Botany : Entrance Exam Study Material BIODIVERSITY Taxonomy and Phylogeny - Click Here -:- Two Kingdom System of Classification - Click Here -:- The Five Kingdom System of Classification - Click Here -:- Viruses - Introduction And General characteristics - Click Here -:- Viruses : Size, Shape And Structure of a Virus - Click Here -:- Classification of virus - Click Here -:- Lytic and Lysogenic Life cycle of a phage - Click Here -:- Plant viral disease : Bunchy top of o f banana, HIV, cancer, SARS Virion - Click Here -:- A new disease called SARS Virion - Click Here -:- Bacteria : Introduction, Occurrence, Size Size - Click Here -:- Classification of bacteria based on the shape and arrangement Click Here -:- Flagellation in Bacteria - Click Here -:- Nutrition in Plant Bacteria - Click Here -:- Respiration in Plant Bacteria - Click Here -:- Reproduction of Bacteria - Click Here -:- Harmful activities of Bacteria in Plants, Animal, Human beings -:-
Click Here -:- Beneficial Activities of Bacteria - Click Here -:- Fungi : Salient and Distinguishing Features, Structure, Nutrition, Saprotrophs - Click Here -:- Fungai : Saprotrophs and Parasites - Click Here -:- Fungi Symbiosis - Click Here -:- Classification of Fungi - Click Here -:- Economic importance of Fungi : Useful and Harmful aspects of fungi - Click Here -:- Mucor : Occurrence, Reproduction, Somatic structure - Click Here -:- Algae : Salient Features, Occurrence and Distribution, Thallus organization - Click Here -:- Algae : Cell Structure & Pigmentation - Click Here -:- Algea : Arranagement of Flagella - Click Here -:- Algea Reproduction : 1. Vegetative 2. Asexual 3. Sexual - Click Here -:- Classification of Algea - Click Here -:- Economic Importance of Algae - Food, Agriculture, Industry, space travel, Single cell protein, Sewage Disposal - Click Here -:- Harmful effects of Algae - Click Here -:- Spirogyra : Detail, Occurrence, Structure - Click Here -:- Algea : Reproduction - Click Here -:- Bryophytes : Salient and Distinguishing features of Bryophytes Click Here -:- Bryophytes : Alternation of Generations - Click Here
Classification of Bryophyta - Click Here -:- Riccia And The structure of mature gametophyte - Click Here -:- Reproduction of Riccia - Click Here -:- Riccia - Fertilization, Sporophyte Generation - Click Here -:- Life cycle of Riccia - Click Here -:- Pteridophytes : Salient features and Salient features - Click Here -:- Characteristics of Pteridophytes and Economic importance Click Here -:- Morphology of sporophyte - Click Here -:- Anatomy of Nephrolepsis - Click Here -:- Reproduction of Nephrolepsis - Click Here -:- Nephrolepsis : Fertilization - Click Here -:- Classification and Characteristic of Spermatophytes(Gymnosperms) - Click Here -:- Salient features and Distinguishing features of Gymnosperms Click Here -:- Cycas - Morphology of sporophyte - Click Here -:- Anatomy of Cycas - Click Here -:- Cycas - Reproduction - Click Here -:-
CELL BIOLOGY A brief history about the discovery of cells - Click Here -:- Dynamic nature of cell , Difference Between Plant Cell And Animal cell - Click Here -:- Development of Cell Theory And Exception to cell Theory -:-
Click Here -:- prokaryotic cell And Ultra structure of a prokaryotic cell - Click Here -:- Eukaryotes - Click Here -:- Different Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic E ukaryotic Cell (Plant Cells) - Click Here -:- Light Microscope and Electron Microscope (TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy & SEM - Scanning Electron Microscope ) - Click Here -:- Formation of the cell wall - Click Here -:- Structure of the cell wall - Click Here -:- Plasmodesmata, pits and Functions of cell wall - Click Here -:- Ultra structure of the cell membrane - Fluid mosaic Model, Lipids, Proteins - Click Here -:- Functions of plasma membrane - Click Here -:- Cell Membrane Transport - Click Here -:- List of Plant Cell Organelles - Click Here -:- Plant Cell Nucleus And Functions of Plant Cell Nucleus - Click Here -:- Plant Cell Mitochondria - Power house of the cell - Click Here -:- Plant Cell Plastids - chloroplasts, chromoplasts and leucoplasts Click Here -:- Plant Cell : Ribosomes - Click Here -:- Plant Cell Division - Cell C ell Cycle 1.Amitosis 2.Mitosis 3. Meiosis - Click Here -:- Cell Division : Mitotic cell cycle : 1.Prophase 2. Metaphase
3.Anaphase 4. Telophase - Click Here -:- Cell Division - Meiosis Me iosis Cell Cycle : Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase - Click Here
PLANT MORPHOLOGY Morphology of flowering plants or Angiosperms - short notes Click Here -:- Plant - Root System S ystem : Regions of a typical root and General Characteristic features of the root -Click -Click Here -:- Types of Root System And Functions of roots - Click Here -:- Root Modifications for Taproot, adventitious roots - Click Here -:- Characteristic features and Functions of the stem - Click Here -:- Modifications of stem : 1. Aerial modifications modifications 2. Sub S ub aerial modifications 3. Under ground modifications - Click Here -:- Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole Petiole 3. Lamina - Click Here -:- Leaf Venation : Reticulate, Parallel : Pinnately, Palmately Click Here -:- Leaf Modification - Click Here -:- Inflorescence : Racemose, Cymose, Mixed and Special types Click Here -:- FLOWER - A Metamorphosed Shoot : Evidences to support that flower is a modified shoot -Click -Click Here -:- Description of a flower - Click Here -:- Types of Placentation : Axile,Marginal, Parietal, Basal, Superficial Placentation - Click Here -:-
Androecium And Gynoecium - Click Here -:- Plant Aestivation And Types of Aestivation - Click Here -:- Corolla : Shape of o f the petals in the corolla and Form For ms of Corolla Co rolla - Click Here -:- Calyx : Variations and Duration of calyx - Click Here -:- The receptacle (thalamus) : Variation of the Receptacle, Insertion of floral leaves on the thalamus - Click Here -:- Parts of a flower - Click Here -:- Fruit : Types and Structure of fruit - Click Here -:- Simple fleshy fruits : baccate,drupaceous - Berry, Drupe, Hesperidium, Pepo, Pomo - Click Here -:- Simple Dry Fruits - .1. Dehiscent 2. Schizocarpic 3. Indehiscent - Click Here -:- aggregate and multiple or composite fruits - Click Here -:- Structure and Types of Seed - Click Here -:- Structure of gram seed - Click Here -:- Structure of Maize Grain - Click Here -:-
GENETICS GENETICS : Concept of Heredity and Variation - Click Here -:- Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance - Click Here -:- Intermediate Inheritance (Incomplete Dominance) - Click Here -:- Epistasis - Gene Interaction - Click Here -:- Inheritance Laws of Mendel - Click Here -:-
Biography of Mendel And Mendel's Experiments Exper iments on Mendel's Laws of Inheritance - Click Here
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PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Cell as a Physiological Unit - Click Here -:- Properties of Protoplasm : The T he Physical and and Chemical Nature Click Here -:- Cell - Water Relations - Click Here -:- Cells : Absorption and Movement - Imbibition, I mbibition, Diffusion - Click Here -:- Demonstration of Osmosis - Potato Osmoscope - Click Here -:- Plasmolysis and Significance of Plasmolysis - Click Here -:- Plant Cells : Permeability and Water Potential - Click Here -:- Water Transport in Plant - Click Here -:- Transpiration Pull Theory in plant water transport - Click Here -:- Factors Affecting Rate of Transpiration in Plant - Click Here -:- Structure of Stoma and Mechanism Mec hanism of Stomatal Opening and Closing - Click Here -:- Factors Affecting Stomatal Movement - Click Here -:- Functions of Minerals Nutrition - Click Here -:- Hydroponics : Advantages and Disavantagges of Hydroponics Click Here -:- Essential Major Elements and Trace Elements for Plant - Click Here -:- Plant Physiological Role and Deficiency Symptoms of Mineral -:-
Elements - Click Here -:- Theories of Translocation for Plant : Passive absorption and Active Absorption - Click Here -:- Plant Physiology : Translocation of Solutes - Click Here -:- Plant Physiology : Nitrogen Metabolism - Click Here -:- Plant Movements : Movements of locomotion and curvature Click Here -:- Geotropism - Click Here -:- Phototropism And Turgor Growth Movements - Click Here
REPRODUCTION BIOLOGY Reproduction in Angiosperms : Vegetative Propagation - Click Here -:- Natural Methods of Vegetative Propagation : Root, Stem, Leaves - Click Here -:- Advantages of Vegetative propagation - Click Here -:- Artificial Method of Vegetative Propagation : Cuttings, Grafting Graft ing - Click Here -:- Reproduction in Angiosperm : Micropropagation - Click Here -:- Self Pollination - Sexual Reproduction : 1. autogamy 2. geitonogamy - Click Here -:- Cross Pollination (Xenogamy, Allogamy) - Sexual Reproduction - Click Here -:- Development of male and female gametophyte - Click Here -:- Development of female gametophyte : Megasporophyll, -:-
Megasporangium or ovule, Megasporogenesis - Click Here -:- Types of Plant Ovule - Click Here -:- Plant Reproduction : Double fertilization - Click Here -:- Development of dicot embryo - Click Here -:- Parthenogenesis and parthenocarpy - Click Here -:- Germination of Seed : Parts of Seed - Click Here -:- Process of seed germination - Click Here -:- Types of seed germination : Epigeal, Hypogeal germination, Vivipary - Click Here -:- Factors necessary for seed gamination - Click Here -:- Abscission and Importance of Abscission - Click Here -:- senescence : Types, Physiology , Importance of senescence Click Here
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Organisms and their Environment - Click Here -:- Organisms : Environmental Climatic Factors - Click Here -:- Organisms : Environment : Edaphic Factors - Click Here -:- Organisms : Environmental factors - Climatic, Edaphic, Biotic Click Here -:- Relationships am a mong Organisms Or ganisms : Positive and Negative Interactions - Click Here -:- Hydrophytes And Classification of Hydrophytes - Click Here -:- Morphological and Anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes Click Here -:-
Xerophytes and Classification of Xerophytes - Click Here -:- Morphological, Anatomical and Physiological Phys iological Adaptations of Xerophytes - Click Here -:- Mesophytes - Click Here -:- natural resources and Types of natural resources - Click Here -:- Sources of Energy resources - Click Here -:- Conservation of Energy - Click Here -:- Forest Resources - Click Here -:- Social Forestry and Conservation of Forests - Cli Click ck Here -:- Conservation of Water and Types of Harvesting Rainwater Click Here -:-
TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS TAXONOMY OF ANGIOSPERMS : Types of classification Click Here -:- Biosystematics nomenclature - Click Here -:- Binomial nomenclature - Click Here -:- Herbaria and uses, Importance of Herbaria - Click Here -:- Bentham and Hooker's classification of plants : Dicotyledonae, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledonae - Click Here -:- Merits and Demerits of Bentham Bentha m and Hooker's classification of plants - Click Here -:- DICOT FAMILIES : MALVACEAE - the cotton family - Click Here -:- Botanical description of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis - Click Here -:-
FABACEAE - the bean family - Click Here -:- Botanical description and Economical of Clitoria ternatea - Click Here -:- RUBIACEAE - the coffee family - Click Here -:- Botanical description and Economic Importance of o f Ixora coccinea - Click Here -:- ASTERACEAE - the sunflower family - Click Here -:- Botanical description and Economic importance of o f Tridax procumbens - Click Here -:- SOLANACEAE - the potato family - Click Here -:- Botanical description and Economic importance of o f Datura metal - Click Here -:- EUPHORBIACEAE - the castor family - Click Here -:- Botanical description and Economic importance of o f Ricinus Ricinus communis - Click Here -:- MUSACEAE - the banana family Systematic position - Click Here -:- Botanical description and Economical importance of Musa M usa paradisiaca - Click Here -:- ARECACEAE - the palm family - Click Here -:- Botanical description and Economic importance of o f Cocos nucifera - Click Here -:-
PLANT ANATOMY -:-
Classification and Characteristics of meristematic cells cells - Click
Here -:- Classification of permanent tissue : Simple and Complex tissue Click Here -:- Permanent Simple tissue Types : parenchyma, parench yma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma - Click Here -:- Permanent Complex tissue and Types : Xylem, Phloem - Click Here -:- Phloem : Sieve elements, Companion Co mpanion cells, Phloem parenchyma, Phloem fibres - Click Here -:- Epidermal tissue system and its functions - Click Here -:- Vascular tissue system - Click Here -:- Ground or fundamental tissue system - Click Here -:- Primary structure of monocotyledonous root - Maize root - Click Here -:- Primary structure of dicotyledonous root - Bean root - Click Here -:- Primary structure of monocot stem - Maize stem - Click Here -:- Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem - Sunflower stem Click Here -:- Anatomy of a dicot leaf - Sunflower leaf - Click Here -:- Anatomy of a monocot leaf - Grass leaf - Click Here -:- Secondary growth in dicot stem - Click Here
CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS -:-
Structure of chromosome - Click Here
Types of chromosomes - Click Here -:- Special types of chromosomes - Click Here -:- Gene and genome - Click Here -:- Linkage and crossing over - Click Here -:- Significance of crossing over and Uses of gene mapping - Click Here -:- Recombination of chromosome - Click Here -:- Gene mutation : Significance, Classification, Mutagenic agents Click Here -:- Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Click Here -:- Numerical and Structural chromosomal aberrations - Click Here -:- Hereditary role of DNA - Bacterial transformation - Click Here -:- Structure of DNA - Click Here -:- Function and Replication of DNA - Click Here -:- Structure of RNA and its types - Click Here -:- Characteristics of genetic code and Central dogm dog ma of molecular biology - Click Here -:-
BIOTECHNOLOGY Recombinant DNA technology - Click Here -:- Gene transfer in plants - Click Here -:- How DNA is cut? - Click Here -:- Transgenic plants : foreign gene, Transgenic (modified) plants Click Here -:- Practical application of genetic transformation - Click Here -:-
Use of genetically engineered bacterial strain - Click Here -:- Concept of Plant tissue culture - Click Here -:- Applications of plant tissue culture - Click Here -:- Basic techniques of plant tissue culture - Click Here -:- Protoplast fusion : Isolation of protoplast - Mechanical and Enzymatic method - Click Here -:- Single cell protein (SCP) - Click Here -:-
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Enzymes : Classification, Properties of Enzymes - Click Here -:- Theories explaining the mechanism of enzyme action - Click Here -:- Significance of photosynthesis - Click Here -:- Site of photosynthesis - Click Here -:- Photochemical and biosynthetic biosynt hetic phases, Mechanism of photosynthesis - Click Here -:- EXPERIMENTS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS : 1.Ganong's light screen 2.Test tube and funnel experiment - Click Here -:- Plant Mode of nutrition - Click Here -:- Chemosynthesis - Chemosynthetic autotrophs and heterotrophs Click Here -:- Plant Respiration and structure of ATP - Click Here -:- Plant Respiration : Glycolysis - Click Here -:- Plant Respiration : Krebs cycle and Significance of Krebs cycle Click Here -:-
Plant Respiration : Electron transport chain - Click Here -:- Plant Respiration : Pentose phosphate pathway - Click Here -:- Kuhne's fermentation tube experiment - Click Here -:- Plant growth and Measurement of plant growth - Click Here -:- auxins and Physiological effects of auxin - Click Here -:- Gibberellins and Physiological effects of gibberellin - Click Here -:- Physiological effects of cytokinin, ethylene, abscisic acid - Click Here -:- Photoperiodism and vernalization - Click Here -:-
BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE : Food production - Click Here -:- Plant breeding : Aims, Major Aspects of plant breeding - Click Here -:- Plant Breeding : Selection - Click Here -:- Plant Breeding : Hybridization, Mutation breeding - Click Here -:- Plant breeding : Genetic engineering - Click Here -:- Role of biofertilizers and Benefits from biofertilizers - Click Here -:- Plant Disease in Rice - Oryza sativa sat iva - Click Here -:- Plant Tikka disease in Groundnut or peanut - Arachis hypogea hypo gea Click Here -:- Citrus canker and Tungro disease of rice - Click Here -:- Biopesticides and Biocontrol of insect pests - Click Here -:-
Genetically modified food : Edible, Edible, Edible antibodies Click Here -:- Bio-war - Click Here -:- Bio-piracy - Click Here -:- Bio-patent - Click Here -:- Sustained agriculture - Click Here -:- Medicinal plants including microbes - Click Here -:- Commonly available medicinal plants and microbes - Click Here -:- Economic importance Plants : Food, Rice, Oil, Fibre, Timber yielding plant - Click Here -:-
