm diameter, the friction factor is 0.03. It is planned to increase the discharge by 30% by installing another pipeline in parallel with this over half the length. Find the suitable diameter of pipe to be installed. Is there any upper limit on discharge augmentation by this arrangement?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

1.280) The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 m having diameters 600 mm at the upper end and 300 mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/s. The pipe has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher level is 19.62 N/cm2.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

1.281) A 45° reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and outlet of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at the inlet to the bend is 8.829N/cm2 and rate of flow of water is600 litre / sec.

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1.282) Gasoline (specific gravity = 0.8) is flowing upwards through a vertical pipe line which tapers from300mm to 150mm diameter. A gasoline mercury differential manometer is connected between 300 mm and 150 mm pipe sections to measure the rate of flow. The distance between the manometer tappings is 1meter and the gauge heading is 500 mm of mercury. Find the(i) differential gauge reading in terms of gasoline head (ii) rate of flow. Assume frictional and other losses are negligible. [AU, May / June – 2007, 2014, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.283) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/s and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge) and the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 30 cm and 20 cm respectively, calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe. [AU, May / June – 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012] 1.284) A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from 10 cm to 16 cm. The water velocity in the smaller section is 12 m/s, and the flow is turbulent. The pressure in the smaller section is 300 kPa. Determine the downstream pressure, and estimate the error that would have occurred if Bernoulli’s equation had been used. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 1.285) Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 20 L/s. The pipe consists of two sections of diameters20 cm and 10 cm with a smooth reducing section that connects them. The pressure difference between the two pipe sections is measured by a water manometer. Neglecting frictional effects, determine the differential height of water between the two pipe sections. Take the air density to be 1.20 kg/m3. [AU, April / May - 2008] air 200 L/s

20 cm

h

1.286) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter 100 mm is employed to measure the flow of water. The reading of the differential

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manometer connected to the inlet is 180 mm of mercury. If Cd = 0.98, determine the rate of flow.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.287) A horizontal venturimeter of specification 200mm * 100mm is used to measure the discharge of an oil of specific gravity 0.8. A mercury manometer is used for the purpose. If the discharge is 100 litres per second and the coefficient of discharge of meter is 0.98, find the manometer deflection.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

1.288) Determine the pressure difference between inlet and throat of a vertical venturimeter of size 150 mm x 75 mm carrying oil of S = 0.8 at flow rate of 40 lps. The throat is 150 mm above the inlet. 1.289) A pipe of 300 mm diameter inclined at 30° to the horizontal is carrying gasoline (specific gravity = 0.82). A venturimeter is fitted in the pipe to find out the flow rate whose throat diameter is 150 mm. The throat is 1.2 m from the entrance along its length.

The pressure gauges fitted to the venturimeter read 140 kN/m2and

80kN/m2respectively. Find out the co-efficient of discharge of venturimeter if the flow is 0.20 m3/s.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

1.290) A venturimeter of throat diameter 0.085m is fitted in a 0.17m diameter vertical pipe in which liquid a relative density 0.85 flows downwards. Pressure gauges ate fitted at the inlet and to the throat sections. The throat being 0.9m below the inlet. Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.95 find the discharge when the pressure gauges read the same and also when the inlet gauge reads 15000N/m2 higher than the throat gauge.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

1.291) A Venturimeter having inlet and throat diameters 30 cm and 15 cm is fitted in a horizontal diesel pipe line (Sp. Gr. = 0.92) to measure the discharge through the pipe. The venturimeter is connected to a mercury manometer. It was found that the discharge is 8 litres /sec. Find the reading of mercury manometer head in cm. Take Cd =0.96.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

1.292) A venturimeter is inclined at 60° to the vertical and its 150 mm diameter throat is 1.2 m from the entrance along its length. It is fitted to a pipe of diameter 300 mm. The pipe conveys gasoline of S = 0.82 and flowing at 0.215 m3/s upwards. Pressure gauges inserted at entrance and throat show the pressures of 0.141 N/mm2and 0.077 N/mm2respectively. Determine the co-efficient of discharge of the venturimeter. Also determine the reading in mm of differential mercury column, if instead of CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 24

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

pressure gauges the entrance and the throat of the venturimeter are connected to the limbs of a U tube mercury manometer.

[AU, April / May - 2004]

1.293) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 300mm and 100mm respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure intensity at inlet is 130 kN/m2 while the vacuum pressure head at throat is 350 mm of mercury. Assuming 3% head lost between the inlet and throat. Find the value of coefficient of discharge for venturimeter and also determine the rate of flow. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2004, 2005, April / May - 2010] 1.294) A vertical venturimeter carries a liquid of relative density 0.8 and has inlet throat diameters of 150mm and 75mm. The pressure connection at the throat is 150mm above the inlet. If the actual rate of flow is 40litres/sec and C d = 0.96, find the pressure difference between inlet and throat in N/m2.

[AU, May / June - 2006]

1.295) A 300 mm x 150 mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipeline carrying oil of relative density 0.9, the flow being upwards. The differential U tube mercury manometer shows a gauge deflection of 250 mm. Calculate the discharge of oil, if the co-efficient of meter is 0.98.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

1.296) In a vertical pipe conveying oil of specific gravity 0.8, two pressure gauges have been installed at A and B, where the diameters are 160mm a 80mm respectively. A is 2m above B. The pressure gauge readings have shown that the pressure at B is greater than at A by 0.981 N/cm2. Neglecting all losses, calculate the flow rate. If the gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with the same liquid and connected to a U – tube containing mercury, calculate the difference in the level of mercury in the two limbs of the U – tube.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

1.297) Determine the flow rate of oil of S = 0.9 through an orifice meter of size 15 cm diameter fitted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The mercury deflection of U tube differential manometer connected on the two sides of the orifice is 50 cm. Assume Cd of orifice meter as 0.64. 1.298) A submarine moves horizontally in sea and has its axis 15 m below the surface of water. A pitot static tube properly placed just in front of the submarine along its axis and is connected to the two limbs of a U - tube containing mercury. The difference of mercury level is found to be170 mm. Find the speed of submarine knowing that the sp. gr of sea water is 1.026. CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 25

R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 – NOV 2015

1.299) A submarine fitted with a Pitot tube move horizontally in sea. Its axis is 20m below surface of water. The Pitot tube placed in front of the submarine along its axis is connected to a differential mercury manometer showing the deflection of 20cm. Determine the speed of the submarine.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

1.300) A pitot-static probe is used to measure the velocity of an aircraft flying at 3000 m. If the differential pressure reading is 3 kPa, determine the velocity of the aircraft. [AU, April / May - 2008] 1.301) A 15 cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10 cm diameter vertical pipe with a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 1001/s. At point 1 in 15 cm pipe gauge pressure is 250 kPa. At point 2 in the 10 cm pipe located 1.0 m below point 1 the gauge pressure is 175 kPa.  Find whether the flow is upwards / downwards.  Head loss between the two points. 1.302) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/sec and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge) and the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 300 mm and 200 mm respectively. Calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.

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UNIT - II - FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR CONDUCTS PART - A 2.1) How are fluid flows classified?

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.2) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

2.3) Write down Hagen Poiseuille’s equation for viscous flow through a pipe. 2.4) Write down Hagen Poiseuille’s equation for laminar flow. [AU, April / May - 2005, Nov / Dec - 2012] 2.5) Write the Hagen – Poiseuille’s Equation and enumerate its importance. [AU, April / May - 2011] 2.6) State Hagen – Poiseuille’s formula for flow through circular tubes. [AU, May / June - 2012] 2.7) Write down the Darcy - Weisbach’s equation for friction loss through a pipe [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2011] 2.8) What is the relationship between Darcy Friction factor, Fanning Friction Factor and Friction coefficient?

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.9) Mention the types of minor losses.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

2.10) List the minor losses in flow through pipe. [AU, April / May - 2005, May / June - 2007] 2.11) What are minor losses? Under what circumstances will they be negligible? [AU, May / June - 2012] 2.12) Distinguish between the major loss and minor losses with reference to flow through pipes.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

2.13) List the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 2.14) What are the losses experienced by a fluid when it is passing through a pipe? 2.15) What is a minor loss in pipe flows? Under what conditions does a minor loss become a major loss? 2.16) What do you understand by minor energy losses in pipes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 2.17) List out the various minor losses in a pipeline

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2.18) What are ‘major’ and ‘minor losses’ of flow through pipes? [AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2007, 2012, April / May - 2010] 2.19) List the minor and major losses during the flow of liquid through a pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008] 2.20) Enlist the various minor losses involved in a pipe flow system. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 2.21) Write the expression for calculating the loss due to sudden expansion of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2015] 2.22) What factors account in energy loss in laminar flow.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.23) Differentiate between pipes in series and pipes in parallel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006] 2.24) What is Darcy's equation? Identify various terms in the equation. [AU, April / May - 2011] 2.25) What is the relation between Dracy friction factor, Fanning friction factor and friction coefficient?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

2.26) When is the pipe termed to be hydraulically rough?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.27) What is the physical significance of Reynold's number? [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007] 2.28) Define Reynolds Number.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

2.29) Write the Navier's Stoke equations for unsteady 3 - dimensional, viscous, incompressible and irrotational flow.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

2.30) Define Moody’s diagram 2.31) What are the uses of Moody’s diagram? 2.32) Mention the use of Moody diagram. 2.33) State the importance of Moody's chart.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, 2012] [AU, April / May - 2015] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

2.34) Write down the formulae for loss of head due to (i) sudden enlargement in pipe diameter (ii) sudden contraction in pipe diameter and (iii) Pipe fittings. 2.35) Define (i) relative roughness and (ii) absolute roughness of a pipe inner surface. 2.36) How does surface roughness affect the pressure drop in a pipe if the flow is turbulent?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

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2.37) A piping system involves two pipes of different diameters (but of identical length, material, and roughness) connected in parallel. How would you compare the flow rates and pressure drops in these two pipes?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

2.38) What do you mean by flow through parallel pipes?

[AU, May / June - 2013]

2.39) What is equivalent pipe? 2.40) What is the use of Dupuit’s equations? 2.41) What is the condition for maximum power transmission through a pipe line? 2.42) Give the expression for power transmission through pipes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 2.43) Write down the formula for friction factor of pipe having viscous flow. 2.44) Define boundary layer and boundary layer thickness. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2007, 2012] 2.45) Define boundary layer thickness.

[AU, May / June - 2006, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.46) What is boundary layer? Give its sketch of a boundary layer region over a flat plate.

[AU, April / May - 2003]

2.47) What is boundary layer? Why is it significant?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.48) Define boundary layer and give its significance.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

2.49) What is boundary layer and write its types of thickness? [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2006] 2.50) What do you understand by the term boundary layer? 2.51) Define the following (i)

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

laminar boundary layer (ii) turbulent boundary layer

(iii) laminar sub layer. 2.52) What is a laminar sub layer?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

2.53) Define momentum thickness and energy thickness. [AU, May / June – 2007, 2012] 2.54) Define the term boundary layer.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

2.55) Define the terms boundary layer, boundary thickness.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

2.56) What is boundary layer separation?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

2.57) Give the classification of boundary layer flow based on the Reynolds number. [AU, April / May - 2015] 2.58) Define the following: (i)

Displacement thickness (ii) Momentum thickness

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(iii)Energy

thickness.

2.59) What do you mean by displacement thickness and momentum thickness? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 2.60) What do you understand by hydraulic diameter?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

2.61) What is hydraulic gradient line?

[AU, May / June - 2009]

2.62) Define hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient line. 2.63) Brief on HGL.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

2.64) Differentiate between Hydraulic gradient line and total energy line. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003, April / May - 2005, 2010, May / June–2007, 2009] 2.65) What is T.E.L?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.66) Distinguish between hydraulic and energy gradients.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

2.67) Differentiate hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient line. [AU, May / June - 2014] 2.68) Differentiate between hydraulic grade line and energy grade line. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 2.69) What are stream lines, streak lines and path lines in fluid flow? [AU, Nov / Dec –2006, 2009] 2.70) What do you mean by Prandtl’s mixing length? 2.71) Draw the typical boundary layer profile over a flat plate. 2.72) Define flow net.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

2.73) What is flow net and state its use?

[AU, April / May - 2011]

2.74) Define lift. 2.75) Define the terms: drag and lift.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] [AU, Nov / Dec – 2007, May / June - 2009]

2.76) Define drag and lift co-efficient. 2.77) Give the expression for Drag coefficient and Lift coefficient. [AU, April / May - 2011] 2.78) What is meant by laminar flow instability?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

2.79) Considering laminar flow through a circular pipe, draw the shear stress and velocity distribution across the pipe section.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

2.80) Considering laminar flow through a circular pipe, obtain an expression for the velocity distribution.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

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2.81) A circular and a square pipe are of equal sectional area. For the same flow rate, determine which section will lead to a higher value of Reynolds number. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 2.82) A 20cm diameter pipe 30km long transport oil from a tanker to the shore at 0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take the viscosity μ = 0.1 Nm/s2 and density ρ = 900 kg/m3 for oil.

[AU, April / May - 2003]

2.83) Find the loss of head when a pipe of diameter 200 mm is suddenly enlarged to a diameter 0f 400 mm. Rate of flow of water through the pipe is 250 litres/s. [AU, April / May - 2010] PART - B 2.84) What are the various types of fluid flows? Discuss

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

2.85) Define minor losses. How they are different from major losses? [AU, May / June - 2009] 2.86) Discuss on various minor losses in pipe flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

2.87) Discuss on minor losses in pipe flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

2.88) Which has a greater minor loss co-efficient during pipe flow: gradual expansion or gradual contraction? Why?

[AU, April / May - 2008]

2.89) Derive Chezy’s formula for loss of head due to friction in pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 2.90) What is the hydraulic gradient line? How does it differ from the total energy line? Under what conditions do both lines coincide with the free surface of a liquid? [AU, April / May - 2008] 2.91) Write notes on the following:  Concept of boundary layer.  Hydraulic gradient  Moody diagram. 2.92) Briefly explain Moody’s diagram regarding pipe friction [AU, May / June - 2014] 2.93) Describe the Moody's chart.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

2.94) For a flow of viscous fluid flowing through a circular pipe under laminar flow conditions, show that the velocity distribution is a parabola. And also show that the average velocity is half of the maximum velocity.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

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2.95) For flow of viscous fluids through an annulus derive the following expressions:  Discharge through the annulus.  Shear stress distribution.

[AU, May / June – 2007, 2012]

2.96) For a laminar flow through a pipe line, show that the average velocity is half of the maximum velocity. 2.97) Prove that the Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation for the pressure difference between two sections 1 and 2 in a pipe is given by with usual notations. 2.98) Derive Hagen – Poiseuille’s equation and state its assumptions made. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 2.99) Derive Hagen – Poiseuille’s equation

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

2.100) Obtain the expression for Hagen – Poiseuille’s flow. Deduce the condition of maximum velocity.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

2.101) Give a proof a Hagen – Poiseuille’s equation for a fully – developed laminar flow in a pipe and hence show that Darcy friction coefficient is equal to 16/R e, where Re is Reynold’s number.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.102) Derive an expression for head loss through pipes due to friction. [AU, April / May - 2010] 2.103) Explain Reynold’s experiment to demonstrate the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow through a pipe line. 2.104) Derive Darcy - Weisbach formula for calculating loss of head due to friction in a pipe.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

2.105) Derive Darcy - Weisbach formula for head loss due to friction in flow through pipes.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

2.106) Obtain expression for Darcy – Weisbach friction factor f for flow in pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012] 2.107) Explain the losses of energy in flow through pipes.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.108) Derive an expression for Darcy – Weisbach formula to determine the head loss due to friction. Give an expression for relation between friction factor ‘f’ and Reynolds’s number ‘Re’ for laminar and turbulent flow.

[AU, April / May - 2003]

2.109) Prove that the head lost due to friction is equal to one third of the total head at inlet for maximum power transmission through pipes.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

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2.110) Show that for laminar flow, the frictional loss of head is given by hf= 8 fLQ2/gπ2D5

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.111) Derive Euler’s equation of motion for flow along a stream line. What are the assumptions involved.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.112) A uniform circular tube of bore radius R1 has a fixed co axial cylindrical solid core of radius R2. An incompressible viscous fluid flows through the annular passage under a pressure gradient (-∂p/∂x). Determine the radius at which shear stress in the stream is zero, given that the flow is laminar and under steady state condition. [AU, May / June - 2009] 2.113) If the diameter of the pipe is doubled, what effect does this have on the flow rate for a given head loss for laminar flow and turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2011] 2.114) Derive an expression for the variation of jet radius r with distance y downwards for a jet directed downwards. The initial radius is R and the head of fluid is H. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 2.115) Distinguish between pipes connected in series and parallel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 2.116) Discuss on hydraulic and energy gradient.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

2.117) Determine the equivalent pipe corresponding to 3 pipes in series with lengths and diameters l1, l2, l3, d1, d2, d3 respectively.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.118) For sudden expansion in a pipe flow, work out the optimum ratio between the diameter of before expansion and the diameter of the pipe after expansion so that the pressure rise is maximum.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.119) Obtain the condition for maximum power transmission through a pipe line. 2.120) Explain stream lines, path lines and flow net.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

2.121) What are the uses and limitations of flow net?

[AU, May / June - 2009]

2.122) Briefly explain about boundary layer separation.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

2.123) Explain on boundary layer separation and its control. 2.124) Considering a flow over a flat plate, explain briefly the development of hydrodynamic boundary layer.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

2.125) Discuss in detail about boundary layer thickness and separation of boundary layer.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

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2.126) What is boundary layer and write its types of thickness? [AU, April / May - 2003] 2.127) Explain in detail  Drag and lift coefficients  Boundary layer thickness  Boundary layer separation  Navier’s – strokes equation.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.128) In a water reservoir flow is through a circular hole of diameter D at the side wall at a vertical distance H from the free surface. The flow rate through an actual hole with a sharp-edged entrance (kL = 0.5) will be considerably less than the flow rate calculated assuming frictionless flow. Obtain a relation for the equivalent diameter of the sharp-edged hole for use in frictionless flow relations. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 2.129) Define : Boundary layer thickness(δ); Displacement thickness(δ *); Momentum thickness(θ) and energy thickness(δ**).

[AU, April / May - 2010]

2.130) Briefly explain the following terms  Displacement thickness  Momentum thickness  Energy thickness

[AU, May / June - 2014]

2.131) Find the displacement thickness momentum thickness and energy thickness for the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by (u/v) = (y/δ), where ‘u’is the velocity at a distance ‘y’ from the plate and u=U at y=δ, where δ = boundary layer thickness. Also calculate (δ*/θ).

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2010]

2.132) Explain the concept of boundary layer in pipes for both laminar and turbulent flows with neat sketches.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

2.133) What is hydraulic gradient line? How does it differ from the total energy line? Under what conditions do both lines coincide with surface of the liquid? [AU, April / May - 2008] 2.134) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a circular pipe.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

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2.135) Write a brief note on velocity potential function and stream function. [AU, May / June - 2009] 2.136) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a circular pipe. Also sketch the distribution of velocity cross a section of the pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] PROBLEMS 2.137) A 20 cm diameter pipe 30 km long transports oil from a tanker to the shore at 0.01m3/s. Find the Reynold’s number to classify the flow. Take viscosity and density for oil. 2.138) A pipe line 20cm in diameter, 70m long, conveys oil of specific gravity 0.95 and viscosity 0.23 N.s/m2. If the velocity of oil is 1.38m/s, find the difference in pressure between the two ends of the pipe.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.139) Oil of absolute viscosity 1.5 poise and density 848.3kg/m3 flows through a 300mm pipe. If the head loss in 3000 m, the length of pipe is 200m, assuming laminar flow, find (i)

the average velocity,

(ii)

Reynolds’s number and

(iii) Friction factor.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.140) An oil of specific gravity 0.7 is flowing through the pipe diameter 30cm at the rate of 500litres/sec. Find the head lost due to friction and power required to maintain the flow for a length of 1000m. Take γ = 0.29 stokes. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, May / June - 2009] 2.141) A pipe line 10km, long delivers a power of 50kW at its outlet ends. The pressure at inlet is 5000kN/m2 and pressure drop per km of pipeline is 50kN/m2. Find the size of the pipe and efficiency of transmission. Take 4f = 0.02. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 2.142) A lubricating oil flows in a 10 cm diameter pipe at 1 m/s. Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. 2.143) An oil of specific gravity 0.80 and kinematic viscosity 15 x 10 6m2/s flows in a smooth pipe of 12 cm diameter at a rate of 150 lit/min. Determine whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. Also, calculate the velocity at the centre line and the velocity

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at a radius of 4 cm. What is head loss for a length of 10 m? What will be the entry length? Also determine the wall shear.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

2.144) For the lubricating oil 2 μ = 0.1Ns /m and ρ = 930 kg/m3. Calculate also transition and turbulent velocities.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

2.145) Oil of ,mass density 800kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 0.02 poise flows through 50mm diameter pipe of length 500m at the rate of 0.19 liters/ sec. Determine  Reynolds number of flow  Center line of velocity  Pressure gradient  Loss of pressure in 500m length  Wall shear stress  Power required to maintain the flow.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.146) In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at R/2 (midway between the wall surface and the center line) is measured to be 6m/s. Determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

2.147) A pipe 85m long conveys a discharge of 25litres per second. If the loss of head is 10.5m. Find the diameter of the pipe take friction factor as 0.0075. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 2.148) A smooth pipe carries 0.30m3/s of water discharge with a head loss of 3m per 100m length of pipe. If the water temperature is 20°C, determine diameter of the pipe.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

2.149) Water is flowing through a pipe of 250 mm diameter and 60 m long at a rate of 0.3 m3/sec. Find the head loss due to friction. Assume kinematic viscosity of water 0.012 stokes. 2.150) Consider turbulent flow (f = 0.184 Re-0.2) of a fluid through a square channel with smooth surfaces. Now the mean velocity of the fluid is doubled. Determine the change in the head loss of the fluid. Assume the flow regime remains unchanged. What will be the head loss for fully turbulent flow in a rough pipe? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013] 2.151) A pipe of 12cm diameter is carrying an oil (μ = 2.2 Pa.s and ρ = 1250 kg/m3) with a velocity of 4.5 m/s. Determine the shear stress at the wall surface of the pipe,

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head loss if the length of the pipe is 25 m and the power lost. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 2.152) Find the head loss due to friction in a pipe of diameter 30cm and length 50cm, through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3m/s using Darcy’s formula. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 2.153) For a turbulent flow in a pipe of diameter 300 mm, find the discharge when the center-line velocity is 2.0 m/s and the velocity at a point 100 mm from the center as measured by pitot-tube is 1.6 m/s.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

2.154) A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe of diameter 20cm. The maximum velocity is 1.5m/s. Find the mean velocity and radius at which this occurs. Also calculate the velocity at 4cm from the wall pipe.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

2.155) Water is flowing through a rough pipe of diameter 60 cm at the rate of 600litres/second. The wall roughness is 3 mm. Find the power loss for 1 km length of pipe. 2.156) Water flows in a 150 mm diameter pipe and at a sudden enlargement, the loss of head is found to be one-half of the velocity head in 150 mm diameter pipe. Determine the diameter of the enlarged portion. 2.157) A 150mm diameter pipe reduces in diameter abruptly to 100mm diameter. If the pipe carries water at 30 liters per second, calculate the pressure loss across the contraction. The coefficient of contraction as 0.6.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

2.158) A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.85, changes in diameter from 350mm at position 1 to 550mm diameter to a position 2, which is at 6m at a higher level. If the pressure at position 1 and 2 are taken as 20N/cm2 and 15N/cm2 respectively and discharge through the pipe is 0.2m3/s. Determine the loss of head. [AU, May / June - 2007] 2.159) A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87, changes in diameter from 200mm at position A to 500mm diameter to a position B, which is at 4m at a higher level. If the pressure at position A and B are taken as 9.81N/cm2 and 5.886N/cm2 respectively and discharge through the pipe is 200 litres/s. Determine the loss of head and direction of flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

2.160) A 30cm diameter pipe of length 30cm is connected in series to a 20 cm diameter pipe of length 20cm to convey discharge. Determine the equivalent length of pipe CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 37

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diameter 25cm, assuming that the friction factor remains the same and the minor losses are negligible.

[AU, April / May - 2003]

2.161) A pipe of 0.6m diameter is 1.5 km long. In order of augment the discharge, another line of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half of the length. Neglecting minor losses. Find the increase in discharge, if friction factor f= 0.04. The head at inlet is 40m.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2004, 2005, 2012]

2.162) A pipe of 10 cm in diameter and 1000 m long is used to pump oil of viscosity 8.5 poise and specific gravity 0.92 at the rate of1200 lit./min. The first 30 m of the pipe is laid along the ground sloping upwards at 10° to the horizontal and remaining pipe is laid on the ground sloping upwards 15° to the horizontal. State whether the flow is laminar or turbulent? Determine the pressure required to be developed by the pump and the power required for the driving motor if the pump efficiency is 60%. Assume suitable data for friction factor, if required.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

2.163) Oil with a density of 900 kg/m3and kinematic viscosity of 6.2 × 10-4m2/s is being discharged by a 6 mm diameter, 40 m long horizontal pipe from a storage tank open to the atmosphere. The height of the liquid level above the center of the pipe is 3 m. Neglecting the minor losses, determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 2.164) Oil at 27°C (ρ = 900 kg/m3 and µ = 40 centi poise) is flowing steadily in a 1.25cm diameter 40m long During the flow, the pressure at the pipe inlet and exit is measured to be 8.25 bar and 0.95 bar, respectively. Determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe assuming the pipe is

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

 Horizontal,  Inclined 20º upward, and  Inclined 20º downward. 2.165) The velocity of water in a pipe 200mm diameter is 5m/s. The length of the pipe is 500m. Find the loss of head due to friction, if f = 0.008.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

2.166) A 200mm diameter (f = 0.032) 175m long discharges a 65mm diameter water jet into the atmosphere at a point which is 75m below the water surface at intake. The entrance to the pipe is reentrant with ke = 0.92 and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.06. Find the flow rate and the pressure head at the base of the nozzle. [AU, April / May - 2011] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 38

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2.167) A pipe line 2000m long is used for power transmission 110kW is to be transmitted through a pipe in which water is having a pressure of 5000kN/m2 at inlet is flowing. If the pressure drop over a length of a pipe is 1000kN/m2 and coefficient of friction is 0.0065, find the diameter of the pipe and efficiency of transmission. [AU, May / June - 2012] 2.168) A horizontal pipe of 400 mm diameter is suddenly contracted to a diameter of 200 mm. The pressure intensities in the large and small pipe are given as 15 N/cm2 and 10 N/cm2 respectively. Find the loss of head due to contraction, if C c = 0.62, determine also the rate of flow of water. 2.169) A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and discharges freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length from the tank, the pipe is 150 mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to 300 mm. The height of water level in the tank is 8 m above the centre of the pipe. Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of flow. Take f = 0.01 for both sections of the pipe.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

2.170) A 15cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10cm diameter vertical pipe with a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 100 l/s. At a point 1 in 15cm pipe gauge pressure is 250kPa. At point 2 in the 10cm pipe located 1m below point 1 the gauge pressure is 175kPa.  Find weather the flow is upwards /downwards  Head loss between the two points

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

2.171) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m3/sec. The diameter of the pipe, which is 20 cm, is suddenly enlarged to 40 cm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 11.7 N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden enlargement and pressure intensity in the larger pipe, power loss due to enlargement. [AU, May / June - 2009] 2.172) In a city water supply systems, water is flowing through a pipe line 30cm in diameter. The pipe diameter is suddenly reduced to 20cm. estimate the discharge through the pipe if the difference across the sudden contraction is 5kPa. [AU, April / May - 2015] 2.173) A 45° reducing bend is connected to a pipe line. The inlet and outlet diameters of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by water CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 39

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on the bend, if the intensity of pressure at inlet to bend is 8.829N/cm2 and the rate of flow of water is 600 liters/s.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

2.174) Horizontal pipe carrying water is gradually tapering. At one section the diameter is 150mm and the flow velocity is 1.5m/s. If the drop pressure is 1.104bar is reduced section, determine the diameter of that section. If the drop is 5kN/m2, what will be the diameter – Neglect the losses?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.175) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.3m3/sec. The diameter of the pipe, which is 25cm, is suddenly enlarged to 50 cm. The pressure intensity in the smaller pipe is 14N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden enlargement, pressure intensity in the larger pipe power lost due to enlargement. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003] 2.176) Water at 15°C ( ρ =999.1 kg/m3andμ = 1.138 x 10-3kg/m. s) is flowing steadily in a30-m-long and 4 cm diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless steel at a rate of 8 L/s. Determine (i) the pressure drop, (ii) the head loss, and (iii) the pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop. Assume friction factor for the pipe as 0.015.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

2.177) The discharge of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25m3/s. The diameter of above pipe which is 200mm suddenly enlarges to 400mm at a point. If the pressure of water in the smaller diameter of pipe is 120kN/m2, determine loss of head due to sudden enlargement; pressure of water in the larger pipe and the power lost due to sudden enlargement.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

2.178) A pipe of varying sections has a sectional area of 3000, 6000 and 1250 mm2 at point A, B and C situated 16 m, 10 m and 2 m above the datum. If the beginning of the pipe is connected to a tank which is filled with water to a height of 26 m above the datum, find the discharge, velocity and pressure head at A, B and C. Neglect all losses. Take atmospheric pressure as 10 m of water. 2.179) An existing 300mm diameter pipeline of 3200m length connects two reservoirs having 13m difference in their water levels. Calculate the discharge Q1. If a parallel pipe 300mm in diameter is attached to the last 1600m length of the above existing pipe line, find the new discharge Q2. What is the change in discharge? Express it as a % of Q1. Assume friction factor f = 0.14 in Darcy – Weisbach formula. [AU, May / June - 2009] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 40

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2.180) Two reservoirs with a difference in water surface elevation of 15 m are connected by a pipe line ABCD that consists of three pipes AB, BC and CD joined in series. Pipe AB is 10 cm in diameter, 20 m long and has f = 0.02. Pipe BC is of 16 cm diameter, 25 m long and has f = 0.018. Pipe CD is of 12 cm diameter, 15 m long and has f = 0.02. The junctions with the reservoirs and between the pipes are abrupt. (a) Calculate the discharge (b) What difference in reservoir elevation is necessary to have a discharge of 20 litres/sec? Include all minor losses. 2.181) Two tanks of fluid ( ρ = 998 kg/m3 and µ = 0.001 kg/ms.) at 20°C are connected by a capillary tube 4 mm in diameter and 3.5 m long. The surface of tank 1 is 30 cm higher than the surface of tank 2. Estimate the flow rate in m3/h. Is the flow laminar? For what tube diameter will Reynolds number be 500? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013] 2.182) Three pipes of 400mm, 350mm and 300mm diameter connected in series between two reservoirs. With difference in level of 12m. Friction factor is 0.024, 0.021 and 0.019 respectively. The lengths are 200m, 300m and 250m. Determine flow rate neglecting the minor losses.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.183) Three pipes of diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm and lengths450 m, 255 m and 315 m respectively are connected in series. The difference in water surface levels in two tanks is 18 m. Determine the rate of flow of water if coefficients of friction are 0.0075, 0.0078and 0.0072 respectively considering: the minor losses and by neglecting minor losses.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

2.184) Three pipes of diameters 300 mm, 200 mm and 400 mm and lengths 300 m, 170 m and 210 m respectively are connected in series. The difference in water surface levels in two tanks is 12 m. Determine the rate of flow of water if coefficients of friction are 0.005, 0.0052 and 0.0048 respectively considering: the minor losses and by neglecting minor losses

[AU, May / June– 2012]

2.185) Three pipes connected in series to make a compound pipe. The diameters and lengths of pipes are respectively, 0.4m, 0.2m, 0.3m and 400m, 200m, 300m. The ends of the compound pipe are connected to 2 reservoirs whose difference in water levels is 16m. The friction factor for all the pipes is same and equal to 0.02. The coefficient of contraction is 0.6. Find the discharge through the compound pipe if,

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minor losses are negligible. Also find the discharge if minor losses are included. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 2.186) A compound piping system consists of 1800 m of 0.5 m, 1200 m of 0.4 m and 600 m of 0.3 m new cast-iron pipes connected in series. Convert the system to (i) an equivalent length of0.4 m diameter pipe and (ii) an equivalent size of pipe of 3600 m length.

[AU, April / May - 2003]

2.187) A 100m long pipe line of 300mm in diameter contains two 90º elbows and two gate valves (wide open). Calculate the equivalent pipe length and total loss of head when the flow rate is 0.5m3/s, f = 0.005, and the pipe has a sharp entry and exit. [AU, April / May - 2015] 2.188) A pipe line of 600 mm diameter is 1.5 km long. To increase the discharge, another line of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half of the length. If f = 0.01 and head at inlet is 30 m, calculate the increase in discharge. 2.189) A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5Km long. To increase the discharge, another line of same diameter is introduced in parallel to the first in second half of the length. Neglecting the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if 4f = 0.04. The head at inlet is 30cm.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

2.190) A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5Km long. To increase the discharge, another line of same diameter is introduced in parallel to the first in second half of the length. Neglecting the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if Darcy’s friction factor 0.04. The head at inlet is 300mm.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

2.191) Two pipes of 15cm and 30cm diameters are laid in parallel to pass a total discharge of 100 litres per second. Each pipe is 250m long. Determine discharge through each pipe. Now these pipes are connected in series to connect two tanks 500m apart, to carry same total discharge. Determine water level difference between the tanks. Neglect the minor losses in both cases, f=0.02 fn both pipes. [AU, May / June - 2007] 2.192) Two pipes of diameter 40 cm and 20 cm are each 300 m long. When the pipes are connected in series and discharge through the pipe line is0.10 m3/sec, find the loss of head incurred. What would be the loss of head in the system to pass the same total discharge when the pipes are connected in parallel? Take f = 0.0075 for each pipe.

[AU, May / June – 2007, 2012, Nov / Dec - 2010]

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2.193) A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes, which again forms one pipe. The length and diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000m and 1m respectively, while the length and diameter of second parallel pipe are 200m and 0.8m respectively. Find the rate of flow in each parallel pipe, if total flow in the main is 3m3/s. The coefficient of friction for each parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005. [AU, May / June - 2007] 2.194) The main pipe is divided into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe, the first parallel pipe has length of 1000 m and diameter of 0.8 m. The second parallel pipe has length of 1000 m and diameter of 0.6 m. The coefficient friction for each parallel pipe is 0.005. If the total rate of flow in the main pipe is 2 m3 /sec, find the rate of flow in each parallel pipe.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

2.195) For a town water supply, a main pipe line of diameter 0.4 m is required. As pipes more than 0.35m diameter are not readily available, two parallel pipes of same diameter are used for water supply. If the total discharge in the parallel pipes is same as in the single main pipe, find the diameter of parallel pipe. Assume co-efficient of discharge to be the same for all the pipes.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

2.196) Two pipes of identical length and material are connected in parallel. The diameter of pipe A is twice the diameter of pipe B. Assuming the friction factor to be the same in both cases and disregarding minor losses, determine the ratio of the flow rates in the two pipes.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

2.197) A pipe line 30cm in diameter and 3.2m long is used to pump up 50Kg per second of oil whose density is 950 Kg/m3 and whose kinematic viscosity is 2.1 strokes, the center of the pipe line at the upper end is 40m above than the lower end. The discharge at the upper end is atmospheric. Find the pressure at the lower end and draw the hydraulic gradient and total energy line.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

2.198) Two water reservoirs A and B are connected to each other through a 50 m long, 2.5 cm diameter cast iron pipe with a sharp-edged entrance. The pipe also involves a swing check valve and a fully open gate valve. The water level in both reservoirs is the same, but reservoir A is pressurized by compressed air while reservoir B is open to the atmosphere. If the initial flow rate through the pipe is 1.5 l/s, determine the absolute air pressure on top of reservoir A. Take the water temperature to be 25°C.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

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2.199) When water is being pumped is a pumping plant through a 600mm diameter main, the friction head was observed as 27m. In order to reduce the power consumption, it is proposed to lay another main of appropriate diameter along the side of existing one, so that the two pipes will work in parallel for the entire length and reduce the friction head to 9.6m only. Find the diameter of the new main if with the exception of diameter; it is similar to the existing one in all aspects. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 2.200) Kerosene (SG = 0.810) at a temperature of 22ºC flows in a 75-mm diameter smooth brass pipeline at a rate of 0.90 lit/s. Find the friction head loss per meter, For the same head loss, what would be the flow rate if the temperature of the kerosene were raised to 40°C?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

2.201) Determine the  Pressure gradient  The shear stress at the two horizontal parallel plates and  Discharge per meter width for the laminar flow of oil with maximum velocity 2m/s between two horizontal parallel fixed plates which are 10cm apart. Given μ = 2.4525 Ns/m2

[AU, April / May - 2011]

2.202) In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at R/2 (midway between the wall surface and the centerline) is measured to be 6 m/s. Determine the velocity at the center of the pipe.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

2.203) A smooth two –dimensional flat plate is exposed to a wind velocity of 100 km/h. If laminar boundary layer exists up to a value of Rexequal to 3 x 105, find the maximum distance up to which laminar boundary layer exists and find its maximum thickness. Assume kinematic viscosity of air as 1.49 x 10-5m2/sec. [AU, April / May - 2003] 2.204) Air is flowing over a flat plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. The length of the plate is 2.5 m and width 1 m. The kinematic viscosity of air is given as 0.15 x 10 -4m2/s. Find the (i)

boundary layer thickness at the end of plate

(ii)

shear stress at 20 cm from the leading edge

(iii)

shear stress at 175 cm from the leading edge

(iv)

Drag force on one side of the plate.

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(v)

Take the velocity profile

𝑢 𝑈

=

3 2

𝑦

1

𝛿

2

( )−

𝑦 3

( ) over a plate as and the 𝛿

density of air1.24 kg/m3. 2.205) A plate of 600mm length and 400mm wide is immersed in a fluid of specific gravity 0.9 and kinematic viscosity of = 10-4 m2/s. The fluid is moving with velocity of 6m/s. Determine  Boundary layer thickness  Shear stress at the end of the plate  Drag force on one side of the plate.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

2.206) Water at 20° C enters a pipe with a uniform velocity (U) of 3m/s. What is the distance at which the transition (x) occurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary layer? If the thickness of this initial laminar boundary layer is given by 4.91√(vx/U) what is its thickness at the point of transition?(v – kinematic viscosity). [AU, April / May - 2011] 2.207) A flat plate 1.5 m x 1.5 m moves at 50 km/h in stationary air of density 1.15 kg/m3. If the co-efficient of drag and lift are 0.15 and 0.75 respectively, determine the (i) Lift force (ii) Drag force (iii) The resultant force and (iv) The power required to set the plate in motion.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

2.208) A jet plane which weighs 29430 N and has the wing area of 20m2 flies at the velocity of 250km/hr. When the engine delivers 7357.5kW. 65% of power is used to overcome the drag resistance of the wing. Calculate the coefficient of lift and coefficient of drag for the wing. Take density of air = 1.21 kg/m3 [AU, May / June - 2009] 2.209) For the velocity profile in laminar boundary layer as u/U = 3/2 (y/δ)-1/2(y/δ)3. Find the thickness of the boundary layer and shear stress, 1.8m from the leading edge of a plate. The plate is 2.5 m long and 1.5 m wide is placed in water, which is moving with a velocity of 15 cm/sec. Find the drag on one side of the plate if the viscosity of water is 0.01 poise.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

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2.210) Consider flow of oil through a pipe of 0.3m diameter. The velocity distribution is parabolic with maximum velocity of 3 m/s at the pipe centre. Estimate the shear stress at the pipe wall and within the fluid 50mm from the pipe wall. The viscosity of the oil is 1.7Pa.s.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

2.211) The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by u/U = y/δ, where u is the velocity at the distance y from the plate u = U at y = δ, δ being boundary layer thickness. Find the displacement thickness, momentum thickness and energy thickness.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

2.212) If the velocity distribution in a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate is given by 𝑢/𝑈∞ = sin(𝜋/2 𝑦 /𝛿), calculate the value of 𝛿, 𝛿 ∗ , 𝜃 and shear stress. [AU, April / May - 2015] 2.213) Water at 20°C flow through a 160mm diameter pipe with roughness of 0.016 mm. If the mean velocity is 6 m/s, what is the nominal thickness of the viscous sublayer? What will be the viscous sub -layer if the velocity is increased to 7.2 m/s? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 2.214) The flow rate in a 260mm diameter pipe is 220 litres/sec. The flow is turbulent, and the centerline velocity is 4.85m/s. Plot the velocity profile, and determine the head loss per meter of pipe.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

2.215) An oil of viscosity 0.9Pa.s and density 900kg/m3 flows through a pipe of 100mm diameter. The rate of pressure drop for every meter length of pipe is 25kPa. Find the oil flow arte, drag force per meter length, pumping power required to maintain the flow over a distance of 1km, velocity and shear stress at 15, from the pipe wall. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 2.216) Consider the flow of a fluid with viscosity m through a circular pipe. The velocity profile in the pipe is given as where is the maximum flow velocity, which occurs at the centerline; r is the radial distance from the centerline; is the flow velocity at any position r; and R is the Reynold's number. Develop a relation for the drag force exerted on the pipe wall by the fluid in the flow direction per unit length of the pipe.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

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u(r) = umax(1-rn / Rn ) R umax

r o

2.217) Velocity components in flow are given by U = 4x, V = -4y. Determine the stream and potential functions. Plot these functions for φ 60, 120, 180, and 240 and Ф 0, 60, 120, 180, +60, +120, +180. Check for continuity.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

2.218) A fluid of specific gravity 0.9 flows along a surface with a velocity profile given by v = 4y - 8y3m/s, where y is in m. What is the velocity gradient at the boundary? If the kinematic viscosity is 0.36S, what is the shear stress at the boundary? [A.U. Nov / Dec - 2008] 2.219) In a two dimensional incompressible flow the fluid velocities are given by u = x – ay and v = - y – 4x. Show that the velocity potential exists and determine its form. Find also the stream function.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

2.220) A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is placed along a free stream of water flowing at 3m/s. Calculate the distance from the leading edge and the boundary thickness where the transition from laminar to turbulent- flow may commence. Assume the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity as 1centipoise. [AU, April / May - 2011] 2.221) A smooth two dimensional flat plate is exposed to a wind velocity of 100 km/hr. If laminar boundary layer exists up to a value of RN = 3 x105, find the maximum distance up to which laminar boundary layer persists and find its maximum thickness. Assume kinematic viscosity of air as 1.49x10-5 m2/s. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 2.222) A power transmission pipe 10 cm diameter and 500 m long is fitted with a nozzle at the exit, the inlet is from a river with water level 60 m above the discharge nozzle. Assume f = 0.02, calculate the maximum power which can be transmitted and the diameter of nozzle required.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

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UNIT - III - DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS PART - A 3.1) What do you understand by fundamental units and derived units? [AU, April / May - 2010] 3.2) Differentiate between fundamental units and derived units. Give examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 3.3) Define dimensional analysis. 3.4) What do you mean by dimensional analysis?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

3.5) Brief on dimensional variables with examples.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

3.6) Brief on Intuitive method. Give some examples.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

3.7) Define dimensional homogeneity. 3.8) What is dimensional homogeneity and write any one sample equation? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006] 3.9) Explain the term dimensional homogeneity.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

3.10) Give the methods of dimensional analysis. 3.11) State a few applications, usefulness of ‘dimensional analysis’. [AU, May / June - 2007] 3.12) What is a dimensionally homogenous equation? Give example. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003] 3.13) Cite examples for dimensionally homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 3.14) Check whether the following equation is dimensionally homogeneous. Q =Cd .a √(2 gh) .

[AU, April / May - 2011]

3.15) Define Rayleigh's method. 3.16) Give the Rayleigh method to determine dimensionless groups. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 3.17) State any two choices of selecting repeating variables in Buckingham π theorem. [AU, April / May - 2011] 3.18) State Buckingham’s π theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, 2012, April / May - 2015] 3.19) What is Buckingham's π theorem?

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3.20) The excess pressure Δp inside a bubble is known to be a function of the surface tension and the radius. By dimensional reasoning determine how the excess pressure. Will vary if we double the surface tension and the radius. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013] 3.21) Distinguish between Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's π- theorem. [AU, April / May - 2011] 3.22) Under what circumstances, will Buckingham’s π theorem yield incorrect number of dimensionless group? 3.23) State a few applications / usefulness of dimensional analysis. 3.24) Define Euler's number.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

3.25) List out any four rules to select repeating variable. 3.26) Define similitude. 3.27) Give the three types of similarities. 3.28) What are the types of similarities?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

3.29) Define geometric similarity. 3.30) Define kinematic similarity. 3.31) What is meant by kinematic similarity?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

3.32) Define dynamic similarity. 3.33) What is meant by dynamic similarity?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

3.34) What is dynamic similarity?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

3.35) What is similarity in model study?

[AU, April / May - 2005]

3.36) What is scale effect in physical model study? [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2006, May / June– 2012] 3.37) If two systems (model and prototype) are dynamically similar, is it implied that they are also kinematically and geometrically similar?

[AU, May / June - 2012]

3.38) Distinguish between a control and differential control volume. [AU, April / May - 2011] 3.39) Mention the circumstances which necessitate the use of distorted models. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 3.40) Give the types of forces in a moving fluid. 3.41) Give the dimensions of power and specific weight.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

3.42) Define inertia force. CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 49

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3.43) Define viscous force. 3.44) Define gravity and pressure force. 3.45) Define surface tension force. 3.46) Define dimensionless numbers. 3.47) Give the types of dimensionless numbers. 3.48) Give the dimensions of the following physical quantities: surface tension and dynamic viscosity.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

3.49) Write the dimensions of surface tension and vapour pressure in MLT system. [AU, April / May - 2015] 3.50) Define Reynold’s number. What its significance? 3.51) Define Reynold’s number and state its significance?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] [AU, April / May - 2015]

3.52) Define Reynold’s number and Froude’s numbers. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2007, 2011] 3.53) Define the Froude's dimensionless number.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

3.54) Define Froude's number. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2009, 2008, April / May – 2010, May / June - 2012] 3.55) State Froude's model law.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

3.56) Define Euler number and Mach number.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

3.57) Define Reynold’s number and Mach number.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

3.58) Define Mach number.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

3.59) What is Mach number? Mention its field of use.

[AU, April / May - 2003]

3.60) Define Mach's number and mention its field of use. 3.61) Define -Mach number and state its application.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

3.62) Write down the dimensionless number for pressure.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

3.63) What are the similitudes that should exist between the model and its prototype? [AU, April / May - 2015] PART - B 3.64) Discuss on Buckingham's π theorem. 3.65) What is repeating variables? How are these selected?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] [AU, May / June - 2007]

3.66) Discuss on the applications of dimensionless parameters. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 3.67) State the similarity laws used in model analysis.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

3.68) State and explain the various laws of similarities between model and its prototype.

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3.69) What is meant by geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities? [AU, May / June – 2007, 2014] 3.70) What is meant by geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarities? Are these similarities truly attainable? If not, why?

[AU, May / June - 2009]

3.71) Explain the different types of similarities exist between a proto type and its model. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003] 3.72) What is distorted model and also give suitable example? [AU, April / May - 2004] 3.73) What are distorted models? State merits and demerits.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

3.74) Define dimensional homogeneity and also give example for homogenous equation.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

3.75) Classify Models with scale ratios.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

3.76) Derive on the basis of dimensional analysis suitable parameters to present the thrust developed by a propeller. Assume that the thrust P depends upon the angular velocity ω , speed of advance V, diameter D, dynamic viscosity μ, mass density ρ , elasticity of the fluid medium which can be denoted by the speed of sound in the [AU, Nov / Dec – 2011, 2012]

medium C.

3.77) Check the following equations are dimensionally homogenous  Drag force = ½ ( Cd ρU2A) where Cd is coefficient of drag which is constant  F = γQ ( U1 – U2) / g – ( P1A1 – P2A2)  Total energy per unit mass = v2/2 + gz + P/ρ  Q = δ / 15Cd tan(θ/2) √(2g) * (H)5/2where Cd is coefficient of discharge constant

[AU, April / May - 2004, 2010, Nov / Dec - 2005]

3.78) Define and explain Reynold’s number, Froude’s number, Euler’s number and Mach’s number.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

3.79) What are the significance and the role of the following parameters?  Reynolds number  Froude number  Mach number  Weber number.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

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3.80) Define the following dimensionless numbers and state their significance for fluid flow problems.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

 Reynolds number  Mach number 3.81) Explain the Reynolds model law and state its applications. 3.82) Use dimensionless analysis to arrange the following groups into dimensionless parameters; ∆p, V, γ, g and f, ρ, L, V use MLT system.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

3.83) Use dimensional analysis and the MLT system to arrange the following into a dimensionless number: L, ρ , µ and a.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

3.84) Consider force F acting on the propeller of an aircraft, which depends upon the variable U, ρ, μ, D and N. Derive the non – dimensional functional form F/(ρU2D2) = f ((UDρ/μ),(ND/U))

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

3.85) The frictional torque T of a disc diameter D rotating at a speed N in a fluid of viscosity μ and density ρ in a turbulent flow is given by T = D5 N2 ρ Ф[μ/D2Nρ]. Prove this by Buckingham’s π theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003] 3.86) Resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body is given by R = ρv2l2φ(VL/γ), where ρ and γ are the mass density and kinematic viscosity of the fluid; v– velocity of flow; l – length of the body. If the resistance of a one – eighth scale air - ship model when tested in water at 12m/s is 22N, what will be the resistance of the air –ship at the corresponding aped, in air? Assume kinematic viscosity of air is 13times that of water and density of water is 810 times of air. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2010] 3.87) The resisting force R to a supersonic plane during flight can be considered as dependent upon the length of the aircraft l, velocity V, air viscosity m, air density and bulk modulus of air K. Express the functional relationship between these variables and the resisting force. 3.88) The resisting force F of a plane during flight can be considered as dependent upon the length of aircraft (l), velocity (v), air viscosity (μ), air density (ρ) and bulk modulus of air (K). Express the functional relationship between these variables using dimensional analysis. Explain the physical significance of the dimensionless groups arrived.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

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3.89) Derive an expression for the shear stress at the pipe wall when an incompressible fluid flows through a pipe under pressure. Use dimensional analysis with the following significant parameters: pipe diameter D, flow velocity V, and viscosity µ and density ρ of the fluid.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

3.90) The resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body depends upon the length of the body (L), velocity of flow (V), mass density of fluid (ρ), kinematic viscosity (γ). Prove by dimensional analysis that R = ρV2L2φ(VL/γ)

[AU, May / June - 2009]

3.91) Obtain a relation using dimensional analysis, for the resistance to uniform motion of a partially submerged body in a viscous compressible fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 3.92) Using Buckingham π method of dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the drag force R on a partially submerged body moving with a relative velocity V in a fluid; the other variables being the linear dimension L, height of surface roughness K, Fluid density ρ and the gravitational acceleration g.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

3.93) The power developed by hydraulic machines is found to depend on the head h, flow rate Q, density ρ, speed N, runner diameter D, and acceleration due to gravity g. Obtain suitable dimensionless parameters to correlate experimental results. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2011, 2014] 3.94) Show that the power P developed in a water turbine can be expressed as:

Where, ρ = Mass density of the liquid, N = Speed in rpm, D = Diameter of the runner, B = Width of the runner and µ = Dynamic viscosity

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

3.95) The capillary rise h is found to be influenced by the tube diameter D, density ρ, gravitational acceleration g and surface tension σ. Determine the dimensionless parameters for the correlation of experimental results.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

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3.96) Using dimensional analysis, obtain a correlation for the frictional torque due to rotation of a disc in a viscous fluid. The parameters influencing the torque can be identified as the diameter, rotational speed, viscosity and density of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 3.97) The drag force on a smooth sphere is found to be affected by the velocity of flow, u, the diameter D of the sphere and the fluid properties density ρ and viscosity μ. Find the dimensionless groups to correlate the parameters.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

3.98) State Buckingham's π - theorem. What do you mean by repeating variables? How are the repeating variables selected in dimensional analysis? 3.99) State Buckingham's π - theorem. What are the considerations in the choice of repeating variables?

[AU, April / May - 2010]

3.100) Express efficiency in terms of dimensionless parameters using density, viscosity, angular velocity, diameter of rotor and discharge using Buckingham π theorem.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

3.101) State the Buckingham π theorem. What are the criteria for selecting repeating variable in this dimensional analysis?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

3.102) State Buckingham – π theorem. Mention the important principle for selecting the repeating variables.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

3.103) State and prove Buckingham π theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2009, April / May - 2010] 3.104) Using Buckingham’s π- theorem show that the velocity through a circular orifice is given by V = √(2gH) φ [(D/H), (μ/ρVH) Where H is the head causing the flow D is the diameter of the orifice μ is the coefficient of viscosity ρ is the mass density g is the acceleration due to gravity

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]

3.105) Using Buckingham's π- theorem, show that the pressure difference ∆P in a pipe of diameter D and length l due to turbulent flow depends on the velocity V, viscosity µ, density ρ and roughness k. 3.106) The efficiency (η) of a fan depends on ρ (density), μ (viscosity) of the fluid, ω (angular velocity), d(diameter of rotor) and Q(discharge). Express η in terms of nonCE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 54

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dimensional parameters. Use Buckingham's theorem. [AU, April / May - 2010, 2011] 3.107) The efficiency (η) of a fan depends on ρ (density), μ (viscosity) of the fluid, ω (angular velocity), d(diameter of rotor) and Q(discharge). Express η in terms of nondimensional parameters. Use Rayleigh’s method.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

3.108) The pressure difference Δp in a pipe of diameter D and length L due to viscos flow depends on the velocity V, viscosity µ and density ρ. Using Buckingham's π theorem, obtain an expression for Δp. [AU, May / June – 2014, April / May - 2015] 3.109) The power required by the pump is a function of discharge Q, head H, acceleration due to gravity g, viscosity μ, mass density of the fluid ρ, speed of rotation N and impeller diameter D. Obtain the relevant dimensionless parameters. [AU, May / June - 2012] 3.110) State Buckingham's π -theorem. The discharge of a centrifugal pump (Q) is dependent on N (speed of pump), d (diameter of impeller), g (acceleration due to gravity), H (manometric head developed by pump) and ρ and µ (density and dynamic viscosity of the fluid). Using the dimensional analysis and Buckingham's π -theorem, prove that it is given by

[AU, May / June - 2013]

𝑄 = 𝑁𝑑3 𝑓 (

𝑔𝐻 𝜇 , ) 𝑁 2 𝑑2 𝑁𝑑2 𝜌

3.111) Consider viscous flow over a very small object. Analysis of the equations of motion shows that the inertial terms are much smaller than viscous and pressure terms. Fluid density drops out, and these are called creeping flows. The only important parameters are velocity U, viscosity µ, and body length scale d. For threedimensional bodies,. Like spheres, creeping flow analysis yields very good results. It is uncertain, however, if creeping flow applies to two-dimensional bodies, such as cylinders, since even though the diameter may be very small, the length of the cylinder is infinite. Let us see if dimensional analysis can help. (1) Apply the Pi theorem to two-dimensional drag force F2-D, as a function of the other parameters. Be careful: two-dimensional drag has dimensions of fake per unit length, not simply force. (2) Is your analysis in part (1) physically plausible? If not, explain why not. (3) It turns out that fluid density ρ cannot be neglected in analysis of creeping flow over two dimensional bodies. Repeat the dimensional analysis, this time including ρ CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 55

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as a variable, and find the resulting non dimensional relation between the parameters in this problem.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

3.112) Oil is moved up in a lubricating system by a rope dipping in the sump containing oil and moving up. The quantity of oil pumped Q, depends on the speed u of the rope, the layer thickness 6, the density and viscosity of the oil and acceleration due to gravity. Obtain the dimensionless parameters to correlate the flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 3.113) When fluid in a pipe is accelerated linearly from rest, it begins as laminar flow and then undergoes transition to turbulence at a time t, which depends upon the pipe diameter D, fluid acceleration a, density ρ and viscosity µ. Arrange this into a dimensionless relation between t and D.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

3.114) What are the similarities between model and prototype? Mention the applications of model testing.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

PROBLEMS 3.115) Find the discharge through a weir model by knowing the discharge over the actual (proto type) weir is measured as 1.5m3/s. The horizontal dimension of the model = 1/50 of the horizontal dimensions of the proto type and the vertical dimension of the model = 1/10 of the vertical dimension of the proto type. (Hint: Apply Froude model law)

[AU, April / May - 2004]

3.116) Model of an air duct operating with water produces a pressure drop of 10 kN/m2 over 10 m length. If the scale ratio is 1/50. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and density of air is 1.2 kg/m3. Viscosity of water is 01.001 Ns/m2 and viscosity of air 0.00002 Ns/m2. Estimate corresponding drop in a 20m long air duct. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2004, 2005, April / May - 2010] 3.117) A model of a hydroelectric power station tail race is proposed to build by selecting vertical scale 1 in 50 and horizontal scale 1 in 100. If the design pipe has flow rate of 600m3/s and allow the discharge of 800m3/s. Calculate the corresponding flow rates for the model testing.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

3.118) A pipe of diameter 1.5 m is required to transport an oil of specific gravity 0.90 and viscosity 3 * 10-2 poise at the rate 3000 litre / sec. Test where conducted on a

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15cm diameter pipe using water at 20º C. Find the velocity and the rate of flow in model. Viscosity of water at 20ºC = 0.01poise.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

3.119) In order to predict the pressure in a large air duct model is constructed with linear dimensions (1/10)th that of the prototype and the water was used as the testing fluid. If water is 1000 times denser than that of air and has 100 times the viscosity of air, determine the pressure drop in the prototype, for the conditions corresponding to a pressure drop of 70kPa, in the model.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

3.120) In an aero plane model of size 1/10 of its prototype, the pressure drop is 7.5kN/m2. The model is tested in water; find the corresponding drop in prototype. Assume density of air = 1.24kg/m3; density of water = 1000kg/m3; viscosity of air = 0.00018 poise; viscosity of water = 0.01 poise.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

3.121) A geometrically similar model of an air duct is built to 1/25 scale and tested with water which is 50 times more viscous and 800 times denser than air. When tested under dynamically similar conditions, the pressure drop is 200 kN/m2 in the model. Find the corresponding pressure drop in the full scale prototype and express in cm of water.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2010, May / June - 2014]

3.122) Model tests have conducted to study the energy losses in a pipe line of 1m diameter required to transport kerosene of specific gravity 0.80 and dynamic viscosity 0.02 poise at the rate of 2000 litre/sec. Tests were conducted on a 10cm diameter pipe using water at 20°C. What is the flow rate in the model? If the energy head loss in 30m length of the model is measured as 44cm of water, what will be the corresponding head loss in the prototype? What will be the friction factor for the prototype pipe.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

3.123) In a geometrically similar model of spillway the discharge per meter length is 0.2m3/sec. if the scale of the model is 1/36, find the discharge per meter run of the prototype.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

3.124) A spillway model is to be built to a geometrically similar scale of

1 50

- across a

flume of 600 mm width. The prototype is 15 m high and maximum head on it is expected to be 1.5 m.  What height of model and what head on the model should be used?

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 If the flow over the model at a particular head is 12 litres per second, what flow per metre length of the prototype is expected?  If the negative pressure in the model is 200 mm, what is the negative pressure in prototype? Is it practicable?

[AU, May / June - 2013]

3.125) The characteristics of the spillway are to be studied by means of a geometrically similar modal constructed to the scale ratio of 1:10.  If the maximum rate of flow in the prototype is 28.3m3, what will be the corresponding flow in model?  If the measured velocity in the model at a point on the spillway is 2.4m/s, what will be the corresponding velocity in prototype?  If the hydraulic jump at the foot of the model is 50mm high, what will be the height of jump in prototype?  If the energy dissipated per second in the model is 3.5Nm, what energy is dissipated per second in the prototype?

[AU, April / May - 2015]

3.126) Vortex shedding at the rear of a structure of a given section can create harmful periodic vibration. To predict the shedding frequency, a smaller model is to be tested in a water tunnel. The air speed is expected to be about 75 kmph. If the geometric scale is 1 : 6.5 and the water temperature is 25°C determine the speed to be used in the tunnel. Consider air temperature as 38°C. If the shedding frequency of the model was 60 Hz, determine the shedding frequency of the prototype. The dimensions of the structure are diameter 0.12 m and height 0.36 m.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

3.127) An agitator of diameter D rotates at a speed N in a liquid of density ρ and viscosity μ. Show that the power required to mix the liquid is expressed by a functional form

[AU, April / May - 2011]

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UNIT – IV – PUMPS PART - A 4.1) Define centrifugal pump. 4.2) Mention the main parts of the Centrifugal pump. 4.3) How centrifugal pumps are classified based on casing?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] [AU, May / June - 2006]

4.4) Define impeller. 4.5) Define casing. 4.6) List the commonly used casings in centrifugal pumps.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

4.7) What is the role of a volute chamber of a centrifugal pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 4.8) What precautions are to be taken while starting and closing the centrifugal pump? [AU, May / June - 2012] 4.9) Define priming of centrifugal pump. 4.10) What is priming?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

4.11) Why priming is necessary in a centrifugal pump? [AU, May / June - 2007, April / May - 2010] 4.12) What is meant by priming of pumps?

[AU, April / May - 2008]

4.13) What is priming? Why is it necessary?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

4.14) Define cavitation.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

4.15) Define cavitation in a pump.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

4.16) What is the effect of cavitation in pump?

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.17) What are the effects of cavitation? Give necessary precautions against cavitations?

[AU, May / June - 2012]

4.18) What is cavitation? What causes it?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

4.19) Define the characteristic curves of centrifugal pump. 4.20) List out the types of characteristic curves. 4.21) What are operating characteristics curves of centrifugal pump? [AU, April / May - 2015] 4.22) Define multistage centrifugal pump and give its function. 4.23) List the losses in centrifugal pump.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

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4.24) What are the advantages of centrifugal pump over reciprocating pumps? [AU, May / June - 2009] 4.25) Tabulate the causes and remedies for a centrifugal pump, when pump fails to pump the fluid.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

4.26) What is a delivery pipe? 4.27) Define manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump. [AU, April / May - 2015] 4.28) What is the maximum theoretical suction head possible for a centrifugal pump? [AU, April / May - 2008] 4.29) Define suction head and manometric head of a centrifugal pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 4.30) Define - manometric head and write its mathematical equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013] 4.31) Define ‘Net Positive Suction Head’

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

4.32) What do you mean by ‘Net Positive Suction Head’ (NPSH)? [AU, May / June - 2014] 4.33) What is meant by NPSH?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

4.34) How does the specific speed of a centrifugal pump differ from that of a turbine? 4.35) Write the equation for specific speed for pumps and also for turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 4.36) Define specific speed as applied to pumps. 4.37) Define specific speed.

[AU, May / June - 2009] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

4.38) What is specific speed of a pump? How are pumps classified based on this number?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

4.39) Give examples of machines handling gases with high pressure rise. 4.40) What do you mean by manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

4.41) Define pump. 4.42) What is the principle of pump?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

4.43) Give the classification of pumps. 4.44) What is a positive displacement pump? 4.45) Define non - positive displacement pump (or) roto dynamic pump. CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 60

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4.46) List the types of positive displacement pumps. 4.47) Under what conditions would you suggest use of double-suction pump and a multistage pump?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

4.48) What are roto dynamic pumps? Give examples.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

4.49) List the types of roto dynamic pumps. 4.50) What is a reciprocating pump? 4.51) Why the reciprocating pump is called a positive displacement pump? [AU, April / May - 2011] 4.52) How are reciprocating pumps classified?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

4.53) What are the materials used for manufacturing reciprocating pumps? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 4.54) Define a single acting reciprocating pump. 4.55) Define a double acting reciprocating pump. 4.56) Brief the working of double acting reciprocating pump. [AU, April / May - 2011] 4.57) List the advantages of double acting reciprocating pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 4.58) When will you select a reciprocating pump?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

4.59) Draw the relationship between discharge and crank angle for a single acting pump.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

4.60) What is the function of non – return valve in a reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June - 2012] 4.61) Distinguish between centrifugal pump and reciprocating pump. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, 2012] 4.62) Mention the significance of 'back leakage'.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

4.63) Define slip of a reciprocating pump. What is negative slip? When does negative slip occur? 4.64) Define slip of reciprocating pump.

[AU, April / May - 2010, Nov / Dec - 2012]

4.65) When does negative slip occur?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

4.66) What is negative slip in a reciprocating pump? What are the causes for it? [AU, May / June - 2013] 4.67) Define slip of a pump. When does negative slip occur?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

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4.68) Define slip and percentage of slip of a reciprocating pump. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, 2010] 4.69) Define slip, negative slip in reciprocating pump. 4.70) Define slip and percentage slip.

[AU, May / June - 2014] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

4.71) What is the % of slip in reciprocating pump?

[AU, May / June– 2012]

4.72) Discuss – slip and volumetric efficiency.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.73) Define slip in reciprocating machines.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

4.74) Distinguish between pumps in series and pumps in parallel. [AU, April / May - 2005] 4.75) What is percentage slip in reciprocating pump?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

4.76) Can actual discharge be greater than theoretical discharge in a reciprocating pump?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

4.77) Which factors determine the maximum speed of reciprocating pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 4.78) What factors govern the speed of reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June - 2012] 4.79) Define co-efficient of discharge. 4.80) Brief on acceleration head.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

4.81) Define rotary pump. 4.82) What are rotary pumps? Give examples

[AU, April / May - 2003]

4.83) What is a rotary pump? Give its classification.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.84) Define gear pump. 4.85) What is an air vessel? 4.86) What is the function of air vessel? [AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, May / June - 2009, April / May - 2010] 4.87) What is an air vessel in reciprocating pump?

[AU, May / June - 2006]

4.88) Mention the working principle of an Air-vessel.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

4.89) What is an air vessel? List the objectives that would be fulfilled by the use of air vessels. 4.90) What is an air vessel? What are its uses?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] [AU, May / June - 2012]

4.91) What are the uses of air vessels?

[AU, May / June - 2014]

4.92) What are the advantages of air vessel?

[AU, May / June - 2013]

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4.93) State the advantages of fitting air vessels in reciprocating pumps. [AU, May / June - 2009] 4.94) Define indicator diagram. State its uses.

[AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]

4.95) What is indicator diagram?

[AU, May / June - 2009]

4.96) Draw the ideal indicator diagram.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

4.97) Write down the formula for discharge, work done and power required for a double acting reciprocating pump. 4.98) What is the main difference between a single acting and double acting reciprocating pump? 4.99) Give the types of rotary pumps. 4.100) What is the formula for work done by a reciprocating pump? 4.101) Give the formula for discharge through a double acting reciprocating pump. 4.102) A single acting reciprocating pump, running at 50rpm. The diameter of piston = 20cm and length = 40cm. Find the theoretical discharge of the pump. [AU, April / May - 2011] 4.103) A centrifugal pump delivers 20 litres/s of water against a head of 850 mm at 900 rpm. Find the specific speed of pump.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

4.104) The following data refer to a centrifugal pump which is designed to run at 1500 rpm. D1 = 100 mm, D2 = 300 mm, B1 = 50 mm, B2 = 20 mm, Vf1= 3 m/s. Find the velocity of flow at outlet.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

4.105) A pump is to discharge 0.82 m3/s at a head of 42 m when running at 300 rpm. What type of pump will be required?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

PART - B 4.106) Draw typical velocity triangles for fluid motion along a series of moving curve vanes and derive Euler’s equation of energy transfer.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

4.107) Explain the construction and working of a centrifugal pump with a neat sketch. 4.108) Explain the operation of centrifugal pump with the help of a neat sketch. Write short notes on different types of casing used in centrifugal pumps. [AU, May / June - 2007] 4.109) What is the role of volute chamber of a centrifugal pump? Define manometric head.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

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4.110) Sketch and briefly describe the volute diffusion type pumps. What function is served by volute chamber in a centrifugal pump?

[AU, May / June - 2012]

4.111) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal, submersible and jet pumps.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

4.112) What is priming in a centrifugal pump? Why is it necessary? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 4.113) Obtain the expression for work done by impeller of a centrifugal pump on water per second per unit weight of water.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, May / June - 2009]

4.114) Describe multi-stage pump with impeller in series and impellers in parallel. [AU, May / June - 2014] 4.115) Define the manometric efficiency of a centrifugal pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006] 4.116) Define cavitation and discuss its causes, effects and prevention. [AU, April / May - 2008] 4.117) Define cavitation. What are the effects of cavitation? Give the necessary precaution against cavitation.

[AU, May / June – 2009, 2014]

4.118) Define cavitation and explain the various effects of cavitation. [AU, April / May - 2011] 4.119) Draw the velocity triangle for a centrifugal pump and obtain the expression for the work done.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.120) What is specific speed of pump? [AU, April / May – 2004, May / June - 2009] 4.121) Define speed of a centrifugal pump. How does it differ from that of turbine? [AU, May / June– 2007, 2012] 4.122) State the expression for the specific speed of a pump. What is its use? [AU, Nov / Dec – 2007, 2012] 4.123) What do you understand by characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump? Explain them with neat sketches.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

4.124) Explain in detail about the performance curves for pumps and turbines. [AU, April / May - 2011] 4.125) Determine the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 64

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4.126) Explain briefly the following efficiencies of a centrifugal pump (i) Manometric efficiency (ii) Volumetric efficiency

[AU, May / June - 2014]

4.127) Discuss - characteristics of centrifugal pump at constant speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013] 4.128) Explain the characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 4.129) Discuss on the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 4.130) Explain about the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 4.131) Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. Derive expression for the same in the terms of head ‘H’, discharge ‘Q’ and speed ‘N’

[AU, May / June - 2007]

4.132) Enumerate the losses that occur during the operation of the centrifugal pump. [AU, May / June - 2009] 4.133) Distinguish between roto dynamic pump and positive displacement pump with simple sketch.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

4.134) How rotary pumps are classified. Explain the working principles of any one type of rotary pump with the aid of a neat sketch. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, May / June– 2012] 4.135) Discuss the working of rotary positive displacement pumps. [AU, April / May - 2011] 4.136) Discuss in detail about rotary positive displacement pumps. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 4.137) With neat sketches, discuss about the rotary positive displacement pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013] 4.138) With an example, explain in detail the working principle and construction of rotary pumps with neat diagram.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

4.139) Classify pumps. Explain the working of double acting reciprocating pump with a neat diagram. 4.140) Discuss on the cascade theory.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

4.141) Describe the working and principles of a reciprocating pump. [AU, Nov / Dec – 2005, April / May - 2011] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 65

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4.142) What is a reciprocating pump? Describe the principle and working of a reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. 4.143) Draw a neat sketch of reciprocating pumps. List the components and briefly explain their functions.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

4.144) Describe the principle and working of a reciprocating pump with a neat sketch. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 4.145) Explain the working principle of reciprocating pump with neat sketch. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 4.146) Explain the working principle of a reciprocating pump with neat diagram in detail and state its advantages and disadvantages over centrifugal pump. [AU, May / June - 2012] 4.147) Explain with a neat sketch the working of single – acting reciprocating pump. Also obtain the expression for weight of water delivers by the pump per second. [AU, April / May - 2015] 4.148) With a neat sketch explain the working of double acting reciprocating pump with its performance characteristics.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

4.149) Derive an expression for acceleration head developed in a reciprocating pump. 4.150) Explain the working principle of single and double acting reciprocating pumps with neat diagram in detail. Also explain the effects of inertia pressure and friction on the performance of the pump using indicator diagrams with and without air vessel.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

4.151) Sketch and describe the working principle of double acting reciprocating pump with indicator diagram.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

4.152) Differentiate between single acting and double acting pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 4.153) Discuss on the following: Working of double acting pump, indicator diagram, acceleration head, friction head.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]

4.154) Define indicator diagram. Prove that the area of the indicator diagram is proportional to the work done by the reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2014] 4.155) Prove that work done by the pump is proportional to the area of the indicator diagram.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

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4.156) Show that the work done by a reciprocating pump is equal to the area of the indicator diagram.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010]

4.157) Write briefly on the following.  Rotary pumps and their classifications.  Indicator diagram for reciprocating pump.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.158) Define slip, percentage slip and negative slip of a reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2009] 4.159) Define: slope, % of slip and negative slop with respect to reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2009] 4.160) Define % of slip and indicator diagram, with respect to reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2007] 4.161) What is % of slip in reciprocating pump?

[AU, April / May - 2010]

4.162) What is an air vessel? Describe the function of the air vessel for reciprocating pumps. 4.163) What is an air vessel? What are the uses/advantages of fitting air vessel in a reciprocating pump?

[AU, May / June - 2007]

4.164) What is air vessel and write the expression for work done by reciprocating pump fitted with air vessel.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

4.165) What is an air vessel? Derive the expression for the percentage work saved by using an air vessel.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

4.166) What is an air vessel? What are the advantages of fitting air vessel in a reciprocating pump?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

4.167) Calculate the work saved by fitting an air vessel for a double acting single cylinder reciprocating pump.

[AU, April / May – 2008, May / June - 2013]

4.168) Describe the function of the air vessel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June– 2012] 4.169) What are the functions of air vessel in a positive displacement pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 4.170) Explain in detail about the concept of pressure vessels with its characteristics. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

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4.171) Determine the % of work saved in one cycle when air vessel is provided on the delivery side of a single cylinder single acting reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2012] 4.172) Explain the various types of rotary pumps with its construction details and its applications.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

4.173) Explain the working principle of Gear pump with neat sketch. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 4.174) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a gear pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 4.175) Explain the construction and working of the following rotary pumps with neat sketches. (a)

Gear pump

(b) Vane pump [AU, Nov / Dec – 2007, May / June - 2014]

4.176) Explain in detail the working principle and construction of rotary pumps with neat sketch.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

4.177) Explain the working of the following pumps with the help of neat sketches and mention two applications of each. (i) External gear pump

(ii) Lobe pump

(iii) Vane pump (iv) Screw pump. [AU, April / May - 2010]

4.178) Write a short note on following types of rotary pumps: (i) Internal gear pump

(ii) External gear pump

(iii) Vane pump

(iv) Root pump

[AU, April / May - 2015]

4.179) Discuss the working of Lobe and vane pumps.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

4.180) Explain in detail the working of a gear pump with a neat sketch. [AU, April / May, Nov / Dec - 2011] 4.181) Explain the working of vane pump with neat diagram. [AU, May / June - 2012] 4.182) Discuss briefly the working principle of vane pump with a schematic diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 4.183) Explain the working principle of screw pump and gear pump with neat diagram in detail.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

4.184) Draw and explain the indicator diagram for a reciprocating pump including the effect of friction and acceleration. CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 68

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4.185) Derive an expression for the percentage work saved by using an air vessel with (i) single acting and

(ii) double acting reciprocating pump.

PROBLEMS 4.186) A centrifugal pump is provided at a height of 5m above the sump water level and the outlet of the delivery pipe is 10m above the sump. The vane angle at outlet is 50°. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 1.6m/s. Find : [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]  The pressure head at inlet to the wheel  The pressure head at outlet of the wheel. Assume that the velocity of water in the pipes is equal to the velocity of flow through the impeller. Ignore losses 4.187) The following observations are made while conducting a performance test on centrifugal pump. Determine the overall efficiency of the pump. Discharge of water is 1.8m3/s. Diameter of suction and delivery pipe are 15cm and 10cm respectively. The suction and delivery gauge readings are 25cm of mercury and 175 kN/m2 respectively. The height of delivery gauge over suction gauge is 0.5m. The output of driving motor is 9.555kW.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

4.188) The head — discharge characteristics of a centrifugal pump is given below.

The pump delivers fresh water through a 500 m long, 15 cm diameter pipe line having friction coefficient of f = 0.025. The static lift is 15 m. Neglecting minor losses in the pipe flow, find (i) the discharge of the pump under the above conditions (ii) driving power of the pump motor. Assume a pump efficiency of 72%. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 4.189) The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are 200mm and 400mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 20°and 30° respectively. The water enters the

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impeller radically and the velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by the impeller per unit weight of water.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2008, 2012]

4.190) The internal and external diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump which is running at 1000 r.p.m, are 200 mm and 400 mm respectively. The discharge through pump is 0.04 m3/s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.0 d s . The diameters of the suction and delivery pipes are 150mm and 100mm respectively and suction and delivery heads are 6 m (abs.) and 30 m (abs.) of water respectively. If the outlet vane angle is 45º and power required to drive the pump is 16.186 kW, determine: (i) Vane angle of the impeller at inlet, (ii) The overall efficiency of the pump, and (iii) Manometric efficiency of the pump.

[AU, May / June - 2013]

4.191) A centrifugal pump with backward-curved blades has the following measured performance when tested with water at 20°C :

Estimate the best efficiency point and the maximum efficiency. Also, estimate the most efficient flow rate, and the resulting head and brake power, if the diameter is doubled and the rotation speed is increased by 50%.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

4.192) The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 300mm outside diameter and 150mm inside diameter. The impeller vane angles are 30° and 25° at the inner and outer peripheries respectively and the speed is 1450rpm. The velocity of the flow through the impeller is constant. Find the work done by the impeller per N of water. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 4.193) A centrifugal pump running at 800rpm is working against a total head of 20.2m. The external diameter of impeller is 480mm and the outlet width is 60mm. If the vane angle at outlet is 40° and manometric efficiency is 70%, determine  Flow velocity at outlet  Absolute velocity of water leaving the vane  Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with direction of motion

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 Rate of flow through the pump [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010] 4.194) A centrifugal pump running at 1440rpm has an impeller diameter of 0.42m. The backward curved blade outlet angle is 35° to the tangent. The flow velocity at outlet is 10m/s. Determine the static head through which water will be lifted. In case a diffuser reduces the outlet velocity to 40% of the velocity at the impeller outlet, what will increase in the static head?

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.195) The dimensionless specific speed of a centrifugal pump is 0.06. Static head is 32 m. Flow rate is 50 1/s. The suction and delivery pipes are each of diameter 15 cm. The friction factor is 0.02. Total length is 60 m other losses equal 4 times the velocity head in the pipe. The vanes are forward curved at 120º. The width is one tenth of the diameter. There is a 7% reduction in flow area due to the blade thickness. The manometric efficiency is 80%. Determine the impeller diameter if inlet is radial. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 4.196) A centrifugal pump running at 1200rpm has a discharge of 13m3/min. The pump has manometric efficiency of 85% and working against a head of 22m. The impeller has an outlet vane angle of 40º. If the velocity of the flow at the outlet is 2.6m/s. Determine the diameter of the impeller and width of the impeller at the outlet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 4.197) A centrifugal pump running at 920 rpm and delivering 0.32 m3/s of water against a head of 28 m, the flow velocity being 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 80% determine the diameter and width of the impeller. The blade angle at outlet is 25º. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 4.198) A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.12 m3/s at a speed of 1400rpm with a head of 30m. The impeller diameter is 275mm, its width at outlet is 50mm. The manometric efficiency is 78%. Calculate the vane angle at the outer periphery of the impeller.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.199) A Centrifugal pump impeller runs at 80 rpm and has outlet vane angle of 60°. The velocity of flow is 2.5 m/s throughout and diameter of the impeller at exit is twice that at inlet. If the manometric head is 20 m and the manometric efficiency is 75 percent, determine the diameter of the impeller at the exit and the inlet vane angle. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 71

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4.200) A pump has to supply water which is at 70°C water at 90 m3/min and 1800 rpm. Find the type of pump needed, the power required, and the impeller diameter if the required pressure rise for one stage is 200 kPa; and 1250 kPa. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 4.201) A centrifugal pump with an impeller diameter of 0.4 m runs at 1450 rpm. The angle at outlet of the backward curved vane is 25º with tangent. The flow velocity remains constant at 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 84% determine the fraction of the kinetic energy at outlet recovered as static head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013] 4.202) The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 300mm in diameter and having a width of 50mm at the periphery. It has blades whose tip angles are inclined backwards at 60° from the radius. The pump delivers 17m3/min of water and the impeller rotates at 1000rpm. Assuming that the pump is designed to admit liquid radially, calculate  Speed and direction of water as it leaves impeller  Torque exerted by the impeller on water  Shaft power required  Lift of the pump Assume the mechanical efficiency = 95% and the hydraulic efficiency = 75% [AU, May / June – 2007, 2012] 4.203) A centrifugal pump discharges 2000 l/s of water per second developing a head of 20m when running at 300rpm. The impeller diameter at the outlet ant the outflow velocity is 1.5m and 3m/s respectively. It vanes are set back at an angle of 30° at the outlet, determine  Manometric efficiency  Power required by the pump If inner diameter is 750mm, find the minimum speed to start the pump. [AU, May / June - 2012] 4.204) The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 450mm and internal diameter of 200mm and it runs at 1440rpm. Assuming a constant radial flow through the impeller at 2.5m/s and the vanes at exit are set back at an angle of 25°. Determine CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 72

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 Inlet vane angle  The angle, absolute velocity of water at exit makes with the tangent and  The work done per N of water.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

4.205) A centrifugal pump has 30 cm and 60 cm diameters at inlet and outlet. The inlet and outlet vane angles are 30° and 45° respectively. Water enters at a velocity of 2.5 m/s radially. Find the speed of impeller in rpm and the power of the pump if the flow is 0.2 m3/s.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

4.206) A centrifugal pump has an impeller diameter 500mm in diameter running at 40 rpm. The discharge at the inlet is entirely radial. The velocity of the flow at outlet is 1m/s. The vanes are curved backwards at outlet at 30º to the wheel tangent. If the discharge of the pump is 0.14m3/s, calculate the impeller power and the torque on the shaft.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

4.207) A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5 meters and a design speed of 1000 rpm. The vanes are curved back to an angle of 30° with the periphery. The impeller diameter is 300 mm and outlet width 50 mm. Determine the discharge of the pump if the manometric efficiency is 95%.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

4.208) A centrifugal pump with 1.2m diameter runs at 200rpm and discharge 1880 litres/s, against an average lift of 6m. The angle which the vanes make at exit with the tangent to the impeller is 26° and the radial velocity of the flow is 2.5m/s. Find the manometric efficiency and at least speed to start the pump against the head of 6m. Assume the inner diameter of the impeller as 0.6m.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

4.209) A single stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 30cm rotates at 2000rpm and lifts 3m3 of water per second to a height of 30m with an efficiency of 75%. Find the number of stages and diameter of each impeller of a similar multistage pump to lift 5m3 of water per second to a height of 300m when rotating at 1500rpm. [AU, May / June - 2009] 4.210) A centrifugal pump having an outer diameter equal to two times the inner diameter and running at 1000 rpm. Works against a total head of 40m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant and equal to 2.5m/sec. The vanes are set back at an angle of 40° at outlet. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 500mm and width at outlet is 50mm, determine the CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 73

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i) Vane angle at inlet ii) Manometric efficiency iii) Work done by impeller on water per second. 4.211) The outer diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump is 400mm and outlet width is 50mm. The pump is running at 800rpm and working against a total head of 15m. The vanes angle at outlet is 40° and the manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine the velocity of flow at inlet, velocity of water leaving the vane, angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with direction of motion at outlet, and the [AU, Nov / Dec – 2007, 2012]

discharge.

4.212) The centrifugal pump has the following characteristic. Outer diameter of impeller = 800mm; width of the impeller vane at outlet = 100mm; angle of the impeller vanes at outlet = 40°. The impeller runs at 550 rpm and delivers 0.98 m 3/s under an effective head of 35m. A 500 kW motor is used to drive the pump. Determine the manometric, mechanical and overall efficiencies of the pump. Assume waters enter impeller vanes radially at inlet. [AU, April / May – 2003, 2010] 4.213) A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5m and design speed of 1000rpm. The vanes are curved back angle of 30° with the periphery. The impeller diameter is 300mm and the outlet width 50mm. Determine the discharge of the pump if manometric efficiency is 95%.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

4.214) A centrifugal pump, in which water enters radially, delivers water to a head of 165m. The impeller has a diameter of 360mm and width 180mm at inlet and the corresponding dimensions at the outlet are 720mm and 90mm respectively. Its rotational speed is 1200 rpm. The blades are curved backward at 30° to the tangent at exit and discharge is 0.389 m3/s. Determine

[AU, May / June - 2007]

 Theoretical head developed  Manometric efficiency  Pressure rise across the impeller assuming losses equal to 12% of velocity head at exit.  Pressure rise and the loss of head in the volute casing  The vane angle at inlet and

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 Power required to drive the pump assuming an overall efficiency of 70%. What would be the corresponding mechanical efficiency? 4.215) Compute the overall efficiency of a centrifugal pump from the following test data. Suction gauge reading = 27.5kPa(vac) and delivery gauge reading = 152(gauge) height of the delivery gauge over suction gauge is 0.4m, discharge is 2100mm. Diameter of the suction pipe is 15cm and diameter of delivery pipe is 10cm. the motor power = 12MHP and fluid water.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

4.216) A centrifugal pump id to discharge 0.118m3/s at a speed of 1450rpm against a head of 25m. The impeller diameter is 25cm, its width at outlet is 5cm and manometric efficiency is 75%. Determine the vane angle at the outer periphery of the impeller and draw its velocity triangle.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.217) A centrifugal pump delivers 0.18 m3/s of water against a head of 12 m and runs at 620 rpm. The outer and inner diameters of impeller are 0.4 m and 0.2 m respectively and the vanes are bent back at 38º C to the tangent at exit. If the area of flow remains at 0.1 m2 from inlet to outlet, calculate manometric efficiency, vane angle at inlet and loss of head at inlet to impeller when the discharge is reduced by 40% without changing the speed.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

4.218) A centrifugal pump delivers 400 litres/s of water to a height of 20m through a pipe diameter 15cm and length 100m. The pump has an overall efficiency of 70% and the friction coefficient is 0.15. Determine the power required to drive the pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 4.219) A radial flow impeller has a diameter 25 cm and width 7.5 cm at exit. It delivers 120 lps of water against a head of 24 m at 1440 rpm. Assuming that the vanes block the flow area by5 percent and the hydraulic efficiency as 0.8, estimate the vane angle at exit. Also calculate the torque exerted on the driving shaft if the mechanical efficiency is 95 percent. 4.220) A single acting reciprocating pump, running at 50rpm, delivers 0.01m3/sec of water. The diameter of the piston is 200mm and stroke length 400mm. Determine the  theoretical discharge of the pump  co-efficient of discharge

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 slip and the percentage slip of the pump [AU, Nov / Dec – 2007, 2008, May / June– 2012] 4.221) For a single acting reciprocating pump, piston diameter is 150 mm, stroke length is 300 mm, and rotational speed is 50 r.p.m. The pump is required to lift water to a height of 18 m. Determine the theoretical discharge. If the actual discharge is 4.0 lit/sec, and the mechanical efficiency is 80% determine the volumetric efficiency, slip, theoretical power and the actual power required.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

4.222) A single – acting reciprocating pump has a plunger diameter of 250mm and stroke of 450mm. It is driven at 60rpm and undergoes SHM. The length and diameter of the delivery pipe are 60m and 100mm respectively. Determine the power saved in overcoming the friction in the delivery pipe, due to fitting of an air vessel on the delivery side of the pump. Assume the friction factor f = 0.01 the pipe friction formula hf=(flv2/2gd

)

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

4.223) A single acting reciprocating pump is to raise a liquid of density 1200kg/m3 through a vertical height of 11.5m, from 2.5m below pump axis to 9m above it. The plunger which moves in SHM, has diameter 125mm and stroke 225mm. The suction and delivery side pipes are 75mm diameter and 3.5 and 13.5m long, respectively. There is a large air vessel fitted on the delivery pipe near to the pump axis. But there is no air vessel on the suction pipe. If separation takes place at 8.829 N/cm2 below atmospheric pressure, find the maximum speed at which the pump can run without separation taking place and the power required to drive the pump. Assume there is no slip in the pump and f = 0.08 the pipe friction formula hf=(flv2/2gd) [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 4.224) A single acting reciprocating pump has a plunger of diameter 30 cm and stroke of 20 cm. If the speed of the pumps is 30 rpm and it delivers to6.5 lit/s of water, find the coefficient of discharge and the percentage slip of the pump. [AU, April / May - 2011] 4.225) The piston area of a single acting reciprocating pump 0.15 m2 and stroke is 30 cm. The water is lifted through a total head of 15 m. The area of delivery pipe is 0.03 m2. If the pump is running at 50rpm, find the percentage slip, coefficient of discharge and the power required to drive the pump. The actual discharge is 35 litres per second. Take mechanical efficiency is 0.85.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

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4.226) A single acting reciprocating pump has a diameter (piston) of 150mm and stroke length 350 mm. The center of the pump is 3.5 m above the water surface in the sump and 22 m below the delivery water level. Both the suction and delivery pipes have the same diameter of 100 mm and are 5 m and 30 m long respectively. If the pump is working at 30 rpm determine the pressure heads on the piston at the beginning, middle and end of both suction and delivery strokes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 4.227) Calculate the rate of flow in and out of the air vessel on the delivery side in a single acting reciprocating pump of 220 mm bore and 330 mm stroke running at 50 rpm. Also find the angle of crank rotation at which there is no flow into or out of the air vessel.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

4.228) In a single acting reciprocating pump the bore and stroke are 100 and 150 mm. respectively. The static head requirements are 4 m suction and 18 m delivery. If the pressure at the end of delivery is atmospheric calculate the operating speed. The diameter of the delivery pipe is 75 mm and the length of the delivery pipe is 24 m. Determine the acceleration head at θ = 33 from the start of delivery. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 4.229) A double - acting reciprocating pump, running at 40rpm is discharging 1m3 of water per minute. The pump has a stroke of 400mm. The diameter of the piston is 200mm. The delivery and suction heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Find the slip of the pump and the power required to drive the pump. 4.230) The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is150mm and its stroke length is 300mm. The pump runs at 50 rpm and lifts water through a height of 25m. The delivery pipe is 22m long and 100mm in diameter. Find the theoretical discharge and the theoretical power required to run the pump. If the actual discharge is 4.2 litres/s. Find the percentage of slip. [AU, April / May - 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, 2012] 4.231) The diameter and stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 120 mm and 300 mm respectively. The water is lifted by a pump through a total head of 25 m. The diameter and length of delivery pipe are 100 mm and 20 m. respectively. find out:

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(i)

Theoretical discharge and theoretical power required to run the pump if its speed is60 rpm.

(ii)

Percentage slip, if the actual discharge is 2.95 1/s and

(iii) The acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke. [AU, April / May - 2010] 4.232) The length and diameter of a suction pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump are 5 m and 10 cm respectively. The pump has a plunger of diameter 150 mm and a stroke length of 300 mm. The center of the pump is 4 m above the water surface in the sump. The atmospheric pressure head is 10.3m of water and the pump runs at 40 rpm. Determine the i) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of the suction stroke. ii) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration. iii) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning and at the end of the stroke. 4.233) Consider a double acting reciprocating pump running at 40rpm. The pump delivers 1m3/min of water. The piston diameter is 20cm and the stroke length is 40cm. The delivery and the suctions heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Calculate the % slip and the power required to drive the pump.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

4.234) The diameter and the stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 200mm and 400mm respectively, the pump runs at 60 rpm and lifts 12 litres of water per second through a height of 25m. The delivery pipe is 20m long and 150mm in diameter. Find (i) theoretical power required to run the pump (ii) % of slip and (iii) acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003] 4.235) The diameter and stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 75 mm and 150 mm respectively. Supply of water to the pump is from a sump 3 m below the pump through a pipe of 5 m long and 40 mm in diameter. The pump delivers water to a tank located at 12 m above the pump through a pipe 30 mm in diameter and 15 m long. Assuming that a separation of flow occurs at 75 kN/m2 (below the atmospheric pressure), find the maximum speed at which the pump may be operated without any separation.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

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4.236) The cylinder of a single- acting reciprocating pump is 15 cm in diameter and 30 cm in stroke. The pump is running at 30 r.p.m. and discharge water to a height of 12 m. The diameter and length of the delivery pipe are 10 cm and 30 m respectively. If a large air vessel is fitted in the delivery pipe at a distance of 2 m from the centre of the pump, find the pressure head in the cylinder. (i) At the beginning of the delivery stroke, and (ii) In the middle of the delivery stroke. Take f = 0.01. [AU, May / June - 2013] 4.237) A double acting pump with 35 cm bore and 40 cm stroke runs at 60 strokes per minute. The suction pipe is 10m long and delivery pipe is 200m long. The diameter of the delivery pipe is 15 cm. The pump is situated at a height of 2.5 m above the sump; the outlet of the delivery pipe is 70 m above the pump. Calculate the diameter of the suction pipe for the condition that separation is avoided. Assume separation to occur at an absolute pressure head is 2.5m of water. Find the Horsepower required to drive the pump neglecting all losses other than friction in the pipes assuming friction factor f as 0.02.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

4.238) A double acting reciprocating pump is running at 30rpm. Its bore and stroke are 250mm and 400mm respectively. The pump lift water from sump 3.8m below and delivers it to a tank located at 65m above the axis of the pump. The lengths of suction and delivery pipes are 6m and 150m respectively. The diameter of the delivery pipe is 100mm. if an air vessel of adequate capacity has been fitted on the delivery side of the pump, determine  The minimum diameter of the suction pipe to prevent separation of flow, assuming the minimum head to prevent occurrence of separation is 2.5m 4.239) The maximum gross head against which the pump has to work and the corresponding power of motor. Assume the mechanical efficiency = 78% and slip = 1.5%; Hatm = 10m; F=0.012.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

4.240) The plunger diameter and the stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 300mm and 500mm respectively. The speed of the pumps is 60rpm. The diameter and length of the delivery pipe are 150mm and 60m respectively. If the pump is equipped with an air vessel at delivery side at the center line of the pump, find the power saved in overcoming friction in delivery pipe. Assume Darcy’s CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 79

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friction factor as 0.04, and plunger undergoes a simple harmonic motion. [AU, May / June - 2009] 4.241) The plunger diameter and the stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 300mm and 500mm respectively. The speed of the pumps is 50rpm. The diameter and length of the delivery pipe are 150mm and 55m respectively. If the pump is equipped with an air vessel at delivery side at the center line of the pump, find the power saved in overcoming friction in delivery pipe. Assume Darcy’s friction factor as 0.01.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

4.242) Determine the maximum speed in rpm at which a single acting reciprocating pump without an air vessel of the following details can be operated without causing separation at any stage during the operation of the pump. Compute the discharge at this speed. What would be the speed and discharge if air vessel is fitted near the pump on the suction side? The fluid is water. Assume f= 0.01 for the pipes. Diameter of plunger = 15cm, stroke = 22.5cm, Suction pipe diameter = 10cm, length = 50m, static suction head = 4m, static delivery head = 25m, atmospheric pressure = 101kPa and vapor pressure of water = 25.5kPa(abs)

[AU, April / May - 2015]

4.243) The diameter and length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 100mm and 200mm respectively. The pump is used to deliver water to the tank 14m above the pump through a pipe of 30mm in diameter and 18m long by taking its supply from the sump 2m below the pump, through a pipe 40mm in diameter and 6m long. If separation occurs at 78.48kN/m2, below the atmospheric pressure find the maximum speed at which the pump can be operated without separation. Assume 1 atm pressure = 10.3m of water column and the plunger undergoes simple harmonic motion. [AU, May / June - 2009] 4.244) Determine the maximum operating speed in rpm and the maximum capacity in lps of a single acting reciprocating pump with the following details. Plunger diameter = 25cm, stroke = 50cm, suction pipe diameter = 15cm, length = 9cm, delivery pipe diameter = 10cm, length = 36cm, static suction head = 3m, static delivery head = 20m, atmospheric pressure = 76cm of mercury, vapour pressure of water = 25kPa.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

4.245) A reciprocating pump handling water with a bore of 110mm and stroke of 205mm runs at 38rpm. The delivery pipe is of 90mm diameter and 30m long. An air CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 80

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vessel of sufficient volume is added at a distance of 2.5m from the pump. Determine the acceleration head with and without air vessel.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

4.246) A single cylinder double acting reciprocating pump has a piston diameter of 300mm and stroke length of 400mm. When the pump runs at 45rpm, it discharges 0.039m3/s under a total head of 15m. What will be the volumetric efficiency, work done per second and power required if the mechanical efficiency of the pump is 75%.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

4.247) The indicator diagram of a single acting reciprocating pump gives effective delivery head of 5m and 23m with crank at inner and outer dead center respectively. What is the static delivery head of reciprocating pump?

[AU, April / May - 2005]

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UNIT – V – TURBINES PART - A 5.1) Define turbo machines. 5.2) Define turbine. 5.3) What is a pump turbine? Is it the same as turbine pump? [AU, April / May - 2015] 5.4) Classify fluid machines.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

5.5) Give the classification of turbines. 5.6) How are hydraulic turbines classified [AU, May / June - 2009, 2014, Nov / Dec - 2009 April / May - 2011] 5.7) What are high head turbines? Give example.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

5.8) State the principles on which turbo-machines are based.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

5.9) Explain specific speed.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

5.10) Define specific speed.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

5.11) Define specific speed of a turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2003,

2008, 2009, May / June–2007, 2009, April / May –2010, 2011] 5.12) Define specific speed of a turbine. What is its usefulness? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 5.13) How is specific speed of a turbine defined?

[AU, May / June - 2006]

5.14) What is meant by specific speed of a turbine?

[AU, April / May - 2010]

5.15) Why not the specific speed of a hydraulic turbine is calculated using watts, instead of metric horse power?

[AU, April / May - 2015]

5.16) Write the equation for specific speed for pumps and also for turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 5.17) Define specific speed and unit speed of a turbine.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

5.18) List the range of head for various turbines.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

5.19) What is hydraulic turbine?

[AU, May / June - 2006]

5.20) State and concise on Euler turbine equation.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

5.21) Classify turbines according to flow.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

5.22) Define impulse turbine and give examples. 5.23) Explain the working of impulse turbine.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

5.24) Define reaction turbine and give examples. 5.25) What is reaction turbine? Give examples

[AU, April / May - 2003]

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5.26) Differentiate between reaction turbine and impulse turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003, April / May - 2008, 2015, May / June - 2012] 5.27) What is a ‘breaking jet’ in Pelton wheel/turbine? [AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec – 2007, 2012] 5.28) Draw velocity triangle diagram for Pelton wheel turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, 2014] 5.29) Define tangential flow turbine. 5.30) Define radial flow - turbine. 5.31) Define axial flow turbine. 5.32) Define mixed flow turbine. 5.33) Define the flow ratio of reaction radial flow turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

5.34) Draw a sketch of a Francis turbine and name its components. [AU, April / May - 2005] 5.35) List the main parts of Kaplan turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

5.36) What is draft tube?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

5.37) What is a draft tube? Explain why it is necessary in reaction turbine. 5.38) What is draft tube? In which type of turbine is mostly used? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003] 5.39) Write the function of draft tube in turbine outlet? [AU, April / May - 2005, 2008, Nov / Dec - 2011] 5.40) What is the function of draft tube? [AU, May / June– 2007, Nov / Dec - 2009] 5.41) What are the different types of draft tubes?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

5.42) Why does a Pelton wheel not possess any draft tube? [AU, May / June - 2012] 5.43) Mention the importance of Euler turbine equation.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]

5.44) What are the different efficiencies of turbine to determine the characteristics of turbine?

[AU, May / June – 2012]

5.45) Define hydraulic efficiency of turbine 5.46) Define hydraulic efficiency and jet ratio of a Pelton wheel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] 5.47) Define hydraulic efficiency and axial thrust of a roto-dynamic hydraulic machine. [AU, May / June - 2013] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 83

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5.48) What is meant by hydraulic efficiency of turbine? [AU, Nov / Dec – 2012, 2013] 5.49) Define hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency of a turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012] 5.50) Define -volumetric efficiency of turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

5.51) What are the different efficiencies of turbine to determine the characteristics of turbine?

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

5.52) Define overall efficiency and plant efficiency of turbines. [AU, May / June– 2007, 2012] 5.53) Draw the characteristics curves of a turbine with head variation. [AU, April / May - 2005] 5.54) What is the difference between a turbine and a pump? [AU, Nov / Dec – 2010, May / June - 2012] 5.55) Differentiate between pumps and turbines. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec – 2007, 2008] 5.56) A shaft transmits 150 Kw at 600 rpm. What is the torque in Newton –meters? [AU, April / May - 2011] 5.57) The mean velocity of the buckets of the Pelton wheel is 10 m/s. The jet supplies water at 0.7 m3/s at a head of 30 m. The jet is deflected through an angle of 160° by the bucket. Find the hydraulic efficiency. Take CV = 0.98. [AU, April / May - 2010] 5.58) A water turbine has a velocity of 8.5m/s at the entrance of draft tube and velocity of 2.2m/s at exit. The frictional loss is 0.15m and the tail race water is 4m below the entrance of draft tube. Calculate the pressure head at entrance. [AU, April / May - 2011] PART – B 5.59) Derive the general equation of turbo machines and draw the inlet and outlet triangles. 5.60) How will you classify the turbines?

[AU, April / May - 2011] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

5.61) Enumerate the differences between an impulse turbine and reaction turbine. [AU, April / May - 2015]

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5.62) Describe briefly the function of the various main components of a Pelton wheel turbine with neat sketches. 5.63) Describe briefly the functions of various components of Pelton turbine with neat sketches.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

5.64) Explain the component parts and working of a Pelton wheel turbine. [AU, April / May - 2010] 5.65) Define and derive an expression for specific speed of a turbine. 5.66) Explain the terms unit power, unit speed and unit discharge with reference to a turbine. 5.67) Explain the hydraulic efficiency of a turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

5.68) Sketch the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of a Pelton wheel. 5.69) Draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Pelton turbine and indicate the direction of various velocity components. Also obtain the expression for the work done per second by water on the runner of the Pelton wheel. [AU, April / May - 2015] 5.70) What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine? [AU, April / May – 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June– 2012] 5.71) Differentiate Pelton wheel turbine with Francis turbine. [AU, April / May - 2005] 5.72) Distinguish between reaction turbine and impulse turbine. [AU, May / June - 2013] 5.73) Give the comparison between impulse and reaction turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 5.74) With the help of neat diagram explain the construction and working of a Pelton wheel turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]

5.75) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Pelton wheel. [AU, April / May - 2008] 5.76) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Pelton wheel. Also obtain the expression of the work done.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

5.77) Obtain an expression for power developed in a reaction turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 5.78) What is the condition for hydraulic efficiency of a Pelton wheel to be maximum? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 85

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5.79) Explain the construction and working of the following turbines with neat sketches. (i) Pelton wheel turbine (ii) Francis turbine (iii) Kaplan turbine 5.80) Compare radial flow and axial flow turbo machines. 5.81) Draw the inlet and outlet velocity triangles for an inward flow reaction turbine indicating the various components.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

5.82) Derive an expression for the maximum hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine. 5.83) Obtain an expression for the work done per second by water on the runner of a Pelton wheel. Hence derive an expression for maximum efficiency of the Pelton wheel giving the relationship between the jet speed and bucket speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 5.84) Obtain the expression for the work done per second by water on the runner of a Pelton wheel and draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Pelton turbine and indicates the direction of various velocities.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

5.85) Derive the velocity triangle for Pelton wheel and obtain the expression for the work done.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010, April / May - 2011]

5.86) Sketch the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of Pelton wheel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006] 5.87) Derive the expression for efficiency and work done for a Pelton wheel and draw the velocity triangles.

[AU, May / June - 2012]

5.88) Explain how the net head on the reaction turbine is increased with the use of draft tube.

[AU, April / May - 2008]

5.89) Derive Euler’s equation of motion for turbines and obtain the components of energy transfer with a construction of velocity triangles. [AU, May / June - 2012] 5.90) An inward flow reaction turbine has inlet and outlet vane angles φ and Ф are both equal to 90°. If H = head of the machine, α = guide vane angle and C = ratio of velocity of flow at outlet and inlet, show that the peripheral velocity and hydraulic efficiency are given by

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

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5.91) Show that the hydraulic efficiency for a Francis turbine having velocity flow through runner as constant given by relation.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

5.92) An inward flow reaction turbine discharges radially and the velocity of flow is constant, show that the hydraulic efficiency can be expressed by

Where α and θ are the guide and vane angles at inlet. 5.93) Write a short note on Governing of Turbines.

[AU, May / June - 2012] [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

5.94) Classify hydraulic machines and give one example for each. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 5.95) Explain the working principle of Kaplan turbine and derive the working proportion of its design.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

5.96) Draw a neat sketch of Kaplan turbine, name the parts and briefly explain the working.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

5.97) Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain its construction and Working.

[AU, May / June - 2014]

5.98) Explain with help of a diagram, the essential features of Kaplan turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 5.99) Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain briefly its construction and working. Obtain an expression for work done by the runner. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 5.100) Discuss about construction details of Kaplan turbine with a neat sketch. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 5.101) What is function draft tube in Francis turbine? [AU, April / May – 2003, 2010] CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 87

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5.102) Discuss about draft tube and its types.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

5.103) Derive an expression for the efficiency of draft tube.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

5.104) Derive an expression for specific speed. What is the significance of specific speed of turbine?

[AU, May / June - 2009]

5.105) How is a specific speed of the turbine, defined?

[AU, May / June - 2009]

5.106) Write a note on performance curves of turbine.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

5.107) Show that the overall efficiency of a hydraulic turbine is the product of volumetric, hydraulic and mechanical efficiencies.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

5.108) Define: Hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency with respect to turbines. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 5.109) Explain the different types of the efficiency of a turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008] 5.110) Explain the load efficiency characteristics of hydraulic turbines with a diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013] 5.111) Mention three to four most striking characteristics of Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

5.112) Discuss the performance characteristics of reaction turbine in detail. [AU, April / May - 2011] 5.113) Discuss briefly the characteristics curves of hydraulic turbines. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010] PROBLEMS 5.114) A turbine develops 9000kW when running at speed of 140rpm and under a head of 30m. Determine the specific speed of the turbine. Derive the expression used in above problem.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]

5.115) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications : a. Shaft power =11,772 KW ; head = 380 metres; speed = 750 rpm, b. Overall efficiency=86%. Jet diameter is not to exceed one-sixth of the wheel diameter. Determine the i)

Wheel diameter

iii)

Diameter of the jet.

ii)

Number of jets required [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

5.116) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60m when running at 200 rpm. The Pelton wheel develops 95.6475 kW shaft power. The velocity of the buckets is CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 88

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equal to 0.45 times the velocity of the jet. Overall efficiency = 0.85 and co-efficient of velocity is equal to 0.98. 5.117) A Pelton wheel has to be designed for the following data. Power to be developed = 6000kW; Net head available = 300m; Speed = 550rpm; Ratio of jet diameter to wheel diameter = 1/10 and overall efficiency = 85%. Find the no of jets, diameter of jet, diameter of wheel and quantity of water required.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

5.118) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications: Shaft power

= 11,772 kW

Head (H)

= 380m

Speed

= 750rpm

Overall efficiency (η0) = 86% Jet diameter

> 1/6 wheel diameter.

Determine: The wheel diameter, the number of jets required and diameter of the jet.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

5.119) A single jet Pelton wheel runs at 300 rpm under a head of 510 m. The jet diameter is 200 mm and its deflection inside the bucket is 165°. Assuming that its relative velocity is reduced by 15% due to friction, determine (i) water power (ii) resultant force on bucket and (iii) overall efficiency. [AU, May / June - 2007, 2012] 5.120) Determine the rpm, work done per second, power and overall efficiency of a Pelton wheel from the following data. Head = 150m, Wheel diameter = 0.75m, Jet diameter =4cm, Deflection angle of buckets = 172º, Cv of nozzle = 0.98, Speed ratio = 0.42 and surface roughness factor of vanes = 0.97.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

5.121) A Pelton wheel supplied water from reservoir under a gross head of 112m and the friction losses in pen stock amounts to 20m of head. The water from pen stock is discharged through a single nozzle of diameter of 100mm at the rate of 0.30m 3/s. Mechanical losses due to friction amounts to 4.3kW of power and the shaft power available is 208kW. Determine velocity of jet, water power at inlet to runner, power losses in nozzles, power lost in runner due to hydraulic resistance. [AU, May / June - 2007] 5.122) A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m and is running at 1000 rpm. The net head on the Pelton wheel is 700 m. If the side clearance angle is 15°and CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 89

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the discharge through the nozzle is 0.1m3/sec, find the i) power available at the nozzle and ii) hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Take CV=1. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 5.123) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12 m/s and supplied with water at the rate of 0.7 m3/s under a head of 300 m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160°, find the power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2008] 5.124) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10m/s with a jet of water flowing at the rate of0.7 m3/s under a head of 30m. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160°. Calculate the power given by the water to the runner and the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Assuming the coefficient of velocity as 0.98 [AU, April / May - 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, 2010, 2012, May / June - 2009] 5.125) A Pelton wheel which is receiving water from a penstock with a gross head of 510m. One - third of Gross head is lost in the penstock. The rate of flow through the nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is 2.2 m3/sec. The angle of deflection of the jet is 165°. Determine (1) The power given by the water to the runner (2) Hydraulic efficiency of the Pelton wheel. Take Cv=1 and speed ratio =0.45 [AU, May / June - 2014] 5.126) A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 kW when working under a head of 300m the impeller may rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming a jet ratio of 10 and overall efficiency of 85% calculate

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

(i)

Quantity of water required

(ii)

Diameter of the wheel

(iii)

Number of jets

(iv)

Number and size of the bucket vanes on the runner

5.127) The nozzle of a Pelton wheel gives a jet of 9cm diameter and velocity 75m/s. Coefficient of velocity is 0.978. The pitch circle diameter is 1.5m and the deflection angle of the buckets is 170°. The wheel velocity is 0.46 times the jet velocity. Estimate the speed of the Pelton wheel turbine in rpm, theoretical power developed and also the efficiency of the turbine.

[AU, April / May - 2005, Nov / Dec - 2009]

5.128) A Pelton turbine having 1.6m bucket diameter develops a power of 3600kW at 400rpm, under a net head of 275m. If the overall efficiency is 88%, and the CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 90

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coefficient of velocity is 0.97, find speed ratio, discharge, diameter of the nozzle and specific speed.

[AU, May / June - 2007]

5.129) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12m/s and supplied with water at the rate of 0.7m3/s under a head of 300m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an angle of 160° find the power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2008] 5.130) A Pelton turbine is to produce 18MW under a head of 450 m when running at 480 rpm. If D/d ratio is 10, determine the number of jets required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 5.131) Consider an impulse wheel with a pitch diameter of 2.75m and a bucket angle of 170°. If the velocity is 58m/s, the jet diameter is 100mm, and the rotational speed is 320rpm, find the force on the buckets, the torque on the runner, and the power transferred to the runner. Assume v2 = 0.9v1.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

5.132) A gas turbine operates between 1000k and 650 k temperature limits taking in air 20 kg/s at 125 m/s and discharging at 300 m3/s. Estimate the power developed by the turbine. Given Cp=995 J / Kg.K.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

5.133) A reaction turbine at 450rpm, head 120m, diameter at inlet 120cm flow area 0.4m2 has angles made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet 20° and 60° respectively. Find volume flow rate, H.P and efficiency.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]

5.134) An inward flow reaction turbine has internal and external diameter as 0.85m and 1m respectively. The hydraulic efficiency of turbine is 0.92 under a head of 60m. The velocity of flow at outlet is 3m/s and discharge at outlet is radial. The vane angle at the outlet is 18° and width of the wheel is 75mm. Calculate the guide blade angle, turbine speed, vane angle at inlet and power developed by the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2011] 5.135) An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 0.9m and 0.45m respectively. The turbine is running at 200 rpm and width of the turbine at inlet is 200mm. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to 1.8m/sec. The guide blades make an angle of 10° to the tangent of the wheel and the discharge at the outlet of the turbine is radial. Determine the i)

Absolute velocity of water at inlet of runner

ii) Velocity of whirl at inlet CE6451 – FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 91

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iii) Relative velocity at inlet iv) Runner blade angles v) Width of the runner at outlet vi) Mass of water flowing through the runner per second vii) Head at the inlet of the turbine viii) Power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. 5.136) An inward flow reaction turbine having an overall efficiency of 80% is required to deliver 136 kW. The head H is 16 m and the peripheral velocity is 3.3 √H. The radial velocity of flow at inlet is 1.1√H. The runner rotates at 120 rpm. The hydraulic losses in the turbine are 15% of the flow available energy. Determine (i) diameter of the runner, (ii) guide vane angle, (iii) the runner blade angle at inlet and (iv) the discharge through the turbine.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]

5.137) In an outward flow reaction turbine, the internal and external diameters are 2m and 2.7m respectively. The turbine speed is 275rpm and the water flow rate is 5.5m3/s. The width of the runner is constant at the inlet and outlet and equal to 250mm. The head acting on the turbine is 160m. The vanes have negligible thickness and the discharge at the outlet is radial. Determine the vane angles and velocity of the flow at inlet and outlet.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

5.138) In a hydroelectric station, water is available at the rate of 175m3/s under head of 18m. The turbine run at a speed of 150 rpm, with overall efficiency of 82%. Find the number of turbines required, if they have the maximum specific speed of 460. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005] 5.139) A radial flow impeller has a diameter 25 cm and width 7.5 cm at exit. It delivers 120 liters of water per second against a head of 24 m at 1440 rpm. Assuming the vanes block the flow area by 5% and hydraulic efficiency 0.8, estimate the vane angle at exit. Also calculate the torque exerted on the driving shaft in the mechanical efficiency is 95%

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]

5.140) A 50m/s velocity jet of water strikes without shock, a series of vanes moving at 15m/s. The jet is inclined at an angle of 20° to the direction of motion of vanes. The relative velocity of jet at outlet is 0.9 times of the values at inlet and the absolute velocity of water exit is to be normal to the motion of vanes. Determine the vane

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angle at entrance and exit. Also determine work done on vanes per second N of water supplied by the jet.

[AU, April / May - 2005]

5.141) In an inward radial flow turbine, water enters at an angle of 22 ° to the wheel tangent to the outer rim and leaves at 3 m/s. The flow velocity is constant through the runner. The inner and outer diameters are 300 mm and 600 mm respectively. The speed of the runner is 300 rpm. The discharge through the runner is radial. Find the (i)Inlet and outlet blade angles. (ii) Taking inlet width as 150 mm and neglecting the thickness of the blades, find the power developed by the turbine.

[AU, April / May - 2010]

5.142) The velocity of the whirl at the inlet to the runner of an inward flow reaction turbine is 3.15√H m/s and the velocity of flow at inlet is 1.05√H m/s. The velocity of whirl at exist is 0.22√H m/s in the same direction as at inlet and the flow at exist is 0.83√H m/s, where H is head of water 30m. The inner diameter of the runner is 0.6 times the outer diameter. Assuming hydraulic efficiency of 80%. Compute angles of the runner vanes at inlet and exist.

[AU, April / May – 2003, 2010]

5.143) Design a Francis Turbine runner with the following data: Net head = 70m speed N = 800 rpm. Output power 400 Kw Hydraulic efficiency = 95% Overall efficiency = 85% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner diameter is 1/3 outer diameter. Assume 6% circumferential area of the runner to be occupied by the thickness of the vanes. The flow is radial at exit and remains constant throughout. [AU Nov / Dec - 2008] 5.144) A Francis turbine developing 16120 kW under a head of 260 m runs at 600 rpm. The runner outside diameter is 1500 mm and the width is 135 mm. The flow rate is 7 m3/s. The exit velocity at the draft tube outlet is 16 m/s. Assuming zero whirl velocity at exit and neglecting blade thickness determine the overall and hydraulic efficiency and rotor blade angle at inlet. Also find the guide vane outlet angle. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014] 5.145) Calculate guide blade angles, vane angles, runner diameters at inlet and outlet and width of the wheel at outlet for a Francis turbine with the following data: Net head: 70 m; Speed: 720 rpm; Shaft Power: 310 kW; Overall efficiency: 0.85;

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Hydraulic efficiency: 0.9; Flow ratio: 0.2; Breadth ratio: 0.1; OD/ID ratio: 1.8; The thickness of vanes occupy 7.5% of circumferential area of runner velocity of flow is Constant and discharge is radial at outlet.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]

5.146) The following data is given for a Francis Turbine Net head = 60m speed N = 700 rpm. Shaft power 294.3 kW Hydraulic efficiency = 93% Overall efficiency = 84% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner diameter is 1/2 outer diameter. Assume 5% circumferential area of the runner to be occupied by the thickness of the vanes. Velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial outlet. Determine

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]

 Guide blade angle  Runner vane angle at inlet and outlet  Diameter of the runner at inlet and outlet  Width of the wheel at inlet 5.147) The inner and outer diameters of an inward flow reaction turbine are 50 cm and 100 cm respectively. The vanes are radial at inlet and discharge is also radial. The inlet guide vanes angle is 10°. Assuming the velocity of flow as constant and equal to 3 m/s, find the speed of the runner and the vane angle at the outlet. [AU, April / May - 2008] 5.148) A reaction turbine works at 450rpm under a head of 120metres. Its diameter at inlet is 120cm and the flow area is 0.4m2. The angles made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet are 20° and 60° respectively with the tangential velocity. Determine the  Volume flow rate  Power developed  Hydraulic efficiency.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

5.149) A turbine is to operate under a head of 25m at 200rpm. The discharge is 9cumec. If the efficiency is 90%, determine the i) Specific speed of the turbine ii) Power generated iii) Type of turbine

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5.150) A Francis turbine with overall efficiency of 75% is required to produce 149.26kN. It is working against a head of 7.62m. The peripheral velocity is 0.26√(2gH) and the radial velocity of flow at inlet is 0.96√(2gH). The wheel runs at 150rpm and the hydraulic losses in the turbine account for 22% of the available energy. Assume radial discharge; determine the guide blade angle, the wheel vane angle at inlet, diameter of the wheel at inlet and width of the wheel at inlet. [AU, May / June – 2009, 2013] 5.151) A Francis turbine with overall efficiency of 76% and hydraulic efficiency of 80% is required to produce 150kW. It is working against a head of 8m. The peripheral velocity is 0.25√(2gH) and the radial velocity of flow at inlet is 0.95√(2gH). The wheel runs at 150rpm. Assume radial discharge; determine the guide blade angle, the wheel vane angle at inlet, diameter of the wheel at inlet and width of the wheel at inlet.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2009, April / May - 2010]

5.152) A dam on a river is being sited for a hydraulic turbine. The flow rate is 1600 m3/h, the available head is 25 m, and the turbine speed is to be 460 rpm. Discuss the estimated turbine size and feasibility for a Francis turbine; and a Pelton wheel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011] 5.153) A turbine is to operate under a head of 25m at 200rpm. The discharge is 9 cumec. If the efficiency is 90%, determine the performance of the turbine under a head of 20 meters.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]

5.154) A reaction turbine works at 450 rpm under a head of 120 m. Its diameter at inlet is 120 cm and the flow area is 0.4 m2. The angles made by the absolute and relative velocity at inlet are 20° and 60° respectively, with the tangential velocity. Determine the volume flow rate, the power developed and the hydraulic efficiency. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007] 5.155) Calculate the diameter and speed of the runner of a Kaplan turbine developing6000 kW under an effective head of 5 m. Overall efficiency of the turbine is 90% and the diameter of the boss is 0.4 times the external diameter of the runner. The turbine speed ratiois 2.0. And flow ratio is 0.6.

[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]

5.156) A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 7357.5kW shaft power. The net available head is 5.50m. Assume that the speed ratio is 2.09 and flow ratio

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is 0.68, and the overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is 1/3 rd of the diameter of the runner, its specific speed.

[AU, May / June - 2009]

5.157) A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 7360kW. The net available head is 5.5m. Assuming the speed ratio is 2.09 and the flow ratio is 0.68 and the overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is one third of the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and its specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009] 5.158) A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops 15 MV brake power. The hub diameter and runner diameter of the turbine are 1.5 m and 4 m respectively. The guide blade angle at the inlet is 30°. The discharge is radial. Find the runner vane angles and turbine speed. Take hydraulic and overall efficiency as 90% and 80 %

[AU, April / May - 2010, Nov / Dec - 2011]

5.159) A Kaplan turbine is to be designed to develop 9100kW. The net available head is 5.6m/ If the speed ratio is 2 and flow ratio is 0.68, overall efficiency 86% and the diameter of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and specific speed of turbine.

[AU, April / May - 2011]

5.160) A Kaplan turbine delivers 10 MW under a head of 25 m. The hub and tip diameters are 1.2 m and 3 m. Hydraulic and overall efficiencies are 0.90 and 0.85. If both velocity triangles are right angled triangles, determine the speed, guide bladeoutlet angle and blade outlet angle.

[AU, Nov / Dec – 2013, 2014]

5.161) The hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine working under a head of 12m, is 0.35 times the diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 rpm. If the vane angle of the extreme edge of the runner at outlet is 15º and the flow ratio is 0.6, find the diameter of the runner, diameter of the boss and the discharge through the runner. The velocity at the whirl at outlet is given as zero.

[AU, April / May - 2015]

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