Delegate Handbook BSBMUN Created in 2015 by Pedro Farias Last revised and updated in April 2018 by Lucas Spezia Justen
BSBMUN IV
Table of Contents Table of Contents Letter From the Secretary General The United Nations Model United Nations BSBMUN Dress Code Researching a Nation Researching a Topic Position Papers Parliamentary Procedure Flow of Debate Opening Speeches Lobbying Time Resolutions Amendments Veto Awards Glossary Reliable Sources Appendices
2 3 4 6 7 8 9 9 11 15 17 17 17 19 19 20 20 25 26
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Letter From the Secretary General To all Delegates, Advisors, and Guests, As Secretary General, I have the honor of inviting you to participate in the fourth edition of Brasília Model United Nations! As BSBMUN consolidates its place in the Brazilian Model UN scene in its fourth installment, we open our gates to schools from all over Brazil. It is my mission to make this year’s conference the boldest and most inclusive it has ever been, bringing together students with diverse cultural backgrounds in order to discuss the most pressing world issues. My personal vision for the conference is to give power to the participants. I encourage all delegates who have participated before in our conference, as well as those who will call BSBMUN IV their first, to apply for a leadership position.. Whether your passion lies in the traditional UN committees such as the position Security Council, other intergovernmental organizations such as NATO and the OAS, or even your own personal idea for a committee, I invite you to assist in making BSBMUN as memorable as possible. It will be my utmost pleasure to work alongside those who are ardent for a cause and dedicated in their effort. Model United Nations is an activity like no other; it inspires and develops the global vision of young adults while offering the opportunity to engage in substantial consideration of the problems that world leaders face today, and have faced in the past. We believe a conference in Brasilia is an unique chance to immerse into the global diversity that thrives in our city, with its 125 foreign embassies and lively international population, most of which is frequently found at EAB's campus. I hope that you and your school will join us Thursday through Saturday on October 18th, 19th and 20th! With your participation, BSBMUN IV will truly be a remarkable conference! All the best, Lucas Spezia Justen Secretary General Should any doubts or concerns arise regarding our event, please feel free and encouraged to contact me at
[email protected] or or
[email protected] [email protected]..
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The United Nations The UN was created shortly after the end of World War one in order to ease the tensions of a world ruled by different ambitions and ideals. The origins and ideals of the UN, however, originate in the Woodrow Wilson’s League of Nations. However, the former did not last. It had only 42 members, lacked a standing army, had difficulty imposing sanctions of any sort and was heavily dependent on the global powers. As we see from history, the League of Nations failed and WWII broke out. When the devastation had subsided, the creation of the UN was agreed upon in 1945 at the Yalta Conference. On April 25, 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco with 50 nations. On June 26 the UN Charter was signed and the UN came into existence on October 24 after the five permanent members of the Security Council ratified the Charter. The UN aims to: Maintain international peace and security ● Preserve the sovereign equality of states ● Develo Develop p friendly friendly relatio relations ns between between states states based based on the princip principles les of ● equal rights and self determination Solve economic, economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian issues ● Promote te human human righ rights ts and and funda fundame menta ntall freed freedom omss for for all, all, with withou outt ● Promo distinction as to race, sex, language or religion The key ideals of the UN are that all members: Have sovereign equality ● Shall fulfill their obligations based on the UN Charter ● Must strive to settle disputes by peaceful means ● Shall prevent from using the threat or or use of force to settle disputes ● Shall offer the UN assistance on measures measures taken in accordance with the ● charter The full UN Charter can be found here. The largest committee of the UN is the General Assembly (GA), where all 193 members are represented and all votes have equal weight. However, the UN has other decision-making decision-making bodies focused focused on more specific specific issues, such as the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), which has 54 members, the Human Rights Council, which has 47 members, and the Security Council, which has 15 members (10 elected for 2 year terms and five permanent: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States of America). Also note that the Security Council is the only body that can authorize the use of force and also that the permanent countries, known as P5, have veto power over resolutions, meaning a “no” vote from them automatically makes it impossible for the resolution to pass. Some 4
nations participate in the UN as observers states, meaning they are represented but do not have a vote on the various UN points and motions.
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Model United Nations MUN MUN is a simu simula latio tion n of the UN, UN, follo followi wing ng the same pa parli rliam amen entar taryy procedure of the UN. Delegates act as representatives from member nations, learning learning their nation’s nation’s history and policy in the process. process. During the conference, conference, delegates make speeches, draft resolutions, and negotiate with friend and foe to solve pressing global issues. In MUN delegates learn not only about the country country they they represe represent nt but also also develo develop p life life skills skills,, such such as those of public speaking and negotiating. As an MUN delegate, one represents his or her nation and their beliefs to the the full fulles estt exte extent nt poss possib ible le.. With With thor thorou ough gh rese resear arch ch it is poss possib ible le to be knowledgeable of each nation’s position and consequently partake in debate. Delegates must also propose solutions, in the form of resolutions, to the topics disc discus usse sed. d. The The more more tim time and and ener energy gy each each de dele lega gate te inve invessts in the the pre-conference, the more he or she will be able to enjoy it. Reliable research links are included at the end of this guide to serve as a starting point for research. Chairs are student leaders selected to participate in the organization of the conference and lead their committees. They serve as the impartial judges in debate, ensuring proper parliamentary procedure, enforcing the BSBMUN dress code code,, and and gu guid idin ing g the de deba bate te.. All All the Ch Chai airs rs at BSBM BSBMUN UN are extre extreme mely ly experienced experienced and have years of MUN experience experience with which to help you. Inside each committee, a Chair’s decision is final.
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BSBMUN Dress Code All BSBMUN BSBMUN delegat delegates es are expect expected ed to dress dress app approp ropriat riately ely follow following ing the conven conventio tion n of west wester ern n bu busi sine ness ss atti attire re.. Form Formal al dres dresss is expe expect cted ed whil while e committees are in session, and during the opening and closing ceremonies. Delegates are exempted from formal dress during free time, and breaks. WOMEN: Delegates are expected to wear dresses, or tops paired with trousers or skirts. Women’s shoulders, torsos and cleavage should be cover at all times while committee is in session. Women’s skirts should be longer than the girl’s fingertips when arms are straight along the side of the body. Tops, dresses, skirts and trousers should be clean without any kind of transparent, catchy or shiny material. MEN: Delegates Delegates are expected to wear suits, ties, and formal formal shoes. The use of tennis shoes and the rolling up of sleeves are not permitted during sessions. The following will not be tolerated during committee and will result in an immediate warning Breach of of the dress code code ● Hats or sunglasses in committee ● Costumes, as they can be offensive to peoples’ cultures ● The only head dress allowed is that of religious affiliation to one’s self ● If a delegate’s clothing is deemed too inappropriate a warning will be issued and the delegate will be “invited” to leave the committee and change. Below is an example of appropriate attire for committee sessions. Example of proper Western Business Attire:
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Researching a Nation In order for a delegate to be able to correctly represent his or her nation, it is imperative that the delegate has a thorough understanding of the current affairs affairs and positions positions of the actual government. government. Governmental Governmental sites and articles articles are generally the best sources as they are frequently biased, as a delegate should be, and represent the nation’s interest. The below graphic organizers should be useful for gathering basic information on your nation.
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Researching a Topic In order to write a strong and relevant resolution, a solid understand of the issue is necessary. The three most important steps on how to research a topic are: (1) Read the background guides, (2) Do independent research, and (3) Keep up with news. The background guides are written by the Chairs and are not too large, so each Chair must be selective about what to include. This means that the guide not only provides relevant facts and history, but also an indication of how the Chairs expect the debate to flow. Independent research should be the bulk of the pre-conference preparation. Ensure that any sources used are reliable. If a source is biased, delegates should not immediately discard it. Instead, they should evaluate it and see if it agrees or disagrees with their position. position. If the former former is the case, delegates delegates should use it to defend their point of view. If the latter occurs, delegates should create counterarguments in case another delegate attempts to use that source. It is also imperative to keep up with the news and current events. Real world crises are frequent considering glob global al poli politi tics cs are are very very dy dyna nami mic. c. In orde orderr to alwa always ys be up upda date ted, d, it is recommended that delegates use Google Alerts, which sends them emails when new posts are made regarding key words. Use the graphic organizer below to assist in the research of your topic.
Position Papers Positio Position n Papers Papers are normal normally ly one pag page, e, three three paragrap paragraph h essays essays that describe a delegate’s country and position on the matter. They are pivotal to debate because they serve as the Chairs’ and other delegates’ first impression of the submitter. Position Papers should only be initiated when a delegate finalizes his or her research so that the paper is updated and comprehensive. These normally serve as the precursor to resolutions. Throughout the entire pape pa per, r, deleg delegat atio ions ns shou should ld be bias biased ed and and includ include e only only info inform rmati ation on that that is beneficial for their nation and stance. Depend Depending ing on the school school and confere conference nce,, Positi Position on Papers Papers can take take varying formats. However, the most common format is explained here. First, delegates must include a heading with the name of the committee, the issue at hand hand,, the the de dele lega gati tion on be bein ing g repr repres esen ente ted, d, the the scho school ol repr repres esen enti ting ng the the delegation, and the name of the delegates. Following this is the first paragraph, which serves as a general overview of the topic. topic. Here, Here, delegat delegates es essenti essentiall allyy summar summarize ize their their researc research, h, focusi focusing ng on what has happened in the past, such as wars or previous UN resolutions. A delegate’s nation should not be cited unless the delegation is directly related to the topic at hand. An example of this is a topic pertaining to the Falkland Islands and a delegate representing the United Kingdom. 9
The second paragraph discusses how the delegation’s nation pertains to the topic being discussed. Delegates should address how their nation are or have been affected and what it has done to solve the issue, such as passing legisl legislatio ation. n. In general general,, include include positi positive ve inform informati ation, on, though though delegat delegates es may address how their nations are lacking in certain areas as long as they are able to justify why or explain how the problem is being fixed. The final paragraph provides solutions that will be further explored in resolutions for the topic. Delegates must strike a balance between being specific and general. Getting into too many details will take too much of the one page and may facilitate the creation of counterarguments by rival delegations. Third paragraphs paragraphs that are too general make it seem as though the delegate delegate does not not have good solutions to the topic at hand. A sample Position Paper can be found in Appendix A.
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Parliamentary Procedure The rules of Parliamentary Procedure are what make MUN so similar to the real UN. The rules help maintain order in committee committee rooms and ensure that all are respected and well represented in committee. General Rules English English is the official language language of BSBMUN BSBMUN and the only one that should be used during committee sessions, including in formal and informal debate and notes. The Chair has complete control of all proceedings during all committee sessions and has the ability to undertake any action not covered in the rules of procedure procedure in order to facilitate and enrich the flow of debate. Only the Chair, a delegate recognized by the Chair, or a speaker that has the floor may speak while in formal debate. All delegates must rise and address the Chair first when making points. There can be no direct conversation between two delegates; instead, these must be endorsed and mediated by the Chair. Delegates should refrain from the use of personal pronouns, including “I” and “you”. The use of the word “we” is allowed in committee session because it is inclusive of the entire committee session. The agenda is set by the Chair and communicated to the delegates prior to the beginning of the conference. conference. Items may be added to said agenda at the discretion of the Chair. The Chair may limit the time allotted for each speaker, but the delegates can motion and vote to alter this time. As the end of the delegate’s speaking time approaches, the Chair should have a remainder of the remaining time. When a delegate exceeds his or her allotted time, the Chair may call the speaker to order and continue debate without delay. Points Point Point of Person Personal al Privil Privilege ege: This point refers to a matter of personal comfort, safety, and/or well being of the members of the committee. The Chair may may refus refuse e to recog recogni nize ze said said poin pointt if the de deleg legat ate e has has not not show shown n prop proper er rest restrai raint nt or if the the point point is dilat dilator oryy in natu nature. re. Exampl Example: e: “Poi “Point nt of Pers Person onal al Privilege, the delegate cannot hear the speaker.” Point of Information: After a delegate gives a speech, he or she may be open to Points of Information or yield the floor back the Chair. If the delegate decides decides to yield to Points of Information, Information, he or she may either limit the number of Points of Information or be open to any and all that may arise. These points must be directed to the speaker and be phrased in the form of a question. Following a Point of Information, delegates may request a follow-up, which will be judged by the Chair.
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Point of Order: This point relates to the observance of the rules of the committee or to the way the Chair is exercising his or her power. The Chair may refuse to recognize a Point of Order if the delegate has not shown proper restraint governing the use of such a right or if the point is dilatory in nature. Point of Clarification: This point is used to clarify what may have been incorrectly stated or ambiguous before. Points of Clarification always must be objective and factual and cannot have a subjective aspect. Point Point of Inquir Inquiryy: A delegate may raise a Point of Inquiry to request clarification of the present procedural status of a session. Right of Reply: This right must be submitted in writing to the Chair. In this note, delegates must say what delegation is exercising this right and why the dele de lega gatio tion n feel feelss direc directly tly and and pe pers rson onal ally ly offen offende ded d by anot anothe herr deleg delegat ate’ e’ss comments. After receiving the written request for a Right of Reply, the Chair will rule whether it is valid or invalid. Motions: Motion to Appeal to the Chair’s Decision : This motion is made when a delegate delegate feels that the Chair was incorrect in his or her ruling. It is submitted submitted to the Chair by writing and will be decided by the co-Chair. At that time, the co-Chair will hear from the delegate and Chair in order to make a decision. This ruling is not subject to appeal. Motion Motion for a Modera Moderated ted Caucus Caucus: When motioning for a moderated caucus, delegates must specify the total time limit for the caucus, speaking time, and purpose. During a moderated caucus the Chair recognizes delegates for remarks without the use of a speakers list and yields. Moti Motion on for for an Unmo Unmode dera rate ted d Cauc Caucus us: When hen maki making ng this this moti motio on, delegates must specify the length and purpose of the caucus. Unmoderated caucuses allow delegates to have informal discussions and move around the committee room. Motion to Table Debate: The committee may consider a motion to table deba de bate te on the the item item unde underr disc discus ussi sion on.. If the the moti motion on is seco second nded ed,, two two representativ representatives es may speak in favor of and two against the motion. motion. This motion can be b e used to table resolutions, amendments, or topics. A two-thirds majority is required required for passage. passage. A resolution, resolution, amendment, or topic, topic, may be reintroduced so that debate can resume the same process. A motion to reintroduce also requires a two-thirds vote to pass. Motion to Move into Time Against : If a delegate feels that debate in favor of a resolution resolution or amendment is repetitive, repetitive, he or she may call out for this
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moti motion on,, assu assumi ming ng no one one is spea speaki king ng.. If the the moti motion on is seco second nded ed with with no objections, it automatically passes. Motion to Adopt without a Vote: If a delegate believes that the entire committee supports an amendment or resolution and that debate is lacking, the delegate may motion to adopt without a vote. This motion passes if it is seconded and there are no objections. Motion to Move into Voting Procedure : When a delegate feels that the topic on the floor, be it a resolution or amendment, has already been sufficiently disc discus usse sed, d, he or she she may may moti motion on to clos close e de deba bate te and and move move into votin voting g procedure. This motion passes if it is seconded and there are no objections. Moti Motion on to Susp Suspen end d Deba Debate te: When When the the time time allo allott tted ed for for a spec specif ific ic committee session has elapsed, a delegate may make a Motion to Suspend Debate. In order to pass, this motion must be seconded and face no objections. Motion to Recess: When the time allotted for the last committee session session has elapsed, delegates may make a Motion to Recess. In order to pass, this motion must be seconded and face no objections. Voting
Abstentions are not allowed on procedural motions. Decisions on draft resolutions require a simple majority in favor and decision on amendments a twotwo-th third irdss majo majorit rity. y. In the the Secu Securit rityy Counc Council, il, howe howeve ver, r, all all reso resolut lutio ions ns and and amendments amendments shall require nine affirmative affirmative votes and no votes against against from any permanent members (People’s Republic of China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom, and the United States of America). Each Each deleg delegat atio ion n prese present nt shal shalll have have a vote vote on proc proced edura urall matte matters rs.. Obse Ob serv rving ing natio nations ns and and nong nongov overn ernme menta ntall orga organiz nizat atio ions ns cann cannot ot vote vote on substantive matters. Voting nations may vote in favor, against, or abstain. If a nation responded, “present and voting” during roll call, that nation may not abstain. Although the committee shall normally vote by show of placards, any delegate delegate may request a roll call vote, at which point the Chair will call out each nation’s name and record their vote. A delegate may pass in the first round of voting and will be called on again after all other nations have voted. However, the delegate delegate must then vote in favor or against against the topic debated. debated. Delegations Delegations that appear to be voting against their nation’s policy may reserve the right to explain their vote by Voting with Rights. The delegation must announce that it is Voting with Rights when casting their vote. After all nations have voted, the Chair may permit delegations Voting with Rights to explain their votes. If the number of abstentions is high or the number of votes in favor and votes against are close, a delegate may make a motion to Divide the House, ruled by the Chair. If this motion passes, abstentions for that topic are no longer in order. 13
When in voting procedure, no delegate may enter or leave the room or interrupt the procedure, with an exception to Points of Personal Privilege, Points of Inquiry, or Points of Order. All communication between delegates is strictly forbidden. If a vote does not result in a simple majority (one more than 50 percent of the committee) in favor, the resolution shall be considered rejected by the committee. Order of Procedural Motions: The motions motions below shall have precedence precedence in the following following order over all other motions: Point of Personal Privilege ● Point of Order ● Point of Inquiry ● Point of Information ● Motion to Caucus ● Motion to Move into Time Against ● Motion to Table Debate ● Yields
At BSBMUN there are three possible yields after a speech. Delegates can yield to another delegate, to points of information, information, or to the Chair. If the first is used, the delegate gives his or her remaining time to another delegation or delegate from the same delegation. This is useful because multiple delegates cann cannot ot spea speakk du duri ring ng the the same same spee speech ch.. If a de dele lega gate te yiel yields ds to poin points ts of information, the Chair selects delegates to ask questions that the delegation whose speech has been concluded concluded must answer. If a delegate yields yields his or her time to the Chair, any remaining time is disregarded and the debate proceeds to the next speaker.
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Flow of Debate 1) At the beginning of the conference, the Chair calls the house to order: - Chair: “May the House please com to order?” 2) The Chair then proceeds with roll call to ensure all nations are present. 3) Debate begins with the Chair selecting selecting one main submitter of the resolution resolution to be discussed so that it may be introduced. -Chair: “We will now move into the debate on (topic). Will one of the main submitters submitters of the resolution resolution submitted submitted by (list of main submitters) please please request the floor?” 4) Main submitters wishing to speak raise their placards and the Chair selects one to read the operative clauses and defend the resolution. -Chair: “Delegation of (nation selected), you have been recognized” -Mai -Main n Subm Submit itter ter:: “C “Clau lause se 1 [… […]] Deci Decide dess to remai remain n activ actively ely seiz seized ed on the matter.” - Chair: “The House has heard the resolution. Is there a second?” -Delegates: “Second!” 5) The Chair sets the debate time for time in favor and against the resolution. He or she then yields to the main submitter for opening remarks. remarks. Later, if the main subm submitt itter er ag agre rees es,, the the Ch Chai airr may may sele select ct othe otherr natio nations ns to make make point pointss of information. The main submitter may also yield to another delegation at this time. -Chair: “(Main submitter), please proceed with your remarks” -Main Submitter: “Delegates, the resolution at hand […]” -Chair: “Thank you. Is the delegate open to any points of information?” -Main Submitter: “Any and all” -Chair: -Chair: “All nations wishing wishing to make a point of information information to the delegation delegation of (mai (main n subm submit itte ter) r) plea please se rais raise e your your plac placar ards ds high high.. Dele Delega gati tion on of (delegation asking), you have been recognized.” 6) After the Chair decides that the time for points of information for that speaker has elapsed, he or she will request that the speaker yields the floor back to the Chair. -Chair: “Will the delegate please yield the floor back to the Chair?” - Main Submitter: “So yielded.” 7) Other delegates can now request the floor to speak in favor of the resolution until the time for the resolution has expired, at which point the committee will move into time against the resolution.
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-Chair: “Debate time in favor of this resolution has expired, so the House will now move into time against this resolution. All nations wishing to speak against the resolution please raise their placards high.” 8) At this time, amendments can be submitted and, if acceptable, debated. The Chair will read the amendment, set a debate time for and against it, and call upon the submitter to explain it. As in other speeches, the speaker may or may not be open to points of information. information. After both time in favor and time against have have elap elapse sed, d, the the comm commit itte tee e will will move move into into voti voting ng proc proced edur ure e for for that that amendment. -Chair: “Debate time for this amendment has elapsed, so the committee will now move in to voting procedure for the amendment on the floor. All those in favor of the amendment please raise your placards high. All those against please raise your placards high. This amendment passes (or does not pass) with a vote of X in in favor and Y against. against. We will now resume debate on the resolution. 9) The resolution is debated until the allotted time is elapsed, at which point the committee will move into voting procedure for the draft resolution as a whole. -Chair: -Chair: “Debate “Debate time on this resolution has elapsed, so the committee will now move into voting procedure procedure for the draft resolution resolution as a whole. All those in favo favorr of the resol resoluti ution on,, pleas please e rais raise e your your plac placar ards ds high high.. All All thos those e agai ag ains nstt the the reso resolu luti tion on,, plea please se rais raise e your your plac placar ards ds high high.. All All thos those e abstaining, please raise your placards high. With a vote of X in in favor, Y against, and Z abstentions, abstentions, this resolution passes (or does not pass). 10) After debating all other resolutions and when the time for committee session comes to a close, there is a motion to suspend debate until the next committee session. -Chair: “The Chair would look favorably upon a motion to suspend debate.” - Delegate: “Motion to suspend debate.” - Other Delegate: “Second.” -Chair: “Are there any objections? This motion passes and debate has been suspended until (time at which committee reconvenes).”
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Opening Speeches Depending on the size of the committee, opening speeches are normally between 30 seconds to one minute. In the opening speeches the delegates normally start addressing who they are speaking to, followed by one or two introductory sentences. After this, the delegate briefly speaks to each topic and has one short concluding sentence. It is highly recommended that opening speeches are prewritten and rehearsed considering they, together with Position Papers, are the sole impression other delegates have before lobbying time. A sample Opening Speech can be found in Appendix B.
Lobbying Time Lobbying occurs on the first committee session of BSBMUN after opening speeches. speeches. This serves as an opportunity opportunity to merge resolutions resolutions and gain support for your your solutio solutions. ns. At this time, cooperat cooperation ion is essent essential, ial, as delegat delegates es must must negotiate with allies to include points from various nations and convince others that their resolution solves the issue at hand efficiently and effectively. Main subm submitt itter erss are thos those e that that are are activ actively ely supp suppor ortin ting g the the resol resoluti ution on,, wher wherea eass Co-S Co-Sub ubmi mitte tters rs wish wish to see see the reso resolut lutio ion n debat debated ed bu butt do not not neces necessa sari rily ly support it. The maximum and minimum number of each is announced at the beginning of committee session and varies based on committee size. Delegates may co-submit as many resolutions as they would like, but can only main submit one per topic.
Resolutions Resolutions are the formal solutions to the issue being debated. It is import important ant to note note that that resoluti resolutions ons should should be discus discussed sed indepen independent dently, ly, so delegates are not supposed to reference other resolutions of the same topic or vote against a resolution simply because theirs did not pass. Resolutions have a fairly formal format. It is conventional not to mention a nation in a resolution unless it is directly related to the topic. Realistic clauses based on statistics are seen very favorably and help gain credibility. On the other hand, spelling and grammar mistakes may cause other delegates to question the reliability of a resolution. The heading includes the committee, formal topic name, a list of the main submitters and a list of the co-submitters. Main submitters participated in writing the resolution resolution and actively actively support support it whereas co-submitte co-submitters rs simply wish to see the resolution debated. Following the heading the name of the council should be written followed by a comma. 17
After After the above above come come the preamb preambula ulator toryy clause clauses, s, normally normally facts and previous action taken on the problem at hand. They begin with a preambulatory verb, normally a gerund. The complete list of acceptable preambulatory clauses can be found below. The first word must be in the list attached below and be ital italic iciz ized ed.. Prea Preamb mbula ulato tory ry clau clause sess are are not not numb number ered ed and and end in a comm comma. a. Alth Althou ough gh thes these e clau clause sess are are norm normall allyy not not read read in form formal al de deba bate, te, they are necessary necessary in order for a document to be considered considered a resolution and therefore therefore must be included in order to be debated. Operative clauses follow preambulatory clauses and normally comprise the bulk of the resolution. These clauses take action and begin with a verb from the list attached below. Please note that verbs in bold can only be used in Security Council resolutions. All operative words must be underlined and clauses must end in semi-colons. In order for resolutions to be effective, the actions must be specific. For these reasons, sub-clauses are used and are marked in lower case letters of the English alphabet. Sub-sub-clauses are also common and are marked with lowercase Roman numerals. Note that sub-clauses and sub-sub-clauses should end in commas unless they are lead to a list of other subsub-cl clau ause ses, s, when when they they shou should ld end with a colo colon n or end end an entire entire clause clause,, meaning they should end with a semi-colon. A sample Resolution can be found in Appendix C.
List of preambulatory terms:
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List of operative terms (Security Council only in bold):
Amendments Any delegation proposing amendments must clearly specify its submitter. In order for the delegation to be considered a friendly amendment and be adopted automatically, all main submitters must agree. If this is not the case, the amen amendm dmen ents ts is unfri unfriend endly ly and and shou should ld have have spea speake kers rs in favo favorr and ag agai ains nst, t, assumi assuming ng time time allows allows.. When When submit submittin ting g amendm amendments ents that add new clause clauses, s, specify where in the resolution these clauses would be added. Amendments that stri strike ke all all clau clause sess and and repla replace ce them them with with a resol resoluti ution on may may be enter entertai taine ned. d. However, However, they are debated only if time allows considering considering their disruptiveness. disruptiveness. A two-thirds majority is necessary in order for an amendment to be adopted. A sample amendment can be found in Appendix D.
Veto Power Veto power only exists in the Security Council. Vetoes should only be used when the nation’s sovereignty is being infringed by the resolution. Any no vote from a permanent member is automatically a veto. For these reasons, if a nation that holds veto power disagrees with a resolution but it does not infringe on that nation’s sovereignty, it should not vote against the resolution but abstain instead. If a nation wishes to use a veto, it should not say the word “veto” if voting by roll call. In its place, use either “no” or “against”. After a veto is used the the de dele lega gatio tion n must must justif justifyy how how the the prop propos osed ed reso resolu lutio tion n infri infring nges es on its sovereignty, at which point the Chairs will determine whether the veto is valid or not. 19
Awards In BSBMUN, each committee has three awards: two Honorable Mentions and one Best Delegation. All aspects of debate must be considered, including openi opening ng spee speech ches es,, lobb lobbyi ying ng and and mergi merging ng time, time, and and qu qual ality ity of poin points ts of information. In order to be chosen for awards, delegates must not only be good public speakers, but also encompass all aspects of diplomats, such as being tactful, persuasive, and cooperative. When considering awards, Chairs should take take into into cons consid idera erati tion on the the qu qual ality ity of each each deleg delegat atio ion’ n’ss posi positio tion n pa pape pers rs,, resolutions, and amendments, as well the knowledge and understanding not only of committee topics but also of each delegation’s policies and interests. All delegates within a delegation should contribute to the debate in order to be eligible. Any delegation that does not submit a position paper for each topic on time will automatically be disqualified from awards.
Glossary Abstain: During a vote on a substantive matter, delegates may abstain rather than vote yes or no. This generally signals that a country does not support the resolution being voted on, but does not oppose it enough to vote no. Adjourn: All UN or Model UN sessions end with a motion to adjourn. This means that the debate is suspended until the next meeting. This can be a short time (e.g. overnight) or a long time (e.g. until next year's conference). Agenda: The order in which the issues before a committee will be discussed. The first duty of a committee following the roll call is usually to set the agenda. Amendment : A change to a draft resolution on the floor. Can be of two types: a "friendly amendment" is supported by the original draft resolution's sponsors, and is passed passed automatically, automatically, while an "unfriendly amendment" is not supported by the original sponsors and must be voted on by the committee as a whole. Backgroun Background d guide: A gu guid ide e to a topi topicc be bein ing g disc discus usse sed d in a Mode Modell UN committee usually written by conference organizers and distributed to delegates before the conference. This serves as the starting point for any research before a Model UN conference but should never be the sole source of information. Binding: Having legal force in UN member states. Security Council resolutions are binding, as are decisions of the International Court of Justice; on the other hand, resolutions of the General Assembly, Political Committee, Economic and Social Council, and the Human Rights Council are not. 20
Bloc: A group of countries in a similar geographical region or with a similar opinion on a particular topic. Blocs typically vote together. Caucus : A break in formal debate in which countries can more easily and info inform rmall allyy disc discus usss a topic topic.. Ther There e are two two type types: s: moder moderat ated ed cauc caucus us and and unmoderated caucus. Chair: A member of the dais that moderates debate, keeps time, rules on points and motions, and enforces the rules of procedure. Sometimes refereed to as Moderator. Co-Submitter: A country that wishes a draft resolution to be put on the floor and signs the draft resolution to accomplish this. A co-submitter need not support a resolution; it only wants it to be discussed. Usually, Model UN conferences require some minimum number of main and co-submitters for a draft resolution to be discussed. Dais: The group of people in charge of a Model UN committee. Generally, consists of a Chair and one or two Vice-Chairs. The dais is also the raised platform on which the chair traditionally sits. Decorum: The order and respect for others that all delegates at a Model UN conference must exhibit. The Chair will call for decorum when he or she feels that the committee is not being respectful of a speaker, of the dais, or of their roles as ambassadors. Delegate: A student acting as a representative of a member state or observer in a Model UN committee. Delegation: The The enti entire re grou group p of pe peop ople le repr repres esen enti ting ng a memb member er stat state e or observer in all committees at a particular Model UN conference. Division of the Question (Vote Clause by Clause) : During voting bloc, delegates may motion to vote on certain clauses of a resolution separately, so that only the clauses that are passed become part of the final resolution. This is known as division of the question. Division of the House: A form of voting procedure where voting is done by role call. Abstentions Abstentions are not in order. This This motion is made if a vote was either very close or if the amount of abstentions is significantly large. Draft resolution: A document that seeks to fix the problems addressed by a Model UN committee. If passed by the committee, the draft resolution will become a resolution.
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Faculty Advisor: The faculty member in charge of a Model UN team, class or club. Flow Flow of deba debate te: The The orde orderr in whic which h even events ts proc procee eed d du duri ring ng a Mode Modell UN conference. This usually indicates the movement between formal and informal debate and the process of drafting, debating and voting on resolutions. Gavel: The tool, shaped like a small wooden hammer, which the Chair uses to keep order within a Model UN committee. Many conferences give the gavel used in a committee committee to the delegate delegate recognized recognized by the dais as the best in that committee; committee; therefore, therefore, the term is frequently frequently used to refer to the award given given to the best delegate, even in cases where no actual gavel is given. Head Delegate: The student leader of a Model UN club or team. Main Submitter: One of the writers of a draft resolution. resolution. A friendly amendment amendment can only be created if all sponsors agree. Member State: A country that has ratified the Charter of the United Nations and whose application to join has been accepted by the General Assembly and Security Council. Currently, there are 193 member states. Moderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates remain seated and the Chair calls on them one at a time to speak for a short period of time, enabling a freer exchange of opinions than would be possible in formal debate. Motion: A request made by a delegate that the committee as a whole do something. Some motions might be to go into a caucus, to adjourn, to introduce a draft resolution, or to move into voting procedure. Observer: A state tate,, national organization ion, reg regional nal organization, or non-governmental organization that is not a member of the UN but participates in its debates. Observers can vote on procedural matters but not substantive matters. Examples include the Holy See, the Palestinian Authority, and many NGOs, such as Amnesty International. On the floor: At a Model UN conference, when a working paper or draft resolution is first written, it may not be discussed in debate. After it is approved by the Dias and introduced by the committee, it is put "on the floor" and may be discussed. Operative Operative clause clause: The part of a resolution that describes how the UN will address a problem. It begins with an action verb. Page: A delegate delegate in a Model UN committee committee that has volunteered volunteered to pass notes 22
from one delegate to another, or from a delegate to the dais, for a short period of time. Placard: A piece of cardstock cardstock with a country's name on it that a delegate delegate raises in the air to signal to the Chair that he or she wishes to speak. Point: A request raised by a delegate for information or for an action relating to that delegate. Examples include a point of order, a point of inquiry, and a point of personal privilege. Position paper: A summary of a country's position on a topic, written by a delegate before a Model UN conference. Preambulatory Clause: The part of a resolution that describes previous actions taken on the topic and reasons reasons why the resolution resolution is necessary. It begins with a participle or adjective. Procedural: Having to do with the way a committee is run, as opposed to the topic being discussed. All delegates present must vote on procedural matters and may not abstain. Quorum: The The minim minimum um numbe numberr of de dele lega gates tes needed needed to be pres presen entt for for a committee to meet. In the General Assembly, a quorum consists of one third of the members to begin debate, and a majority of members to pass a resolution. In the Security Council, no quorum exists for the body to debate, but nine members must be present to pass a resolution. Resolution: A document document that has been passed by an organ of the UN that aims aims to address a particular problem or issue. Right of Reply: A right to speak in reply to a previous speaker's comment, invoked when a delegate feels personally insulted by another's speech. Must be submitted in writing in order for it to be invoked. Roll Call: The first order of business in a Model UN committee, during which the dais reads aloud the names of each member state in the committee. When a dele de lega gate' te'ss count country ry's 's name name is call called ed,, he or she she may may resp respon ond d "p "pre rese sent nt"" or "present and voting." A delegate responding "present and voting" may not abstain on a substantive vote. Rules of Procedure: The rules by which a Model UN committee is run. Second: To agree with a motion being proposed. Many motions must be seconded before they can be brought to a vote.
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Secretariat: The staff of a Model UN conference. At BSBMUN, the Secretary General leads the secretariat. Simple majority: 50% plus one vote of the number of delegates in a committee. The amount needed to pass most substantive votes. Speakers' List: A list that determines the order in which delegates will speak. Whenever a new topic is opened for discussion, the Chair will create a speakers' list by asking all delegates wishing to speak to raise their placards and calling on them one at a time. During debate, a delegate may indicate that he or she wishes to be added to the speakers' list by sending a note to the dais. Substantive: Having to do with the topic being discussed. A substantive vote is a vote on a draft resolution or amendment already on the floor during voting proced procedure. ure. Only Only member member states states (not (not observ observer er states states or non-go non-gover vernme nmenta ntall organizations) may vote on substantive issues. Unmoderated Caucus: A type of caucus in which delegates delegates leave their seats to mingle and speak freely. Enables the free sharing of ideas to an extent not possible in formal debate or even a moderated caucus. Frequently used to sort countries into blocs and to write working papers and draft resolutions. Veto: The ability, held by China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States to prevent any draft resolution in the Security Council from passing by voting no. Vote: A time at which delegates indicate whether they do or do not support a prop propos osed ed actio action n for for the the comm commit ittee tee.. There There are are two two type types: s: proce procedu dura rall and and substantive. Voting procedure: The period at the end of a committee session during which delegates vote on proposed amendments and draft resolutions. Nobody may enter or leave committee at this time.
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Reliable Sources United Nations Sites
United Nations International Court of Justice Missions to the United Nations UN Foundation UN System UN Bibliographic Information Permanent Missions to the UN UN Documentation Centre Country Profiles and Statistics
CIA Fact Book Country Reports Country Watch Global Statistics U.S Department of Army Media
The Economist CNN BBC News The New York Times UN News Centre Foreign Policy Magazine UK Overseas Mission Policy Pages Al Jazeera MUN Sites
MUN Guide Best Delegate BSBMUN
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Appendices Appendix A: Sample Position Paper
Legal Committee Topic A: Capital Punishment Republic of Singapore American School of Brasilia Capital punishment refers to the various ways a state can impose a fatal penalty for some sort of crime. From mental torture, to hangings to the use of lethal injections, the world has seen these kinds of judicial procedures undertaken many times. All of these are forms of executions of criminals, which have significantly decreased worldwide throughout the years due to the advancements in forensic technologies and the increase in debate on human rights issues. Judges and courts have found themselves lessening the use of the ultimate punishment. International commissions against the applied punishments have overrated benefits of its abolition and therefore influenced the world greatly with their views. Although many countries have abolished the use of the death penalty, it is still each government's choice whether to apply it or not. Since 2007, the United Nations General Assembly works to abolish capital punishment with many resolutions, calling upon the nations who still implement the death penalty to follow the trend and ensure that international safety measures are met. Where there is crime there must be punishment as a valid instrument in the state’s administration of order, and Singapore believes capital punishment is no exception of that. The Republic of Singapore's stance on the question of judicial punishment lies broadly with the 21 nation-states around the world that still allow its use. The use of the death penalty is a decision dependent on national sovereignty, yet the delegation comprehends the manifestation of the opposition. It does, however, highlight the fact that Singapore makes more use of corporal punishment, or moderated caning, as opposed to immediate executions. The legislative system always seeks to analyze thoroughly the degrees of capital crimes in each and every trial, keeping in mind the Criminal Procedure and Penal Code of Singapore. The delegation strongly believes that the current method is adequate and efficient to prevent crime escalation inside its safe society, and equally trusts that the societal order in Singapore is correlated to the current laws in the criminal justice system. The Department of Statistics of Singapore showed results of a survey where Singaporeans expressed immense satisfaction with the government, with 84% of the population saying it is a country of law and order and 80% stating that it is safer than most other nations. In recent years, published UN data ranked Singapore with the second lowest murder rate in the world. This represents an advantage to the judicial system considering the death penalty establishment has and will continue ensuring protection and prevention from capital crimes. The merit of the low rate of criminality in Singapore is granted to the current legal system, which the culture has always understood about. Throughout the many years that the Republic of Singapore, along with other countries, has applied the death penalty, it has been proven that harsh punishments not 26
only deters crime, but help maintain peace and social order. Laws are made through a mechanism to make society work, and Singapore should be taken as an example of that. Even though it should only be applied to the most serious and heinous crimes, capital punishment sends a strong message to anyone thinking of breaking the law. Given all of this, the delegation of Singapore believes it is important to understand that capital punishment is not something to be abolished, but monitored as it has been. The delegation welcomes any other nations’ opinions on this crucial topic and hopes for a diverse discussion of perspectives. Appendix B: Sample Opening Speech
Hono Honora rabl ble e chai chairs rs,, fello fellow w minis minister ters, s, and and este esteem emed ed gu gues ests ts:: As the Finan Finance ce Ministers of the 20 leading economies, all those here present possess incredible power to transform this world. Enough power to monitor nuclear programs, stabilize post- conflict economies, and eradicate corruption. In regards to the monitoring of nuclear programs, the G20 nations must sign and ratify the NPT as well as enhance cooperation with the IAEA. Regarding post-conflict stabilization, the PRC believes it is of utmost importance to aid countries while preserving their their natio nationa nall sove soverei reign gnty ty.. Final Finally ly,, for for the the eradi eradica catio tion n of corr corrupt uptio ion n to be successful, it is necessary that all governments crackdown on corruption and join international anti-corruption conventions, such as the UNCAC and the FATF. If any delegations have any questions or would like to exchange ideas with the Chinese Ministry of Finance please do not hesitate to do so. Appendix C: Sample Resolution
Disarmament and International Security Council The Future of Cyber Security Sponsors: Singapore, Mauritania, Cuba, Comoros, Peru, Mexico, and Malta Malt a Signatories: Panama Panama,, Germ German any, y, India India,, South South Afric Africa, a, Azerb Azerbai aija jan, n, Ethio Ethiopi pia, a, Finland, Nicaragua, Nauru, Luxembourg, Iraq, Zimbabwe, Palau, Kenya, United States States,, United United Kingdo Kingdom, m, Qatar, Qatar, Burund Burundi, i, Chad, Chad, Syria, Syria, Paragu Paraguay, ay, Fiji, China, Oman, Bhutan, New Zealand, Z ealand, Nigeria, Austria, Iraq, Estonia, Papua New Guinea, Nepal, Nepal, UAE, UAE, Spain, Spain, Ind Indone onesia sia,, Swazil Swaziland and,, Switze Switzerlan rland, d, Malawi Malawi,, San Marino Marino,, Bolivia, Central African Republic, Somalia, Lesotho, Marshal Islands, San Marino, Ecuador, Micronesia, Bhutan, Palestinian Authority, Mauritius, Macedonia, Laos, DR Congo, Honduras The Disarmament and International Security Council, Aware of the prominent and increasing danger of cyber crimes, 27
Fully alarmed by increasing rates of cyber attacks worldwide, Seeking to educate populations of developing nations in the prevention of cyber crime, Recognizing the lack of cyber access in developing nations, Encouraging developed nations to lend platforms of cyber security, Acknowledging that that the Internet serves as a means of communication, storage, and information sharing, Aware that that malicious software and hacking technology poses a threat to Internet databases and private records, Concerned with with the ever-evolving cyber landscape, which requires the constant updated cyber security,
1. Calls Calls up upon on all all natio nations ns,, nati nation onal al and and inter interna natio tiona nall nonnon-go gove vernm rnmen ental tal orga organi niza zati tion onss (NGO (NGOs) s) to activ actively ely pa parti rtici cipa pate te and and coop coopera erate te in the the prolif proliferat eration ion of techno technolog logyy and educat education ion in order order to increa increase se global global levels of cyber security, by: a. Implem Implement enting ing an Interna Internatio tional nal Cyber Security Security Awarenes Awarenesss Day to remi remind nd all all citi citize zens ns of the the need need for for pe pers rson onal al and and work workpl plac ace e respons responsibi ibility lity by adoptin adopting g simple simple practi practices ces,, such such as having having the ability ability to secure secure their their online online identit identity, y, computers computers,, mobile mobile,, and wireless devices, b. Encoura Encouragin ging g multi multi-l -lat ater eral al ag agree reeme ments nts by stat state e and and nonnon-st state ate actors with the purpose of: i. Ad Adopting the the stand tandaards of cyber security ISO/IEC 27001-27002, created by the International Security Forum (ISF), as the internationally accredited and accepted cyber security guidelines, ii. ii. Impro proving ving coop cooper erat atio ion n be betw twee een n the the Inte Intern rnat atio iona nall Organi Organizat zation ion for Standar Standardiz dizati ation on (IO (IOS), S), the Interna Internatio tional nal Electro-technical Commission (IEC), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and other UN approved NGOs to constantly update and improve their respective 28
roles roles in cyb cyber er securi security, ty, namely namely in creating creating and updatin updating g guidelines, training and technology, iii. Impro Improvin ving g the ava availa ilabil bility ity of Inform Informatio ation n Securit Securityy Forum’ Forum’ss (ISF) Standards of Good Practice, to all countries, regardless of socio-economic condition, in order to improve grassroots detection of cybercrime, and cybersecurity education, iv. iv. Partn Partneri ering ng with with,, eithe eitherr direc directly tly or indi indirec rectl tly, y, the the Nort North h American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), in order to: 1. Encourage Encourage NERC, UNDP and other other pertinent pertinent NGOs and organs organs to physic physically ally create create more more electric electric and inter internet net conne connect ctio ion n infra infrast struc ructur ture e in all all loca locatio tions ns deemed lacking in said infrastructure, 2. Push Push for for the ad adop optio tion n of NERC NERC guide guidelin lines es as the inter ternatio tional norm for inte nterne rnet and elec lectri tric infrastructure development, c. Strongly Strongly suggests the proper respect respect to human rights rights be shown shown by all all stat state e and and nonnon-st stat ate e acto actors rs in rega regard rdss to main mainta tain inin ing g all all freedoms detailed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while still striving for the goal of increased global cybersecurity; 2. Enc Encou oura rage gess the the use use of the the Nati Nation onal al Inst Instit itut utio ion n of Cy Cybe bers rsec ecur urit ityy Education’s (NICE) guidelines be adopted as the international standard for cybersecurity education, for the purpose of: a. Esta Establ blis ishi hing ng mini minimu mum m ed educ ucat atio ion n stan standa dard rdss in scho school olss and and unive univers rsit ities ies to assu assure re prop proper er inter interne nett safe safety ty habi habits ts by regul regular ar Information and Communications Technology (ICT) users, b. Encour Encouragi aging ng base-l base-leve evell interne internett safety safety educat education ion by state state and non-state actors, similar to those currently employed by the Inter America American n Develo Developme pment nt Bank Bank (IADB) (IADB),, which which entail, entail, but are not limited to: i. Send Sending ing fake fake spam spam emai emaill from from Inte Interne rnett Tech Techno nolo logy gy (IT) (IT) specialists specialists to other employees, with the purpose purpose of training training them to spot suspicious or dangerous emails, ii. Distrib Distributin uting g passwo password rd creatio creation n guides guides to limit limit the use of repeated passwords and show employees how to create truly strong passwords, iii. Providing Providing lessons on proper proper internet safety safety etiquette, etiquette, such as: 1. Never revealing security questions or answers, answers, 29
2. Never Never transfe transferrin rring g passwo passwords rds or securit securityy questi questions ons electronically, iv. De Demonstrat rating how to imp implement dual encrypted passwords for especially sensitive data or files, with the password(s) divided amongst electronic keys and high level employees; 3. Strongly Strongly suggests the funding of the “PP” (Progres (Progresss Program) Program) to make make infrastructure, cyber security, and prosecution of users, chief components of the national strategies to modernize Information and Communications Technologies by updating all the computerized infrastructure by means of the agreement of the shared resources and advice of ICT professionals; 4. Encour Encourage agess states states to ensure the developm development ent of a legal legal framewo framework rk in accordance to specific regional policies in order to assure, protect, and strengthen the fundamental rights and public freedoms regarding the protection of data, by the means of: a. Develo Developme pment nt of nation national al cyb cyber er securit securityy polici policies es follow following ing the minimum standards of adopting: i. Strategi Strategies es to strengt strengthen hen nation national al cyb cyber er resilienc resilience e and to appropriately implement the cyber security policy, ii. ii. Legi Legisl slat ativ ive e proc proced edur ures es in orde orderr to make make cybe cyberr crim crimes es applicable to law, and to effectively pursue and prosecute offenders, iii. iii. Meas Measure uress whic which h ensu ensure re publi publicc-pri priva vate te pa partn rtner ersh ship ip as a model to engage each population in the enhancement of cyber security and cyber resilience, b. Creatio Creation n or improv improveme ement, nt, if alread alreadyy existe existent, nt, of institu institutio tions ns and departments departments with the capacity of dealing with all aspects of cyber securit securityy develo developme pment nt in the country country/re /regio gion, n, such such as Compute Computer r Emergency Response Teams (CERT), to: i. Effecti Effectivel velyy and effici efficientl entlyy respon respond d to informa informatio tion n securit securityy incidents, ii. Act as the chief computer security service providers, iii. Create awareness awareness of the increasing increasing development development of cyber cyber security security threats to the integrity of the different facets of our modern society, iv. iv. Enh Enhan ance ce capa capabi bilility ty,, coop cooper erat atio ion, n, and and tech techno nolo logi gica call advances as to countries within a region, 30
v. Functi Function on as central central contac contactt points points for any relevan relevantt cyb cyber er security violation issues, c. Format Formation ion of a Cyb Cyber er Crime Crime Analys Analysis is and Invest Investiga igatio tion n Centre (CCAIC) which will: i. Dedica Dedicate te resour resources ces to the CCAIC CCAIC in add additi ition on to technic technical al assistance, financial support and human capital, ii. Crea Create te de dedi dica cated ted pa part rtner ner orga organs ns to work work alon alongs gside ide the the CCAIC and International Security Forum (ISF), in order to continue the work of the ISF and the Standards of Good Practice research study group in order to keep pace with constantly developing technology, iii. iii. Any Any conf confis isca cate ted d comp comput uter er sys system tem be belo long ngin ing g to an individual trialed for any criminal offence shall remain in the Centre´s facilities for research and investigation purposes, iv. Analyz Analyze e the criminal criminal behavi behavior or of the users users of informa informatio tion n networks on their computer systems, v. Func Functi tion on under under the ISO/ ISO/IE IEC C 27001 27001-2 -2700 7002 2 gu guid ideli eline ness of cybersecurity and all United Nations regulations in regards to respecting national sovereignty and human rights, vi. Be funded funded by respecti respective ve corporat corporate e action actionss of the World World Bank, respective regional development banks, NGOs and other ther orga organs ns,, to be de dete term rmin ined ed by Unite nited d Nati Nation onss specialists as needed, d. Improving Improving already existing independent independent personal personal data protection authorities to assure: i. The The mora morall proce process ssing ing of pe pers rson onal al da data ta and and info inform rm the concerned individuals, ii. ICTs ICTs are instruc instructed ted as society society-im -impro provin ving g tools and not as threats for the rights and freedom of individuals, iii. iii. Data Data pro proces cessing sing must ust be pe perf rfo ormed rmed thro throug ugho hout ut an established set of norms developed by advice of the above mentioned; 5. Invites Invites nations nations to analyz analyze e the chief chief elemen elements ts of their their nationa national/re l/regio gional nal securit securityy and determ determine ine if their their legisla legislativ tive e measure measuress and proced procedure uress regardin regarding g cyb cyber er securit securityy assure assure their their stabili stability ty to improv improve e and restrict restrict acc access ess to thes these e sens sensit itiv ive e netw networ orks ks clas classi sifi fied ed as crit critic icaal for for the the national/regional security;
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6. Requests measures to consider the following actions as criminal offences, where judicial authorities must be granted with the means to prosecute cyber criminal who carry out any of the actions below: a. Unauthorized Unauthorized access or exceed authorized access to a computer computer system, b. Remain fraudulently in a computer system, system, c. Enter data data fraudulently fraudulently un un a computer computer system, system, d. Unlawfully generate passwords passwords or access codes, codes, e. Unlawf Unlawfully ully make make ava availab ilable le any compute computerr system system to perform perform an offence, f. Damage, Damage, deteriorate, deteriorate, alter, or or change change computer computer data fraudule fraudulently, ntly, g. Intercept by technical computerized computerized data fraudulently, h. Inte Intenti ntion onal ally ly alte alterr comp compute uterr da data ta for for it to be ap appl plie ied d for for legal legal issues as if it were authentic, i. Fraud Fraudul ulent ently ly obta obtain in any any be bene nefit fit by alter alterin ing g or maki making ng use use of altered computer data, j. Proliferation of child pornography and racial or xenophobic material through a computer system, k. Any Any threa threatt to comm commit it a fede federa rall offe offenc nce e to another another indiv individu idual al through a computer system, l. Consciously Consciously justify justify genocid genocide e or crimes crimes against against humanity humanity through through a computer system, m. Violation of privacy and blackmailing through a computer system, n. Theft of financial financial assets and fraud by means of of a computer computer system, system, whic which h shal shalll be sanc sancti tion oned ed by mean meanss of diss dissua uasi sive ve crim crimin inal al penalties; 7. Reco Recomm mmend endss that that nati nation onss subm submit it regul regular ar repor reports ts to the the respec respectiv tive e authorities on the implementation of these measures, 8. Stro Strong ngly ly urge urgess nati nation onss to ad addr dres esss the the prob proble lem m of cybe cyberr terr terror oris ism m worldwide, by: a. Info Inform rming ing pe peop ople le more more ab abou outt cybe cyberr terro terroris rism m and and offe offerr free free anti-virus programs to prevent the intrusion of viruses, b. Strongl Stronglyy encour encouragi aging ng foreign foreign and local local compan companies ies to employ employ a person, sent by the government if the company does not have the sufficient funds, whose only job will be to prevent the intrusion of viruses;
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9. Encourages Encourages incentives incentives to public/private public/private sectors as a means of bolsterin bolstering g cyber security by: a. Circulating Circulating capital; capital; human human or fiscal fiscal,, b. Increasing Increasing transpa transparency, rency, c. Promoting Promoting public awareness; awareness;
10.Decides to remain actively seized upon the matter;
Appendix D: Sample Amendment Amendment
Submitter: Portugal Strike clause 7 Add clause 5: “Endorses efforts to ensure e-commerce is freely and securely exercised and that commercial commercial activities carried out by means of a network, network, are subject subject to the law under the considered judicial procedures;”
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