LITERATURE
CASE STUDY
ON
(HIGH RISE BUILDING)
Submitted By:-
AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,JAIPUR BATCH 11
. 1.
GENERAL PARAMETERS
1
2.
FOUNDATION DESIGN
2-3
3.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
4-6
4.
FLOOR DIVISIONS
7
5.
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM ELEVATORS ELEVATORS & LIFTS LIF TS
8-9
6.
HVAC SYSTEM
10
7.
WIND ENGINEERING SYSTEM
11
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA(72) IV YR SEC B
(TALLEST STRUCTURE IN WORLD) FORMER NAME - BURJ DUBAI (TALLEST LOCATION – DUBAI ,UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
SKYSCRAPER TYPE - MIXED USE SKYSCRAPER CONSTRUCTION STARTED STARTED –JANUARY 2004 CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED - 2010 TOTAL HEIGHT – ARCHITECT – ADRIAN SMITH(At SOM
company,Chicago) HEIGHT TILL TOP FLOOR -584.5m
DEVELOPER – EMAAR PROPERTIES
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER- BILL TOTAL FLOOR COUNT -163 FLOORS +46 MAINTENANCE LEVELS STRUCTURAL BAKER(At SOM) IN THE SPIRE + 2 PARKING LEVELS IN BASEMENT = CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUC TION PROJECT
TOTAL FLOOR AREA- 309,473 sq m
MANAGER- TURNER CONSTRUCTION PROJECT DEVEL DEVELOPER OPER – MOHAMED ALI
ALABBAR
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA(72) IV YR SEC B
THE TOWER FOUNDATIONS CONSIST OF A
•
.
THE SOLID REINFORCED CONCRETE RAFT IS 3.7 M THICK AND WAS POURED UTILIZING C50 (CUBE STRENGTH SELF CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE. •
THE RAFT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 4 SEPARATE POURS (THREE WINGS AND THE CENTER CORE).
•
REINFORCEMENT WAS TYPICALLY AT 300MM SPACING IN THE RAFT, AND ARRANGED SUCH THAT EVERY 10TH BAR IN EACH DIRECTION WAS WAS OMITTED,RESULTING IN A SERIES OF “POUR •
ENHANCEMENT STRIPS” THROUGHOUT THE RAFT.
THE BURJ TOWER RAFT IS SUPPORTED BY
•
THE PILES ARE 1.5 METER IN DIAMETER AND APPROXIMATELY 43M LONG WITH A DESIGN CAPACITY OF 3,000 TONNES EACH.
•
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA(72) IV YR SEC B
THE C60 (CUBE STRENGTH) SCC CONCRETE WAS PLACED BY THE TREMIE METHOD UTILIZING POLYMER SLURRY. •
THE FRICTION PILES ARE SUPPORTED IN THE NATURALLY CEMENTED CALCISILTITE CONGLOMER CALCISILTITE FOMIATIONS. •
WHEN THE REBAR CAGE WAS PLACED IN THE PILES, SPECIAL ATTENTION WAS PAID TO ORIENT THE REBAR CAGE SUCH THAT THE RAFT BOTTOM REBAR COULD BE THREADED THROUGH THE NUMEROUS PILE REBAR CAGES WITHOUT INTERRUPTION, WHICH GREATLY SIMPLIFIED THE RAFT CONSTRUCTION. •
•
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THE CONCRETE MIX FOR THE PILES WAS A 60 MPA MIX BASED ON A TRIPLE BLEND WITH 25% FLY ASH, 7% SILICA FUME, AND WATER WATER TO CEMENT RATIO OF 0.32. •
DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF EXTREMELY CORROSIVE GROUND WATER, ANTI-CORROSION MEASURES (CATHODIC PROTECTION PROTECTION SYSTEM) WAS WAS REQUIRED TO ENSURE THE DURABILITY DURABILIT Y OF THE FOUNDATIONS. •
MEASURES IMPLEMENTED INCLUDED SPECIALIZED WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS, INCREASED CONCRETE COVER, THE ADDITION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS TO THE CONCRETE MIX. STRINGENT CRACK CONTROL DESIGN CRITERIA, AND CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM UTILIZING TITANIUM MESH WITH AN IMPRESSED CURRENT. •
TRIPLE LOBED FOOTPRINT OF BUILDING INSPIRED BY A FLOWER.
•
ITS REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE MAKES IT STRONGER THAN STEEL-FRAME SKYSCRAPERS.
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ITS - TO REDUCE THE WIND FORCES ON THE TOWER, AS WELL AS TO KEEP THE STRUCTURE SIMPLE AND FOSTER CONSTRUCTIBILITY. •
TOWER COMPRISES OF 3 ELEMENTS ARRANGED AROUND A
•
EACH WING, WITH ITS OWN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE CORRIDOR WALLS AND PERIMETER COLUMNS, BUTTRESSES THE OTHERS VIA A SIX-SIDED CENTRAL CORE, OR HEXAGONAL HUB. •
WHICH RESUL RES ULTS TS IN A EXTREMELY STIFF LATERALLY AND TORSIONALLY TORSIONALLY TOWER.
•
A RIGOROUS GEOMETRY IS APPLIED TO THE TOWER THAT ALIGNES ALL THE COMMON CENTRAL CORE, WALL, AND COLUMN ELEMENTS. •
EACH TIER OF THE BUILDING SETS BACK IN A SPIRAL STEPPING PATTERN UP THE BUILDING.
•
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA
THE SETBACKS ARE ORGANIZED WITH THE TOWER'S GRID, SUCH THAT THE BUILDING STEPPING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY ALIGNING COLUMNS ABOVE WITH WALLS BELOW TO PROVIDE A SMOOTH LOAD PATH. •
THIS ALLOWS THE CONSTRUCTION TO PROCEED WITHOUT THE NORMAL DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED ASSOCIATED WITH COLUMN TRANSFERS. •
THE SETBACKS ARE ORGANIZED SUCH THAT THAT THE TOWER'S WIDTH CHANGES AT EACH SETBACK.
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THE ADVANTAGE ADVANTAGE OF THE STEPPING AND SHAPING IS TO "
•
„.
OUTRIGGERS AT THE MECHANICAL FLOORS ALLOW THE COLUMNS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LATERAL LOAD RESISTANCE OF THE STRUCTURE; HENCE, ALL OF THE VERTICAL CONCRETE IS UTI LIZED TO SUPPORT BOTH GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOADS. LOADS. •
THE WALL CONCRETE SPECIFIED STRENGTHS RANGED FROM C80 TO C60 CUBE STRENGTH AND UTILIZED PORTLAND CEMENT AND FLY ASH. •
THE WALL THICKNESSES AND COLUMN SIZES WERE FINE-TUNED TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE .
•
STEPPING & SHAPING
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA IV YR SEC B
AT TOP CENTRAL CORE EMERGES AND IS SCULPTED TO FORM A STRUCTURAL STEEL SPIRE UTILIZING A DIAGONALLY BRACED LATERAL SYSTEM. •
THE STRUCTURAL STEEL SPIRE WAS DESIGNED FOR GRAVITY, WIND, SEISMIC AND FATIGUE.
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THE EXTERIOR EXPOSED STEEL IS PROTECTED WITH A FLAME APPLIED ALUMINUM FINISH WITH VERTICAL TUBULAR FINS TO WITHSTAND DUBAI‟S EXTREME SUMMER TEMPER ATURE. •
THE 5 SETS OF OUTRIGGERS, DISTRIBUTED UP THE BUILDING, TIE ALL THE VERTICAL LOAD LOAD CARRYING ELEMENTS TOGETHER. •
DESIGN INCORPORATES CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL ELEMENTS PARTICULAR TO REGION.
•
Y SHAPED PLAN WITH WINGS ALLOWS ALLOWS MAXIMUM MAXIMUM OUTWARD VIEWS VIEWS AND INWARD INWARD NATURAL NATURAL LIGHT. LIGHT.
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STEEL SPIRE
Y- SHAPED PLAN
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
EXTERIOR STEEL WITH ALUMINIUM FINISH SONAL SHARMA IV YR SEC B
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-HOTEL –RESIDENTIAL h RESIDENTIAL th -HOTEL SUITES h– -SKY LOBBY h-RESIDENTIAL h -SKY LOBBY h -RESIDENTIAL h -CORPORATE -CORPORATE SUITES h-RESTAURANT - SKY LOBBY h -OBSERVATORY h -CORPORATE -CORPORATE SUITES h h -CORPORATE -CORPORATE SUITES h h -COMMUNICATION -COMMUNICATION & BROADCAST h
1
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CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
.
. SONAL SHARMA IV YR SEC B
ON ELEVATORS USED SO THAT WATER FROM SPRINKLERS DOES NOT FLOOD THE SHAFT. •
IN CASE OF FIRE DESIGNATED ELEVATORS ELEVATORS FEATURE A “
” MODE
•
ALLOWING FIRE BRIGADE OR TRAINED STAFF TO TRANSPORT OCCUPANTS FROM UPPER PORTIONS OF TOWER TO DISCHARGE LEVELS. ELEVATORS INCLUDE OPERATING CAPABILITY ON PRIMARY AND EMERGENCY POWER,WATER RESISTANT EQUIPMENT,MEANS FOR VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE ELEVATOR SHAFT AND RAISED ELEVATOR DOOR THRESHOLDS ON EACH FLOOR OPENING TO MINIMIZE THE FLOW OF SPRINKLER WATER INTO SHAFTS. •
THERE IS ALSO A 5,500kg CAPACITY SERVICE WORK. •
AND BUILDING
ARE THERE SURROUNDING AL THE STAIRS.
•
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA IV YR SEC B
AT APPROX EVERY 25 FLOORS ARE THERE TO
•
WAIT SAFELY DURING FIRE F IRE ON WAY DOWN STAIRS. REFUGE AREAS SEPARATED FROM MAIN STRUCTURE BY 2-HOUR FIRE RESISTANT STRUCTURE.
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THAT INCLUDE SMOKE,HEAT AND OTICAL SENSORS ARE LOCATED IN ALL ROOMS THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING. •
LENGTH OF BUILDING FROM BASEMENT TO LEVEL 160 IS
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A TEAM ONSITE 24 HOURS PRESENT BEEN TRAINED AND BRIEFED TO DO IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES. •
BUILDING HAS 57 ELEVATORS AND 8 ESCALATORS.
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ELEVATORS ARE DOUBLE DECK CABS WITH A CAPACITY FOR 12-14 PEOPLE PER CAB.
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SPEED OF ELAVATOR ELAVATOR IS 64km/h.
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CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA IV YR SEC B
THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DRAWS AIR FROM THE UPPER FLOORS WHERE THE AIR IS COOLER AND CLEANER THAN ON GROUND. •
THE CONDENSATE COLLECTION SYSTEM, WHICH USES THE HOT AND HUMID OUTSIDE AIR,COMBINED WITH THE COOLING REQUIREMENTS OF THE BUILDING RESULTS IN CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE FROM AIR. •
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COOLING SYSTEM INCLUDES A SYSTEM BASED ON A THERMAL ICE- STORAGE FACILITY THAT PRODUCES TONNES OF ICE SLURRY DURING NIGHT. •
USING ALFA LAVAL LAVAL PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS THE SLURRY BUILT UP IN A TANK STORE THE COOLING ENERGY THAT IS LATER RELEASED THROUGH THE PIPELINES TO THE ENTIRE INDOOR AIR CONDITIONING AND TAP WATER NETWORKS. •
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA IV YR SEC B
FOR A BUILDING OF THIS HEIGHT AND SLENDERNESS, WIND FORCES AND THE RESULTING MOTIONS IN THE UPPER LEVELS BECOME DOMINANT FACTORS IN THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN. •
AN EXTENSIVE PROGRAM OF WIND TUNNEL TESTS AND OTHER STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN.
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THE WIND TUNNEL PROGRAM INCLUDED RIGID-MODEL FORCE BALANCE TESTS, A FOIL MULTI DEGREE OF FREEDOM AERO ELASTIC MODEL STUDIES, MEASUREMENTS OF LOCALIZED PRESSURES, PEDESTRIAN WIND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES AND WIND CLIMATIC STUDIES. •
WIND TUNNEL MODELS ACCOUNT FOR THE CROSS WIND EFFECTS OF WIND INDUCED VORTEX SHEDDING ON THE BUILDING. •
THE WIND VORTICES NEVER GET ORGANIZED BECAUSE AT EACH NEW TIER THE WIND ENCOUNTERS A DIFFERENT BUILDING SHAPE. •
CASE STUDY
BURJ KHALIFA
SONAL SHARMA
