Bosch 800 Plus Series Dishwasher Service Manual

8.3;

[hpodjbga [hpod jbga wdthr s`fthgbga s`fthgbga systh systhn n .......... ..................... ...................... ............. 415

8.3:

[hpodjbga [hpod jbga teh crdbg punp .......... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ ..... 459

8.33

Jùgthrwh Jùg thrwhbaet baet ............ ....................... ...................... ....................... ....................... .................... ......... 454

8.38

Dttdjebga Dttdj ebga teh rbgsbg rbgsbga a tdgl tdgl.......... ..................... ...................... ..................... ............... ..... 45;

8.36

Srdgspdr Srdg spdrhgt hgt c``r ........... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ................. ...... 456

8.31

O`dcbga O`dc bga dppob dppobdgjh dgjh s`ftwd s`ftwdrh rh .......... ..................... ...................... ...................... ............. 451

8.35

Shjegbjdo Shje gbjdo sphj sphjbfbjdt bfbjdtb`gs............... b`gs......................... ..................... ...................... .............. ... 452

4

BGS[@CXJSB@G

4.4

Yurp`sh `f teh c`junhgt

Seh rhpdbr bgstrujtb`gs= ▽

aubch teh shrvbjh thjegbjbdg bg thjegbjbdg bg trùkohse``tbga dgc rhpdbrbga c`nhstbj dppobdgjhs

▽

dssbst teh thjegbjdo st`rhndg bg st`rhndg bg chjbcbga webje spdrh pdrts drh pr`kdkoy rhqubrhc f`r teh rhpdbr

▽

bgf`rn trdbghrs dgc trdbghrs dgc thjegbjdo phrs`ggho phrs`ggho dkùt dkùt chsbag, fugjtb`g, trùkohse``tbga dgc rhpdbrs

▽

ds supp`rtbga c`junhgtdtb`g supp`rt teh trdbgbga `f teh thjegbjdo phrs`ggho

Dpdrt fr`n teh rhpdbr bgstrujtb`gs teh shrvbjh thjegbjbdg ushs teh fòo`wbga c`junhgts= ▽

Ydrts obst

▽

Hxpo`chc crdwbga

▽

Jbrjubt cbdardns

Seh chsjrbkhc trùkohse``tbga dgc rhpdbr ndy kh jdrrbhc ùt d shrvbjh thjegbjbdg `goy. Sehsh rhpdbr bgstrujtb`gs drh dssbaghc t` sphjbfbj dppobdgjhs dgc drh vdobc f`r te`sh dppobdgjhs `goy.

4.;

Ahghrdo synkòs

Zynkò

Nhdgbga Zphjbdo bgf`rndtb`g

4.:

Zdfhty-rhohvdgt synkòs

Zynkò

Nhdgbga Ahghrdo wdrgbga bgf`rndtb`g

Cdgahr `f hohjtrbj se`jl

[bsl `f khbga jut

[bsl `f jrusebga

E`t surfdjhs

[bsl `f hxpo`sb`g

Ztr`ga ndaghtbj fbhoc

G`g-b`gbsbga rdcbdtb`g

;

ZDFHSR

;.4

Tudobfbjdtb`gs `f shrvbjh thjegbjbdgs

Seh chsjrbkhc djtbvbtbhs ndy kh jdrrbhc ùt `goy ky hohjtrbjdo hgabghhrs dgc hohjtrbjdo hgabghhrs f`r sphjbfbj djtbvbtbhs bf tehy edvh khhg trdbghc ky KZE `r dg dute`rbshc hstdkobsenhgt.

;.;

Bchgtbfbjdtb`g `f cdgahr ohvhos

Bchgtbfbjdtb`g

Nhdgbga

CDGAH[

Bnnbghgt cdgahr webje ndy rhsuot bg chdte `r shrbùs bgmury bf bt bs g`t dv`bchc.

QD[GBGA

Y`thgtbdooy bnnbghgt cdgahr webje ndy rhsuot bg chdte `r shrbùs bgmury bf bt bs g`t dv`bchc.

JDXSB@G

Y`thgtbdooy bnnbghgt cdgahr webje ndy rhsuot bg nbg`r bgmury `r cdndah t` pr`phrty bf bt bs g`t dv`bchc. dv`bchc.

;.:

Bchgtbfbjdtb`g `f cdndah t` pr`phrty

Bchgtbfbjdtb`g G@SH

Nhdgbga Qdrgbga `f p`thgtbdo cdndah t` pr`phrty

;.3

Ahghrdo sdfhty bgstrujtb`gs

▽

[hdc rhpdbr ndgudo dgc fòo`w teh bgstrujtb`gs bgjouchc bg bt.

▽

Yr`jhhc systhndtbjdooy dgc fòo`w teh bgstrujtb`gs f`r trùkohse``tbga dgc rhpdbrs.

▽

Qehg rhpdbrs drh j`npohth, jehjl teh hffhjtbvhghss `f teh pr`thjttbvh nhdsurhs bg djj`rcdgjh wbte VCH 9194 `r teh j`rrhsp`gcbga jùgtry-sphjbfbj rhauodtb`gs dgc phrf`rn d fugjtb`g thst. Bf teh thst bs g`t pdsshc, johdroy bchgtbfy teh dppobdgjh ds g`t sdfh dgc bgf`rn teh `phrdt`r bg wrbtbga. Seh thst f`r teh hffhjtbvhghss `f teh pr`thjtbvh nhdsurhs nust kh c`junhgthc bg d subtdkoh ndgghr. Bt bs rhj`nnhgchc t` wrbth c`wg teh nhdsurhc vdouhs.

▽

Xsh `goy j`gcujt`rs webje j`npoy wbte teh jurrhgtoy vdobc ehdote dgc sdfhty rhauodtb`gs dt w`rl.

CDGAH[

QD[GBGA Hxp`shc j`gcujtbvh pdrts ndy kh obvh bf d fduot eds `jjurrhc. Cdgahr t` obfh jdushc ky hohjtrbj se`jl! ▽

Cbsj`gghjt teh dppobdgjh fr`n teh p`whr suppoy.

▽

C` g`t tùje eùsbga, frdnh `r j`np`ghgts.

▽

Xsh rhsbcudo-jurrhgt-`phrdthc jbrjubt-krhdlhr bf thsts edvh t` kh j`gcujthc weboh teh dppobdgjh bs obvh.

▽

Hgsurh tedt teh rhsbstdgjh `f teh pr`thtbvh j`gcujt`r c`hs g`t hxjhhc teh stdgcdrcbshc vdouhs.

JDXSB@G [bsl `f khbga jut `g sedrp hcahs. ▽

Qhdr pr`thjtbvh ao`vhs.

▽

Qhdr phrs`gdo pr`thjtbvh hqubpnhgt.

Hxp`shc obvh pdrts Cdgahr t` obfh jdushc ky hohjtrbj se`jl! ▽


▽


▽


▽

Hgsurh tedt teh rhsbstdgjh `f teh pr`thjtbvh j`gcujt`r c`hs g`t hxjhhc teh stdgcdrcbshc vdouhs.

JDXSB@G Jedrahc jdpdjbt`rs [bsl `f bgmury fr`n hohjtrbj se`jl dgc stdrtoh rhsp`gsh. ▽

Cbsjedrah jdpdjbt`rs khf`rh w`rlbga `g teh dppobdgjh.

G@SH J`np`ghgts webje j`nh bgt` j`gtdjt wbte hohjtr`stdtbj vòtdah wboo kh cdndahc khy`gc rhpdbr ▽

Khf`rh jdrrybga ùt dgy w`rl, dppoy pr`thjtbvh systhn t` j`np`ghgts susjhptbkoh t` hohjtrbjdo cbsjedrah.

▽

@kshrvh nhdsurhs t` pr`thjt teh j`np`ghgts susjhptbkoh t` hohjtrbjdo cbsjedrah.

G@SH J`np`ghgts webje drh rhpodjhc edpedzdrcoy wboo kh cdndahc khy`gc rhpdbr ▽

Khf`rh rhpodjbga j`np`ghgts, phrf`rn trùkohse``tbga.

▽

Jehjl systhndtbjdooy.

▽

@kshrvh Shjegbjdo C`junhgtdtb`g.

▽

C` g`t rhpodjh j`np`ghgts wbteùt rhds`g.

: :.4

J@GZS[XJSB@G DGC FXGJSB@G Jedpthr chsjrbkbga chsbag dgc fugjtb`g

@vhrdoo vbhw `f teh dppobdgjh wbte doo j`np`ghgts

4 ; : 3 8 6

Y`whr n`cuoh

1

@utoht Vdovh

Ehdt punp Crdbg punp @vhrfo`w j`gcubt / autthr Zhdosysthn Zunp

5 2 49 44 4; 4:

Qdthr s`fthghr Jùgthr whbaet Ehdt hxjedgahr (`ptbgdooy) @utoht e`sh Bgoht e`sh, jòc wdthr Bgoht e`sh, `ptb`gdooy

e`t

wdthr

‚

:.;

Jedpthr chsjrbkbga chsbag dgc fugjtb`g

@vhrdoo vbhw `f teh dppobdgjh wbte doo j`np`ghgts

4

Qdthr st`rdah tdgl

2

@utoht vdovh ehdt hxjedgahr

;

Y`whr n`cuoh

49

Yòystyrhgh fo`dt

:

@utoht vdovh wdthr st`rdah tdgl

44

Qdthr s`fthghr

3

Ehdt punp

4;

Jùgthr whbaet

8

Crdbg punp

4:

Ehdt hxjedgahr

6

@vhrfo`w j`gcubt / autthr

43

Bgoht e`sh

1

Fbothrsysthn

48

@utoht e`sh

5

Zunp

:.:

C``r shgs`r

:.:.4

Y`sbtb`g `f teh c``r shgs`r

:.:.;

Fugjtb`g `f teh c``r shgs`r

Edoo shgs`rs (dos` lg`wg ds Edoo pr`khs, dfthr Hcwbg Edoo) ush teh Edoo hffhjt t` nhdsurh ndaghtbj fbhocs. D phrndghgt ndaght bs bgshrthc bg teh c``r o`jl. Qehg teh c``r bs jo`shc, teh phrndghgt ndaght bs p`sbtb`ghc hxdjtoy `vhr teh Edoo shgs`r. Qehg teh c``r bs `phghc `r jo`shc, teh strhgate `f teh ndaghtbj fbhoc jedgahs `g teh Edoo shgs`r. Seh Edoo shgs`r n`cbfbhs bts p`whr bgput. Seh hohjtr`gbjs chthjt wehtehr teh c``r bs `phg `r jo`shc. Bf teh p`whr bgput bs ùtsbch d chfbghc rdgah, tebs bs chthjthc ky teh hohjtr`gbjs ds d fduot. Seh Edoo shgs`r rhsp`gcs t` teh cbrhjtb`g `f teh ndaghtbj fbhoc. Dg bgj`rrhjtoy fbtthc phrndghgt ndaght `r bgj`rrhjtoy pòdrbshc sbagdo obghs ndy rhsuot bg wr`ga bgf`rndtb`g khbga shgt t` teh hohjtr`gbjs.

4

C``r shgs`r (Edoo hohnhgt)

;

Zjrhw j`gghjtb`g f`r c``r shgs`r

Seh c``r shgs`r bs sbtudthc bg teh jhgtrh dt teh t`p `f teh bgghr c``r.

:.3

C``r o`jl/Jebocpr``f o`jl

:.3.;

Fugjtb`g `f teh nhjedgbjdo jebocpr``f o`jl (`ptb`gdo)

:.3.4

@vhrdoo vbhw `f teh nhjedgbjdo c``r o`jl

Seh nhjedgbjdo jebocpr``f o`jl prhvhgts teh c``r fr`n `phgbga. Djtbvdtb`g= Yuoo ohvhr ùtwdrcs dgc puse t` teh rbaet. Chdjtbvdtb`g= Yuse ohvhr doo teh wdy bg.

4

C``r o`jl

:

Nhjedgbjdo sgdp o`jl

;

Nhjedgbjdo jebocpr``f o`jl (`ptb`gdo)

3

Yhrndghgt ndaght

Seh c``r o`jl bs nhjedgbjdo. D sgdp o`jl bg teh j`gtdbghr frdnh hgadahs bg d rhjhss bg teh c``r frdnh.

:.3.:

Hohjtr`gbj c``r o`jl (`ptb`gdo)

Seh dppobdgjh jdg kh shjurhc t` prhvhgt pràrdnnhs fr`n khbga hgchc ugbgthgtb`gdooy (h.a. fduoty `phrdtb`g ky jebocrhg).

Djtbvdtbga kutt`g o`jl= Ztdrt teh rhqubrhc pràrdnnh. Eòc c`wg kutt`g K f`r dppr`x. 3 shj. ugtbo JO bs JO bs bgcbjdthc `g teh cbabtdo cbspody. Bf dgy kutt`g bs prhsshc weboh teh pràrdnnh bs ruggbga, JO JO bs cbspodyhc. Seh pràrdnnh jdgg`t kh hgchc (rhsht).

Chdjtbvdtbga kutt`g o`jl= Eòc c`wg kutt`g K f`r dppr`x. 3 shj. ugtbo JO a`hs JO a`hs ùt. Qehg teh pràrdnnh hgcs (`g teh cbabtdo cbspody), teh kutt`g o`jl bs jdgjhoohc. Bf tehrh bs d p`whr fdbourh, teh kutt`g o`jl bs rhtdbghc. Qehghvhr d pràrdnnh bs stdrthc, teh kutt`g o`jl nust kh rh-djtbvdthc rh-djtbvdthc

:.8.:

:.8

Zdfhty systhn

:.8.4

J`np`ghgts bg teh sdfhty systhn

▽

Zdfhty swbtje ‚ kdsh pdg

DqudZt`p / wdthr bgoht vdovh

▽

@vhrfo`w jedggho dgc crdbgdah cujt

▽

Zdfhty swbtje ‚ kdsh pdg

▽

Bgthoobahgt hohjtr`gbjs

:.8.;

@vhrfo`w jedggho dgc crdbgdah cujt

4

Zdfhty swbtje

;

Yòystyrhgh fo`dt

Seh sdfhty swbtje bs nhjedgbjdooy j`gghjthc t` teh pòystyrhgh fo`dt.

4

@vhrfo`w jedggho

;

Crdbgdah cujt

Ohdldah wdthr bs j`gvhyhc ùt `f teh j`gtdbghr vbd teh `vhrfo`w jedggho, terùae teh crdbgdah cujt dgc bgt` teh kdsh pdg.

:.8.3

Fugjtb`g

Seh sdfhty systhn bs kdshc `g dg ‟djtbvh„ systhn. Seh hohjtr`gbjs j`gtbguùsoy n`gbt`r teh sdfhty swbtje bg teh kdsh pdg. Hvhg bf teh dppobdgjh bs swbtjehc `ff. Bf wdthr rugs bgt` teh kdsh pdg, teh sdfhty swbtje bs djtudthc. Seh dppobdgjh swbtjehs `g. Seh hohjtr`gbjs chthjt tedt teh dppobdgjh wds swbtjehc `g vbd teh sdfhty systhn dgc bnnhcbdthoy djtbvdths punp `ff. Seh DqudZt`p- / wdthr bgoht- vdovh bs chdjtbvdthc. Hrr`r j`ch H=48 `r d fodsebga tdp OHC bgcbjdths teh hrr`r t` teh just`nhr. Seh dppobdgjh jdg g` o`gahr kh `phrdthc ugtbo ▽

Seh jdush eds khhg rhjtbfbhc dgc tehrh bs g` o`gahr dgy wdthr bg teh kdsh pdg.

▽

Seh dppobdgjh eds khhg bsòdthc fr`n teh p`whr suppoy.

Duxbobdry fugjtb`g wbte chvbjhs wbte DqudZt`p= Bf ohdldah wdthr rugs bgt` teh kdsh pdg vbd teh rbgsbga tdgl dgc teh `vhrfo`w jedggho, d furtehr `vhrfo`w jdg kh prhvhgthc ky swbtjebga `g teh crdbgdah punp. Bf teh suppoy e`sh bs chfhjtbvh, wdthr rugs cbrhjtoy bgt` teh kdsh pdg vbd teh hxthrgdo e`sh (ohdldah wdthr e`sh). Seh DqudZt`p vdovh bs chdjtbvdthc.

:.6

Dqudst`p vdovh

:.6.4

Chsbag

Seh Dqudst`p vdovh bs dg hohjtr`nhjedgbjdo sdfhty vdovh. Seh j`drsh dgc fbgh fbothrs drh o`jdthc `g teh sjrhw j`gghjtb`g f`r teh tdp. Xgchr teh fbothrs bs teh fo`w obnbthr. Bt obnbts teh wdthr fo`w t` ;.8 obtrhs. Seh Dqudst`p vdovh bs hgjo`shc ky d eùsbga. D ohdldah wdthr e`sh (hxthrgdo e`sh ‚7 mdjlht drùgc teh suppoy e`sh) rugs fr`n teh eùsbga bgt` teh kdsh pdg. Seh ohdldah wdthr e`sh j`gtdbgs teh wdthr suppoy e`sh dgc teh hohjtrbj j`gtrò jdkoh f`r teh sòhg`bc vdovh. :.6.;

Fugjtb`g

Bg teh bcoh stdth teh j`bo bs ch-hghrabshc dgc teh shdo bgthrrupts teh wdthr fo`w ky teh hffhjt `f teh sprbga webje prhsshs `g teh drndturh. Bf teh Dqudst`p vdovh bs j`gghjthc t` teh wdthr ndbgs, teh wdthr prhssurh dos` djts fr`n khebgc `g teh shdo dgc supp`rts teh shdobga. Bf ohdls `jjur bg teh drhd `f teh vdovh `r suppoy e`sh, tehsh drh j`gvhyhc bgt` teh kdsh pdg vbd teh t eh ohdldah wdthr e`sh. D pòystyrhgh fo`dt djtbvdths teh hohjtr`gbj sdfhty systhn vbd d nbjr`swbtje. Seh j`bo `f teh DqudZt`p vdovh bs chdjtbvdthc ky teh hohjtr`gbjs dgc bgthrrupts teh fo`w `f wdthr bgt` teh dppobdgjh.

4

J`drsh fbothr

8

Zhdo

;

Fbgh fbothr

6

J`gtrò jdkoh

:

Fo`w obnbthr

1

Ohdldah wdthr e`sh

3

J`bo

5

Yrhssurh e`sh ‚ wdthr suppoy

:.1

Qdthr bgoht vdovh

:.1.4

Chsbag

Seh wdthr bgoht vdovh bs dg hohjtr`nhjedgbjdo sdfhty vdovh. Seh suppoy e`sh bs dttdjehc fr`n teh sjrhw j`gghjtb`g `g teh tdp t` teh wdthr bgoht vdovh. Seh j`drsh fbothr bs `g teh sjrhw j`gghjtb`g f`r teh tdp. Xgchr teh fbothr bs teh fo`w obnbthr. Bt obnbts teh wdthr fo`w t` ;.8 obtrhs. Seh wdthr bgoht vdovh bs j`gtròohc vbd teh hohjtr`gbjs.

4

J`drsh fbothr

6

J`bo

;

Xgb`g gut

1

Zhdo

:


5

Fo`w obnbthr

3

[htdbgbga podth

2


8

J`gghjt`r

:.5

Qdthr bgoht

Qehg d rbgsh pràrdnnh stdrts, teh wdthr bgoht vdovh bs djtudthc f`r 8 shj`gcs. Qdthr bs hxphjthc t` rug bg. Zbnuotdghùsoy puoshs drh hxphjthc fr`n teh bnphoohr wehho jùgthr `g teh hohjtr`gbjs. Bf tehsh rhndbg `ff, dg hrr`r j`ch bs cbspodyhc dgc teh pràrdnnh bs g`t stdrthc. Bf puoshs drh rhjhbvhc, teh pràrdnnh bs stdrthc. Qehg teh pràrdnnh stdrts, teh hohjtr`gbj j`gtrò `phgs teh Dqudst`p/wdthr bgoht vdovh (fboobga vdovh). Qdthr fo`ws bgt` teh wdthr bgoht vbd teh suppoy e`sh. Seh fo`w shgs`r dgc teh frhh fo`w obgh drh o`jdthc bg teh suppoy jedggho `f teh wdthr bgoht. Seh wdthr fo`ws hbtehr bgt` teh ardguodth j`gtdbghr (s`fthg) `r bgt` teh sdot j`gtdbghr (rhahghrdth) vbd teh rhahghrdtb`g vdovh bg teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn. Seh ùtoht `phgbga `f teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn j`gvhys teh wdthr kdjl t` teh wdthr bgoht. Seh wdthr fo`ws cbrhjtoy bgt` teh rbgsbga tdgl vbd teh ùtoht `phgbga. :.5.4

Kbtehrndo j`gghjtb`g (`ptb`gdo)

Dppobdgjhs wbte kbtehrndo wdthr j`gghjtb`g edvh ; suppoy e`shs wbte DqudZt`p vdovh. Seh jòùr `f teh DqudZt`p vdovh bchgtbfbhs teh cbffhrhgjh khtwhhg jòc dgc e`t wdthr j`gghjtb`gs. Seh hohjtr`gbjs j`gtrò k`te vdovhs shpdrdthoy. Seh dppobdgjh bs suppobhc wbte hbtehr jòc wdthr `r e`t wdthr.

4

Frhh fo`w obgh

1

Bnphoohr wehho wbte fo`w shgs`r

;

Ehdt hxjedgahr crdbgdah vdovh

5

Zuppoy e`shs

:

Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn

2 DqudZt`p vdovh f`r e`t wdthr wdthr

3

[hahghrdtb`g vdovh

49

DqudZt`p vdovh f`r jòc wdthr, wdthr, `ptb`gdooy wdthr bgoht vdovh

8

@utoht `phgbga

44

Ehdt hxjedgahr wdthr jedggho

Chvbjhs wbte "ehdt hxjedgahr O baet" edvh g` crdbgdah vdovh. D shdobga poua doo`ws teh wdthr t` fo`w cbrhjtoy bgt` teh wdthr s`fthghr.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4

Ehdt hxjedgahrr

;

Jo`sbga poua

:.2

Qdthr bgoht

Qehg d rbgsh pràrdnnh stdrts, teh wdthr bgoht vdovh bs djtudthc f`r 8 shj`gcs. Qdthr bs hxphjthc t` rug bg. Zbnuotdghùsoy puoshs drh hxphjthc fr`n teh bnphoohr wehho jùgthr `g teh hohjtr`gbjs. Bf tehsh rhndbg `ff, dg hrr`r j`ch bs cbspodyhc dgc teh pràrdnnh bs g`t stdrthc. Bf puoshs drh rhjhbvhc, teh pràrdnnh bs stdrthc. Qehg teh pràrdnnh stdrts, teh hohjtr`gbj j`gtrò `phgs teh Dqudst`p/wdthr bgoht vdovh (fboobga vdovh). Qdthr fo`ws bgt` teh wdthr bgoht vbd teh suppoy e`sh. Seh fo`w shgs`r dgc teh frhh fo`w obgh drh o`jdthc bg teh suppoy jedggho `f teh wdthr bgoht. Seh wdthr fo`ws hbtehr bgt` teh ardguodth j`gtdbghr (s`fthg) `r bgt` teh sdot j`gtdbghr (rhahghrdth) vbd teh rhahghrdtb`g vdovh bg teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn. Seh ùtoht `phgbga `f teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn j`gvhys teh wdthr kdjl t` teh wdthr bgoht. Seh wdthr fo`ws cbrhjtoy bgt` teh rbgsbga tdgl vbd teh ùtoht `phgbga.

4

Frhh fo`w obgh

6

Bnphoohr wehho wbte fo`w shgs`r

;

@utoht `phgbga

1

Hxpdgsb`g `phgbga

:


5

Zuppoy e`sh

3

[hahghrdtb`g vdovh

2

Crdbgdah e`sh vhgtbodtb`g vdovh

8

Qdthr bgoht vdovh

:.49

:.49.; Chsbag `f nhjedgbjdo rhhc j`gtdjt

Fo`w shgs`r

:.49.4 Fugjtb`g Seh fo`w shgs`r bs dttdjehc bg teh wdthr jedggho `f teh ehdt hxjedgahr (bnphoohr wehho jùgthr). Seh bnphoohr wehho r`tdths ds wdthr fo`ws terùae teh jedggho. D sndoo phrndghgt ndaght dttdjehc t` teh bnphoohr wehho swbtjehs k`te j`gtdjts `f d ndaghtbj swbtje ([hhc swbtje). Ds d rhsuot, hohjtrbjdo puoshs drh ahghrdthc. Sehsh puoshs drh jùgthc ky teh hohjtr`gbjs. Seh hohjtr`gbjs ush tehsh puoshs t` jdojuodth teh dnùgt `f wdthr webje fo`ws bgt` teh dppobdgjh.

4

YJK wbte rhhc j`gtdjt swbtje

;

Aodss fodsl

:

J`gtdjt t`gauhs

[hhc j`gtdjt swbtjehs swbtje `r bgthrrupt jbrjubts. Sehy drh j`gtdjt t`gauhs fushc bg d aodss fodsl bg d vdjuun `r dg bghrt ads dgc webje sbnuotdghùsoy f`rn teh j`gtdjt sprbga dgc teh drndturh. Seh gdnh chrbvhs fr`n teh rhhc `f w``cwbgc bgstrunhgts ds bt rhshnkohs teh `sjboodtbga j`gtdjt t`gauhs. Seh j`gtdjt t`gauhs drh ndgufdjturhc fr`n d fhrr`ndaghtbj ndthrbdo (h.a. s`ft br`g) j`dthc wbte d g`koh nhtdo. Seh j`gtdjts drh djtudthc ky dg hxthrgdooy djtbga ndaghtbj fbhoc webje bs ahghrdthc hohjtrbjdooy ky dg dppr`djebga phrndghgt ndaght `r bg dg dppr`prbdth ndaghtbj j`bo. Seh ndaghtbj fbhoc djtbvdths teh tw` j`gtdjt t`gauhs webje tehg jo`sh teh jbrjubt. Ds s``g ds teh ndaghtbj fbhoc chjobghs `r d jhrtdbg f`rjh cr`ps kho`w d nbgbnun vdouh, teh sprbga hffhjt `phgs teh j`gtdjt dadbg. [hhc j`gtdjt swbtjehs drh vhry shgsbtbvh t` nhjedgbjdo hffhjts suje ds cbst`rtb`g.

4

YJK wbte [hhc j`gtdjt swbtje

;

Yhrndghgt ndaght

:

Bnphoohr wehho

:.44

Hxpdgsb`g `phgbga

Seh ehdt hxjedgahr bs j`gghjthc t` teh rbgsbga tdgl ky teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga. Curbga teh ehdtbga pr`jhss teh dbr bg teh rbgsbga tdgl hxpdgcs. S` prhvhgt dg `vhrprhssurh dgc t` hgsurh tedt teh c``r bs prhsshc `g, dbr hsjdphs vbd teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga. Bf teh c``r bs `phghc weboh teh wdsehc uthgsbos drh wdrn, jòc dbr fo`ws bgt` teh dppobdgjh. Bf teh c``r bs jo`shc, teh dbr bs ehdthc ky teh wdrn wdsehc uthgsbos dgc hxpdgcs. @vhrprhssurh `jjurs. Sebs `vhrprhssurh bs rhohdshc vbd teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga `gt` teh ehdt hxjedgahr wehrh bt bs cbssbpdthc vbd d sndoo dbr eòh.

4

4

Hxpdgsb`g `phgbga bg ehdt h xjedgahr systhn

Hxpdgsb`gsöffguga bg wdthr bgoht systhn

:.4;

Bf tehrh bs o`w prhssurh bg teh wdthr obgh, wdthr ndy fo`w ùt `f teh ndjebgh bgt` teh wdthr suppoy systhn bg teh w`rst jdsh sjhgdrb`.

Frhh fo`w obgh

@goy dbr bs crdwg bg terùae teh `phgbga bg teh fo`w obgh dgc teh rhturg fo`w `f wdthr bs prhvhgthc. :.4;.4 Fo`w jedrdjthrbstbjs jedrdjthrbstbjs bg teh frhh fo`w obgh

4

Frhh fo`w obgh

:

Oua

; Dbr hqudobsdtb`g hqudobsdtb`g `phgbga `phgbga

Seh frhh fo`w obgh bs d wdthr khgc wbte dg `phgbga. Seh jurvhc sedph djjhohrdths teh wdthr webje fo`ws pdst teh `phgbga. Ds d rhsuot, don`st g` wdthr jdg hsjdph terùae teh `phgbga hvhg dt d o`w wdthr prhssurh. Bf wdthr ghvhrtehohss hsjdphs, bt fo`ws bgt` teh dppobdgjh. Bg teh jdsh `f dppobdgjhs up t` FC529: teh wdthr rugs bgt` teh tdgl vbd teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga. Qbte FC5293 d oua wds bgshrthc bgt` teh ehdt hxjedgahr. Hsjdpbga wdthr fo`ws bgt` teh ehdt hxjedgahr. Sebs nhdsurh bs stbpuodthc ky teh chutsjeh Vhrhbgbauga chs Ads- ugc Qdsshrfdjehs (CVAQ).

4 Dbr hqudobsdtb`g hqudobsdtb`g `phgbga `phgbga

:.4:

Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn :.4:.4 Qdthr s`fthgbga

Seh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn (b`g hxjedgahr) bs d j`gtdbghr webje bs fboohc wbte fbgh-ardbghc sygtehtbj rhsbg ardguohs. Sebs sygtehtbj rhsbg rhpodjhs jdojbun dgc ndaghsbun b`gs bg teh wdthr wbte s`cbun b`gs webje drh `g bts surfdjh.

4

4

B`g hxjedgahr

8

;

Qdthr bgoht

6

Fo`dt hohnhgt (`ptb`gdooy)

:

Qdthr ùtoht

1

Zdot cbsphgshr

3

[hahghrdtb`g vdovh

5

O`w sdot shgs`r

Seh ugtrhdthc wdthr wbte bts edrcghss j`gstbtuhgts bs j`gvhyhc vbd teh sygtehtbj rhsbg. Jdojbun dgc ndaghsbun drh k`gchc t` teh surfdjh `f teh hxjedgah j`npùgc weboh s`cbun b`gs drh rhohdshc bgt` teh wdthr. Qehg doo s`cbun b`gs edvh khhg rhpodjhc wbte b`gs `f teh edrcghss j`gstbtuhgts, teh jdpdjbty `f teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn bs hxedusthc dgc nust kh rhahghrdthc.

Zdot cbsphgshr j`vhr

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs= Jdpdjbty= Fbgh-ardbghc sdot J`drsh-ardbghc sdot

jd. 4.: jd. 9.2

Zygtehtbj rhsbg

la

:.4:.; [hahghrdtb`g

4

Zygtehtbj rhsbg

S` ndlh teh b`g hxjedgahr fugjtb`gdo dadbg, d j`gjhgtrdthc sdot sòutb`g (s`cbun jeo`rbch) bs j`gvhyhc fr`n teh sdot cbsphgshr ky teh wdthr s`fthghr. Cuh t` teh odrah surpous teh s`cbun b`gs fr`n teh sdot sòutb`g cbspodjh teh jdojbun dgc ndaghsbun b`gs dgc dttdje tehnshovhs t` teh hxjedgah j`npùgc. Seh b`g hxjedgahr bs g`w ‟o`dchc„ (rhahghrdthc) dadbg dgc rhdcy f`r ush. :.4:.: [hahghrdtb`g jyjoh

Bg chphgchgjh `f teh dcmusthc wdthr edrcghss dgc teh rhjàgbzhc qudgtbty `f wdthr teh rhahghrdtb`g jyjoh bs sthhrhc ky hohjtr`gbjs.

:.43

:.43.; Qdthr pdssdahs pdssdahs bg teh wdthr s`fthgbga s`fthgbga systhn systhn

[hahghrdtb`g vdovh

D ;-wdy vdovh (rhahghrdtb`g vdovh) bs bgstdoohc bg teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn. Sebs vdovh j`gtròs teh wdthr fo`w= ▽

Cbrhjt pdte bgt` teh b`g hxjedgahr

▽

[hahghrdth vbd teh sdot cbsphgshr

Qehg teh rhahghrdtb`g vdovh bs bg teh bcoh stdth, teh wdthr bs j`gvhyhc cbrhjtoy bgt` teh b`g hxjedgahr dgc s`fthghc.

:.43.4 Chsbag

4

Vdovh wbte drndturh

;

Zprbga

:

J`bo

4

Xgtrhdthc wdthr bgoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh

; Xgtrhdthc wdthr ùtoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh

4

Xgtrhdthc wdthr bgoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh wbte wdthr bgoht

;

Xgtrhdthc wdthr ùtoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh wbte wdthr bgoht

Bf teh rhahghrdtb`g vdovh bs djtudthc, teh wdthr fo`ws bgt` teh sdot cbsphgshr dgc bs hgrbjehc wbte sdot. Seh wdthr bs j`gvhyhc kdjl t` teh rhahghrdtb`g vdovh vbd teh wdthr jedgghos `f teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn. Seh krbgh sòutb`g fo`ws bgt` teh b`g hxjedgahr. Seh ardguohs drh rhahghrdthc. Seh krbgh sòutb`g bs j`gvhyhc bgt` teh rbgsbga tdgl vbd teh ehdt hxjedgahr dgc punphc ùt.

4

Xgtrhdthc wdthr bgoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh

: Zdot wdthr bgoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh

;

Xgtrhdthc wdthr ùtoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh

3 Zdot wdthr ùtoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh

4

Xgtrhdthc wdthr bgoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh wbte wdthr bgoht

:

Zdot wdthr bgoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh wbte wdthr bgoht

;

Xgtrhdthc wdthr ùtoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh wbte wdthr bgoht

3

Zdot wdthr ùtoht rhahghrdtb`g vdovh wbte wdthr bgoht

:.48

4

O`w sdot chthjtb`g


;

YJK wbte obaet kdrrbhr

Seh YJK f`r teh o`w sdot bgcbjdt`r bs dttdjehc wbte jobps t` teh rbaet sbch `f teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn (fr`gt sbch `f dppobdgjh).

4

Ye`t`cb`ch

;

[hahghrdtb`g sdot

:

Srdgsnbtthr OHC

Seh sdot ohvho bs chthjthc vbd d obaet kdrrbhr. Bf teh rhahghrdtb`g sdot rugs o`w, teh obgh bg teh obaet kdrrbhr bs frhhc dgc teh hohjtr`gbjs chthjt ‟Dcc sdot„. Bf teh o`w sdot bgcbjdt`r dpphdrs, tehrh bs stboo s` nuje sdot bg teh dppobdgjh tedt s`nh n`rh rhahghrdtb`g pr`jhsshs ndy `jjur. Djj`rcbga t` tebs prbgjbpoh bt bs g`t ghjhssdry t` fboo teh sdot cbsphgshr wbte wdthr wehg swbtjebga `g teh dppobdgjh f`r teh fbrst tbnh.

Fboobga wbte sdot tdkohts bs systhn-chphgchgtoy g`t rhjàgbzhc.

:.46

:.46.4 Fbgh fbothr jyobgchr

Fbothr systhn

J`gvhgtb`gdo fbgh fbothr systhns drh kdshc `g d rùgc jyobgchr sedph. Bf teh jyobgchr bs ròohc ùt, teh fbothr f bothr surfdjh jdg kh shhg.

4

Fbgh fbothr jyobgchr ròohc up

;

Fbgh fbothr jyobgchr ròohc ùt

Seh ghw fbgh fbothr systhn bs kdshc `g d j`rruadthc fbgh fbothr jyobgchr. Bf bt bs ròohc ùt dgc sn``tehc, d 4.8x fbothr surfdjh jdg kh shhg.

4

Fbgh fbothr jyobgchr

;

Zurfdjh fbothr, dothrgdtbvhoy stdbgohss sthho `r podsbj

:

J`drsh fbothr

Seh :-stdah fbothr systhn bs bgthgchc t` prhvhgt pdrtbjohs fr`n ahttbga bgt` teh rbgsbga jbrjubt dgc bnpdbrbga teh punpbga `r sprdybga systhn.

4

J`rruadthc fbgh fbothr jyobgchr, ròohc up

;

Fbgh fbothr jyobgchr, ròohc ùt

:

Fbgh fbothr jyobgchr, ròohc ùt

:.41

Yunp sunp

Seh punp sunp bs booustrdthc ehrh wbte doo nùgthc pdrts.

4

Dqud shgs`r (`ptb`gdooy)

;

Crdbg punp j`vhr

:

Zujtb`g jdp

:.41.4 J`vhrs bg teh punp sunp 4

Crdbg punp

8

Qdthr swbtje (`ptb`gdooy)

;

J`gghjtb`g f`r o`whr sprdy drn

6

Qdthr swbtje n`t`r wbte puosh ahghrdt`r (`ptb`gdooy)

:

Zuppoy pbph j`gghjtb`g f`r r``f sprbglohr (`ptb`gdooy)

1

Ehdtbga punp

3

Zuppoy pbph j`gghjtb`g f`r upphr sprdy drn

Seh sujtb`g jdp hgsurhs tedt teh punp eds dg `ptbnbzhc sujtb`g phrf`rndgjh dgc fo`w phrf`rndgjh. G` dbr `r cbrt bs crdwg bg. Sebs jdp seùoc g`t kh rhn`vhc ky teh just`nhr. Seh j`vhr `f teh crdbg punp bs ushc t` jedggho teh wdthr. Qbteùt teh j`vhr teh crdbg punp jdgg`t kuboc up dgy prhssurh. Just`nhrs ndy rhn`vh teh crdbg punp j`vhr f`r f `r johdgbga purp`shs.

Bf teh j`vhr bs g`t j`rrhjtoy dttdjehc, teh wdthr jdgg`t kh punphc ùt.

:.45

Seh wdthr swbtje j`gtròs teh wdthr pdssdah `f teh : sprdy ohvhos dgc teh fboobga `f teh `ptb`gdo wdthr st`rdah tdgl.

Qdthr swbtje

Bt j`gsbsts `f d crbvh n`t`r wbte jdn podth, puosh ahghrdt`r dgc teh o`jlbga cbsj. Qehg teh dppobdgjh bs swbtjehc `g, teh n`t`r bs djtudthc vbd d trbdj. Seh jdn podth bs dttdjehc t` teh n`t`r dxoh. Seh jdn podth djtudths d swbtje (puosh ahghrdt`r) webje trdgsnbts puoshs `f cbffhrhgt ohgate dgc bgthrvdos t` teh hohjtr`gbjs. Bf teh hohjtr`gbjs chthjt teh stdgcdrc shttbga, teh wdthr swbtje bs bgbtbdobshc. Seh o`jlbga cbsj bs r`tdthc chphgcbga `g teh djtudtb`g. Bg c`bga s`, eòhs `f vdrybga sbzh rhohdsh teh wdthr pdssdah `g teh pdrtbjuodr sprdy ohvho `r teh j`gghjtb`g `f teh e`sh t` teh `ptb`gdo wdthr st`rdah tdgl. Seh drrdgahnhgt `f teh `phgbgas bg teh o`jlbga podth doo`ws shvhrdo ohvhos t` kh djtudthc sbnuotdghùsoy `r dothrgdthoy.

4

O`jlbga cbsj

8

Jà wbte jdn podth

;

Zhdo

6

Jà

:

Yuosh ahghrdt`r (swbtje)

1

J`gghjtb`g wdthr st`rdah tdgl (`ptb`gdooy)

3

Crbvh n`t`r

:.42

:.42.; Chsbag `f teh ehdtbga punp=

Ehdtbga punp

:.42.4 @vhrdoo vbhw `f teh ehdtbga punp Seh ehdtbga punp j`gtdbgs teh ehdthr, thnphrdturh shgs`rs dgc jbrjuodtb`g punp bg `gh eùsbga.

4 ;

4

Yrhssurh j`gghjtb`g

3

Ehdthr j`gghjtb`g

;

Jbrjuodtb`g punp n`t`r

8

Eùsbga j`vhr

:

Jbrjuodtb`g punp n`t`r j`gghjtb`g

6

Bgtdlh j`gghjtb`g

Yunp eùsbga wbte bgthrgdo thnphrdturh sebhoc ndch `f nhtdo Ehdtbga tukh wbte GSJs

:

KOCJ n`t`r

:.42.: Fugjtb`g `f teh jbrjuodtb`g punp Seh wdthr bs crdwg bg vbd teh bgtdlh j`gghjtb`g. Seh aubch wehho aubchs teh wdthr hvhgoy do`ga teh ehdtbga tukh. Seh wdthr bs punphc t` teh wdthr p`bgts vbd teh prhssurh j`gghjtb`g. Qeboh wdthr bs khbga jbrjuodthc, teh KOCJ n`t`r (Kruseohss CJ N`t`r) sbagdos cbffhrhgt stdths t` teh p`whr hohjtr`gbjs vbd teh jurrhgt j`gsunptb`g `f teh bgcbvbcudo wbgcbgas= ▽

G` wdthr,

▽

t`` obttoh wdthr, sg`rlhos

▽

dchqudth wdthr ohvho, (truh ruggbga)

▽

punp ko`jldah.

Zdfhty-rhohvdgt stdths, suje ds ‟Ehdtbga wbteùt wdthr„ `r ‟Qdthr thnphrdturh t`` ebae„, drh chthjthc dgc hvdoudthc f`r teh ehdtbga `phrdtb`g.

4

Yrhssurh j`gghjtb`g

8

;

Ehdtbga tukh wbte GSJs

6

Bgtdlh j`gghjtb`g

1

Yunp eùsbga wbte bgtdlh dgc prhssurh j`gghjtb`gs

:

KOCJ n`t`r

3

Yunp wehho

Aubch wehho

Bf teh punp bs ko`jlhc, tebs bs chthjthc ky teh hohjtr`gbjs. Ky shvhrdo dppr`dje dtthnpts, teh punp try t` o``shg teh ko`jldah. Bf tebs bs g`t sujjhssfuo, teh ruggbga pràrdnnh hgcs. D j`rrhsp`gcbga hrr`r j`ch bs sdvhc bg teh hrr`r nhn`ry.

Bf teh dppobdgjh bs j`gghjthc t` d e`t wdthr j`gghjtb`g `r sòdr hqubpnhgt, teh ehdthr bs swbtjehc `ff dt d suppoy wdthr thnphrdturh `f 7 19 ¹J.

:.42.3 Chsbag `f teh ehdthr

4

GSJs

;

Ehdtbga pdtes

Seh ehdtbga pdtes drh dppobhc t` d sphjbdooy j`dthc nhtdo tukh. Seh j`gghjtb`gs dgc tw` GSJs drh bgthardthc bg teh ehdtbga pdtes. Seh ehdtbga tukh jdgg`t kh rhpodjhc shpdrdthoy. :.42.8 Fugjtb`g `f teh ehdthr / GSJs Seh wdthr thnphrdturh bs chthrnbghc vbd teh GSJs. Bg ehdtbga n`ch teh hohjtr`gbjs chthjt teh thnphrdturh bgjrhdsh webje `jjurs.

:.;9

Crdbg punp

Bf tehrh bs t`` obttoh obtto h wdthr bg teh punp drhd, punpbga bs st`pphc. Bf tehrh bs g` jdp bg teh punp sunp, wdthr prhssurh jdgg`t kuboc up. Dg hrr`r j`ch bs sdvhc bg teh hohjtr`gbjs. hohjtr`gbjs. Bf teh punp bs ko`jlhc, tebs bs chthjthc ky teh hohjtr`gbjs. Ky krbhf bgthrnbtthgt punpbga, teh punp dtthnpts t` o``shg teh ko`jldah. Bf crdbgdah bs cbsrupthc ky d ko`jldah `r d lbgl bg teh crdbgdah e`sh, punpbga bs st`pphc. Dg hrr`r j`ch bs sdvhc bg teh hohjtr`gbjs. Chthjtb`g `jjurs vbd teh jurrhgt bgput `f teh punp curbga bcobga dgc teh cbffhrhgt o`dc stdths.

4

Jdtje nhjedgbsn

:

Bnphoohr wehho

;

Zhdo

3

Jdkoh eòchr

Seh wdthr bs crdwg bg vbd teh wdthr ùtoht `phgbga `f teh punp sunp. Seh bnphoohr wehho punps teh wdthr terùae teh g`g-rhturg vdovh bgt` teh crdbgdah e`sh. Qeboh wdthr bs khbga punphc ùt, teh KOCJ n`t`r (Kruseohss CJ N`t`r) sbagdos cbffhrhgt stdths t` teh p`whr hohjtr`gbjs vbd teh jurrhgt j`gsunptb`g `f teh bgcbvbcudo wbgcbgas= ▽

G` wdthr, (bcobga)

▽

G` prhssurh kuboc-up (nbssbga shrvbjh fodp)

▽

Yunp ko`jldah

▽

Ko`jlhc `r lbglhc crdbgdah

:.;4

Bg hdje pràrdnnh shquhgjh bg webje teh Dqud shgs`r bs djtbvh teh Dqud shgs`r bs jdokrdthc.

Dqud shgs`r (`ptb`gdo)

Bf jdobkrdtb`g bs chfhjtbvh, dg hrr`r bs wrbtthg bgt` teh hrr`r nhn`ry `f teh p`whr hohjtr`gbjs. Seh nhdsurhc vdouh bs sht t` ‟turkbc„ dgc d ndxbnun pràrdnnh shquhgjh `jjurs G` Dqud shgs`r bgstdoohc ▽

4

Zhdo

;

Eùsbga

:

YJK wbte obaet kdrrbhr

D bgfrdrhc cb`ch dgc d pe`t`trdgsbst`r drh o`jdthc `pp`sbth hdje `tehr bg d X-sedphc trdgsoujhgt eùsbga `g d k`drc. Seh bgfrdrhc cb`ch trdgsnbts bgfrdrhc obaet terùae teh chthrahgt sòutb`g fo`wbga khtwhhg teh X-sedphc eùsbga. Chphgcbga `g teh turkbcbty, teh obaet-shgsbtbvh kdsh `f teh pe`t`trdgsbst`r khj`nhs j`gcujtbvh. Seh nhdsurhnhgt bs dgdoyshc bg turkbcbty rdgahs. Seh vdouhs drh sdvhc bg teh hohjtr`gbjs. Seh Dqud shgs`r bs djtbvh bg teh prhrbgsh, teh wdse dgc dt teh hgc `f teh wdse. Seh rhsuot `f teh Dqud shgs`r dgdoysbs bgfouhgjhs teh shquhgjh `f teh rbgsh pràrdnnhs. D wbch rdgah `f pràrdnnh strujturhs bs p`ssbkoh bg teh dut`ndtbj pràrdnnh.

Sehrh drh dppobdgjhs webje drh suppobhc wbteùt Dqud shgs`rs. Ghvhrtehohss, Ghvhrtehohss, teh hohjtr`gbjs jehjl teh Dqud shgs`r dgc sdvh dg hrr`r nhssdah.

:.;;

Zprdy systhn

Seh sprdy systhn j`gsbsts `f : sprdybga ohvhos= teh o`whr dgc upphr sprdy drns dgc dg `ptb`gdo r``f se`whr ehdc. Qdthr bs suppobhc t` teh upphr sprdy drn dgc teh r``f se`whr ehdc vbd teh suppoy pbph dttdjehc t` teh bgsbch `f teh tdgl rhdr pdgho. Sebs pbph bs j`gghjthc t` teh punp sunp ky d cbrhjt poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g. Seh suppoy pbph eds ; shpdrdth wdthr jedgghos. Ds d rhsuot, teh upphr sprdy drn dgc teh `ptb`gdo r``f se`whr ehdc jdg kh djtudthc shpdrdthoy. Seh upphr sprdy drn bs dttdjehc ky bts bgoht pbph cbrhjtoy t` teh t`p kdslht. Seh suppoy pbph bs j`gghjthc ky d jùpobga. @ptb`gdooy, teh ehbaet jdg kh dcmusthc ky ndx. : ohvhos ([djlndtbl). Seh o`whr sprdy drn bs j`gghjthc ky bts khdrbgas cbrhjtoy t` teh punp sunp. Bt eds d g`zzoh `g teh ugchrsbch t` johdg teh surfdjh fbothr dgc t` rbgsh cbrt bgt` teh fbothr fbot hr systhn. Dppobdgjhs wbteùt d wdthr swbtje c` g`t edvh teh r``f se`whr ehdc. K`te sprdy drns jdg `goy kh `phrdthc sbnuotdghùsoy.

4

[``f se`whr/r``f spbgghr (`ptb`gdo)

8

Ehdtbga punp

;

Jùpobga f`r upphr sprdy drn

6

Yunp sunp

:

Zuppoy pbph

1

O`whr sprdy drn

3

Qdthr swbtje (`ptb`gdo)

5

Xpphr sprdy drn

:.;:

:.;:.4 Jutohry crdwhr - `ptb`g

Kdslht systhn

Seh kdslht systhn j`gsbsts `f ;‚: ohvhos. Seh kdslhts cbffhr bg fhdturhs dgc jòùr chphgcbga `g dppobdgjh jodss. Seh tdkoh bgcbjdths teh cbffhrhgjhs bg fhdturhs (cdth 91.;995).

Vdrb`

Vdrb`Fohx

Vdrb`FohxYous

S`p kdslht Kdoo hgcs Zpobt dccbtb`gdo jup rdjls, ebgahc Fòcbga spblhs @ptbnbshc aodss eòchr Ehbaet-dcmustdkoh kdslht (:x [djlndtbj) Kdslht edgcoh C`sbga dssbstdgt

‚

‚









`ptb`gdo ‚





`ptb`gdo ‚

 









‚





K`tt`n kdslht Kdoo hgcs Zpobt dccbtb`gdo jup rdjls, ebgahc Eòchr f`r o`ga-sthnnhc aodsshs Ebae kdslht kdjl Kdslht edgcoh

‚ `ptb`gdo ‚ ‚ ‚

‚ 

‚ ‚ 

    

4

Yuoo-ùt podth

;

Kdslht edgcoh

Seh jutohry crdwhr bs dttdjehc dt teh vhry t`p `f teh rbgsbga tdgl. Bt bs ushc ds d eòchr f`r jutohry, `tehr j``lbga djjhss`rbhs dgc dos` hsprhss` jups. Seh uthgsbos drh wdsehc prbndrboy ky teh r``f sprbglohr. Zhh Zprdy systhn.

O`dcbga hxdnpoh= :.;:.; Vdrb`Crdwhr Yous ‚ `ptb`gdooy fr`n 49/;944 49/;944

4

O`whrdkoh hohnhgts

:

Fòcbga spblhs

;

O`whrbga nhjedgbsn

3

@phgbga

Ztdrtbga fr`n 49/;944 d Vdrb`Crdwhr j`nhs t` teh hnpo`ynhgt. Sebs j`gtdbgs ; r`ws fobp tbhgs dgc o`whrdkoh fbohs bg teh hxthrgdo drhds, shpdrdthoy f`r rbaet dgc ohft.

[hprhshgtdtb`g `f n`kboh hohnhgts dgc o`dcbga hxdnpoh=

:.;:.: S`p kdslht

4

Lgbfh sehof

3

[djlndtbl podth

;

Fòcbga spblhs

8

Kdslht edgcoh

:

Zpobt, ebgahc dccbtb`gdo jup rdjls

Seh hxthgcdkoh t`p kdslht bs o`dchc wbte sndoohr podths, aodsshs dgc jups. Seh uthgsbos drh johdghc ky d sprdy drn ugchr teh t`p kdslht. Qehg teh t`p kdslht bs pusehc bg, bt c`jls wbte teh suppoy pbph dt teh rhdr t` ndlh teh wdthr j`gghjtb`g (shh Zprdy systhn).

[hprhshgtdtb`g `f n`kboh hohnhgts=

O`dcbga hxdnpoh=

:.;:.3 K`tt`n kdslht

4

Kdoo hgcs

3

Fòcbga spblhs

;

Eòchr f`r o`ga-sthnnhc aodsshs

8

Jutohry kdslht (`ptb`gdooy)

:

Zpobt, ebgahc dccbtb`gdo jup rdjls

6

Kdslht edgcoh

Seh k`tt`n kdslht bs n`vhc ùt `f teh dppobdgjh `g ròohrs. Seh fbxhc o`whr sprdy drn johdgs teh uthgsbos bg teh k`tt`n kdslht (shh Zprdy systhn).

[hprhshgtdtb`g `f n`kboh hohnhgts=

O`dcbga hxdnpoh=

O`dcbga hxdnpoh=

:.;:.8 Kdoo hgcs

:.;:.2 Eòchr f`r o`ga-sthnnhc aodsshs

Kdoo hgcs drh sndoo kdoos `g teh tbps `f teh fòcbga spblhs. Bf aodsshs `r podths drh podjhc `g stdgcdrc spblhs, strhdls ndy f`rn bg teh drhd wehrh teh uthgsbo tùjehs teh spblh. Seh kdoo hgcs ahghrdth d nbgbnun adp. Ds d rhsuot, uthgsbos jdg kh wdsehc dgc crbhc wbteùt strhdls.

D fòcbga krdjlht `g teh kdjl `f teh k`tt`n kdslht jdg kh fòchc f`rwdrcs s` tedt o`ga-sthnnhc aodsshs jdg dos` kh drrdgahc `g d ;gc r`w.

:.;:.6 Htdahrh Dg htdahrh bs dg dccbtb`gdo ebgahc sehof bg teh kdslhts. Ds bt bs dttdjehc bg teh t`p `f teh kdslht, tebs pr`cujhs dg`tehr ohvho (htdah). Sehrh bs spdjh `g tebs ohvho f`r n`jed jups `r sndoo `kmhjts. :.;:.1 Fòcbga spblhs Sehsh spblhs jdg kh fòchc c`wg s` tedt uthgsbos jdg kh drrdgahc n`rh fohxbkoy. Seh spblhs jdg kh fòchc c`wg `g shvhrdo ohvhos `r `goy `g `gh ohvho. :.;:.5 [djlndtbl Seh ehbaet dcmustnhgt f`r teh t`p kdslht bs jdoohc [djlndtbl. Seh dcmustnhgt jdg kh `g shvhrdo ohvhos (: ohvhos). Seh suppoy pbph eds j`gghjtb`gs f`r `gh :-ohvho [djlndtbl. Seh t`p kdslht jdg dos` kh tbothc t` teh rbaet `r ohft. Seh nhtdo eòchrs `f teh [djlndtbl drh prhsshc nhjedgbjdooy bgt` teh t`p kdslht. Bf teh eòchrs drh khgt `phg, teh surfdjh `f teh t`p kdslht ndy kh cdndahc.

:.;3

Seh tdk cr`ps bgt` teh trdy. Seh sprdy drn bg teh t`p kdslht sprdys teh trdy fr`n kho`w t` cbssòvh teh tdk.

C`sbga dssbstdgt

Seh k`tt`n kdslht jdg g` o`gahr kh puoohc ùt `vhr teh cbsphgshr. F``c rhngdgts jdg g` o`gahr cr`p bgt` teh c`sdah jednkhr dgc ko`jl bt.

4

S`p kdslht

:

Cbsphgshr

;

Edgcoh j`vhr

3

Zprdy drn t`p kdslht

Seh c`sbga dssbstdgt bs dg bgthrdjtb`g khtwhhg teh drrdgahnhgt `f teh cbsphgshr dgc teh edgcoh j`vhr bg teh t`p kdslht. Seh cbsphgshr bs sbtudthc bg teh nbccoh `f teh c``r `g teh upphr sbch `f teh c``r. Bg teh t`p kdslht bs teh edgcoh j`vhr `r tdk crdwhr.

:.;8

Bf teh crdbg punp bs djtudthc f`r crdbgbga, teh wdthr bs punphc t` teh ehdt hxjedgahr. Seh wdthr fo`ws t` teh crdbgdah e`sh vbd teh ehdt hxjedgahr dgc ùt `f teh dppobdgjh.

Qdthr ùtoht

D g`g-rhturg vdovh bs bgstdoohc bg teh e`sh e`sh j`gghjtb`g `f teh punp sunp. Sebs prhvhgts teh rhturg `f wdsth wdthr bgt` teh punp

sunp.

4

Crdbg punp

8 Dbr cujt

;

Bgghr crdbgdah e`sh

6

Fo`dt jednkhr wbte fo`dt

:

Bgput wdthr ùtoht

1

Crdbgdah e`sh

3

@utput wdthr ùtoht

:.;6

Seh g`g-rhturg vdovh prhvhgts wdthr fr`n ruggbga kdjl ùt `f teh crdbgdah drhd `f teh dppobdgjh.

G`g-rhturg vdovh

Sebs prhvhgts cbrt rhsbcuh, cbrty wdthr `r chthrahgt rhsbcuh fr`n fo`wbga kdjl bgt` teh rbgsbga jbrjubt.

4

Yunp sunp

;

G`g-rhturg vdovh

:

Zhdobga obp

:.;1

Vhgtbodtb`g shquhgjh Curbga punpbga, wdthr bs punphc t` teh crdbgdah e`sh vbd teh crdbgdah jedggho `f teh ehdt hxjedgahr / wdthr bgoht. D j`gtbguùs wdthr fo`w `jjurs. Bf teh crdbgdah bs o`whr tedg teh dppobdgjh, teh wdthr fo`ws ùt `f teh dppobdgjh ky sujtb`g hffhjt hvhg bf teh crdbg punp bs g` o`gahr djtudthc. Bg teh fo`dt jednkhr tehrh bs s` nuje wdthr tedt teh fo`dt fo`dts dgc teh vhgtbodtb`g `phgbga jo`shs. Seh vhgtbodtb`g `phgbga bs rhohdshc ky teh fo`dt ds s``g ds teh wdthr fo`w bg teh wdthr ùtoht chjrhdshs. Seh dppobdgjh jdgg`t kh crdbghc weboh teh obqu`r punp bs chdjtbvdthc ds dbr jdg fo`w bg vbd teh vhgtbodtb`g `phgbga. Bf teh crdbgdah e`sh bs chfhjtbvh (ko`jldah, lbgl), prhssurh kubocs up.

Hohjtr`gbjs chthjts teh ko`jldah `vhr ky crdbg punp Dg hrr`r j`ch bs sdvhc bg teh fdbourh nhn`ry. nhn`ry.

4

Bgput wdthr ùtoht

3

Fo`dt jednkhr

;

@utput wdthr ùtoht

8

Fo`dt

:

Dbr cujt

6

Vhgtbodtb`g `phgbga

:.;5

Cbsphgshr

Qehg teh cbsphgshr bs fboohc wbte rbgsh dbc, teh j`vhr bs jo`shc. Bt stdys jo`shc ugtbo bt bs ndgudooy `phghc dadbg. Seh c`sbga jednkhr f`r chthrahgt bs `phghc nhjedgbjdooy bg teh dppr`prbdth wdsebga shjtb`g. Y`wchrhc chthrahgt fo`ws bgt` teh rbgsbga tdgl. Sdks cr`p bgt` teh edgcoh j`vhr (c`sbga dssbstdgt).

4

J`bo

; Dgje`r wbte swbtjebga nhjedgbsn nhjedgbsn

: 3

C`sbga punp

4

[bgsh dbc cbsphgshr j`vhr wbte shdo

8

Chthrahgt cbsphgshr j`vhr

O`w rbgsh dbc shgs`r

;

[bgsh dbc ùtoht `phgbga

6

Chthrahgt c`sbga jednkhr

:

[bgsh dbc fboohr `phgbga

1

Yodstbj kdrs

3

Chthrahgt fodp o`jlbga kutt`g

:.;5.4 Fugjtb`g

Seh djtudt`r nhjedgbsn f`r teh chthrahgt j`vhr bs djtudthc vbd d j`bo. Seh j`bo bs djtudthc vbd puoshs fr`n teh p`whr hohjtr`gbjs. Qehg teh j`bo bs swbtjehc `g, teh dgje`r bs n`vhc t` teh ohft. Seh dgje`r bs j`gghjthc ky d podstbj ohvhr t` teh rhohdsh ohvhr `f teh chthrahgt j`vhr. Qehg teh djtudtb`g ohvhr bs turghc, teh chthrahgt j`vhr bs rhohdshc dgc `phgs. Sehrh bs d swbtjebga nhjedgbsn khtwhhg teh j`bo dgje`r dgc teh rbgsh-dbc vdovh. Seh swbtjebga nhjedgbsn prhvhgts rbgsh dbc fr`n khbga nhthrhc wehg teh j`bo bs bgbtbdooy djtudthc. Qehg teh chthrahgt j`vhr bs `phghc, teh nhjedgbsn swbtjehs sbnbodr t` d ‟kdoop`bgt nhjedgbsn„. Seh chthrahgt j`vhr bs g` o`gahr djtudthc, kut teh c`sbga punp f`r rbgsh dbc. Qbte hdje puosh 4 no `f rbgsh dbc bs cbsphgshc. Seh shttbga stdah f`r teh rbgsh dbc j`rrhsp`gcs t` teh puoshs dgc teh cbsphgshc dnùgt. S` hgsurh tedt teh rbgsh dbc j`gtdbghr crdbgs, tehrh bs d sj``p jednkhr. Sebs bs dowdys fboohc wehg teh dppobdgjh c``r bs fuooy `phghc. Seh rbgsh dbc fo`ws ùt `f tebs sj``p jednkhr bgt` teh dppobdgjh. Bf teh c``r bs g`t fuooy `phghc, rbgsh dbc ndy g`t fo`w bgt` teh dppobdgjh khjdush dppobdgjh khjdush teh sj``p jednkhr wds g`t fboohc. D vhgtbodtb`g systhn bs ushc t` hqudobsh hqudobsh teh prhssurh bg teh cbsphgshr. cbsphgshr. Bf teh dppobdgjh c``r bs `phghc, teh djtudtbga nhjedgbsn bs ‟rhsht„. Sebs jdushs teh chthrahgt j`vhr t` `phg fbrst teh ghxt tbnh teh j`bo bs djtudthc. Bf tehrh bs eunbcbty ohft bg teh chthrahgt cbsphgshr dgc d chthrahgt tdkoht bs bgshrthc, teh tdkoht khabgs t` cbssòvh so`woy. ; podstbj kdrs bg teh cbsphgshr prhvhgt teh chthrahgt fr`n ‟stbjlbga„ t` teh eùsbga.

4

J`bo

nhjedgbsn : Dgje`r wbte swbtjebga nhjedgbsn

;

[hohdsh ohvhr

3

C`sbga punp

:.;2

O`w rbgsh-dbc shgs`r

Seh `ptbjdo o`w rbgsh-dbc shgs`r j`gsbsts `f d trdgsnbtthr cb`ch dgc d pe`t` trdgsbst`r. D obaet khdn bs trdgsnbtthc fr`n teh trdgsnbtthr cb`ch t` teh rhjhbvhr cb`ch vbd d prbsn. Bf teh cbsphgshr bs fuoo, teh obaet khdn bg teh prbsn bs sjdtthrhc. Seh rhjhbvhc sbagdo bs whdlhr tedg teh trdgsnbtthc `gh.

4

[hjhbvhr cb`ch

;

Yrbsn

:

Srdgsnbtthr cb`ch

Bf teh cbsphgshr bs hnpty, teh obaet khdn bg teh prbsn bs rhfohjthc. Seh rhjhbvhc sbagdo bs teh sdnh ds teh trdgsnbtthc sbagdo. Seh rhjhbvhc sbagdo bs dgdoyshc dgc cbspodyhc vbd teh p`whr hohjtr`gbjs. 4

[hjhbvhr cb`ch

;

Yrbsn

:

Srdgsnbtthr cb`ch

:.:9

J`gstrujtb`g-pdrtoy teh fòo`wbga sprbga systhn jdg kh dos` ushc=

C``r sprbgas

Seh c``r sprbgas drh sbtudthc `g teh rbaet dgc ohft ugchr teh kdsh pdg. Seh thgsboh f`rjh bs trdgsfhrrhc t` teh c``r ebgah wbte d thgsb`g j`rc vbd d chfohjtb`g ohvhr. Seh thgsboh f`rjh `f teh c``r sprbgas jdgg`t kh dcmusthc. Seh bgstdoohc sprbga dgc teh jdkoh systhn dut`ndtbjdooy dcmust tehnshovhs t` teh c``r whbaet. Zprbgas wbte cbffhrhgt thgsboh f`rjhs drh dvdbodkoh. Sehy drh ndrlhc ky jòùrhc p`bgts. Seh doo`jdtb`g t` teh rhohdshc furgbturh fr`gts bs se`wg bg d tdkoh bg teh jedpthr rhpodjbga teh sprbgas.

4

C``r sprbga

:

Chfohjtb`g ohvhr

;

Shgsb`g j`rc

3

Eòchr f`r thgsb`gbga jdkoh

4

Eòchr f`r thgsb`gbga jdkoh

:

Shgsb`g j`rc

;

Chfohjtb`g ohvhr

3

C``r sprbga

:.:4

Vdrbdkoh ebgah

:.:4.4 Chsjrbptb`g

Seh vdrbdkoh ebgah hgdkohs fuooy bgthardthc cbsewdsehrs t` kh bgstdoohc bg lbtjehgs wbte d o`w kdsh. Seh chvbjh n`vhs teh chj`r fr`gt upwdrcs wehg teh c``r bs `phghc. Ds d rhsuot, teh `vhredga dt teh k`tt`n bs sndoohr dgc pdsshs `vhr teh kdsh. Seh adp khtwhhg teh kdsh dgc furgbturh c``r jdg kh rhcujhc. Bf dppobdgjhs drh bgstdoohc ebaehr, teh vbsudo dpphdrdgjh bs sbagbfbjdgtoy bnpr`vhc.

:.:;

F``t dcmustnhgt

Chphgcbga `g teh chsbag, teh dppobdgjhs fhdturh : `r 3 dppobdgjh fhht. Seh dcmustdkoh ehbaets vdry.

Booustrdtb`g ;= Kubot-bg & kubot-ugchr dppobdgjh

Booustrdtb`g 4= Frhh-stdgcbga dppobdgjh

:.::

Just`nhr shttbgas

[hqubrhnhgt= Dppobdgjh bs swbtjehc `g `g :.::.4 Kutt`g odyùt

:.::.; Zhohjtb`g `f teh just`nhr shttbgas

:.::.3 Y`ssbkoh shttbgas [dgah Qdrn wdthr j`gghjtb`g Edrcghss rdgah

Cbspody D=99 ‚ D=94

Bgthgsbvh crybga

c=99 ‚ c=94

[bgsh dbc

r=99 ‚ r=96

Kuzzhr

K=99 ‚ k=9:

Odgaudah shohjtb`g Dut` Y`whr @FF

O=94 ‚ O=42

Hn`tb`gObaet

H=99 ‚ H=94

@g-k`drc j`nputhr Bgf` Obaet

J=99 ‚ J=94

E=99 ‚ E=91

Y=99 ‚ Y-9;

B=99 ‚ B=94

Zbnuotdghùsoy prhss kutt`g D dgc teh ‟Ztdrt„ kutt`g

Ydrtoy `ptb`gdo fugjtb`gs

:.::.: Zhohjtb`g rdgahs

:.::.8 Zdvbga teh shttbga

S` shohjt teh rdgah, prhss kutt`g D.

Yrhss ‟Ztdrt„ kutt`g

S` jedgah teh vdouh, prhss kutt`g J.

Zhohjtb`g Zwbtje `g dgc `ff, fdjt`ry shttbga= D=99 - @ff 5 rdgahs, @g - @ff fdjt`ry shttbga= E=93 Zwbtje `g dgc `ff, fdjt`ry shttbga= c=99 - @ff 6 rdgahs, @g - @ff fdjt`ry shttbga= r=98 : rdgahs, `ff fdjt`ry shttbga= k=9; 42 odgaudahs fdjt`ry shttbga= O=94, Ahrndg Y=99 ‚ @ff, Hn`tb`g obaet `g Y=94 ‚ @ff dfthr 4 nbguth, Hn`tb`g obaet `ff Y=9; ‚ @ff dfthr 4;9 nbguths, Hn`tb`g obaet `ff Fdjt`ry shttbga= Y=94 @g ‚ @ff fdjt`ry shttbga= H=94 @g @g ‚ @ff fdjt`ry shttbga= J=94 @g @g ‚ @ff fdjt`ry shttbga= B=94 @g

:.:3

Hn`tb`g obaet (`ptb`gdooy)

Hn`tb`g obaet bs dg bgthrgdo obaet.

4

OHCs

;

[bkk`g jdkoh

:

Jdp

Bf teh ‟Hn`tb`g Obaet„ fugjtb`g bs djtbvdthc bg teh dppobdgjh nhgu, ; OHCs obaet up wehg teh c``r bs `phghc. Seh bgthrb`r obaet (Hn`tb`g Obaet) j`nhs `g wehg teh c``r bs `phghc brrhsphjtbvh `f wehtehr teh @G/@FF swbtje bs swbtjehc `g `r `ff. Qehg teh c``r bs jo`shc teh obaet bs `ff. Bf teh c``r bs `phg f`r o`gahr tedg 69 nbg., teh obaet swbtjehs `ff dut`ndtbjdooy. Seh bgthrb`r obaet bs obt `goy wehg teh sht vdouh Y=99 bs shohjthc.

:.:8

Bgf` obaet (`ptb`gdo)

Seh ushr bs pr`vbchc wbte dccbtb`gdo bgf`rndtb`g ky fuooy bgthardtdkoh n`chos wbte d pràrdnnh stdtus cbspody vbsbkoh fr`n teh ùtsbch (bgf` obaet). Seh bgf` obaet j`gsbsts `f dg OHC dgc d fbkrh-`ptbj jdkoh. Seh obaet bs kugcohc vbd teh fbkrh-`ptbj jdkoh dgc bs pr`mhjthc ds d rhc obaet sp`t `g teh suksurfdjh bg fr`gt `f teh cbsewdsehr weboh teh pràrdnnh bs ruggbga. Seh bgf` obaet bs dttdjehc khtwhhg teh bgghr dgc teh ùthr c``r `g teh rbaet ebgah podth dgc bs djtudthc ky teh n`cuoh.

D

OHC

J

Obaet sp`t

K

Fbkrh-`ptbj jdkoh

C

Zuksurfdjh

:.:6

SbnhObaet (`ptb`gdo)

SbnhObaet pr`mhjts ushr bgf`rndtb`g dkùt teh `phrdtbga stdth `f teh dppobdgjh f`r fuooy bgthardthc n`chos `gt` teh fo``r bg fr`gt `f teh dppobdgjh. Fugjtb`g= Dg OHC rdcbdths obaet webje ebts d j`gchgshr ohgs. Seh fugjtb`g `f tebs ohgs bs t` jòobndth teh bgj`nbga obaet t` hgsurh tedt teh OJC pdgho bs hvhgoy boounbgdthc. Seh OJC pdgho eds d rhsòutb`g `f :3 x :3 pbxhos. Seh ardpebj bgf`rndtb`g bs chfohjthc vbd nbrr`rs. Seh SbnhObaet pr`mhjtb`g n`cuoh bs dvdbodkoh `goy ds d j`npohth n`cuoh.

4

OHC

3

Nbrr`r

;

J`gchgshr ohgs

8

Yr`mhjtb`g ohgs

:

OJC pdgho

6

Eùsbga

Yr`mhjtb`g pr`jhss=

:3 x :3 pbxho

4

Yr`mhjtb`g n`cuoh bg teh kdsh podth

3

Yr`mhjtb`g surfdjh

;

Chfohjtb`g nbrr`r bg teh kdsh podth

8

Kdsh pdgho

:

@uthr c``r

:.:1

Y`whr n`cuoh G@SH

:.:1.4 Y`sbtb`g `f teh j`np`ghgts

Hohjtr`stdtbj shgsbtbvh chvbjhs J`np`ghgts wboo kh chstr`yhc bf tùjehc

4 ;

: 3 8 6 1 5

SE394 > wdthr p`bgts SE39: > rhshrvh @ptb`gdooy= Vdovh wdthr st`rdah tdgl / Dqud st`p vdovh wdrn wdthr j`gghjtb`g SE393 > ehdt hxjedgahrcrdbgdah vdovh (`ptb`gdooy) SE398 > rhahghrdtb`g vdovh SE39; > fboobga vdovh L;94 > rhvhrsdo rhody jbrjuodtb`g punp / crdbg punp L;9; > rhvhrsdo rhody jbrjuodtb`g jbrjuodtb`g punp / crdbg punp S34; > j`bo - cbsphgshr

2

L:93 > bgruse jurrhgt obnbthr

49

L499 > kbstdkoh rhody, shjurbty systhn

44

L:9: > ehdthr

4; 4:

L:98 > ehdthr zhòbte L:94 > rhody shjurbty

43

Vdrbst`r, `vhrvòtdah pr`thjtb`g

48 46

▽


▽

@kshrvh nhdsurhs t` pr`thjt teh j`np`ghgts susjhptbkoh t` hohjtrbjdo cbsjedrah.

:.:5

Y`whr j`rcs ‚ jùgtry vhrsb`gs

:.:5.4 Y`whr j`rc Seh p`whr j`rc eds d jòc dppobdgjh systhn j`gghjtb`g dgc bs hgjo`shc wbte teh dppobdgjh. Qehg teh dppobdgjh bs swbtjehc `g f`r teh fbrst tbnh, teh jdkoh nust kh j`gghjthc t` teh kdjl `f teh dppobdgjh :.:5.; Jùgtry vhrsb`gs Cbffhrhgt p`whr j`rcs drh `ffhrhc ds `ptb`gdo djjhss`rbhs vbd Zdohs. Bgj`rrhjt j`gghjthc o`dcs! Chstrujtb`g `f teh dppobdgjh ▽

QD[GBGA

Bf d p`whr j`rc bs rhpodjhc wbte d p`whr j`rc wbte d cbffhrhgt poua, jehjl teh j`gghjthc o`dcs `f teh dppobdgjh wbte teh suppoy vòtdahs dgc frhquhgjbhs `f teh pdrtbjuodr jùgtry.

:.:5.: Hxthgsb`g ohdcs : nhtrh hxthgsb`g jdkohs drh dvdbodkoh fr`n just`nhr shrvbjh. Sehsh drh jurrhgtoy rhohdshc ky YA. Ndthrbdo gunkhr HX vhrsb`g= 6338:: Ndthrbdo gunkhr AK vhrsb`g= 6338:3

:.:2

@phrdtbga n`cuoh pbhz` kutt`gs

Dppobdgjhs wbte pbhz` kutt`gs edvh d fodt t`ò kdr. Seh surfdjh rhsp`gcs t` nbgbnun tùje. Seh rhds`g f`r tebs bs dg dffbxhc kutt`g webje fhdturhs hxtrhnhoy sndoo jrystdo hohnhgts. Seh swbtjebga puoshs drh ahghrdthc djj`rcbga t` teh prbgjbpoh `f pbhz` thjegòày. :.:2.4 Fugcdnhgtdos `f pbhz`hohjtrbjs Nhjedgbjdo prhssurh ahghrdths dg hohjtrbjdo jedrah `g jhrtdbg jrystdos, dos` lg`wg ds pbhz`jhrdnbjs. Gdturdo jrystdos hxebkbt tebs hffhjt `g d vhry sndoo sjdoh `goy, h.a. turndobgh. Ohdc-zbrj`gdthtbtdgdth bs c`phc ds d gdturdo jrystdo ky f`rhbag dt`ns. Ds d rhsuot, teh pbhz` hffhjt bs n`rh pr`gùgjhc.

Seh jhgtrhs `f ndss `f teh p`sbtbvh dgc ghadtbvh jedrahs drh pusehc t`wdrcs hdje `tehr ky teh prhssurh hffhjt.

Sebs jrystdoobgh pr`phrty wds cbsj`vhrhc bg 4559 ky teh peysbjbsts Jurbh. Seh thn ‟Ybhz`„ bs chrbvhc fr`n teh Arhhl w`rc f`r ‟prhssurh‟ `r ‟prhss„. Qehg d prhssurh jedgah `jjurs, vòtdah jdg kh hstdkobsehc `g tw` jrystdo surfdjhs. Seh prhssurh jdg kh jedgahc ky khgcbga, turgbga `r prhssbga. Sebs vòtdah bs pr`p`rtb`gdo t` teh dppobhc f`rjh. D cbffhrhgjh bg jedrah `jjurs. Sebs cbffhrhgjh cbffhrhgjh bs pbjlhc up ds d jedrah `r vòtdah dgc dgdoyshc. Qehg vòtdah bs suppobhc, teh hffhjt bs rhvhrshc dgc teh jrystdos drh hxjbthc ugtbo strujturdo jedgahs `jjur (hxpdgsb`g, vbkrdtb`g).

D ehxda`gdo jrystdo strujturh jhoo bs booustrdthc ehrh. Hxthrgdooy tebs jhoo bs hohjtrbjdooy ghutrdo, ds doo jedrahs drh hqudobshc.

:.:2.; Chsbag `f teh pbhz`hohjtr`gbjs

4

Fdsjbd wbte swbtjebga f`bo

3

Yodstbj supp`rt wbte fdsjbd

;

Cbspody pdgho

8

J`gtrò hohjtr`gbjs

:

Ndtr Ndtrbj bjhs hs

6

Dceh Dcehsb sbvh vh f`bo f`bo

Seh utbobshc fdsjbd j`gsbsts `f krusehc dgc prbgthc stdbgohss sthho. Seh swbtjebga f`bo bs stujl `g t`p. D rbkk`g jdkoh rugs fr`n teh sbch t` teh YJK. Seh jdrrbhr ndthrbdo bs ndch `f podstbj. Seh 1-shanhgt cbspody ndtrbjhs dgc teh cbspody pdgho drh stujl `g bg teh nbccoh. Seh j`gtrò hohjtr`gbjs drh aouhc bgt` teh kdjl `f teh podstbj supp`rt. S` prhvhgt ugbgthgtb`gdo swbtjebga stdths jdushc ky khgcbga `r twbstbga, teh j`gtrò ugbt bs aouhc nhjedgbjdooy bgt` teh fr`gt pdgho. Bt jdgg`t kh rhpodjhc shpdrdthoy.

4

@phrdtbga surfdjh

;

F`bo wbte pbhz` jrystdos

:

Jdrrbhr ndthrbdo

Seh shgsbtbvbty `f pbhz` jhrdnbjs bs s` ebae tedt puoshs jdg kh ahghrdthc ky cbffhrhgt ndthrbdos up t` 3 nn tebjl.

:.:2.: Zwbtjebga pr`phrtbhs Zwbtjebga puoshs `f teh jrystdoobgh ndthrbdo drh ahghrdthc curbga teh prhssurh n`vhnhgt `goy. Qehg teh swbtjebga p`bgt bs rhdjehc, tehrh bs g` n`rh jedgah bg prhssurh. Seh jrystdoobgh ndthrbdo tehg st`ps ahghrdtbga vòtdah. Bf shvhrdo kutt`gs edvh t` kh prhsshc sbnuotdghùsoy, teh swbtjebga pr`phrtbhs `f teh pbhz`hohjtr`gbjs rhqubrh tebs t` kh c`gh sygjer`gùsoy. Kutt`gs nust kh prhsshc sbnuotdghùsoy wbtebg ; t` : shj`gcs. Hxdnpoh ‟Djtbvdtb`g `f sphjbdo pràrdnnhs„= prhss ; kutt`gs dgc tehg ndbg swbtje wbtebg ; shj`gcs. :.:2.3 Ybhz` p`whr suppoy ugbt Seh fugjtb`g `f tebs p`whr suppoy ugbt bs t` trdgsf`rn teh ndbgs vòtdah f`r teh suppoy `f teh pbhz` `phrdtbga n`cuoh dgc bsòdth bt hohjtrbjdooy fr`n teh p`whr obgh.

CDGAH[ Hxp`shc obvh pdrts Cdgahr t` obfh jdushc ky hohjtrbj se`jl! ▽


▽


▽


▽


:.39

Obqu`r rhshrv`br :.39.; Chfbgbtb`g `f ‟rbgsbga obqu`r„

Seh obqu`r rhshrv`br bs d podstbj j`gtdbghr f`r st`rbga wdthr, sbnbodr t` teh ehdt hxjedgahr. Bt bs dttdjehc t` teh rbaet sbch `f teh dppobdgjh.

:.39.4 Fugjtb`g Seh obqu`r rhshrv`br, chphgcbga `g teh chvbjh vhrsb`g, ushc bg cbffhrhgt pràrdn sthps= •

F`r chvbjhs wbte Surk` ;9 nbg. pràrdn t` sdvh teh prh-ehdthc wdthr.

•

F`r HJ@ n`chos t` sdvh teh rbgsh obqu`r fr`n teh odst crybga pr`jhss f`r teh ghxt wdse.

Curbga teh Surk` ;9 nbg pràrdn, teh wdthr bs fbrst ehdthc dgc "sdvhc" bg teh obqu`r st`rh. Dfthr teh chvbjh bs o`dchc, dgc teh jyjoh wds j`gtbguhc, teh e`t wdthr bs ohc kdjl bgt` teh j`gtdbghr. Seh djtudo wdsebga pr`jhss lbjls `ff wbte prh-ehdthc wdthr. Seh chthrahgt cbsphgshr w`rls `goy dfthr o`dcbga.

Seh fbgdo rbgsh obqu`r j`gsbsts `f johdg wdthr wbte d sndoo dnùgt `f rbgsh dbc. Z`nh `f tebs wdthr bs sdvhc f`r teh ghxt prhrbgsh `r rbgsh jyjoh. Bs teh sphjbdo pràrdn Ztdr Zphhc / Surk` ;9 nbguths shohjthc, teh obqu`r bs crdbghc dgc frhse wdthr bs ehdthc. S` c` tebs, teh wdthr swbtje bs p`sbtb`ghc bg suje d wdy tedt dg `phgbga khj`nhs frhh `g teh ugchrsbch. Seh fbgdo rbgsh obqu`r bs punphc terùae d e`sh t` teh obqu`r rhshrv`br vbd tebs j`gghjtb`g. Seh vdovh bg teh obqu`r rhshrv`br, dg djtudt`r, bs djtbvdthc dgc teh fbgdo rbgsh obqu`r bs punphc bgt` teh obqu`r rhshrv`br. Sehrh drh ;.4 obtrhs `f wdsebga obqu`r st`rhc.

S` crdbg teh obqu`r st`rh, teh djtudt`r bs djtbvdthc dgc teh st`rhc obqubc rugs terùae teh e`sh kdjl bgt` teh sunp.

Seh thrn obqu`r chg`ths teh sòvhgt bg bts hgtbrhty (usudooy wdthr) dgc doo bts (cbssòvhc, hnuosbfbhc `r cbsphrshc) j`gstbtuhgts suje ds cyhs, jehnbjdos dgc dccbtbvhs. Djj`rcbga t` bts ush, obqu`rs drh bchgtbfbhc f`r kohdjebga ds kohdjebga obqu`r, f`r cyhbga ds cyhbga obqu`r dgc f`r wdsebga ds wdsebga obqu`r. (Zùrjh= Qblbphcbd) Seh thrns wdsebga obqu`r dgc obqu`r rhshrv`br dppoy t` Ahrndg-sphdlbga jùgtrbhs `goy. Seh thrn wdthr st`rdah tdgl bs ushc bg Hgaobse.

:.39.: Chsbag :.39.3 Johdgbga S` prhvhgt chp`sbts `r teh `jjurrhgjh `f kdjthrbd, teh obqu`r rhshrv`br bs johdghc rhauodroy. Hvhry 49 t` 45 rbgsh jyjohs, chphgcbga `g ushc t`tdo qudgtbty `f wdthr, teh wdthr bs ehdthc up t` 19 J dgc teh obqu`r rhshrv`br, teh punp whoo, teh wdthr suppoy dgc teh ehdtbga punp drh fousehc. Ds teh wdthr bs rhjbrjuodthc vbd teh obqu`r rhshrv`br, teh uthgsbos drh g`t ehdthc. Seh wdthr dgc p`whr j`gsunptb`g bs bgjouchc bg teh thjegbjdo vdouhs.

4

Obqu`r rhshrv`br

3

]hòbte bgtdlh cujt (`ptb`gdo)

;

J`gghjtb`g f`r wdthr bgtdlh dgc crdbgdah e`sh

8

J`gtdbghr `phgbga

:

Crdbgdah vdovh f`r obqu`r rhshrv`br (djtudt`r)

Johdgbga jyjoh

:.34

Seh s`ftwdrh jdg kh ndgudooy bnp`rthc (fodsehc). D j`gghjtb`g wbte teh C-kus; bs hstdkobsehc vbd teh XCD.

C-kus; / dppobdgjh s`ftwdrh CDGAH[

JDXSB@G

▽


Vòtdah phdls wbte teh rhohdsh/j`gghjtbga teh poua j`gtdjts Chstrujtb`g `f teh j`gtrò n`cuoh `r teh pbhz` p`whr suppoy ugbt (`ptb`gdo) ky ght p`thgtbdo `g teh arùgc

▽


wbrh `f teh kus systhn.

▽


▽

Hxp`shc obvh pdrts Cdgahr t` obfh jdushc ky hohjtrbj se`jl!

▽


J`nnugbjdtb`g d C-kus;.

khtwhhg

teh

hohjtr`gbjdooy

j`np`ghgts bs

vbd

Seh C-kus; j`gsbsts `f d :-pòh obgh systhn. Seh : obghs drh j`gghjthc ds fòo`ws= •

4:,8 V c.j. vbd AGC

•

AGC (p`ssbkoy p`whr p`thgtbdo)

•

Cdtd obgh

Cbsj`gghjt teh dppobdgjh fr`n teh p`whr obgh khf`rh

rhohdsh/j`gghjtbga poua j`gghjt`rs.

:.3;

Qhbaet

Frhh-stdgcbga dppobdgjhs edvh d whbaet bg teh rhdr drhd `f teh kdsh pdg. Sebs prhvhgts teh dppobdgjh fr`n tbppbga `vhr bf teh c``r bs `phghc dgc teh kdslhts puoohc ùt. Sehrh drh ; cbffhrhgt j`gjrhth whbaets= Dppobdgjhs wbte jutohry crdwhr= 6.8 la Dppobdgjhs wbteùt jutohry crdwhr= crdwhr= 8.8 la Dppobdgjhs wbte ]hòbte dccbtb`gdo dccbtb`gdo ehdtbga systhn= ;.3 La

4

Jùgthrwhbaet

3

CBDAG@ZSBJZ

3.4

Ndofugjtb`gs

Fduot Sdkoht c`hs g`t cbssòvh.

Jdush Zprdy drn stbff, stbjlbga, tùjehs j`gtdbghr rhdr sbch.

Fduot j`rrhjtb`g Jehjl fugjtb`g `f teh upphr sprdy drn (Xsh `f aodss c``r, ndthrbdo gunkhr= 54jn= :34:::< 56 jn= :34::3).

Sdkoht c`hs g`t fdoo bgt` teh Sòhrdgjhs kdslht edgcoh `g 56 jn dppobdgjhs.

Bgshrt tdkoht jeuth (ndthrbdo gunkhr 6432:8) bgt` t`p kdslht.

Yràrdn Zt`ps< C``r o`jl g`t j`rrhjtoy jo`shc, tehrh c``r o`jl Yràrdn jdgg`t kh stdrthc hgadahc. Jo`sbga f`rjh t`` ebaeoy. Yràrdn susphgcs

Jo`sh c``r fbrnoy tehrhky teh c``r o`jl w`rls g`rndooy dadbg. Jo`sbga f`rjh rhcujtb`g ky hxjedgah `f upphr pbpbga

Sdkoht c`hs g`t cbssòvh.

Jehjl fugjtb`g `f teh upphr sprdy drn (Xsh `f aodss c``r, ndthrbdo gunkhr= 54jn= :34:::< 56 jn= :34::3). Bgshrt tdkoht jeuth (ndthrbdo gunkhr 6432:8) bgt` t`p kdslht.

Zprdy drn stbff, stbjlbga.

Sdkoht c`hs g`t fdoo bgt` teh Sòhrdgjhs kdslht edgcoh `g 56 jn dppobdgjhs. Sbnh ohdp bg rhndbgbga Hvhry 49 t` 45 rbgsh jyjohs, chphgcbga `g ushc t`tdo tbnh. qudgtbty `f wdthr, teh obqu`r rhshrv`br bs fousehc. Seh pràrdn hxhjutb`g tbnh hxthgcs ky dppr`x. ;9 nbguths.

Dcvbsh just`nhr.

3.;

[hsuot fduots

Fduot Y``r rbgsbga rhsuot.

Jdush Sdkoht c`hs g`t fdoo bgt` teh teh kdslht kdslht edgcoh edgcoh `g 56 jn jn • dppobdgjhs. Zprdy drn stbff, stbjlbga. •

• • • •

Xgsdtbsfdjt`ry wdsebga rhsuot bg teh k`tt`n kdslht `f zhòbth dppobdgjhs.

g`g-rhturg vdovh chfhjtbvhoy/ko`jlhc/jo` chfhjtbvhoy/ko`jlhc/joàs as Cbsphgshr c`hs g`t `phg, khjdush Sdk ko`jls teh cbsphgshr j`vhr, Sdk uprbaet bgshrthc rhndbgchrs bg teh cbsphgshr Nbssbga j`vhr `f wdthr s`fthghr bg DX n`chos

O`whr sprdy drn ko`jlhc `g teh ko`w-ùt jdp `f teh zhòbth j`gtdbghr.

•

@g djjùgt `f dg bgjrhdshc gunkhr `f hgqubrbhs j`gjhrgbga teh wdsebga rhsuot `f teh shrbhs AV639, teh p`ssbkoh rhds`gs f`r teh ‟p``r wdsebga rhsuot„ j`npodbgt dgc bgf`rndtb`g `g p`ssbkoh rhnhcbhs drh obsthc kho`w. Fduots webje jdg kh johdroy dttrbkuthc t` `phrdtbga fduots, ds whoo ds bgdchqudth ndbgthgdgjh, nust g`t kh jodbnhc ugchr teh wdrrdgty. Dppr`prbdth ush dgc ndbgthgdgjh bgstrujtb`gs jdg kh fùgc bg teh bgcbjdthc jedpthrs bg teh Bgstrujtb`gs f`r ush dgc Tubjl rhfhrhgjh aubch . Fr`n hxphrbhgjh bt bs bnp`rtdgt t` sjrutbgbsh g`t `goy teh fduot chsjrbptb`g kut dos` teh jbrjunstdgjhs `f teh t eh `jjurrhgjh `g djjhptdgjh `f teh `rchr dgc t` nhgtb`g tehsh bg teh `rchr.

• • •

Fduot j`rrhjtb`g Bgshrt tdkoht jeuth (ndthrbdo gunkhr 6432:8) bgt` • t`p kdslht. Jehjl tedt teh sprdy drns fugjtb`g • (Xsh `f aodss c``r, ndthrbdo gunkhr= 54 jn= :34:::< 56 jn= :34::3) -7 rhpodjh sprdy drn. Hxdnbgh, rhohdsh bt • Dcvbsh just`nhr, bgshrt Sdk j`rrhjtoy • Zprdybga drn ko`jlhc, cbsehs, snhoo c`g`rs bg • arbp jdp - 7 dcvbsh just`nhr • DX n`chos drh pdrtbdooy j`dthc wbte d "cunny" "cunny" hqubpphc s`fthghr. Zjrhw `g obc. Jehjl tedt teh jdp bs shjurh. Bt nust kh o`jlhc doo teh wdy.

C`hs teh pr`kohn phrsbst, sp`rdcbjdooy `r dt sphjbfbj bgthrvdos0 Qhrh cbffhrhgt pràrdnnhs `r chthrahgts ushc `r thsthc0 Eds teh pr`kohn khhg `jjurrbga sbgjh d sphjbfbj tbnh (ghw uthgsbos, jedgah bg chthrahgt, ...)0 Drh `goy uthgsbos bg jhrtdbg drhds (`goy t`p/k`tt`n kdslht, `goy j`rghr drhds, ...) dffhjthc0

Seh phrf`rndgjh thst nust kh j`gcujthc bg teh just`nhr shrvbjh thst pràrdnnh usbga teh ‟aodss c``r„.

4. [hsbcuh `g teh uthgsbos Fduot chsjrbptb`g

Jdush

F``c rhngdgts `r sdgcy sdgcy rhsbcuh rhsbcuh Xthgsbos podjhc t`` jo`shoy jo`shoy tàhtehr, tàhtehr, `vhrfboohc. `vhrfboohc.

[hnhcbdo djtb`g @kshrvh j`rrhjt drrdgahnhgt `f uthgsbos (drrdgah djj`rcbga t` Fba. 4, 4, Fba. ; dgc ; dgc Fba. :). :).

Zprdy drn ko`jlhc ky uthgsbos `r jutohry.

Drrdgah uthgsbos s` tedt sprdy sprdy drn jdg r`tdth wbteùt wbteùt `kstrujtb`g. `kstrujtb`g. (drrdgah djj`rcbga t` Fba. ; dgc Fba. :)< :)< shh  Xthgsbos

Xthgsbos prhjohdghc t`` bgthgshoy< shgs`rs tehrhf`rh chjbch `g whdl pràrdnnh shquhgjh. Ztukk`rg s`bobga jdgg`t kh j`npohthoy rhn`vhc.

C` g`t prhrbgsh uthgsbos< rhn`vh `goy odrah f``c rhngdgts.

Fbothr g`t o`jlhc bg teh punp sunp `r bgj`rrhjtoy bgshrthc.

Bgshrt dgc o`jl fbothr j`rrhjtoy< shh  Ndbgthgdgjh dgc jdrh

Zprdy drn g`zzohs, r``f se`whr ehdc ko`jlhc (h.a. ohn`g pbps, htj.).

Johdg g`zzohs dgc r``f se`whr ehdc dgc bgshrt/o`jl fbothr j`rrhjtoy< shh  Ndbgthgdgjh dgc jdrh

J`drsh, nbjr` dgc fbgh fbothr cbrty.

Johdg fbothrs< shh  Ndbgthgdgjh dgc jdrh

Zprdy drn khdrbgas c` g`t n`vh sn``teoy (cbrt drùgc teh khdrbgas).

Johdg pdrts, se`w just`nhr e`w t` bgshrt fbothr j`rrhjtoy.

Zprdy drn `r suppoy pbph chf`rnhc -7 sprdy drn strblhs teh kdslht `r teh c`jlbga sbth.

[hpodjh sprdy drn.

Qdsth-wdthr punp ko`jlhc.

Jehjl wdsth-wdthr punp< shh  Hobnbgdtbga fduots yùrshof

Cbrty wdthr rugs kdjl bgt` teh dppobdgjh -7 rh-s`bobga.

Jehjl crdbgbga, jehjl g`g-rhturg vdovh f`r ohdls.

S`p kdslht `g rbaet dgc ohft g`t sht t` sdnh ehbaet.

Zht t`p kdslht t` sdnh ehbaet usbga sbch ohvhrs.

Xthgsbos ugfdvùrdkoy drrdgahc (vhry odrah uthgsbos h.a. pdgs bg teh k`tt`n kdslht), dv`bc j`gtdjt p`bgts, pr`ga r`ws khgt.

Drrdgah uthgsbos s` tedt sprdy sprdy mhts jdg rhdje surfdjh `f uthgsbos uthgsbos (drrdgah djj`rcbga t` Fba. ; dgc Fba. :). :).

Sdoo gdrr`w rhjhptdjohs drh g`t rbgshc dchqudthoy bg teh j`rghr drhd.

C` g`t podjh tdoo gdrr`w rhjhptdjohs t`` `kobquhoy `r bg teh j`rghr drhd (drrdgah djj`rcbga t` Fba. ; dgc Fba. :). :).

Yràrdnnh rhj`nnhgcdtb`g Hj` 89¹.

Fduot chsjrbptb`g

Jdush

[hnhcbdo djtb`g

Chthrahgt rhsbcuh

Chthrahgt cbsphgshr j`vhr ko`jlhc ky uthgsbos (j`vhr c`hs g`t `phg fuooy).

Jehjl chthrahgt cbsphgshr fugjtb`g, chthrahgt j`vhr nust g`t kh `kstrujthc ky uthgsbos. C` g`t podjh dgy uthgsbos `r dr`nd cbsphgshrs bg teh c`sbga dssbstdgt.

Chthrahgt cbsphgshr j`vhr bs ko`jlhc ky teh tdkoht.

Dcvbsh just`nhr, just`nhr, bgshrt tdkoht tdkoht j`rrhjtoy (fodt, (fodt, g`t uprbaet). uprbaet).

Sdkohts ushc bg teh Tubjl `r Ze`rt pràrdnnh. -7 Cbssòvbga tbnh `f teh chthrahgt bs g`t rhdjehc bg teh shohjthc se`rt pràrdnnh.

Dcvbsh just`nhr, just`nhr, cbssòvbga tbnh `f teh tdkohts tdkohts t`` o`ga.

Chthrahgt rhsbcuh bg fbgdo rbgsh< chthrahgt-sòutb`g jdrry-`vhr. Chthrahgt vhry ounpy, wdsebga hffhjt dgc cbssòvbga phrf`rndgjh drh rhcujhc dfthr d prò`gahc st`rdah tbnh. Qdthr stdbgs `g podstbj pdrts

Cr`poht f`rndtb`g `g podstbj surfdjh bs peysbjdooy ugdv`bcdkoh. ugdv`bcdkoh. Yodstbjs c` g`t st`rh ehdt. Dfthr crybga, sukstdgjhs sukstdgjhs bg wdthr wdthr drh vbsbkoh. vbsbkoh.

Xsh chthrahgt p`wchr `r shohjt d n`rh bgthgsbvh pràrdnnh. Jehjl crdbgbga, jehjl g`g-rhturg vdovh f`r ohdls. Dcvbsh teh just`nhr. just`nhr. Dowdys bgshrt tdkoht tdkoht must khf`rh khf`rh teh pràrdnnh pràrdnnh stdrts. stdrts. ∛

Xsh n`rh bgthgsbvh pràrdnnh (n`rh wdthr jedgahs)< shh  Yràrdnnh `vhrvbhw

∛

G`th bgjobgdtb`g wehg drrdgabga uthgsbos.

∛

Xsh rbgsh dbc, bf rhqubrhc bgjrhdsh shh  [bgsh dbc.

∛ Bf rhqubrhc, bgjrhdsh s`fthgbga shttbga< shh  Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn

Qdthr rhsbcuhs

Qr`ga o`dcbga

Jòùrhc (yhoo`w, `rdgah, kr`wg), hdsboy rhn`vdkoh, s`dpy rhsbcuh bg teh bgthrb`r

Z`dp-oblh odyhrbga `f bgarhcbhgts `f f``c rhsbcuh dgc obnh.

[hsbcuh bg teh puoo-ùt rdbos

Khjdush `f tòhrdgjhs f`r j`nkbghc chthrahgts (: bg 4 `r ebaehr) jdg ndlh bt ghjhssdry t` ush teh wdthr s`fthghr dorhdcy dt d wdthr edrcghss `f 46 ¹ cE. Chthrahgt dgc f``c rhngdgts drh chp`sbthc cuh t` chsbag.

J`rrhjt shquhgjh f`r hobnbgdtbga j`gsbchr Fba 3 Dcvbsh just`nhr just`nhr dgc j`gtrdry j`gtrdry t` teh bgcbjdtb`g bgcbjdtb`g `f teh chthrahgt ndgufdjturhr djtbvdth teh wdthr s`fthghr dccbtb`gdooy

Johdg ky edgc, - f`r teh upphr kdslht ush teh n`cbfbhc puoo-ùt puoo-ùt rdbos wbte ndt.g`. 195956 - f`r teh jutohry crdwhr ush ndt.g`. 651219

;. J`dtbgas=

Fduot chsjrbptb`g

Jdush

[hnhcbdo djtb`g

Qbph-johdg `r wdthr-sòukoh j`dtbgas bg teh j`gtdbghr `r `g teh c``r

Chthrahgt sukstdgjhs drh chp`sbthc. Sehsh j`dtbgas jdgg`t usudooy kh rhn`vhc wbte jehnbjdos (dppobdgjh johdghr, ...).

Jedgah chthrahgt krdgc. Johdg dppobdgjh nhjedgbjdooy.

Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn sht ndrabgdooy< fduot chsjrbptb`g `jjurs jyjobjdooy Bgjrhdsh s`fthgbga shttbga ‟Qebth j`dtbga `g j`gtdbghr fo``r„. dgc jedgah chthrahgt bf rhqubrhc.

[hahghrdtb`g sdot `g teh uthgsbos= ∛ Ohdlbga sdot cbsphgshr j`vhr. ∛ Ohdlbga rhahghrdtb`g vdovh.

Dcvbsh just`nhr, just`nhr, hobnbgdth ohdl. Jehjl rhahghrdtb`g rhahghrdtb`g vdovh `r vdovh shdt (just`nhr shrvbjh pràrdnnh).

Chthrahgt rhsbcuh bg teh fbgdo rbgsh< chthrahgt-sòutb`g jdrry-`vhr.

Jehjl chthrahgt cbsphgshr fugjtb`g, chthrahgt j`vhr nust g`t kh `kstrujthc ky uthgsbos<

Qr`ga pràrdnnh shohjthc. (Tubjl pràrdnnh shohjthc)

Zhohjt subtdkoh pràrdnnh. shh  Yràrdnnh `vhrvbhw

Bgbtbdo joùcbga `f aodss -7 jdg `goy dppdrhgtoy kh wbphc `ff.

Cdndah t` uthgsbos

Fduot chsjrbptb`g

Jdush

[hnhcbdo djtb`g

Qebth, stukk`rg j`dtbgas< obnhsjdoh `g teh uthgsbos, j`gtdbghr `r c``r

Chthrahgt sukstdgjhs drh chp`sbthc. Sehsh j`dtbgas jdgg`t usudooy kh rhn`vhc wbte jehnbjdos (dppobdgjh johdghr, ..).

Jedgah chthrahgt krdgc.

Edrcghss rdgah bgj`rrhjtoy sht `r ugtrhdthc wdthr edrcghss arhdthr tedg 89 ¹cE.

Jehjl rhsbcudo edrcghss bg teh johdgbga dgc fbgdo rbgsh jyjohs dgc sht wdthr s`fthgbga systhn djj`rcbga t` bgstrujtb`gs f`r ush. S`p up sdot< shh  Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn

Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn bs g`t khbga rhahghrdthc.

Jehjl fugjtb`g `f teh rhahghrdtb`g rhahghrdtb`g vdovh bg teh just`nhr shrvbjh pràrdnnh.

:bg4 chthrahgt `r kb`/hj` chthrahgt g`t hffhjtbvh hgùae.

Zht wdthr s`fthgbga systhn djj`rcbga t` bgstrujtb`gs f`r ush< ush shpdrdth dahgts (pr`prbhtdry chthrahgt, sdot, rbgsh dbc)< shh  Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn

Xgchrc`sdah `f chthrahgt (vhrbfbjdtb`g (vhrbfbjd tb`g wbte Nbgbodk`r ndt. g`. :39919).

Dcvbsh just`nhr< just`nhr< bgjrhdsh chthrahgt chthrahgt c`sdah, jedgah jedgah chthrahgt. chthrahgt.

Qr`ga pràrdnnh shohjtb`g (pràrdnnh t`` whdl) shohjthc.

Dcvbsh just`nhr< just`nhr< j`rrhjt pràrdnn pràrdnnh h shohjtb`g< shh  Yràrdnnh `vhrvbhw

S`` o`w rbgsbga thnphrdturh.

Zhohjt pràrdnnh wbte ebaehr wdsebga thnphrdturh< shh  Hobnbgdtbga fduots yùrshof

S`` obttoh chthrahgt.

Xsh subtdkoh chthrahgt dt j`rrhjt c`sdah.



Xgsubtdkoh chthrahgt.

Jedgah chthrahgt.

Fbon f`rndtb`g j`gsbstbga `f bgarhcbhgts fr`n vhahtdkohs (h.a. jdkkdah, jhohry, p`tdt`hs, g``cohs, ..) `r teh tdp wdthr (h.a. ndgadghsh).

Jdg kh pdrtoy rhn`vhc wbte ndjebgh johdghr (ndt. g`. :44:4:) `r nhjedgbjdo johdgbga. J`dtbgas drh edrnohss.

Fbon f`rndtb`g jdushc ky nhtdoobj j`np`ghgts. Lg`wg f`r sbovhr `r dounbgbun uthgsbos.

Jdg kh pdrtoy rhn`vhc wbte ndjebgh johdghr (ndt. g`. :44:4:) `r nhjedgbjdo johdgbga.

Ztdrje chp`sbts `g teh uthgsbos

Shd `r obpstbjl rhsbcuh `g teh uthgsbos

Jòùrhc (kouh, yhoo`w, kr`wg), cbffbjuot t` rhn`vh t` g`grhn`vdkoh j`dtbgas bg teh j`gtdbghr `r `g teh c``r

Johdg dppobdgjh nhjedgbjdooy.


:. Cbsjòùrdtb`g= Cbsjòùrdtb`g= Fduot chsjrbptb`g

Jdush

[hnhcbdo djtb`g

Jòùrhc (kouh, yhoo`w, kr`wg), sebnnhrbga, sebnnhrbga, cbffbjuot t` rhn`vh t` g`g-rhn`vdkoh cbsjòùrdtb`g bg teh j`gtdbghr `r `g teh c``r

Fbon f`rndtb`g j`gsbstbga `f bgarhcbhgts fr`n vhahtdkohs (h.a. jdkkdah, jhohry, p`tdt`hs, g``cohs, ..) `r teh tdp wdthr (h.a. ndgadghsh).

Jdg kh pdrtoy rhn`vhc wbte ndjebgh johdghr (ndt. g`. :44:4:) `r nhjedgbjdo johdgbga. Nhjedgbjdo rhn`vdo wbte ‟Vbhggd jedol„ (ndt. g`. :444:6) usudooy p`ssbkoh. J`dtbgas drh edrnohss.

Fbon f`rndtb`g jdushc ky nhtdoobj j`np`ghgts. Lg`wg f`r sbovhr `r dounbgbun uthgsbos.

Jdg kh pdrtoy rhn`vhc wbte ndjebgh johdghr (ndt. g`. :44:4:) `r nhjedgbjdo johdgbga.

Qdse pràrdnnh t`` whdl.

Zhohjt cbffhrhgt wdse pràrdnnh< shh  Hobnbgdtbga fduots yùrshof

S`` o`w rbgsbga thnphrdturh.

Zhohjt pràrdnnh wbte ebaehr wdse thnphrdturh.



Cbsjò`rdtb`g `g podstbj pdrts


3. Ztrhdlbga `g aodsshs dgc jutohry [hn`vdkoh strhdlbga `g aodsshs S`` nuje rbgsh-dbc. dgc jutohry

Zht rbgsh-dbc dnùgt t` o`whr ohvho< shh  [bgsh dbc

Aodsshs wbte nhtdoobj dpphdrdgjh G` rbgsh dbc dcchc `r shttbga t`` o`w.

Dcc rbgsh dbc dbc dgc jehjl jehjl c`sdah (rhj`nnhgc (rhj`nnhgcdtb`g dtb`g ohvho 3-8)< 3-8)< shh  [bgsh dbc

G`g-rhturg vdovh ohdlbga.

Jehjl g`g-rhturg vdovh f`r ohdls.

Chthrahgt rhsbcuh bg teh fbgdo rbgsh. Chthrahgt cbsphgshr j`vhr ko`jlhc ky uthgsbos (j`vhr c`hs g`t `phg fuooy).

Jehjl chthrahgt cbsphgshr fugjtb`g, chthrahgt j`vhr nust g`t kh `kstrujthc ky uthgsbos. C` g`t podjh dgy uthgsbos `r dr`nd cbsphgshrs bg teh c`sbga dssbstdgt.


C` g`t prhrbgsh uthgsbos< rhn`vh `goy odrah f``c rhngdgts. Yràrdnnh rhj`nnhgcdtb`g Hj` 89¹.

8. Cdndah t` uthgsbos/wdthr-bgsòukoh rhsbcuh Fduot chsjrbptb`g

Jdush

Bgbtbdo `r hxbstbga brrhvhrsbkoh joùcbga `f aodss

Aodsshs g`t dchqudthoy cbsewdsehr-pr``f (aodsshs drh usudooy `goy subtdkoh f`r cbsewdsehr).

[hnhcbdo djtb`g Dcvbsh teh just`nhr. just`nhr. [hcujh ndbg jdushs `f aodss j`rr`sb`g= X sh ∛ Xsh

cbsewdsehr-pr``f aodsshs.

∛

Dv`bc o`ga sthdn pedsh (stdgcbga (stdgcbga tbnh dfthr wdse jyjoh hgcs).

∛

Xsh pràrdnnh dt o`whr thnphrdturh.

∛

Zht wdthr s`fthgbga systhn djj`rcbga djj`rcbga t` teh wdthr edrcghss (bf rhqubrhc `gh ohvho o`whr)< shh  Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn

∛ Xsh chthrahgt wbte aodss pr`thjtb`g j`np`ghgt.

6. [ust Fduot chsjrbptb`g

Jdush

[hnhcbdo djtb`g

[ust ndrls `g jutohry

Jutohry g`t dchqudth j`rr`sb`g-rhsbstdgt. Lgbfh kodchs drh frhquhgtoy n`rh shvhrhoy dffhjthc.

Xsh j`rr`sb`g-rhsbstdgt jutohry.

Jutohry bgfhjthc ky hxtrdghùs rust fr`n rustbga pdrts (nhtdo obc, cdndahc uthgsbos kdslht, htj.).

C` g`t wdse rustbga pdrts.

Zdot j`gthgt bg teh rbgsbga wdthr t`` ebae, ds sdot cbsphgshr o`jl g`t fdsthghc fbrnoy `r sdot wds spboohc weboh khbga rhfboohc.

Fdsthg sdot cbsphgshr o`jl fbrnoy `r rhn`vh spboohc sdot (ky prhrbgsbga jyjoh).

Odrah j`gtdjt surfdjhs khtwhhg jutohry dgc t`` obttoh bgjobgdtb`g `f h.a. sp``gs prhvhgt teh wdthr fr`n crdbgbga dgc jdush stdbgbga.

Drrdgah jutohry s` tedt tehrh tehrh drh ds ds fhw j`gtdjt surfdjhs surfdjhs ds p`ssbkoh. (Drrdgah djj`rcbga t` Fba. 4 dgc Fba. ;). ;).

J`drsh, nbjr` dgc fbgh fbothr cbrty.

Johdg fbothrs< shh  Ndbgthgdgjh dgc jdrh

G` rbgsh dbc dcchc `r shttbga t`` o`w.

Dcc rbgsh dbc dbc dgc jehjl jehjl c`sdah (rhj`nnhgc (rhj`nnhgcdtb`g dtb`g ohvho 3‚8)< 3‚8)< shh  [bgsh dbc

Ztdbgs `g teh jutohry

(J`nkbgdtb`g chthrahgts edvh d o`whr fbgdo rbgsbga hffhjt tedg shpdrdth rbgsh dbcs). Edrcghss rdgah bgj`rrhjtoy sht `r ugtrhdthc wdthr edrcghss arhdthr tedg 89 ¹cE.

Jehjl rhsbcudo edrcghss bg teh johdgbga dgc fbgdo rbgsh jyjohs dgc sht wdthr s`fthgbga systhn djj`rcbga t` bgstrujtb`gs f`r ush. S`p up sdot< shh  Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn

Nbg`r cbsjòùrdtb`g `r rhsbcuh dt teh j`gtdjt p`bgts drh peysbjdooy bgcujhc dgc ugdv`bcdkoh.

Nbgbnbsdtb`g p`ssbkoh p`ssbkoh ky nhdgs `f teh p`bgts stdthc bg tebs shjtb`g.

Fbaurhs= Fba 4 D ‚ Drrdgah lgbvhs dgc `tehr sedrp-hcahc `r p`bgthc jutohry wbte teh kodchs fdjh c`wg t` prhvhgt djjbchgtdo bgmury. K ‚ C` g`t podjh bthns `f jutohry `g t`p `f hdje `tehr. J`rrhjt drrdgahnhgt jhrtdbgoy dbcs stdbg-frhh jutohry. J ‚ Drrdgah sp``gs dgc odcohs dt dg bgjobgh. Sebs wboo prhvhgt djjunuodtb`g `f wdthr dgc stdbgs.

Fba ; D ‚ C` g`t podjh uthgsbos `g t`p `f hdje `tehr. @tehrwbsh, pdrts `g t`p wboo g`t kh sprdyhc fr`n kho`w wbte dchqudth wdthr. K ‚ Dv`bc odrah j`gtdjt p`bgts khtwhhg uthgsbos. Sebs prhvhgts f``c rhngdgts rhngdgts dgc stdbgs `g teh uthgsbos. J ‚ C` g`t `vhro`dc jutohry kdslht. Nbgbnbsh j`gtdjt p`bgts khtwhhg bthns `f jutohry. Sebs hgsurhs stdbg-frhh jutohry. C ‚ Drrdgah eòo`w rhjhptdjohs bg suje d wdy tedt wdthr jdgg`t jòohjt bgsbch. C` g`t oht uthgsbos pr`mhjt terùae teh uthgsbos uthgsbos kdslht. Sebs hgsurhs tedt teh sprdy drn bs g`t ko`jlhc.

Fba : D ‚ Drrdgah eòo`w rhjhptdjohs bg suje d wdy tedt wdthr jdgg`t jòohjt bgsbch. K ‚ C` g`t podjh uthgsbos `g t`p `f hdje `tehr. @tehrwbsh, pdrts `g t`p wboo g`t kh sprdyhc fr`n kho`w wbte dchqudth wdthr. J ‚ Drrdgah jups dgc k`wos dt dg bgjobgh. Sebs prhvhgts wdthr fr`n djjunuodtbga bg tehbr kdsh drhd. C ‚ C` g`t podjh eòo`w rhjhptdjohs t`` `kobquhoy dgc c` g`t podjh cbrhjtoy bg teh j`rghr drhd. Sebs hgsurhs tedt tehy jdg kh fousehc ùt pr`phroy. H ‚ Bf dppobdgjhs fhdturh d tdkoht jòohjtbga trdy, c` g`t o`dc bt wbte uthgsbos `r dr`nd cbsphgshrs, `tehrwbsh teh chthrahgt cbsphgshr wboo kh `kstrujthc. C` g`t oht uthgsbos (h.a. sndoo odcohs) pr`mhjt terùae teh uthgsbos kdslht. Sebs hgsurhs tedt teh sprdy drn bs g`t ko`jlhc.

Fba 3 Hobnbgdth teh kdslhts bg teh fòo`wbga `rchr=

4 ‚ O`whr kdslht. ; ‚ Xpphr kdslht : - jutohry crdwhr (`ptb`gdooy). (`ptb`gdooy).

3.:

Hohjtrbjdo fduots

Fduot O`w sdot bgcbjdt`r bs j`gstdgtoy obt.

Jdush Zdot tdkohts ushc.

Fduot j`rrhjtb`g Dcvbsh just`nhr= c` g`t ush sdot tdkohts.

Dppobdgjh wbte Ybhz` `phrdtbga n`cuoh dgc djtbvdthc hn`tb`g obaet jdg‒t kh swbtjehc `g dgy o`gahr. Dfthr `phgbga teh c``r, hn`tb`g obaet sebghs. Seh `phrdtbga n`cuoh dgc cbspody drh wbteùt fugjtb`g.

Z`ftwdrh kua bg p`whr n`cuoh. FC 2996 - 2995

Z`ftwdrh upcdth ky ‟fodsebga„ teh p`whr n`cuoh. Bf d s`ftwdrh upcdth bs g`t p`ssbkoh khjdush `f `radgbzdtb`gdo `r thjegbjdo rhds`gs, teh p`whr n`cuoh eds t` kh hxjedgahc.

3.3

Nhjedgbjdo fduots

Fheohr C``r jdgg`t kh jo`shc.

Xrsdjeh Jdtje o`jlhc ky teh c``r o`jl.

Fheohrkhehkuga Fheohrkhehkuga Jo`sh c``r fbrnoy ugtbo teh o`jl bs fugjtb`gbga g`rndooy dadbg.

Jutohry crdwhr jodnps

FC 2996 t` FC 2949 bgjo.

Jedgah teh puoo ùt rdbos `f teh jutohry crdwhr (Ndt.Gr. 665142).

3.8

Ohdls

Fduot

Jdush

Fduot j`rrhjtb`g

Ohdldah ugchr ehdt hxjedgahr

Hxpdgsb`g `phgbga c`hs g`t kòt j`rrhjtoy.

J`gsbchr teh shquhgjh wehg dsshnkobga teh ehdt hxjedgahr= Zhh dos` t` jedpthr ‗ rhpodjbga ehdt • hxjedgahr„

Ohdldah ugchr wdthr st`rdah tdgl

Cujt `phgbga c`hs g`t kòt j`rrhjtoy

Hrr`r H=48 ahghrdthc fr`n ohdldah ugchr wdthr s`fthghr bg FC 2449 ~ 2;98.

Nbgbndo ohdldah bg teh wdthr s`fthghr jdg ahghrdth hrr`r H=48 dfthr ndgy wdse jyjohs.

J`gsbchr teh shquhgjh wehg dsshnkobga teh wdthr st`rdah tdgl= - Zhh dos` t` jedpthr ‗ rhpodjbga wdthr st`rdah tdgl„ Jedgah wdthr s`fthghr j`npohth= Zhh dos` t` jedpthr ‗ rhpodjbga wdthr s`fthghr systhn„

3.6

Cbsewdsehr fugjtb`gs / Z`ftwdrh

Fduot Dfthr swbtjebga `g teh cbse wdsehr, bt khabgs wbte HJ@ 89 pràrdnnh.

Jdush Fduot j`rrhjtb`g Dcvbsh just`nhr= HX-cbrhjtbvh (HX4;18 (HX4;18 / bg ;995, Qbte LB 82 d ghw s`ftwdrh bs bnpohnhgthc. Seh chfduot j`gf`rndgjh bgchx 944) sphjbfy tebs pràrdnnbga. ‟stdrt pràrdn„ bs dowdys HJ@, g` ndtthr webje pràrdnnh wds je`shg bg teh odst wdsebga jyjoh.

8

SHZS DGC [HYDB[ 8.4.;

8.4

Shstbga wdthr edrcghss bg teh dppobdgjh

@phrdtbga teh dppobdgjh wbte teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn swbtjehc `ff

Z`nh fduots rhqubrh tedt teh wdthr edrcghss bs chthrnbghc bg teh dppobdgjh. Jehjl teh fòo`wbga khf`rhedgc=

Bf teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn bs chdjtbvdthc, chthrahgt tdkohts wbte sdot rhpodjhnhgt sukstdgjhs seùoc kh ushc. G`th wedt bs wrbtthg `g teh pdjldabga.

Bs rhahghrdtb`g sdot ushc0 Eds rhahghrdtb`g sdot khhg dcchc0

Seh jehnbjdo j`np`ghgts `f nuotbfugjtb`g tdkohts kbgc teh obnhsjdoh bg teh wdthr t` tehnshovhs. Sehsh drh hffhjtbvh up t` dppr`x. ;4¹ cE. G`th teh pr`cujt chsjrbptb`g `f teh ndgufdjturhr.

Bs teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn swbtjehc `g0

Shst teh wdthr edrcghss `f teh suppoy wdthr.

Eds teh j`rrhjt charhh `f edrcghss khhg swbtjehc `g0 C`hs teh just`nhr ush tdkohts (webje `ghs)0 8.4.4

Shstbga weboh teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn bs djtbvh

8.4.:

Dcvbsbga teh just`nhr

Bf teh wdthr edrcghss bs dk`vh teh rdgah wbtebg webje teh utbobshc tdkohts edvh d s`fthgbga hffhjt, dcvbsh teh t eh just`nhr t` ush teh rhahghrdtb`g systhn wbte rhahghrdtb`g sdot.

Ztdrt thst pràrdnnh dgc oht teh dppobdgjh fboo up t` t eh fbrst pdush, jehjlbga vbsudooy.

Bf teh just`nhr ushs tdkohts wbteùt sdot rhpodjhnhgt sukstdgjhs, suaahst tedt sphjbdo sdot bs ushc.

Chthrnbgh wdthr edrcghss bg teh dppobdgjh usbga teh wdthr edrcghss thst.

Seh dppobdgjh nust kh sht j`rrhjtoy.

Dppr`x. 8¹ t` 1¹ cE seùoc kh nhdsurhc nhdsurhc pr`vbchc teh wdthr s`fthgbga s`fthgbga systhn bs bgtdjt dgc rhahghrdtb`g jyjohs edvh khhg sht j`rrhjtoy. Bf teh vdouh bs sbagbfbjdgtoy ebaehr, thst teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn.

8.;

[hn`vbga/bgstdoobga teh dppobdgjh

8.;.4

[hqubrhc t`òs

S`òs=

Ndthrbdo gunkhr=

Zphjbdo t`ò f`r terhdchc rbga `g teh sdot cbsphgshr< j`vhr `g teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga< hxedust dbr jedggho, wdthr st`rdah tdgl, wdthr bgoht kòt.

:34598

8.;.;

[hn`vbga wdthr

▽

S` crdbg teh ehdt hxjedgahr dgc wdthr st`rdah tdgl, stdrt Hj` xx pràrdnnh. Dfthr jehjlbga teh wdthr bnphoohr turg `ff teh tdp. Ehdt hxjedgahr dgc wdthr st`rdah tdgl drh crdbghc. Sehg rhsht t` punp ùt teh rhsbcudo wdthr.

▽

Xsbga teh sujtb`g syrbgah, rhn`vh rhndbgbga wdthr f r`n teh punp sunp.

Cbse wdsehr wbte zhòbth dccbtb`gdo ehdtbga systhn ▽

Qbte chvbjhs wbte zhòbth dccbtb`gdo ehdtbga systhn nust kh tdlhg rhsbcudo wdthrs ùt `f teh hqubpnhgt bgsbch. Hqubpnhgt rhsbcudo wdthr bgt` teh zhòbth j`gtdbghr, jdg kh chstr`yhc teh ndthrbdo j`gtdbghc bg bt.

8.:

Shstbga/rhpodjbga teh c``r shgs`r

8.:.;

[hn`vdo

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

@uthr c``r rhn`vhc.

▽

Fdsjbd rhn`vhc.

▽

[baet sbch pdgho rhn`vhc.

8.:.4

Nhdsurbga teh vòtdah

▽

Vhry jdrhfuooy rhn`vh teh poua fr`n teh c``r shgs`r. C` g`t puoo `g teh wbrhs.

▽

Nhdsurh vòtdah `g k`te j`gtdjt `f teh p`whr j`rc.

▽

Bf 4:.8 V CJ bs suppobhc t` c``r shgs`r, teh p`whr n`cuoh dgc teh j`gghjtb`g jdkoh w`rls pr`phroy -7 rhpodjh c``r shgs`r.

▽

Bf tebs vòtdah bs g`t dppobhc, nhdsurh teh vòtdah `g teh p`whr n`cuoh.

▽

G` vòtdah -7 rhpodjh p`whr n`cuoh.

4. C``r shgs`r.

▽

Vòtdah dvdbodkoh -7 nhdsurh rhsbstdgjh `f teh t eh j`gghjtb`g jdkohs khtwhhg p`whr n`cuoh dgc teh j`gghjtb`gs `f teh j`np`ghgt. [hjtbfy bgthrruptb`g.

;. O``shg teh tw` S`rx 49 sjrhw `g teh sbch `f teh c``r jo`surh rhjhss. Ydgho `f c``r jo`surh rhjhss ▽

Nhdsurh vòtdah `g teh n`cuoh ▽

Qehg teh poua bs j`gghjthc, teh suppoy vòtdah jdg kh nhdsurhc fr`n teh fr`gt `g teh tw` yhoo`w wbrhs `g teh p`whr n`cuoh. Qehg teh poua bs rhn`vhc, teh ndbg swbtje bs bg`phrdtbvh. bg`phrdtbvh.

8.:.:

Seh pdgho `f teh c``r jo`surh rhjhss ndy khj`nh chtdjehc wehg teh c``r shgs`r bs rhn`vhc. Eòc fbrnoy.

Bgstdoodtb`g

Bgstdoodtb`g bs bg rhvhrsh shquhgjh. Seh pouas drh j`chc.

8.3

Shstbga cbsphgshr hohjtrbjdooy

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

@uthr c``r rhn`vhc.

8.3.4

Nhdsurbga teh j`bo

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs HX= Yuosh vòtdah `f j`bo=

:;9 V

Frhquhgjy=

CJ

[hsbstdgjh=

44 l΢ ´ 4 l΢

[bgsh dbc jdpdjbty=

59 no

[bgsh dbc dnùgt dt shttbga 4‚6

4 no phr shttbga

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs XZD= Yuosh vòtdah `f j`bo=

468 V CJ

[hsbstdgjh=

;,61 l΢ ´ ;49 ΢

[bgsh dbc jdpdjbty=

59 no


4 no phr shttbga

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs HD (Hdst Dsbd)= Yuosh vòtdah `f j`bo=

;59 V CJ

[hsbstdgjh=

5,3 l΢ ´ 599 ΢

[bgsh dbc jdpdjbty=

59 no


4 no phr shttbga

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs SJ= :. Cbsj`gghjt poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g.

Nhdsurh rhsbstdgjh `g teh j`bo.

Yuosh vòtdah `f j`bo=

488 V CJ

[hsbstdgjh=

;,61 l΢ ´ ;49 ΢

[bgsh dbc jdpdjbty=

59 no


4 no phr shttbga

8.8

Jehjlbga Hn`tb`gObaet (`ptb`gdooy)

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ Zbch pdgho `g rbaet rhn`vhc ∝ S`p j`vhr `f p`whr n`cuoh rhn`vhc

4. O``shg poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g dgc nhdsurh vòtdah dt p`whr n`cuoh j`gtdjts L49.49.8-6 Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs= Zuppoy vòtdah=

4:,8 V CJ

8.6

Shstbga teh rhahghrdtb`g vdovh hohjtrbjdooy

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

Zbch pdgho `g ohft rhn`vhc.

8.6.4

Nhdsurbga teh j`bo

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs HX= G`nbgdo vòtdah=

;:9-;39 V

Frhquhgjy=

89/69 Ez

[hsbstdgjh=

; l΢ ´ 899 ΢

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs XZD= G`nbgdo vòtdah=

4;9-4;1 V

Frhquhgjy=

69 Ez

[hsbstdgjh=

669

΢ ´

49%

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs SJ=

3. Cbsj`gghjt poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g dgc nhdsurh teh rhsbstdgjh.

G`nbgdo vòtdah=

449V

Frhquhgjy=

69 Ez

[hsbstdgjh=

889

΢ ´

49%

8.1

Shstbga wdthr st`rdah tdgl vdovh hohjtrbjdooy Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs=

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

Zbch pdgho `g rbaet rhn`vhc.

8.1.4

Nhdsurbga teh j`bo

4. Cbsj`gghjt poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g dgc nhdsurh teh rhsbstdgjh `f teh Dltudt`r-YSJ-vdovh.

G`nbgdo vòtdah=

449-;39 V

Frhquhgjy=

89/69 Ez

[hsbstdgjh=

599~4;99 ΢ / ;9¹J

8.5

Shstbga Dqudst`p vdovh hohjtrbjdooy

4. O``sbga o`jlbga ohvhr ;. Fòc teh J`vhr wbte teh bgoht e`sh ùtwdrc. 4. Cbsj`gghjt poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g dgc nhdsurh teh rhsbstdgjh.


;;9 ~ ;39 V

Frhquhgjy=

89/69 Ez

[hsbstdgjh=

3.; l΢ ´ 4 L΢

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs SJ / XZD= G`nbgdo vòtdah=

449 ~ 4;1 V

Frhquhgjy=

69 Ez

[hsbstdgjh=

229

΢ ´

89 ΢

8.2

8.2.;

Shstbga teh ehdtbga punp

Nhdsurbga GSJ rhsbstdgjh

Seh GSJ rhsbstdgjh vdouh bs nhdsurhc `g teh ehdtbga j`gtdjts `f teh ehdtbga punp. Nhdsurhc vdouhs wehg GSJs bgtdjt dgc dt ;8 ¹J= J`gtdjt 3 ‚ 8=

dppr`x. 49 L΢ ´ 4 L΢

J`gtdjt 8 ‚ 6=

dppr`x. 49 L΢ ´ 4 L΢

J`gtdjt 3 ‚ 6=

dppr`x. ;9 L΢

Nhdsurhc dt ;8 ¹J

[hsbstdgjh nhdsurhnhgt `f teh GSJs ▽

8.2.4

Nhdsurbga teh ehdthr rhsbstdgjh

Seh ehdthr rhsbstdgjh bs nhdsurhc `g teh ehdtbga j`gtdjts `f teh ehdtbga punp. Nhdsurhc vdouhs wehg ehdthr bgtdjt HX= J`gtdjt ; ‚ :=

dppr`x. 42

΢ ´

Nhdsurhc vdouhs wehg ehdthr bgtdjt SJ / XZD= J`gtdjt ; ‚ :=

jd. 5,2 ΢ ´ ; ΢

;΢

Seh nhdsurhnhgt `f teh GSJ nust rhsuot bg d synnhtrbjdo vdouh.

8.2.:

Nhdsurbga wbgcbga rhsbstdgjh `f teh KOCJ n`t`r

Nhdsurh wbgcbga rhsbstdgjh dt ;8¹ `g teh wbgcbga j`gtdjts `f teh ehdtbga punp. Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs= [hsbstdgjh=

dppr`x. 34.8 ΢ ´ 3 ΢ `r dppr`x. 8:.8 ΢ ´ 3.8 ΢ djj`rcbga t` ndgufdjturhr

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs= [hsbstdgjh=

4; ΢ kbs 43 ΢

[hsbstdgjh nhdsurhnhgt ▽

Seh rhsbstdgjh vdouhs drh dppr`x. vdouhs. Sehrh nust kh synnhtry f`r doo nhdsurhnhgts (sdnh rhsbstdgjh vdouhs).

8.49

Shstbga teh crdbg punp

8.49.4 Nhdsurbga wbgcbga rhsbstdgjh rhsbstdgjh `f `f teh KOCJ n`t`r n`t`r Nhdsurh wbgcbga rhsbstdgjh `g teh wbgcbga j`gtdjts. Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs= [hsbstdgjh=

dppr`x. 59,8

΢ ´

8΢

[hsbstdgjh nhdsurhnhgt ▽

Seh rhsbstdgjh vdouhs drh dppr`x. vdouhs. Sehrh nust kh synnhtry f`r doo nhdsurhnhgts (sdnh rhsbstdgjh vdouhs).

8.44

Shstbga teh wdthr p`bgts hohjtrbjdooy

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

Zbch pdgho `g rbaet rhn`vhc.


;:9‚;39 V

Y`whr bgput=

1 Q / 3Q

Frhquhgjy=

89/69 Ez

[hsbstdgjh=

6,9 l΢ ´ 599 ΢

8.44.4 Nhdsurh wdthr p`bgts n`t`r (sbnpoh nhdsurhnhgt) nhdsurhnhgt)

`r 3,6 l΢ ´ 599 ΢ Chphgcbga `g ndgufdjturhr Zphhc=

3-8 nbg-4

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs SJ / XZD= G`nbgdo vòtdah=

4;9 V

Y`whr bgput=

8Q

Frhquhgjy=

89 / 69 Ez

[hsbstdgjh=

8,2 l΢ ´ 599 ΢ @r 3,1 l΢ ´ 599 ΢

4. Cbsj`gghjt poua U; fr`n p`whr n`cuoh dgc nhdsurh rhsbstdgjh `g teh wbrhs f`r teh wdthr p`bgts n`t`r, j`gtdjt : dgc 3. Bf teh rhsbstdgjh vdouh bs , jehjl wbrhs f`r bgthrruptb`gs dgc nhdsurh cbrhjtoy `g teh wdthr p`bgts n`t`r. ∗

Chphgcbga `g ndgufdjturhr Zphhc=

8/6 nbg-4

8.44.; Nhdsurbga wdthr p`bgts p`bgts n`t`r (`g teh j`np`ghgt) [hqubrhnhgt= ▽

[bgsbga tdgl fòchc c`wg.

Nhdsurhc vdouhs, shh tdkoh. 8.44.: Qdthr p`bgts puosh trdgsnbtthr

Seh wdthr p`bgts puosh trdgsnbtthr jdgg`t kh thsthc. Nhdsurh teh rhsbsbtdgjh `f teh fhhc jdkoh. Bf tehrh bs d fduot `g teh puosh trdgsnbtthr, teh wdthr p`bgts rug j`gtbguùsoy. Sehrh drh g` bgbtbdobsdtb`g puoshs.

8.4;

Shstbga teh pbhz` hohjtr`gbjs

Seh pbhz` p`whr suppoy ugbt suppobhs teh pbhz` hohjtr`gbjs dgc teh cbspody `g teh ùtsbch wbte p`whr dgc cdtd.

[hqubrhnhgt=

Fduots jdg kh o`jdobshc chphgcbga `g fduot jedrdjthrbstbjs.

∝ Fdsjbd rhn`vhc

J`np`ghgts nust kh thsthc bg sujjhssb`g djj`rcbga t` teh jbrjubt cbdardn.



▽


▽


▽


Chfhjtbvh j`np`ghgts jdg kh n`gbt`rhc wbte obnbtdtb`gs `goy. @g ▽

poua U4 teh ndbgs vòtdah jdg kh nhdsurhc dgc `g

▽

poua U; teh suppoy vòtdah `f teh kus obgh (4:,8V CJ)

jdg kh nhdsurhc.

JDXSB@G Vòtdah phdls wbte teh rhohdsh/j`gghjtbga teh poua j`gtdjts Chstrujtb`g `f teh j`gtrò n`cuoh `r teh pbhz` p`whr suppoy ugbt (`ptb`gdo) ky ght p`thgtbdo `g teh arùgc

wbrh `f teh kus systhn ▽

Cbsj`gghjt teh dppobdgjh fr`n teh p`whr obgh khf`rh rhohdsh/j`gghjtbga poua j`gghjt`rs.

Qehg k`te vòtdahs drh dppobhc, teh OJC cbspody seùoc kh obt f`r teh fugjtb`gbga pbhz` p`whr suppoy ugbt. Bf teh kus j`gghjtb`g bs bg w`rlbga `rchr, tebs bs bgcbjdthc ky d cbspody. Bf `phrdtbga fugjtb`g bs g`t p`ssbkoh dgc tehrh bs g` rhndbgbga ruggbga tbnh cbspody, jehjl wehtehr teh OJC cbspody bs fugjtb`gbga. G` OJC cbspody= Sry rhpodjbga pbhz` p`whr suppoy ugbt OJC cbspody djtbvh= Sry rhpodjbga pbhz` `phrdtbga ugbt.

8.4:

Y`whr j`rc

; str`ga jdtje nhjedgbsns `g teh sbchs prhvhgt teh poua fr`n khj`nbga o``sh `r j`nbga ùt `f teh dppobdgjh. 8.4:.4 Bgstdoodtb`g

8.4:.; [hn`vdo Cbsj`gghjt teh p`whr j`rc fr`n teh dppobdgjh ky jdrhfuooy n`vbga bt up dgc c`wg (g`t sbchwdys!!) dgc sbnuotdghùsoy puoobga teh dppobdgjh poua.

8.43

[hpodjbga fhhc pbph 8.43.; Bgstdoodtb`g Bgstdoodtb`g bs bg rhvhrsh shquhgjh.

8.43.4 [hn`vdo 4. Sua teh o`whr sprdy drn sobaetoy dgc puoo `ff teh fhhc pbph. ;. Xgsjrhw k`te S`rx sjrhws `g teh punp sunp. :. O``shg jdtje nhjedgbsns bg teh drhd `f teh jùpobga p`bgt. 3. Jdrhfuooy o``shg t`p jdtje nhjedgbsns `g teh r``f sprbglohr (`ptb`gdooy) usbga d sndoo fodt-kodch sjrhwcrbvhr.

8.48

Zn``te ruggbga puoo-ùt rdbo f`r t`p kdslht (`ptb`gdo)

8.48.4 [hn`vdo Fbxbga krdjlhts ndy krhdl `ff ▽

Jdrhfuooy khgc fbxbga krdjlhts. Bf teh fbxbga krdjlht krhdls, teh dppobdgjh jdg g` o`gahr kh rhpdbrhc.

▽

Zobaetoy khgc `phg k`te fbxbga krdjlhts kr djlhts wbte d sjrhwcrbvhr

▽

Yrhss puoo-ùt rdbo kdjlwdrcs dgc rhn`vh bgwdrcoy

8.48.; Bgstdoodtb`g ▽

Khgc kdjl fbxbga krdjlhts

▽

Bgshrt puoo-ùt rdbo dgc prhss f`rwdrcs ugtbo bt hgadahs

8.46

[hn`vbga teh w`rlt`p

4. [hn`vh tw` sjrhws dt rhdr. ;. Yrhss up k`te o`jlbga ohvhrs ugchr teh w`rlt`p. :. Obft teh fr`gt `f teh w`rlt`p sobaetoy.

8.46.4 [hn`vdo

3. Yuse kdjl teh w`rlt`p dgc obft `ff.

8.46.; Bgstdoodtb`g

4. O`jl kdjl `f w`rlt`p bgt` teh aubchs wbte teh rhtdbgbga ouas. ;. Yuse f`rwdrcs. :. Yrhss c`wg fr`gt `f w`rlt`p ugtbo k`te o`jlbga ohvhrs jobjl bgt` p`sbtb`g. 3. Zjrhw teh tw` sjrhws kdjl bg dadbg.

8.41

Bgstdoobga `ptb`gdo hohnhgts bg teh kdslhts

@ptb`gdo hohnhgts jdg kh fbtthc bg teh kdslhts. 8.41.4 Sdkoht jeuth 56 jn n`cho 6432:8

8.41.; Jup supp`rt jobp645868 Qehg wdsebga jups, teh jup supp`rt jobp jdg kh fòchc up. Seh dccbtb`gdo bgjobghc p`sbtb`g rhcujhs teh djjunuodtb`g `f wdthr `g teh ugchrsbch `f teh jup. Bg teh jdsh `f tdoo aodsshs bt bs rhj`nnhgchc t` fòc c`wg teh jup supp`rt jobp. Bf t`p kdslhts fhdturh `ptb`gdo podstbj bgshrts, tehsh nust kh rhn`vhc fbrst.

Hgadah jup supp`rt jobps.

@phgbga teh jobps=

8.41.: Adstr`g`rn bgshrt eòchr

Y`sbtb`gbga teh uthgsbos=

8.41.3 Zhttbga up vdrb` jutohry crdwhr pous ‚ `ptb`gdo fr`n 49/;944 `g @goy teh cbsdsshnkoy `f fohxbkoh hohnhgts `f teh vdrb` jutohry crdwhr pous bs se`wg. Seh dsshnkoy tdlhs podjh bg rhvhrsh `rchr. Yodstbj pdrts drh t` kh hgadahc hvhgoy dgc hxdnbghc f`r tbaetghss. [hn`vh edgcoh=

Khgc odtjehs bgwdrc. [hn`vh edgcoh upwdrc.

Yrhss teh odthrdo podstbj bgshrts ùtwdrc. Yuoo bt upwdrc fr`n teh frdnhw`rl.

Khgc aubch strdps jdrhfuooy ùtwdrc. Yuoo fobp tbghs fr`n teh oduaethr.

Yrhss teh nhtdo frdnhs fr`n teh nùgtbga podths bg fr`gt. Yuse t` teh rhdr fr`n teh aubcdgjh.

8.45

Bgstdoobga jebocpr``f o`jl

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

Q`rlt`p rhn`vhc

8.42

[hpodjbga / rhshttbga c``r o`jl

8.42.; Bgstdoodtb`g

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ Q`rlt`p rhn`vhc `r ∝ dppobdgjh puoohc ùt ds fdr ds rbgsbga tdgl frdnh. 8.42.4 [hn`vdo

4.

Bgshrt teh ghw c``r o`jl.

;.

Khgc bg teh tw` nhtdo krdjlhts dadbg t` shjurh teh c``r o`jl.

8.42.: [hsht Bf teh sgdp o`jl bs o`jlhc ndgudooy (bf rhqubrhc wehg usbga teh trdgspdrhgt cbdag`sbs c``r), teh systhn nust kh rhohdshc dadbg. S` c` tebs, jo`sh teh c``r fbrnoy. 4.

Ztrdbaethg nhtdo krdjlhts `g rbaet dgc ohft `f teh c``r o`jl.

;.

Obft `ff c``r o`jl.

D str`ga nhjedgbjdo rhsbstdgjh rhsbstdgjh nust kh `vhrj`nh!

8.;9

[hpodjbga sbch pdghos

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ [hn`vh w`rlt`p (bf fbtthc).

8.;9.4 [hn`vdo 4. O``shg sjrhws `f teh sbch pdgho `g teh fr`gt sbch. ;. Fòc ùt teh upphr sbch `f teh sbch podth. :. Yuse c`wg teh sbch pdghos dgc chtdje fr`n teh rhtdbgbga ouas `f teh kdsh pdg.

8.;9.; Bgstdoodtb`g

Bgstdoodtb`g 4. Dttdje teh sbch pdgho t` teh jdtjehs jdtjehs `f teh dppobdgjh ugchrsbch. ugchrsbch. ;. Yrhss hvhgoy `gt` teh dppobdgjh. :. Zjrhw tàhtehr sbch wdoo.

8.;4

[hn`vbga ùthr c``r

8.;4.4 [hn`vdo [hn`vh ùthr c``r ky rhn`vbga teh : sjrhws `g hdje sbch `f teh bgghr c``r.

Ydgho sjrhws

▽

Bt bs g`t ghjhssdry t` rhn`vh teh t`pn`st 6 sjrhws bg `rchr t` rhn`vh teh ùthr c``r.

▽

Sdlh eòc `f teh sbchs `f teh ùthr c``r t` prhvhgt bt fdoobga c`wg.

8.;4.; Bgstdoodtb`g Y`sbtb`g bgsuodtbga ndts dgc f`rjh shgs`rs. Jo`sh bgghr c``r kut c` g`t hgadah. 4. Yuse ùthr c``r wbte teh upphrsbch dt dg dgaoh ugchr teh fdsjbd. ;. Yrhss ùthr c``r `gt` teh bgghr c``r. Qbte teh c``r `phg sobaetoy, sjrhw tàhtehr fr`n bgsbch.

Ydgho sjrhws ▽

Xsh 3x44 nn sjrhws.

8.;;

Vdrbdkoh ebgah ‚ bgstdoodtb`g, `ptb`gdo

8.;;.4 [hn`vdo [hqubrhnhgt= kdsh pdgho rhn`vhc

G`th Bgstdoodtb`g ehbaet ▽

Khf`rh puoobga teh cbse wdsehr ùt `f bgstdoodtb`g ndrl teh bgstdoodtb`g ebaet. (h.a.= cbstdgjh (d) khtwhhg fo``r t` o`whr hcah `f teh cbse wdsehr).

▽

Seh hqubpnhgt nust kh dobaghc bg teh sdnh ehbaet khf`rh dsshnkoy teh furgbturh fr`gt

Hxdnpoh=

4. Yuoo dppobdgjh ùt `f teh bgstdoodtb`g jdvbty.

4. [hn`vh 3 sjrhws.

4. [hn`vh k`te jer`nh strbps.

4. O``shg o`jl sjrhws (: ~ 8 rùgcs).

4. [dbsh furgbturh c``r dgc ;. puse bt upwdrcs tboo teh upphr sobch bs ùt `f teh aubch.

4. [hn`vh 6 eùsbga sjrhws fr`n teh fr`gt c``r. 4. [hn`vh sjrhws.

4. Yuoo ùthr c``r sobaetoy dwdy fr`n teh dppobdgjh. ;. Jdrhfuooy rhn`vh c`wgwdrcs.

4. N`vh ebgah upsbch ;. [hn`vh k`te sobchhohnhgts fr`n teh j`gcujt

8.;;.; Bgstdoobga ùthr c``r

4. Bgshrt ùthr c``r fr`n kho`w bgt` teh bgghr c``r. 4. Bgshrt k`te sobchhohnhgts t` teh j`gcujt ;. N`vh ebgah upsbch Y`sbtb`g `f teh sjrhws ▽ Qehg rhusbga teh sobcbga hohnhgts `kshrvh teh j`rrhjt

sjrhw p`sbtb`g teh strujturh (shh jedpthr= Nùgtbga furgbturh mùrgdo) ▽ Ndlh surh tedt teh upphr dgc o`whr sobcbga hohnhgts sobch bg

teh nhtdo ùthr c``r j`rrhjtoy

;. Yrhss ùthr c``r t`wdrcs teh dppobdgjh.

4. Nùgt teh m`bgt `g teh ebgah sbch podth dgc sjrhw bg fr`n kho`w.

Zjrhws ▽

Xsh 3x44nn sjrhws.

Bgstdoodtb`g ▽

Ndlh surh tedt teh m`bgt bs pr`phroy bgshrthc bgt` teh g`sh wbte teh ebgah.

;. Zjrhw fr`n kho`w

4. Dsshnkoh ùthr c``r wbte 6 eùsbga eùsbga sjrhws.

Cbnhgsb`gs f`r 56 jn n`chos= 8.;;.: Bgstdoobga furgbturh c``r Qehg bgstdoobga teh c``r f`r teh fbrst tbnh, dttdje teh 3 rhtdbgbga hohnhgts t` teh furgbturh c``r ds chsjrbkhc bg teh bgstdoodtb`g bgstrujtb`gs.

Cbnhgsb`gs f`r 54 jn n`chos=

4. Ndrl bgstdoodtb`g p`bgts hxdjtoy wbte ; nn crboo kbt dttdje 3 rhtdbgbga hohnhgts hxdjtoy.

Bgj`rrhjt ndrlbga dgc dttdjenhgt! Chstrujtb`g `f teh furgbturh c``r

JDXSB@G

▽

Seh dttdjenhgt p`bgts `f teh rhtdbgbga hohnhgt nust kh `kshrvhc hxdjtoy. Bf teh 3 rhtdbgbga hohnhgts drh dttdjehc ughvhgoy `r sodgthc, teh furgbturh c``r ndy mdn wehg bt bs khbga `phghc `r jo`shc.

▽

Seh sjrhw fbttbgas `f teh edgc arbp nust dowdys kh jùgthrsugl.

S` hgsurh teh teh j`rrhjt dsshnkoy ehbaet, teh nhdsurhs (k) (k) dgc (j) nust darhh. J`gcbtb`g= Hqubpnhgt j`rrhjtoy dobaghc

Seh cbstdgjh (k) fr`n (k) fr`n teh upphr hcah `f teh ghbaekùrbga fr`gt t` teh jodnpbga sjrhw `f teh aobchr nust j`rrhsp`gc t` teh cbstdgjh (j) fr`n (j) fr`n teh upphr hcah `f teh furgbturh sehht up t` teh nbccoh `f teh j`gghjtb`g jobp. Sòhrdgjh Jùgthrsbgl sjrhw fbttbgas `f teh edgc arbps.

▽

Cbsdarhh teh cbnhgsb`gs, j`gghjtb`g jobp nust kh dcdpthc!

teh

ehbaet

`f

teh

Xp t` dgc bgjoucbga FC 2;98 (Yrbndry systhn)

Jehjl teh o`jlbga sjrhws. Seh aubch pdrt jdgg`t kh p`sbtb`ghc shjurhoy ugohss teh adp khtwhhg teh sobcbga hohnhgts bs frhh. Seh sjrhws nust kh ugsjrhwhc fdr hgùae.

Bgj`rrhjt p`sbtb`g `f teh o`jlbga sjrhws! Chstrujtb`g `f teh rhtdbgbga hohnhgts `r teh sobcbga hohnhgts `g teh drtbjuodthc m`bgts. ▽

JDXSB@G

Seh o`jlbga sjrhws nust kh ugsjrhwhc d o`ga wdy khf`rh teh furgbturh c``r jdg kh dttdjehc. Seh rhjhbvbga adp bg teh sobcbga hohnhgts nust kh frhh t` prhvhgt teh rhthgtb`g ouas fr`n jdtjebga `r khbga ko`jlhc.

4

Aubch pdrt

;

Zobchr

Seh aubch pdrt eds t` kh p`sbtb`ghc bg suje d wdy bg teh sobcbga hohnhgts, tedt teh o`jlbga sjrhw bs bg teh jhgtrbj rhjhss.

Fr`n FC 2;98 `g

F`r doo FC=

(N`cbfbhc systhn)

4. Bgshrt sobcbga hohnhgts j`rrhjtoy bgt` teh aubchs. ;. Yrhss furgbturh c``r `gt` teh ùthr c``r. Jdrhfuooy o`whr furgbturh c``r ds fdr ds teh st`p.

Seh sjrhw nust kh sjrhwhc bg, kut g`t fbxhc.

Nùgtbga ky usbga sjrhws ▽

Seh o`ga sjrhws, webje drh ushc bg b g sòbc furgbturhs, drh g`t rhqubrhc dgyn`rh! Seh n`kboh systhn jdg kh cdndahc ky fbxbga teh furgbturh sehht.

V@[ZBJES

4. Y`sbtb`g chj`rdtbvh strbps. 4. Dobag furgbturh c``r. ;. Sbaethg ; o`jlbga sjrhws ky edgc.

;. Zjrhw `g chj`rdtbvh strbps.

4. Bgstdoo dppobdgjh dgc ;. bgstdoo kdsh pdgho.

8.;:

[hpodjbga teh cbsphgshr

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

@uthr c``r `r câj`r pdgho rhn`vhc.

Zedrp-hcahc sehht-nhtdo pdrts! [bsl `f bgmury ▽

8.;:.4 [hn`vbga teh cbsphgshr

Qhdr pr`thjtbvh ao`vhs.

JDXSB@G 8.;:.; [hn`vdo 4. Sdlh jdkoh cujt ùt `f teh jdtjehs. ;. O``shg poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g.

4. Jdrhfuooy khgc sehht-nhtdo krdjlhts dwdy fr`n teh cbsphgshr dgc prhss cbsphgshr jdrhfuooy bgwdrcs dgc hgsurh tedt bt c`hs g`t fdoo bgt` teh dppobdgjh.

8.;:.: Bgstdoodtb`g ▽

Khf`rh bgstdoobga teh cbsphgshr, khgc kdjl sehht-nhtdo krdjlhts t` teh bgbtbdo p`sbtb`g.

4. Bgstdoo jdkoh aubch. ;. [h-dttdje poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g.

4. Hgadah cbsphgshr hvhgoy bg teh c``r dgc hgsurh tedt doo 5 jdtje nhjedgbsns edvh hgadahc.

8.;3

Bgstdoobga teh chthrahgt j`vhr

cbsphgshr. 4. Dttdje o`ga hgc `f sprbga t` teh cbsphgshr. ;. Dttdje se`rt hgc `f sprbga t` teh chthrahgt j`vhr. :. Yrhss j`vhr bgt` teh cbsphgshr.

8.;3.4 [hpodjbga Hn`tb`gObaet (`ptb`gdooy) [hqubrhnhgt=

∝ Q`rlt`p (`ptb`gdo) rhn`vhc ∝ Zbch pdgho `g rbaet rhn`vhc 8.;3.; [hn`vdo

4. O``shg poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g. (Jdrhfuooy hxp`sh rbkk`g jdkoh.) 8.;3.: Bgstdoodtb`g 4. [hn`vh k`te OHCs ;. wbte eòchr fr`n teh rbgsbga tdgl.

4. [h-dttdje poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g. (Jdrhfuooy ody rbkk`g jdkoh khebgc teh ebgah podth.)

4. Bgshrt OHCs bgt` teh frdnh `f teh rbgsbga rb gsbga tdgl.

8.;8

[hpodjbga bgfòbaet Bgfòbaet Bf teh Bgfòbaet nust kh hxjedgahc, kh hxdnbghc cdnnbga ndt dgc jdkoh rug dgc dcdpthc bf ghjhssdry

Bg jdsh `f d chfhjt teh Bgfòbaet bs t` kh rhghwhc j`npohthoy. Qbte teh bgstdoodtb`g teh jutùt `f teh cdnnbga ndt dgc teh jdkoh rug drh t` kh hxdnbghc. Bf teh cdnnbga ndt stboo bs bg teh f`rn suje ds booustrdtb`g 4, tebs 48nn bs t` kh jut ùt furtehr, shhs booustrdtb`g ;. Sebs bs vdobc `goy f`r fuooy bgthardthc chvbjhs wbteùt Ybhz``phrdtb`g.

Booustrdtb`g 4= Jut ùt cdnnbga ndt t` FC 5549 dgc chvbjhs wbte Ybhz``phrdtb`g

Zquhhzh g`shs jdrhfuooy tàhtehr. [hn`vh Bgfòbaet t` teh c``r jhgthr. Booustrdtb`g ;= Jut ùt cdnnbga ndt fr`n FC 5544`g

[hpodjbga SbnhObaet

Khgc teh odtjehs (4) kdjl khf`rh bgstdoodtb`g.

Bg jdsh `f d chfhjt teh Bgfòbaet bs t` kh rhghwhc j`npohthoy.

Yuse teh SbnhObaet n`cuoh kdjl bgt` teh aubcdgjh (;).

S` cbsdsshnkoy khgc teh odtjehs (4) hdsboy ùtwdrc. Yuoo teh SbnhObaet n`cuoh upwdrc fr`n teh aubcdgjh (;).

8.;6

[hpodjbga teh fdsjbd

∝ @uthr c``r (bf fbtthc) rhn`vhc.

8.;6.4 Yrhpdrdtb`g= 4. [hn`vh wbrhs `g ohft dgc rbaet fr`n teh kusebgas. ;. [hn`vh wbrh fr`n rbgsh-dbc shgs`r. :. [hn`vh hdrte wbrh bf fbtthc.

G`th ▽

Qehg o``shgbga teh odst sjrhw, eòc teh t eh fdsjbd wbte `gh edgc. Bt bs g` o`gahr shjurh dgc ndy fdoo c`wg.

▽

Xsh 3x46 nn sjrhws.

8.;6.; [hn`vdo @phg c``r. O``shg upphr 6 sjrhws. [hn`vh fdsjbd. 8.;6.: Bgstdoodtb`g 4. Fbx fdsjbd t` teh bgghr c``r dgc tehg sjrhw bg teh 6 sjrhws. ;. [h-dttdje poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`gs.

8.;1

[hpodjbga teh c``r sprbgas

∝ J`rrhsp`gcbga sbch pdgho rhn`vhc. Cbffhrhgt sprbga systhns ▽

Sw` cbffhrhgt sprbga systhns drh ushc. K`te `f tehn drh chsjrbkhc bg tebs jedpthr.

8.;1.4 [hn`vdo (Zprbga systhn B)

4. @phg c``r sobaetoy. ;. Arbp thgsb`g j`rc wbte fodt-g`shc pobhrs. :. Jo`sh c``r.

3. [hn`vh j`rc aubch j`vhr ùtwdrcs.

8.;1.; Sdkoh `f sprbgas sprbgas (sprbga systhn B)= Vhrsb`g=

Ndx.

[hn`vh j`rc systhn wbte sprbga (4), j`rc (;), chfohjtb`g ohvhr (:) dgc eòchr (3) f`rwdrcs. .

Nbg.

Ehbaet=

Jòùr=

Ndt.-Gr=

Qhbeats `f furgbturh c``r =

Fuooy bgthardthc

56,8 jn (:2cK)

Obaet Kouh

6;:53:

:,9 La t` 49 La

Fuooy bgthardthc

56,8 jn

Ybgl

644:39

:,9 La t` 49 La

Bgthardthc

56,8 jn

Arhhg

644::2

;,8 La t` 5,8 La

Fuooy bgthardthc

54,8 jn

Kodjl

644::5

;,8 La t` 5,8 La

Bgthardthc

54,8 jn

Kouh

644::1

;,8 La t` 5,8 La

Frhh stdgcbga< Kuboc ugchr

56,8jn+ 54,8 jn stdbgohss sthho

[hc

644::6

-------


54,8 jn

Rhoo`w

644::8

-------

▽

Seh c``r sprbgas jdg kh bchgtbfbhc ky d jòùrhc c`t `g teh rhdr `f teh dppobdgjh.

▽

Seh c``r sprbgas nust kh rhpodjhc bg pdbrs `goy! pdbrs `goy!

▽

C` g`t bgstdoo cbffhrhgt sprbgas!

▽

Seh sdnh jòùr j`cbga nust kh ushc `g teh rbaet dgc ohft!

8.;1.: Dsshnkobga Shgsb`g j`rc eòchr ▽

Seh thgsb`g j`rc eòchr nust kh dttdjehc ds booustrdthc bg `rchr t` prhvhgt frbjtb`g `g teh kdsh pdg.

Bgshrt thgsb`g j`rc t` teh sprbga (4) dgc fbx bt bg teh g`tje `f teh kdsh pdg (;).

4. Fbx thgsb`g j`rc eòchr bg teh g`tje `f teh kdsh pdg. Seh j`rc systhn bs dut`ndtbjdooy dttdjehc t` teh c``r ohvhr.

8.;1.3 [hn`vdo (Zprbga sythn BB) Zhh [hn`vdo Zprbga Zysthn B

▽

Seh c``r sprbgas jdg kh bchgtbfbhc ky d jòùrhc c`t `g teh rhdr `f teh dppobdgjh.

▽

Seh c``r sprbgas nust kh rhpodjhc bg pdbrs `goy! pdbrs `goy!

▽

C` g`t bgstdoo cbffhrhgt sprbgas!

▽

Seh sdnh jòùr j`cbga nust kh ushc `g teh rbaet dgc ohft!

8.;1.8 Sdkoh `f sprbgas (Zprbga systhn BB) Sdkoh `f sprbgas ▽

Ndx.

Nbg.

C` g`t ush sprbgas `f 38 jn n`chos.

Vhrsb`g=

Ehbaet=

Jòùr=

Ndt.-Gr=

Fuooy Bgthardthc

56,8 jn (:2cK)

Obae Obaett kouh kouh 682: 682:34 34

:,9 :,9 La t` 49 La

Fuooy Bgthardthc

56,8 jn

Ybgl

6;6663

:,9 La t` 49 La

Bgthardthc

56,8 jn

Arhhg

682:39

;,8 La t` 5,8 La

Fuooy Bgthardthc

54,8jn

Kodjl

6;666;

;,8 La t` 5,8 La

Bgthardthc

54,8 jn

Kouh

6;6668

;,8 La t` 5,8 La


56,8 jn + 54,8 jn Ztdbgohss sthho

[hc

682::2

-------


54,8 jn

Rhoo`w

6;6661

Qhbeats `f furgbturh c``r=

-------

8.;1.6 Bgstdoobga c``r sprbga

4 Zprbga

; G`tje

Bgstdoo j`rc systhn bg rhvhrsh `rchr. Fbx teh sprbga bg teh pr`vbcht eòchr `f teh kdsh pdg. Bf sprbga bs kr`lhg (4) `r thgsb`g j`rc bs t`rg dgc bf bt bs susphjthc bg ahghrdo tedt teh podstbj eòchr (;) sprdyhc `g teh j`gtdbghr bs cdndahc= sprbga wbte teh nhtdo nhtdo rhtdbgbga rhtdbgbga podth ▽ Dttdje ghw sprbga hgjo`shc wbte teh spdrh pdrt!

4

Nhtdo rhtdbgbga podth

;

Zprbga

Dttdje nhtdo rhtdbgbga podth t` sprbga. G`bshs Qehg j`gvhrtbga `r rhpodjbga teh sprbga, hgsurh bg pdrtbjuodr tedt teh fr`gt podstbj eòchr bs j`rrhjtoy rhp`sbtb`ghc< `tehrwbsh bt ndy jdush g`bshs `g teh sbch pdgho. ▽ Yodjh podstbj eòchr j`rrhjtoy bg teh kdsh arùp.

4

Nhtdo rhtdbgbga podth

Ednnhr nhtdo rhtdbgbga podth bgt` chsbagdthc ar``vh bg kdsh arùp.

8.;5

[hpodjbga wdthr bgoht

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

Ohft sbch pdgho rhn`vhc

▽

Qdthr bgoht hnptbhc

8.;5.4 [hn`vdo `f wdthr bgoht

4

Ndrlbhruga

4. Ndrl teh bgstdoodtb`g p`sbtb`g `f teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga gut dgc rhn`vh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga gut. ;. [hn`vh j`vhr jdp (`ptb`gdo). :. [hn`vh wdthrbgoht j`gghjtb`g.

4

Hxpdgsb`gs `phgbga-gut

;

J`vhr, wdthr bgoht

:

Qdthrbgoht Qdt hrbgoht j`gghjtb`g

4. Khgc ùt teh audrc j`vhr `f teh bnphoohr wehho jùgthr dgc rhn`vh poua j`gghjtb`g. ;. O``shg e`sh jodnp `g teh wdthr suppoy dgc rhn`vh suppoy e`sh. :. Jdrhfuooy puoo wdthr bgoht f`rwdrcs. Bg c`bga s`, chtdje fr`n t eh eòchr `g teh rhdr `f teh dppobdgjh dgc rhn`vh.

Dfthr prò`gahc `phrdtb`g teh wdthr bgoht ndy khj`nh stujl t` teh kbtunhg bgsuodtb`g dgc kh cbffbjuot t` rhn`vh.

4

Qdthr suppoy e`sh wbte jodnp

;

Bnphoohr wehho jùgthr wbte j`vhr

:

Jdtje nhjedgbsn

8.;5.; Nùgtbga wdthr bgoht Dsshnkoy shquhgjh shquhgjh

Ohdldah ▽

▽

Seh dsshnkoy shquhgjh chsjrbkhc ehrh bs t` kh lhpt.

Ydy dtthgtb`g t` teh j`rrhjt p`sbtb`g `f teh shdobga bg teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga.

Yrhvhgt ohdldah ▽ Dv`bc

squhhzbgas `f teh j`gghjtb`gs t` teh Qdthr s`fthghr dgc wdthr crdbg e`shs

4. Bgshrt teh wdthr bgoht t` teh j`gghjtb`gs `f wdthr s`fthghr dgc crdbg e`shs. ;. Zobp wdthr bgoht e`sh t` wdthr bgoht dgc fbx b t wbte teh jodnp. :. Yrhss teh wdthr bgoht t` teh j`gtdbghr. 3. O`jl teh wdthr bgoht `g teh j`gtdbghr. 4. Sbaethg teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga gut t` teh ndrlbga. ;. S` prhvhgt ohdldah, drùgc teh vdouh + : eùrs (4/3 rhvòutb`g) j`gtbguh t` tbaethg. :. Nùgt dgc tbaethg wdthr bgoht j`gghjtb`g. 3. Yuse j`vhr jdp (`ptb`gdooy) t` wdthr bgoht j`gghjtb`g. 8. J`gghjt teh wehho jùgthr wbte teh hohjtrbjdo poua.

8.;2

[hpodjbga fo`w shgs`r

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

Zbch pdgho `g ohft rhn`vhc [bsl `f krhdldah ▽

C` g`t khgc `r lbgl k`drcs wbte d fo`w shgs`r bg teh fodsl!

▽

J`np`ghgt bs vhry shgsbtbvh!

Jdrhfuooy khgc ùt teh podstbj fodp `g teh ehdt hxjedgahr / wdthr bgoht. O``shg poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g 4. Sdlh j`npohth k`drc wbte fo`w shgs`r ùt `f teh jdtje nhjedgbsns.

;. Xgpdjl ghw fo`w shgs`r, tdlh k`drc ùt `f trdgsp`rtdtb`g sdfhty chvbjh dgc cbsp`sh `f eòchr.

:. Jdrhfuooy dttdje ghw k`drc t` teh ehdt hxjedgahr / wdthr bgoht. [hj`gghjt p`whr suppoy dgc khgc kdjl podstbj fodp.

8.:9

[hpodjbga obqu`r rhshrv`br

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽


▽

Obqu`r rhshrv`br crdbghc.

8.:9.4 [hn`vdo `f obqubc rhshrv`br

4

Zthdn vhgt gut

;

Ndrl

4. Sda teh sthdn vhgt gut bg nùgtbga p`sbtb`g.

4

Jdtje nhjedgbsn

:

bgoht/crdbgdah bgoht/crdb gdah e`sh

;. [hn`vh teh sthdn vhgt gut.

;

Eòchr

3

Djtudt`r

4. O``shg jdtje. ;. O``shg jdtje dgc rhn`vh obqu`r rhshrv`br f`rwdrcs. :. [hn`vh bgoht/crdbgdah e`sh. 3. Cbsj`gghjt hohjtrbjdo j`gghjtb`g t` djtudt`r..

8.:9.; Nùgtbga obqu`r rhshrv`br 4. Bgshrt teh obqu`r rhshrv`br t` teh jdtje. ;. Fbx teh obqu`r rhshrv`br t` teh eòchr.

Ohdldah ▽

Ydy dtthgtb`g t` teh j`rrhjt p`sbtb`g `f teh shdobga bg teh j`gtdbghr `phgbga.

4. Sbaethg teh hxpdgsb`g `phgbga gut t` teh ndrlbga. ;. S` prhvhgt ohdldah, drùgc teh vdouh + : eùrs (4/3 rhvòutb`g) j`gtbguh t` tbaethg.

8.:4

[hpodjbga teh rhahghrdtb`g vdovh

8.:4.; [hn`vh dgje`r

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ Zbch pdgho `g ohft rhn`vhc. ∝ @ptb`gdooy= Ehdt hxjedgahr hnptbhc. ∝ Qdthr crdbghc fr`n teh sdot cbsphgshr. 8.:4.4 [hn`vdo

4. Bgshrt d sndoo sjrhwcrbvhr bg teh vdovh p`sbtb`g ;. Ohvhr teh vdovh bgshrt jdrhfuooy o``shoy :. [hn`vh teh vdovh bgshrt fr`n teh rhahghrdtb`g ugbt

Bgstdoo bg rhvhrsh shquhgjh. 4. [`tdth vdovh dgtb-jo`jlwbsh. ;. Yuoo ùt vdovh f`rwdrcs.

8.:4.: Y`sbtb`gbga teh drndturh

4. Dobag teh ndrlhc p`bgts. ;. Yrhss vdovh wbte sprbga kdjl bgt` teh j`bo ugtbo teh vdovh hgadahs.

8.:;

[hpodjbga teh crdbgdah e`sh

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ Ohft sbch pdgho rhn`vhc. 8.:;.4 [hn`vdo

4. O``shg teh pdgho jdtje nhjedgbsn. ;. Fòc ùt teh pdgho.

4. Yrhss crdbgdah e`sh kdjlwdrcs ùt `f teh eòchr. ;. [hn`vh c`wgwdrcs fr`n teh ehdt hxjedgahr / wdthr bgoht. 8.:;.; Bgstdoodtb`g Bs bg rhvhrsh shquhgjh.

8.::

[hpodjbga teh suppoy e`sh

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ Ohft sbch pdgho rhn`vhc. 8.::.4 [hn`vdo

4. [hn`vh hohjtrbjdo j`gghjtb`g. 4. O``shg teh pdgho jdtje nhjedgbsn. ;. Fodp t` teh rbaet edgc sbch. :. Fòc ùt teh pdgho.

4. @phg jodnp. ;. [hn`vh suppoy e`sh fr`n teh ehdt hxjedgahr / wdthr bgoht. 8.::.; Bgstdoodtb`g

Bs bg rhvhrsh shquhgjh.

8.:3

[hpodjbga teh p`whr n`cuoh

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽


▽

@ptb`gdo obqu`r rhshrv`br rhn`vhc.

▽

Y`whr j`rc rhn`vhc fr`n teh dppobdgjh.

8.:3.4 [hn`vdo

4. O``shg jdtjehs dgc ;. obft `ff n`cuoh.

4. Xsbga d sjrhwcrbvhr, jdrhfuooy ohvhr teh jdp t` teh ohft dgc o``shg teh jdtje. ;. Obft `ff jdp upphr shjtb`g.

J`cbga frdnhs 8.:3.; O``shg jdkoh edrghss

▽

Seh j`cbga frdnhs drh d j`np`ghgt `f teh wbrbga edrghss dgc rhndbg g`t `g teh n`cuoh.

J`np`ghgts webje j`nh bgt` j`gtdjt wbte hohjtr`stdtbj vòtdah wboo kh cdndahc khy`gc rhpdbr

4. O``shg jdtje dgc ;. Obft `ff j`npohth j`cbga frdnh wbte pouas.

▽


▽

@kshrvh nhdsurhs t` pr`thjt teh j`np`ghgts susjhp-tbkoh t` hohjtrbjdo cbsjedrah.

Bgstdoodtb`g bs bg rhvhrsh shquhgjh. Seh p`whr n`cuoh nust hgadah ducbkoy bgt` teh kdsh pdg. [h-dttdje teh spodse audrc j`vhr.

8.:3.: Bgstdoodtb`g

4. Bgshrt j`cbga frdnh bgt` teh aubch. ;. Yrhss c`wg ugtbo teh jdtje jobjls bgt` p`sbtb`g.

Youas ▽

[hsphjt f`r tbaethg teh poua wbtebg teh j`cbga frdnh.

Odybga `f jdkohs ▽

Jdkohs nust dowdys kh bgstdoohc ugchr teh t eh jdp shjtb`g wbte wdthr ùtoht jedggho..

8.:8

[hpodjbga kdsh pdgho dgc podth

8.:8.4 [hn`vdo Bgj`rrhjt rhn`vdo ▽

Bf teh kdsh pdgho bs sodjlhghc dt teh sbch dgc rhn`vhc, teh tw` eòchrs ndy krhdl `ff. Bf `goy `gh eòchr bs cdndahc, teh sbch jdg kh jedgahc, ds k`te eòchrs drh teh sdnh.

▽

Bt bs rhj`nnhgchc t` podjh yùr fhht ugchr teh fr`gt `f teh dppobdgjh t` rhobhvh teh o`dc `g teh kdsh pdgho.

4. O``shg kdsh podth ky ugsjrhwbga teh S`rx sjrhws. ;. Ohvhr teh podth ùt `f teh jdtjehs dgc rhn`vh.

Seh ugchrsbch `f teh kdsh pdgho bs shjurhc wbte ; jdtjehs. 4. Bgshrt d sjrhwcrbvhr bgt` teh aubchs (4) dgc rhn`vh teh jdtje nhjedgbsn c`wgwdrcs. ;. [hn`vh pdgho upwdrcs.

8.:8.; Bgstdoodtb`g

4. Yut kdsh pdgho `g t`p. 4. Yodjh kdsh podth bg teh jdtjehs. ;. Yrhss up dgc sjrhw tàhtehr.

;. Yrhss c`wg ugtbo bt jobjls bgt` p`sbtb`g.

8.:6

[hpodjbga g`g-rhturg vdovh

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

@uthr c``r rhn`vhc

▽

Kdsh pdgho dgc podth rhn`vhc

▽

Qdthr rhn`vhc fr`n punp sunp

▽

Crdbgdah e`sh rhn`vhc fr`n punp sunp

Zjrdtjehs ▽

Curbga rhn`vdo, c` g`t sjrdtje teh bgsbch `f teh ùtoht j`gghjtb`g wbte d sedrp-hcahc sjrhwcrbvhr. Ohdls ndy `jjur.

8.:6.4 [hn`vdo

8.:6.; Bgstdoodtb`g

8.:1

[hpodjbga teh Dqudshgs`r

[hqubrhnhgt= ▽

Kdsh pdgho dgc kdsh podth rhn`vhc.

8.:1.; Bgstdoodtb`g Bgshrt dgc o`jl k`drc. 4. Yrhss Dqudshgs`r wbte k`drc hcahwbsh bgt` teh punp sunp. ;. [`tdth 29¹ t` teh rbaet dgc o`jl bg p`sbtb`g.

Zhdo

8.:1.4 [hn`vdo ▽

4. O``shg jdtje nhjedgbsn. ;. [`tdth Dqudshgs`r eùsbga ky 29¹ t` teh ohft. :. Yuoo ùt f`rwdrcs.

S` fdjbobtdth r`tdtbga teh Dqudshgs`r, teh shdo jdg kh oukrbjdthc wbte Yr`nò `r rbgsh dbc.

8.:5

Fòcbga c`wg rbgsbga tdgl

8.:5.; [hn`vbga `vhrfo`w jedggho

Seh rbgsbga tdgl nust kh fòchc c`wg doo teh wdy fr`n teh kdsh pdg f`r teh fòo`wbga w`rl= ▽

[hpodjhnhgt `f teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn.

▽

[hpodjhnhgt `f teh punp sunp.

▽

[hpodjhnhgt `f teh ehdtbga punp.

▽

[hpodjhnhgt `f teh wdthr p`bgts.

8.:5.4 [hqubrhnhgts [hn`vh `vhrfo`w jedggho [hn`vh crdbgdah e`sh [hn`vh fo`dt swbtje sdfhty systhn @phg suppoy e`sh ar`nnht [hn`vh p`whr n`cuoh [hn`vh fboobga e`sh `f wdthr st`rdah tdgl (`ptb`gdooy) Cbsj`gghjt djtudt`r `f wdthr st`rdah tdgl (`ptb`gdooy) Cbsj`gghjt hn`tb`g obaet (`ptb`gdooy)

4. Chtdje fr`n teh upphr jdtje nhjedgbsn. ;. Sdlh ùt `f teh o`whr aubch.

8.:5.: [hn`vbga crdbgdah e`sh

8.:5.3 [hn`vbga fo`dt swbtje sdfhty systhn

[hsbcudo wdthr ▽

Qehg teh crdbgdah e`sh bs rhn`vhc, rhsbcudo wdthr ndy rug ùt. Jdtje wdthr `r rhn`vh fr`n teh kdsh pdg wbte sujtb`g syrbgah.

4. O``shg jdtjehs. ;. [hn`vh swbtje upwdrcs.

4. Yrhss fohxbkoh crdbgdah e`sh upwdrcs ùt `f teh fbxbga. ;. [hn`vh fr`n punp sunp.

8.:5.8 @phgbga suppoy e`sh ar`nnht (dquds`p n`chos)

8.:5.6 @phgbga suppoy e`sh ar`nnht (wdthr bgoht vdovh n`chos) n`chos)

4. O``shg teh pdgho jdtje nhjedgbsn. ;. Fòc ùt teh pdgho. :. Yrhss teh e`sh kusebga dt d sobaet dgaoh bgt` teh kdsh pdg t` edvh n`rh johdrdgjh t` fòc c`wg dgc rhn`vh teh rbgsbga tdgl.

4. O``shg o`jlbga ohvhr. ;. Fòc teh j`vhr wbte teh bgoht e`sh ùtwdrc. :. [hn`vh suppoy e`sh.

8.:5.1 O``shgbga teh tdgl jdtje nhjedgbsn Seh rbgsbga tdgl bs ehoc dgc o`jlhc dt teh fr`gt dgc rhdr bg aubchs `g teh kdsh. Seh rbgsbga tdgl bs fbxhc dt teh rhdr `g teh o hft dgc rbaet wbte sehhtnhtdo krdjlhts. Sehsh drh khgt ky d podstbj oua `g teh kdsh pdg.

4. Xsbga d sjrhwcrbvhr, chtdje ebgah podths dt teh fr`gt sbch fr`n teh t`p `f teh jdtje nhjedgbsn. S` c` tebs, khgc bg teh ebgah podth jdtje nhjedgbsn.

4. Xsbga d sjrhwcrbvhr, strdbaethg sehht-nhtdo krdjlhts.

8.:5.5 Fòcbga c`wg teh rbgsbga tdgl Jo`sh sdot cbsphgshr ▽

Dowdys jehjl tedt teh sdot cbsphgshr cbsphgshr j`vhr bs sjrhwhc seut t` prhvhgt sdot sòutb`g fr`n ruggbga ùt sukshquhgtoy wehg teh tdgl bs fòchc c`wg!

▽

Yr`thjt supp`rt surfdjh f`r teh rbgsbga tdgl fr`n khbga sjrdtjehc.

▽

Sdgl bs shdthc fbrnoy bg teh aubchs dgc rhqubrhs `goy d obttoh f`rjh t` obft bt ùt. S` fdjbobtdth edgcobga, teh dppobdgjh jdg kh podjhc `g bts kdjl dgc teh kdsh pdg jdrhfuooy rhn`vhc.

▽

Bg teh jdsh `f frhh-stdgcbga dppobdgjhs, hgsurh tedt teh whbaet c`hs g`t fdoo ùt `f teh kdsh pdg.

4. Jdrhfuooy obft rbgsbga tdgl upwdrcs. ;. Yodjh rbgsbga tdgl t`wdrcs teh rhdr.

▽

Bf teh dppobdgjh bs `g bts kdjl dgc teh kdsh pdg bs rhn`vhc, hgsurh tedt teh whbaet c`hs g`t fdoo ùt `f frhh-stdgcbga dppobdgjhs.

8.:5.2 J`np`ghgts `g teh tdgl

Bg tebs stdth teh fòo`wbga j`np`ghgts/n`cuohs webje drh dttdjehc t` teh tdgl jdg kh rhpodjhc= 4. Jdkoh edrghss ;. Ehdtbga punp :. Y`whr n`cuoh (g`t fbxhc t` teh tdgl) 3. Qdthr p`bgts wbte n`t`r dgc puosh trdgsnbtthr - `ptb`gdooy 8. Qdthr s`fthgbga systhn 6. Yunp sunp

8.:2

[hpodjbga punp sunp

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ [bgsbga tdgl fòchc c`wg ∝ Ehdtbga punp rhn`vhc ∝ Qdthr p`bgts rhn`vhc ∝ Crdbg punp rhn`vhc ∝ Zuppoy pbph rhn`vhc 8.:2.4 [hn`vdo [bsl `f bgmury! Zedrp-hcahc sehht-nhtdo pdrts ▽

Seh hcah `f teh sehht nhtdo dt teh `phgbga f`r teh punp sunp ndy kh sedrp-hcahc!

▽

Qhdr ao`vhs.

O``shg 3 sjrhws (4. t` 3.) bg teh bgthrb`r j`gtdbghr dgc rhn`vh punp sunp c`wgwdrcs.

8.:2.; Bgstdoodtb`g

Zhquhgjh `f sjrhw j`gghjtb`gs ▽

Hgsurh tedt teh shdo bs j`rrhjtoy p`sbtb`ghc! Kruse wbte d obttoh Yr`nò `r rbgsh dbc. Yodjh punp sunp fr`n kho`w cbrhjtoy dgc wbteùt tbotbga bt `g teh j`gtdbghr. Bgshrt dgc tbaethg sjrhws bg rhvhrsh shquhgjh= 4. dt rhdr rbaet ;. dt rhdr ohft :. dt fr`gt ohft 3. dt fr`gt rbaet

Dowdys `kshrvh teh shquhgjh shquhgjh `f teh sjrhw j`gghjtb`gs. Ohdls ndy `jjur.

8.39

[hpodjbga ehdtbga punp

8.39.4 [hn`vbga ehdtbga punp [hqubrhnhgt= [bgsbga tdgl fòchc c`wg C` g`t `phg ehdtbga punp. ▽

Seh ehdtbga punp jdg kh rhpodjhc ds d weòh j`np`ghgt `goy. Bgcbvbcudo pdrts drh g`t dvdbodkoh.

4. Xsbga sbch jutthrs, o``shg teh e`sh jodnp `g teh wdthr p`bgts j`gghjtb`g.

4. Chtdje rukkhr eòchr fr`n khtwhhg punp ugbt dgc punp sunp.

8.39.; Bgstdoobga teh ehdtbga punp

4. Jdrhfuooy rhn`vh/r`tdth ehdtbga punp `ff teh wdthr p`bgts e`sh. ;. Ky ahgtoy r`tdtbga teh ehdtbga punp, puoo bt kdjlwdrcs. N`bsthg bgsbch `f rukkhr shdo wbte rbgsh dbc. 4. Yuse ehdtbga punp `gt` teh punp sunp dgc ;. prhss ùtoht jedggho bgt` teh wdthr p`bgts.

Crdbg punp shdo ▽

Seh rhpodjhc shdo f`r teh bgtdlh jedggho nust kh bgshrthc doo teh wdy bgt` teh eùsbga `f teh ehdtbga punp.

Sbaethg teh e`sh jodnp ds booustrdthc. ▽

E`sh jodnp ndt. g`.= 41;;1; bs rhqubrhc f`r teh rh-bgstdoodtb`g.

▽

Seh e`sh jodnp bs suppobhc wbte teh spdrh pdrts wdthr p`bgts, punp sunp dgc ehdtbga punp (sht).

8.39.: Johdgbga teh ehdtbga punp Seh ehdtbga punp nust kh johdghc fr`n teh ùtsbch `goy. Bf teh ehdtbga punp bs `phghc, teh ohdl tbaetghss jdg g` o`gahr kh audrdgthhc wehg teh ehdtbga punp bs jo`shc dadbg.

8.34

[hpodjbga wdthr p`bgts

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ [bgsbga tdgl fòchc c`wg ∝ Jbrjuodtb`g punp rhn`vhc 8.34.4 [hn`vdo O``shg teh wdthr p`bgts ▽

Seh wdthr p`bgts eùsbga rhqubrhs hff`rt t` turg!

▽

Qhdr ao`vhs.

4. [hn`vh teh e`sh f`r wdthr st`rdah tdgl (`ptb`gdooy) ;. O``shg jdtje nhjedgbsn. :. [`tdth wdthr p`bgts jùgthr jo`jlwbsh.

8.34.; Bgstdoodtb`g

Kruse rukkhr shdo wbte d obttoh Yr`nò `r rbgsh dbc. 4. Y`sbtb`g ]‚sedphc pbhjh `f teh wdthr p`bgts khtwhhg teh tw` kdrs `f teh punp sunp. ;. Yrhss wdthr p`bgts fodt `g teh punp sunp. :. O`jl bg p`sbtb`g ky r`tdtbga bg d jo`jlwbsh cbrhjtb`g. 3. Fbx teh e`sh fr`n wdthr st`rdah tdgl dadbg (`ptb`gdooy)

8.3;

[hpodjbga wdthr s`fthgbga systhn 8.3;.4 [hn`vdo

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ [bgsbga tdgl fòchc c`wg. [bsl `f bgmury! Zedrp-hcahc sehht pdrts ▽

JDXSB@G

Seh hcah `f teh sehht dt teh `phgbga f`r teh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn ndy kh sedrp!

DX-n`chos J`gcbtb`gdo fr`n ndgufdjturbga, Dustrdobd n`chos edvh pdrtbdooy d "cunny" ‚ wdthr s`fthghr wbteùt s`fthgbga phoohts. Seh vdovh bs rhpodjhc ky d kobgc poua. Bt bs bnp`rtdgt t` hgsurh tedt teh obc ob c bs dowdys sjrhwhc t` teh wdthr s`fthghr.

4. O``shg poua-dgc-s`jlht j`gghjtb`g `g teh rhahghrdtb`g vdovh.

8.3;.; Bgstdoodtb`g

4. Zdot cbsphgshr j`vhr rhn`vhc. ;. O``shg sdot cbsphgshr gut wbte sphjbdo t`ò ndt. g`.= :34598. [hn`vh wdthr s`fthgbga systhn c`wgwdrcs.

Yuse wdthr s`fthgbga systhn fr`n kho`w bgt` teh rbgsbga tdgl. 4. Sbaethg sdot cbsphgshr gut wbte sphjbdo t`ò ndt. g`.= :34:4:. ;. Zjrhw `g j`vhr.

8.3:

[hpodjbga teh crdbg punp

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ Kdsh pdgho dgc podth rhn`vhc. ∝ Qdthr crdbghc.

8.3:.4 [hn`vdo 4. [hn`vh poua. ;. Yuoo jdtje nhjedgbsn ohvhr (4) f`r teh crdbg punp f`rwdrcs. :. [`tdth crdbg punp jo`jlwbsh. 3. [hn`vh punp f`rwdrcs ùt `f teh punp sunp. 8.3:.; Bgstdoodtb`g ▽

Yr`jhhc bg rhvhrsh shquhgjh.

8.33

Jùgthrwhbaet 8.33.; Bgstdoodtb`g

∝ [bgsbga tdgl fòchc c`wg 8.33.4 [hn`vdo

4. Jehjl rukkhr cdnphr bs bg j`rrhjt p`sbtb`g. ;. Bgshrt whbaet bgt` teh rhjhsshs. 4. [hn`vh teh whbaet upwdrcs.

8.38

Dttdjebga teh rbgsbga tdgl

8.38.4 Dttdjebga teh rbgsbga tdgl Hgsurh bt bs shdthc j`rrhjtoy ▽

Hgsurh tedt teh whbaet bs bgstdoohc j`rrhjtoy bg frhhstdgcbga dppobdgjhs.

▽

Bf teh ehdt hxjedgahr bs nùgthc `g teh rbgsbga tdgl, hgsurh tedt teh e`sh j`gghjtb`gs drh johdg.

▽

C` g`t trdp suppoy dgc crdbgdah e`shs.

▽

Yuse wdthr s`fthgbga systhn bgt` teh aubchs.

▽

Yr`thjt p`whr n`cuoh fr`n mdnnbga.

▽

Yr`thjt jdkoh edrghss fr`n jrusebga.

4. Jdrhfuooy fòc teh rbgsbga tdgl f`rwdrcs. ;. Bgshrt bgt` teh aubchs.

8.38.; Yr`thjtbga tdgl jdtje nhjedgbsns

4. Xsbga d sjrhwcrbvhr, khgc ebgah podth jdtje nhjedgbsn ùtwdrcs. 4. Hgsurh tedt teh j`gghjtb`g bs fduotohss f duotohss wbteùt jrusebga teh thrnbgdos `g teh ehdt hxjedgahr.

8.38.:

4. Xsbga d sjrhwcrbvhr, khgc `vhr sehht-nhtdo krdjlhts.

Bgstdoobga teh suppoy e`sh

Sdlh teh e`sh kusebga ùt `f teh kdsh pdg. 4. Bgshrt pdgho. ;. O`jl pdgho.

8.38.3 Bgstdoobga fo`dt swbtje sdfhty systhn

8.38.8 Bgstdoobga teh crdbgdah e`sh

4. Yuse crdbgdah e`sh bgt` teh punp sunp. 4. Yrhss fo`dt swbtje bgt` teh jdtje nhjedgbsn `f teh kdsh podth.

;. Yrhss fohxbkoh crdbgdah e`sh bgt` teh fbxbga.

Bgshrt p`whr n`cuoh dgc fbx bt. Vbsudo bgsphjtb`g

. ▽

▽

Fbgdooy d vbsudo jehjl bs `g p`ssbkoy a`tthg mdnnhc `r wr`gaoy hgadahc j`gstrujtb`g ugbts t` djj`npobse jdkohs `r e`shs J`gghjt hn`tb`gobaet dgc jehjl.

8.36

Srdgspdrhgt c``r

Yhrndghgt ndaght ▽

Bf usbga teh trdgspdrhgt tr dgspdrhgt c``r, d phrndghgt ndaght nust kh p`sbtb`ghc bg teh bgsbch c``r. Bt bs ushc t` sbagdo ‟c``r jo`shc„ t` teh c``r j`gtdjt swbtje. Seh c``r j`gtdjt swbtje rhsp`gcs t` teh cbrhjtb`g `f teh ndaghtbj fbhoc.

▽

Bf rhqubrhc, turg teh phrndghgt ndaght ugtbo teh dppobdgjh chthjts teh ndaghtbj fbhoc j`rrhjtoy.

▽

Bf teh sgdp o`jl bs o`jlhc ndgudooy, teh systhn nust kh rhohdshc dadbg. S` c` tebs, jo`sh teh c``r fbrnoy

4. @phg dppobdgjh c``r. ;. Yodjh trdgspdrhgt c``r bg teh dppobdgjh dgc hgadah dt teh t`p bg teh c``r o`jl.

@rchr gunkhrs= Srdgspdrhgt c``r 54 jn= :34::: Srdgspdrhgt c``r 56 jn= :34::3 Ndaght= :34::;

4. Dttdje sujtb`g kutt`g wbte ndaght ndaght t` teh upphr hcah `f teh bgghr c``r.

8.31

O`dcbga dppobdgjh s`ftwdrh

8.31.4 XCD j`gghjtb`g j`gghjtb`g t` teh `phrdtbga n`cuoh bg teh c``r

[hqubrhnhgt=

∝ XCD wbte jdkoh dgc dcdpthrs ∝ J`nputhr ∝ B-Zhrvbjh s`ftwdrh



▽


▽

Xsh rhsbcudo-jurrhgt-`phrdthc jbrjubt-krhdlhr bf thsts edvh t` kh j`gcujthc wbte teh p`whr `g.

▽


Cbsj`gghjt teh dppobdgjh fr`n teh p`whr suppoy. 4. J`gghjt R-jdkoh t` teh `phrdtbga n`cuoh. ;. J`gghjt t` XCD. [hj`gghjt dppobdgjh t` teh p`whr suppoy.

JDXSB@G Vòtdah phdls wehg cbsj`gghjtbga/j`gghjtbga teh pouabg j`gtdjts

Seh `phrdtbga n`cuoh `r teh Ybhz` p`whr suppoy ugbt (`ptb`gdo) wboo kh chstr`yhc ky teh ndbgs p`thgtbdo `g teh hdrte jdkoh `f teh kus systhn. ▽

Cbsj`gghjt teh dppobdgjh fr`n teh p`whr suppoy khf`rh cbsj`gghjtbga/j`gghjtbga cbsj`gghjtbga/j`gghjtbga poua-bg j`gghjtb`gs.

▽

C` g`t j`gghjt R jdkoh t` teh p`whr n`cuoh.

8.31.; XCD j`gghjtb`g t` teh p`whr n`cuoh Seh XCD j`gghjtb`g jdkoh jdg dos` kh j`gghjthc cbrhjtoy t` teh p`whr n`cuoh. Seh R-jdkoh nust g`t kh ushc f`r tebs j`gghjtb`g.

Bgshrt XCD j`gghjtb`g jdkoh bgt` teh frhh b-Zhrvbjh/C-Kus» j`gghjtb`g. Bf k`te so`ts drh `jjupbhc, ugpoua teh o`whr poua dgc ush tebs so`t. Seh fugjtb`g `f teh `phrdtbga n`cuoh bs tehg rhtdbghc. 8.31.: Z`ftwdrh

@phg bZhrvbjh Z`ftwdrh `g teh j`nputhr dgc o`dc dppobdgjh s`ftwdrh.

Ndbg rhsht ▽

Qehg fodsebga bs j`npohth, swbtje `ff teh dppobdgjh dgc cbsj`gghjt fr`n teh p`whr suppoy

Z`ftwdrh rhsht ▽ Dfthr

teh ndbg rhsht, d s`ftwdrh / pràrdnn rhsht nust kh c`gh bg dgy jdsh.

8.35

Shjegbjdo sphjbfbjdtb`gs

Y`whr j`gsunptb`g bg stdgc ky= @phrdtbga pdgho wbte puse kutt`gs=

? 9,4 Q

@phrdtbga pdgho wbte Ybhz`hohjtr`gbj=

? 9,5 Q

Sbnh chody n`ch, jyjoh hgc n`ch & ohft `phg n`ch

Ndx. ;,8 Q

Ndbg p`whr vòtdah rdgah= HX, JE, AK, KZ, SE, DX XJ K[, NU MY SJ

;;9-;39V

89/69 Ez

4;9V 4;1V ;99V 449V

69 Ez 69 Ez 89/69Ez 69 Ez

Bosch 800 Plus Series Dishwasher Service Manual

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