DATA DATA COLLECTION COLL ECTION
1 INTRODUCTION Transportation is Transportation is one of the most important requirements for the aid of communication from one place to another. It improves the social, economical and commercial progress. To achieve the desired transportation alance and for the s!stem to e efficient, it is essential to provide organised facilities in the s!stem As transportation in concerned "ith the movement et"een origin and destination destination involves the movement of peoples and goods. There is need for an access point in the s!stem for use. The si#e and nature of a terminal ma! var!, from a roadside us stop "ith no facilities for passengers or us cre"s, to a purpose uilt off$road us station offering a "ide range of facilities.
1.1 AIM: %us terminals are a significant element in the operation of us services. Their design and location affect the efficienc! of a transport s!stem, and ma&es an impact on users. the main aim is to give efficient design of 'us terminus( that acts as a landmar& to the uran area for present and future scenario
1.2 OBJECTIVE: To To provide provide an architectural architectural solution solution for integrating integrating the terminal terminal with commercial complex.
To To reduce reduce the private vehicles vehicles for travelling travelling
To To increase increase the public transportation transportation usage.
To To control control trac congestion congestion
To To make the city pollution free.
To To provide provide optimum connections connections between all all elements and and spaces in order order to incorporate incorporate today’s communication communication system, surveillance surveillance system, etc... into design methodology by proper understanding understanding basic need of design, its scope & limitations.
To To introduce introduce Multiuse pace pace concept.
To To function under under a strong strong public !private !private partnership partnership "### mode$. mode$.
To To improve the the social, economic economic industrial industrial & commercial commercial progress progress & further further transforms the society into organi%ed ones in terms of transportation and commercial purpose
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1.3 LIMITATIONS: )roviding requirement for a ma*imum numer of people in oth the direction.
1.4 METODOLO!" M ETODOLO!"::
N O I T C E L E S C I P O T
Topic Topic selection involves the selection of topic from the three proposed topics
N O I T C E L L L O C A T A D
-iterature study
2ase stucy
2oncept selection
chematic drawings
ite study
pecial study
FINAL DESIGN
working drawings
3usti4cation
1.# SCO$E: #rovision of us Terminal5cum52ommercial 2omplex that has proper planning, designing and following building ye5-aws and regulations with us Terminal and re6uisite passenger 7acilities & 2ommercial complex and needed facilities for people as per Terms Terms & chedules. chedules. *ntroduction *ntroduction of Multi space concept.
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1.3 LIMITATIONS: )roviding requirement for a ma*imum numer of people in oth the direction.
1.4 METODOLO!" M ETODOLO!"::
N O I T C E L E S C I P O T
Topic Topic selection involves the selection of topic from the three proposed topics
N O I T C E L L L O C A T A D
-iterature study
2ase stucy
2oncept selection
chematic drawings
ite study
pecial study
FINAL DESIGN
working drawings
3usti4cation
1.# SCO$E: #rovision of us Terminal5cum52ommercial 2omplex that has proper planning, designing and following building ye5-aws and regulations with us Terminal and re6uisite passenger 7acilities & 2ommercial complex and needed facilities for people as per Terms Terms & chedules. chedules. *ntroduction *ntroduction of Multi space concept.
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DATA DATA COLLECTION COLL ECTION trong public !private partnership by design, build, 4nance, operate and transfer "079T$ model. 'sage of public transport more than private transport. Trac Trac free free and pollution pollution free environment. environment. )egulation of trac circulation all over the city, both roads within and outside the campus by avoiding overcrowding, congestion and accidents inside the city. (nrichment of people by paving way for their better life with the view to meet out the ob:ectives. the scope of the pro:ect includes construction of bus terminal with efficient parking and operation facilities for the corporation along with allied facilities like convenient shopping and other menities.
1.% $ROJECT BRIE&: *n general, bus terminal improves the transportation system the ocial, (conomic *ndustrial & 2ommercial progress & further transforms the society into organi%ed ones. s transportation is concerned with the movement between origins to the destinations, destinations, it involves the movement of people and goods. There is an access point point in the system system for use ;Multiuse ;Multiuse pace concept< concept< 5 (cient (cient use of space for entertainments, shopping and related activity. nd this leads to the introduction of a commercial complex inside the us Terminus.
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2 DATA COLLECTION : 2.1 ROAD'A"S ARE !ENERALL" DESCRIBED AS Li(it)* A++)ss ,r)) -as: +$+- vehicleslanehour /high speed0 1 vehicleslanehour /"ith traffic signals, par&ing intersections0. Art)ria/ i0-as: 2$1 vehicleslanehour /open road0 3$4 vehicleslanehour /"ith traffic signals, par&ing intersections0 Co//)+tors:
+$54 tripslanehour /252 min for 5 lanes residential0
$riat) roa*s:
2622 for 5 lanes /43120 -725 for lane /-+1 min0
Note8 cit! us require 2141 road for right angle /and furning space0 Drive"a!s for private houses recommended "idth --4-. Narro- roa* -it passin0 as: Occasional on private ac&up of traffic at controlled intersection or for slo"ing do"n at e*its from free"a!s. Turning lanes frequentl! used to prevent ac&up of traffic at controlled intersections or for slo"ing do"n at e*its from free"a!s. Design of roads should include estimating traffic flo"s and impact of development on ad9acent road"a!s. VEICLE
LEN!T
'IDT
OVERAN! REAR
Intercit! us
+-.6
5.6
-.+
Cit! us
+5.5
5.2
5.
:chool us
+5.3
5.3
-.7
Amulance
2.4
5.+
+.2
)aramedical van
4.4
5.
+.4
;earse
2.4
5.+
+.2
Airport limousine
2.7
+.7
.7
Trash truc&
1.2
5.3
+.1
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DATA COLLECTION <): truc&
6.+
5.-
5.4
=ire truc&
7.2
5.4
-.
2.2 CAR $ARIN!: >ith gro"th in motor transport separation of moving and stationar! traffic essential. ?esults of traffic research suggest different par&ing la!outs on asis of local conditions. )opulation8 Desirale par&ing area in mid$to"n@.4$+ of population of "hole uilt$up area. No. o, +ars: + par&ing space on to"n centre for ever! 4$1 cars &ept in uilt$up area. $ar5in0 /an)s: Olique or right angle par&ing lanes for various road "idths, par&ed vehicles must not restrict vision of moving vehicles at cornersB therefore gap et"een end of par&ing lane and uilding line 2B + prefered Avoid right angle par&ing /Dangerous for passing traffic0 :afet! strips 4 "ide recommended et"een par&ing lanes and moving traffic. RELATION TO STREET ED!E.
4#6
%76
876
>idth
4
43
44
Area required/m0
+1
+2
+-
Cars
-+
-1
3-
2.3 O&& STREET $ARIN! In the permanent car par&s, lanes and a!s should e clearl! mar&ed "ith safet! strips for pedestrians.
:pace requirements :pacecar "ith driving lanes ut "ithout main access and e*it. 7F par&ing appro* 5mG
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DATA COLLECTION 34F par&ing appro* 5-mG8 usuall! preferred for ease of par&ing )ar&ing %a!s :pacecar /medium$large0 4*+1. =or car par&s larger than 1m provide 5 a!s for larger cars /2*5+0 it par& attended. )rovision for motor c!cles, disaled according to local requirements. TRUC 9 BUS $ARIN! =i*ed a! si#es advisale ecause vehicle si#e varies greatl! for truc& "ith trailers provide for par&ing "ithout reversing. =or articulated Lorries reversing usual. =or long distance traffic provides !ards at to"n approaches "ith driver accommodation, "or&shops, filling stations etc.., $ARIN! STANDARDS )ar&ing la!outs stall "idths and par&ing dimensions for 5 most t!pical car si#es. ?ecommended small car dimensions e used onl! in car par&s designed for small cars or "ith entrance controls "hich admit onl! small carsB putting small cars into standard car la!out not recommendedB standard dimensions "ill ta&e all normal passenger vehicles. >ith large car dimensions par&ing easier, quic&erB recommended for elderl!, high turnover, lu*ur!. >ith par&ing angle 2F or less ma! e necessar! increase a! "idth ! 64$+25 to give room for users "al&ing to and from par&ed cars. Al"a!s consult local #oning reg. TURNIN! DIMENSIONS Dimensions at intersection of private "ith pulic roads. H< drive illustrates procedure for designating an! drive configuration given vehicles dimensions and turning radii tangent /T0 dimensions appro*. Jin onl!8 ma! var! "ith drivers ailit! and speed.
U; DRIVE TURNIN! DIMENSION V)i+/) :mall car Compact car :tandard car Large car Intercit! us Cit! us :chool us Amulance
R 2.4 2.44 2.16.+ +2.62 +2.+-.52 7.+3
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RI -.51 -.2+ -.13 -.13 +.2 +.+ 6.75 4.65
T -.6 3.46 3.46 3.46 7.+3 7.+3 7.+3 6.25
A
D -.4 -.-.22 2.12 2.12 4.75 3.3
C .+4 .+1 .5 .5.- .- .- .-
DATA COLLECTION ;eadroom @ 3.25
DESI!N !EOMETR" H:tandard design car L ' DOOR O$ENIN! CLEARANCE 'EEL BASE <'ORST CASES=
A % C D
364 +1 +6 4
44 5- +2-
E
57
-54
7 ++
17 +-4
TURNIN! CIRCLE
= K ;
ERB 'ALL !ROUND CLEARANCE
I M
+- +3 +
244 3+ +55
RECOMMENDED RAM$ DESI!N Up to 1#77 ris) Mor) tan 1#77 ris) Us)* ,or par5in0 !ra*i)nts> (a? on )/i+a/ ra(ps @p to 3777 ris) Mor) tan 3777 ris) '> (in> Strai0t ra(p> no t@rnin0:
+ in 6 + in + + in 5 + in +
<:A8 ramp ++7.1m Ja* slope + in 6 +7.1m ramp + ma* slope+ in 7
+ in +5
B)t-))n 5)rs C/)aran+) 5)r to str@+t@r) '> (in> +@r)* ra(p> t@rnin0 ra(p: 1-a 2-a C)ntra/ 5)r> 2-a T@rnin0 +ir+/)> o@t)r 5)r ra*i@s: R)+o(()n*)* Min C/)aran+) 5)r> to str@+t@r)
- -
3 64
-24 6 4
45 7+4 +4
+5 7 2
22 22 32
2.4 USE O& AN!LED $ARIN! LA"OUT $ar5in0 an0/)
Bin -
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B
USA
DATA COLLECTION MM +44 +43 +4- +-6
7F 1F 6F 34F
M 53. 54. 56. -3.
M 56. 56.7 51. -4.-
Jost efficient par&ing angle 7F, lesser par&ing angles not normall! used in
2.# CAR $ARIN! ARRAN!EMENT 5 parallel ins normall! used provide circulation arrangement "ith L "a! traffic flo"s having up"ard and do"n"ard routes separatedB ma&es possile est traffic capacit! d!namic, capacit! reduced if 5$"a! traffic flo"s of mi*ed up"ards and do"n"ards circulation used. Cul$de$sac drive "a!s undesirale8 should not e*ceed 2 stalls in length. :pace requirements for platform arrival $LAT&ORM T"$E R)/ation to /in) o, arria/ $/at,or( L<(=
'ITOUT $ASSIN! LANE $ar At At a//)/ 4# 87 53 53 53
'IT $ASSIN! LANE $ar At At a//)/ 4# 87 -2$ -2$ -2$ 2 2 2 -4$ -4$ -4$ 2 2 2
$/at,or( '<(= No. o, /oa*in0 points 5 5 5 5$a= Coa+ + + + +$5 )s = V)i+/ )s -it trai/)r Arria/ o, p/at,or(<(= a= Coa+ +-1 +6 +17 57)s 562 -3 -61 3-7 = V)i+/ ) -it trai/)r :pace requirement for par&ing place RELATION TO LINE O& ARRIVAL
$AR ALL EL
AT 4#
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5$+$5
5$+$5
572 333
-+36
AT 87
C
DATA COLLECTION Ea+ par5in0 p/a+) <(= $ar5in0 option
' )a+ par5in0 p/a+) <(= ' arria/ <(= $ar5in0 arria/ -it roa*-as <(= += Coa+) s *= V)i+/) -it trai/)r
-5
+5
53
+5
53
+ vehi cle "ith traile r5 coac hes -.4
+ coac h
+ coac h
-.4
+ vehi cle "ith traile r5 coac hes -.4
-.4
+ vehi cle "ith traile r5 coac hes -.4
3
1
1
+3
+3
+-4
+61 17
+3
+15 7+
11 +62
2.% $LAT&ORM T"$ES )arallel loading
?equires e*cessive amount of space. %uses must usuall! "ait until first us e*its. Large terminal requires pedestrian underoverpass facilities to protect passengers "hile
crossing lanes. ?ight$Angle loading Disadvantages include8 Out s"inging us door "hich forms a arrier around "hich passenger must pass. %us manoeuvring difficult.
:traight sa"$tooth loading Efficient emplo!ed "here lot is comparativel! narro" and deep. )assenger has direct approach to loading door.
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%aggage truc& can operate et"een uses for side loading.
?adial sa"$tooth lading
Jost efficient uses s"ing into position along natural driving are. :pace required at front is minimum "ide space at rear ma&ing manoeuvring eas!.
2. RAM$IN! >here road"a! ramping do"n up, at entrances or e*its to road"a!s is necessar!, care, should e ta&en to avoid sharp grade changes "hich "ill result in discomfort to passengers or rough treatment of equipment, particularl! "hen heavil! loaded, here , again "here this factor is involved, tests should e made "ith uses and allo"ance made for possile future vehicles having a longer "heel$ase and overhang, ecause of the longer "heel ase of uses, critical attention should e paid to the vertical clearance "here a sag curve e*ists, since required us clearance "ill e greater, "here uses are to enter terminal uildings, door"a!s and other structures should allo" sufficient side clearance to permit free movement of vehicles and to avoid damage and dela!. Door headroom should e at least +5 ft for t!pical equipment, allo"ance eing made for an! use of the terminals ! dec&$and a$half or doule$dec& uses. Actual dimensions of equipment to use the terminal should e chec&ed efore fi*ing critical dimensions. Jinimum side clearance to all structures along the road"a! should e at least +5 in. Econom! achieved ! using longest practicale in lengths. Do"n"ard route should e short rushing e*itsB up"ards route devised give possile search pattern for vacant stalls. Split level layout Arrangement "idel! adopted. 5 ins so arranged that ad9acent par&ing level separated ! hall store! height. :hort interconnecting ramps used et"een levels. >arped sla la!out
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DATA COLLECTION )ar&ing levels constructed "ith uninterrupted hori#ontal e*ternal edge stead! transition of gradient constructor is internal interconnection of par&ing level. Compared "ith split la!out need for ramps, at their end of the uilding reduced, gradients reduced. )ar&ing ramp la!out )ar&ing level constructed as long ramp has significant effect on elevational appearance, to &eep to acceptale gradients long uilding required. >here necessar! e*it can e speeded up ! adapting e*ternal helical ramp. =lat sla la!out E*ternal ramp used to inter connect level par&ing areas.
2.FVEICLE CONTROL &r)) +o//)+tion Kroup A driver pa!ment $ =i*ed or availale charge paid on e*it Kroup % pedestrian pa!ment =i*ed or variale charge ! purchase of to&en or tic&et season tic&et pa! and displa! tic&et Barri)r +apa+it 5 t!pes of arrier availale using arm on rising &er, having recommended capacities. Entr! arrier and e*it arrier $
3 vehicles per hour
Kroup A
$
54 vehicles per hour
Kroup %
$
3 vehicles per hour
Li0tin0 Jean service illumination for pulic should e )ar&ing areas 5 Drive "a!s 4 ?amps 6 ?oofs 5 Entrance P e*its +4
2.8&UNCTIONAL ELEMENTS $LANNIN! CRITERIA Keneral functional organi#ation of the terminal is determined ! :ite configuration The volume T!pe of us operations
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)assenger %us traffic$ circulation
One of the most complicated terminals is the intercit! t!pe, since it is often found in a dense, *))/op)* ar)a in t) )art o, t) +)ntra/ +it and its general configuration is too often inhiited ! e*isting construction and high land costs. G'aitin0G ar)as> to serve as the central focal point, "ith all us passenger accommodation positions eing equidistant. The *)si0n is controlled more ! us and passenger volumes, traffic circulation, and the resultant space demands for large numers of us erths, "hile aggage handling provisions are minimal or none*istent. These spa+) *)(an*s ma! dictate a vertical, multiple$us$level solution, "ith intermediate passenger circulation concourses. Tra,,i+ a++)ss, ! direct e*clusive high"a!s on the us side and ! feeder transit, auto, and ta*is on the passenger side are important elements of the terminal. Co@nt)r spa+) requirements are usuall! more e*tensive and should include "eigh$in provisions and conve!ors for handling of aggage. Adequate provisions should also e made for limousine, auto, and ta*i access. The par5in0 ,a+i/iti)s e located so as to minimi#e the "al&ing distance to the terminal and that "a! out and "a! in e planned to avoid traffic congestion along near! arteries. If possile, some covered "al&"a!s should e provided leading from the par&ing field to the terminal uilding. Terminal requirements should include provisions for tic&et sales, vending machines andor small snac& ar, toilet facilities, office, aggage andor storeroom.
2.17Spa+) R)H@ir)()nts )ulic :eating :eating ma! e provided in the form of a separate "aiting room or in the form of a simple seating area "ithin a larger pulic space. =unction should e directl! accessile to the concourse area and should e provided "ith drin&ing fountains, trash as&ets, ash urns, and cloc&s.
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The amount of pulic seating varies depending on o Individual circumstances o Terminal t!pe o Economic priorities As a general rule of thum, ho"ever, o An allo"ance of one seat for ever! three passengers "ould e adequate for an intercit! terminal. o The passenger quantit! is calculated ! multipl!ing the numer of loading erths ! an average us capacit! of et"een -4 and -6 people. A +$erth loading platform therefore, "ould result in terminal seating of et"een ++6 to +53.
Tic&eting =acilities To"ard open counters in contrast to the antiquated caged "indo"s. In the larger intercit! terminal, "here more than one carrier ma! operate, separate self$contained glass "alled tic&et offices ma! e provided, each housing their individual open tic&et counters. On the average, one position should e provided for each 54 to - "aiting room seats. The lineal feet of counter space depends on individual carrier operation and the t!pe of tic&eting equipment used and ma! var! et"een - to 4 ft per position andor aout 4 to 2 sq ft per position. The height of the counter is usuall! 35 in.
%aggage %oom %aggage room requirements var! significantl! "ith terminal t!pe and operation. In the intercit! us terminal the aggage is normall! hand$carried directl! onto the us or to the aggage room, and from there it is placed on the us. The aggage room should e accessile from oth the pulic area and the concourse and have an area equal to aout + of the total uilding or contain aout 4 sq ft for each us loading erth, "hichever is higher. The aggage room should also e equipped "ith standard metal rac&s aout four or five tiers high for aggage storage.
)ulic Loc&ers and Telephones Loc&ers and telephones are revenue producing, and the quantities to e provided depend to a great degree on their potential earning capacit!.
Dispatch Office $ The dispatch office controls all us movement and consequentl! should e located on the concourse so that it can oserve all loading erths. The si#e of the dispatch office ma! var! an!"here from 4 to +4 sq ft. Offices $
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DATA COLLECTION All terminals regardless of t!pe require a certain amount of office space. Although usuall! offices for the terminal manager, passenger agent, and s"itchoard are sufficient, in larger terminals more elaorate facilities are required. ?ental :pace $ The amount of rental space to e provided for stores, shops, concessions, ate., depends primaril! on the earning potential involved and the amount of space availale.
2.11 BUS !EOMETRICS B@s *ata %us geometrics, or the ph!sical dimensions and manoeuvrailit! of the us, determines8 "idth of road"a!s shapes of platforms column spacing ceiling heights Other aspects of us$level design. The apparentl! insignificant detail of the right$side loading of uses often restricts terminal design possiilities.
Do@/) D)+5)r B@s
Sin0/) D)+5)r B@s
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Arti+@/at)* B@s
S-)pt $at
>hen a us turns normall!, it al"a!s turns aout a point "hich is some"here on the center line of the rear a*is. This is true "hether motion is for"ard or ac&"ard. The turns required to accomplish the movement and positioning of uses are variale and differ consideral! "ith the equipment encountered. The turning template provides a convenient graphic method to determine minimum clearances required.
2.12 TURNIN! RADIUS :
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2.13 DESI!N 9 LA"OUT $r)/i(inar ?oad pattern8 >hether single, dual or three lane road"a! "ill determine ease of entr! into side. Traffic flo"8 Numer of vehicles passing site per hour da! to e estalished. Qehicle road speed8 >ill influence frequenc! of customers visiting site. =rom these estimate numer of vehicles per hour per da! calling at site and of e*pected pea& periods for "hich site "ill have to provide. Basi+
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Initial communication8 Qisiilit!, pole sign visile at least -m efore site entrance. Qisiilit!8 )rice sign readale +m efore site entrance. In P Out8 Eas! steering on to site and space for cars to line up "hile "aiting for place at pumpB eas! steering a"a! from pump "ith no loc&ing of e*it and good visiilit! for driving out on to road. :ite traffic8 + "a! flo" onl! on site. Other services8 :hould e &ept separate from petrol filling area. Eg8 car "ash, sale of liquefied petrol gases, etc.., &a+tors a,,)+tin0 si) o, station Apart from the ph!sical site constraints, station si#e is governed ! the follo"ing8 N@()r o, as to ) in+orporat)* /the term a! is used in us stations instead of us stop0, determined ! the numer of services operated from the stationB and ! ho" practical it is, related to the timetale, to use each a! for a numer of service routes. V)i+/) approa+)s to t) as . Three t!pes of manoeuvre are used, .24. The Hsa"$ tooth is further e*plored in .2# and .2%. The choice of manoeuvre "ill e influenced ! the si#e and shape of the availale site, the us operators present and anticipated needs, and in particular the preference of their staff. :ome "ill accept the sa"$tooth arrangement "hile others prefer the drive$ through. The required area of the site is further increased ! the need for la!$over. This is "hen vehicles are par&ed after setting do"n passengers, ut "hich are not immediatel! required to collect more passengers. The la!out for this should e as for par&ing, .2 and .2F> preferal! so that no vehicle is o*ed in or interferes "ith other us movements. Econom! of space ma! e achieved, again dependent upon timetales, ! using spare a!s for la!$over purposes. &a+i/iti)s ,or pass)n0)rs8 these "ill depend entirel! upon anticipated intensit! of use and e*isting amenities. If, for e*ample, there are alread! pulic toilets, a us and coach information centre and cafRs near!, then these "ill not e required on the station concourse. ;o"ever, "aiting room facilities ma! e required "ith someone on hand to give information and supervision. In more comprehensive schemes consider8 >aiting room %uffet )ulic toilets Mios&s Enquir! and oo&ing Left luggage Lost propert!.
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&a+i/iti)s ,or sta,, 8 there are invarial! inspectors "ho, as "ell as assisting passengers, are primaril! concerned "ith organising the movements of vehicles, and supervising their drivers and conductors. If there is a depot near the station then staff facilities "ill e provided there. If not, canteen and toilets facilities "ill e needed for staff on the station site, so that during rea&s and et"een shifts the! do not need to get ac& to the depot until the! return their vehicle for long$term par&ing. :hould the depot e even more remote, all facilities should e provided at the station and onl! asic amenities at the depot. In addition to those listed aove these include a recreation area, loc&er rooms and a facilit! for pa!ing in ta&ings. This "ould e an office "here drivers or conductors chec&, then hand over monies ta&en as fares, "hich in turn are chec&ed and accounted for ! clerical staff. :ecure accommodation for an! cash that cannot e immediatel! an&ed "ill e needed. &a+i/iti)s ,or )i+/) (aint)nan+): the inspection, repair and servicing of uses and coaches is an integral part of an operators responsiilit!. Normall! such "or& "ould e carried out at a local depot, "ith a repair "or&shop together "ith fuelling, "ashing and garaging facilities. The provision of an! such facilit! "ithin a station comple* is unusual, ut not unique. =or a ne" to"n us station or one "here it "ill e difficult and time consuming to drive to and from the station and depot ecause of traffic congestion, it "ould e advantageous to provide at least a "or&shop.
2. 14 Int)r+it @s t)r(ina/ The intercit! terminal is usuall! found in the do"nto"n core and is accessile directl! ! local transit, ta*i, and auto. It differs from other terminal t!pes in that it includes long haul service in e*cess of several hundred miles and provides for a much greater numer of us movements. Land costs normall! dictate vertical e*pansion capailit! in the denser cit! areas. Jore elaorate Spac&age e*pressS facilities are provided in the intercit! terminal and a greater amount of concession and rental space is provided to defra! higher terminal construction and operating costs. AirportCit B@s T)r(ina/ The airport$cit! us terminal provides primaril! for the transportation of airline passengers from an uran center to the ma9or airports it serves.
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DATA COLLECTION The terminal is usuall! located ad9acent to interstate high"a! connections "ith ma9or cities or regional airports and in man! instances serves the increasing outl!ing Suran spra"lS areas. In an increasing numer of cases terminals of this t!pe serve a commuter$t!pe function "here the dail! 9ourne! to "or& in the central cit! ma! ta&e as long as 5 hours. :ometimes referred to as Spar& and rideS terminals, ecause access is primaril! ! auto, these facilities are provided "ith open, paved par&ing spaces. Investment in "aiting$room and us$erthing facilities is minimal. The terminal is usuall! a one$stor! uilding of simple construction.
$EDESTRIAN DESI!N &OR $ASSEN!ER TERMINALS The design of pedestrian facilities for passenger terminals is dependent on the categor! of terminal and its pedestrian traffic patterns. Commuter passenger terminals, "ith e*treme ut short pea& traffic patterns and repetitive users, can e designed for lo"er standards of service than long$distance terminals, "here the users are generall! unfamiliar "ith the facilit! and pea& traffic levels ma! e sustained over several hours. Detailed photographic studies of the use of pedestrian facilities indicate that ma*imum capacit! coincides "ith the most cro"ded pedestrian concentrations, representing a poor design environment. Jan! of the elements of aesthetic design are lost in this t!pe of cro"ded environment, as he pedestrian ecomes preoccupied "ith the difficulties caused ! the close interaction and conflicts "ith other persons. The challenge to the terminal designer is to alance the space requirements for a comfortale and aestheticall! pleasing human environment against the space restraints caused ! uilding configuration and cost. The most recent approach to the design of pedestrian spaces has een the use of the level$of$service concept. On the asis of this concept, a qualitative evaluation is made of human convenience at various traffic concentrations and this is translated into appropriate design parameters. =or e*ample, it has een found through detailed photographic anal!sis that the ma*imum capacit! of a corridor is otained "hen average area occupancies are aout 4 sq ft per person and human locomotion is limited to a restricted, shuffling gait . )edestrians require an average of more than -4 sqft per person in order to select their normal "al&ing speed and to avoid conflicts "ith other pedestrians. ;uman locomotion on stairs and the convenience and comfort of pedestrian "aiting areas is similarl! related to average pedestrian area occupanc!. Entran+)s The criteria utili#ed for corridor design can e roughl! applied to the design of doors. The ma*imum capacit! of a free$s"inging door is appro*imatel! 2 persons per minute, ut this capacit! is otained "ith frequent traffic disruptions and queuing at the entrance section. A standard of 3 persons per minute "ould e representative of a us! situation "ith occasional traffic disruptions. >here free$flo"ing traffic is desired, a standard of 5 persons per minute should e adopted. Stairs ;uman locomotion on stairs is much more st!li#ed and restricted than "al&ing ecause of the restraints imposed ! the dimensional configuration of the stairs, ph!sical e*ertion, and
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DATA COLLECTION concerns for safet!. As "ith corridors, capacit! flo" is otained "hen there is a dense cro"ding of pedestrians comined "ith restricted, uncomfortale locomotion. The ma*imum practical flo" on a stair is appro*imatel! +6 persons per foot "idth of stair"a! per minute /)=J0 in the up"ard or design direction. An average of aout 5 square feet per person or more is required efore stair locomotion ecomes normal and traffic conflicts "ith other pedestrians can e avoided. This is equivalent to a flo" volume of aout 4 )=J. This standard "ould e used in terminals that do not have severe pea&ing patterns or apace restrictions. In commuter terminals, the more stringent standard of 6 to + )=J "ould e acceptale. ?iser height has a significant impact on stair locomotion. Lo"er riser heights, 6 in. or less, increase pedestrian speed and thus improve traffic efficienc!. The lo"er riser height is also desirale to assist the handicapped pedestrian. K@)@in0 Ar)as A numer of different pedestrian queuing situations occur in terminals "hich affect their functional design. Linear queues "ill occur "here passengers line up to purchase tic&ets or oard uses. Care must e ta&en that these lines do not disrupt other terminal functions. The length of a linear queue ma! e estimated on the asis of an average per person spacing of 5 in. The presence of aggage has little effect on this spacing ecause aggage is placed on the floor either et"een the legs or at the sides. %ul& queues ma! occur "ithin a passenger terminal "here passengers are "aiting for us arrivals or other services. >here no circulation through the queuing space is required, area occupancies as lo" as 4 sq ft per person ma! e tolerated for short periods. This allo"s standing pedestrians to avoid ph!sical contact "ith each other. >here movement through the queuing space is required, such as in a passenger "aiting concourse, an average area of + or more sq ft per person is required. ;uman area occupancies elo" - sq ft per person result in cro"ded, immoile, and potentiall! unsafe queues, particularl! "here pedestrians ma! e 9ostled off platforms. Es+a/ators an* Moin0 'a/5s The high costs of escalators and moving "al&s present difficult design qualit! decisions. The units are generall! designed close to their practical operating capacities even though this practice causes pedestrian dela!s and queuing. Escalator and moving "al& manufacturers "ill rate the theoretical capacit! of their units on assumption of uniform step or space occupancies, ut detailed photographic studies of pedestrian use of these units sho" that, even under the most cro"ded conditions, pedestrians "ill leave vacant step positions or gaps, thus reducing effective capacit!. This is caused ! the pedestrians o"n personal space preferences and momentar! hesitation "hen oarding these units, particularl! "hen the! operate at higher speeds. This had led to the use of a nominal or practical design capacit! of 64 percent of the theoretical as sho"n in Tale +. TA%LE + Nominal Capacit!$Escalators and Joving >al&s T"$ES O& UNIT -5$in escalator 31$in escalator 53$in "al& -$in "al&
CA$ACIT"> $ERSONS $ER MINUTE Speed-90 fpm Speed-120fpm 213 + +-...... 2 ...... +5
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:tationar! stairs should e located in close pro*imit! to escalators and inclined moving "al&s to allo" for their alternative use in cases of mechanical failure. >ith a rise elo" 5 ft, pedestrians "ill also ma&e alternative use of these stairs if escalator queues ecome too long. >ith high$rise applications aove 5 ft, virtuall! all pedestrians "ill use the escalator, causing long queues and dela!s in the heavier traffic applications. :pace for pedestrian traffic circulation and queuing should e allocated at all lending areas.
A++)ssii/it &or Di,,)r)nt:
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DATA COLLECTION 3LITERATURE STUD": 3.1 ISBT SECTOR 1 : the us terminal "as developed to serve as the primar! transport node for chandigarh cit!, second ist sec 3- to meet the gro"ing demand +4 fleet of uses coming from out station
it is located "ithin 5$- miles from the rail"a! station. site is at the crossing of v- roads. along there are four sectors, these are +7, +1, +2 P 55. site has een approached ! t"o ma9or, high"a!s nh$5+ to rupnagar and nh$55 to shimla.
detailed components main structure some"hat centrall! located in the main uilding "ith central "aiting hall, all passengers and staff facilities are located around it it is column and eam structure "ith square grids of +6-( * +6-(.
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DATA COLLECTION faVade is of e*pose ric&"or&. along the n$ " side, the uilding is in three levels
DESI!N $RINCI$LES$ entr! and e*it of the interstate uses are provided e*clusivel! from the us lane. separate par&ing lots for$cit! uses, private vehicles, auto ric&sha", ta*i. c!cle, ric&sha" separate entries for the intercit! uses. concept of corridor planning. pla! of light "ith the use of roofs at different levels. so" tooth loading platforms. scope for future e*pansion. it caters to a dail! of -342 uses and handles uses from 4 states Piut /chandigarh0. open court!ard has een provided for light and ventilation of uilding ut due to lac& of proper maintenance the court!ard remain dirt!. the restaurant of first floor never full! utili#ed the reason eing that the passenger are unale to locate it and if sitting in the restaurant, cannot &eep e!e on the uses. at some place, toilet are not provided the sitting capacit! for the passenger is insufficient the light and ventilation is quite good in the uilding e*cept the toilet "here ventilation is provided ut direct sunlight does not enter.
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!ROUND &LOOR: >aiting hall ,canteen,loading a! ,tic&et counter,toilets,food shop , oo& stall ,enquire room ,cloa& room &IRST &LOOR : ?ail"a! office , post office ,polise station ,tourest info ,resturent,office area,
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$ARIN! : loading platform a total! 4- a!s , the loading a! are stright sa" tooth t!e +52( "idht and 3( cover platform man! prolem in it some time 5 to - us stop in single a! upload platfrom are near to entr! platform and most of them are cover ecause of oth climate ideal par&ing contain of 6+ us par&ing it at opposite to the upload par&ing par&ing for local people near to the terminal contain 5 i&e par&ing and - car par&ing su"a! also provied in side of par&ing
3.2 STUD" 2
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DATA COLLECTION short route uses have een segregated from the long route uses ! having a separate entr! and e*its. idle par&ing tor the long and short route uses have een provided in such a"a! so as to not distur the movement of us entering or leaving the terminal a separate passenger entr! and e*it is provided. this passenger entr! and e*it is also used ! other vehicles for approaching their individual par&ing. a separate entr! and e*it for long route uses has een provided segregating it from pedestrian. since the arrival loc& lies in the centre of oth the departure of long and short route uses, hence it ecomes convenient to the passengers to travel to the arrival loc& is centrall! located "hich is easil! accessile from the main passenger entrance from t"o of its sides. the departure of short route uses has een properl! segregated from the long route uses ! locating them at opposite sides of the arrival loc& par&ing is located at an appropriate distance from the other main loc&s so that passengers using the terminal do not have to travel a large distance to arrive the loc&s. the plan encourages short lines of flo" and "al&ing distance to the terminal uilding has een minimi#ed.
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BAC!ROUND : client pun9a state us stand management compan! limited
architect s"inder sa"hee! associates complete in 56
site area +5.4+ acres
uilt$up area +1 sqm
SITE LOCATION : the terminal is located in the heart of the cit!. it is surrounded ! roads on - sides. it is aout 1 &ms. from the rail"a! station. the long route uses enter the terminal through the road perpendicular to the garha road. the short route uses enter through g.t. road. terminal caters to a dail! us schedule of -, uses and +,, footfalls per da!. most consumers of the services are from the lo"er or middle$level income groups. the e*isting terminal has een re$ designed and the ne" design
addresses an attempt "as made to transform the e*isting situation of chaos, hapha#ard circulation and the non$e*istent estate services into a progressive, d!namic and futuristic design "hich "ould adapt itself to the changing needs of societ!.
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DATA COLLECTION the proposed ne" terminal plan "as integrated "ith the e*isting terminal uilding oth functionall! and aestheticall!. the plan evolved has separated oth long and short route us traffic and converted the terminal into an active uran street. t"o us departure a!s namel!, stepped parallel and radial sa" tooth have een designed &eeping function in mind. the plan defines specific domains for the passenger and the us movements "ith convenient interchanges. it encourages short lines of flo" and minimi#es "al&ing distance to the terminal uilding. the radial sa" tooth pattern of the departure a!s adds a unique geometr! to the plan. the "ing shaped roof increases the natural lighting ! acting as light shafts and reduces pollution in the terminal uilding ! suc&ing out vehicular pollution through vents located at the upper levels. DESIGN PRINCIPLES:
the ne" design addresses three significant components of terminal uses and their unostructed movement, pedestrian circulation and their safet! and passenger vehicles and their movement. the plan evolved has segregated the traffic movement and converted the terminal into an active uran street. approach to site 8 short route uses have een segregated from the long route uses ! having a separate entr! and e*its. idle par&ing tor the long and short route uses have een provided in such a"a! so as to not distur the movement of us entering or leaving the terminal a separate passenger entr! and e*it is provided. this passenger entr! and e*it is also used ! other vehicles for approaching their individual par&ing. a separate entr! and e*it for long route uses has een provided segregating it from pedestrian. since the arrival loc& lies in the centre of oth the departure of long and short route uses, hence it ecomes convenient to the passengers to travel to the arrival loc& is centrall! located "hich is easil! accessile from the main passenger entrance from t"o of its sides. the departure of short route uses has een properl! segregated from the long route uses ! locating them at opposite sides of the arrival loc& par&ing is located at an appropriate distance from the other main loc&s so that passengers using the terminal do not have to travel a large distance to arrive the loc&s. the plan encourages short lines of flo" and "al&ing distance to the terminal uilding has een minimi#ed.
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SITE LOCATION 8
the terminal is located in the heart of the cit!. it is surrounded ! roads on - sides. it is aout 1 &ms. from the rail"a! station. the long route uses enter the terminal through the road perpendicular to the garha road. the short route uses enter through g.t. road. NO BUS ACCESS IN PER DAY :
terminal caters to a dail! us schedule of -, uses and +,, footfalls per da!. most consumers of the services are from the lo"er or middle$level income groups. the e*isting terminal has een re$designed and the ne" design addresse an attempt "as made to transform the e*isting situation of chaos, hapha#ard circulation and the non$e*istent estate services into a progressive, d!namic and futuristic design "hich "ould adapt itself to the changing needs of societ!. the proposed ne" terminal plan "as integrated "ith the e*isting terminal uilding oth functionall! and aestheticall!. the plan evolved has separated oth long and short route us traffic and converted the terminal into an active uran street. THE TERMINAL CONTAIN:
par&ing , entr! and e*it , services,office area,"aiting area, shops ,hotels us stops ,
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DATA COLLECTION t"o us departure a!s namel!, stepped parallel and radial sa" tooth have een designed &eeping function in mind. the plan defines specific domains for the passenger and the us movements "ith convenient interchanges. it encourages short lines of flo" and minimi#es "al&ing distance to the terminal uilding. the radial sa" tooth pattern of the departure a!s adds a unique geometr! to the plan. the "ing shaped roof increases the natural lighting ! acting as light shafts and reduces pollution in the terminal uilding ! suc&ing out vehicular pollution through vents located at the upper levels.
3.3 STUD" 3 :
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DATA COLLECTION developer 8 ansal properties P infrastructure. total floors ground 8 W - floors architecT8 9asir sa"ana! associates site area 8 +3 sqm. ansal pla#a is situated near the posh mar&et area of south e*tension in south delhi. an amphitheater "ith a center stage along "ith a 34$feet high atrium french glass curtain "all that filters out ultraviolet and other harmful radiations this mall is considered an architectural splendor. it has emerged as a ma9or landmar&. the mall offers a climate$controlled environment that removes the fatigue usuall! associated "ith shopping, complete "ith an amphitheater, a shopping comple*, offices, t"in level
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DATA COLLECTION la!out P planning the asic planning is introvert in nature. it consists of t"o half /c shape0 circular loc&s connected ! the ridge as four floors enclosing an amphitheatre 4m.diameter has een closel! landscaped. the inner peripher! of the loc&s has een gla#ed and along "ith runs the corridor so the shopper al"a!s gets the vie" to"ards the amphitheatre. there is a 9utting loc& from one loc& and it has the ig departmental storeXshoppers stop the 9unction of the loc&s forms the entr! of the pla#a. shoppers stop has got its o"n separate and it is internall! connected through the entrance lo! of the pla#a. corridors running along inner peripher! give a constant vie" of the pla#a thus formed. the comple* is surrounded ! guest house loc&s and apartments. entr! to the site is common. there are t"o accesses to the site, one serves as the entr! and the others act as the e*ist connected ! the ridge has got the helical ramp e*it the ridge is used total area of par&ing
par&ing8 the asement e*ists under the "hole comple*. it is reserved for par&ing and services. it has got provision for 5+ cars and 3 t"o "heeler. semi asement 44cars YYYYYYasement +44 cars it has a ridge connecting the entr! and e*it services service core8 the circumferential distance of the circular uilding is +54m. service cores have een located at rectangular intervals of -2m throughout the uilding. there are three service cores in "hich lift, toilets, telephone , electrical ducts have een passed. the area of one service core one floor is 65 sq.m.
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DATA COLLECTION air condition P plant room 8 the "hole pla#a is centrall! air$conditioned. the plant room is placed centrall! in the asement 9ust elo" the pla#a so as to cater the t"o uilding equalit!. the tonnage of the pla#a is 7 tones. 2 chillers have een placed on the terrace of the uilding. each chiller is of +36 tons capacit! a.h.u. a.h.u., are running equidistant at -4m, - a.h.u.s 8are in the uilding and t"o a.h.u.s are in the second one a.h.u.s voids in this uilding, are ceiling hanging. the! are ad9acent in the upper ceiling of each lift lo!. fire e*its8 in the first lo! there are t"o fire e*its at the t"o ends. these are located at the distance of 4m. peripheral distance. sprin&lers8 a reservoir of 34 it capacit! is located and 4 sprin&les pumps have een installed "hich egun as soon as fire is detected. there are feeded ! the uc& up generators in case of a fire. heatsmo&e detectors have een installed properl! and in corridors and in shops and in regular intervals of 6m in corridor and -m in shops. fire fighting f Bire fighting provisions have een properl! made in the comple*. hosepipes have een properl! installed at the lift lo! and at the staircases. e*tinguishers installed at regular intervals throughout the corridor. fire control room8 located at the ground floor it is equipped "ith the fire panel s!stem. as soon as the fire rea&s up in an! part of the uilding, it is indicated on the panel and it starts its operations ! giving "arningfire alarm to the general pulic and the fire fighting staff for ta&ing the necessar! measures. electric suppl! is immediatel! cutoff and sprin&lers start "or&ing. inferences8 the mall has got onl! restaurant in its first uilding, catering to the "hole mall, again no
informal places visual lin&ages are good the curved shape of corridor "a!s gives the pre information of the
ne*t stop and also reduces the length of the corridor ps!chologicall!. visual lin&ages et"een the susequent floors, again helps to create a good visual sequence. natural lighting trapped through the s&!light also e*poses the true colors of the signoards
and anners. service has een properl! placed in the asement, properl! connected through the stairs and
lift. due to radial grid, all numer of shops is rectangular. in the asement due to radial grid, efficient car par&ing is not possile. connecting ridge is none air$conditioned
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DATA COLLECTION B to transiting from one loc& to other !ou have to cross thro" a non air conditioned ridge "hich is going from air$condition to non air$conditioned then air$ conditioned, is not a good idea. circulation8 from main road to comple* there is one entr! and one e*its are provided, vehicular entered from the entr! and par&ing is provide at surface as "ell in the asements, one "a! traffic flo" is used for eas! and smooth driving as "ell to have control on the traffic movements. for pedestrian vertical movement$ lifts, escalators and staircases are provided. one of the good features of this comple* is the descended alconies. the comple* is full! air$conditioned. s&! lights are provided at the top.
escalators are provided on the right side uilding, ut service core of one stair "ith one lift is provided in the oth uilding loc&. one main attraction of the ansal pla#a is the pollution control to"er "hich is attached to the generator room asement "hich collects fumes from there and e*haust from vehicles and purif! them efore releasing to the atmosphere "hich is appro* - mt$-4 mt high, this is the most prominent feature of the mall. in planning, mall area is totall! un$ distured from an! traffic.
aesthetics8 its visual characteristic li&e its ph!sical form $geometr!, shape, facade, roof shade, its features, colors, te*tures, decoration, ornamentation, and its vie"ing condition, the distance and the angle from "hich its vie"ed. it has a "ell treated e*ternal facade of red rici& "ith some lue color tiles at top level. U it has a good comination of glass "ith solid. U all modern materials are used in the ansal pla#a. U a ver! good effort "as made to"ards the landscape.
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DATA COLLECTION 3.4 STUD" 4 :
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4 CASE STUD" : 4.1 STUD" 1
INNE? ?INK ?OAD , ?MOZAJ%ED<, C;ENNAI
A?EA8-6 AC?E: /+3764 :[.J.0 CO:T CON:T?
. the chennai mofussil us terminus or cmt is a modern us terminus located in chennai, india, providing outstationtransport services. spread over an area of -6 acres /+4, m50 in &o!amedu. it is accredited "ith the iso 7+85qualit! certification for its qualit! management and e*cellence.\+] it is located on the + feet /- m0 inner$ring road /9a"aharlal nehru road0 in &o!amedu et"een saf games village and the &o!amedu vegetale mar&et. chennai metrorail is planning for its coach depot ehind cmt.
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material use for construstion8
steel,cement,gravel,ric&s
flooring8 polished granite , &otta stone , chaisel dressed granite cladding8 cats e!e for interior, ala gre! , curtain e"all, gla#ed doors and "indo"s
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DATA COLLECTION sali ent feature8 no u fingers8 5nos us in a!@ 5*-W2 nos total @ +1nos ideal par&ing @2nos staff par&ing @5 sq m no us oprated per da! 5nos
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DATA COLLECTION 4.2 TERMINAL STUD"
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SITE ANAL"SIS:
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DATA COLLECTION 3.3 CASE STUD" 2
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CI?C
=ACILITIE: U Air conditioned delu*e lounge for volvo passengers. U Large no of retail spaces, dont interfere "ith
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DATA COLLECTION pedestrian movement U Lounges at the first floor level. U Tic&et counters at the entrance. )LAN The terminal is designed in a semicircular manner "ith the concave surface for the passenger entr! and the conve* surface for the us a!s ma&ing the terminal more efficient for usage for oth passengers and the us circulation. The t"o level terminal has adequate facilities on oth floors to cater to the commuters of that segment. + Kround floor U +$enquir!, 5$reservation counters, -$ service rooms U ?ental spaces U Toilets =irst floor U Office space for the authorities U Traffic controller room U Lodges and rest rooms for passengers
)<%LIC QE;ICLE )A?MINK U %asement par&ing provided for 1 cars and 5 t"o$"heelers
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DATA COLLECTION U )oor natural lighting. Artificial lighting is unale to compensate for the poor natural lighting. %<: %AZ )A?MINK U -+ platforms /53 departure W 6 arrival0 U 34 degree sa" tooth la!out :ITE :
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DATA COLLECTION # SITE STUD" :
LEAD TO8 the goverment could not set up a depot at the cmt for "ant of space and uses are &ept at the terminal and roadside, causing enormous difficult! for driving uses out of the terminus the terminal can,t handle more uses than it does no" and the goverment has to loo& for other options DECLA?ED AN O==ICIAL O= CJDA T;AT JANAKE: TE?JIN<: 8
>;Z QANDAL
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Qandalur is a census to"n and is a localit! in the south of Chennai. it is situated in Mancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. it is a suur in the south"estern part of Chennai cit!. Qandalur is called Entrance Kate for Chennai cit!. It has the Arignar Anna ^oological )ar&, "hich houses some rare species of "ild flora and fauna. The neighourhood is served ! Qandalur rail"a! station of the Chennai :uuran ?ail"a! net"or&.:oon the proposed mono and metro rail "ill connenct "ith )roposed Qandalur Jofussil us terminus.Kovernment has proposed a huge us terminus for the south ound uses in Qandalur on the Qandalur$>ala9aadh state high"a!s,ad9acent to Chennai outer ring road and ver! near to the Qandalur ?ail"a! station.If this us terminus starts to function,Qandalur "ill ecome the usiest hu in the cit! the CJDA has prepared a lueprint for the constuction of moffusil us terminus in vandalur and earmar&ed rs -62 ctore for the pro9ect for "ith 24.- acres of land is to e acquired sources told e*press the proposal to uild the perminus. mostl! in the "erland. in efore the state goverment for its final approval initiall!. cmda passed a resolution in march 5+-, proposing of four !ear this included fi*ing the proposed land cost at + crore and development coast at 3 crore per acre mean"hile, the &acheepuram collector felt the land coast in the area should e fi*ed at +.64 crore per acre considering the highest pervailing guideline value and the prevailing mar&rt value in and around vandallur village is elieved to e around 3.4 crore follo"ing this cmda revised the total investment "hich is roughl! around -62 crore. the includes the prposal land coast ar +,64 crore per acre and the proposed development cost at 3 crore per acre eside
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DATA COLLECTION preparation of detailed pro9ect report ! the consultant fift! per cent of fund is li&el! to spent on infrastructure and amenities interstingl!, the site identified for thr moffusil terminal is classified as "etland and it is geographicall! placed at stategic location in vie" of its pro*imit! to nh 34 and orr sources said the said the site aout vandalur $ "ala9aad state high"a! is +&m
it also elieved that the entr! and e*it points of the terminus "ill e from the vandalur$ "ala9aad road onl! as an ternative . the service road provided along orr ma! accessed
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);Z:ICAL DATA8 As of 5+ India census,\+] Qandalur had a population of +-,-++. Jales constitute 43 of the population and females 32. Qandalur has an average literac! rate of 67, higher than the national average of 47.48 male literac! is 14, and female literac! is 65. In Qandalur, ++ of the population is under 2 !ears of age. KEOK?A);Z O= QANDAL
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Cla! is a fine$grained natural roc& or soil material that comines one or more cla! minerals "ith traces of metal o*ides and organic matter. Cla!s are plastic due to their "ater content and ecome hard, rittle and nonplastic upon dr!ing or firing.\+] Keologic cla! deposits are mostl! composed of ph!llosilicate minerals containing variale amounts of "ater trapped in the mineral structure.\5]\-] Depending on the content of the soil, cla! can appear in various colours, from "hite to dull gra! or ro"n to a deep orange$red. CLIJATE 8 a tropical "et and dr! climate. Chennai lies on the thermal equator and is also coastal, "hich prevents e*treme variation in seasonal temperature. =or most of the !ear, the "eather is hot and humid. The hottest part of the !ear is late Ja! and earl! une, &no"n locall! as Agni Na&shatram /Sfier! starS0 or as Mathiri Qe!!il, "ith ma*imum temperatures around -135 _C /++1 _=0. The coolest part of the !ear is anuar!, "ith minimum temperatures around +1 5 _C /2321 _=0. The lo"est temperature recorded is +-.7 _C /46. _=0 and highest 34 _C /++_=0/- Ja! 5The average annual rainfall is aout +,3 mm /44 in0. The cit! gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north$east monsoon "inds, from mid$:eptemer to mid$Decemer. C!clones in the %a! of %engal sometimes hit the cit!. ;ighest annual rainfall recorded is 5,46 mm in 54.\4] The most prevailing "inds in Chennai is the :outh"esterl! et"een the end of Ja! to end of :eptemer and the Northeasterl! during the rest of the !ear
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>IND :)EED 8
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>ATE? %ODZ8
mudichur la&e ` ac& side of a site , vandalur la&e ` 1 m a"a! from site
topo0rap : Topograph! is a detailed map of the surface features of land. It includes the mountains, hills, cree&s, and other umps and lumps on a particular hun& of earth.
a++)ss roa* o, sit):
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DATA COLLECTION the siuthern district uses can easil! get accessed to the terminus. ! ta&ing right on the vandalur. the uses "ill reached the vandalur$ "ala9a road on ehich site got to e aout
$UBLIC TRANS$ORT S"STEM: The main mode of transportation is uses operated oth ! Kovernment Transport Corporation and private o"ners from Qadalur us stand. Qadalur us stand has + par&ing a!s, + )a! and
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Open :pace and ?ecreational use #one /+0 In this #one uildings or premises shall e permitted for the follo"ing purposes and accessor! uses8 A Normall! )ermissile uses8 i0 All pulic and semi pulic recreational uses and open spaces, par&s and pla! grounds, #oological and otanical gardens, nurseries, "aterfront developments,
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DATA COLLECTION museums and memorials. ii0 Installations that ma! e necessar! for the uses mentioned aove. % )ermissile "ith special sanction of the CJDA8 i0 Theme par&s and amusement par&s ii0 Open Air Theatre, E*hiitions, Circuses, =airs and =estival grounds, pulic utilities. iii0 %urial and urning grounds or crematoria. iv0 Incidental residential uses for essential staff required to e maintained in the premises. v0 Incidental commercial uses vi0 ;otels and restaurants not e*ceeding - sq.m. vii0 %each cottages each not e*ceeding + sq.m. in floor area and 6.4 m in height. viii0 :ports stadia and recreational comple*es. /50 All uses not specificall! mentioned in su regulations /+0 shall e prohiited.
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% S$ECIAL STUD" A us terminus terminus is a designated designated place place "here "here a us or or coach starts starts or ends ends its scheduled scheduled route. route. The terminus is the designated place that a timetale is timed from. Termini can e located at us stations, interchanges, us garages or simple us stops. Termini can oth start and stop at the same place, or ma! e in different locations for starting and finishing a route. Termini ma! or ma! not coincide "ith the use of us stands. 'Each concrete uilding prolem has a language. The to"n as an entiret! has a language. And each uilding tas& "ithin the to"n has its o"n language.(
>;AT I: )ATTE?N A form of documenta documentation tion for recurring recurring solutions solutions A pattern descries descries A solution to a prolem and its relevant relevant conte*t conte*t A pattern pattern oth descries descries a particular e*ample and also also provides enough enough information to recreate recreate it A pattern discusses discusses and and alances alances the tradeoffs tradeoffs present in the prolem prolem
A pattern language is a method of descriing good design practices "ithin a field of e*pertise. The term "as coined ! architect Christopher Christopher Ale*ander Ale*ander and populari#ed ! his oo& A )attern )attern Language. A pattern language is an attempt to e*press the deeper "isdom of "hat rings alive alivene ness ss "ithin "ithin a parti particul cular ar field field of human human endea endeavo vor, r, throu through gh a set of inter intercon conne necte cted d e*pressions arising from that "isdom. Aliveness is one placeholder term for Sthe qualit! that has no nameS8 a sense of "holeness, spirit, or grace, that "hile of var!ing form, is precise and empiricall! verifiale. :ome advocates of this design approach claim that ordinar! people can use it to successfull! solve ver! large, comple* design prolems )ATTE?EN:8 :<%C
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DATA DATA COLLECTION COLL ECTION live at full intensit!, unhampered unhampered ! their neighors, neighors, if the! are ph!sicall! separated ! ph!sical oundaries
:olution :eparate neighoring neighoring sucultures "ith a s"ath of land at least 5 feet "ide. Let this oundar! e natural $ "ilderness, farmland, "ater $ or man$made $ railroads, ma9or roads, par&s, schools, some some housi housing ng.. Alon Along g the seam seam et"e et"een en t"o t"o sucul sucultur tures es,, uild uild meetin meeting g place places, s, share shared d functions, touching each communit!. NEIK;%O?;OOD %O
:olution Encourage Encourage the formation of a oundar! around each neighorhood, neighorhood, to separate it from the ne*t door neighorhoods. =orm this oundar! ! closing do"n streets and limiting access to the neighorhood $ cut the normal numer of streets at least in half. )lace gate"a!s at those points "here the restricted access paths cross the oundar!B and ma&e the oundar! #one "ide enough to contain meeting places for the common functions shared ! several neighorhood
>E% O= :;O))INK8 )rolem :hops rarel! place themselves in those positions "hich est serve the peoples needs, and also guarantee their o"n stailit!.
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>hen !ou locate an! individual shop, follo" a three$step procedure8 +. Identif! all other shops "hich offer the service !ou are interested inB locate them on the map. 5. Identif! and map the location of potential consumers. >herever possile, indicate the densit! or total numer of potential consumers in an! given area. solution8 -. Loo& for the iggest gap in the e*isting "e of shops in those areas "here there are potential consumers. 3. >ithin the gap in the "e of similar shops, locate !our shop ne*t to the largest cluster of other &inds of shop =O
:olution In an! uran area, no matter ho" dense, &eep the ma9orit! of uildings four stories high or less. It is possile that certain uildings should e*ceed this limit, ut the! should never e uildings for human haitation. NINE )E? CENT )A?MINK )rolem Qer! simpl! $ "hen the area devoted to par&ing is too great, it destro!s the land.
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:olution Do not allo" more than 7 per cent of the land in an! given area to e used for par&ing. In order to prevent the SunchingS of par&ing in huge neglected areas, it is necessar! for a to"n or a communit! to sudivide its land into Spar&ing #onesS no larger than + acres each and to appl! the same rule in each #one. JEN AND >OJEN8 )rolem The "orld of a to"n in the +76s is split along se*ual lines. :uurs are for "omen, "or&places for menB &indergartens are for "omen, professional schools for menB supermar&ets are for "omen, hard"are stores for men.
:olution Ja&e certain that each piece of the environment $ each uilding, open space, neighorhood, and "or& communit! $ is made "ith a lend of oth mens and "omens instincts. Meep this alance of masculine and feminine in mind for ever! pro9ect at ever! scale, from the &itchen to the steel mill. INTE?C;ANKE )rolem Interchanges pla! a central role in pulic transportation.
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DATA COLLECTION :olution At ever! interchange in the "e of transportation follo" these principles8 +. :urround the interchange "ith "or&places and housing t!pes "hich speciall! need pulic transportation )O:ITIQE O
:olution Ja&e all the outdoor spaces "hich surround and lie et"een !our uildings positive. Kive each one some degree of enclosureB surround each space "ith "ings of uildings, trees, hedges, fences, arcades, and trellised "al&s, until it ecomes an entit! "ith a positive qualit! and does not spill out indefinitel! around corners %
:olution
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