BRA RAI NDR DRAI N:SOCI OECONOM OMI CI MPACT ONI NDI AN SOCI ETY I I .CAUSESOF OFBRAI N DRAI NI NI NDI A Ther ear ev ar i ousr easonsf ort hebr ai ndr ai ni nI ndi a.Ther easonsusual l yi ncl udet woaspect swhi c h r e s pe c t i v e l yc o me mef r o mc o unt r i e sa ndi ndi v i dua l s .I nt e r ms mso fc o unt r i e s ,t her e a sonsma ma ybes o c i a l e nv i r o nme nt( i ns our c ec ount r i e s :l ac ko foppo r t uni t i e s ,pol i t i c ali ns t abi l i t y ,e c ono mi mi cde pr e s s i on, he al t hr i s ks ,e t c . ;i nhos tc ount r i e s:r i c hoppor t uni t i e s,pol i t i c als t abi l i t yandf r e e dom,de v el ope d e c ono my my ,be t t e rl i v i ngc o ndi t i o ns ,e t c . ) .I nt e r ms msofi ndi v i dualr e as o ns ,t he r ear ef ami l yi nflue nc e ,a nd pe r s o nalpr e f e r e nc e :pr e f e r e nc ef o re xpl o r i ng ,ambi t i o nf o rani mpr o v e dc ar e e r ,e t c .Ke e pi ngal lt he s ei n mi ndwecani dent i f ysome mecausesf ort hebr ai ndr ai ni nI ndi a. Hi gherEducat i on :Hi g he re duc a t i o ni nI ndi ae v o l v e dc o ns i de r a bl ya f t e ri nde pe nde nc ei nt e r ms mso ft he numberofuni ver si t i esasw we el lasi nt er msofaccesst ohi ghereducat i on.Nowadays,t henumberof uni ver si t i esi nI ndi ahasgr ownsome me35t i mescomp mpari ngt o500col l egesand20uni ver si t i esbef or e i ndependencewhi char eenr ol l i ngmo mor et han11mi l l i onst udent s,mor et han10t i mesbef or e i ndependence.Bef or ei ndependenceeducat i onwasl i mi t edandel i t i st :t hecur r entsyst em i st hough mor eopenwi t hf r om 30-40% ofenr ol ment sf r om comi mi ngf r om t hel owercas t es ,andwi t hwome men r epr esent i ngsome me35% oft het ot alnumberofst udent s.Thei mpr essi vei ncr easei nhi ghereducat i on ha sr ai s e ds o me meque s t i o nso ve rt heade q ua c yo fs t udi e s ,r e s our c e s ,i ns t i t ut i o nalq ua l i t yands t anda r ds . St udent smo movi ngt ot heabr oadi skeepi ncr easi ng.Themo mostpr ef er r ededucat i onaldest i nat i onsar et he U. S.andU. K.I nt heyear2006,oft he1, 23, 000st udyi ngout si deI ndi a,76, 000havec hosenUSA ( 94, 563i n20072008,83, 833i n20062007)asacount ryoft hei rchoi cef ol l owedbyUK,Canadaand Aus t r al i a.Mos tpopul arf or ei gnuni v er si t i e sar eUni v er si t yofSout her nCal i f or ni a,Ne w Yor kUni v er si t y , Co l umbi aUni v e r s i t y ,Uni v e r s i t yo fI l l i no i sa tUr b anaChampai g n,Pur dueUni v e r s i t y ,I ndi a na,Uni v e r s i t y o fMi c hi g an,AnnAr bo r ,Uni v e r s i t yofCal i f o r ni a,Lo sAng e l e s ,Uni v e r s i t yofT e xas ,Aus t i n,Har v a r d Uni v e r s i t y ,Bo s t o nUni v e r s i t y ,Uni v e r s i t yofPe nns y l v ani a. Empl oyme ment :-I ndi ahasski l l edandsemi mi ski l l ed,emp mpl oyedandunemp mpl oye dhumanr esour ce.Low sal ari esandi neffic ffici entwor ki ngcondi t i onscan bet hefir stmot i vet hatt r i gger st hemo moveme mentt ot he c ount r i e swi wi t hbe t t e rl i v i ngs t andar dsandf ac i l i t i e s .The r ei shug edi ffe r e nc ei nt e r ms msofs al ar yi nal l t hr eegr oupsofcount r i esname mel ydeve l oped,devel opi ngandunder devel oped.Todemo monst r at e,Ski l l ed wor ker sai mt oge tpl easi ngsal ar i e si nr e t ur nf ort hei rl abourbutt hewor ki ngcondi t i onsi nt hei r ho me me l a nddo n' tf ul fil lt he i rwi s he s .The r e f o r e ,t ho s ewo wo r k er spr e f e rt omo mo v eano t he rc o unt r yi no r d e rt o ha v ebe t t e rl i v i ngc ondi t i o nswi wi t hhi g hs a l a r i e s .Empl o y me me nti soneoft hes t r o ngr e a sonf o rbr a i ndr a i n i nI ndi a. Lack ofopport uni t i es:I ndevel opedcount ri es,r esear cher sar epr ovi dedwi t hf undsandnecessary equi pmentt ocar ryoutst udy ,whi chcanbeanot hermot i vet hatat t r act st hosedepri vedoft hese o ppo r t uni t i e s .Mo s ts c i e nt i s t si nunde r d e v e l o pe dc o unt r i e s ,dono tpo ss e s sl abo r a t o r yf ac i l i t i e sand r e s ear c he r scanno tg e ts uffic i e ntf unds .The r e f o r e ,whe nde v el o pe dc o unt r i e soffe rt he s ef a c i l i t i e s , r e s ear c he r sa nds c i e nt i s t snat ur a l l ypr e f e rt omi mi g r at et ot he s ecount r i e s .Thei nt e r nat i o nal i z at i onof kno wl e dg ec r e a t i o na ndt her a pi de x pa ns i o no fR&D a c t i v i t i e sde t e r mi mi ne dt hedi v e r s i fic a t i o no f r e c e i v i ngc ount r i e sf o rpr o f e s s i o nal sands ki l l e dwo r k er sf r o mI ndi a.T r adi t i o nalmi g r a t i o ns t r e a ms msof hi ghl yski l l edI ndi anwer edi r ect edt owardt heUni t edSt at esandt heUK.I nt he2000s,new nonEngl i shspeaki ngdes t i nat i onseme mer gedi nEur opesuchasI t al y ,Fr ance,Ger manyandot herEur opean count r i es.Thenumberofski l l edI ndi anmi gr ant smo movi ngt oAust r al i a,Canada,andNew Zeal andal so i nc r e a s e d. Favorabl emi grati onpol i ci es:-I ncr easi ngeconomi mi ci nt er dependenceamo mongnat i ons,gr owi ng dema mandf ors ki l l edl abouri nt heknowl edgeeconomy mynott ome ment i ondemo mogr aphi ct r endsar eal l st r engt heni ngt heposi t i onofI ndi aasamaj orsuppl i erofyoung,educat edandqual i fiedmanpowerf or t heEU.Owi ngt oi t sde mo mo gr aphi cpr o fil eandi t sEng l i s hs pe a ki ngpo pul a t i o n,I ndi a,wi t hi t sl a r ge
r e s e r v e so fhi g hl y s ki l l e dwo r k e r s ,ha se me r g e daso neo ft hemo s tpr o mi ne ntc o unt r yt ofil lt hes uppl y gapsi nt hel abour defici enteconomi esoft hedevel opedwor l d.Taki ngi nt oaccountEU economi c obj ect i vescoupl edwi t hdemographi candagei ngeffect s,MemberSt at eshaveputi npl acesel ect i ve i mmi g r at i onpo l i c i e sai me data t t r a c t i nghi g hl y s ki l l e dpr o f e s si onal sandt e r t i ar y l e v e li nt e r nat i o nal s t ude nt sf r o m So ut hAs i a .I no r d e rt of a c i l i t a t el a bo urmo bi l i t y ,s o meEU c o unt r i e ss i g ne dl a bo ur mo bi l i t ypar t ne r s hi pswi t hI ndi a.Ac c or di ngt ot heMi ni s t r yo fOv e r s e asI ndi a n Affai r s ,t hi ski ndo f agr eement swassi gnedwi t hDenmar k,andnegot i at i onsar eongoi ngwi t hot herEur opeancount r i es, EU andnonEU,i ncl udi ngPol and,t heCz ec hRepubl i c,Norway ,Swi t z er l andandHungar y ,Swedenand Fr a nc e .The r ea r es oma nyc aus e so ft hebr a i ndr a i ni nI ndi a.Fi r s to fa l l ,t he r ei st heune mpl o y me nt pr o bl e m.Ev e nat al e nt e dpe r s o nc anno tg e tj o b.I ndi ai sl ac ki ngi nf ac i l i t i e sf o rhi g he rr e s e ar c hwo r k. Thet opappoi nt ment sar equi t ef e wi nI ndi a.Thust het al ent edexper t sl i ket oseekne w pas t ur es abroad.
