A. Ele leme men nts of th the e Oe Oen n!e "I "III-11-1# 1#$$ B. %olu lun nta tar rne ness ss "I "III ' 1( ' ## ##$$ ' v. 0uc9i 1. Hutt v. v. the Queen: Queen: s. 213(1 213(1)) B. C
e/ action )ule: )ule: Solicit e!uies it to "e #$essin% and ' v. a9in $esistent& o o"ective evidence to su$$ot fea4 act of assault ,as volunta+ '+an v. -he Queen 2. ' v. v. ilo: ilo: s. 212(1)() 212(1)() 8ccused could not claim involuntainess ,hen he $ulled the ti%%e and 9illed duin% amed Fa!ts: Fa!ts: *o+fiend livin% ,ith $ostitute o""e4 He had done a num"e of volunta+ acts leadin% u$ @ his eaction ,as $o"a"le and %ilfiend foeseea"le. )ule* -he )ule* -he oence e!uies an element of %oluntarness %oluntarness -
A. eual Assault II /8 - 83 . #/1 ' 8ssault N #Se/ual element& . #(53:!:: #(53:!:: o consent is o"tained 1. ' v. v. Mo"i Mo"idon don Fa!ts* EC2)= A?solute a?lt; O?@e!te =ed u?@e!te enton -ue -ue <imes R $ositive $ositive <iminal e%. s. 22(1) 1. odied O"ective 1. Su"ective – state of mind e!uied ,anton o ec9less O"ective standad that Su"ective Stict 0ia"ilit+ R Pu"lic dise%ad dise%ad fo lives o allo,s consideation of *oth 8' elements Welfae safet+ of othe. cetain atti"utes of have su"ective ' 8"solute 0ia"ilit+ R S. 27: Enla,full+ accused e!. 0e%islatue e/$licitl+ causin% "odil+ ham: 2. Su"ective – 2. Willful *lindess e!uies no ' O"ectivel+ dan%eous O"ective deli"eate i%noance act i.e. 8ssault causin% 3. 'ec9lessness O"ective foesi%ht of "odil+ ham4 a,ae of dn% J "odil+ ham a%%avated se/ual $esists assault 274 23I 5. Lntentional
Eamles
Sault Ste. aie: Pollution oences4 accused can use due dili%ence as defence to stict lia"ilit+ oto ehicle 'efeence: 80 and im$isonment cannot "e com"ined Consttutonalato aillancout: n of =ens )ea J 8ll ude e!uies O"ective Foesi%ht of 6eath
=)E) OFFECE* A. Crme B. CC >roson s. ###5:a:* 8 $eson Enla,ful 8ct anslau%hte commits cul$a"le homicide ,hen he causes the death of a human "ein% "+ means of an unla,ful 8ct
<iminall+ e%li%ent anslau%hte
ude (2nd de%ee)
' v. *aon: <iminal e%li%ence e%li%ence e!uies a ma9ed and su"stantial de$atue fom the standad of a easona"le $eson in the cicumstances.
' v. Hundal: .O. 6an%eous 6ivin% – O"ective in conte/t
' v. atineau: Su"J Su" ' v. *iscoe ' v. *uAAan%a ' v. 6ochet+ ' v. Hinche+
atineau: s. 23 is toast J
S+mmet+: Dve+ 8' element must have a coes$ondin% '.
Po$otionalit+: oal "lame,othiness must "e $o$otional to sti%ma attached to cime
C. Case aD 1. ' v. <ei%hton Fa!ts* Lnection Fa!ts* Lnection of cocaine "+ accused caused the death of deceased4 ,hat is $o$e ' >O* Enla,ful act =) O"ectivel+ O"ectivel+ dan%eous eath: eath: 8' R death =) O"ective O"ective foesi%ht of "odil+ ham )ato: )ato: c0achlin a%ues that $efect s+mmet+ is not necessa+ – S can have lo,e ' "ecause of sentencin% discetion discetion (no mandato+ minimum). s. ###5:?:* 8 $eson 1. ' v. *aon Fa!ts: Fa!ts: 8t a $at+ accused $ushed fiend; ,ho fell do,n stais and died. commits cul$a"le homicide )ule* -hee )ule* -hee must "e a ma9ed and su"stantial de$atue fom the ,hen he causes the death of a human "ein% "+ ciminal Standad of a easona"le $eson =)* O"ective =)* O"ective test – onl+ ta9es account of a%e4 no allo,ance fo ne%li%ence dun9enness; etc. s. ##9a:*
s. ##9?:*
s. ##9!:*
Planned and 6eli"eate
s. #31#:* ude #31#:* ude is st de%ee ,hen it is $lanned and deli"eate
Lnfanticide
s. #33* Lf female causes death to ne,"on "+ a ,illful act o omission ,hile not full+ ecoveed fom eects of %ivin% "ith
1. ' v. 6oste )ato: )ato: the fact that the intended victim ,as not the one 9illed does not matte. Causaton: Causaton: 'emains SmithesJette Standad 2ransferred Intent: Intent : 8ll that is e!uied is the intent to 9ill a human "ein%4 o intent to cause "odil+ ham ,ith 9no,led%e that death is li9el+ to esult. 1. ' v. MS' Fa!ts* Moint Fa!ts* Moint Dndeavou case – Daton cente shootin% 2est* ust 2est* ust $ove that accused 1) fo an unla,ful o"ect 2) did an+thin% 3) he 9ne, (su"ective) ,as li9el+ to cause death 5) and causes death (SmithesJette) 2. ' v. Shand Fa!ts* Went Fa!ts* Went to du% deales to steal $ot4 accused de, %un and shot 9illin% deceased )ule* s. )ule* s. 22(c) e!uies that accused ,as $usuin% an unla,ful o"ect and had su"ective foesi%ht that death is li9el+ )ato: )ato: thee is su=cient cul$a"ilit+ "ased on undel+in% act "ein% moall+ "lame,oth+ com"ined com"ined ,ith su"ective 9no,led%e 9no,led%e of li9elihood li9elihood of death. 1. ' v. 6oste Fa!ts* Esed Fa!ts* Esed %as to set e to his ca to 9ill his ,ife4 9ids ended u$ d+in%4 can he "e %uilt+ of P@6 mude ,hee ,on% $eo$le died? )ule: )ule: Plannin% and deli"eation elate to intention to 9ill onl+ – identit+ of victim is unim$otant due to s. 22(") 2. ' v. 8aldes Fa!ts* accused Fa!ts* accused shot and 9illed deceased – he o""ed his house and ,aited ,ith %un )ule* Plannin% )ule* Plannin% and deli"eation ae se$aate elements that each must "e $oved *'6 efGn: efGn: 6eli"eate means consideed and not im$ulsive4 $lannin% R calculateddesi%ned calculateddesi%ned in advance of cime. 1. ' v. 0* Fa!ts* othe Fa!ts* othe 9illed he t,o ne,"on "a"ies – cha%ed ,ith 1 st de%ee mude )ule* Lnfanticide )ule* Lnfanticide is "oth an indicta"le defence and a miti%atin% defence to mude Elements* ust Elements* ust sho, o"ective foeseea"ilit+ of "odil+ ham (a9in to manslau%hte) Lt is the uni!ue actus eus that distin%uishes infanticide infanticide fom othe homicides
Paties to an Oence
s. #11:* An;one s a art; to an oen!e Dho a: !ommts t or ?: ads or !: a?ets
O2E) OFFECE* A. Crme B. CC >roson s. 319#:* eve+one Willful Pomotion of ,ho ,illfull+ $omotes Hated hated a%ainst an+ identia"le %ou$.
6an%eous 6ivin%
s. #49
1) othe 2) suein% fom eects of "ith o lactation 3) causation 5) death 1. ' v. *iscoe Fa!ts* ou$ lued in %il and too9 to %olf couse ,hee ,hee she ,as a$ed and "eaten to death – accused dove and stood "+ A) is ve+ fact s$ecic (thin9 ,hat action o omission did the+ do to assist) =) e!uies e!uies 1) intention to assist and 2) 9no,led%e that $e$etato intends to commit cime (9no,led%e can "e im$uted on theo+ of ,illful "lindness) ote: ote: Lntent is onl+ intent to assist – no intent as to the commission of the cime. 2. ' v. 'ochon Fa!ts: Fa!ts: othe allo,s son to %o, $ot on he fam and is on the $o$et+ duin% it. )ule* Passive $esence $esence is not enou%h to esta"lish $at+ lia"ilit+4 0ia"ilit+ fo an omission e!uies a dut+ to act (,hethe $inci$le o oende).
C. Case aD 1. ' v. *uAAan%a and 6uoche Fa!ts* 8$$ellants handed out >+es that ,ee meant as satie – made statements a%ainst Fench 0an%ua%e Schools Anal;ss* Wilful e!uies thee to "e an intention to $omote hated )ule* Lt must have "een thei conscious $u$ose to $omote hated O' the+ must have foeseen that $omotion of hated ,as cetain o moall+ cetain. 1. ' v. Hundal Fa!ts* u+ divin% dum$ tuc9 caused accident – did co,n have to $ove intent? 2est* odied o"ective – O"ective "ut o$en to accused to aise a easona"le dou"t as to ,hethe a easona"le $eson ,ould have "een a,ae of the is9s )ule: )ule: Lt is ne%li%ence "ut +ou can loo9 at suoundin% cicumstances and events 2. ' v. *eatt+ Fa!ts* cossed Fa!ts* cossed cente line – momenta+ act of ne%li%ence su=cient? A!tus )eus: )eus: 6ivin% in a manne dan%eous to the $u"lic , e%ad to all cicumstances =ens )ea: )ea :
Enla,full+
D/totion
8ssault
EFECE* A. efen!e =stae of Fa!t
=ens )ea* Whethe in li%ht of all elevant evidence a easona"le $eson ,ould have foeseen the is9 and ta9en ste$s to avoid it (must "e a ma9ed de$atue fom standad of cae) oldn+* in oldn+* in this case a sin%le momenta+ eo ,as not enou%h to su$$ot conviction. s. #(9* 8n+one ,ho 1. ' v. 6eSousa Fa!ts* 6uin% a %ht at $at+ a$$ellant the, "ottle; ,hich icocheted and hit causes "odil+ ham is %uilt of an indicta"le victim. >.O* A) an+thin% $ohi"ited e/ce$t a"solute lia"ilit+ oences4 =) oence O"ectivel+ 6an%eous B.* A) *odil+ Ham esults4 =) O"ective Foesi%ht of *odil+ Ham s. 1/51:a:* ) . 8': 1)
B. CC<>rn!les U O$eates as a ne%ation of ' (not a tue
C. 2est<)ule A) -ouchin% -ouchin% Se/ual atue
. Case aD =) O"ective O"ective
1. Pa$$a Pa$$aohn ohn v. v. -he Queen Queen Fa!ts* Some consensual se/ – Woman uns out in "onda%e les com$laint
defence) S. T(3) –
C)
s. 17: o <iminal es$onsi"ilit+ ,hen mental disode endeed $eson inca$a"le of a$$eciatin% natue O' Kno,in% that it ,as ,on%.
o Consent* (com$lainant) a. Su"ective *elief of com$lainant.
# elements* (accused) 1. Lntention to -ouch -ouch 2. Kno,led%e o ec9less o W.*. to lac9 of consent
". Lf out of fea it is vitiated fea need not "e easona"le o communicatedI onest ?ut =staen Belef* T. 8fte 8fte D,anch D,anchu9 u9 thee thee must "e evidence that com$lainant communicated consent . 8 su"ect su"ective ive "elief "elief that that the com$lainant ,as %ivin% consent in he mind is not enou%h >art I – I – ental 6isode: a) -he st st ste$ ste$ is to esta" esta"lish lish a disease of the mind on a *808art IIa:* >art II ?:* 6O endes 6O endes accused inca$a"le accused of are!atn+ inca$a"le of noDn+ that the natue and !ualit+ of the act. the act ,as Dron+ -his e!uies e!uies hi%h theshold ust lac9 de"ilitation i.e. 9no,led%e of +ou thin9 +ou eithe : s!ueeAin% an e+al Hron+ oan%e "ut +ouGe stan%lin% O'
)ule* 'a$e is a tue cime and e!uies actual su"ective ens 'ea (intention o ec9lessness) UU ista9e need not "e easona"le #Honest ista9en "elief in consent& 2. Sanse% Sanse%et et v. v. -he Queen Queen Fa!ts* consensual elationshi$ ended; man theatened ,oman4 oeed se/ to calm him do,n. )ule* 8ccused )ule* 8ccused cannot claim honest mista9e ,hee he ,as ,illfull+ "lind to the lac9 of consent – he ,as a,ae of need fo in!ui+ "ased on cicumstances 3. ' v. v. D,anc D,anchu hu9 9 Fa!ts* il fondled duin% intevie, in the "ac9 of a tuc9. )ule* Lm$lied consent ,ill O- su$$ot this defence – must "e communicated "+ ,ods o actions. 5. ' v. v. -utt -utton on Fa!ts* Paents Fa!ts* Paents ,ithheld insulin "ased on eli%ious "eliefs )ule* Fo ciminal ne%li%ence oences – the honest "ut mista9en "elief must "e O*MD<-LD0C 'D8SO8*0D. 1.
(chaul9)
Automat sm
1. >resum >resumt ton on of %oluntarness -he accused accused must esta"lish esta"lish on BO> that the act ,as not volunta+ #a:. = Automatsm* A!uttal Pesum$tion that it s$in%s fom mental disease – must "e dis$oved. #?:. = Automatsm* s.1( 0oo9 at 3 factos to detemine detemine 1) Lnte Lntenal nal
Into!at on
s. 33.1: ot a defence ,hen into/ication leads to lac9 of %eneal intent ,hee accused de$ated ma9edl+ fom standad of cae.
1. Fo 1. Fo %eneal intent cimes the accused must $ove on a "alance of $o"a"ilities $o"a"ilities that he ,as in a state e/teme into/ication a9in to automatism o insanit+ #. 6aviault defence is availa"le fo nonJviolent cimes of %eneal intent. 3. s. 3. s. 33.1 ma9es in ina$$lica"le to cimes that include an element of assault; o intefeence intefeence ,ith inte%it+ of a $eson.
2. ' v. v. 'a" 'a"e+ e+ Fa!ts: Fa!ts: Lne/$lica"le t of a%e caused %u+ to hut his fiend. )ule* Odina+ stesses of life cannot constitute an e/tenal e/tenal facto leadin% to automatism – this ,as disease of mind (intenal) 3. ' v. v. Pa9 Pa9s s Fa!ts* Slee$,al9e Fa!ts* Slee$,al9e 9ills his inJla,s. Contnun+ an+er: an+er: Should "e teated as 6 Internal Cause: Cause: $s+cholo%ical $o"lems teated as 6 5. ' v. v. Sto Stone ne Fa!ts* Wife Fa!ts* Wife +ells at %u+ – he sta"s he to death )ule* Sets )ule* Sets u$ the test fo 8utomatism IC* Mud%e IC* Mud%e must a$$l+ a$$l+ a conte/tual conte/tual o"ective test – evidence of an e/temel+ shoc9in% ti%%e e!uied to esta"lish a nomal $eson mi%ht have eacted the same ,a+ in the cicumstances. . ' v. v. 0ued 0uede9 e9e e Fa!ts* u+ ,o9e u$ havin% se/ ,ith a %il – emem"eed nothin% )ule* Mud%e )ule* Mud%e must conside conside is9 of ti%%ein% ti%%ein% factos ecuin% ecuin% – not ust is9 of futhe dan%e to $u"lic. 1. ' v. v. 0ea 0ea+ + )ule* Lnto/ication is not defence to %eneal intent cimes 2. ' v. v. *e *ena nad d Fa!ts* afte Fa!ts* afte a ni%ht of din9in% accused foced com$lainant to have se/ ,ith him and caused seious "odil+ inu+ )ule* o clea maoit+ – "ut u$holds 0ea+ ule – ' is $oved "+ efeence to $esum$tion that +ou intend the natual and $o"a"l+ conse!uences of +ou actions. 3. ' v. v. 6avi 6aviaul aultt Fa!ts: Fa!ts: 8ccused dan9 a "ottle of "and+ and se/uall+ assaulted ,oman
elfefen!e
e!esst;
uress J If tGs a human
Cnous Elements* 34#: (e$ld) 1) D/iste D/istence nce of unla,ful assault 2) 'easo 'easona" na"le le a$$ehension a$$ehension of death o %ievous "odil+ ham 3) 'eason 'easona"le a"le "elief "elief that it is not $ossi"le to $eseve oneself e/ce$t fo 9illin%. U -hee is a su"ective and o"ective com$onent to each element. >era-atmer 2est* 1) Lmminent Lmminent PeilDm PeilDme% e%enc+ enc+ odied o"ective – o". , situation; chaacteistics 2) o easona" easona"le le le%al altena altenative tive odied o"ective – o". , situation and chaacteistics 3) Po$ot Po$otional ionalit+ it+ "t, ham ham in>icted and ham avoided O"ective – must accod , communit+ standad U no clean hands e!uiement (unli9e E.S.)
s. 35: not %uilt+ if: 1) "elieve on easona"le %ounds that foce is "ein% used a%ainst them o anothe $eson4 2) act committed fo $u$ose of defendin% themselves4 and 3) act committed is easona"le in cicumstances
Pinci$als: s. 1: e!uiements 1) Lmmediate theat of death o %ievous "odil+
oldn+* 0ea+ oldn+* 0ea+ ule is unconstitutional "c it su"stitutes ' fo cime ,ith intentional act of "ecomin% into/icated )ule* 8ccused )ule* 8ccused must esta"lish on a *OP that he ,as in a state of e/teme e/teme into/ication a9in to insanit+ o automatism. 1. ' v. v. 0aval 0avalle lee e Fa!ts* a$$ellant 9illed he "o+fiend duin% a %ht – thee ,as si%nicant amount of evidence to esta"lish "atteed ,oman s+ndome. )ule* e!uies 1) a easona"le a$$ehension of imminent death o %ievous "odil+ ham and 2) a lac9 of altenatives to selfJhel$ ote: ote: this case stands fo $o$osition that e/$et evidence of *WS is allo,ed – modied o"ective standad (easona"le in conte/t of elationshi$. 2. ' v. v.
1. ' v. v. o%en o%ental tale e )ule: )ule: cannot el+ on su"ective "elief in necessit+ to dise%ad e/$licit << Povisions. 2. ' v. v. Pe Pe9a 9a Fa!ts: Fa!ts: 6u% smu%%le claim the+ ,ee foced ashoe "+ stom )ule* Ln addition to test: -hee is no "uden on accused4 if +ou ceate the eme%enc+ it is not a eal eme%enc+4 if it ,as foeseea"le it seems li9e less of an eme%enc+ 3. ' v. v. 0ati 0atime me )ule* 8dds )ule* 8dds to Pe9a test ,ith modied o"ective standad oldn+* -hee oldn+* -hee ,as no ai of ealit+ to an+ of the 3 e!uiements Paties: common la, defence 1. ' v. Hi""et Fa!ts* foced Fa!ts* foced at %un$oint to lue fiend )u! - );an 2est* out ,ho ,as then shot seveal times 1) theat theat of death death o "odil+ "odil+ ham ham )ule: )ule: Po$e standad fo common la, made a%ainst the accused o a
ham 2) Peson ,ho is $esent 3) 'easona"le "elief it ,ill "e caied out 5) ot one of enumeated seious cimes
>roo!at on
s. 232: 8 ,on%ful act o insult that is of such a natue as to de$ive an odina+ $eson of selfJ contol is $ovocation 9noc9s mude do,n to manslau%hte.
thid $at+ 2) 'easona"le 'easona"le "elief "elief it ,ill ,ill "e caied out (O) 3) o Safe 8venu 8venue e of esca$e esca$e (modied o".) 5) icted (odied O"ective) 7) ot a $at+ $at+ to cons$ cons$iac+ iac+ o o ciminal association. O R easona"le $eson similal+ situated ,ith same $esonal chaacteistics. )u! "asicall+ hamoniAes the U )u! "asicall+ defences: dieences emain in the e/cluded oences and the a$$lication to $aties as o$$osed to $inci$als
defence is the same as necessit+ (modied o"ective test) 2. ' v. v. 'uA 'uAic ic Fa!ts* Foced Fa!ts* Foced to im$ot du%s4 could not %o to cou$t $olice. )ule: )ule: $esence and immediac+ e!uiements ae unconstitutional – duess ceates situation of moal involuntainess involuntainess that cannot "e $unished unde the chate (daviault) 3. ' v. v. '+a '+an n Fa!ts* Wife attem$ts to have hus"and mudeed "ecause he is a"usive )ule: )ule: 'emains of s. 1: 1) -heat -heat of death death o "odil+ "odil+ ham ham diected a%ainst the accused o a thid $at+ 2) ust "elie "elieve ve the theat theat ,ill ,ill "e caied out 3) ot on list of e/cl e/cluded uded oence oences s 5) assonK 1. ' v. v. Hil Hilll )eurements* Fa!ts* Killed Fa!ts* Killed %u+ fo ma9in% homose/ual 1) 8 ,on%fu ,on%full act o insul insultt that advances )ule: )ule: Mu+ is entitled to use common sense to ,ould have caused an odina+ $eson to "e a$$l+ odina+ $eson standad; "ut; no $eculia de$ived of selfJcontol chaacteistics 2) Sudden Sudden and and une/$ec une/$ected ted 2. ' v. v. -hi" -hi"et et Fa!ts* %u+ 9illed his ,ifeGs love 3) Ln fact fact cause cause accused accused to to act Fa!ts* %u+ )ule* Odina+ $eson is same a%e and se/ – can in an%e 5) *efoe *efoe he he had had time to account fo thin%s that ,ould %ive act o insult ecove nomal contol. s$ecial si%nicance 3. ' v. v. Pa Paent ent Fa!ts* Killed his estan%ed ,ife afte she insulted him )ule* 8n%e is a consideation "ut is not enou%h to su$$ot defence of $ovocation 5. ' v. v. -a -an n Fa!ts* *utal sta""in% of ,ife and he love )ule* O"ective )ule* O"ective standad is to "e conte/tualiAed not $esonaliAed – i.e. acial slus ae $o"a"l+
=s!ellaneous* ) . n!he;
) . o!h o!hert; ert; ) . . Bu Buan an+a +a
) . urse ) . But Butta tar r
Whee denition of cime contains no ' tems and it is not ne%li%ence – assume Su"ective ' Lntent: Hlful Blndness R Blndness R 6eli"eate i%noance4 if a $at+ has his sus$icions aoused; then deli"eatel+ omits to ma9e an+ in!ui+; he is deemed to have 9no,led%e )e!lessness R )e!lessness R When one ,ho is a,ae of the dan%e that his conduct could "in% a"out a $ohi"ited esult nevetheless nevetheless $esist des$ite that is9 Hlfu lfull ll; ; in a statute e!uies 9no,led%e at a minimum – +ou cannot ,illfull+ "each a $o"ation ode ,o 9no,led%e 9no,led%e that +ou actions ,ill do so. Cons Cons! !ou ous s ur uros ose e R hi%hest level of '4 Cou eithe have to have conscious $u$ose to do the $ohi"ited act o cause $ohi"ited esult O' 8ctual foesi%ht that the $ohi"ited esult esult ,as cetain; o su"stantiall+ cetain to esult. s. 27T27 – ' R Su"ective ' fo assault & O"ective Foesi%ht of *odil+ ham Eam Eaml le e of su?@ su?@e! e!t te e ' o?@ o?@e! e!t te e ar aroa oa!h !h 'e!uie 'e!uie ,illfulness of settin% e to clothes – "ut ust o"ective foesi%ht foesi%ht that it mi%ht tun into a la%e e (ationaliAed "ecause of lo,e $enalt+ than ason so lo,e ' is coo)
