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CASE STUDY ON THE ACCESSIBILITY OF NAIA March 2011
Author:
Romero, Eloisa A.
[email protected]
Keywords:
airport, transportation, transit, access, tourism
Abstract:
This study looked into the factors affecting accessibility of the Ninoy Aquino International Ai
(NAIA), by examining the modes of transportation used by 100 arriving passengers and the quant
their checked in luggage, using a structured questionnaire. The author performed interviews wit informants to validate the results of the structured questionnaire.
Those interviewed for this case study did not veer away from the airlines’ baggage allowance when
traveled by air. Although luggage weight is regulated, local airlines (i.e. Philippine Airlines) do Master your semester with Scribd regulate the number of checked in luggage pieces except forRead flights Canada, Free ForUS, 30this Days Sign up tofrom vote on title Japan, Aus and New Delhi. Passengers have & The New York Timesarriving from long haul destinations Useful to Notmore usefulbags with the tended Cancel anytime.
Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Of the various modes of transfer from NAIA, the most popular among those surveyed is the pr
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CHAPTER I STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Introduction
Transport is vital to national and international economies. It provides substantial benefits to indivi
and businesses such as its impacts on employment, prices and economic growth at all level transportation is vital in particular as it provides a major link for international economic activities. The Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) is the Philippines’ premiere gateway. In 2010,
received 27,119,899 passengers, which is 64.5% of the national total of 42,033,508 (Philippine Air
2011). However, according to studies, NAIA has almost reached its capacity limit, leaving no roo
expansion. The “Greater Capital Region Airport Rationalization Study” was commissioned b
Department of Transportation and Communications, particularly to address the current challenge
NAIA faces. One solution that DOTC considers is the integration of the operations of NAIA an Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA) in Clark, Pampanga. (Category 1, 2011)
When considering airport locations, it is necessary to look into the airport’s accessibility as well. will a passenger move to and from the airport?
You're Reading a Preview A quick search on Google using the keywords ‘transit/how to get to Manila airport’ shows that the
popular mode of transportation to andUnlock fromfull theaccess major airport is taxi. Of the blogs on the subject, o with a free trial.
the most comprehensive is www.backpackingphilippines.com. Using keywords that refer to transi
more general manner i.e. without the Download word ‘airport’ such asTrial in ‘transit link Philippines’, it is intere With Free withou to note that the top ten results rank a video of a Habal-habal first (www.liveleak.com) albeit Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title explanation of what the video contains except for the title: A New Method of Mass Transit Discove Not useful Useful Cancel anytime. the Philippines. In addition to the entry in Wikipedia about transportation in the Philippines, succe Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. entries are about (1) commuter trains, i.e. LRT/MRT and (2) links to websites of private bus compa
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interdependence of these variables on one another is not tested and analyzed; instead, these var are treated separately.
Significance Through this study, the author aims to: 1. Produce a case study for use in classroom instruction for transportation management;
2. Provide statistical data which may be useful for private businesses in the transport sector; a
3. Make initial recommendations to the Philippine government with regards to airport access based on the needs and preferences of some sample air travelers, and possibly open up for further research
Conceptual Framework Table 1: Conceptual Framework Input Variable 1: Luggage
-
Maximum allowed
-
Actual quantity
Variable 2: Airport Access -
Available modes
Process
Output
Description and analysis of passenger needs and Recommendations on how You're Reading a Preview preferences based on the two to improve airport access variables Unlock full access with a free trial.
Actual usage Note: Variables 1 and 2 will be t reated Download separately; With interdependence Free Trial is not part of this study Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Working Definition of Terms Not useful Useful Cancel anytime. a general term used to describe the degree to which a product/service is ava Special offer forAccessibility students: Onlyis$4.99/month.
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(reachable) to as many people as possible; airport accessibility therefore refers to the availability of
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airport meet and greet is a special service wherein passengers are met by a designated staff a
airport and assisted to either a coach, car rental, shuttle service or transferring them from one ter to another for a connecting flight (airportmeetandgreet.co.za, retrieved April 3,2011)
Taxicab (Taxi, Cab) is a vehicle for hire with a driver, used to move passengers between locations o
latter’s choice, unlike in using public transportation when pick-up and drop-off locations are determ
by the service provider. Most taxis are metered while rented cars are charged for the first 10 h
usually with unlimited stops within the agreed area. Owing to the privacy or exclusiveness of se
Private Vehicle is used in this study to refer to taxis, rented cars and cars owned by th traveler/passenger and/or his/her family/friends, unless otherwise specified.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Singapore’s Changi Airport is one of the most accessible airports in the world. It can be reached
various modes of transportation: car rental, metered taxi, coach, public bus, airport shuttle (van
work like Manila’s FX), and train (MRT). The airport also offers free shuttle service to/from Ang M
District and Sengkang MRT stations, as well as parking lots for those who wish to use their ow
From the airport, a traveler could reach the city center in a few minutes. Even transit passengers
opt to go around while waiting for the next flight. Moreover, the airport’s website provides a information, with a user-friendly interface. (www.changiairport.com, retrieved April 3, 2011)
In 2005, Banister (2005) likewise forecasted that key centers in Europe would have high spee
network linked to major roads and international airports, particularly at interchange between road
rail and between road, rail and air. Global airlines’ hub operations linked to good quality transport be available to support the local and national centers’ population and activity.
You're Reading a Preview How does one get to and from the Manila’s Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA)? Unlock full access with a free trial.
The airport complex is situated close to the main Commercial Business Districts of Manila. Metered
hotel drivers, and car rental services are available. By public transport, passengers taking the train (
Download With Free Trial LRT) may semester disembark at the EDSA-Taft station, where an airport shuttle terminal is located (at the ba Master your with Scribd Read Free For 30 Days Sign up to vote on this title McDonalds). Those travelling by city bus routes may take a bus plying the EDSA-MIA route (MIA st & The New York Times useful Useful for Manila International Airport). These buses will pass Terminals 1 and2,Not while a jeepney rout Cancel anytime.
Special offer fortake students: Only $4.99/month. passengers to Terminal 3. There is also an airport shuttle service to move passengers t
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The capacity problems plaguing NAIA now is no different from that which plagued Kai Tak Interna
Airport in Hong Kong, which led to the construction of Chek Lap Kok 100km away. The distance bet
NAIA and Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (DMIA) in Clark, Pampanga and that betwee
Tak and Chek Lap Kok are very similar. The advantage of Chek Lap Kok is that it has a high-speed ra line to Victoria Harbor.
As modes of transportation, particularly air transportation, have much impact on a country’s econ
careful planning is therefore necessary. However, Page (1994) noted that much of the ex
knowledge available on transportation’s supply chain issues has been generated only through inter
with managers in each sector of the transport industry and their commercial practices (i.e. contra
arrangements, profit margins and global strategies). It is rare to find researches being given acce
commercial information on supply (and demand) issues, owing to the confidential and sensitive n
of the data and the perceived threat it may pose to their competitive advantage if rival oper
obtained such information. Thus, the relationship between transport supply and tourist remains p understood.
Page (1994) likewise noted that geographers have typically analyzed travel as a response to s
human desire for movement and the spatial outcome of such journeys. Geographers have
considered the spatial variables in the transport system (locations and place) and how these affec
costs and production of other social and economic activities. For the geographer, transport facil
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the process of movement which has economic and budgetary cost while behavioral factors
Unlockforms full access with a free trial. perception and preferences for particular of transport) determine the journey in terms o
available infrastructure and routes. In analyzing the transport system, they have considered: (1
Download Free Trial linkage and flows within a with transportScribd system, (2) With the location and places connected by these lin Master your semester Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title (center and nodes, or hub and), and (3) the system catchments and relationships between places w & The New York Times the network. Useful Not useful Cancel anytime.
Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Lumsdon (2004) described taxi, urban bus and metro train as utilitarian transport modes while s
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Related to the social context is the Filipino practice of using Balikbayan box. Balikbayan literally m
returning to one’s hometown. Balikbayan box is a ubiquitous corrugated box containing any numb
small items and sent by a Filipino who lives abroad to relatives in the Philippines. The box either
home’ on its own (i.e. shipped) or accompanied by the Filipino returning to the Philippines by air, a
of the checked in luggage. An article on The Washington Post published on December 24, 2004 cap
the story behind balikbayan boxes particularly from the Filipino immigrants in the US. A reason be
the balikbayan box may be the race’s gift-giving culture, and another reason could be economic, a
cheaper to send small presents for everybody by one-time shipment. The contents of the box nee
be special—most of them are actually available in the Philippines; they range from food and hous
consumables to clothes and electronics. Yet things inside a balikbayan box bring joy to recip especially at Christmas. Ly (2004) calls it “care package”; it is the thought—the care—that counts.
An undergraduate study at the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila (de los Reyes 2010) fu
revealed that although price is still a consideration, Filipinos prefer modes of transportation tha comfortable, and those that would require less transfers and less walks between transfers.
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
This study is designed using the descriptive method and qualitative analysis.
Research Instruments
Primary sources of data – This study utilized survey questionnaire as the primary research instrum results were validated through interviews of key informants representing various stakeholders.
Secondary sources of data – This study made use of relevant statistics and studies from conce
government agencies, associations, mass media, as well as academic and infrastructure fu institutions.
Population and Sampling
In 2010, NAIA received 27,119,899 passengers. Due to the limitation of time and resources, o
sample size of 100 was targeted. Respondents were randomly selected at the arrival area of
Terminals 1, 2 and 3, on varying days of the week and at varying daytime hours. However, respo
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selection was not strictly random, but rather inclined to convenience sampling, although effor Unlock full access with a free trial. exerted to cover as many flights as possible.
Pre-test and Survey Proper
Download With Free Trial Master your semester with Scribd Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title The questionnaire was tested on February 26, 2011, and the Read survey proper was conducted on Ma & The New York Times Not useful 26, after adjustments were made on the questionnaire based onUseful the pre-test. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Analysis
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CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
I. Demographics For the structured questionnaire, there were 102 respondents, 45 (44%) of them are male.
Table 3.1: Location of Respondents’ Origin Airport
Place
Frequency (Pax)
Australia
2% (2)
Asia
71% (72)
SEA
10
HK/Taiwan
10
East Asia
28
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Middle East India America
23
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17% (17)
USA 6 With Free Trial Download Master your semester with Scribd Canada 10 Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title Brazil 1 & The New York Times Useful Not useful Africa Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Europe
1% (1)
10% (10)
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Table 3.2: Nationality of Respondents
Country of Frequency Nationality (No. of pax) Philippines 68% (69) Japan 16% (16) (Europe) 2% (2) USA* 5% (5) Canada* 10% (10) TOTAL 100% (102) *Fil-Americans/Fil-Canadians
Majority of those interviewed are returning Filipinos (68%), including Filipino-Americans (5%
Filipino-Canadians (10%). Sixteen (16) are Japanese nationals, one Swiss and one Dutch. The stu
therefore more inclined to describe Filipino travelers, but unable to provide enough data on fo tourists in the Philippines.
For reference, tourist arrivals in the first half of 2010 reached about 1.7 million, the top three cou
of origin are South Korea (19.5%), US (18.5%), and Japan (10%). (Source: Department of Toutis
You're Reading Preview cited on www.manilastandardtoday.com, retrieved Aprila 2, 2011) Unlock full access with a free trial.
Download With Free Trial Master your semester with Scribd Read Free For 30 Days Frequency Sign up to vote on this title & The New York Times Destination (No. of pax) Useful Not useful Table 3.3: Respondents’ Final Destination
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Northern Luzon
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39% (40) 26% (27)
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II. Variable 1: Luggage Table 3.4a: Average Number of Checked in Luggage per Passenger
One hundred two (102) respondents carried a total of 237 checked in luggage to NAIA in March distributed as follows:
No. of checked in luggage per passenger
Frequency (No. of pax)
1
12% (12)
2
62% (63)
3
18% (18)
5 or more
9% (9)
TOTAL 100% (102) Note: Eight (8) passengers carried o ne balikbayan box each, which are includ
the luggage count; a balikbayan box usually measures 23in x 17in x (length+width+height=60in)
Based on this data, an arriving passenger carries an average of (2.32) 2-3 checked in luggage. Min
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is one checked in luggage, maximum is 9 (one passenger from Canada had 9 checked in luggage)
Unlock full access withwho a freebrought trial. mode is 2. Aside from air travelers from Canada, those 5 or more checked in luggag
from long haul destinations like Europe and some Middle Eastern countries.
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Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Philippine Airlines (PAL) and Cebu Pacific do not limit the number of checked in luggage for
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Carry-On Luggage
PAL’s rules stipulate that each passenger is allowed to carry one piece of carry-on luggage small en to be placed in the overhead rack or under the passenger seat of the aircraft cabin. The carry-on lu must be within the following specifications:
size (length+width+height) shall not exceed 45in or 115cm weighing not more than 7kg or 15lbs
Cebu Pacific’s rules stipulate that carry-on luggage allowed on board must not exceed the dime
56cm x 36cm x 23 cm (22in + 14in + 9in = 45in), and must not weigh more than 7kg for Airbus f
which is the same with PAL; but for smaller aircrafts, Cebu Pacific has smaller size and weight (5kg)
Furthermore, Cebu Pacific does not allow umbrellas of any size as part of the passenger’s hand bag
Traveling with Luggage in Commuter Trains
In commuter trains within Metro Manila (i.e. MRT, LRT), huge luggage and sealed boxes are not allo
Key Informants Interview
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An interview with ten (10) Filipino frequent travelers revealed that they do not go beyond wh allowed by the airlines because they do not like paying for excess luggage. They also said that it is
Download With Free Trial Master your semester with Scribd convenient to move around with as less luggage pieces as possible. These interviewees us Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title international airport at least twice a year and the domestic airport five to six times in a year. O & The New York Times Useful Not useful other hand, interviews with car rental companies with operations in NAIA gathered similar results s Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. that their passengers carry one to two bags on average.
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1. The usual metered taxi, flag down rate of P30.00 plus P2.50 per additional 300 meters
minutes waiting time (From January 2011, tariff hiked to P40.00 plus P3.00 per 300 meter only taxis that issue receipts with updated meters m ay apply the new tariff.)
2. Yellow airport metered taxi, flag down rate of P70.00 plus P5.00 per additional 300 meter minutes waiting time 3. White airport taxi with fixed rate per area (i.e. Makati, Manila, Quezon City, Bulacan, etc.) 4. The cheapest shared taxi, more commonly known as FX, which works like a shuttle with
starting at P10.00 plus P5.00 from one common stop to the next (but points/stops are vagu What mode of transportation then do passengers actually use when leaving the airport? Table 3.5: Modes of Transportation from NAIA
Mode Transportation
of
Frequency (No. of pax)
rent a car
42% (43)
own car
17% (17)
metered taxi
33% (34)
bus/train
1% (1)
(connecting flight)
7% (7)
TOTAL
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Based on this data, nine in every ten air travelers use private vehicle, including taxi, when leavin
Download With Free Trial airport. With a private vehicle, theScribd passenger is delivered to the doorstep at his final destin Master your semester with Free Forand 30this Days Sign up to vote on title without having to deal with strangers (except for the driver inRead some cases) unnecessary stops. & The New York Useful Not usefulto commute. patience a long and tiring Times flight, most air t ravelers in the Philippines do not have the Cancel anytime.
Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Moreover, due to the size and number of bags carried by air travelers, public transport is not so po
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusion Luggage
Philippine Airlines (PAL) and Cebu Pacific do not limit the number of checked in luggage for
passenger. For most domestic and international flights of local airlines, the total maximum w
allowed for checked in luggage per passenger flying economy class is 15kg. For PAL, this excludes f
to/from the US and Canada which is on piece system (maximum of two pieces, 23kg each), and f to/from Japan, Australia and New Delhi which allow a max imum of one 23-kilogram luggage.
Nonetheless, those interviewed for this case study carried only an average of 2-3 (2.32) check
luggage when they travel to Manila from another country. The minimum is one checked in lug
while the maximum is 9 (one passenger from Canada had 9 checked in luggage), and the mode
Aside from air travelers from Canada, those who brought 5 or more checked in luggage are from haul destinations such as Europe and some Middle Eastern countries.
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The interviewees for this case study do not veer away from the airlines’ baggage allowance when Unlock full access with a free trial.
travel by air. Thus, while there may be as many luggage pieces as allowed by the airlines, these
would not be heavier than 23 or so kilograms. Some of the reasons that these passengers cited a
Download With Free Trial unwillingness to pay for excess luggage and the convenience of moving their luggage around. Master your semester with Scribd Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month. Modes of Transportation to/from the NAIA
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Lastly, pre-arranged airport pick up is popular in the country, too. Greeters may range from ho travel agent representative, to families and friends—as many as the vehicle can carry.
Recommendations
What does this information imply then? This means that these passengers, most of whom prefer pr
transfers, need ample parking space which is accessible from the airport’s arrival area with p
pedestrian sidewalks and provisions for bringing luggage trolleys up to the parking lot. Ample spa the loading bays and proper loading systems are also nece ssary.
The passengers should have prior information, too, about these systems (i.e. the numbered loading
in NAIA Terminal 3 and the ‘lettered’ bays in NAIA Terminal 1), by having this information availab
the terminal website, www.miaa.gov.ph, alongside information on available modes of transport to/from the airport and on waiting are as for visitors.
Proper signage at the airport would be helpful, too, as well as re-training frontline airport perso including security guards and porters, on how to direct arrival traffic. Information campaign needs
enhanced for passengers to know their transfer choices better. Aside from the modes of transport passengers should also know the option offered by ‘park and fly’ arrangements.
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Moreover, the travelers’ preference for private vehicle also results Unlock full access with a free trial. to bad vehicle traffic congestio
only in airport roads, but in highways leading to the airport as well. For instance, although the M
Central Business District is only 7 kilometers away,With ample time is needed so as not to miss one’s flig Download Free Trial should rush hour. Therefore, should the government consider Read improving airport access or Free For 30this Days Sign up to vote on title government consider moving the airport outside Manila, access roads to/from the airportwould Useful Not useful Cancel anytime. very important factor. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.
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References: Airport Meet and Greet. Cited on http://airportmeetandgreet.co.za, retrieved April 3, 2011. Banister, D. (2005). Unsustainable Transport. New York: Routledge. Beeton, S. (2006) Community Development through Tourism. Australia: Landlinks Press. CAAP Historical Background. Cited on www.caap.gov.ph, retrieved April 3, 2011.
Category 1 status within reach – DOTC Chief. (January 19, 2011). Cited on www.dotc.gov.ph, retr April 3, 2011. Cebu Pacific Travel Regulations. Cited on www.cebupacificair.com, retrieved April 3, 2011.
De Guzman, J. (September 18, 2010). “Tourist arrivals up by 13% in 6 months”. Manila Standard T Cited on www.manilastandardtoday.com retrieved April 2, 2011.
De los Reyes, M. B. and Medina, J. (2010). “An Assessment of Current Intramuros Transport Options”. Undergraduate Thesis. Manila: Lyceum of the Philippines University. Kelles-Viitanen, A. (1997). “Social Concerns of Transportation Projects”. Proceedings of the
You're Reading a Preview Electric Power Forum. Manila: A Meeting of Sub-regional Transport Forum and Sub-regional Unlock full access with a free trial.
Lumsdon, L. (2004). Tourism and Transport: Issues and Agenda for the New Millennium. UK: Elsevie
Download Freeroutes”. Trial (January 22-23, “Manila two steps away from expanding US With aviation Master your semester with Scribd www.manilastandardtoday.com retrieved April 3, 2011. Read Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New York Times Useful Not useful Mason, P. (2008) Tourism Impacts Planning and Management. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Special offer for students: Only $4.99/month.
Page, S. (1994). Transport and Tourism. London: Routledge.
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2011). Cite
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Survey Questionnaire Dear Sir/Madam:
I am Eloisa Romero, a faculty member of the Lyceum of the Philippines University Manila. I am study about the accessibility of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) for arriving passenge this regard, I would like to request your cooperation by answering the following questions. Thank you, ELOISA ROMERO
Date: 1. Gender (of the passenger), please check
__ Male
__Female
2. Country of origin, please indicate 3. Final destination (City/Province), please indicate 4. Mode of transportation to be taken from NAIA to the final destination, please choose 1: __ own car/vehicle __ rented car/vehicle You're Reading a Preview __ taxi __ bus Unlock full access with a free trial. __ MRT (via airport shuttle) __ others, please specify
Download With Free Trial Master your semester with Scribd 5. Number of checked in luggage, please indicate numberRead of bags/boxes Free Foron 30this Days Sign up to vote title & The New6. York Times Useful Not useful Who will meet/fetch you at the airport (in NAIA)? Special offer for students: $4.99/month. __Only family
__ friend/s
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