A reference source for shipowners, ship officers, ship and engine draughtsmen, etc.
A reference source for shipowners, ship officers, ship and engine draughtsmen, etc.
Description : lime stone
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Descripción: Electrical Engineering Calculations
Calculations of Protective Relay SettingsDescription complète
Calculations of Protective Relay SettingsFull description
To find the efficiency of Boiler by indirect method given by ASME PTC 4.0.Descrição completa
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Calculations of Protective Relay Settings
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The soils that are highly susceptible to erosion and containing high percentage of exchangeable sodium ions are called Dispersive Soils. In appearance, dispersive clays are like normal clays that are stable and somewhat resistant to erosion, but in r
Soil is a unique natural material and the properties of soils can be altered by adding stabilizing agents such as lime. Lime is the oldest traditional stabilizer used for soil stabilization. Lime is one of the several products that can be used in the
CALCULATIONS OF THE REQUIREMENT OF LIME AND SODA Rules for solving numerical problems on lime-soda requirements for softening of hard water: 1. The units in which the impurities are analyzed and expressed are to be noted. 2. Substances which do not contribute towards hardness (KCl, NaCl, SiO2, Na2SO4 etc.) should be ignored and explicitly stated. 3. A substances causing "hardness should be converted into their respective CaCO3 equivalents. CaCO3 equivalent of hardness causing impurity . = 100×wt. of the impurity/2×chemical equivalent of impurity = Multiplication factor x wt. of impurity Salt Ca(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO3)2 CaSO4 CaCl2 MgSO4 MgCl2 CaCO3 MgCO3 CO2 Mg(NO3)2 HCO3 OH CO23 NaAlO2 Al2(SO4)3 FeSO4.7H2O H+ HCl
4. If the impurities are given as CaCO3 or MgCO3, these should be considered due to Ca(HCO3)2 and Mg(HCO3)2 respectively and they must only be expressed in terms of CaCO3 and MgCO3
5. The amount expressed as CaCO3 does not require any further conversion. However, the amount expressed as MgCO3 should be converted into its CaCO3 equivalents by multiplying with 100/84 6. The amount of lime and soda required are calculated as follows. Lime = (74/100) {temporary calcium hardness + (2 × temporary magnesium hardness) + Perm Mg hardness + CO2 + HCl + H2SO4 + HCO–3 + salts of Fe2+, Al3+ – NaAlO2) Soda = (106/100) {Perm Ca hardness + Perm Mg hardness + salts of Fe2+, Al3+ + HCl + H2SO4 + HCO–3 + –NaAlO2} 7. If Ca2+ and Mg2+ is given, 1 equivalent of lime and 1 equivalent of soda is required for Mg2+ whereas 1 equivalent of soda is required for Ca2+.The ions Ca2+ and Mg2+ are treated as permanent hardness due to Ca and Mg. 8. If the lime and soda used are impure and if the percentage purity is given, then the actual requirements of the chemicals should be calculated accordingly. Thus, if lime is 90% pure, then the value obtained in step (6) must be multiplied by 100/90 to get actual lime requirement. Similarly, if the soda is 95% pure then the value obtained in step (6) is multiplied by 100/95 to get actual soda requirement. 9. The value obtained in step (6) is also multiplied by the volume of water which has to be purified. Thus the final formula for calculating the amount of lime or soda required is given as Lime = (74/100) {temporary calcium hardness + (2 × temporary magnesium hardness) + Perm Mg hardness + CO2 + HCl + H2SO4 + HCO–3 + salts of 100 Fe2+, Al3+ – NaAlO2} × 100/% purity × volume of water Soda = (106/100) {Perm Ca hardness + Perm Mg hardness + salts of Fe2+, Al3+ + HCl + H2SO4 – HCO–3 – NaAlO2} × 100/% purity x volume of water.
