Mekelle University Mekelle Institute of Technology Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering
Project presentation By: Alula Gebregergs Mebrahtom Gebresemati Advisors: Abadi G/yesus (MSc) H/kiros Tadesse (MSc) Kibrom G/egzabher (MSc) June 24, 2014 Mekelle, Ethiopia 1
Problem Statement Introduction
Objectives
Contents
Significance of the Study Materials and Methods Plant Design and Cost Analysis Result and Discussion Conclusion and Recommendation 2
Introduction Overall wellbeing of the world Safe Sustainable
Primary Energy Sources Fossil fuels • Coal • Oil • Natural gas
Renewable Energy Sources Hydropower Geothermal Wind Solar
Affordable energy
Biofuel 3
Statement of the Problem
Massive dependence on fossil fuel
Daily waste generation and waste management
• exposed Ethiopia to large international price volatility
• balanced
An overriding emphasis • biofuel • 2009 (E5) • 2011 (E10)
4
Objectives General determining an optimized way of conversion of banana peels to ethanol
Specific Developing optimized parameters condition (acid conc., temp. & time) • to obtain maximum amount of fermentable sugars
Determining the effect of Benzyl penicillin in enhancing S.
cerevisiae during fermentation
Promoting national energy demand fulfillment by generating energy from wastes
Decreasing health and environmental impacts of banana peels 5
Significance of the Study Successful completion of this study • Global warming • will show the production of renewable energy from banana peels • will help as technical input for ethanol producers from lignocellulosic biomass
Shortage of Energy
6
Materials and Methods >> Materials H2SO4
Chemicals
Yeast extracts agar Urea Dextrose sugar Mg SO4.7H2O
Equipments
NaOH Plastic bags
Knife
Oven
Grinder
Balance
pH meter
Flasks
Autoclave
Filter
Shaking incubator
Rotary evaporator
Pycnometer
Baker yeast Distilled water Benzathine penicillin G
7
Materials and Methods >> Sample Collection and Preparation Chopping: Knife (2-4 cm)
Sample Collection
Fruit shops
Juice houses
Sample Preparation
Drying: Sunlight (48hrs) & Oven (60oC, 24hrs)
Grinding: Grinder (<3mm) sample Preparation 19: 17 (10gm) + 2(20gm) with 1:10 %v/v dist. water 8
Materials and Methods >> Pretreatment
Steam under high pressure
Cooling and Separating nonsoluble from soluble portion 9
Materials and Methods >> Hydrolysis Experimental design formulation for hydrolysis Exp. Run Acid conc. (% v/v Hydrolysis to dist. water) temp. (oC) 1 2.5 90 2 1.5 90 3 2.5 70 4 1.5 90 5 0.5 110 6 2.5 90 7 1.5 90 8 2.5 110 9 1.5 90 10 1.5 90 11 1.5 110 12 0.5 70 13 0.5 90 14 0.5 90 15 1.5 70 16 1.5 70 17 1.5 110
Hydrolysis time(minutes) 30 20 20 20 20 10 20 20 20 20 10 20 30 10 10 30 30
Hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid in oven
10
Materials and Methods >> Measuring Sugar Hydrolyzates sample
Soluble sugars • Brix method (weight measuring) 11
Materials and Methods >> Fermentation Media Inoculum
S. cerevisiae
• Dextrose (10gm) • Yeast extract sugar (0.4gm) • Urea (1gm) • MgSO4.7H2O (1gm) • Dist. water (100ml)
Sample conditioned: 20 oC (working temperature)
Addition of yeast culture (1:4 v/v)
Benzathine penicillin G addition (0.5gm/L) (Sample Two)
Incubating in shaking incubator at 30 oC, 200 rpm, 3 days
pH adjusting between 5.0 – 5.5 12
Materials and Methods >> Alcohol Measurement Filtration
Measuring Specific Gravity
• W1 Empty Pycnometer • W2 P + Sample • W3 P + Dist. water
Distillation SG = (W2-W1)/(W3-W1)
Rotary evaporator Pycnometer
EtOH Density Table 13
Result and Discussion >> Experimental Results Table 1: Sugar Mass Percentage Run 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Percent weight of sugar content (%w/w to original sample) 43.56 45.10 44.01 45.00 44.27 42.40 45.00 42.98 45.00 45.15 42.96 43.21 43.00 42.56 42.20 43.85 43.40
Table 2: Alcohol Specific Gravities W1 Weight of empty pycnometer
25.10gm
W21 Weight of pycnometer plus sample one
48.100gm
W22 Weight of pycnometer plus sample two
48.070gm
W3
Weight of pycnometer filled with dist. water 48.50gm
14
Result and Discussion >> Statistical Analysis 120
110
100
90
90
110
90
80
90
110
90
90
110
90
90
70
90
70
70
70
60 45.10
43.56 40
45.00
44.01
44.27
45.00
42.40
45.15
45.00
42.98
43.21
42.96
43.00
30
42.56
42.20
30 20
20
20
20
20
20 12.5
21.5
32.5
41.5
1
2
3
4
5 0.5
6 2.5
5
6
10
20
7 1.5
8 2.5
7
8
20
20 1.5
14
13
10 12
11
10 1.5
9 1.5
20 0.5
0.5
10
43.40
30
30 17
16
15
10
1.5
0.5
43.85
1.5
1.5
0
Exp.R A conc. Temp. Time Sugar
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
13 13
14 14
15 15
16 16
17 17
2.5 90 30 43.56
1.5 90 20 45.10
2.5 70 20 44.01
1.5 90 20 45.00
0.5 110 20 44.27
2.5 90 10 42.40
1.5 90 20 45.00
2.5 110 20 42.98
1.5 90 20 45.00
1.5 90 20 45.15
1.5 110 10 42.96
0.5 70 20 43.21
0.5 90 30 43.00
0.5 90 10 42.56
1.5 70 10 42.20
1.5 70 30 43.85
1.5 110 30 43.40 15
Effects of Experimental Variables on Sugar Yield
16
Optimizations Constraints Name Goal Acid conc. is in range Temp. is in range Time is in range Sugar maximize
Lower Limit Upper Limit 0.5 70 10 42.2
2.5 110 30 45.05
N0. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Acid conc.
Temp.
Time
Sugar
Desirability
1.50
91.02
21.66
45.088
1 (Selected)
1.43
87.55
22.05
45.070
1
1.60
86.97
23.02
45.064
1
1.74
86.8
22.10
45.055
1
1.31
89.76
20.93
45.050
1
1.57
94.03
22.04
45.051
1
1.51
92.51
21.62
45.079
1
1.40
93.81
22.29
45.057
1
1.31
92.42
21.53
45.059
1
1.51
85.73
21.45
45.063
1 17
Effects of Benzathine penicillin G on Ethanol Production Specific gravity calculated (from data results) ( ( ( Sample two = (
• Sample one = •
. . . .
. . . .
) = 0.98921 ) ) = 0.91453 )
Percentage of EtOH obtained from Std table • Sample one 8.36% • Sample two 9.11%
Presence of benzathine penicillin G enhanced the fermentation process by 8.97% 18
Plant Design and Cost Analysis Component
% w/w
Cellulose
9.00
Crude fat
6.00
Dietary fiber
19.00
Glucose
2.00
Hemicellulose
8.00
Lignin
9.00
Other solids
6.00
Pectin
11.00
Proteins
6.00
Starch
3.00
Water
20.00
Xylose
1.00
Process Flow Sheet
Feedstock
19
Cost Analysis >> Executive Summary Total Capital Investment
3,080,063,000
ETB
Capital Investment Charged to This Project
3,080,063,000
ETB
Operating Cost
61,204,000
ETB/yr
Main Revenue
376,000
ETB/yr
Other Revenues
309,520,768
ETB/yr
Total Revenues
309,896,000
ETB/yr
Cost Basis Annual Rate
20.02
MT/MP/yr
Unit Production Cost
3,056,604.70
ETB/MT MP
Unit Production Revenue
15,476,506.42
ETB/MT MP
Return On Investment Payback Time
13.88 7.21
% years
0.00
IRR (After Taxes)
8.83
%
100.00
NPV (at 7.0% Interest)
283,438,000
ETB
Total Capital Investment
3,080,063,000
ETB
Cost Item
ETB
%
Raw Materials
457,000
0.75
Labor-Dependent
6,834,000
11.17
Consumables
13,000
0.02
Waste Treatment/Disposal
0
0
Utilities
46,630,000
76.19
Transportation
7,271,000
11.88
Miscellaneous
0
0.00
Advertising/Selling
0
0.00
Running Royalties
0
0.00
Failed Product Disposal
0
TOTAL
61,204,000
20
Conclusion Hydrolysis of banana peel
Effect of benzathine penicillin G on fermentation process
To determine the optimum conditions, which yield max. sugar content
By measuring the SG of the produced ethanol
All have negative effect at high and low level
Presence of benzathine penicillin G had enhanced ethanol production 21
Recommendation
Further study
Effective waste management method
• Fruit peel yields and their potential as source of renewable energy
• Conversion of other fruit wastes to valuable products
Alternative extraction methods of ethanol have to be done • Enzymatic extraction, • Microbial (Strain Improvement)
Researches have to be done
• To improve the quality and quantity of fruit peel ethanol production
22
Acknowledgment 1. Advisors – Mr. Abadi Gebreyesus (MSc) – Mr. Hailekiros Tadesse (MSc) – Mr. Kibrom Gebreegzabher (MSc)
2. Laboratory of organic chemistry in Mekelle university 3. Microbiology department at the college of veterinary medicine – Mr. Melesew
4. Desta Alcohol and Liquor Factory (DALF) – Mr. Gebremeskel Gebrewahd 23
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