Becoming-A-MODEL-UN-delegate-2016-MUNPlanet-eBOOK.pdf

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate

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Structure of the Book The text is or ganised into an introduct ion, th ree chapter s and a

The first section of the eBook covers the questions such as

The third section deals with what comes after a MUN conference

conclusion. The chapters are called sections (“Pre-Conference Phase”, “Conference Phase”, and “Post-Conference Phase”, essentially representing the chronological and functional stages of the organising process of a model UN. Guided by good practices, experience and insights provided by a selected team of MUN writers and members of the MUNPlanet community, this eBook aims to provide an accessible collection of practices, advice and specific guidelines on how to make the most of the

selection of conferences you might wish to attend - star ting from your local MUN, to maj or national or internatio nal g athering s of the MUN community. Attending your first MUN is an interesting discovery and you will need to be well prepared. Learning how to create a strong application for international conference s, do quality research, be good at public speaking and know what to expect on the ground is important, and this publication provides you wi th an i nsight into this pro cess.

- that is, why every delegate has to reflect on what this or that MUN means to him or her. Preparing for your next Model UN can also be a matter of routine, but in the majority of the cases it is a ver y unique and exciting experience. One notes the advancement and development of the MUN performance as time goes by. It is the delegates that make the Model UNs, and we - together - make this specific experience unique. Thinking about what MUNs are and what they mean to us or the broader society

MUN experience and understand the advantages of this activity that makes for a unique avenue that connects education and preparation for international careers. The conclusion reflects on the purpose of the publication and points to some open issues that may be useful for fur ther community discussions - ranging from the trends in MUN-ing to what and how the delegates can build on their MUN experience 5, 10 or 30 conferences later. This is also a way to par ticipate in a co llective ef fort o f imagining and constructing the collective meaning of MUNs.

The second section leads you to the conference venue and offers a look inside the committee room filled with practices that range from teamwork, various in-session dynamics, negotiation, lobbying and the problems and approaches to MUN from the perspective of delegates. The question that remains in the end is what one wants to get from the first couple of MUNs. The perspective we set for ourselves and how a conference is shaped largely influence what we will g et from our MUN participation in the long term. In any case, a great learning and social experience is guaranteed.

contributes to the development of the conference itself, or to us, in that we are growing conscious of our self-developmen t, which is reflected during a session. We are actors and active subjects who, in the communit y discussions, part icipate in t he s haping of the vision of MUNs in the future. Thus MUNs are a living thing whose purpose is spreading the culture of cooperation and learning globally.


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About MUNP lanet MUNPlanet has been serving its members as an information, social and knowledge platform

The Mod el UN co mmunity has engage d MUNPl anet to dis cuss the nut s, bolts a nd the ad vanced app roach to do ing and o rganising MUNs over the past t wo years, and we are proud to present you the collection of the

best pieces of writing, based o n insights and

practices lived and experienced by MUNers from all parts of the world. Some of them have tailored their texts specifically for this

– a community where the members talk about

publication, while the others have taken part

how MUNs are done and how they resonate with

and discussion threads that cover

the wider global affairs. Our members answered

shedding light on the links between Model UN and early stages of career building. This testifies to the vibrancy of the MUNPlanet

more than 4,000 questions, provided more than

in online discussions at various occasions. There are hundreds of

questions, articles

the aspects of MUNing - conceptual, organisational, social, research-orien ted or geared toward

community and the fact that its members see the importance of

leaving a legacy of their Model UN conferences to the next generation

while sim ultaneousl y learni ng about the exper iences of o thers, whi ch on the o ther hand helps them improve thei r own p erfor mance.

6,000 comments, followed over 275,000 topics,

This enables the inn ovation of the wor king pro cess and improvement of o rganisati onal knowl edge. It doesn’t mat ter whether you have

and engaged in a number of discussions, from

attended 20 conferences or are completely new to your local or global MUN

circuit - this interactiv e Q and A exchange bene fits both

those who are willing to share and those who are willing to learn.

Model UN experiences and international security to sustainability and career development.

MUNPlanet helps MUN delegates and conference organisers exchange information and knowledge that

complements the process

of advancing the culture of MUNing globally - going beyond the traditional centres of MUN tradition and spreading the story about why MU Ns are probabl y the b est hob by for globally-mi nded st udents and those w ho want to develo p their leadership potential.

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Table of content

1. 08-09 10

INTRODUCTION

2.

The Meaning of Model UN

18-20

What MUNs mean?

21-28

MUN and the World of International

MUNs defined by MUNers

11

History of MUNs: Globalising the Practice

12

Why MUNs Are Important Today

13-15

page

What Does it Mean to Be a Successful

Pre-Conference phase

Relations 29-31

Why people join MUN?

32-33

Special Focus: How to prepare

3.

Conference phase 64

On MUNs and what it means to

4. 82-83

Representing a Country at Model UN

66

Model UN Conference Activity

67-68

The Opening Speech

69-70

In-Session Dynamics

71-76

Negotiation and Lobbying

77-79

MUNs: Learning and/or competition?

post-Conference phase How to Become a Better Delegate? Better vs. Best Delegate

represent a country 65

4

84-87

Becoming a better UN delegate

88-89

Becoming a Model UN Chairperson

90-91

A Note on Organizing Model UN

for your first high-school MUN MUN Delegate? 16

Conclusion

34-40

Basics of the United Nations and Model UN

41-49 50-61 62

Model UN Research Public Speaking Conclusion

0 8 Conclusion

92-94

Thinking about the Key Value of MUNs

95-97

Model UN and Careers

98-99

Conclusion

Becoming a MODEL UN delegat e | AUT HORS

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Christopher Bergedahl

Vid Tomić

is pursuing a doctorate in Law at the

Rory Mondshein

Eduardo Palomino

is graduating from MA programme in International

graduated from Bard College (United States) with a

is concluding his freshman year at the High

Malta and is concurrently enrolled in Deloitte Malta's

Relations at University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). He has

B.A. in Political Science & Social Policy in May 2014.

of the Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores

Pathway Programme. Christopher has a keen

been to approximately 20 conferences, maybe even

Known as “Rory the Revolutionary” for her leadership

y Medios de Monterrey (Mexico). He has been to

interest in cross-border taxation and

University of

international

School

more. He is also the co-founder of MUN Slovenia

on Bard’s Model UN team, Rory has attended over

9 MUN conferences so far, including NHSMUN

affairs. He is a founding member of the Junior

Club and MUNSC Salient: Youth Conference on

15 conferences and has been published all over the

2016 and WIMUN 2015, and is always ready for

Chamber of Advocates Malta and the Malta Model

Global Matters, now acting as Senior Advisor. As a

world for her involvement with educational initiatives in

more. He loves being a delegate, but has also

United Nations Society in which he ser ved as

firm believer in the idea of MUN, he is always involved

more than five countries. Rory is currently the Political

chaired committees and founded K-MUN in 2015,

Founding President. He is currently serving as a

in different projects that are somehow related to

Student's Chief Community Officer, and serves as a

serving as Secretary-General. He is

member of the Secretariat of MaltMUN 2016 . He

this field, thus trying to share his experience, know-

a Policy Adviser to a local candidate. In September,

a novel, The Heresy Trials, which will soon be

has maintained an active interest in

how and passion for this phenomenon with younger

Rory will pursue her Msc in Human Rights at the

completed and published.

simulation circuit, having actively participated in

generation. Other than that, he works at Transparency

London School of Economics.

several conferences throughout Europe.

International Slovenia.

the international

currently writing

5

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate | AUTHORS

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Yasmin Helmy

Dio Herdiawan Tobing

Bushra Hashem

Allan Munyao

is currently in her third year of the Actuarial Science

is a final year student and researcher at the

is an English Language and Literature student in the

is graduating from the LLM Programme in Public

programme at the American University in Cairo (Egypt);

Department of International Relations, Universitas

Arab Open University in Cairo (Egypt). She was a del-

International Law at the University of Groningen

she has been participating in MUNs as well as other simulations for four years now. She currently works

Gadjah Mada (Indonesia), specialising i n International Peace & Security Studies, primarily in the field of

egate at several MUNs including TEIMUN, and was awarded best delegation at CIMUN. She attended

(The Netherlands) in 2016. He is an Advocate of the

at MUN Inc. as part-time associate and blogger, and

Public International Law. He is also working as an

several MUN conferences and debate training pro-

MUN conferences and other simulations from 2012-

has just concluded her experience at the 28th Cairo

intern staff member and research assistant at the

grammes in 2015 and 2016.

2016 as participant, chair, judge and organiser.

International Model United Nations as the Rapporteur

ASEAN Studies Centre at the same University. Dio

He is also the first African to serve on the Board

of the Security Council.

has been involved in MUN since 2013, having been to

of Directors of TEIMUN. Assertive, versatile and

around 15 conferences worldwide. Last year he had the privilege to serve as President of the fourth edition of Jogja International MUN, the largest and most diverse MUN Conference in Indonesia. To contact him, please write an e-mail to [email protected]

High Court of Kenya and has been to a number of

purpose-drive n; Allan always brings with him

a “big

picture” attitude, “hands on” work style, teamwork experience, diligent spirit and fresh ideas.

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Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.0.

– The Meaning of Model UN – MUN s defined by MUN ers – History of MUN s : Globalising the Practice – Why MUN s Are Important Today – What Does it Mean to Be a Successful MUN

page

Delegate?

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The Meaning of Model UN “Model United Nations is an

“As delegates representing UN member states, students research their

authentic simulation of the UN

country and issue, which can include topics such as human rights,

General Assembly, UN Security

peace and security, food and hunger, economic development, and the

Council, or other multilateral body,

environment, and develop a position. They then participate in Model UN

which intro duces students to the

conferences, where they give speeches, negotiate with other states, draft

world of diplo macy, negotiation,

and pass resolutions, and ultimately attempt to resolve world problems

and decision making.” UNA-USA

and conflicts. Through this process, students gain understanding of the needs and goals of the country

that they represent and how their country

interacts within the international community on the given topic. Students that participate in Model UN are more globally aware and develop skills in researching, writing, public speaking, communication, critical thinking, and conflict resolution.”

U.S. Department of State

Model UN simulations have become synonymous with the case study approach to teaching and understanding the way the United Nations and various multilateral bodies and institutions operate. In the past ten years, the Model UN method of simulation has spread to other multilateral, historical, fictional and futuristic simulations (from the European Union councils to historical cabinets and, most recently, to Harry Potter, The Fellowship of the Ring, and The Game of Thrones, thus increasing the variety of “creative” discussions on the conference menu that go beyond the “pure” MUN concept.

8


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What is Model UN: The Context Model United Nations is

a proven method for

born in the United States in the f

practicing and teaching internation

irst half of the 20th

Purpose of the eBook

al relations,

century. The first MUN conference

,

MUNPlanet has envisaged the present eBook as more than a

plain guide to doing MUNs.

Vari ous reso urce s f or Mod el UN can be foun d o n t he Inte rnet (see, for exam ple, UNA-

whi ch s imul ated the wor k of the Leagu e o f N atio ns, w as h eld at Har vard in 1927. Li mited to

USA), and they are good and extensive in that

the United States for several decades, the MUNs started spreading first to Europe, in the second half of the past century, and then to other par ts of the world at the beginning of the

every MUNer must take. However, this publication takes a different app roach, offering you a living, breathing documentwritten by MUN delegates and authors who explain

21st century. Today, MUNs are organised at various levels – from school-level conferences

and analyse the crucial aspects of MUN activit

in small towns, to big

publication you will learn more about the ways to get the most out of MUNs and be able

internati onal conferences that take place in off

icial UN buildings.

Hundreds of thousands of students from all the levels attend MUNs every year to

practice

to understand why this is one

they offer the overview of

y from the perspective of b

of the best hobbies and

diplomacy and learn about the United Nations system in an interesting and fun way. They

In this collection of global

make friends and establish networks

practices and paths to doing MUNs

of valuable contacts.

9

the essential steps

eginners. In this

activities students can take up.

voices and relevant insights, the authors outline and discuss

development and social interaction.

and understanding them as a way of

learning, personal

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction 1.2. ı Examples

p a ge 10

“Model United Nations is a simulation game aimed to teach participants in a fun, interactive way about the United Nations, the importance of i nternational relations, allowing them to

practice their diplomatic skills.

Model United Nations is also a socially active event that helps young people from all around the world to learn and understand others ’ points of view in a friendly environment and build long-lasting international cooperation and friendships.”

Juliane Jokinen, Estonia TMUN, Tallinn

“ Model United Nations has moved beyond an

activity undertaken by i

nternatio nally minded individuals.

“Model United Nations, also known as Model UN or MUN, is an extracurricular activity designed for students

In many ways, it has become rather central to how I work. The principles it instils, those of analysis,

who wish to place themselves in the shoes of diplomats, politicians, government officials or journalists to

debate and productivity, are vital. It teaches you how to work within a deadline, how to manage a group

discuss current issues and offer new solutions to political, economic or social problems. Despite its name,

of people with different objectives. It teaches you to compromise. All these things create a concept

Model UN encompasses the world of international politics: the UN, OPEC, European Union, G7/8/20, domestic

larger than the basic understanding of what MUN is. It has become an output device for individuals

relations cabinets, historic events, the world of the press, etc. Every year, more than 200,000 universities and

striving for more. It allows people to grow and develop. Ultimately, MUN is a learning tool, one that has

high schools come together in conferences across the globe to share their passion for international affairs, the

been widely distributed , moulded and changed.”

art of diplomacy, and the principles of the United Nations and many other international organisations.”

Wilf Mountfield,

Lucas Amorelli Ribeiro

LIMUN, London

WebMUN 2014

Kornexl,


page 11

From the first simulation of the League of N ations at Harvard (1927 ), to the first simulations of the work of t he Uni ted N ations (1953), the M odel UN has been the f ocus o f hun dreds of t housand s of students all over the world. In the early stages of its development, mostly reserved for a small number of Western countries, the Model UN has star ted to gradually spread both horizontally (to other countries) and vertically (to different levels of the education system). In the United States there are various levels of MUN simulation: from K- 12 and university, to international conferences, and those are counted in thousands. Europe has been a host to some of the most prominent MUN conferences in the world, and has been developing its MUN scene for several decades now (since 1968). From the beginning of the 21st century, MUNs have spread not only throughout Europe and become more connected (both horizontally and vertically), but have also become popular in Asia, South America, Afr Austral ia. It can be said that Model UN went global.

ica and

There is a growing number of students who discover the world and attend MUN conferences in all four corners of the world through this unique educational and social practice.


p a ge 12

Why MUN s Are Important Today MUNers and MUN s: Understandingthere lationship expand when you engage in MUN because you can't really succeed

Why is Model UN community special?

with all of your assumptions about the world; it challenges you to think

“...An amalgam of ego, intelligence,

outside of your perspective, to see the world from the perspective of

dedication, cooperation, empathy

MUNs represent introduction to procedural issues and knowledge needed to function at the UN

others, and act for the benefit of everyone, not just yourself.”

- choose a positive characteristic

“I participated in one Model UN conference as an undergraduate in

and it can probably be applied.

Canada. It was an opportunity to combine an interest in international affairs

All of these elements make our

with the interesting challenge of trying to adopt the positions of a national

community special.”

delegation – and to experience the reality that different delegations may

“...Model UN profoundly changes you as an individual. Your horizons

Tomas Empire Ocampo, Inland Conference, Model UN

have profoundly different perspectives and interests on a problem; these

Wilf Mountfield, LIMUN

are real and cannot be wished away. The Model UN experience was also a good introduction to the procedural issues that regulate many UN meetings and operations, which are rarely in the news but are an important part of the knowledge needed to function at the UN.” *From a MUNPlanet interview with professor Ian Hurd, Northwestern University

RELATED LINKS Articles: How is Model UN Useful? An MUNer Who Has Become a Leading UN Scholar: Interview With Professor Ian Hurd


page 13

What Does it Mean to Be a Successful MUN Delegate? Model United Nations is an activity performed by hundreds of thousands of students every year, in almost every country in the world. However, one can ask if there is a method to the MUNs, and how Model UNs are done successfully. In order to achieve some positive or favourable results, firsttime MUNers need to keep the consistency in their MUN participation and develop their potential and MUN skills that are accompanied by their

In general, success is defined as “the correct or desired resul t of an attempt” (Merriam-W ebster dictionary) or “the accomplishment of an aim or purpose” (Oxford Dictionaries) .

education. In a nutshell, MUNs are an educa tional tool that help s students learn and practice their knowledge about the United Nations and world politics. Some conferences, such as BIMUN, include the component of “education for the world of diplomacy”.

...and pre are to b mazed!


But, this is not where the meaning and

page 14

There are m any exa mples of M UNers that tell

The stor ies by Wilf, Diego, or Juliane tell us what

of MUNs end - this is just the beginning. Being

purpose

us what the markers of success in the MUN

MUNs meant to them. If you are too impatient to

a MUNer can be a “successful” path that can

worl d co uld be - and what a successful student

wait sever al years to reflect on why you have

bring about individual development in learning

and MUNer is. In any case, MUNs are a way to

become successful, just think of

and developing social relationships for a

achieve positive results that will spill over into and

all those new friends that you will meet at the

greater

fun and learning ,

purpose and a sense of fulfilment in life. Being

highly resonate with whatever else you may be

a high-school or university student, one can

doing as a student or later in life - as confirmed by

confident speaking in public, doing

definitely see the benefits of doing Model

many alumni success stories, in which attending

or writing. That is just a small measurement of

especially those who, by chance, or perhaps by

“that conference” was one of the decisive steps

success, and preparation for something that you

design, discover the world of MUNs and

UN develop

conferences, or the fact that you will be more

on the path to success. If you continue to develop

may transform into a profession or a valuable asset

your sense of v irt ue an d lea dersh ip i n inter cultur al

after you graduate from college.

profession. One can argue that after just

communication, while developing skills that are

several conferences Model UN delegates develop significant skills and social

transferable to your future professional career that is a great achievem ent i n the long term .

global citizens and members of a unique community of practice that largely reflects the needs and ways of life in a globalised and interdependent world.

Articles: 54 Conferences Later: Diego Salama on Leadership and Key MUN Lessons

research,

an interest in international relations as a f uture

networks that enable them to be informed

RELATED LINKS

Living in the Golden Age of MUNs


page 15

RELATED LINKS Articles: Five Model UN Organizers on Good Practices and Future of Model United Nations Questions: What are the benefits of attending a Model UN?

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Introduction ı Conclusion

page 16

How MUNPlanet Can Help You Become a Better MUNer MUNPlanet has been serving its members as information,

This is how MUNPla net c an h elp you becom e a more p roficie nt MUN er:

social and knowledge platform - that is, as a community of

•

practice where members talk about how MUNs

are done and

how they resonate with wider global af fairs and careers. In the

interactive discussions on the topics most relevant to the MUN •

first twelve months since its launch, MUNers have answered more than 4,000 questions, commented 6,000+ times,

community.

MUN delegates, chairs, and conference organisers can improve their own performance by learning from their fellow MUNers. If you had participated in 20 conferences, your knowledge and experience may be useful to other, less experienced delegates. On the other hand, more experienced MUNers may find inspiration to drive their conference participation

followed over 275 ,000 topics, and engaged in a whole range of discussions, from Model UN experiences and international

We work to enable MUN delegates to learn about the culture of MUNing all around the world, while taking part in

further and work on the small details, while benefiting from the interaction within the biggest MUN online community. •

MUNPlanet helps the newbies as well as experience d delegates exchange information and knowledge that complements

security to sustainable developmen t and career development.

the process of proliferation and raising

Model United Nations topic on MUNPlanet has attracted the

are promoted on MUNPlanet through its high-school and university-level MUN calendarand you can browse through

attention of thousands of MUN delegates and conference

a comprehensive MUN conference calendar when looking for your next MUN.

organisers who shared their views on on your MUN path.

how to make progress

the level of professionalism of MUNs. Hundreds of

conference opportunities

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase 2.0.

2.0. PRE-CONFERENCE PHASE – What MUN s mean? – MUN and the World of International Relations – Why people join MUN? – Special Focus: How to prepare for your first high-school MUN – Key Pillars of MUN Preparation – Model UN Research – Public Speaking

p a ge 17


page 18

What MUN s mean? BY VID TOMIĆ Pioneering fields are usually

Defining MUN is as tricky as trying to explain the functioning of the rocket engines to a five year

The next logical question, especiall y if you are not an internatio nal

those connected with biggest

old or to somebody like the author of

relations ‘geek’, would be:

this text. It is, in other words, rocket science . Thus, let us try

misunderstandin gs of the

to explain this phenomenon using a

concepts pertinent to its

also known as M odel UN or MU N, is an educ ational simulat ion and/or acade mic compet ition

definition accessible via the Internet.

existence. The same logic

in which students can learn about diploma cy, inte rnation al relatio ns, and the United Nations.

“Model United Nations,

why would anybody do something like that? What good does it do for you? This is al so o ne of those questions that are diff icult to a nswer,

applies to the world of MUNs,

MUN involves and teaches researching, public

which, af ter lon g years of pioneering quest, still suffers

to critical thinking, teamwork, and le adership abilities. Usually an ex tracurricular activity, some schoo ls als o of fer MUN a s a class.[1]” In other words, anyone, irrespective of their background,

even though they have been tackled many times , and one that I have been struggling with for a very long time. Students and colleagues I worked with in preparing

speaking, debating, and writing skills, in addition

from lack of recognition.

knowledge or education, can step into the shoes

Thus, the first questions we –

have at their disposal, in a genuine setting, wearing the same

MUN enthusiasts and alumni –

code of conduct, to tackle relevant issues in the international community. For a limited period of

of professional diplomats and use the tools they

have to answer are usually

time, they take on the roles of the leaders they respected, criticised, hated or feared, and try to do

clothing and using the established

job. They can also learn, meet their peers from all over the world, and push themselves What does MUN stand aoutbetter of their comfort zone. for? What does it mean?

MUN conferences , people

who teach others w hat MUN is and how to d o it, have answered my question: “What have MUNs given to you”.


ı Pre-conference Phase

2.1.

page

19

I would summarise these answers and related discussions

The second factor, which is closely related to the first, is personal

The third factor is the people, and the moments we share

into three major factors shaping one’s decision to revisit the

growth and development of your skills . This may sound like

with them. N o mat ter w hat else you g ain, meeti ng p eople from

wor ld of MUN beca use o f it s po siti ve ef fects on an indi vidu al.

guru talk, but doing MUN really forces you to grow and shapes

all over the world and forging relationships is the biggest perk

The fir st facto r is knowledge. MUNs are one of the best

you as a p erson. Placing MUN activities in yo ur CV will not do

of doing MUNs. As someone who has attended around 20

learning processes I have ever witnessed. This learning comes

you a ny signi ficant favours most of t he time, but what you g ain

conferences and has been teaching MUN-ing to colleagues, I

in different forms. From learning about specific problems

as MUNer is far greater than a catchy item in your CV. MUN is an

and issues in international community, public speaking,

exercise in building confidence and work ethics, where you get

and/or life-partners that you meet on MUNs

communication with people with different (sometimes

to learn how to stand up for your position in a constructive way .

people keep coming back for more thrills connected with MUN.

challenging ) personalities and

While prepari ng for the conference, you have a chance to nurtu re

They are the ones who make MUN th e experi ence that it is.

backgrounds , learning how to

transcend cultural, personality and ego-related challenges,

and improve your critical thinking, while in-session dynamics can

researching completely unknown subjects, negotiating and

also force you to challenge yourself in numerous ways and thus

improvising, preparing strategies

, or using different tactics and

learning how to search for solutions in innovative ways. This is possible precisely because of the very specific way in

which an

MUN works – it is a game-based problem solving activity.

strongly believe that acquaintance s, contacts, genuine fr iends are the reason why

evolve. One learns how to ‘read’ people, observe closer one’s worki ng environment, and assess any situat ion in just a moment. All this event ually contribu tes to boosting your leadership skills. There is, ho wever, one thing t hat will s tand out from the rest. By doing MUN’s, you will learn how to improvise, adapt and perform complicated tasks, or design quick and effective solutions to complicated problems under extreme pressure . This is a virtue that is applicable in every aspect of life and which every MUN alumni cherishes.

What you d o makes

a dif fer en ce!


page 20

“I see MUNs as an awareness-raising activity, not only for young

“What we as MUN organisers or MUN alumni should be trying to

men and women who will be tomorrow’s world leaders, but also for

get across is that the work does not stop with the delegates’ dance,

the future “world citizens” who may, one day, each with their own

but that it can be the beginning of a long journey to make a positive

expertise, make a concrete change in the field. In this respect, I can

contribution to (our shared) world, at our own individual pace and

only encourage MUN organisers to invite not only political science or

sphere of influence of course. Getting involved in projects or

law students, but also students pursuing medical, agricultural, energy

causes of a social nature is one dimension of it, developing a whole

(water in particular) or education studies. MUNs should be

culture of solidarity and basing our future decisions in our jobs on that

seen and

designed as means to sensitise tomorrow ’s citizens to the most

type of culture is yet another dimension. Of course, all this

serious issues “the peoples of the United Nations” are facing.”

sounds as overloaded idealism, but do less than that.”

Benjamin Samson, France Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

Darko Petrović, Serbia Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

RELATED LINKS Articles: Why We Need Global Civics?

supporting

probably

I think we s imply cannot afford to

Questions: How to become an MUNer?


page 21

Model UN & the World of International Relations Philosophical side of Model UN BY DIO HERDIAWAN TOBING “We have no eternal allies, and we have no perpetual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual, and those interests it is our duty to follow.” - Lord Palmerston, 1848.


When we hea r the phr ase “Mod el Unit ed Nati ons”, t he words “ Unite d Natio ns” are often associated with the International Relations major. No wonder; the

page 22

Similar to the international community, MUN conferences are adjusting to global change and trends, and the agenda and topics of discussion are evolving. Jean-Robert Leguey-Feilleux emphasised redefining the actors involved in the conduct of diplomacy within the international

conference is mostly attended by International Relations students, and many

community in his book “Dynamics of Diplomacy”. He called upon the involvement of new types

have believed this sort of conference is only available to those who practice

of practitioners and professionals to contribute in the policy-making process.

in the field of International Relations (IR). I would raise an objection to that and

Greater involvement of experts in the decision-making process is a key to successful promotion

would rathe r claim that Model UN conferences go b eyond this fiel d of stud y.

of one’s interests. This is manifested by the growing number of international conferences that

MUNs taught me character building, conflict resolution and leadership, and

deal with technical issues, such as global warming, arms control, population and development,

no matter what your background is, you can be a Model UN delegate.

crime prevention or drug abuse. True, it is the duty of diplomats to engage in diplomatic condu negotiation and policy-making process, but diplomats are not always experts, and they are not fully acquainted with the technicalities of the problems and the core of substantive matters. This

“But then again should in a MUNor Conference if you said that MUN is” correlated withwhy politics andwe IRsparticipate ? I am an engineer, a lawyer, or a medical student. This typ e of quest ion is m ostl y ra ised by n on-I Rs o r no n-Poli tical Scienc e ma jors. I am an I R student, and practicing all the theories and knowledge that I have received at school is the most fundamental reason why I participate in MUN. However, although atmosphere of the conference is indeed ours, the technical issues are yours.

is why in many international forums, even in the United Nations, meetings are hosted where experts can engage in the decision-making process and supervise the negotiation of policies between diplomats or heads of state. The importance of the chamber of experts, widely known as the Committee of Experts, is that it ensures that policies which are negotiated can actually be applied globally.

ct,


page 23

MUNs as a preview of how intern ational relations/or negotiations work Another impor tant r eason w hy you should involve yo urself in the world of M UN is that i t wil l allow you to see how internatio nal po litics work. In MU N, you will learn how to turn what you are good at into policies which you will then defend. MUN will give you great experience in fighting for your principles by promoting and defending your interests. In this regard, through MUN, you would be able to practice your leadership skills to

influence others, negotiat e interests for the benefit of all,

and find solutions to the world’s greatest problems. The more you

participate in MUN conferences,

the more sharpened your soft skills will become. Now, imagine an expert who knows how to engage in diplomatic conduct. Yes, that could be you. The world would be a much better place if experts were skilled in this particular field and if they were placed by governments to directly represent countries in international conferences, even though the Committee of E xperts should also be kept to ensure sustainability of non-political matters. By joining MUN meet politics.

conferences, you will understand how the technical issues


page 24

Examples of diploma tic expertise You do not ne ed to have a n IRs bac kground to attend a n MUN co nference; you jus t need to have

Let us review a case to reflect the explanation above, the Conference of the

the courage to apply your expertise in a global context. I would truly suggest to those with legal

Parties (COP) 21, held in Paris in December 2015. The conference was also

backgrounds - especially internat ional lawyers - to also take part in MUN conferences. The reason

known as the UN Climate Change Conference, and was aimed at reaching an

is, simply, because politics is the process of reaching legal outcomes. MUN brings a different

agreement on how to tackle global warming as one of the world’s most pressing

approach to understanding legal science to those who are involved in legal af

issues and negotiate proposals based on the i nterests of each of the state

fairs. It will not only

teach you how to understand the legal grounds and interpret each of the clauses, but also to

parties. The conference was regulated under the United Nations Framework

understand why specific legal documents are created, and even draft a few that would only be

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). However, not many people know

possible to understand from the political side of legal science. Legal science frequently provides a

that under the framework of the UNFCCC there is a chamber known as the

framework for understanding and analysing the

UNFCCC Roster of Experts. These experts are nominated by the respective

never escape the influence of power

law, often forgetting however that the law itself

politics. This aspect is frequently neglected by legal

Many have believed that it is less important

will

scholars.

parties of the convention to evaluate, monitor, and review the implementation

for those who practice law to study the ‘power politics, ’

of the policies that have been agreed upon at the related conventions. Experts

but I would say that this is a common mistake. For students of international law it is especially

are needed to ensure that the negotiated policies are concretely implemented

important to actively engage in MUN in order to understand the nature of power in the making of international law . MUNs will help us understand how international laws are politically biased towards

Policies would certainly be more concrete and less politicised.

the states’ interests. As Martti Koskenniemi argued, evidence that international law is being too dependent on the states reflects its character as a manipulable façade for

power politics.

worldwide. Imagine if diplomats were also experts in a given thematic field.


ı Pre-conference Phase

2.2.

page

Variet y of MUN experiences and non-I R educa tional backgroun ds We have presented and argued previously that MUN Conferences are not only exclusive to political science or international relations students.

First, if you are a medical student, you might want to know why

Several years ago, when the outbreak of Ebola was at its highest

during the Ebola outbreak not all countries in the world imposed

point, many MUN conferences tried to simulate the World Health

travel restrictions to isolate the Afr ican countries, even though this

Assembly (WHA) committee by debating this topic, and finding

would have been the most efficient way to contain the outbreak. You will not find the answers to such questions in medicine and

solutions that would serve the common interests of the world. According to medical research, the only feasible and logical solution

health science books – you can find them by participating in MUN,

to end the outbreak of a disease is to isolate the infected patients

bringing with you your expert k nowledge of the technical topic. The

and provide them with special treatment. However, this is purely the

answer, of course, would be “to defend one’s interests.”

medical perspective which, if transformed into international policy, would lead to a much worse situation on top of the objections of the infected African countries.

Courtesy of MUNSC Salient

25


page 26

Simulating the work of international courts If we combine medical research with political perspective - we Global Health Politics, which allows us to see this case from Global Health Politics studies do not only

get the phenomenon called a very dif ferent point of view.

take into account the practice of health and medical

science; they also present the politics behind the decision-makin g process related to the health science . By combining the two, we will understand that the outbreak of Ebola is not

After introducing the imp ortance of j oining MUN confere nces, a nother c hallenge that mig ht pop up is finding MUN conferences that most suit your background. This is not to say that being a delegate in an MUN should always be related to our backgrounds , but choo sing MUNs r elated to what we have practic ed in dai ly life would always provi de additional advantage, especi ally for f irst time rs. Today, MUN conferences are organised throughout the world. Finding a conference that matches your educational

only a matter of medical, but also political importance. Have you ever thought how massive the

background require s patience and enthusiasm and, of cours e, time! Those special ising in Legal Science mig ht want to

escalation of undocumente d travellers or migrants would be if we tried to isolate the infected

try MUN as an alternative to Moot Courts. The MUN chamber most similar to Moot Courts would be the simulation of

countries? No, this probably wouldn’t even cross your mind if you looked

at the problem only

from the medical perspective. Isolating countries would also mean imposing a travel ban on their citizens, causin g their behaviour to spiral out of control. If resources for proper

treatment

the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). However, not all MUN conferences host ICC or Inter national C ourt o f Justice (ICJ) as their committees. For insta nce, if you are a legal scholar and you wish to try something new in an MUN that is still closely related to your field of study, the Legal Committee of the UN General Assembly would probably suit you the most, as the mandate of this committee is to legislate international

of patients were very limited, finding a way to get out of the country would justify all means. Not

law, and you will get to p ractice how t o negotiate and enact l egal docume nts within an international arena. If you are

only the patients, healthy citizens would also look for ways to

a medica l student, you might want to tr y to get involved in the chamber of the WHA c ommittee of the World Healt h

escape an isolated country to save

themselves. And the result? The outbreak of Ebola wouldn’t come to would gradually spread.

an end and the disease

Organization (WHO). If you are an environmentalist or a Sustainable Development student, try to debate world issues in the United Nations Environme nt Programme (U NEP).


page 27

Model UN a nd the Society

by Jop Rang

When you finally pick the MUN that matches your demand,

There are two types of society that are can be empowered

I have been to several domestic and international MUN conferences

MUN will change your life. Joining domestic and particularly

by getting involved in MUN. I will divide the term ‘society’ into

since the first time I decided to build an MUN career, and the MUN

International MUN will absolutely bring new knowledge to your

verti cal societ y and horizont al societ y.

buddies I met on my first MUN conference are still in contact with me

educational experience and increase your professional skills.

The wor ld of MUN s is also a way to bui ld a new soci ety.

today. This is not only on a domestic scale, but also on a global scale

But not to be limited to personal self-advanceme nt, MUN activity

MUN is an example of vertical society because it is a sort of

because we get to build friendships worldwide. This life-changing

also has a strong relation with the society.

a parallel society that is characterised by unique experiences,

experience could be yours as well, if you get out of your comfort zone

friendships, networks and all the benefits that you

and engage in MUN activity. The interconnectivity of our world today

receive from

your MUN act ivit y. There is a saying whi ch goes, “MUN buddies

promises a massive interdependence, which provides challenges

are lifelong friends” and I cannot agree more

but mostly benefits. It is due to the process of globalisation that we

with this quote.

are interconnected with people from other parts of the world and are becoming global citizens.


page 28

On the other hand, I would define horizontal society as our home society, the one with which

All in all, t aking par t in MUNs does not re quire you to b e a Political Science or I R student, as t hese

we deal in our daily lives. The overall experienc e t hat you will bring back home from any of the

conferences are not provided to them exclusively – they are for

conferences would undoubtedly benefit your home society, as MUNs affect people and their

conferences will provide you with a unique and memorable experience, but will also contribute to

environment in both direct and indirect ways.

your c haracter b uilding and sof t skill s. It will no t only benefit you exclusive ly but also yo ur soci ety.

everyone. Being involved in MUN

I hope this lit tle picture of MUN will inspire you to start your MUN career. Happy MUN-ing! This does not necessar ily mean that when you co me back home af ter the conferen ces you will b e a public figure that will advance the grassroots in your

home society. I mean, yes, you could. But

most of the time the impact of your involvement in a domestic or international scale of MUN activity would be shared mouth-to-mout h and your story could inspire others. The changes that you bring from the conferences will be reflected in the improvement of your soft skills (e.g. leadership, communication and public speaking). These kinds of improvements would turn

deserving to be emulated. Moreover , after coming back home from MUN conferences, you could empower others by becoming an MUN coach in the MUN

clubs or somewhere else. Perhaps the

changes that they see in you will influence them to take steps to get involved in MUN activity impact the society too!

“MUN buddies

into public attention,

and

are lifelong friends”


page 29

Why people join MUN “At my college they were advertising a Model UN. My knowledge

“Model UN motivates students to learn and teaches them

Model United Nations is more than an extracurricular

of the UN was superficial back then, but they had the “Self-

about world issues. It is a way to become an active, more

activity. It's a "process" where one is able to develop his or

Determination of Iranian Kurds” case at the ICJ, a topic that

concerned global citizen, and in this era of globalization being

her capabilities through debates, negotiations and public-

directly drew my attention. That was the moment when a turn

globally aware is more important than ever. Furthermore,

speaking. MUN forges your personality and provides

in my life was made.”

Model UN builds confidence and leadership and

essential diplomatic values to the youths.

diplomatic

skills. MUN is an exercise in research, public speaking and

Gibryon Bhojraj, USA

teamwork. These are the skills that you will need throughout

I've attended more that 26 conferences where I've been able

your career, and MUN gives you a chance to practice them

to forge my own personality through meetings, debates,

while you’re a student. You can also leverage your MUN

exchanges, but most importantly by sharing. I believe that

"In my programming world, I have my computer to speak to in

experience and network to get into college and

we are all here to give and share, and by participating to

zeroes and ones, and in my MUN world I get to speak out loud

this field. But, above all, MUN is a CHANCE given to every

on behalf of different countries."

student to speak! Your voice is being heard, your ideas are

Nareman Darwish, Egypt

find jobs in

such events you share more than your own culture.

going global! It is your chance to dream, travel the world,

Today, I have so many friends. From Columbi a, Chi na an d

gain lifetime experiences and get out of your comfort zone!”

Canada to South Korea and Japan.

Maritina Karava, Greece

Yannick Somauroo, France

RELATED LINKS Articles: MUNs are everywhere - why? Team work - what MUN can teach you Key Questions: Why should every student attend Model UN?


page 30

The Main MUN Takeaways: The Alumni Perspective “I see two main takeaways. First, MUNs are great opportunities to develop both your

Second, you need to become very familiar with the rules of procedure of the body you are

knowledge of the United Nations system and your oral communication skills.

acting in. They’re often considered unimportant or boring. However, rules of procedure are fundamental and raising a relevant point of procedure may prove tactically very helpful

MUNs force you to engage in quite intensive debates with your fellow delegates and to be

during a debate.

very reactive in order to push forward the interests of the States you’re representing. This is equally true for d rafting rules. UN l anguage is ve ry specific and every word ha s a However,

defending

your

State’s

interests

efficiently

requires

some

preparation.

particular political and legal

RELATED LINKS Articles: 5 Things I Learned From My First International MUN Experience

meaning.

This preparation enables you to get acquainted with both the legal and politica l aspects of the UN system. First, you need to identify the position and alliances of the

The second is more pe rsonal but no le ss important. I me t some great peopl e with whom I’m

State you’re representing concerning the issue considered during the conference.

still friends, even though we all walked different paths.”

During the preparation of BIMUN 2008, I met in a person in Paris, at the Embassy of the Republic of India which I represented at the General Assembly, and discussed the position of India on the revitalisation of the role of the General Assembly.

Benjamin Samson, France

Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

Key questions: How do I prepare for my first MUN? What moved you to attend your first MUN?


page 31

Preparing for Your First MUN Attending you first MUN is cert ainly a big moment.

Another shoulder you can lean on is your co-delegate.

“You can figure out which committees are more suitable for beginners (WHO, UNEP, all the big committees

You're heading into "new waters" and i t might n ot

Often there are a few delegates representing the

like the GA) - sometimes you cannot place delegates according to their level of expertise, as beginners tend

be easy, but you'll get the hang of it.

same country. In this case you should get to know

to lean toward different committees – unlike the ‘pros’ who are probably more likely to choose the SC over,

them before the conference, and try to share the

let's say, DISEC. You can practice mock-debate with them, but what I think is crucial is to get compassionate

Once you've applied and have been chosen to

workload required for successful preparation. If

chairs who will explain what is going on in the

participate in an MUN, there will be a few months

you're enthusiastic about writing, you can arrange

discouraged by questions or mistakes made by the delegates. Many beginners I talked to got blocked and

long preparation period. During this period, your

so that everyone does their own preparation, with

remained passive during the debate simply in

organising team or your Chair will be giving you small

the condition that you need to agree on the key

"learning-friendly" atmosphere in the committee, it becomes easier for them to open up. Try engaging more

tasks to perform. This is all usually done via a string

points.

advanced delegates into that, too. Otherwise they can get bored and refrain from serious debate.”

of emails to coordinate and check up on you work.

See? Not that hard.

It will start with you receiving your assigned country and getting to know the topic, followed by a decent

If you're still in the process of applying for an MUN, check out the 4 things you should pay attention to .

amount of research and resulting in a position paper. As the confe rence draws near, you should keep reading up on the current developmen ts in the field of your topic. If you get stuck with your position paper, you can always turn to your Chair for advice. If you're late with your assignments, your Chair will be there to remind you of your tasks and see if something has gone wrong.

Masha Preger, Serbia MUNPlanet link

Dominika Jędrz MUNPlanet link

ejczyk, Poland

debate every now and then, and who will not get easily fear of being mocked or making a

mistake. Once you create a


Special F ocus :

How to Prepare for Your First High-School MUN BY EDUARDO PALOMINO If you have decided to join the amazing world of MUN-ing, first, let me congratulate you. This was no eas y choice. You are about to be immersed in a whole new wo rld. P lease, get on this magic carpet and prepare to b e amazed. Please, be aware that it is very difficult to leave this world, but I believe you won’t be that keen on l eaving any way. You will work harde r t han ever on t his Project, but the results will be quite satisfying. Now, without any further ado, welcom e to MUNs: High Schoo l lev el!

page 32


page 33

MUNs are a great experience for young people of High School

Luckily, doing well at MUNs also makes you enjoy them, so don’t worr y if you still want to be the

age! They’ve got everything: professional skills, academic

best delegate. But you must know what the focus of

value, moral a nd ethical val ues, social amb iance and les sons

the same page.

High School Models is if you want to be on

about leadership. Unlike the College Models, the High Schools; model focus is more general public-friendly. This means that

MUNs, being an educational tool, will always have a special focus, and in the case of the high

in College most participants are already interested in some

school model, it is to introduce you to being a leader. Yep, the best delegates at these conferences

way in internat ional relatio ns; in high scho ol level mo dels you

receive awards because of their leadership. Best delegate awards are not given according to a strict

don’t have to be looking to work in diplomacy. The ambience

standard which ta kes into account foreign policy, but are based on the abil ity of a delegate to achieve

focuses on debate rather than international policy and long

consensus. So, what you can expect from your first high school level MUN is to be introduced

boring discussions over wording. Model UN has gained a lot

to the art of getting your way while simultaneously letting everyone else think it’s their way too.

of popularity over the years; the most enthusiastic delegates

Of course, as you will be developing your skills, you will soon realise that winning a discussion

started MUNning in high school. As you are now reading this

is not a guarantee to being the best delegate. But for the time being, your focus should be on

Guide, perhaps you’re looking for a way to excel at your first

losing your fear of speaking publicly . High school-level conference s similarly work as a preface or

MUN. Well, I will now offer you a new goal:

prologue to international relations. Participating in them, you will research information and make connections .

instead of striving to become the best delegate, find a way to enjoy every second of your MUN.

learn to deliver speeches, argue,


page 34

Basics of the United Nations and Model UN BY CHRISTOPHER BERGEDAHL Regarding the United Nations Vi ew of the hea dq ua rt er s in the 195 9 MGM thr il le r No rt h by No rt hwe st by Al fre d Hi tch coc k

Withou t exception, I always commence t he introd uctory session o f any t raining progra mme for a Model UN delegation by posing the following question:

For this reason it is crucial that you familiarise yourself with the history, structure and role of the United Nations. Whilst it is true that Model UNs are not

a perfect simulation of the workings of the

United Nations, grossly exceeding the scope of a committee’s remit prejudices the authenticity

“What is the United Nations? What does it do?”

of the simulation and undermines the hard work

of those who spent hours preparing the content.

Case in point: I once attended a simulation where a bloc

of nations represented in the Council of

Understanding what you are simulating is crucial to success. One would be awfully surprised to

Europe attempted to force through a

note that many delegates suffer during Model UN sessions because they are unaware of (i) the

The outc ome was both fr ustrating and po orly constructe d.

fundamental role of the United Nations in international affairs; and (ii) the specific mandate and limitation of competence of the committee they are simulating.

resolution regulating the fiscal policies of its

member states.


page 35

If one had to ask Joe Citizen about the United Nations, it’s highly

Delegates must also be taught to appreciate that the United Nations is not perfect. All things

likely that his answer would allude to

considered, it has performed admirably in

the General Assembly. This

is unsurprising as the General Assembly is the

main organ of the

United Nations and is fur thermore considered to be a spectacle

the face of a habitually disunited front and geopolitical

realities. The organisation is routinely criticised in the media for being bloated and ineffectual. This guide won’t delve into the merits of this part icular discussion; however, for now I feel that

of international politics: it is one of those rare occasions when

it is appropriate to remind aspiring delegates of an inconvenient truth of the United Nations.

world leaders simultaneo usly convene. However, delegates

In the words of its second Secretary General, Dag Hammarskjöld:

must understand that there is much more to the United Nations than simply the General Assembly. The United Nations is made up of a myriad of agencies, programmes, funds and related organisations; each with its own unique composition, functions and responsibilities. Coming to terms with the sheer complexity of it all is by no means an easy feat; however, even being vaguely familiar with the overall hierarchy goes a long way to demonstrating your understanding of the system. This can work i n your favour.

“It has been said that the United Nations was not created in order to bring us to heaven, but in order to save us from hell.”


page 36

Regarding Model United Nations Model UN is an academic simulation of world

Regardless of the set-up , there is one t hing that delegates must keep in mind: that although Model

Whilst I admit t hat there is

UNs strive for authenticity, the reality is that time constraints only allow delegates to simulate a

no universally sanctioned

fraction of the workings of their particular committee. In last year’s Malta Model United Nations, the

philosophy, I think that most

of a misnomer, as modern conferences habitually

local representative from the UNHCR attended the final

experienced delegates can

post several non-UN committees such as the

and whilst commending delegates on their fruitful debate, reminded them that their efforts were

point towards a number

only the tip of the iceberg.

of key values that make or

politics. Its name has actually become somewhat

European Parliament or NATO. Some go as far as incorporating fictional or fantasy elements to their

committee session to observe proceedings,

break best delegates. The point here is that delegates must remain grounde d in what they seek to achieve at the conference, as many fundamentally misunderstand their role as

conferences, such as the Lord of the Rings or the Game of Thrones.

delegates. On many occasions

I have seen delegates resorting blindly to rhetoric, hyperbole or gesticulating speeches to try to make point that was quite unnecessary. It is crucial that delegates are made aware of the core “MUN Philosophy” from the outset.


page 37

First, Model UNs have always presented themselves in a clear and

Second, delegates must learn to appreciate the value of compromise.

Finally, although a delegate’s principal aim is to adhere to his country’s

consistent manner: that they are incubators of diplomatic qualities, with the endgame being a broader understanding of the challenges faced

This can be a bitter pill to swallow, particularly if you have an assertive character. The fact of the matter is that delegates are not representing

policies as closely as possible, this should not be done without keep ing an eye on the bigger picture. Filibustering and torpedo tactics for the

by representatives of national governments. In fact, many conferences

individual interests, but are merely acting as the mouthpiece of their

sake of authenticity will not make you a popular delegate and will likely

(most notably Harvard WorldMUN) eschew delegate awards in favour

national governments. Invariably, national interests collide and disputes

ruin the fun for everybody else. Yes, you should properly represent

of diplomacy awards .

arise. Oftentimes these disputes raise tricky questions and provide no

your country’s interests, but you should also be pragmatic and work

clear solutions. What does one do in such situations? Politicians are

towards the attainment of the common good, which in this context

often criticised for achieving watered down versions of their policy goals

means passing a resolution acceptable to as many states as possible.

in international initiatives - however this is simply because diametrically opposing interests cannot be resolved through brashness or hardheadedness. Compromise is thus a necessary evil, and one which delegates would do well to acquaint themselves with.


page 38

MUN Clubs, MUN Societies, MUN T rainings BY BUSHRA HASHEM What are MUNclubs/societies? An MUN club or society is where you can learn m ore abo ut

What MUN clubs/societies offer and what to expect from them

Why join an MUN club/society?

MUN clubs offer training sessions for national or

Joining an MUN club or society is a very important step if you

MUN and its rules of procedure , practice debatin g skills and prepare for conferences.

international

MUNs, and these sessions usually include:

want to become a better delegate. While experience gained from attending dif ferent conferenc es is great, attending training

Where they can be found An MUN club or society can be found at your university. Check with the student activities’ office at your university, or with law schools and faculties that teach po litical sciences and international relations. They can also be found in high schools or secondary

• Debating skil ls • Academic informa tion about the committee/ council • Public speaking skill s • Information about the rules of procedure and conference regulations • Mock conference sessions

sessions will put you in direct contact with people with extensive experience in the field, and you will have the chance to learn from them and ask questions. Being in an

MUN club or society

doesn't only affect your performance at the conference which follows the training; it also provides you with great tools and information to help you with all your upcoming conferences. Not to mention the like-minded friends you will meet, with whom

you

schools, and they provide the necessary preparation and training

will have a tighter bond because you will have spent both the

to attend national or international junior MUN.

training and conference together.


page 39

MUN trainings (training sessions and what you will learn from them; how many sessions; how important your performance is during a session)

Training sessions:

Your per forman ce du ring the s essi ons:

Where can you find an MUN club/society?

They c an var y from once a week to o nce ever y two weeks, or

As you can see, there is a great variet y of skills a nd ac tivities

As me ntione d, they are fo und a t many univer sities under

once a month. You should expect to gain much kn owledge from

that you will learn/experience during the sessions. So the more

student activities; however , if you can’t find on e at your own

the sessions, but you should also expect to

you pay attention and the more you work during the sessions,

university, try this:

do some work. The

organisers can assign you tasks such as giving a speech or a

the better delegate you will become. Also, in situations such

presentation, creative fun tasks like coming up with plays or

as these, selection of best delegate or delegation depends on

stories that are relevant to the topic, or preparing a mini/mock

your performance throughout the entire period of preparation,

conference so you can gain some experience. You should also

not just on what you have shown during the conference.

expect to perform many of these tasks in teams, as this will

Check out the law faculty, international relations or political science student activity programs. Check other nearby universities for MUN clubs

prepare you for teamwork and leadership.

Conferences:

or societies; many universities accept applicants

After the per iod of tr aining sessio ns, you wi ll atten d a nati onal or international MUN conference; this will be your chance to

from other schools if they fit the criteria.

The nu mber of se ssions ca n vary sig nific antly; som e clubs wil l have only a handful of sessions (4 – 6), while others will have

put all the skills you learned to practice.

Check Facebook pages or websites of universities

as many as 10. But don't worry; MUN clubs always interrupt

in your region, as they will usually post

their activities during the midterms and the pe

of the student activities they organise.

as well as during the breaks.

riod of the finals,

information


page 40

School and university clubs and societies

How to find a MUN club/ The process of applicatio n society that is right for you and/or interview

The difference between a university and school MUN

Depending on your personal preferences and your level Some clubs or societies interview potential delegates

club or society is simply the level of proficiency. If it is in MUN, you should choose the MUN club or society

to decide whether they should be allowed to join,

a university club, it will likely be more difficult and more

while some simply request that you fill out an

that is right for you. If you are a beginner MUNer and

competitive, and the school one will be simpler, and have are looking for knowledge and gaining experience,

application form. Preparing for an interview - if there

less complicated topics to target middle/preparatory try to find an MUN club that is not too competitive or

is one - is not that important. You should have some

and high/secondary school students.

fierce, as this will give you more flexibility, allowing you to general information about the UN and the current

Unlike the university MUN clubs and societies, school take your time and learn. On the other hand, if you are world news. You should a lso know something a bout clubs are much less likely to allow students from other confident in your MUN proficiency level and are looking the committee/council of your choice and be able schools to attend. But sometimes, student activity communities or clubs can host MUN training sessions

for a challenge, then try to find a club that will provide those things for you. It won't be dif ficult to find out what

to tell why you chose that one in particular. The interview shouldn't be very long or difficult, but like

outside the scope of a certain school, so keep an eye

type of MUN club is the one you are applying for; MUN

with any intervi ew, it is impor tant that you make a

open for those as well.

clubs and societies have wide reputations and you can

good impression .

ask former delegates or organisers of the club about the level of proficiency you should expect.

RELATED LINKS Articles: How to be confident on your first MUN Are you infected by the MUN virus? Symptoms and cure (?) Key questions: What are the peculiarities in the addressing ‘beginners’ vs ‘pros’ at the conference?


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Model UN Research:Overview Every MUNer is expected to perform his/her research as part of preparation for a conference. Otherwise, your MUN career will be finished before you have

Understand ing your role as a delegate

even started the journey.

You cannot start an MUN research unless yo u know your countr y or commit tee. Nor can you do

The Oxfor d Dicti onary defines resea rch as “the syst emati c inves tigat ion into

your research withou t k nowing its purpo se. Th e p urpose of MUN research is to equip you with

and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach

knowledge (and facts) necessary for writing a Position Paper and the Opening Speech (before

new conclusions”. Being a university student is all about preparing for doing

session), participating in discussions and negotiations (in session) and outcome).

proper research and gaining knowledge that is useful for solving practical or

When it comes to research, you will in the end reap what you have sown. The greater your

theoretical problems. Before going into the nuts and bolts of an MUN-specific research, let’s go through some important elements of MUN research together.

Resolution Writing (session

knowledge, the better will be your chances to become a power-delegate . But there is more than that. Your MUN research can help you improve your per

formance in college, or discover interesting

career opportunities you otherwise wouldn’t have known existed.


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Looking for reliable, useful and objective sources Source breakdown Any resea rch proc ess

Knowing how to critically value your sources is crucial. Most

For basic information on current events, start from news sources. Use a major Internet search

implies a lot of searching,

sources are available online (from newspapers to blogs to

engine (Google, Yahoo, etc.) and look for news. For primary sources such as speeches,

reading, and writing - both

traditional academic journals) , but you can still visit your university

reports, resolutions, use the official United Nations and governmental websites. Then, you can

online and offline. With

library and look for referred journals and academic articles, or

try searching various tanks (but pay attention to their objectivity) for specialised thematic areas.

the hyper-production and

use the power of indexes and databases .

For additional reference, use academic publications, books and ar

ready-made availability of

The in stant ava ilabilit y of online sources is a two-ed ged sw ord. You can access the i nformatio n q uickly, b ut you have to know

Once you have figured out w hich sources to use,

important, now more than

where to look and which sources to trust. Please avoid web

you sho uld deter mine how to use t hem to f it you r MUN needs.

ever, to use sources that are

content on the Internet, it is

pages that are not dated or that do not credit their sources.

credible and useful.

Also, check if an organis ation or a newspaper publishing the information is poten tially biased regarding a certain issue . If you cannot find a relevant official source of information, then always try using reliable books, ar ticles or news sources first.

Marko Kovace vic, Serbia MUNPlanet link

ticles.


Model UN Research: Rules of Procedure BY CHRISTOPHER BERGEDAHL The Rules of Procedure (“RoP”) are a bit like taxes: nobody really likes them but they are absolutely essential to the smooth running of a committee session. Consequently, delegates often overlook the RoP in favour of other aspects of Model UN training, reasoning that they can pick them up during the conference. It is my duty to inform you that this is a woefully incorrect attitude to take.

page 43


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The RoP are the strongest tool in a delegate's arsenal. A thorough knowle dge of the RoP’s technical

In addition, directors often look

favourably upon delegates who have taken an

interest in preparing

details can empower delegates to take the lead in

a committee by setting the agenda and directing

themselves adequately in the RoP. Considerable time is wasted on reprimanding delegates for

the flow of debate. Grabbing the bull by the horns

from an early stage - such as guiding the debate

incorrect use of the RoP, particularly where points and motions are concerned. On the flip side,

to one topic or another - is a strategic way to assert your authority and encourage more timid

delegates refrain from overzealous behaviour such

delegates to gravitate towards you. The benefits of

the sake of demonstrating proficiency in the RoP.

this simply cannot be overstated. Case in point:

I had once par ticipated in a committee whose first topic at the expense of less developed ones. The second

as directly challenging committee directors for

heavily favoured larger developed nations

topic was much more equitable in this respect

Delegates with a Machiavellian flair can also use the RoP to gain a tactical advantage at a crucial

and would have ensured the active participation of all delegates. Unfortunately for the delegates

point. One of the most well known strategies is the ‘disruptiveness doctrine’ - whereby motions that

representin g the smaller states, a seasoned veteran immediately took charge by

are considered to be most disruptive are voted upon first.

convincing the

committee to opt for the first topic. This par ticular delegate’ s actions set the tone for the weekend and he was revered by his fellow colleagues for

his striking competence.


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MUN Research:Public Speaking as a Social Skill I often feel that there is a widespread misconception amongst the students regarding Model UN: that it is

Model UN is an inherently social activity. If it were not so, then

I had once read an interesting piece of work regarding the qualit ies

it is likely that not much would be accomplished as in between

expected of best delegates within the context of leadership.

speeches delegates would simply sit at their tables twiddling

What struck me t he mo st w as the manner in w hich t he aut hor

simply a glorified public speaking exercise. Without

their thumbs! A talented orator may be persuasive and inspire

approached the topic and communicated his philosophy.

wanting to undermine the importance of good oration, I would maintain that public speaking proficiency is

the masses to answer his call; however this counts for little if s/he is then unable to convert it into concrete resu lts in a resolution.

A dele gate should not str ive to be a leader s imply b y assuming the most prominent role within a bloc or committee. Rather,

just a fragment of a much larger skill-set needed in

Creating personal relationships and strategic alliances is arguably

any delegate’s toolbox: social skills.

more vital than great speeches. Therefore , equal time ought to

leader ought to avoid micro-managing the members of his bloc

be dedicated to social skills such as friendliness, greetings,

by taking principal control of all aspects of resolution building. A

politeness, courtesy and leadership .

true leader is one who inspires his fellow delegates to rally around

a true leader is one that empowers his team to perform . Accordingly, a leader oug ht to g ive credit where credit is due. A

his cause as a single unit. Achieving this is no simple task: it takes measures of charm, cunning and knowledge to be able to mobilise and command the respect of your fellow delegates.


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MUN Research: Position Papers Why are position papers important? First impressions count, and they have the potential

The position paper is another underrated element of the Model UN experience. It is the first port of call

to lay the foundations of your relationship with third

for (i) directors interacting with delegates; and (ii) delegates between themselves. A thought-provoking

parties. Unfortunately, given the time constraints of a Model UN, first impressions do not take place in person but are conducted through a more abstract medium: position papers.

and carefully constructed position paper goes a long way to winning the favour of your directors. If one is eyeing a prize, then position papers cannot be underestimated. Direct ors interact directly with d elegates onl y spari ngly, especiall y if the size of t he commit tee ranges f rom medium to large. Consequently, position papers are one of the few ways that directors can monitor whether delegates are presenting themselves in a clear and consistent manner to their fellow colleagues. Incidentally , this point was stressed upon by the directors of a committee that I recently participated in. During a feedback session, the directors praised those delegates whose opening speeches, alliances and personal initiatives were at harmony with the policy goals outlined in their position papers. Invariably it was these delegates who garnered an

overall better performance.


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Style and format of position papers Tangible benef its are not onl y evident in the aw ard resul ts,

There is no commo n standa rd regar ding th e styl e and format

but also on a more practical level. Whilst pre-conferen ce/

of position papers. Length and content requirements often

initial networking may be possible for committees with thirty

vary from o ne conferenc e and a nother. Diffe rences may

delegates, the same cannot be said for those that spor

ta

conference where such committees differ in

consuming, and as the old adage goes: time is

The po int here is that delegates are t ypically afford ed some

delineating your country's policy goals

money - or

for your fellow colleagues to identify you

Every position paper should kick off

with the following basic information:

also be observed between different committees in the same

hundred or more delegates. Seeking out alliances is time-

size and scope.

discretion and flexibility in this regard.

in this case, the influence that time can buy you. Clearly

› 1. Designations Committee name (e.g. WHO) Country represented Delegate name & MUN club represented Topic

makes it much easier as a potential ally,

or vice-versa. This symmetry of information is a power

ful tool

That b eing said, when tr aining d elegates I have of ten stressed the importance of a coherent and logical structure to position

in the hands of a delegate and ensures a considerably more

papers: one whereby ideas are clearly divided and

effective and eff icient caucusing strategy .

for the conference are easily identifiable. For the purposes of

See the example below:

policy goals

this guide, I will share my ow n thoughts on what I consider from experience to be the best practices regarding position paper drafting.

Committee:

Interational Monetary Fund

Country:

the Central African Republic

Delegate:

Christopher Bergedahl, Malta Model United Nations Society

Topic A:

Adapting the quota system to the economic and financial challenges of the new millennium


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› 2. Section one: topic background

› 3. Section two: country performance & policies

The o pening section of a position paper should provide a quic k background of the topic. This operative word here is

brief: the directors

would a lready (hopeful ly!) kn ow the topic li ke the back of their hands, and will be in no mood to beat around the bush. That being said, a couple of sentences demonstrating your understanding of

directors often hint the issues that they deem worthy of inclusion in a succinctly.

discussed: some times this section will be laden with statistics, at others with statements by government officials. This can prove tricky in certain country’s profile. Take for example this extract from my position paper when representing the Central African Republic at the International Monetary Fund:

the key

issues at play will not go amiss. Here’s a helpful tip: in the study guides, potential resolution. Now is the time to explore

The secon d section focu ses exclusively on a cou ntry’s cur rent policy towards the topic in question. O bviously this needs to be adapted to the topic instances as some states do not collect reliable data for public dissemination. Thus, delegates must show some ingenuity when developing their

some of these issues

“The Central African Republic is no stranger to these challenges, albeit it has suffered considerably more than its neighbours due to ongoing internal strife. Th e government has been involved in protracted strugg les against various r ebel groups, effectively impeding the implementation of any cohere nt or long term mac roeconomic pol icy. Although it was repor ted that the economy grew marginall y in 2014 following a contr action of 36% of GDP in 2013, the Central African Republic faces an uphill struggle for a number of structural reasons. These difficulties have been acknowledged by successive governments and have led to a strategic partnership with the IMF and the World Bank. In 2012, the IMF approved a request under the Extended Credit Facility (“ECF”) to the tune of SDR 41.775 million in an attempt to facilitate economic recovery. The government planned to use the funds to increase human and institutional capacity in order for it to pr oceed with plans to brin g about a comprehensive tax policy and the implementation of an adequate system of public financial management. The resultant fiscal space derived from increased efficiency would be utilised to alleviate poverty, invest in infrastructural projects and maintain a sustainable level of debt. Notwithstanding this, the IMF noted that the Central African Republic was under moderate risk of debt distress, and thus any new debt issued by third parties ought to be on a concessional basis.”


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Helpful tip:

› Section three: policy goals This i s the most importa nt section

As a Sub-Sah aran state, th e Central Af rican Rep ublic is in a pri me position

of the entire position paper. It is here

to act as a voice of the region in its efforts to achieve economic stability

that you ought to categorically list

and debt sustaina bility. During this Conferen ce, the Delegati on of the

down those policy goals that you

Central African Republic shall be pursuing three

principal aims:

intend to achieve over the weekend. You can also take this opportunity to

1.

Calling for cautio n and prudence on behalf of sub-Saharan

name-drop some states that you’re

govern ments

looking to work with, which could

The debt-to-GDP ratio throughout the region has risen from

easily form the basis of a strategic

below 30% in 2008 to around 70% in 2014, and only stands

partnership over the conference.

to grow in the wake of the African

issuing

sovereig n

debt

at

competiti ve

rates.

sovereign debt boom.

In terms of design, I encourage delegates to make use of numbered

2

Advocati ng the provision of technical assista nce to aid administrations

lists, as they conveniently divide up

in imple menting fiscal reform w ithout sacrif icing ta x sover eignty. T he

the goals and make them more easily readable.

intended ef fect is to broade n the tax able base a nd ultimate ly achiev e fiscal consolidation.

Take for example this extract

3.

Calling for a dual approach to address the growing concern of

from my position paper when

access to credit (both large scale and micro-fi nancin g) in sub-

represe nting the Central Africa n

Saharan territories: underlining the importance of legal certainty

Republic

and secur ity

at

Monetar y Fund:

the

Interna tional

assistan ce

in

in credit

transac tions

civil/comme rcial

law

by callin g for technica l reform;

and

suppor ting

the spread of successful initiatives undertaken by a number of African states such as Senegal, Benin and

Tanzania.

your desired policy goals should be constantly referred back to throughout the debate on the topic. Directors will take note of your consistency and be able to easily assess your performance in terms of your ability to convert your aspirations into concrete resolution clauses. Some position paper samples

RELATED LINKS Articles: MUN Research: 3 Basic Components MUN Research Sources Position Paper Writing Model Un Glossary: Words Every MUNer Should Know MUN resolut ion No.1: Encourages in-depth research Researching: Four Surefire Facts How to write a standard and alternative versions of MUN study guide


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Public Speaking Facing the crowd: Introduction BY YASMIN HELMY What is the first thi ng that comes to your mind when you think of p ublic speakin g? Politicians, rig ht? Maybe TED Speakers and teachers, or professors, if you give it a bit more thought; or think of business people giving a presentation to a board of directors.

maybe you

Well, what about when you think of yourself ? Do yo u see yo urself as a pub lic spea ker? Were you ever one? Even if your answer is a definitive and assertive “of course not,” chances are you have spoken publicly at least once in your lifetime. How come? Well, public speaking

requires three main

components, or elements: a speaker (obviousl y), a message (the aim of the speech), and an audience (the receivers of the message). So, technically, when you ask your parents for money and need to explain why you need it - you’re a public speaker; when you tell your friends “the big news” - you’re a public speaker; when you “pop the question” - you’re a public speaker.


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The difference between our conventional underst anding of public

What is pub lic speaking?

speaking and the true - and many - definitions of public speaking

Public speaking, sometimes called “oration,” is “effective oral

communication, many people shy away from learning more

is that in simple, everyday situations the role of public speaker

communication with an audience.”

about it, or practicing it altogether . Each person has his/her own

alternates much faster than, say, at a political rally, a lecture, or a

We can derive several t hings f rom t his def inition; the f irst being

reasons for this; but these different causes of reluctance usually

business presentation. This is due to the difference in the nature

the set of three main elements of practicing public speaking,

boil down to the same thing; the last element of public

of the message, as well as the audience.

which we have already mentio ned and i dentified.

- the audience.

Even though public speaking is a wonderfully useful tool for

speaking

The purpose of this chapter is not to make you the next Nelson

Second, notice the word “effective;” this should be the core of Mandela, but rather to place you on the path to becoming that. We any public speaker - to be effective in their performance. It can be

The au dience may b e the ‘monster under the b ed’ t hat p eople

will take a good look at each of the three elements of public speaking

achieved in many ways, and is perhaps the most important goal

fear the most. Fear of rejection and mockery cause a big

and explore how each of them shapes the overall performance of

any public speaker should have in mind when preparing a strategy.

that many people run up against when facing a crowd, and

barrier

a public speaker. We will also go over how to sufficiently prepare

Third, it ’s very imp ortant not to fo rget that, at the end o f the day,

while the audience should always be the top prior ity when

for being a public speaker, particularly in MUN; where public

public speaking is all about communication, and communication

composing a speech, it is possible to disengage from the fear

speaking can be used within the different settings of MUN; and

can be achieved in many different ways. Within the framework

and overcome it. This, of course, comes with

how to prepare for being a public speaker in each of the different settings that MUN has to offer.]

of public speaking you will find that there are many strategies to communicate your message to the audience. Some are

cause of reluctance is the fact that people believe that they are just not good enough for “that sort of thing.” Which begs the

But let’s not get ahead of ourselves; so we better take a few

wonder fully entertaining, some are boring, some are eng aging,

question: is public speaking a talent or a

steps back.

and some are isolating.

(1) "Public Speaking." Def. 2. Merriam Webster. Merriam Webster, n.d. Web. .

practice. Another

skill?


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War, peace, and everything in between: the import ance of public speak ing Those who have pract iced publi c s peaki ng have been the cause of war, peace, revolution, fear, movements, the birth of ideologies and much more. Orators have an incredible power that many people seem to take lightly… and also for granted. People who are reluctant to practice that they will be any good at

public speaking lack faith

it - they don’t think

they have what

it takes; they don’t believe that they have the required talent. Granted, some orators are better than others, factors that affect the quality of mere talent by

a landslide.

but the weigh of

of a speech outweigh the question


page 53

Public speaking: a talent or a skill?

What is i t th at d raws us to great public speakers? Charisma is usu ally the first thing that comes to people’s minds, but they’re wrong to think so -

not because the speaker isn’t charismatic , but

because all that people see is the speech as it’s being delivered; what they don’t see is

the hard

work b ehind it. Their mind will neve r immediately g o to the fact th at a 10-minute speech too k many gruelling hours to compose and prepare. We only see the pretty and tears put into creating the picture-perfect result we see as the

picture, and not the blood, sweat final result.

Whenever you se e a politici an gi ving an elo quent address, or a pe rfor mer g iving an accep tance speech that really touches you, rest assured it’s no

rabbit pulled out of a magician’s hat - hardly

any successful end-result ever is. You can say with certainty that the quality of a public speaker depends vastly on how much effort was put into the preparation of his/her speech, and on how this effort was invested. You can spend much time in preparation and still not get the end result you want, simply b ecause you misdirected your ef forts. Don’t be disheartened if you realise that your peers are getting the hang of public speaking “better than you are,” they probably invested their efforts correctly from the get-go. Or it was beginner’s luck, you can say, that makes it seem like they have the genes (or talent) that make them ingenious public speakers; so don’t give up easily and read on to find out how you can become the next Nelson Mandela.


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Under a looki ng glas s: the three elements First element: the audience In order to efficiently prepare for public

This is, perhaps, the most important of the three elements. The audience will determine everything

It is very important to answer these questions. It’s also very important to know why your audience

that goes in a public speaking performance, and if the speaker does not keep the audience a

is there and where they have come to listen to you as speak. These factors will determine

priority, the result of his/her efforts will be quite poor.

that you truly understand and study up-close the three elements without

The key to efficie ntly prepa ring for public spea king is to respect yo ur audie nce. Thin k of it this

these three elements are well understood, you can transition to the actual composition

kind of analogies it’ll be okay to use, should you choose to include them, what you’re going to

way: when an audience is listening to yo u speak, they’ve put their obligations on hold and

wear for y our speech, your approa ch to your own message - everyth ing.

sacrificed their time and attention to listen to someone they’ve probably never met and know

What else does respecting your audie nce mean?

nothing about. This is not meant to scare you even more as a potential speaker, but to make it clear that being a public speaker is an honour which you should not take lightly.

which public speaking could not exist. Once

everything you need to include in your speech; what sort of language you will use - formal, slang, or something in between - whether or not you’ll be allowed to incorporate humour, what

speaking it is important

Well, one way to put it is this: less is al ways more. When it comes to publi c speaking, once you understand what it means to respect your audience, it should come as no surprise that there

Why is thi s important ?

is no need to waste your audience’s time, or your own breath for that matter, by saying things

Simply, once you regard being a public speaker as an honour bestowed upon you by your

that will add nothing to the message you’re trying to communicate. Don’t waste time explaining

audience, rather than a means to show off, or as a means to have attention focused on you,

or repeating really mundane things or going around in circles just so you can talk more. Instead,

your atti tude in pr eparing you r speech will chang e dramaticall y.

focus on constructing sentences that’ll carry your message across.

You may very well be wondering what it means to respect an audience. Well, rest assured you do n’t ne ed to repeat the words “ladie s an d gentle men” or “sirs a nd mada ms,” a l ot, if at all. Respecting your audience entails many things. First, know who your audience is. Are they

and preparation of your

family? Are they friends from work? A team you’re leading? What about their age range? Are

speech.

they mostly women or men…?


Second element: the message

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Third element: the speaker

The message is the core, wha t you want to communicate; what you want the entire room to realise - i f not the whole

The speaker’s role, other tha n to deliver the actual message, is to construct the best stra tegy to deliver the message

wide world. It is what you a re there for. Ideas are a power ful thing; you’ll find it qui te surprising how many go od ones

to the audience under the present circumstances. As mentioned above, the audience determines everything about

go to waste because they are never written down or said out loud, or are said inadequately.

how a speech is to be delivered. The message, on the other hand, determines what it is that the speaker must deliver; so the speaker’s role is to decide how to effectively put those two together so that they fit perfectly.

A speaker’s message doesn’t have to be revolutionar y, pr ogressive and/or radical for the speech to be good, sometimes even fantastic. There’s so much more to it than just that. It doesn’t really matter what people think of your

This per fect fit can only be a chie ved throu gh r esea rch and prac tice.

ideas; what matters is that you believe in them - and that’s part of respecting your audience, too. Speakers must have adequate knowledge of the topic they’re discussing and the message they’re trying to deliver When yo ur audie nce sees your passion, and how much you believe in what you are say ing, they will listen to you

within the fr amework of the topic. Not only will this give you a better idea of what you’d like to see, an d help you

even if they disagree with you. The audience will want to see the limits of your conviction, try to figure out why it’s

decide which points you will want to cover; it will also give you the confidence you need to speak.

there in the first place, and it will all be because you believe in every syllable you’re saying. This is important. Once you have your topic and the message you’re interested in delivering figured out, you’ll need to decide on your But remember, when you sign up as a delegate for MUN you will not always be assigned a country whose beliefs

strategy of delivery, which will be determined by the composition of your audience. You should really try to figure out

match yours word for word, so generating conviction will be difficult, and this is where you’ll need to use your

who your audience are; this will help you in deciding wh at kind of analo gies to use, whether or not you’re allowed

imagination (and research) to understand your assigned country’s conviction and make it your own.

to use subtle sarcasm, it will also determine the tone and the different vocal levels you will use. This is where you add your personal touch to your performance by utilising different styles of public speaking.

Speaking of research, that’s important, too. Your passion is what you display to the audience in order to get them engaged, but if you show little or no knowledge of what you're talking about, it will manifest as lack of credibility and the audience will ignore you completely. It's not enough to say you believe in your message; you also need to show that your conviction is well-grounded and that its roots are not imaginary.

"MUNs force you to engage in quite intensive debates with your fellow delegates and to be very reactive in order to push forward the interests of the States you’re representing." Benjamin Samson, France

Fridays with MUNPlanet Interview


page 56

Diplomat-in-the-making: how to prepare to be a public speaker Suit and Tie: opening speeches and formal debate As we’ ve men ti one d e arl ier, it ’s ver y eas y

Not many MUNers prefer formal debate (actually, they hate it), because

Formal debate, in every essence of the phrase, requires the use of more

to mistake public speaking for purely a

delegations speak following a certain order (the list of speakers), and you

complex vocabulary and a slower pace, as well as panoramic view points

have to take notes at supersonic speed to be able to respond to all the

- i.e. delegates usually use formal debate to provide an overview of what

points that have been put forward before you got your turn. So the idea is

they think about the topic and how they believe the debate is proceeding

to make your speech sound natural and flow smoothly, rather than present

in general. They address specifics quite rarely in formal debate, as they

talent.

In the previous few paragraphs we have described the end-result. Now, we move on to the actual preparation. Formally speaking, there are three spheres in which you can implement public speaking as a

diplomatic

arsenal: formal debate,

moderated caucus

(informal debate), and

un-moderated caucus;

so roll up your sleeves, fire up your laptop, and let’s get this show on the road.

a rigid collection of bullet points (which is what you will have in your notes).

are discussed during the informal debate (moderated caucus) and unmoderated caucus.

In the actual UN, during a so-called formal debate, the speaker’s time is not limited (though there is a list of speakers). As MUN conferences are relatively limited in time, compared to the actual UN meetings, the time constraint is a factor you must keep in mind as a speaker at all times.

You can say that due to the general nature of formal debate foreign policy is most evident there, since delegates express their opinions concerning the situation as a whole, proposing a very loose definition of the appropriate track they think the council or committee should take. Like they say, “the devil is in the details,” and so is foreign policy, which is sometimes difficult to pick up during the discussion of specific aspects of the topic.


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Preparation: the opening speech At this point in the conference, the main resource for a good speech is

This is just a sample of how you should pre pare for your open ing speec h

Silence allows your audience to process what you're saying.

extensive research. It is very important to exhibit well-rounded knowledge

when you fir st come to address a topic, be it at the General Assembly of

It is recommended to stop talking approximately every 5 to 7 words, on

of the topic or crisis at hand; where it came from; how it all started; why it is

your MUN or in your chosen council/committee; and as we’ve mentioned

average, if you’re facing a large audience, to ensure that all of your audience

still a problem; what steps have been taken to fix it; and whether the UN has

before, this is all part of knowing what you’re going to say and how you’re

members have an idea of what you’re talking about (again, this all depends

played a role in it or not - if yes, what extent (cite resolutions, peacekeeping

going to say it.

on how much time you have, and how much content and substance you have put in your speech).

missions, different programmes, etc.) and if no, why not (was the UN slow to react, did a veto power purposefully cause a resolution to fail in the Security

“Time is of the essence,” is perhaps the most applicable phrase for MUN

Council, etc.); how did dif ferent segments of the ideological spectrum analyse

In some MUNs, delegates have 2-5 minutes to give an opening speech, in

It's also important to remember that the larger your audience is, the smaller

it (explore different newspapers with different agendas or opinions), and so

others it’s between 50 seconds and a minute and a half, so be very careful

the words in your speech need to be - like four syllables and less. For one

forth.

of how much content you put in your speech. If you have a short amount

thing, this will ensure that all the audience members are following you. It

of time, give a vague and general overview of your country’s opinion on the

will also make it easier for you to pronou nce ever ything clearly, which w ill

Following this process, once you have a very clea r idea of the topic, its history,

topic at hand; if you have a bit longer, you can use the time to boast about

guarantee that you will be heard.

its global effect and importance and how different international organisations

your c ountry’s efforts, throw a little shade on the inter national community,

- primarily the UN - have dealt with it, it’s time to look at your own country,

and maybe propose a course of action - should time allow this, of course.

Don't be afraid to reach out to your audience, ask rhetorical questions, give examples by placing the audience in certain situations, or by sharing an

what i t thinks of the topic; whether it ha s release d any statements or not; whether it has played an active role or not; whether it has had any substantive

However, to reiterate, the purpose of giving a speech is not to just talk, it’s

experience. If you remember your audience in your speech, your audience

role within the UN itself, and of course, what kind of rhetoric your delegation

to deliver a message you (or in this case, your delegation) believe in, and

will remember you.

primarily employs when addressing this particular topic.

sometimes the best tool to help you achieve this is silence.


page 58

Preparation: formal debate speeches Delivery

RELATED LINKS

This is wher e y ou need to focus more on your body than on your voca l moveme nt and the conte nt of your

Articles:

speech, which you have already prepared. When you're spea king, it's ve ry i mpor tant to remov e any physi cal b arr iers betwe en yo urse lf an d the a udien ce, as much as this is possible, (no, this doesn't include clothes). If you have to speak from a podium, try to keep your head up high, your voice loud and clear, and your hands and arms as far from your torso area as

What are the best st rategies for public speech MUN public speaking tips and tricks

possible. The better the audience sees you, the more attentive they'll be.

How to break the deadlock and enhance p ublic speaking at MUN

It is preferable that public speakers move around, but MUNers have to stay put. So, you need to remember

From a citizen of the world t o world leader: a guide to public speaking strategies

that your hand and arm movements are just as important in your speech as anything else; they are a part of your speec h. Keep your hand and arm moveme nts with in a 10c m r adius (appr oxima tely) from your self. That should be enough moving space for you to be expressive without looking like a crazy person set on fire.

Key questions: How to overcome the fear of public speaking

Not-so-suit-and-tie: the un-moderated caucus This is a type of debate that deleg ates prefe r when work on potenti al resol ution s i s n ot yet read y to be set in motion. The topic is broken down into several questions and aspects, and the delegates - on their own discuss these tiny elements that make up the topic. This is where the most agreed-upon course of action is chosen to address the topic at hand. The time limit in this form of debate is much less restrictive than that of the formal debate.

What are the most common mistakes the first time MUNers make?


page 59

Model UN Roles: Delegates and Chairs BY ALLAN MUNYAO Being a Delegate

Being a Chair

Having discussed variou s aspects of MUN conferences,

make programmes and schedules for the conference,

On the other hand, chairs also play a critical role. Chairs

takes off on a totally different tangent. These and many

it’s also imperative that we look at the various roles that

but the delegates actualise them by making what is

are responsible for choosing topics and writing their

others are the perks of being a chair, and who wouldn’t

different people play in an MUN Conference. At the

on paper come to life and thus creating a worthwhile

respective background papers. Moreover, they always

want to be in charge of the conference gavel? As for the

beginning of my MUN life, I started off as a delegate.

experience for each other.

have a chance to chair sessions together with another

disadvantages, what has always been a challenge for

This was imperative b ecause I wanted to lear n how the

Moreover, it is from the platform of being a delegate

co-chair in the MUN.

me is the fact that as a chair you cannot participate in

MUN ‘world’ operates. Thus began my journey of an

that diplomatic skills are nurtured and lobbying skills

avid MUNer.

are developed. Public speaking is also enhanced, and

Many believe that chairs are ‘hallowed beings’ and that

guidance. Hence, the mind frame of a chair is different

As a delegate, you are the centre of the conference.

research skills are honed. All these have seen great

only a few people can be chairs. This is not the case.

the debate. Delegates debate while the chair provides from that of a delegate, and if you have been a delegate

You are the one who gets the deba tes going a nd sets

diplomats in the making in the real world.

Fundamental knowledge of international relations is

for a long time you may find chairing a bit constraining.

resolutions in motion. This is because the end result of

Nevertheless, being a delegate is not always a bed

enough to get you a chair or co-chair position in an

But once you learn to get out of the bubble of the other

the conference is of the delegates, by the delegates

of roses; the cultural differences usually make the first

MUN conference. Hence, it is from the springboard of

side of the floor, you will realise that chairing is indeed

and for the delegates. Hence, delegates play a key role

days of the conference a bit ‘icy’. But once the ice

being a delegate that one can leap into being a MUN

a lot of fun.

in MUNs.

is broken, international networks and friendships are

conference chair.

In summation, chairing at least one MUN should be

The key tasks for delegates in clude: creatin g debates,

formed. In summation, success as a delegate comes

Chairing an MUN conference has its perks and

the ultimate goal of any MUNer. This is because it is

defending their positions, lobbying for resolutions and

from extensive research, an endearing personality and

disadvantages. As for the perks, you get to guide the

a platform to share the knowledge and experiences

recommendations, as well as making the conference a

a friendly character.

debates of the delegates and to share your knowledge

gained as a delegate.

worthwhile experience for other delegates. Boards

and guidance in the event that a debate


page 60

Some Delegates’ Perspectives on Chairs - A View from High School MUN s BY EDUARDO PALOMINO At your first conferenc e, the chair may look scary. But remember,

The first chair type you may encounter is the “Blind and Deaf

So please, if you are nervous, think through what you are going

they are just experienced, not mean. They are human beings,

Chair.” You will try to speak and they won’t give you the word.

to say and make sure it relates to what somebody else has

and they will not harm you in any way. What you must take into

This is really frustrat ing, because during a conference discussio n

just said. Even quote o ther delegates. This lets t he chai r k now

the point changes so quickly that if you haven’t spoken after ten interventions, your participation may have already become

that you are following the debate and that the committee is not in complete chaos. That way they will give you the word more

are there to make the best of the MUN experience. However,

obsolete. Howeve r, they do not do this intentionally - moderating

often than if you just agreed with everyone else.

still in high school, chairs tend to be young and usually don’t

a committee is not easy. Imagine having to administrate the

account, though, is that there are many situations chairs may put you into, and you must know how to cope with them. Chairs

have more than five MUNs of experience. They have some… particular characteristics you may want to

take into account. What

participation of twenty delegates who participate at different frequencies, whose interventions focus on different matters,

you should know af ter reading this is that, apart from dele gates,

who are eit her shy or ext rovert - w here you must make su re that

chairs will have a major influence on your

all have had the same opportunities to speak, while keeping the

performance.

flow of the debate stable and productive.


page 61

The nex t t ype is the “Hitler Chair.” The str ictest m oderators and p residents may pr ey on less c autious delegates, because order is

RELATED LINKS

sometimes what keeps the committee productive. Their voices may be loud and some of them may be intimidating. But they are never hateful or mean. Don’t play games with this type

of chair; do not be insolent or submissive. Answer politely to whatever they

tell you and avoid excessive contact with them. Chairs are sometimes just a way for you chair is too strict, keep interaction with him/her to a

to communicate to other delegates , so if a

minimum and focus on the delegates. No delegate likes these kinds of chairs,

but they indeed ensure a productive ambiance. However , if a chair becomes abusive and intransigen t, you better report this to the

Key questions: What are the most critical traits of a good MUN committee chairperson? What makes a good committee chair?

organisers; you aren’t in the ar my, you’re simulating the UN. One simply doesn’t yell at diplomats.

How to become a committee chair? Finally, there’s the “Amity Chair.” These people are excellent diplomats, and they

will thank you even for par ticipating. Having these

kinds of chairs is really comfortable, but as a result the debate may be less intense. They focus on participation rather than on comprehension . They look for a consensus instea d of sanctioning a country. They always smile and may act time. You, as a delegate, must balance the attitudes of the

informally from time to

chair with yours to always keep the environment productive yet diplomatic.

If your chair is aggressive, be polite. If your chair is passive, be proactive. Chairs also learn and

gain experience in MUNs. They are

the fuel that turns o n the engine of your committee, but you must cooperate. They are there to help you, and you should als o help them if they seem to be in trouble. If there is a clever deleg ate who is outsmar ting the chair, a good Point of Order can make a difference. Do not annoy them because, in the end, you are under their authority. Respect them, and they will always respect you. If you ever encounter an inexperienced chair, do not worry or try to by-pass the rules; it’s best to support them. You are playing on the same team, the team of the UN.

Topic: Chairing MUN

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı Pre-conference Phase ı Conclusion

page 62

How MUNP lanet Can Help You Become a Better MUN er MUNPlanet has been serving its members as an information,

This is how MUNPla net c an h elp you go thro ugh t he pre -confe rence prepar ation phase succe ssfully:

social and knowledge platform – a community where the members talk about how MUNs are done and how they resonate with the

•

By becoming a MUNPlan et member, you can read about all things MUN and get a more profound understan ding

wider global affair s. O ur members answered more than 4,000 questions, provided more than 6,000 comments, followed over

•

of the key challenges ahead of first-time MUNers; Hundreds of conference opportunities are promoted on MUNPlanet through its high-school and university-level

•

MUN delegates , chairs, an d conferenc e organisers can improve their own performance by learnin g from their fel low MUNers.

275,000 topics, and engaged in a number of discussions, from Model UN experiences and international security to sustainability

MUN calendar and you can browse through a comprehensiv e MUN conference calendar when looking for your

next MUN;

and career development . You can read abo ut all th e stages of the pre-conference phase, from t he conference choic e, through t he basics of the MUN culture, Model United Nations topic on MUNPlanet has attracted the attention of thousands of MUN delegates and conference organisers who shared their views on how to make progress down your MUN path.

MUN research , position paper writing , public speaking , to MUN roles and what it takes to progress down your Model UN path.

3.0. CONFERENCE PHASE – On MUN

s and what it means to

represent a country

– Representing a Country at Model UN – Model UN Conference Activity – The Opening Speech – In-Session Dynamics – Negotiation and Lobbying – MUN s : Learning and/or competition?

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase 3.1.

page 64

On MUNs and what it means to represent a country BY RORY MONDSHEIN Model United Nations has numerous educational benefits. On

In committee, we are challenged to contemplate some of the

In committee, we feel powerful because we hide behind the

the individual level, it helps students improve their public speaking

most pressing issues of our time through simulation, in order to

placard of a particular nation or representative. We often use

and develop a plethora of skills, including leadership, negotiation,

get a better sense of p olitical institutions and the way that each

committee sessions to experiment with our

debate and personal confidence. On the professional level, it helps students become better public speakers and researchers,

country fits into the global system. We spend days, weeks, even months preparing for conferences because we believe that our

gain the personal confidence to take risks because we know that, at the end of the day, it is just a simulation. For these

which benefi ts them in the job market. Finally, on the global level,

work in educating other s is an essential par t of peace-building. In

reasons, we find that, w hile delegates present a confident public

Model United Nations challenges students to learn about history

committee, we are committed to upholding “the inherent dignity

persona, they do not use their Model UN

through the perspective of a particular nation -- perhaps a nation

and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the

they may not know about, or one they may not necessarily like -

human family,” and deplore any unilateral or multilateral action

and represent that country’s position in order global order and accept personal and

to understand the

social differences in it.

that violates it (UN Charter). In committee, we refuse to sit idly because we are convinced that our

voices and actions have a

ripple effect, which is why we take it upon ourselves to intervene swiftly and quickly to ameliorate conflict.

own identities, and

skills in their daily lives.


page 65

Representing aCountry at Model UN “Representing another country encourages you to see international problems from a different perspective. This

“In my first MUN we were discussing the Gaza Strip. Neither the participants nor the organisers were aware

increases mutual understanding between the delegates, because you perceive the world from a different angle. For

of the fact that the representative of a Muslim country was from Israel, which made the whole session quite

example, if you are a Dutch national, you read more or less the same newspaper every day, you look at the same

difficult. The simulation game became very real to her. However, she remained in her role until the end and did

(Dutch) news every day, and you talk to your (Dutch) friends about the news and problems in the world. It is fairly

a great job represent ing the views of a government with an entirely different opinion.

ease to represent and protect these interests, because you were raised in a certain environment and with certain beliefs. But when you are encouraged to step into someone else’s shoes, you have to step out of your comfort zone

I could go on with more examples, but this one is sufficient to illustrate the point. The most common mistake that

and suddenly take someone else’s preferences and ideas i nto account.

many MUN beginners make is that they represent their own opinions rather than those of the country they were assigned. It is understandable that someone who has always lived, for example, in the UK might have different

From my own experience I know that this can be quite a challenge; but if you succeed, this increases your

opinions of certain issues than the government of Gabon. It is also very likely that most governments, even from

understanding of the world and wil l bring you closer to your fellow de legates. Therefore, I believe that MUNs do not

your own home country, have opinions on some issues that are very different from yours.

necessarily change the way you perceive the world, but they broaden your world. By doing MUN conferences we will not be able to bring everlasting peace, but we can try to take baby steps by creating awareness and facilitating

It is always important to have your own personal opinions, to be able to justify and reason them. However,

international dialogue.”

sometimes the time and place are not right. This is why it’s important to learn to recognise the right time to be a person with strong opinions and when to practise diplomacy, and also to be able to represent opinions that

Dyonne Niehof, the Netherlands Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

might not be in line with your own. This is what we can learn from Model United Nations: how to represent a country and views that might differ from our own.”

Juliane Jokinen, Estonia MUNPlanet link


Model UN Conference Activity Model UN usually begins with an opening ceremony that is followed by regular sessions (formal

The sess ion beg ins most

and informal debate, resolution writing and

often by the delegations

RELATED LINKS

presenting their views of

Articles:

voting procedure/ document adoption) . Many Mo del UN

conferences nowadays offer many social activities and other programmes that make the complete event a memorable experience . But the main part of every MUN takes part in the conference

the topic (e.g. opening

rooms where discussions go on for

speech), followed by formal

one to several days - simulating the possible scenarios that

can or could happen in world politics. These situations go beyond the spirit of simulation and help

and informal debates,

the delegates develop skills such as public speaking, negotiation, writing or

caucuses, resolution writing

and information are gathered and long lasting ties made global affairs. In this infographic you can

leadership. Knowledge

at these conferences , thus making for

a unique place w here international social capital is developed among

the students interested in

see these elements of the flow of debate.

and voting on the outcome documents.

A Typical Model UN Conference Story Told Through 15 Obama GIFs


The Opening Speech

page 67

RELATED LINKS Articles: A to Z of Your Opening Speech The importance of representing your own country Key questions: How should delegations present their opening speeches?

“The opening speech is definitely your time to shine. You should be adequately prepared, and should quote several referential documents on your country or region in c onnection to the topic you are addressing. If you are presenting your country as a delegation, one person - probably the one who is most outspoken and has the least stage fright - should address the audience in the opening speech. Others should make their say in coordination with the entire delegation as the session proceeds. It is always important to think of the desirable outcome, i.e. "What does your delegation or country want to achieve?" and to project your activities in that direction. Remember that the opening speech is the first contact that fellow delegates from other countries are having with you. Depending on the desirable outcome which your delegation has identified and wants to pursue, you will position yourself and your country as straightforward and brutally honest, with an ultimatum which symbolises a call for action; or you will be a leader seeking allies, solving a conflict situation, providing security… In your opening speech, what you say matters (the content) as much as how you say it (your intonation, the choice of words and pauses, your body language, the personality traits you expressed).”

Milena Milićević, Serbia MUNPlanet link


page 68

Team Bui ldi ng “This skill is not as obvious as research or public speaking, but it is crucial to your success in committee. When you are in un-moderated caucus, meeting people and finding others you can work with - you are essentially building a team. Your team, also known as a caucus bloc or an alliance, needs to work together to write resolutions and get them passed. Being a leader of your team also helps you become a

leader in

committee and in the eyes of your chair.

Tip: During un-moderated caucus, most delegates try to build a team by talking about their own policies and solutions. However, it’s actually more important to ask others what they think and get their input. That is how you find people who share the same policies and solutions and with whom can be on the same team. So talk less, and listen more.”

Feisal Ahmed, Ethiopia

MUNPlanet link

RELATED LINKS Articles: 7 most common MUN fears (and how to overcome them) Key questions: When and how delegates should exercise the right of reply? Five skills every delegate should learn


page 69

In-Session Dynamics Moderated and un-moderated caucusing BY EDUARDO PALOMINO This is one of the most awesome parts of the MUN! Ask any experienced delegate what they think about caucusing, and almost everyone will say that it is exactly what makes MUN so special. This is where you will spend most of the conference, and also where you will

Just to give you an idea of

how a moderated caucus works, picture the following: it is a

period

of the conference when you can raise your placard to ask for the word, and if you are given the word you may speak for a set amount of time about anything you think pertinent. You can make remarks, question someone, attack or compliment someone’s proposal. Everyone in the room will listen to you, so you have better lost your fear of public speaking by then. Arg umen ts str ike ever yone, and you shou ld be read y t o quar rel. Alt houg h t he main pur pos e of the caucus is to start finding

common viewpoints with other delegations - and you should

find out what you’re made of. If you see a two-sided

absolutely do that – there are many delegates who enjoy debating and destroying others’

debate as a war, see caucusing as Battle Royale or the

proposals. In negotiation you have two options: to prove that your proposal is the best or

Hunger Games. This part can be the most intimidating for a newbie delegate, but as long as you stay focused you can do really well in it.

destroy all the other ones until t

he only remaining option for them

do not feel discouraged; attack harder.

is yours. If you are

attacked,


page 70

Aft er you have made allia nces and enemie s duri ng the mode rated caucus, it’s time for un-

Giving an effective moderated caucus speech:

RELATED LINKS

moderated caucus. Here, you may speak directly to other delegates, or walk around the room, just l ike reg ular p eopl e do. Th is is w here yo u must b e as dip lomat ic as p ossib le. At th is tim e you

“7% is what you say. What matters is how you say it.”

should negotiate for consensus. By then you should have reunited with your bloc, the countries that came together by way of geopoli tical ties or positio ns during the debate. The ideal is that the

Approach delegates - "Most distinguished council, I c all for your utmost

highest number of countries agreeing on the same point write a draft resolution and put all their

attention."

ideas together. Here, every single idea is valuable, because the stronger your draft resolution is, the more chances it has to be accepted by the entire committee. This time, you should act differently from the way you acted in moderated caucus. It is now useless to fight; you must find common ground. Always say what your delegation wants, and how you plan to include that in what your fello w de lega tions seek. Impo rt ant: do not get pers onal. Don’t say ‘what YOU w ant;’ instead use the words ‘what your delegation wants’. Don’t place your own ideology at risk of

The key is to stand up straight, make eye contact and speak in a clear, loud voice, without yelling or bei ng offensive. Make short points; do not provide data or anything like that. A statement is supposed to be convincing, not informing. Information can be shared much more quickly online or at the General Speakers list.

being criticised. After all, you are a country and whatever they are saying – they are saying it to your count ry, n ot to you. W ith these tips in mi nd, yo u sho uld b uild an awe some draf t res olut ion

When you only have 45 seconds, use them well. And always be polite,

together with your bloc. Cooperation is key here.

approach other delegates with your statement, and finish with "I thank

Please note that you may be

going back to moderated caucus af

ter the un-moderated. These

are the final steps on the path to a resolution, so do your best. Be sure to engage with other delegates and never stand in isolation. Even when someone starts to w

rite the resolution on

the computer, do not leave! Stay next to them, ready to suggest something new or correct something you don’t like. Remember that the essence of MUNs is union and cooperation. What othe r reas on wou ld ther e b e to call them Mod el UNI TED Nat ion s? Wo rk tog ethe r and, always, always, always, enjoy the

caucus.

you for the time, honourable chairs, and for your attention, honourable delegates".

Frederike Kipper, Germany MUNPlanet link

Key questions: How do you create a good speech on any topic for the moderated caucuses?


page 71

Negotiation and Lobbying 5 approaches to problem solving BY RORY MONDSHEIN In life, we are always trying to pursue our goals. Yet, everyone

Unfortunately, just as there is no universal solution to every

is different: we have different backgrounds, beliefs, values and goals -- and unfortunately, sometimes, our personal and

problem, there is no universally applicable method either. As the table shows, there are five different approaches to conflict

unique interests can interfere with

resolution, and they come each with its own benefits and

someone else’s , which leads

to conflict. Yet, it is important to note that, while conflicts and

consequence s. It is important to reference this table in o rder to

clashes are inevitable, we have the power

explore all your options.

to either ameliorate or

exacerbate them . As a result, it is crucial for us to sit back and evaluate our methodology to produce the best possible result. Figure 1 shows five potential approaches to problem-solving, based on Thomas Killman’s “Conflict Mode Instrument.”


page 72


page 73

Conflict resolution B. Methods of conflict resolution

A. Decid ing o n the mode As previously mentioned, every problem is different and, as a result,

•

Is the conflict creating an uncomfortable environment

Fortunately, while there may not be a universal framework for

there is no universally applicable method to resolving conflicts.

for others? (For example: if/when someone is bullying

problem-solving, there are actually some general tips that you

For these reasons, it is important to evaluate the situation and

a fellow student, or, on

can follow to resolve any and every problem -- whether in the

•

Is the conflict interrupting perfunctory bus iness and

•

Does the conflict pose an active threat? (For example,

affecting a large number of people? (For example, if/when

For example, if you are participating in the WFUNA International

the conflict spreads to other social groups or

Model United Nations (WIMUN), which focuses on consensusbuilding, you will want to use the “Collaborat ive Approach” because it forces each actor to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses

Model United Nations circuit, at school, or even at home.

country is invading a smaller country)

conduct a cost/benefit analysis when considering each solution, because certain methods are better suited to certain situations.

the macro-level, when a larger

regions)

if/when a government threatens to attack.)

and see how they fit into the global system. However, while the “Collaborative Approach” may be useful for WIMUN and group

If you have answered “yes” to more than one of these

projects, it may not necessarily ameliorate that sibling rivalry over

questions, then intervention is

the television set as well as the “Compromise Approach.”

the way to intervene is entirely up to you.yet, the way you inter vene is e ntirely up to you.

As a delegate and facilitator, i t is your responsib ility to (acti vely) listen, analyse , and lead parties to the best long-term solution. It is up to you to decide which method will get you there. While we sometimes wonder if interventi on is even necessar y - as some conflicts tend to eventually resolve themselves on their own - it is important to evaluate the situation and ask yourself:

definitely necessary; yet,


Fact- Findin g

page 74

Ethical evaluations

It goes without saying that to resolve a conflict we have to

In addition to contemplating the current conflict, it is important to consider and find core catalysts that

know what the problem actually is. In order to get to the root

motivate individuals/countries to behave in a certain way. In other words, we must know the actors

of the problem, we must consider the

following:

and their central values, including their backgrounds, beliefs and goals in order to paint a complete picture of the problem, understand everyone’s role in it and identify what can(not) be compromised.

•

Who is involved and what do they represent?

“The Tree Model” in Figure 2 provides a visual explanation for understanding the role that individuals’

•

What is the history of the conflict? Is it affecting

backgrounds and ethics play in understanding and resolving conflicts.

•

What is the most contentious issue?

•

Can we find common ground?

the current situation, or is it entirely separate ?

Figure 2: The Tree Model Leaves: every single conflict or interaction a person has.

It is important to ask these questions because it helps us understand the problem at hand. In some ways, Model United Nations is naturally structured towards this approach: the Country List gives us an overview of the actors involved, and the Background Guide provides an overview of the history of the conflict and the current situation -- it is up to us, as delegates, to determine the root cause of the issue and identify patterns between country positions in order to find common ground . It is also important to apply this model of thinking to everyday life and situations, to become a solution sleuth both inside and outside of a committee and a person who is able to resolve some of the biggest issues in his/her personal life.

Branches: the way that these values and experiences effect individuals' every day lives. T runk: core values (i.e. religious or personal) and formative experiences. root s : Individuals' backgrounds (i.e. country/place of birth, family, social status, etc)


page 75

As F igure 2 show s, each individu al is like a tree: thei r str ucture

It is incredibly useful to make this analogy because, at the end of

is comprised of roots, a trunk, branches, and leaves -- each

the day, we want to see if we can come to a resolution that benefits

element is a metaphor. As we all know, roots are planted

all parties, so we must find so me common ground between them.

firmly in the ground, and represent the foundation of the entire

In Model United Nations, we acknowledge that every country is

structure of the tree. Our backgrounds are our roots, because

different, but our committee session provides a common platform

they indicate where we started and provide grounds on which

for everyone to come together. In committee, countries confirm

to build our character. For trees, the trunk is the core element

their collective commitment to resolving [issue X ] -- their interest in

because it creates the structure for the rest of the tree. Our

the issue is the common ground, but the way they view the issue

values (i.e. our core belief s) are our trunks b ecause they are par t

is informed by their national roots and trunks.

of our central identity, giving us the intellectual and ethical prism through which we view the world and our place in it. Stemming

Unfortunately, however, life is not that simple and it is up to us as

from the tr unk, the branches represent an extension of

delegates and facilitators to take the time to parse each actor to

for us, the branches show the ways that

the core;

our core values affect

understand their backgrounds and values to better rationalise and

our everyday experiences, which are represented by the leaves.

predict their behaviour. Although it may seem time-consuming at

Now, I bet you are wondering: what is the relevance of this? Well,

first, it actually saves you energy in the long term.

as my adviser and Model United Nations coach explained to

me,

it is important to look at the actors holistically because it informs us about the way they are viewing and approaching the problem. By understanding the lens through which these individuals view the world, we can better understand their behaviour, identify their values, and see if they have anything in common with the other actors.

In Model United N ations, we acknowledge that every country is different, but our committee session provides a common platform for ev eryone to come together.


page 76

Frank facil itat ion & planni ng Once you, the facilitator, have identified the common ground,

In order to come up with an all-inclusive solution for everyone, it is

it is up to you to reveal your findings. In Model United Nations,

important to ensure that all voices are heard and that everyone’s

actors come to the table with particular goals in mind, and, if

needs are met. This can be do ne through “Operation: Step Up, Step

you are a good researcher, you will know exactly what their

Back,” which reminds leaders to listen to the others’ viewpo ints and

goals are. Your next task, however, is to shift the conversation

be cognisant of who has/has not spoken, and encourages more

from emotion to fact by showing each stakeholder that [action

bashful representatives to speak without imposing an arbitrary

X] is in t heir best interest.

time limit on conflict resolutions.

Now, it is important that you do not tell them, “Based on [insert

Unfortunately, in the Model United Nations communit y, “Operation:

value], it is in your b est interest to [inser t soluti on]” because that

Step Up, Step Back” is much easier said than done. In a world

can appear rather abrasive, and unnecessarily so. Instead, it is

dominated by speaker points and awards, we often find that

better to ask the important questions and use active listening to

delegates are much more eager to speak to increase their

get each stakeholder to connect the dots. In

chances of winning than to actually be diplomatic. Yet, if there

other words, think

of the stereotype of a therapist who constantly asks you how

is anything to take away from this article, it is that awards do

something makes you feel. As the facilitator, you need to start

not matter and that it is, instead, important to focus on actually

the dialogue and carefully construct the conversation without

ameliorating the problem by encouraging delegates to speak,

dominating it.

listening to their points, and taking notes on them so that you can write a comprehensive reso lution for all.

Conclusion Conflicts are inevitable, but there are many different ways to solve them. In order to determine the best possible approach it is important to use active listening, as well as critical thinking to evaluate the situation based on the actors involved, their history and their goals. In some ways, Model United Nations is structured towards this approach because the Background Guide lays the groundwork for explaining the problem, and the Country List outlines the groups affected. Now, it is up to us to evaluate each actor involved, consider their interests, and create a plan of action to resolve the conflict -- and we must apply the same approach to our personal and professional conflicts. Special thanks to Jonathan Becker, the Bard C

ollege Model

United Nations and Change in Action programs, as well as UC Irvine for assistance with the technical terms.


page 77

MUNs: Learning and/or competition? Since its inception, Model UN was envisaged as a simulation of the work of the main international organisation, with a goal of practicing diplomacy and problem solving in the area of international relations among students. However, today the spirit of learning and practicing diplomatic skills is simultaneously followed by a rising competition among the student delegates, which raises the following question: is winning a Model UN award the most im

portant goal of ever y delegate, and what

does this ‘incentive’ bring about? What does this phenomenon tell us about MUN? Below are some of the key points that can summarise the positions in this debate.


page 78

On the role of MUN awards “At Stockholm Model United Nations there is only one award

I believe it is counter-productive, if not even destructive, for delegates to focus on what

available, the SMUN Honorar y Medal. We use this award for

do to win an award. For this reason, during the year when I was president of SMUN I

several purposes:

presidents of all the councils to consider which, if any, delegates had shown sincere effort of cooperation and unity in the spirit of

1. To show appreciation to exceptional speakers who have

they can

the United Nations. For this reason we had a varying number

of awards in each council.

shown great willingness to help by returning again and

However, this does not mean that awards cannot be used in a fun and productive way . It is essential

again to hold workshops or lectures during the preparatory

that due consideration be given to keeping MUN from becoming a competitive event where the

events;

person who manages to dominate a council is automatically given an award. Stepping between

2. To award members of the Host Team who have shown exceptional efforts to improve and organise the

the countries with strong opinions and mediating to reach a common compromise represents one of the more dif ficult tasks in an MUN.”

conference; and 3. To award delegates who have laboured sincerely and tirelessly to unite the council in

a common compromise

to move forward in the spirit of the United Nations.

Emil Hrafn Stensson (SMUN), Sweden MUNPlanet link

RELATED LINKS

encouraged

Key questions: How do you evaluate best delegates at MUN conferences? What is the role of awards at your Model UN conference?


page 79

Learning by doing

A critical perspective on MUNs

“Learning by doing”, as much as it sounds like a cliché, is an

“This way, the knowledge and cognitive intuition of

outstanding technique for acquiring new

solutions not yet found. It was evident that the introduction of

knowledge. Obviously ,

more students could be utilised to

search for

you cannot apply this concept to every thing, but a variety of

like with any platform involving with a scoring system, competition arose between delegates. This

fields will allow you to do so. You can, for example, use the

was ‘t he death of MUN.’

technique when you are studying for a particular subject of

your

studies. It often helps to actively engage in a matter when you

What d o we see at MUN conferences today? We see deleg ates blindl y voting for reso lutions,

are trying to become an expert, or just someone who knows a

based either on where their fr iends’ allegiance s lie, or simply for resolutions of which they are

bit about a particular matter. I have learned so

many things just

signatories. The delegate s, especially in GA, don’t truly understand what is listed within the

by doing them. Not only did I learn how MUNs work, but I also

operatives, the purpose of operative clause 6; sub-clause b; part ii. But this is

learned how to organise or lead a team just by tr ying it.”

The lack of under standing can be s olved, b ut the key under lying issue, which is slig htly mor e difficult to deal with, is the thirst for awards.”

Finn Carlson (MUNOTH), The Netherlands Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

Rahal Wijewar dene, Sri Lanka MUNPlanet link

RELATED LINKS

an incentive came at a cost. Much

just the beginning.

Key questions: How do you evaluate best delegates at MUN conferences? What is the role of awards at your Model UN conference?

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı conference Phase ı Conclusion

page 80

How MUNP lanet Can Help You Become a Better MUN er MUNPlanet has been serving its members as information, social

This is how MUNPla net c an h elp you becom e a more p roficie nt MUN er an d per form well du ring t he co nferen ce:

and knowledge platform - that is, as a community of practice where members talk a bout how M UNs ar e done and ho w they

•

We work to enable MUN delegates to learn about the culture of MUNing all around the world, while taking part in interactive

resonate with wider global affairs and careers. In the first twelve months since its launch,MUNers have answered more than 4,000

•

discussions on the topics most relevant to the MUN community. MUN delegates, chairs, and conference organisers can improve their own performance by learning from their fellow MUNers.

questions, commented 6,000+ times, followed over 275,000

If you had participated in 20 conferences, your knowledge and experience may be useful to other, less experienced delegates.

topics, and engaged in a whole range of discussions, from

On the other hand, more experienced MUNers may find inspiration to drive their conference participation further and work on

Model UN experiences and international security to sustainable development and career development . attention of thousands of MUN delegates and conference organisers who shared their views on how your M UN path.

the small details, while benefiting from the interaction within the biggest MUN online community. •

Model United Nations topic on MUNPlanet has attracted the to make progress on

MUNPlanet helps the newbies as well as experience d delegates exchange information and knowledge that complements the process of proliferation and raising the level of professionalism of MUNs. Hundreds of conference opportunities are promoted on MUNPlanet through its

high-school and university-level MUN calendar and you can browse through

a comprehensive MUN conference calendar when looking for your next MUN.

4.0. POST-CONFERENCE PHASE – How to Become a Better Delegate? Better vs. Best Delegate – Becoming a better UN delegate – Becoming a Model UN Chairperson – A Note on Organizing Model UN – Thinking about the Key Value of MUN – Model UN and Careers

s

Becoming a MODEL UN delegate ı post MUN 4.1.

page 82

How to Become a Better Delegate? Better vs. Best Delegate Being a serial MUNer who gets to attend dozens of conferences has its good sides and brings a lot of satisfaction, development, knowledge and social capital that can be drawn on in the years ahead. One conference after another and the experience you gain makes you, quite naturally, a better delegate.

You are more skilful with yo ur publi c appea rances; your understa nding of substance, s trategy and tactics on the “grand chessboard” makes your solutions

and negotiation capabilities more

prominent. Not to mention the confidence and comfort while dealing with

the topics and crisis

situations that appeal to an increased capacity to involve in problem solving. This b oosts your cr eativit y and fits w ell wit h your overall ac ademic devel opment a s a stud ent and young professional . However, there is a dif ference between becoming a better continuous self-de velopment and becoming “best delegate” who discussion from the MUNPlanet community of what these t

delegate in terms of

wins awards. Below is the

wo positions mean:


As Fur kan Kir az notes in his article at MUNPlanet: “Here are my five steps to win the Best Delegate Award . I admit that pulling through by following each of these steps will take time and effort, but a Best Delegate Award doesn’t just fall from the sky! Reminder: don't go to a MUN just to win awards; go to gain knowledge and experience, to test your limits, find new friends

and see new places.

Imagine building a house with a weak foundation - will you be able to build a massive house? No, it will just collapse once you try to make it into a bigger one because you haven't paid enough attention to the ground floor. Researching your topic will be the foundation of your argumentation in the sessions, so do not underestimate this step or your hopes on becoming Best Delegate will collapse sooner or later.”

STEPS TO WIN THE BEST DELEGATE AWARD: a.) Research your topic well b.) Write your position paper c.) Prepare your arguments d.) Prepare your resolution e.) Think quickly , be have correct ly and speak well in the sessions f.) Learn from your mistakes

page 83


page 84

Becoming a better UN delegate: a discussion BY VID TOMIć After each conference, once the post-MUN syndrome slowly fades away, people start reflecting on their recent experience. Most of us tend to seek new ways to enhance our knowledge and performance at MUN, thus asking ourselves how we could become

Write them on a small piece of paper, put the paper in your back pocket and check it constantly during the conference to remind yourself what your goals were before different factors started to influence your behaviour. After the conference, check the list and evaluate whether you have reached all of your goals. If yes, at what cost ? What did you have to sacrifice and what was a good pay-off? If not, why were you unable to achieve them? Could you have performed better and is there anything you would have done differently, given the chance? This technique is one of the best tools to use if you want to improve as a delegate and a negotiator in g eneral. The sec ond t hing to do is to thi nk abo ut yo ur str engths and w eaknesses during the co nference. If you are attending a confere nce

better delegates. As I often suggest to striving MUN

as a delegation, make sure that your co-delegates/colle agues give you feedback on your per formance and vice-versa. Constructive

newbies, one of the main things you need to do before

and ‘objective’ self- criticism is your best f riend if you wish to evolve as a delegate. Once you identify your weak points, you have to

a conference is to prepare a list of three goals you must achieve as a delegate of a specific country.

make sure to challenge yourself next time and try to master the techniques. For example, if you have received several awards as a delegate of ‘rogue’ states, think about trying something else and next time pick a country that is the flagship of democracy and respect for human rights. Try a committee you push yourself further and dive deeper.

are not familiar with and a topic you know nothing about. You will evolve only if you


page 85

What does it take to become the best delegate? People often think that receiving the Best Delegate award gives

What do chairpersons look for when selecting the Best Delegate? As discussed earlier, everyon e has

you t he stat us of an untouc hable, a cosmic aura of knowled ge

their own way of evaluating performance. My approach, based on years of

and good performance as a delegate. Several things need to

the method, includes several factors. The best delegate has to

RELATED LINKS

careful developmen t of

show clear and in-depth knowledge

Key questions:

be considered at this point. First, the way awards are given at

of the topics on the agenda, the workings of the United Nations and international community in

conferences is not standardised, meaning that each conference

general, and s/he has to master the Rules of Procedure and know how to (mis)use them. When

Discussion points

and chairperson has its own rationale as to how to choose the

it comes to performance, s/he has to be a confident speaker who can steer the debate in a

best delegate. This can result in some extremely interesting

productive manner while respecting his/her country’s policies, propose solutions, and

draft the resolution (this should not be the decisive factor). In general, s/he has to be the driving

How can I win the best delegate award?

decisions from time to time. The fact that someone did not receive an award does not mean that

force in a committee, a true leader w ho knows when to speak and when to listen, and someone

his/her performance was

potentially

not good, maybe even amazing. In fact, there are many very good

who can consi stently prod uce results. In realit y, there is rarely a delegate w ho does all of the t hings

delegates who have never received the Best Delegate award. This c an be the resu lt of severe co mpetition, lack of consistent

mentioned above brilliantly, but these are the factors that must be taken into consideration before taking the final decision. A proper chairperson will keep track of these things during the conference

performance throughout the conference, bad presidency of the

and make a substantial amount of effor t before taking this decision.

committee that fails to recognise a good performance or simply does not care about who receives the award, etc. The gist of this grammatical maze is that receiving the Best Delegate award is not always a goo d indicator of your per formance.

How to bull$@!t through a conference and get an award in the end


page 86

Evaluating the MUN experience: 5 or 50 MUNs later The appeal of MUN

Why is it difficul t to retire from MUNs?

s

“Like other people might take drugs, I attend MUNs and simply cannot

“Well, it is hard to retire because it’s fantastic to have the chance to leave your day to day life behind for a long

stop. I have attended 20 MUN conferences so far, if I am not mistaken,

weekend, travel with your friends, play the role of a diplomat, and get to know people from all over the world.

and I will definitely continue. What makes MUN so addictive is the

Every MUN is a new opportunity to make new friends and engage in global dialogue. I believe that MUNs are

complete package of academic learning and socialising. I love the

the perfect platform for young people to practice cultural diplomacy because, even though we play a certain role

fact that you get to put the theories you encounter while studying into

during sessions, at the end of day we are all students who have similar goals and cal learn much from each other.

practice, and negotiate and lobby just like a real

diplomat. Besides

that, you also get to meet some of the best people and build long-

I tried to retire twice so far. Now I’m hoping I will actually succeed after EuroMUN 2014. I believe that after you hit

lasting friendships even when you only see each other twice a year at the MUN conferences. In the times of modern technology it is

a certain age and/or a certain stage in your career it is no longer beneficial to actively participate in conferences. Moreover, seasoned MUNers have the responsibility to train the future generation of delegates, chairs, organisers

much easier to keep in touch, so your MUN connections really start

and, when the time comes, take a step back and let them lead.

to matter and you grow very close with the people you meet.” However, the fact that someone isn’t going to MUNs anymore doesn’t necessarily mean that they have retired

Finn Carlson (MUNOTH), The Net herlands Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

from the MUN Community altogether. It’s possible to stay in touch with organisers and give advice when advice is solicited. I think that spaces like MUN:Planet allow retired MUNers to keep in touch and support the current leaders of the international MUN circuit.”

Diego Salama (EuroMUN), Bolivia Fridays with MUNPlanet interview


page 87

What comes after being a Model UN delegate? What comes afterwards? I do wonder about that, every

day. I could

do a lot of things with all the skills I now have: negotiating, debating, writing, critical thinking, management experience, logistical planning, coordination, etc. Running recovery operations, helping to right plethora of natural and other disasters that plague this Earth presents itself as the most attractive option. Having said that, I applying for the Fast Stream civil the diplomatic corps, but I

the still will be

service in the UK to head towards

have many options. All the experience pays

off, in so many ways.”

Wilf Mountfield (LIMUN),


You may wonder what happens after you have attended multiple school, university or international MUNs as a delegate. Having gathered a vast amount of experience and a network of contacts, the best MUNers usually continue their journey as conference chairs or organisers. What follows is a brief discussion of such possibili ties.


page 88

Becoming a Model UN Chairperson A measure of success of an MUN is tightly connected to the performance of delegates and chairpersons alike.

Successful MUNers hardly ever decide to

abandon their Model UN “careers” at the first step, that is, while performing the roles of delegates. Many of the best delegates usually go on to become chairpersons, trainers or MUN organisers. MUN conferences across the world are looking for chairpersons via official calls for applications and you may try and apply once you have reached a certain level of chairing experience. What follows is a discussion of a good chairperson profile.

“A good chair is committed

A

to more than just a superb

helps

delegate

first-timers)

experience

at

the

good

committee

delegates to

A good chair has the UN at

A good committee chair is able

(especially

heart:It's absolutely necessary for

to

gain

chair

him/her to be up-to-date with what's

with

self-

effectively people

communicate from

conference,but also to creating

confidence and form lasting

going on in the United Nations. Fair

backgrounds

lasting change in the lives of

friendships with people from

knowledge of the UN Charter will

degrees of ability:

Delegates and Faculty Advisors.

all over the world: This can be

do you a lot of good!

in

To that end, I define the roles of

done by introducing fun-injectin g

chairs in one word - 'Impact'.

activities

into

a

committee.

mind

that

or our

diverse varying Bearing

delegates

often come from many different A good committee chair is

countries, with different cultures,

serious about the Rules of

a good chair will be comfortable

A good committee chair is very a 10 minute break so that they're

Procedure: After

with interacting with ALL the

well-behaved

able to talk to a committee

couple of times, I have come to

delegates

in

the

member

spoken

the conclusion that, in applying the

regardless

of

their

his/her delegates remain serious

to yet. This is sometimes the

RoP, chairs need to be strict and

temperament, even accent (sadly

about how to make tangible,

beginning of a lasting friendship,

flexible at the same time. It's said

I've seen the opposite happen).

lasting contributions and address

or maybe a courtship, or better

that 'Rules were made for Man, not

This i s the spirit in wh ich t he UN

real issues.

still, a marriage!

Man for the Rules'. Based on this, a

was established, and a good chair

good chair will make sure the rules

believes and practices this!”

Sometimes, I give my delegates

well-read: This

and

definitely

ensures

that

they

haven't

chairing

a

committee, nationality,

are followed. On the other hand, a good chair will not hinder the flow of debate if some extraordinary rules are not followed.

Joseph Mensah, Ghana MUNPlanet link


Qualities of a good chairperson

page 89

Five key points for first-time chairpersons

“A good chair is a balance between a teacher, observer, mediator and adjudicator. For beginner committees, the chair needs to teach the basics of Model UN in a way that helps those who need it, without giving preferential treatment. While this can be done in many different ways, effective teaching and guidance can make or break a committee.

1. Know very w ell the Rules of Procedure

RELATED LINKS

of the conference in question

Giving equal speaking time, while still choosing the right people to facilitate debate, is fulfilled by a talented mediator who

2. Understand the challenges that your committee

Key questions:

will guide the debate from motion to motion and speakers list to caucus. To be able to do this, and still objectively observe

is facing in real life

the diplomatic effectiveness of the delegates, is a very important skill when it comes to chairing.

Finally, to be able to recognise and award the most effective diplomats correctly, will leave all the delegates in the room3. Be confident with the feeling that theywere properly watched and guidedover the duration of the conference. In contrast, when a chai r makes the wrong call, the delegates can feel that no one was watching them and that their chair either didn’t know how4.

Be organised

to read a room or wasn’t mentally there. As such, if you want to be a good chairperson, or identify one, look for someone who, measured by their actions, can observe, mediate, adjudicate and teach. “

5. Regard for both formal debate and more relaxed and fun periods

Daniel Gindis, I srael MUNPlanet link

Maria Gomez d e Olea, France MUNPlanet link

What are your top five tips for future committee chairs? What are the most critical traits of a good committee chairperson? Is there such a thing as chairing style and how it could apply to different MUN committees?


page 90

A Note on Organizing Model UN Last year MUNPlanet has published an eBook titled “Organising Successful MUNs” that extensively covers the steps, processes and key challenges of organising a conference. One of the co-authors, Maria Gomez de Olea nicely captures the rationale and importance of organising MUNs and how the delegates can see this process - and, more importantly, if they are thinking of joining a MUN secretariat or organising another conference.


“The main reason why we organise MUN conferences is this: we have loads of

page 91

Model United Nations is organised at many different places (and levels) – from

fun doing so, and it is a great experience. Organisers and participants are all very

elementary school classrooms to universities, to conference centres and high-

motivated and dynamic, which contributes to the creation of a wonder ful environment

profile UN buildings. Its essence and focus is youth who think about the world

and a strong sense of community. The other reason we organize MUNs is, in my

and believe in MUN as a concept that aims at fostering peaceful coexistence and

opinion, academic. As veterans, we want to contribute to the continuity of the

cooperation among people and peoples through education and socialisation.

activity and share our knowledge on various topics we have discussed throughout

In the early 21st century we have been experiencing a “third wave” of MUN

the years. After all, there has always been a sense that whenever we take over

development and its proliferation throughout the world. With the advent of

a position in a MUN team, we ‘become’ the conference for a certain period of

modern technologies and the availability of ideas and opportunities for learning

time. It is not about us, it’s about the MUN. Moreover, as active citizens, MUNers

and action for youth in various parts of the world – the MUNs have become

tend to have a strong sense of civic engagement and are pushing for youth that

widel y po pular and are e njoyi ng a histor ical peak. We exp ect to se e t his t rend

is more informed and engaged in global issues. We organise MUNs because we believe that, by doing so, we are creating a better world. To be quite honest, we

continue, and the benefits of MUN to become greater for socialisation and promotion of a new generation of leaders, scholars, practitioners and globally-

are creating a future that we think is best for us (p. 42).”

minded social entrepreneurs. This wonderful oppor

tunity, however , also requires

responsibility and use of knowledge and practices to preserve and improve MUNs for the future generations while expecting to see their impact on life and culture of peace in the world.

RELATED LINKS SPECIAL FOCUS: Organizing Successful MUNs eBook Organizing Successful MUNs topic


page 92

Thinking about the Key Value of MUNs MUN as a practice of global citizenship “And one of the things I wondered about was this: What is the purpose

The value of MUN conferences lies in the fact that many people, with many different interests, come together to discuss many topics of great

And all this boils down to one thing: public service. When you're willing

Being a global citizen means you are feeling the problems of people who are thousands of miles away as if they were your very own, that you are

of a MUN conference? The answer

importance. They apply a full set of skills they have previously learned,

to seek answers to these issues for

not feeling the distance of a TV screen, but seeing this as a call for your

is quiteobvious,but the meaningis

now with the aim to solve the problems, not of 10 freshman students,

people you don't know, and feel it

experience and opinion in the search for solutions. It means you are willing

a little more complex.

but of millions of people they don't know, but who are expecting them

is your responsibility to help them

to give up a little time out of your life for others. And this is, I believe, what

to speak on their behalf and provide a solution so that they can have a

out, it means that you have the

it takes to be a true MUNer: to feel the call for public service and be willing

better present and a brighter future.

right mindset to be a global citizen.

to learn, unlearn and relearn as much as possible.”

Simon Yantani B eltran, Chile MUNPlanet link


page 93

MUNs: inspira tion, knowl edge, act ion "We all have dreamt about working at the UN, whose symbols of hope,

“There are, of course, tangible skills you will take home after an MUN, and you will use those references to add

cooperation and dialogue seem appealing. However, many students

value to your CV later on. But for me, the real benefits of MUNs go far beyond this, because MUNs are the golden

must realise that they cannot save the world on their own: they need to

gate to a world of innumerable opportunities. First and foremost, there’s the networking. Talk to as many people

start by focusing on several linked and specific fields - politics, health,

as possible, exchange ideas and perspectives, learn an expression or two and stay in touch! These people will

science, economics, etc. -in which they can optimise their skills. MUNs are

most likely be the ones you will encounter in your professional life a few years from now. Second, always take the

activities that can help build

opportunity to participate, because starting from that one point may lead you to unexpected new journeys. I am

bridges between inspiration and knowledge,

but the real transition between knowledge and action depends on the

stunned by how much I learn and grow every day thanks to this experience, but most of all I am delighted to see

students' ability to understand where they belong in international politics."

where it has led me, with what kind of people I have interacted and what kind of new, undiscovered worlds I have been able to enter. MUNs have that power to truly connect you to the world and those who think like you do.”

Sandrine Chabbey and Jim Zouridis (GIMUN), Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

Hana Hudak (PIMUN),


RELATED LINKS Articles: Learning About MUN Interactive Game Is being an MUNer ‘the new black’? Learning by Doing - In the “Stronghold of MUNing” with Finn Carlson


page 94

MUNs: from simulation games to trueleadership “I can see MUNers in trans-national leadership positions, if they manage

“First and most importantly, have fun! Second, while MUN is a great

“Clearly, MUNs are far more than just plain “acting”: participants get to

to successfully transfer from simulations to real life; so that part of the

way to learn about international cooperation, remember that there is no

confront their views and meet people from different parts of

question is a yes.

substitut e for getting your hands dirty and helping out

Not only that, but also by having to defend interests you are not personally

people in real life,

the world.

whether abroad or at home. Working with an NGO, pressure group or

linked with, you learn to understand others and adjust your perspective.

What I question though is whether a “transnational leadership force” will

local political party can be tiring but it teaches you a great deal about

Furthermore, by encountering individuals one wouldn’t otherwise,

ever be able to make substantial change. Most decisions are still made at

organisations and personal relationships. Third, balance your interest

participants build up a network with people who are as

a country level and most nations are unwilling to give up their sovereignty

and faith in the UN with a frank recognition of the organisation’s flaws.

are, and find opportunities to step in the real

in that regard. Maybe that will change in the future but I honestly do

That way, when you finally make it to Turtle Bay, you won’t be so horrified

to some of our friends, and they notably said that the experience they

not see that coming anytime soon. Most people who follow international

to see what a mess the real UN is.”

gained as MUNers helped them to feel at ease in conference rooms as

politics are aware that supranational institutions such as the UN are often more of symbolic value than of actual impact. That is, in my opinion, the sad reality. I would much rather see a more liberalist world where nations cooperate more effectively. But, as said, I have doubts that this will happen anytime soon.”

Finn Carlson (MUNOTH), The Net herlands Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

they are taking part in crucial multilateral talks.”

Richardwith Gowan (New York Unive Fridays MUNPlanet interview

rsity, CIC),

Sandrine Chabbey and Jim Zour idis (GIMUN), Fridays with MUNPlanet interview

engaged as they

United Nations . It happened


page 95

Model UN and Careers Starting acareer at the UN: Fourdecades later “I guess the United Nations was always my dream job. I was involved with

My immediate supervisor was George Brand who had

My pride was to have largely written THE SECRETARY-

Model United Nations, since middle school. Living in the United States, with

worked in the Nuremberg Trials, to whom I owe my career

GENERAL’S REPORT (theoretically Mr U Thant’s) on the

a German mother and Austrian father, it also solved my “nationality” issue.

as he gave me my first short term contract and then

impact of scientific and technological developments on

By the time of my university years, I was a confirmed “internationalist” and

probationary appointment. But we worked in a team with a

human rights. I believe I got my permanent appointment

pacifist. I studied law with a special emphasis on international affairs at Cornell University, in New York. My advisor was Herbert Briggs who had written

Georgian professor, Polish, Haitian, Guatamalan, Mexican, and US lawyers. It was perhaps my best work experience

because I had been an assistant reference librarian as part time job at university, and looked up new articles

the basic textbook, “The Law of Nations” and was a long time member of

- I have tried to imitate the unflappability, determination to

and research pertaining to bioethics, computer/privacy

the International Law Commission. The great human rights lawyer, Harrup

move things forward despite setbacks, and generosity of

issues, and damage to the environment; whereas others

Freeman, first took me with him to the Trusteeship Council in connection with

my first boss ever since. It was the time of the cold war

had simply cut and pasted previous SG reports.

his plea on behalf of the Micronesians. I was also privileged to study under

– the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Israeli-Egypt six-day war,

the great comparative law professor, Rudolf Schlesinger

Indo-Pakistani War, and the Invasion of Czechoslovakia

and Professor John

Barcelo , with whom we founded the International Law Journal. My big life

(the Prague Spring had been the topic of my Masters

changing break was to receive a Carnegie scholarship which enabled me to

thesis). Things were blocked in the Security Council but

intern in the Human Rights office in the summer of 1970. I was lucky to work

also in the Human Rights Commission. I was assigned

with the srcinal UN staffers, “The Last of the Mohicans” who had joined the

to a working group to define what “massive violations of

UN Secretariat in the 1940s and still retained their idealism.

human rights” would entail.

Michael Platzer,


RELATED LINKS Articles: Four Decades in the United Nations: Michael Platzer Reflects on His Life and Career


page 96

Development in the (MUN) world

Model UN and the United Nations

“So, I went down that road, never expecting it to change me into actually wanting something different.

United Nations has been a great school for me, by any means. I met a lot of interesting people, I saw and learned a

Consecutive MUNs enriched me mostly by having to interact wi th people from different countries and cultures,

lot of things about how the organisation functions and got a chance to represent my country in the first committee

expanding my horizon and challenging my views of different subjects, understanding that things are more

of the General Assembly, as well as in the European Union negotiations! For me this was a fascinating experience,

complex that one would expect and that actually everything is subject to interpretation or individual interests.

but on the other hand, speaking of the negative aspects of it, I saw that multilateralism can sometimes be quite disheartening: the decision-making process is extremely slow and when decisions are finally made, they are not

It was an exciting time and a lot of serious fun but my heart slowly wandered away from dipl omacy to

very “ground breaking” in the sense that they do not end up making a lot of changes, and each and every state can

development and humanitarian affairs, partly due to disillusionment, partly due to a newfound passion. How I

interpret a resolution in a way that suits them best by simply “twisting” the meaning of the words.

actually got into the UN? On the sur face, by doing what I l oved, working hard, not stopping to learn, and by bei ng always ready to seize an opportunity. In p ractice: a friend of mine, wi th whom we organised EuroMUN, saw the

As regards my MUN experience, I can say that it was very relevant! When I first entered an official session I didn’t

stuff I was posting on Facebook and then shared this link with me. I applied and six months later found myself in

see many differences, especially in the debating process. The rules of procedure were the same, the debates were

Gambia…yep, another vagary of life. (Dear friend, if you read this you should know you saved my life!).”

quite similar, but the only thing that differed, as I mentioned above, was that the negotiation process was slow, producing not that many results.

Darko Petrović, serbia


Lamprini Basdeki, Greece



page 97

MU Ns and society: what everyone can do

RELATED LINKS

“We should not underestimate the experience and the transformative power MUNs may have on people’s attitudes and by extension on future decisions in the international arena. That’s why I think it

is important that

MUNs are able to instil a set of positive values that will remain with the delegates for their entire lives, something that will make them more immune to selfishness, short-sightedness and narrow-mindedness so typical of much

Articles: Four Decades in the United Nations: Michael Platzer reflects on his life and career

of the political discourse we often see on TV, and more likely to embrace common objectives.

For ‘Young Professionals,’ How to Land a Job at the UN

“What we as MUN organisers or MUN alumni should be trying to get across is that the work does not stop

United Nations Internship: Is it all worth in the end?

with the delegates’ dance, but that it can be the beginning of a long journey to make a positive contribution to (our shared) world, at our own individual pace and sphere of influence of course. Getting involved in projects or

Want to work for the UN, know the UN career application process

supporting causes of a social nature is one dimension of it, developing a whole culture of solidarity and basing our future decisions in our jobs on that type of culture is yet another dimension. Of course, all this probably sounds as overloaded idealism, but I think we simply cannot afford to do less than that.”

Darko Petrović, serbia


Fridays with MUNPlanet interviews: Darko Petrovic Benjamin Samson Nareman Darwish Diego Salama


ı post MUN ı Conclusion

page

98

CONCLUSION For more than 80 years, the case study method and simulation has been a way to learn about various subjects, including international relations and diplomacy.

Early in the 21st century the MUNs have been riding the ‘third wave’ – spreading to all the continents and levels – from high schools and universities to big international conferences. Today, an estimated number of more than 600,000 students take part in this unique learning and networking experience.

Model United Nations, from its beginnings in the 1920s, to its successors in the

We b elieve in MUNs as a community of practice w hich contrib utes to the quality and quantity of

1950s, to the present day serve as a convenient educational device for teaching

interactions that benefit the development of the international community and global citizens. The United

and learning about the UN and international organisations in general. The essence and focus of this educational activity is the young generation, the one that thinks about the world and learns about the globalised international relations. The MUNers take part in spreading the culture, whereas the aim is coexistence and cooperation through international socialisation.

Nations have been committed to learning and acting to spread the culture of peace, and MUNs are in an interconnected way a compatible vehicle for addressing the virtues and the quality of leadership needed for successful international cooperation. It is the values of tolerance and cooperation that are essential for building this type of inclusive and democratic culture, and the MUNers develop a set of research, public speaking, negotiation and writing skills that enable them to be active participants in this process. The key benefits of the MUN simulations are: knowledge of the UN system and international relations, development of the soft skills, and an opportunity to socialise and develop an international network in a unique community and its multicultural environment. Such environment seeks the best from each of us, and that’s how one can achieve one’s own personal development.


ı post MUN ı Conclusion

page

CONCLUSION Attending an MUN, the deleg ates get a ticket and are off on an amazing journey

The p resent publicati on is a co llection of s uch pr actices and r eflections. This is

which they get to co-create w ith other members of the community. As in ever y

not a finished book – to the contrary, it leaves many questions open , and is open

community, one gets to improve his or her skills, and look for opportunities that are

for new perspectives, mapping and discussion of the emerging MUN

compatible wit h his or her overall goals and objectives in life and care er. In one word,

The a uthors of t his p ublication had i n mind the culture of asking questions and

we b elong to a bi g M UN alumni family that provides a numb er of oppor tunities.

the plurality of perspectives in an environment that is marked by dynamics and

It is not just by getting the awards at the conferences that we become better

change. Knowledge, learning, people and culture are the key pillar of the MUN

practices.

MUNers, but also by feeling that we have progressed by attending the MUNs

environment, and we invite you to co-create this amazing world, as well as to

and learning in that process. And not just that –in a way, we are also preparing to be competent in the world of international careers, and for living in a world that is

contribute to a better understanding of the key dynamics and challenges faced by the MUNers and the wider community – in making a positive global impact.

more cosmopolitan and globalised every day. MUNs are an activity that exposes us to the closest thing available to the real practices and international experiences one can expect as a future leader, diplomat or international civil servant.

99


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INTERVIEWS AND MUNPLANET CONTENT: Gibryon Bhojraj, Nareman Darwish, Maritina Karava, Yannick Somauroo, Ian Hurd, Benjamin Samson, Masha Preger, Dominika Jędrzejczyk, Dyonne Niehof, Juliane Jokinen, Milena Milićević, Feisal Ahme d, F reder ike K ipper, Emi l Hr afn S tenss on, F inn Carls on, F urka n Kiraz, Diego Salama, Wilf Mountfield, Joseph Mensah, Daniel Gindis, Simon Yantani Beltran, Sandrine Chabbey and Jim Zouridis, Hana Hudak, Richard Gowan, Michael Platzer, Lamprini Basdeki, and Darko Petrović.

Publication Editor: Marko Kovačević

Design and Layout: Andr ijan a Jok ić

Publisher:

MUNPlanet, 2016.

thank you

Becoming-A-MODEL-UN-delegate-2016-MUNPlanet-eBOOK.pdf

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