5 " PARTICLE BOARD
CASSAVA (Manihot Esculenta) PEELINGS AND USED PAPERS
AS ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS FOR PARTICLE BOARD PRODUCTION
SCIENCE INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
Applied Science –Team Category
JAN YSRAEL S. AGILLON
ADRIANNE CARL INGCO
HANNA NIÑA RIBON
Grade IV-SSES
Adriatico Memorial School
ALOHA B. ABES
LOURDES L. LEDESMA
Adult Sponsors
Calapan West Schools District
Division of Calapan City
TITLE: CASSAVA (Manihot Esculenta) PEELINGS AND USED PAPERS AS ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS FOR PARTICLE BOARD PRODUCTION
ABSTRACT:
Used paper is a common waste problem which takes about 17% of the total wastes generated daily. Cassava peelings, on the other hand, are thrown as trash in bakeries or restaurants if not recycled as compost. Paper contains moist cellulose fibre from organic materials. Cassava roots have natural adhesives and varying amounts of cyanogenic glycosides with 93% of linamarin and 3% of lotaustralin, effective natural toxins for stored-product pests. Particle boards which are used as display boards in schools and offices can be found readily available in supermarkets but are costly, not eco-friendly and not heavy-duty. This study aims to evaluate the appropriateness of using cassava (manihot esculenta) peelings and used papers in making particle board. To determine this, the experiment will be carried out in two groups considering variety and proportions. There will be 2 varieties of cassava where the cassava peelings samples will be taken: the white and the yellow varieties. The proportions to be used are ½:½, ¾:¼, and ¼:¾ in kilograms for the cassava peelings to used paper ratio. The preparation of the particle board product requires the collection and sorting of the cassava peelings and used papers, soaking of the used papers in saltwater solution, blending of the cassava peelings using an electric food blender, mixing the cassava peelings and used papers with a power mixer, placing and mechanical pressing of the cassava peelings-used papers mixture on the wooden mould, coated with liquid adhesive, after which drying is done under the sun or in a room temperature. Finally, a survey will be conducted to determine the degree of display appropriateness. The results will show that cassava (manihot esculenta) peelings and used papers can be used as potential materials for particle board production. It will also show that there is a significant difference between the degrees of display appropriateness of the particle board made out of cassava peelings and used papers considering variety and proportion.
INTRODUCTION:
The 21st century signifies a world full of innovation and development yet people continue to adapt technology with a balance in nature. Recycling is one of the well-known techniques used from the past up to the present time to promote proper waste management. Through modernization, recycling has undergone several transformations and now has a wide application that serves as a resolution to various environment issues (Morselli et.al, 2009). One of the issues nowadays is the large collection of wastes in dump sites (Lemann, 2008). It was indicated that about half of the garbage generated daily is biodegradable waste such as food scraps, leftovers, and animal carcasses and about 17 percent are paper wastes (DENR, 2011). Paper is a thin material that finds its main uses in writing, drawing, and wrapping. It is typically produced by pressing together the moist cellulose fibre that can be found in a number of organic materials such as inner bark, leaves and grasses. Used paper is a common waste problem in every school community. The only usual and easy way to address this is by selling them to the junkshop. Cassava peelings, on the other hand, are thrown as trash in bakeries or restaurants if not recycled as compost. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) roots are largely cultivated in our country. It is one of the chief sources of dietary food energy of Filipinos. It has been reserved as the crop that can outgrowth rural industrial development and raise income for producers, processors, and traders (Echebiri and Edaba 2008). It is known to have the natural adhesives also called biodegradable binder and are predominantly water soluble. Tissues of all cassava cultivars have been found to have varying amounts of cyanogenic glycosides, linamarin (93%) and lotaustralin (methyl linamarin, 3%), which contain potential toxic effects and found effective against stored-product pests (Park, 2002). As indicated by the Wood Products Industry, particleboard is defined as a panel product manufactured from lignocellulosic materials, primarily in the form of discrete particles, combined with a synthetic resin or other suitable binder and bonded together under heat and pressure (2002). Particle boards are readily available in the market but mostly cost a lot and are not so durable.
The abundance of used writing papers of pupils in Adriatico Memorial School has inspired the researcher to pursue this study to develop a particle board out of used papers and cassava peelings. Furthermore, this study will determine the durability of the finished product. The outcome of this study is to produce a paper waste-free school of AMS as they are turned into particle boards which can be utilized by the teachers as display boards in their classrooms.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
How appropriate as display board is the particle board made out of cassava (Manihot esculenta) peelings and used papers? Considering the different variety and proportions such as:
Set-up A
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) peelings Variety A (White Variety) – used paper
½:½ (kg)
¾ : ¼ (kg)
¼: ¾ (kg)
Set-up B
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) peelings Variety B (Yellow Variety) – used paper
½:½ (kg)
¾ : ¼ (kg)
¼: ¾ (kg)
Is there a significant difference between the degree of display appropriateness of the particle board made out of cassava (Manihot esculenta) peelings and used papers considering:
variety
proportions
Is there a significant interaction between the variety of cassava (Manihot esculenta) peelings and proportions?
STATEMENT OF THE HYPOTHESES:
Ho1: There is no significant difference between the mean ratings of the degree of display appropriateness on the finished product considering the variety of cassava.
Ho2: There is no significant difference between the mean ratings of the degree of display appropriateness on the finished product considering the different proportions.
Ho3: There is no significant interaction effect considering the mean ratings between the variety of cassava and the proportions.
Significance of the Study:
Using biodegradable materials such as used papers and cassava (Manihot esculenta) peelings as particle board is a better way of reducing waste in our community. It will not only lessen the problem in waste management but also provides a good opportunity to turn these wastes into a more beneficial product. Through this study, the pupils will also be encouraged to enhance their creativity my making quality particle boards. Hence, the success of this project will as well be favorable to the school, home, church, or even offices since this product requires little or no expenses at all.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION:
This study will focus in using only cassava (Manihot esculenta) peelings and used writing papers in particle board production.
Two varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta), the white and yellow, will be used in the experiment.
White used papers and not colored papers will be used in the experiment.
Small amounts of the ingredients will be used to produce a sample display board of only 1x1 ft measurement.
PROCEDURE:
This study will be carried out at the residence of one of the proponents. The following materials will be needed to make this project possible: 3 kg of cassava peelings (1 ½ kg per variety), 3 kg of used papers, salt, water, 1x1 ft. wooden mould, liquid adhesive.
Used papers will be collected from the school or homes. The used papers will be sorted out to select only the white ones. Cassava peelings will be obtained from bakeries, restaurants or other potential source for supply. There will be 2 varieties of cassava to consider where the cassava peelings samples will be taken: the white and the yellow varieties. The white variety of cassava peelings will be separated to the yellow ones. Used papers will be soaked in a basin of saltwater solution while the cassava peelings are being blended using an electric food blender. The proportions to be used are ½:½, ¾:¼, and ¼:¾ in kilograms for the cassava peelings to used paper ratio. The proportioned mixtures will be mechanically pressed in the wooden mould and will be labelled respectively. Each mould will be coated with liquid adhesive. It will be dried for about an hour under the sun or until it fully dries in a room temperature. Finally, a survey will be conducted to determine the degree of display appropriateness of each set-up.
References:
http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/kamoteng-kahoy.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263650050_Cyanogenic_glycosides_Alternative_insecticides
C. J. Chen et al., "Study on Chemical Compositions of Manihot Esculenta Crantz(M. utilissima Pohl)Stalks", Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 236-238, pp. 394-398, 2011
Park, D. & Coats, J. (2002). Cyanogenic glycosides : alternative insecticides?. The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science, 6(2), 51-57.
Flores, E. C., et al. (2015). Investigatory Project. Capitol University Basic Education Department
