Booklet of Bloody (13) August by AASYC

(13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf

(43) ESpfpfajrmuf ajrmuf ppfawGqef qefjy\emae@ jy\emae@ 0rf;enf;atmuf ;atmufarh arhzGzG, t f xdrfrf;trSwf wf ,ftxd

(13) -o*wf (pf) rarhtyf

(43) ESppfajrmuf af jrmuf ppfawGqef qefjjy\emae@ y\emae@ 0rf;enf;atmuf ;atmufarh arhzGzG,f ,txd t f xdrrff;trSwf wf

 yk  dHESy jcif f ; rSwfwrf;  wwd , t}ud rf  2010 = ckESp/f  -o*wf -     - o*wf -     (pf )  tk yf a&  2000  xk wf a0ol  okawoeESifh rS wf wrf;Xme  &ckdifjynfv   H;k qk   dif&m ausmif ausmif;om;ESi  hf vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH; (&/ u/ v/ p)  All Arakan Students' & Youths' Congress (AASYC)

 rS wf wrf ;pk aqmif;ay;ol  Ekdi  dfEki (ppf f awG)  pmpD pm&k  d uf  &ckdifjynfv   H;k qk   dif&m ausmif ausmif;om;ESi  hf vli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;  (&/ u/ v/ p)  &Jabmf/ &Jr,frsm;  quf oG ,f &ef vd yfpm P.O Box - 135 Mae Sot  Tak - 63110  Thailand Phone: (66) 08 240 540 97 Email: [email protected]

 aus;Zl;wif v$ m “(13)  -o*wf - -        ) rarh  tyf” pmtkyftm; xkwfa0Ekdif&ef  - o*wf -       (pf  twG uf rdr wk d   d‹ &ck   difjynfv   H;k qk   dif&mausmif;om;ESifhvli,frsm;tpnf;t&kH;(&/  u/ v/ p) taejzifh }udK;yrf;vmcJ  honfrSm (3) ESpfcef ‹ -umcJ   hyg_yD? ok   d‹aomf   qENom&Sdaomfvnf; vuf  awG‹taumif txnfazmf aqmif& uf G onf tyk h   dif;  wGif a&S ‹rwk   d; Ek   difbJ aemufjyef  wfqkcJh&ygonf? ppfawG qefjy\em  ta&;awmfy onf kH vGe  h fcJ aom ESpfaygif; (40)ausmf u jzpfysuf  hcaJ om tjzpf  tysuf  tm; jyefvnfajc&maumuf &jcif &jcif;/ rSwfw rf;  rSwf&m tm;enf;jcif;   ESifh tjcm;aomta-umif;jcif;&mrsm;a-umifh vuf  awG‹aqmif& uf G &mwGif  tcuftcJrsm;&S  hdcyJ gonf? ok d ‹aomf ukdEkdifEkdif(ppfawG   ). tm;ay;ulnDr+  a-umifh ppfawGqefjy\emwGif uk   d ,f wk   difyg0ifc ol Jh rsm;. wef  dz;k rjzwfEkdif   aom jyefvnfajym-um;csufrsm;ukd &&S  hdcyJ gonf? xk   d twG ufa-umif   h  uk   d  dEki  dfEki (ppf f awG)ESi wuG fh tcsuftvufr#a0ay;-uolrsm;/ tm;}udK; rmef  wuf   d 0k if;0ef; taumiftxnfazmfay;-uaom&Jabmf/ &Jr,frsm; tm;vk   H;uk   d  aus;Zl;txl;wif  d&yS gonf? Tpmtkyfi,fonf ppfawG qefjy\em. rd wf  qufpmtkyfi,fwpftky f f om jzpfao;ygonf? o;ygonf? tao;pdyfta-umif;t&mrsm;   onf jynfhpkHvkHavmufr  +& S dvdrfhrnf r[k   wfyg? pmzwf   olrsm;taejzifh T  pmtkyfi,f  tm; tm;rvk   dtm;r&/ pdwfwkdif;rusr+rsm; trSe  fwu,f   d&S-uyg  vdrfhrnf? ppfawGqefjy\emESifhywf  oufI jynf   h  Hpkckdifv   Hak ompmtkyfwpf  tkyf tm; aemufxyfx wf k a0&ef }udK;yrf;vsuf&Sdygonf?   xkwfa0&jcif; &nf&G,fcsuf   onf &ck ork dif     dif;wGif aoG;pG  h ef;cJ  aomtjzpftysuf wpfc k tm; tzd   dyEfcS H& ck   difjynfolrsm;/  diwk f;&if;om;jynf  olrsm; ykdr kd od&Sdem;vnfap&ef/ xk   d uJ   ho    k d‹aomtjzpftysuf aemufxyfwpfzef   rjzpfyGm;ap&efESifh jynf  olrsm;owd &S   dae-uap&ef &nf   &,fG ygonf? &ckdif  ork   dif;rSe f tm; wdrfaumaysmuf   uG,f atmifaqmif  &uf G aeaom Armppf   tm%m&Sifrsm;/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;vufatmuf   wGif trS efwu,f jzpf  ysufcJhaomtjzpftysuf wpf ysuf wpfc k tm; rSwfwrf;wifjcif;jzpfygonf ? aemuf  vmaemif  vmaemifom;rsm;taejzi m;rsm;taejziffh orkdif;xJrS trSe w&m;/ f ork   dif;xJrS tem*wfu   dk  &SmazGapvk     daom qENjzpfygonf? Tpmtkyfi,fonf &ckdiftrsKd;om;

 vGwfajrmuf  a&; awmfvSefa&;c&D;wGif twk     dif;twmwpfckxd tusKd;jyKEkdif  rnfq   k dygu rdrdw     kd‹ &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ES  hif vli,frsm; tpnf;  t&k  H; (&/ u/ v/ p) taejzifh }udK;yrf;&usKd;eyfyg_yD?  Tpmtkyfi,fjzifh ppfawG qefjy\emwGif wk   d uf  Jy0G if ,if;  usqk   H;cJh&olrsm;ES  hif touf&Sifusef&pfc  hJ olrsm;tm; *k%fjyKtyfygonf?  ok awoeES ifh rS wf wrf ;Xme  &ck   di jynf f  vk ;qk H   dif&m ausmif ;om;ESifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k   H;

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf rsufpdwqk    H; tpdrf;a&mifzkH;v$rf;aeaom b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf   a&jyifus,f}uD;ukdjzwfausmfvsuf avajyavn‡if;uav;rsm;onf vjcrf;  ajrok d ‹ OD;wnf  wk   d ufcwfvsuf& Sd onf? xk     dvjcrf;ajronf uGsef;}uD;/ uG  sef;   i,f/ jrpf}uD;/ jrpfi,f  toG ,f oG,fE  hSif awmawmifp  hdrfprf;wk d ‹jzifh vl  d wik f;  ESpfv   dzk  ,f G om,mvSyaoma'owpfckjzpfonf? Ta'ook     d‹ (1630) jynf   h   ESpfu -o*wfpwif c&pf,mef*kd%f;0if ay:wl*Dbkef;awmf}uD; qDbuf  pwD ,ef rife&dw onf f tdE ,jynf Nd rSwqifh vma&mufaexk   di  h fcJ onf? bkef;  “Arracan ”   awmf}uD;rife&dwf rSwfwrf;wif  hcaJ omEk   difi H um; “tm&uef”  Arracan “&ckdifjynf” yifjzpfonf?  rife&dwfa&muf&Sdvmcsde f f um; &ckdifjynfonf uk   d,   f   hrif;   duk ,   hf  csif;ESifh tcsKyf tjcmtm%mykdif vGwfvyfaomwk     dif;jynfwpfjynf   hjzpfcJ  onf? bkef;awmf}uD;rife&d wf onf &ckdifjynf/ &ckdifbk&ifE Sif  h   d&ck   hifxD;eef;   crf;em;}uD;us,fr+/ &ck   difjynf.om,mvS yk   Htm; pmzG   J‹rSwfwrf;wifc onf Jh ?  vGe fc J haom ESpfaygif;ESpf&mausmf   u EkdifiHjcm;om;wpfOD; &ck     difjynf. crf;  em;}uD;us,fr+tm; rSw wrf f ;wifxm;cJ   hjcif;jzpfonf?  rife&dw f . rSwfwrf;t&qkdv#if &ck     difjynfonfum; Owk&moD   r#waumif;rGefI ajray:ajratmuf oD;ESHx  ufG   ukefrsm;jzifh uH   kv   Hkjynf  Hhpk_yD;   rif;ESifh jynf   ol cspf-unf&if;ESD;pGm aexkdif-uum ppfa&;tiftm;awmif   h   wif;ckdifrmaom EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHjzpfayonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifhq aomf kd “avm  uedAŠmefuav;”ozG,f csrf;om-uG ,f0vSaom &ckdifjynfyifjzpfayonf?  ok     d‹aomf ,ae‹  &ck  difjynfonfum; csrf;om-uG   ,f0olrsm; ae  xkdif&m “avmuedAŠmefbkH” r[k wfbJ “qif;&J  GraJ w zG wfbkd;atrsm; aexkdif  &m 'kuQb   Hkav;” wpfc om k jzpfvsuf& onf Sd ? ‘'kuQb   Hak v;’ok ‹d tb,fa-umif -umifh &ckdifol/ &ck   di om;rsm; f usqif;  cJh&ygoenf;?  tk   d uG sef b0  vGe fcJ   haom ESpfaygif; (5000)ausmfu &ckdifjynfonfuk nfuk   d,   hf  xD;uk ,f d   heef;/ uk   d ,f   hpmay/ uk ,f d  ,Of h aus;r+jzif  h aexkdifc aomEk Jh   difiHjzpfonf?  "n0wDacwf/ a0omvD acwf/ av;_rdK‹acwf/ ajrmuf a jrmufOD;acwf[lI acwf}uD uD;  av;acwf uk     d jzwf  oef;vmcJ     honf? acwf}uD;av;acwf  uk     d jzwf  oef;&if;  &ckdifv ‹l tzG ‹J tpnf;onf wpfjznf;jznf; wkd;wuf}uD;yGm;vmcJ   honf? (1)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H (1784)wGif &ck     difjynfY eef;wGif;t±+ taxG yf ;a-umifh trsKd;  om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfr+_ydKuG   Jaeonfu   dk tcGifhaumif;,l um Armbk&if armif   0kdif;onf   d&ckifjynfo ‹kd0ifa&muf odrf;  dyk ufc onf Jh ? tcsKd  ‹aom &ckdifrif;nD  rif;om;ESifh jynfolrsm;u Armbk&iftaejzifh &ckdifjynf  dEk ifi H a&; _idrfouf  csdefwGif jynf ol wk   d‹.vkdvm;ESp f oufaom rif;nD/ rif;om; wpfyg;yg;uk   d   eef;wifay;vdrfhrnf[k,lqum Armbk&ifarmif0kdif;.usL;ausmfr+ukd  axmufcH}udKqk  hdc-J uonf? tcsKd ‹aom &ckdi acgif f ;aqmifrsm;u Arme,fcsJ‹w ‹kd   &ckdifjynftm; 0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmjcif; jzpf  onf uk   d &dyfpm;rdc onf Jh ? x   dka-umif   h awmifrif;}uD; ausmfx   DG ;onf yxrqk   H;   ckcH wk uf d c uf kd  c J honf? Armwyfrsm;tvk   H;t&if;ES  hif 0ifa&mufvmaomtcg  awmifrif;}uD;ausmfxGD;onf ajrmufOD;rif;xHrSvnf;aumif;/ &rf;_AJu sef G ;   tdrfa&S‹rif;a[mif;oufpHa&$xHrSvnf;aumif;/ rmefatmif_rdK‹pm;   dAkvfxGef;   atmifausmfxHrSvnf;aumif; ppfulawmif;  hcH conf J ? ok   d‹aomf   dxktcsde t f   cgu tcsif;csif;oH  o,0ifaejcif;/ pnf;vkH;r+_ydKuGJaeaoma-umifh e,f e,fc ‹sJ  &efo tm; l ckc wG H ef;vSef&ef pkpkpnf;pnf; r&SdcJh-uacs? xk tcsd d e tcgu f &ckdif   jynfY ajrmufOD;bk&if orR  w&mZmrif;tjyif ia-u;awmif   wGif "m;rEkdif   rif;/ yaEM;uGsef;wGif aumif;nGe f ‹&efrif;/ -uyfp ifuGsef;wGif "m;ykdif}uD;oH   a'rif;/ &kd;uGsef;wGif ukvm;a&$pmrif;/ wef;vG     JwGif awmifrif;}uD; ausmf   xGD;/ rmefatmif uGsef;wGif owk   d;jzLrif;wk   d‹onf ol  wpfvligwpfrif; jzpfae  cJ onf h ? xk     da-umifh Arme,fcsJ‹  dw‹o k nf&  dckifjynftm; tvG,fwul odrf;yk uf d  Ekdi  hfc um J (1784) 'DZifbm (31) &ufae‹wGif &ckdifjynf tcsKyftjcmtm%m  usqk   H;um ol‹uGsefb0uk 0ukd usa&mufcJh&onf?  ESpfaygif; (5000) ausmf “avmuedAŠmef”tjzpfrS ted@m&kHrsm;  aygif;qk   H&m “'k uQb uav;”tjzpf  uav;”tjz kH pf a&muf& aponf Sd   h Zmwfvrf;tp y%r  yifjzpfonf?  Arme,fcsJ‹w  dk ‹onf &ckdifjynfukd odrf;  dyk uf_yD; “usLyifckwf usL  ikwfrusef”qk  dovkd &ck     difvlrsKd; tajrmuftjrm;tm; zrf;qD;owfjzwf   h cJ  onf?  Arme,f csJ ‹w  d ‹k owf jzwf cJ aoma-    h  -umif   H ;cJ &aom h &ck   d if trsKd ;om;rsm;  aoma  - umif -    -    h aoqk   aygif;wkwfjyifwGif 1000  o&uftky f wGif 1000 (2)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf -uuf  d&;k awmif 1000   pHum;awmif 2000   ajrmufOD;_rdK‹ay: 37000  ykcuf wGif;rS uav;rsm;tm; uav;rsm;tm;   "m;upm;ojzifh uav;aygif uav;ayg if; 10000  bk&m;ay:/ 'kdif;usD/ armif;aqG;/  i&aumuf  i&aumuf/ acgif;_ydK/ yk&drf/  &wemjyif/ vufrawmwef;/  uk   d;q,f   h uk   d;awmif/ oH wG   J/  &rf;_AJ/ rmefatmift&yf 184000  pk pk aygif ;  ; 236000 236000  &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfc  hHcJ-u&onf?  &ckdifjynfoljynfom;rsm;onf ‘ausmcsrS "m;jrrSef;’ odcJh-u  onf? rdrdEkdifi uk H     d wk   d uf  dc uf k  odrf;yk uf d &efvmol  tm; 0rf;omtm;& qD;}ud  hKcJ  aomtjzpf? xk     d‹aemuf Arme,fc ‹sJrsm;onf &cd   ki trsd f K;om;wd ‹k . ZmwdaoG;/  Zmwdrmef udk csdK;ESdrf&ef &ck   difbk&ifr[morR  w&mZm/ rdzk&m;jroEWm/ rif;nD   rif;om;rsm;/ ynm&Sdtrwfrsm;ES   h if &[ef;ynm&Sifrsm;/ uk ,f d &Hawmfrsm;  ponfjzifh a,musfm;/ rdef;rpkpkaygif; (7700) uk     dvnf; zrf;qD;ac:qmif  oGm;cJ   h  onf? ydËuwf (3)   HykE Si f h aA'if (56) usrf;t0if aq;usrf;/ "mwf   usrf;/ ppf   usrf;/ Ad umusrf ok ;aygif;rsm;pGmuk     dvn;f odr  Jf;,l -uonf ch ?  ajrmufOD;_rKd‹ay:&dS ausmif;}uD; (30)/ ausmif;i,f (3000) cef ‹E  hSiw f uG  apwDykxkd; tajrmuf tjrm;ud   k Armrif;trdef‹jzif   h zsuf ufqD;cJh-uonf? ajrmuf  OD;a&$_rdK‹awmfESi fh wuG &rRm0wD_rdK‹awmf/arC0wD_rKd‹awmf/ 'Gg&m0wD_rKd‹awmf   &Sd _rdK‹t*Fgtm;vk     H;ukdvnf; zsufq D;cJ  h-uonf? &ckdif&[ef;awmf ax&f}uD;/   0g}uD;rsm;ukd od  uQmcs_yD; 'kef;/ [m&Dpaom ,k wfn Hh aom trsdK;tEG ,f0if   rsm;xHwGif jyefvnf &[ef;cHapjcif;/ tr&yl&rS yifhaqmifvmaom 0gi,f  onf   h &[ef;ysdKrsm;xH wGif jyefvnf&[ef;cHapjcif;jzifh omoemudkygrusef   csdK;ESdrfcJh-uonf? Arme,fc ‹w sJ   d  k‹  yif   haqmifvmaom omoemjyKq&mawmf   (12) yg;uvnf; &ckdi  df&S Ak'
 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H   csJ‹tm; &&mvufeufjzifh ckc wG H ef;vSe  Jfc-h uonf? od ‹ k aomfvnf; ol wpfvl   igwpfrif; jzpfaeojzif     h atmifjrif  oif h oavmuf atmifjrifr+r  d&S  hcJbJ us  qkH; cJ  h&onf? e,f ‹cq sJ ef  ‹usifa&; tapmyk   dif;umvwGif awmifrif;}uD;ausmf  xGD;ES  h if   kAdvfcsif;ysH wd   k‹rSm xif&Sm;onf? Akdvfcsif;ysH onf (1811) rS (1815)   xd Armya'o&mZf udk yke uef f jcm;em;cJhonf? ajrmufOD;_rdK‹udk (2) ESp wmr# f  odrf;yd uf k Ekdifc Jh aomfvnf; t*Fv wd dyf     k‹xHrS axmuf  y  HhulnDr+ r&&Sdjcif;/ usL;  ausmfolArmwyf .vufeuf tif  tm;/ vl tif tm;ukd rrSDjcif;wk  d ‹a-umifh b*F  vm;e,fo kd ‹ qk wfc gcJ G   h&onf? (1815) wGif Akdvfcsif;ysH uG,fvGefoGm;aom   tcg ‚if;csay;cJhaomawmfvSefa&;rsdK;aph   ukd rif;om;}u;D   a&$bef;/ a';0ef;  atmifausmf  D&E$   hSif _rdK‹ol}uD;atmif atmifausmfZ wd H wd H  ‹k u qufc  hHc-J u onf?  t*F vd yfe,f csJ ‹vuf atmuf usa&mufjcif ;  xkdacgif;aqmif (3) oH   k;OD;onf (1824) wGif usL;ausmfol  Armwd ‹k udk wd   k ufxkwf&ef t*F t *Fvdy wk f   d‹ ES  h if r[mrdwfpmcsKyf csKyfq   d  hck J-uonf?  xkdpmcsKyf wGif   (1) &cdki  hfESit*F f vdyf yl;aygif;I Arme,fc ‹sJ wyfu   kd &cd   kifjynfrS wd uf k  xkwf&ef?   (2) t*Fvdy ‹fwxdk HrS vufeufE  hSipf pftiftm; wcsdK‹w0uf 0uf ulnD&ef?   (3) ppftoHk;p&d  wf udk t*Fvdyfw ‹dk xHr uscH S &ef?   (4) Arme,fcsJ‹w ud yf  k &ckdifjynf wGif;rS armif;xk wfjyD;v#if &ck   difrif;om;  rsm;vuf od   k‹ &cdkifjynf ynfudk jyefvnftyfESif;&ef?   (5) ppf_yD;qH k;aomtcg ppf  twGif;uke usp&d f  wf. (2) qud   k &cdki trsd f K;  om;rsm;rS jyefvnfay;qyf&ef?   (6) t*Fvdyf ‹waejzif dk h &cd   kifjynf ol/ jynf om;rsm;tm; zd  dESyfI quf qHjcif;  rjyK&ef?   (7) ppf_yDyD;v#if_yD;csif csif; t*Fvdyfw ‹o dk nf &cd   kifjynfrS vH   k;0xGufay;&ef?   (8) ppf  kw ud f&mwGif &cdkiftrsdK;om;wd  k‹u OD;aqmifvrf;n$efjy&ef?   (9) -unf;wyf / a&wyfES pfp&f yfpvHk;wG ifif (2)bufpvHk; nDnm wuf-uG pGpGm  wm0ef,l-u&ef?  (10) ppftwGif;&duQmud   k &cd   ki trsd f K;om;rsm;u axmuf  hy&H ef wk   d‹yg0ifonf?

(4)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf pifppftm;jzifh t*Fvdy wd f   k‹onf Armya'o&mZf  udk acsr+ef;&ef   ESifh   k &cdifjynf ud     k u|efjyK&eft wGuf enf;y&d,m,fq ifc  J hjcif;om jzpfay  onf? &cd   kifjynf Armvuf atmufrS vG wfajrmufaomtcgrS  om &cdkiftrsdK;  om;wd k ‹onf t*Fvdyfw    d k‹. oabmxm;rS ud e  f   k od&SdcJh-uonf?   kxd‹a-umif   h   (1827) wGif jyifopf tul  tnD&,lI t*Fv wd dyf   k‹udk jyefvnfqef‹usif&ef   rif;om;}uD;a&$bef;/ a';0ef;atmifausmf&$DESifh_rdK‹ol}uD;atmifausmfZHwkd‹  onf ajratmufpnf;  H&k ;a&;ESifh ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;rsm;ukd taumif  txnfazmfc Jh onf?   kod ‹aomf pH&azGacgif;aqmifaom opPmazmuf tcsdK‹  a-umifh acgif;aqmif (3) OD;onf 'uUm;axmifwGif axmifoGif;tusOf;cs   jcif;cHcJh&on?f Tacgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wk ‹d.aowrf;pmukd 'umU;  axmifeH&HwGif vufarmif;aoG;jzifh a&;xd     k;vsuf aoonf  txd tpmiwfcH  wd   k uf  Jy0G if  um &cd   ki trsd f K;om;wd  k ‹. ZmwdaoG;/ Zmwdrmef ud   k azmfxkwfjyo  cJh-uonf? acgif;aqmif rJ   hoGm;aom   ki&cdfe,fcsJ‹qef ‹usifa&;wd  ku  JfyGrsm;rSm   enf;ynmt&m/ vufeuf tif  tm;/ vl tif tm;t&mwGif tzufzufrS om  vGefaom e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfw   k‹. d zdESdyfr+atmuf wGif rD;cJjymzH ymzHk; jzpf jzpfcJh&onf?  &ckdiftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twG uf &;twG uf e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdy ud f   k qef ‹  usif wd   k ufyGJ0if  olrsm;wGif tjcm;xif&Sm;aomacgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; &Sdao;  onf? (1828) wGif &ckdifjynfajrmuf y k dif; av;_rdK‹acsmif;wGif Akdvfc uf sKd pH/   (1829) wGif oHw    G Je,frS AkdvfatmifomOD;/ (1831) wGif usdE WvDq&m   awmf/ (1870=71)wGif ajrmufOD;_rdK‹wGif  Ak   dvfarmifOD;jzL trsKd;om;awmf  vSefa&;wpf&yf uk   d qifEGJc onf Jh ? ok   d‹aomf vufeuf tiftm;rr#aom  a-umifh wk   du  dfc k ufzrf;qD;cH&_yD; owfjzwfcHv  ufdk &onf? (1890) wGif  oH wG   J  usdE Wv wG D if aiGausmufpdrf;  dAk vf x-uGawmfvSefc onf Jh ? xk   dESpfrSmyif  oH wG     Jq&mawmf}uD;OD;aqmif_yD;  omoemawmf Ak'<  ukd rdp>m_Adw o#e,f d c ‹sJ  vufatmuf  u u,f wif&ef twG  uf awmfvSefyke uef f   hcJ-uonf? oH wGJjrpf  wpf  d&k;rS &ckdi trsKd f ;om;rsm;ukd pnf; &k  H;_yD; _rdK  d ‹u0k ifpD;  hcJ-uonf? xk   dw uf kd   JyG  wGif q&mawmfE  hSif &[ef;awmftrsm;tjym;ysHvGe f oGm;-u_yD; usef&[ef;   rsm; tzrf;tqD;cH  hc-J u&onf? (1890) wGif &ckdifjynf ajrmufOD;/ ausmuf   awmf/ &aohawmif_rdK‹rsm;vnf; awmfvSefx-uGr+ tajrmuf   tjrm; ay:   ayguf  hcJonf? Akdvf-umxGef;/   dAkvfa&$vS/   dAkvfbwk   d‹onf t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹tm;  awmfvSe  hfc-J uonf? oH wG   Je,frS   dAkv ausmf f 0onf awmif  dykif;rSajrmuf  dyik f;  txd awmufav#muf awmfvSe wk f   d ufc uf dk c Jh onf?  ok  d‹aomf t*Fvdyfe,f ‹csJ (5)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  wk     d‹. zrf;qD;owfjzwfjcif  h;cH&conf J ? (1891) wGif Akdvfcsif; zk  d‹ESifh om;  armifazmfatmifw ‹kdonf awmif olv,f orm;rsm;uk  dpnf; &k   H;_yD; t*Fvdyf  e,fc sJ ‹tm; wk uf d   Jy0G ifc Jh onf? t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹tm; armif;xk  wf_yD; rif;quf  xlaxmif&ef}udK;yrf;cJh-uonf? (1892) azazmf0g&DvwGif om;zESpfOD;vk   H;  zrf;qD;cH&_yD; ppfawG tusOf;axmif wGif wk   dufy wf d xm;cJ  h  onf? tusOf;om;  wpf&mausmfcef ‹onf axmif wGif;wGif wuf-uGyke f uef_yD; om;tzESpfOD;  tm; v$ wfay;vk   d uf-uonf? xk ‹d aemuf axmif ukd azmufxGif;&ef wk   d ufc uf kd  cJh-uonf? e,fcJs‹u wefjyefw  d uf k c uf kd r+a-umif   h zrf;qD;rd  um om;tz ESpf  OD;vkH; }udK;ay;_yDyD; owfjzwf zwfcHcJh&onf?  &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.awmfvSe f f a&;onf wpfrsKd;om;vk   H;yg0if   pkpnf;xm;aom awmfvSefa&;rjzpfcJhaomfvnf; wpfyg;olvufatmuf  wGif  acgif;ik H ‹rcHcJhbJ &J&  hJ0 0H  h H   dwk  uf  Jy0G if  hc-J uonf? uk   d ,f     hjynfukd jyef&zkd‹twG  uf  &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf toufaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ay;qyf  hc-Ju&onf?  Armwpf jynf vk   H;uG sef b0usa&mufjcif ;  t*Fvdyfw dk ‹onf (1824) wGif atmufArmjynf/ (1885) wGif   txufjrefrmjynftm; wd  ufk c uf dk odrf;  kyd  ufvsuf Armjynf&Sd   kwdif;&if;om;  tm;vHk;udk u|efjyKtkyfcsKyf  h cJ -uonf? e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdy wd f     k‹. enf;ynmES   h if  vufeuf tif tm;ud  k txif-uD;pd wfE  hSif jyif;xefaomzd  dESyfr+rsm;a-umif  h   ArmtrsdK;om;wpf&yfvHk;. t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹qef‹usifa&;pdwf"mwfrSm   wjznf;jznf; r+ef0g;vmcJ   onf h ? (1917) wGif &ck   di f trsKd;om; q&mawmf   OD;OwWronf tm&Sw   ku d  tES f  H ‹vSnfhvnfvsuf Oa&myudkv   ked Dpepfudk t-urf;   rzuftEkenf;jzifh qef ‹usif-u&ef wd   k uf wGef;v+  H‹aqmf  hc onf J ? q&mawmf .  aus;Zl;a-umif   h jynfo l wpf&yfvHk;   Ed  kifiHa&;todEdk;-um;vm_yD; qENjyyGJ/  oyd wfarSmuf  JyEG   fSih awmif;yGJ/ wd  k ufyGJrsm; Edkifi tES H  ‹H ay:aygufvmcJ  honf?  q&mawmf  um;  0dkif trfbDtoif;}uD;u t*Fvdyfbk&if  krud   bk&m;ocifapmifrygap[laom _Ad o#tif wd yg,m.Ed   kifiHawmfoDcsif;ud   k  oD qd     kae&csdef/ jynf  olvlx k wpf&yfvHk; _Adw  o#tk d yfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;wGif tr+ tr+  xrf;aeonfh ArmvlrsdK;ykvdy ud f kyif acgif;armfI r-unf   h 0 H hcsdefwGif bk&ifcH  qm&,f*sDe,fu&uf a'guf udk t*FvefjyefoGm;[k owif;pmwGif ajAmif  ta&;qd  k wd  k ufyGJ0if  hc onf J   h tm*owW  d&Sifjzpfayonf? (1917) rS (1939) (6)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf   twGif; q&mawmf.EdkifiHa&;pmayESifh rdef‹cGef;rsm;onf Armjynfwpf0Srf;  vHk;  d&S vlxk/ vlwef;pm; tv$mtoD;oD;ud   k v$rf;rdk;xm;Edki  hfco J nf? t*Fvdyf  tpk   d;&onf q&mawmf ud   k (4) }udr  wd f kifwdkif axmifoGif; tusOf;csI n‡Of;  yef;ESdyfpuf  hcJ aomfvnf; q&mawmf um; ysHvGefcsdef (1939) puf wifbm (9)  txd 'l;raxmuf/ vufrajr‡muf tav#mhray;cJhay?   kAdvfcsKyfatmif   qef;um; Armjynf.vG  wfvyfa&;Ado k umjzpfI q&mawmfum; Armjynf  vGwfvyfa&;.rD;&+;wefaqmifjzpfayonf ? Armjynf. r[wWr*END[kwif  pm; xk uf d  aom jynfol‹bufawmfom;wpfOD;vnf; jzpfayonf?   ,if;umvu   k&cd i f trsdK;om;e,fcsJ‹ qef‹u a&;orm;rsm; sif  wGif t,l  tq (2) &yf uG    Jjym;cJh-uonf? wpfckrSm t*FvdyfE  Si  f h yl;aygif;  aqmif& uf G   um &ck     difvlrsKd;rsm;. ynma&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;   dwk ;wufatmif  aqmif& G uf_yD; t*Fv tpd dyf     k;&. tkyfcsKyfa&;,E W&m;wGi0if f0if f a&muftr+   xrf;um &cd trsd kif K;om;wd ‹k.&yd  kifcGifhrsm;uk   d wd   k;jr‡ifhawmif;qd oG k m;&efjzpf   onf? aemufwpfckrSm ArmtrsdK;om;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;wd uf k   GyJ0if_yD; t*Fvdyf   vufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&;&,l&efjzpf onf? yxrt,l tqES  h if trsdK;om;  a&;v+yf&Sm;cJ h olrsm;wGif qmay:xGef;/ qmxGef;atmifausmf/   ktd  ufp tuf D pf  OD;ausmfrif;ES  hif OD;aratmif wk   d‹yg0ifonf?  wd 'k  ,tkyfpkwGif a'guf wm a&$ZH   atmif/ OD;pdefvSatmif/ OD;pdefxGef;atmif wk ‹d yg0if  onf? xd  acgif k ;aqmif   rsm;onf ArmtrsdK;om;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I (1920) wGif xlaxmif um   trsdK;/ bmom/ omoemtusdK;udk o,fydk;xrf;&G  ufcJh-uonf? ArmES  hif yl;   aygif;I t*Fv ud dyf  wd k  k uf&rnf[k  ,l cH csuf  d&o S nf h olrsm;wGif &ef  ukefwuU  od   kvf ausmif;om;oyd wfrsm;ud     k OD;aqmif    cJ haom rsdK;qufopfvli,frsm;   vnf; trsm;tjym;yg0if onf cJh ? ,if;wd ‹k teuf yxrausmif;om;oyd wf   (1920) wGif OD;bOD;/ 'kw  d,ausmif;om;oydwf (1930) wGif OD;ausmf&if/  OD;ndKxGef;ES  hif OD;bpHw   d   k‹rSm xif&Sm;onf? yl  J;w wG   ku d  fyG   J0ifI e,fcsJ‹vuf   atmufrS vGwfajrmufygu   k&cd i f trsdK;om;rsm;taejzifh orR  wEd   kifiHxl   axmifI oD;jcm; &yfwnfv  u dk &yf wnfcGifh&Sdap&rnf[k tmrcHcsufay;cJ   h   -uaomArmtrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;. uwda-umifhvnf;  &cd  kif/ Arm  aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr+   kydrdkjrif     hrm;cJh&onf? (1937)wGiArmjynf Af rmjynfu  kd td  dEN,rS  cGJx wf k I oD;jcm; tkyfcsKyfv uf kd csdefwGif trsdK;om;vG ;om;v G wfajrmufa&;v+yf&Sm; r+   ydkI t&S   de t[k f ef}uD;rm;vmcJ  h onf? (1939) wGif &cd   kifjynf & S d vlxk/ vl  wef;pm;aygif;pH ud k k ud   k ,fpm;jyKonf m;jyKonfh tzG t zG ‹J tpnf;aygif; pH   kyg0ifaom   di&ck f (7)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  trsdK;om;uGef*&ufu  d     Jk ‹pzGnf;  kEdi  hfc J onf? &cdkifjynf  tES     H‹tjym;wGif v,f  orm;v+yf&Sm;r+ESifh vlxkv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;vnf; tm;aumif;vmcJ onf h ?  zuf qpf *syef vuf atmuf usa&mufjcif ;   (1942) wGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu tul tnDawmif;   I *syef0ifa&mufvmaomtcg ArmwpfjynfvHk; *syef ud     k u,fwif&Sif[k   xifrSwfcJh-uonf? zufqpf*syef wd   k‹. n‡Of;yef;ESdyfpufr+'%f udk vufawG ‹  cHpm;&onf tcgrS h   om usm;a-umuf v d k‹ &Sif}uD  ;uk   d;/ &Sif}uD; usm;xuf  qdk;onh   f tjzpf ud   ka&muf cJ   h&a-umif; oabmayguf   h-uonf cJ ? td  NEd,od ‹k  qkwfc goG G m;onf  h t*Fvdy wd f  k ‹uvnf; ar,kc&dkif&Sd b*FvDr qvif l rsm;vuf  wGif vufeufrsm; csefxm;&pfcJhjyD; &cd  kiftrsdK;om;ESifh b*FvDrlqvifrsm;  -um; vlrsdK;a&;ESifh bmoma&; t"d  u&k%f;rsm; zefwD;um tpdk;&opfudk t  -uyftwnf;ES i f h}uHKatmif jyKvkyfcJh-uonf? zufqpf*syef  wd   k‹onf (1943)   -o*wf(pf) (1) &ufae‹wGif a'guf wmbarmf  udk &kyfao;tpd   k;&tzG   J‹.  t}uD;tuJ  tjzpf wifajr‡mufvsuf Armjynfu  kd twk ta,mifvGwfvyfa&;   ay;cJh-uonf? (1942) wGif wnfaxmifaom &cdki trsd f K;om;uGef*&uf .  acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf  h q&mawmfOD;pdEWmES if   h OD;nKdx  kGe‹o f;wdnf Arm   acgif;aqmifrsm;.  wf zd -um;csuf  t& (1944) wGif &ef ukefYusif;yonf  h  zufqpfqef ‹usifa&;nDvmcH od   k‹wufa&muf  um &cd   ki trsd f K;om;rsm;ud   k ,fpm;   ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfOD; oabmwlnDcsufwGif vufrSwfa&;xk   d;cJ onf h ?  ArmhawmfvSefa&;wyfOD;.Ed   kifi H a&;vrf;pOfrSm tzdESdyfc Hw  d kif;&if;om; rsm;  vuf wG     JI e,f ‹ctsJ *Fvdyfudk wd uf k x wf k   um wef;wla&;ES i f h   kud,   hu f H-urRm  ud   k ,fzef wD;cGi fh&S   daomjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf&efjzpfonf?  kif;&if wd ;   om;rsm;taejzifh rdr dw  d k‹zmom rdr dw‹ dk oD;jcm;tcsKyftjcmtm%myd   kifEkdifiH  tjzpf&yfwnfv dk uvnf; vuf   cH onf? &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&ufacgif;  aqmifrsm;onf zufqpf*syef ud   k wd   k uf  kc uf d &ef twG uf   kAdvf}uD;-umvSatmif  ud     k ppfOD;pD;csKyfcef‹vsuf tif   tm; (3000) cef onf ‹&Sd     h &cd  umuG kifh  ,f  a&;wyfrawmf udk &cd     kifjynfaus;vufa'orsm;Y ‹pnfzG;xm;cJ J h-uonf ?  &cdkiftrsdK;om;uGef*&uf onf zufqpfqef  ‹usifa&; jynf ol ‹v wf G ajrmufa&;  tzG   J‹csKyfacgif;aqmif aqmifrsm; tdE ,od Nd   k‹oGm;a&mufI *syefu wd dk  uf k z ‹dk t*Fvdyfu   kd  tul  tnDawmif;cH&mwGifvnf; rsm;pGmtul  tnDay;cJ    h-uonf? (1944)  ESpfv,f  kyid f;wGif &cdki umuG fh   ,fa&;wyfrawmfrS zuf  qpf*syef ud   k ajymuf (8)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf   usm;ppfjzifh pwif wd   ku  kfc d ufcJh&m ES puk f efydkif;wGif zufqpf tm;vH   k;udk &ckdif  jynfwGif;rS armif;xk wfEdkifc onf Jh ? xd   k‹aemuf &cdkiftrsdK;om;tpd    k;&  JzG‹pnf;   &ef jyifqifaepOf &cd   k  hifumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfvufx  dJ&S vufeufrsm;ud  k   jynfr&Sd   kAdvfcsKyf  atmifqef;OD;aqmifaom zqyvwyfrsm;od     k‹ v$Jajymif;  ay;&ef[kq um dk t*Fvdyfw ‹dk u vufeufjyefvnftyfESif;&ef awmif;qdkcJh-u  onf? t*Fvdy wk f     d‹ uwdrwnfv#if vuf vufeuf ud   ki wd f   k ufyGJ jyefvnfqif  JEG_yD;   vGwfvyfa&;&,lrnf[k jyifqifxm;-uaom OD;pdE Wmwd   k‹t zG  J‹u vufeuf  jyefvnftyfESif;&ef jiif;qef&m t*Fvdyft pk  d;&u   cdk;om;/ "m;jyrsm;tjzpf  0&rf  0&rf;uyfI zrf;rdrdef‹x wf k c onf Jh ? pifppf tm;jzifh zqyvwyf  Jz‹rG sm;od   k‹ vuf  eufv$Jajymif;ay;&efq    d konfrSm taysmhqGJI vufe od uf rf;vd onf k   h e,fc ‹sJ  t*Fvdyfw ‹dk.y&d,m,f omjzpfonf? Tonf ud   k em;rvnfaom Armacgif;  aqmifwpfcsdK‹onf &cdkiftrsdK;om;awmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;tay: txif tjrif  vGJrSm;um tcJra-u jzpf  hc-J uonf?  e,f csJ ‹t*F vd yf ukd awmf vS efjcif ;   (1945) ESpfOD;ykdif;wGif &ckdifjynf olvlx k t-um; t*Fvdyfq ‹ef  usifa&;pd  wf"mwfrsm; }uD;xGm;vmum   d&ck ifjynft EH   S‹tjym; qEN   JEjyyG   hSif  oyd wf wd   k  ufyGJrsm; ay:aygufvmcJ   h  onf? OD;pdEWmOD;aqmifaom &ckdifhjynf  ol ‹  vGwfvyfa&;tzG   J‹csKyfE Sif  h jynfrrS pnf  ; ±Hk;a&;qif;vmaom zqyvvnf;  tif tm;aumif;vmcJ onf h ? (1946) wGif ajrykHnDvmcH  usif;ycJh&m &ck   d  hif  jynfol‹vGwfvyfa&;tzG  J ‹csKyf/ &ckdifwkdif; zqyv/ &ckdi  d fwik f;jynfo ‹l &Jabmf  tzG     J‹/ ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(&ck   di wk f     dif;)/ tvH uG eD efjrLepfygwD (Arm   jynf)/ vli,frsm;tpnf;t±k   H;/ trsKd;orD;tpnf tpnf;t±H   k;/ awmif olv,form;  rsm;tzG ‹J csKyf/ &J0efxrf;or*~/ pma&;/ pmcsDpaom vlxk/ vl wef;pm;aygif;  k pH  tif  tm; (60000) wufa&muf   h-cuonf J ? ‚if;wGif zqyvtzG  J‹csKyf  acgif;aqmif  dAv k fcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;OD;baqG wk   d‹vnf;yg0if  onf? TnDvmcH  wGif ,if;umvua&yef;pm;aeaom vuf  d0iJEfik Ha&;  tawG;tac:ud  k tajccHvsuf vuf0JnD!Gwfa&;wyf aygif;pk uk   d   JzG‹pnf;  dEki  hfcJ  -uonf? ajrykHnDvmcH  t_yD;wGif t*Fvdyfe,fcsJ‹w   d‹o k nf q&mawmfOD;pdEWm  ud     k "m;jyAdkv   tjzpf f 0&rf;xkwfI zrf;qD ;cJ  h-uonf? (1945) ESpfO  kD;ydif;u  t*Fvdyftpkd;&ud     k vufeufjyefv tyf nf   HE Sz d k‹ jiif;qefcsuf  udk em;vnfr+v  JG   um tcJra-ujzpfae-uaom ArmEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftcsdK‹uvnf; tzd (9)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H   ESdyfcHcsif; uk     d,fcsif;rpmbJ q&mawmf   tm; zrf;qD;jcif;udk tm;ay;/ tm;   ajr‡mufjyKcJh-uonf? q&mawmftzrf;cH&onf   tay: h rauseyfaomjynf  olvlx onf k t*Fvdy tpk f   d;&ud   k tcGef/ tcray;bJ oyd wfarSmuf  hc-J uonf?  &cdkifvli,f  tcsdK‹uvnf; t*Fv wd dyf  k ‹. wyfpcef;rsm;udk 0ifa&muf  odrf;  yd uf k   hc-J uonf? rif;jym;jr jym;jrddK‹wG ifif vlxkqENjyyG ud J k zqyvwyfrsm;u t-urf;  zuf  d ES rfESif;&m jynfol (2) OD; aoqHk;oGm;ojzifh &cdkiftrsdK;om;rsm;omru   Armjynfolrsm;ygrausreyfjzpfum q&mawmf  ud     kvGwfay;zkd‹ yl;aygif;  wk   d uf  Jy0G if  hc-J uonf? ,if;umvwGif zqyvES  h if t*Fvdyfwyfrsm;yl;aygif;   ppfqifum &ckdifajymuf   usm;rsm;tm; ESdrfeif;cJh-uonf? OD;ynmoD[/  OD;nKdxGef;ES i f h OD;atmifZHa0wk     d‹url zqyvES    ih f AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;  aqmifr uk +   d ,k     H-unfum EdkifiHa&;t&awmif;  kqdw   ku d  fy G J0ifI trsdK;om;vG  wf  ajrmufa&;twG uf }udK;yrf;cJh-uonf?   dAkvfcsKyfatmif qef;acgif;aqmifaom   zqyvonf e,fcsJ‹t*FvdyfvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&; tjref&&Sdap&ef  twG uf Armr[kw aomwk f   dif;&if;om;rsm;ud   k wef;wl tcG  h if ta&; ay;rnf[k   tmrcHum   Ek  difiHa&;t& pnf   k;;axmuf &H cHr+u   k&d ,lc onf Jh ? atmifqef; =  tuf wvDpmcsKyfcsKyfq  d  kI (1) ESpftwGif; vG  wfvyf a&;t&,l&ef jyifqif  pkdif;jyif;cJh-uonf uonf? ok ‹d aomf (1947) Zlv   dk ifv (19) &ufae‹wGif *VefOD;apm   u vkyf}uH  owfjzwf ojzifh   dAkvfcsKyf atmif qef;tygt0if wk   dif;&if;om;  acgif;aqmif (9) OD; usqHk; cJ  h&onf?  dv Ak fcsKyf.acgif;aqmifr+ t±k   du t f  &mud     k OD; uquf Ek c H um Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfq   kv d suf (1948) Zefe0g&D  v (4) &uf ae‹wGif ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;uk   d &,lEkdi  hfcJ onf?  Armjynf vG wf vyf a&;&&S jcif d  ;  vGwfvyfa&;&cgpwGif usif   h oH   k;cJ h aom (1947)   JzG‹pnf;  kyHonf   Armr[kwfaom   kwd if;&if;om;wd   k‹.trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ukd tmrcHcsuf   ray;Ekdifaom wpfjynfaxmifpepf  ‹zGpJ nf;yH omjzpf k c onf Jh ? wd   kif;&if;om;  wd   k‹. Ed   kifiHa&;/ vlr+a&;/ pD;yGg;a&;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;/ ppfa&;ESi,Of fh  aus;r+  ponfw ‹dk u   d   k ArmvlrsdK;rsm;uvuf0g;}uD; tkyfx  hm;cJ -uonf? ok   d‹jzpfI  &ckdifjynfv wf G vyfa&;tzG ‹J (AIO)   . twGif;a&;rSL;q&mpHausmfxGef;u  &ckdifjynfonf urBmurodv    d kufbJ Arme,f ‹cvsJ ufatmuf od     k‹ oG  wf oGif;cH  vd uf k &onf  h “u|efykef;ukdv  dk e  dDEki  H fiH ” jzpfonf[k aumufcsufcscJ  h onf? xk ‹d (10)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  a-umifh (1948) vGwfvyfa&;&pumvrS pwifI &cdki  dfEkifiHa&;tzG ‹J  tpnf;tcsdK‹onf Arme,fc ‹sJ &ef ud   k jyefvnf wGef;vSe  hfc&J ayonf?   (1958) wGif zqyv (2) jcrf;uGJI OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom   oef‹&Sif;zqyvu &cdkifjynfay;rnf[k rJq  ,fG pnf;  H&k;cJ h onf? OD;baqG   acgif;aqmifaom wnf_rJzqyvu “jynfe,fawmh ray;Ekdifbl;? usefw   h J  [muk     d ay;Ek   di f w,f” [k qd   k  um rJq ,f G pnf; ±H  k;onf? twdwfu   kud  ,f   hxD;/  uk   d ,h   feef;jzifh &yfwnfc Jh aom/ r-umrS   Dtcsde txd f ArmtrsdK;om;wpf&yfv  kH ;  e,fc ‹sJ t*FvdyfE  hSif zufqpf*syefvuf atmufrS vG wfajrmufz dk ‹ oufp ‹ Gef   wdkufyGJ0ifcJh-uaom &cdkiftrsKd;om;rsm;onf vGwfvyfa&;&csdefwGif  trnfcHjynfe,f tqif ud h kyif vuf0g;jzef‹I renf; awmif;qd   kae&ayonf?  wef;wltcG  hif ta&;ES  hif jynfe,fvkdcsif aom&ck   di trsd f K;om;trsm;pk  ;om;trsm;pk  u OD;Eku   d k   axmufcHrJay;I (1960) azazmf0g&DwGif oef  ‹&Sif;zqyv tm%m&&S   dvm  onf? od     k‹aomf &cd   kifw    d k‹rSm jynfe,fr&&S   dc onf Jh   omru ar,kc±dkif&Sd w&m;   r0if 0ifa&mufaexk     difae-uaom b*F qvif vDrl rsm;ukd   dEkifi om;tjzpf H  tod  trSwfjyKjcif;jzifh wkef‹jyef c J honf? (1948) rS (1962) twGif;   kwdif;   &if;om;rsm;. wef;wljynfe,f   da&&;v+ &S yf&Sm;r+ tiftm;aumif;vmcJ  h   onf? (1962) azazmf0g&D (25) wGif wdkif;&if;om;rsm;pkaygif;Iord   kif;0if  awmif}uD;nDvmcH usif;yvsuf “&Srf;rl”[k vl  odrsm;aom jynfe,faygif;pk  jynfaxmifpkz ‹GJpnf;yHkrl-urf;ud     k a&;qGJcJh-uonf? jynfaxmif ‹ppkznfGJ ;yHka&;   qGJ&mwGif yg0if&rnf  tajccH h &rnfh rlrsm;tm;atmufygtwdkif; csrswfcJh-u  onf?   (1) jynfaxmifpkuwef dk ;wltcGi tm%m&S fh   d onf   h trsdK;om;jynf ;om;jynfe,f  (8) jynfe,f udk tajccHvsuf  JzG ‹pnf;&rnf?   (2) jynfaxmifp  kkt;pd&ud   k oD;jcm;tyfESif;xm;aom tm%mtcsdK‹rSv  JG I  jynfe,ft  dpk;&wdkif;wGif wef;wl tcG  h if tm%m &Sdap&rnf?   (3) jynfe,ft uf vkd oD;jcm;zG jcm;zGJ‹pnf;yHk/ Oya'jyKv Oya'jyKv$$w awmf f E  hSif tpd   k;&tzG   J‹  rsm;&Sd&rnf?   (4) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf  udk vlrsdK;pkv wf $ awmfE  hSif jynfo ‹l v wf $ awmf[l  I v$wfawmf (2) &yfjzifh zG ‹J pnf;&rnf? ,if;v$wfawmf (2) &yfonf  xyfw tm%m&S l d&rnf? (11)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H   (5) jynfaxmifpkv$wfawmf  onf (u) EdkifiHjcm;a&; (c) umuG,fa&;   (*) b¾ma&;(C) w&m;pD&ifa&; (i) aiGpuU  kL uf &d ESdyfx wf k a0a&;   (p) qufo  ,fG   a&;ESifh o,f,   ly  d k‹aqmifa&; (q) rD;&xm;ES   hav if  a-umif; o,f,  kly‹ad qmifa&; (Z) taumu tau muffcGefESifh qdy urf f ;_rdK‹rsm;ES  hif  ouf qdki onf f   h Oya'rsm;udkjyKydkifc  hGi  d&f Sa&rnf?   (6) jynfe,frsm;onfud u   k, d   kfydi tk f yfcsKyfc Gi f h tjynf   t0&S h dvsuf/ jynfe,f  tpd     k;&rsm;onf jynfaxmif  tpdpk;&.0if k  a&mufp G ufzufr+rS uif;  vGwfc  hGi  d&f S&rnf?   (7) jynfe,fwdkif;twG  uf tpd   k;&.b¾ma&;toH  k;p&dwfu    d k nDr#pGm   JcGa0   &rnf? jynfe,fydkifobm0o,HZmwES   h if pD;yGg;a&;taqmuf ttH  k  rsm;ud   k jynfe,fvlxkuom pDrHcef ‹cGJydkifc  hGif &Sd&rnf?  xd od k     k‹wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;u trsKd;om;rsm;wef;wla  k&;ud  tmrcHay;Edki onf f     h jynfaxmif  Jpkz‹pG nf;yH ud k k a&;qG   J  wifjy&ef }udK;yrf;aepOf   AdkvfcsKyfae0if;OD;aqmifaom vlrsdK;}uD;0g'D ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;u wk   dif;jynf  _ydKuG   Jrnf  dp;k I[kq   d k um (1962) wGif   kEdifiHawmftm%mudk ppfwyftm;uk  d;  jzifh odrf;,lv   k uf d   onf? v$wfawmf udk zsufodrf;I orRwES  h if tpdk;&tzG ‹0J if   0ef}uD;rsm;/ awmif}uD;nDv od mcH ‹k wufa&muf cJ   honfh wkdif;&if;om;acgif;  aqmifrsm;udk tjypfwpfp Hk wpf&mr&SdbJ axmif  oGif;tusOf;csvd   k uf onf?  xd ‹k aemuf ppfAkdvf/ ppf  om;rsm; }uD ;pd  k;aom jrefrmh  kq& ,f d S vpfvrf;pOfygwD  ud   k xlaxmif  um t&if;&Sife,fc  sJ‹0g'/ vlrsdK;}uD;0g'/ ppf tm%m&Sif0g'ES  h if  wpfygwD tm%m&Sifpepfudk w&m;0if usif oH h k;-uawmhonf?  ppf tm%m&S if vuf atmuf usa&mufjcif ;  Adkv f ae0if; ppftm%modrf;I r-umcifrSmyif OD;ay:OD  h;ESif  OD;armifpdefnGef‹wkd‹onf &ckdi trsKd f ;om;vG wfajrmufa&;tzG J ‹ukd   J‹pzGnf;  xlaxmif_yD; (1962) rS (1969) txd rqvtpk   d;&uk   d awmfvSe  hfcJ-uonf?   wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif OD;ausmfZH&$DESifh OD;armif[efw  k   d‹OD;aqmifaom &ckdif   trsdK;om;rsm;onf ocif  p k d;OD;aqmifaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (tvH  eD)rS cGJxGu  fum &ck   difjynfuGefjrLepfygwD udk xlaxmifvsuf &ckdi trsKd f ;om;  a&;twG  uf awmif;qd wd k  k ufyGJ0ifcJh-uonf? (1963) awmfvSe a&;aumif f pDrS  wpfw   dik f;jynfvkH; typf tcwf typf tcwf&yfpJa-umif;a-unm_yD; wpf  kEid fiHvHk;  d&S vuf (12)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  euf uk   di tzG f     J‹tpnf;rsm;ukd _idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;&ef wfzdac:cJ    honf? T  aqG;aEG;  JyGo   kd ‹ &cdkifjynf uGefjrLepfygwDrS OD;ausmf ZH&$DESifh OD;odef;azwk    d‹ wuf   a&muf_yD; &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;.uk  ,f   hu d H-urRmukd,fzefwD;cGi uk fh d tod  trS wfjyKonf   h  taejzifh   d&ckifjynfrS Armwyfrsm; ±kyfodrf;&efawmif;qk   d&m  vd uf k  avsmr+ wpf  Hpw k pf&mr&S ojzif d h aqG;aEG;yGJrS Ekwfx G uf_yD; vufeuf  udkif  wd   k uf  Jy ud G   k qufvufqifE  h$Jc onf J ? vufawG  ‹tm;jzifhvnf; awmfvSefa&;  aumifp D ._idrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm twd   k uf  tcHrsm;u _idrf;csrf;a&;rvdk   vm;ojzifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; awmufavmifae&ygonf[k jynfolvlxkE  hSif  Edkifi wumud H   k ta-umif;jycsuf jycsufay;vdkaom AdkvfcsKyfae0if e0if;.Ed   kifi a&; H vSn   f h  uG  ufwpfckom jzpfayonf? (1964) wGif Akdvf}uD;-umvS  atmif OD;aqmif   aom   d&ck i trsKd f ;om;nDn wf G a&;tzG J ‹ aus;vufa'orsm;udk tajccH um   rqvtpdk;&tm; ajymuf usm;ppfjzifh wd uf k c uf dk  c J h&m ppfa&;t& xda&mufr+  &S dcJ  haomfvnf; jynfolvlxkESia0;vH fh acgif;yg;aomae&mrsm;wGi f om v+yf  &Sm;cJ onf h jzpf&m pnf;&Hk;a&;t& ta&;ed  hr  hcf J&onf?  rqvtpkd;&vufatmuf wGif wpfEdkifiHvHk;  Ed  kifiHa&;t& zdESdyf   cHcJh&onf? vlr+/ pD;yGg;a&;qd     kif&m -uyf  wnf;epfemr+rsm;ES if   h }uHKawG   h&‹cJ  onf?  zJ   h ay;vk uf d &aom &uQXmeD  tcsKyf  tjcmtm%musqkH;oGm;aom   d&ck i  dfEkifi H awmf. e,fe  rdw tm; f tenf;i,fazmfjyvk   dygonf?  &ckdifjynfonf Armjynf. taemufbufjcrf;wGi wnf f   d&_S yD;  ta&S  ‹bufwGif rauG;wkdif;/ taemufbufwGif b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf/  awmifbuf  wGif {&m0wD  wd     kif;/ ajrmufb ufwGif csif;jynfe,f/ b*Fvm;  a'h&SfEdkifiHw ‹dk E  hSif xdpyfvsuf &S   donf? (1824) t*Fvdyf/ Armppft_yD;wGif  csKyfq   kd aom &E   k Wyd pmcsKyft& &cd   kifjynf.e,ferd wfrSm ajrmufydkif;wGif csif;   jynfe,f yvuf0awmifwef;a'orS awmif  dykif;e*a&tilE  h Sif [k   dif}uD;u|ef;   txd us,fjyef‹cJhonf? &ckdifjynf.e,ferdwftus,ft0ef;rSmvnf;   (21694) pwk&ef;rkdif &Sdc onf Jh ? ok ‹d &mwGif &ckdifawmif yk  dif;a'o ausmuf   c|ef;jrpfrS e*a&tiltxd &Snfvsm;aome,fajrrsm;tm; _Adw o#wk d   d‹u tkyf  csKyfa&;,EW&m;   dykrkdv ,f G  ul a&;twG uf 'k wd , t*Fvdyf=Armppft_yD; c&mZf (13)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H   ESpf (1853) wGif yk odrfc  d&kif (,ck {&m0wD  wkdif;) twGif;ok     d‹ xnf  oGh if;  vd uf k  avonf? xk   da-umifh &ckdifjynf.e,fedr d wfrSm (21694) pwk&ef;rkdifrS  (18945) pwk&ef;  drkif cef‹ avsmhusoGm;avonf?  tdE ,=Arm dN cG a&;/ J wGJa&;jy\emt_yD; (1937) wGif t*Fvdyf   tufOya't& ewfjrpftaemufb   ufurf; (37) rkdif&Snfvsm;aom  taemufbufurf; &k   d;wef;tm;  d,td   dEkiEfiN  .tk H yfcsKyfa&;vufatmufo ‹kd  oG wf oGif;vk   d  ufaoma-umifh &ckdi urf f ;&kd;wef;tvsm;rSm (480)   drkifrS (443)  rkdi ok f     d‹ avsmqif;oGm onf ;cJh ? xk     d‹jyif ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&_yD; (1953)  wGif ,ckyvuf0c&dkif[kac:aom &cd   kifajrmuf  dyik f;awmifwef;a'ouk   dvnf;  csif;jynfe,fx ok J     d‹   J oG qGif;jcif;cHv   du k f&onf twG h   uf ,ckvuf   dA&rmjynf S   wGif owfrSwfxm;aom &cdkifjynfe,f.e,fedrdwftus,ft0ef;rSm  (14200) pwk&ef;  krdifr#om usef& awmh Sd onf?  Ak  d vf ae0if ;ES if   h qefjy\em  ppftm%m&Sif  Ak   dvfae0if;tpkd;&vufxuf rqvwpfygwD   tm%m&Sifpepfjzifh wk   dif;jynftm; "m;rkd;tkyfcsKyfaecsdef ( 1967) ckESp wG f if  jrefrmEkdifiHY qefjy\em t}uD;tus,fjzpfyGm;cJ onf h ?  rqvygwD onf tajccHvlwef;pm;}uD;ESpf&yf[k a-uG;a-umf   xm;aom v,form;/ tvk   yform;rsm;twGuf awmif  olv,form;  ESD;aESmzvS  ,fyGJESifh tvkyform;ES   D;aESmzvS  ,fyGJrsm;tm; ESpfckjyKvk usif yf ;y  ay;vsuf  d& S onf? (1967) ckESpf rwfv (2) &ufae‹wGif rqvygwD u “A[kdawmif olv,form;aumifpD”uk  d   JzG‹pnf; cJ   honf?   dxk aumifpD pwif   zGJ‹pnf;jcif;onfyif qef&Sm;yg;r+jy\emjzpfay:apaomta-umif;t&if;  wpfck jzpfayonf? (1966) ckESpf   dpkufysKd;&moD  wkef;u &moDOwk  azmuf  jyefcJhaoma-umif     h ArmjynfwGif pyg;pk   d  ufysKd;{u (11) odef;ausmfysufpD;  hcJ   &_yD; pyg;wif; odef;aygif; (500) ausmfysufpD;cJh&onf?   dok ‹aomf  Akdv f ae0if;tpkd;&onf jynf wGif;pm;okH;r+ ukd tav;rxm;bJ qefjywfvwf  r+jzpfrnfu   k   d  od od}uD;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;aiG&&Sda&;twG  &;twG  uf qef   wefcsdef (1³1)  oef;ausmf wify ‹kda&mif;cscJ h onf? xk   ‹jd yif tpk     d;&u qef   ukd vG  wfvyfpGm  a&mif;0,fc  hGirf ay;bJ wif;wif;usyf usyfcsKyf ukdifxm;onf  htwGuf qef&Sm;   yg;r+jy\em ykdrkd}uD;xGm;vmcJ  onf h ? tpk   d;&onf jynfolvlxkv  dkvm;csuf  uk   d tav;rxm;bJ EkdifiHjcm;wk   dif;jynfrsm;ok   d‹ wify kd ‹a&mif;csaer+/ pD;yGm; (14)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf   a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm; vuf0g;}uD;tkyfxm;r+/ csKyfcs,f uef‹owfaomay:vpD  rsm;csrSw f um pD;yGm;a&;rS ef or#tm;  wf yd yif uef ‹owfr+rsm;a-umif    h qef   jywfvwfr+jy\emjzpf&jcif;ta-umif;t&if;rsm;jzpfayonf? (1967) ck  pyg;opfx G uf&Sd_yD; vykdif;cef‹o ao;onf m&Sd  tcsd h e wG f if qefjywfvwfr+   pwifjzpfyGm;cJh_yD; qefaps;rsm;vnf; w[k efx  k d;  wuf jrifv h mcJ onf h ?   (1962) ckESpf ppft pk  d;&tm%modrf;pOfu qef   wpfjynf jym; (60) om&S   d   cJh&m (1967) ckESpf qefjy\em}uHKawG  ‹&pOfwGif qefwpfjynf (7) usyfrS  (8) usyftxdjzpfyGm;cJ onf h ? xk   d uJ   h ok     d‹ Armjynfwpfjynf v  H;k qefjywfvwf   r+jy\emjzpfyGm;&m tqk     d;0g;qkH;cHpm;cJh&olrsm;rSm &ckdifjynfolrsm;jzpf  onf?  e,f csJ ‹t*F vd yf wnf aom_rd K‹   yxr t*Fvdyf=ArmppfyGJrSm bk     d;awmfbk&m;   d&ckifjynfu    k d odrf;   ,l_yD; ESpf (40) t-umwGif jzpfyGm;cJ onf h ? xkdppf  JyGa-umifh t*Fvdyf=Arm  &EWykdpmcsKyfu   dk (1826) ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (26) &uf  wGifcsKyfqkdcJh_yD; &ckdif  ESifh weoFm&D a'ouk     d  wd _Ad o#e,fcsJ‹orm;rsm;tm;ay;vk d uf&onf? &ckdif  jynfu   k   d e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfrsm; odr onf f;,l  htcsdefxd &ckdifjynf ._rdK‹awmfrSm  ajrmufOD;_rd _rdK‹jzpfonf? ajrmufOD;onf yifv,fESifh tvSrf;a0;jcif;/ yifv,f   ul;oabFmrsm; 0if uf xG oGm;vmEk  difr+r &S   djcif;/ c&D;oGm;vma&;cufcJjcif;/  ul;oef;a&mif;0,f a&;wGif _Ad wd o#e,fcsJ‹orm;rsm;twGuf t[ef ‹twm;  jzpfaejcif;wk ‹da-umifh &ckdifjynf._rdK‹awmftjzpf ppfawGuGsef;tm; a&G;cs,f  cJh-uonf?  &ckdifjynfonf tcsKyf tjcmtm%myk  difEkdifiHtjzpf &yfwnf  hcJ  aomtcsdef &ckdifbk&ifrsm;vufxuf  u  awG ppf uGsef;onf ppfa&;t&  tcsuf tcsmuscJ h aomuGsef;wpfuGsef;jzpfonf? uGsef;.trnf   wGif “ppf”  qk onf d hpum;&yfonf ppfa&;t&ta&;ygr+ ukd xif&Sm;aponf? rlv  ppfwJq    k donfha0g[m&rS ppfaw;/ ppfawG[k ajymif ajymif;vJjzpfvmjcif;jzpfonf?   ppfwJ [l [al om t"dy`m,frS m ppfESifhq   dik f&mtiftm;pkrsm; ppfwJcs&mt&yf jzpf   onf?  ok  d‹aomf   &ck   difjynftm; Arme,f  ‹rsm;od csJ rf;  dyk ufv   d uf k  aoma-umif  h  ppfawG  uGsef;. ppfa&;t&ta&;ygr+  onfvnf; avsmhusoGm ;cJ  h_yD; wHig&Gm  tqif   hjzpfcJh&onf onf? xkda -umif umifh t*Fvdyfr wf S  wrf;rsm;wGif ppfawG_rdK‹tm; (15)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H “wHig&Gm”tjzpf a&;om;cJ  h-uonf?   _Adwdo#e,fcsJ‹orm;rsm;tkyfpkd;pOfu ppfawG_rdK‹onf Arm  jynf. vlOD;a&trsm;qk   H;_rdK‹}uD; (10) _rdK‹teuf wpf_rdK‹tygt0ifjzpfonf ?   ppfawG_rdK‹tm; _Adwdo#e,f  ‹ocrm;rsm;onf sJ ol wk ‹d tusKd;pD;yGm;twG uf   wnfaxmifcJhjcif;jzpfonf? e,fc  sJ‹orm;rsm;u ppfawG_rdK‹tm; ol wk ‹d tusKd;  pD;yGm;twG uf wnfaxmif  hcJ-uovk     d &ckdifrsKd;cspfrsm;uvnf; e,f  ‹qcsJef ‹   a&;/ trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; tif   tm;pkrsm;arG;xkwfay;onf bk   dreRuf  oefajrtjzpftok  H;jyKcJ h onf? rif;om;}uD;a&$bef;/ _rdK‹ol}uD; atmif ausmfZH/   a';0ef}uD;atmifausmf&$Dwkd‹OD;aqmifonfh e,fcsJ‹qef‹usifa&;tiftm;pk   rsm;onf ppfawG_rdK‹u   kd tajccH_yD; e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyfrsm;tm; awmfvSefcJh-u  onf?   ppfawG_rdK‹onf  wd 'k  ,urBmppf  umvuvnf; ta&;ygaom  _rdK‹wpf_rdK‹jzpf  hco J nf?  ppfawG  onf   H;Ak'%fvnf;cH cJ   h&onf? ppfajrjyifvnf;jzpfcJh&  onf? ukdv   dek Dorkdif;ukd jzwfoef;cJh&aom ppfawG_rdK‹onf uk   dvkdeDpepf .  aumif;arG qkd;arGrsm;ukdvnf; vufcH&  d&S cJ   honf? e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyf wnf   axmifcJhaom _rdK‹/ e,fcsJ‹t*Fvdyf/ zufqpf*syef/ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'D/ ppf  0g'Drsm; aoG;pkyf/ &ufpuf/ owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&aom _rdK‹?  uk   dv  dke taqmif D ta,mifrsm;wnf &S   d&m ppfawG_rdK‹wGi&mZ0if f  &kdif;avmufatmif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfvSaom tpktvk uf d  t_yKHvkduf   vlowfr+}uD;onf ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&_yD; (19) ESpft-um (1967)  -o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹wGifjzpfyGm;cJ onf h ?  ppfawG_rdK‹&Sd qwf&kd;usacsmif;onf ta&S  ‹bufrS taemufbuf  ok   d‹ a0h  um pD;0ifvsuf  &S  donf? ppf uG awG  sef;.taemufajrmufbuf wGif  }uG   DwJacsmif;ES if  h r,ljrpf (3) ck aygif ;qk   H_yD; b*Fvm;yifv atmf ,f x ok J  ‹d  pD;0ifvsuf& onf Sd ? qwf &k  d;uswpf&kd;wGif ta&S  ‹rS taemuf emZD&Gmtxd   qefpufrsm;/ pyg;ok   davSmif & k Hrsm;/ oabFmqdyfrsm;/ bkwfqdyfrsm;/ avmif;   avSrsm; jynfhE uf S vsuf  d&  S onf? ukvm;wefjrpfESifh aygif;qk     H&m qwf  d&;us k   acsmif;0rS rkdiftenf;i,fa0;aomae&mrSm EkdifiHjcm;oabFm}uD;rsm; qk  ufd  uyfxm;onf?   ukvm;wefjrpf/ av;_rdK‹jrpf  hESif &ckdifweH wvsm;rS xGu onf f   h  pyg;rsm;ukd qwf&kd;usacsmif;w&kd;wGif vma&mufa&mif;cs-uonf? qwf (16)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  &kd;usacsmif; &S  d qefpufrsm;rS }ud   wfcGJ_yD; qefrsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;ok     d‹ wif  dy‹-u k  onf? qwf  d&k;usacsmif;wGif ppfawG wnfpuyif qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;  jzpfxGef;cJ h onf? &ckdifjynf wpfckvkH;wGif qefpyg;a&mif;0,fa&;&mY tcsuf   tcsmusonfhacsmif;jzpfonf? rif;*Hacsmif;0atmufem;rSpI qwf   d;&usk  acsmif;txd jrpf  d&k;wpfav#muf   dEkifiHjcm;qefwif oabFmrsm;onf qef  d*k  a'gifrsm;rSwqifh qefpyg;rsm;uk  d uke wif f jcif; jyKvkyfvsuf  d& onf S ?  &ck ifd jynf . yxrqk   H ; tiwf ab; “bm;bl[d,ifh qef[d,  hif   d'kif;usD[d,ifh &D[ ,if d   h” [lI  &ckdifjynf. qefa&pyg;aygrsm;yk   Htm; pmzG ‹J rSw wrf f ;wifc onf Jh ?  &ckdifjynfwGif qef&Sm;I tiwf ab;ESifh }uHKawG ‹  hcJ&onf[k  ork   dif;wav#mufrnfonh tcgwG f ifrS rawG‹zl; r-um;cJh&zl;acs? ae0if;ppf  tkyfpkvufxuf (1967) ckESpfwGif &ck   difjynfol/ jynfom;rsm; yxrOD;qkH;  aom}uHKawG  ‹cJh&aom tiwfab;jzpfonf? qef&Sm;yg;r+  a-umif     h  a-u; aiG  wwf  dEik  f olrsm;awmif qef  uk   d 0,fr&jzpf-u&onf? qef&Sm;yg;r+a-umif   h  jydef;OESifh csOfaygif}udKaomuf&onf txd qefpyg;&Sm;yg;cJ  h onf? tusKd;   quftjzpf 0rf;avsmum aoolrsm;owif;/  &SufI tqdyfaomuf owf owf  aoolrsm;owif;uk  d &ckdifjynf yn tES f H r-um;csifqkH;-um;ae-u&onf ?   ppfawG_rdK‹vrf;}udK vrf;-um;rsm;wGif “xrif;usefay;yg [if;   usefay;yg” [k wpmpmESifh v   dkufv awmif H ;pm;ae-uolrsm;uk  d ae‹w   dkif;   vkdvkdawG‹jrifae&onf? &ifcGi fxwG J ifvnf;   d‹  dpEkk‹t&G ,fuav;i,frsm;uk  d  csDy kd ‹xm;-uonf? TuJ ok h   d‹jrif  uGif;tm; &ckdifjynfwGif rnfonf tcsd h eftcg   r# rawG‹jrifcJh&acs? jrif&oltaygif; a-uuG     J0rf;enf;p&mjrifuGif; jzpf  onf? rdef;rysKd/ vlysKdrsm;onfyif awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf&onf tjzpf h  a&muf-u&onf? qef&Sm;yg;r+a-umif     h aus;vufrsm;wGif csrf;omaomtdrf  rsm;uk     d0if_yD; qefvko  nftjzpf h rsm; jzpfyGm;vsuf  &onf Sd ? Armppftpkd;&  onf &ckdifjynfolrsm; iwfjywfaeaomfvnf; at;at;aq;aq;yif? &ckdif  jynfolvlxk&ifqkdifae&onf    h tiwfab;tm; ajz&Sif;ay;jcif;r&SdbJ &ckdif   tcsif;csif; owfjzwfjcif ;uk  d tomw-unfapmifh-unf  hvsuf& onf Sd ? “,mvnf; nufap/ -uufvJ armap”qk onf d   hr uk l     d vuf  duifkjyKxm;aom  ae0if;tpkd;&onf qefv  Jky tjzpf G tysufrsm;tm; OyuQmjyKxm;cJ onf h ?  ppfawG_rdK‹wGif qyvk   dif[ k ac:aom or0g,rqk     difrsm;rS aus; (17)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  &Gm&yfuGufw   dk if;wGif u'fjym;rsm;jzifh qefa0iS a&mif;csay;onf? vlwpfOD;   v#if ,cif uEk d ‹qDAl; (60) ay;&mrS qef&Sm;yg;onf[kq  um kd   dEk‹qDAl; (40)  xdavsmhcs_yD;a&mif;csay;cJ onf h ? &ck     difjynfolrsm;rS  HmrSefrykpm;aomuf  EkdifbJ ravmufrijzifh r0a&pm pm;aomufvm-u&onf?  arS mifr uf kd  aom ae‹&uf rsm;  -o*wf  o*wf  - -    -    -    (pf ) (11)/ (1967)   rkd;onf;xefpGm &Gm  d vk   uf/ pJv   d  kufjzpfaeaom -o*wf(pf) (11)   &ufae‹wGif c&k   difvkH_cHKa&;ES i f h tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD (c/ v/ u)  H&k;a&S‹wGif   vltrsm; qENjyawmif  d;qk ae-uonf? awmif;qk   daomta-umif;t&mrSm  vuf&Sd ol wk   d‹&ifq   dik f}uHKawG  ‹ae&aom qefjy\emtm; ajz&Sif;ay;&efjzpf  onf? (c/ v/ u)   H&k;rS qefjy \emtm; ajz&Sif;ay;aeonf[k owif;  rsm;xGu aeaoma-umif f     h vma&mufpka0;-ujcif;jzpfonf? ok   ‹ad omf xl;jcm;   r+um;  r&S  dacs? ar#mf  hv csuf if jzifh a&muf  d&Svmolrsm;onf tdrfrjyefbJ  wpfckc k ajz&Sif;ay;avrvm;pdwfjzifh qufvufapmif  qk   h   dif;ae-u&m nae   om wjznf;jznf;apmif;vmcJhonf? xk   d tcsde wG f if (c/v/u) wm0ef& ol Sd   rsm;xGufvm_yD; “tdrfjyefygawmh”  aoma-umif qkd   h ol wk   d‹vm&mvrf;   twkdif; toD;oD;jyefoGm;cJ   h-uonf? tpkd;&tm; od  frharG ‹aomenf;vrf;rsm;   jzifh olw  kd‹. touf&Sif&yfwnfa&;twG  uf ajz&Sif;ay;&ef awmif;qkdcJh-u  jcif;jzpfonf?  -o*wf  o*wf  - -    -    -     (pf ) (12)  c&kdifv   HkjcHKa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwD (c/ v/ u) &kH;wGif   qefjy\emESifh ywf   oufI _rdK‹rd/ _rdK‹zrsm;uk     dac:_yD; tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf  usif;yvsuf  d& onf S ? xk tpnf d ;ta0;rS aeI vl wpfa,muf uk   d qef  dE‹q k D Al;   (14) Al;pDjzifh wpfvpmjzef‹jzL;a&mif;csay;rnf[k owif;rsm;xG uf ay:vm  cJ h onf? vl  wpfOD; qef (14) Al;tm; wpfvtxd pm;&rnfh tpDtpOfjzpf  onf?  vlwpf  a,muf reufwpfAl;/ nwpfAl; wpfvtenf;qkH; (60)  Al;vk d tyfayonf? ‚if;uk     d qef E  k d‹ qDAl; (14) Al;ukd vl vw l pfOD;taejzifh wpf  vpm;&rnfq onf kd rSm rnf ok d ‹enf;ESifhr# jzpf   diEfkp&mta-umif; vk   H;0 r&S   d  acs? xk tpD d  tpOftm; vufc onf H   h vlwpfcsKd‹vnf;&Sd-uonf? Tok ‹d qkdyg (18)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf u iwfI aozk ‹d om usefawmhonf? qefvkH;0r&SdI ao&rnfqkdv#if [k wf   ao;onf? qef  * k da'gifrsm;/ EkdifiHjcm;oabFmrsm;wGi&ck f  difjynfrS xG uf  d&S   aomqefrsm; tjynf   h  d&Saeygvsuf tb,fa-umif  h Armppft pk   d;& onf   &ckdifjynfolrsm;. tiwfab;jy\emukd tb,fa-umifh ajz&Sif;  ray;ygovJ?  nae (3) em&D  qiful;vrf;&yfu G uf/ (OD;apmjzL) qefpuf qyf  d&;usacsmif k ;   _cH0if;.aemufbuf qd urf yf ;azmifawmf  wGif vlrsm; &+y uf f,S cyfvsuf  &S onf d ? (C B 28)  trnf&Sd EkdifiHjcm;qefwif  oabFmonfvnf; qdyfuyf  vsuf& onf Sd ? vlrsm;onf oabFmay:rS qefrsm;uk  d wpfykdifwpfEkdifo,f   csae-uonf? wpf tdw  dfEik  ol f wpft d wf/ wpf0ufEkdifol wpf0uf o,f ,l  ae-uonf? wpfcsKd‹rSm oabFm0rf;acgif;xJrS rEkdifreif;xrf;vmI a&xJ  ok     d‹ qef   tdwfa&m/ vlyg vd rfh qif;oGm;onfrsm;ukdvnf; awG‹jrifae&yg  onf? vkH_cHKa&;&J om;rsm;uvnf; qef ,l aeolrsm;tm; rnf onf   h [ef‹wm;   r+r# rjyKvkyfbJ onf twk     dif; &yf-unf   hae-uygonf? qdw urf f ;wpfckv   Hk;  onf qef ,laeolrsm;jzif sm;jzifh tkwfatmfaomif omif;eif;jzpf jzpfvsuf &S   dayonf? n(7)  em&Dcef‹wGif (C B 28)  rS qefrsm;ukefoGm;onf? vl  trsm;vnf; wpfjznf;  jznf;uG,faysmuf oGm;cJ onf h ? pm;p&m qefr  d&S_yDjzpfaoma-umifh eD;&m  qef* kd a'gifrsm;/ oabFmrsm;rS qefrsm;uk     d azmuf  ,lae-ujcif;jzpfonf ?  n (9) em&Dcef‹wGif urf;rSx uf G cGmoGm;aom (CB) oabFmwGif rdef;uav;   wpfOD;ygoGm;a-umif;/ aoqk   H;oGm;a-umif; owif;xG uf xG ufvmonf? (CB) rS   ,laqmifvmaom qefrsm;onf tqD sJc  G um tvGefpm;I aumif;a-umif;  ajymqkdae-uonf?   -o*kwf (12) &ufnaewGif touf&Sif&yf wnfa&;twG uf  qefu   k d &onf  ae&mrS h azmuf ,l aeolrsm;&S   d ovk     d/ qefjy\emtm; tpk   d;&rS   ajz&Sif;rS ajyvnfrnf[k ,k     H-unfum qENjyawmif;qkd&ef}ud ef}udK;yrf;aeol  rsm;vnf;&Sdonf?  vrf;rawmfawmif&yf uG  uf ausmif;q&mr aetdrfwpft wG drf if   vli,f (30) ausmf qENjycsDwuf &efp k a0;um n (7) em&DwGif aetdrfrS  pwifx G ufcGm-uonf? “qef “qefjy\em jy\em ajz&S ajz&Si fi;ay;/ f ta&;awmf  yk  H atmif   &rnf &rnf”” “jyKwf “jyKwf  qef  rpm; &ck  if om;/ d qef uG   Jrpm; &ck   di om;/ f qef tjynf t0 h (19)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  a&mif ;csay;” [k a-uG;a-umf um vrf;r}uD;vrf;twk   dif; pwifc wuf sD vm-u  onf? olw    k d‹csDwufaeaom aemuf q  k H;ae&mrSm jrLeDpyg,fOuU@ OD;armif  ausmfOD;tdr ok f  ‹d jzpfonf? OD;armifausmfOD;tdr ok f  ‹d c sD wufaejcif;rSm qef   jy\emajz&Sif;ay;aeI r[kw?f ol  u tm%myk     difrsm;tm;  wpf vl OD;v#if   wpfae‹qefwpfAl;/ jyKwf  qefE  hSif qef uG     Jay;v#if&onf[k wifjycJhaom  a-umifhjzpf  onf? jynf  olrsm;onf ol‹.wifjycsufrsm;tm; cHjyif;um  ol ‹qDo kd ‹  csD wufaejcif;jzpfonf? tdrfa&S‹ta&muf  wGif qENjyolpkpkaygif;   (200) cef‹&Sdrnf[k cef‹rSef;&onf? olw    k d‹onf OD;armifausmfOD;aetd tm; rf  tk  wfcJrsm;jzifh ypfayguf-uonf?   d uJ xk  h ok     d‹   ypf aygufaepOf vufeuf  tjynfhE  hSif ppf om;rsm;vk d ufygvmaom ppf  um; (2) pD;a&muf&Sdvm_yD; ppf  um;rsm;ESi twl fh  Ak  dvfrSL;apmjzLvnf; vk  ufd ygvmcJ  honf?   dtk;wef;&yf uG uf   ESifh &ly&GmcGq    k HrS qENjyvli,frsm; ppf   um; (2) pD;tm; 0kdif;vk uf d -uonf?   AkdvfrSL;apmjzLonf vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;tm;ac:um qefjy\emuk   d  olajz&Sif;ay;rnf[k uwday;_yD; qENjyolrsm;tm; vlpkcGJ_yD; tdrfjyef&ef  ajym-um;cJhonf? qENjyolrsm;vnf; qefjy\emajz&Sif;ay;rnfqkdaom  uwd  tm; ,k   H-unfum toD;oD;jyefo m;cJ G h-uonf? tcsde f um; nOf     h (10)  em&Dcef‹&Sdae_yD?  aoG ;pG ef;aom -o*wf  - o*wf -    --         (pf ) (13)   -o*wf(pf) (13) &uf   ae‹wGif ppfawGwpf_rd K‹v  k H;rSm v+yfv+yf   &G&Gjzpfvsuf&Sd_yD; ,refae‹rsm;xuf   dykrkdxl;jcm;vsuf  d&  S onf? onfae‹wGif   ppfawG_rdK‹Y rnfo    k d‹ rnfykHjzpfvmrnfq  onf kd  ukd rnf ol  wpfOD; wpf a,muf   ur# rcef‹rSe f;Ek  difacs? jynfolvlxkwpf&  Hyf;v .rauseyf k   oHrsm;/ awmuf   acgufoHrsm;/  ik  dn‡Of;oHrsm;u ae&mtE‹SH-um;ae&onf ? ol wk   d‹rsufESmrsm;  wGif romr,mjzifh wpfp wpf kH c uk k d   dpk;&drfa-umifh-uae[ef& onf Sd ?  bk&m;}uD;&ifjyifwGif ppfawG  wpf_rdK‹vkH; qENjycsDwuf  JyjyKvk G yf   &ef v#Kd ‹0 S uf}uHpnfxm;-uaom ausmif;om; (12) a,mufcef ‹a&muf  d&v S m  onf? xk   d txJrS ausmif;om;wpfOD;u oltusôtwGif;rS ydwfzsifpwpfcku   dk  qGJx wf k v kd ufonf?   dxk‹aemuf 0g;vk   H;ESpfvkH;wGif taotcsm csnfaESmif  vk uf d  onf? xkdydwfzsifpwGif a&;xm;aomt&mum; “qefjy\em  ajz&Si f ;yg h h h h h &ck ifd  ta&;awmf yk   H atmif&rnf” [k a&;om;xm;onf?  ausmif;om;ESpfOD;onf ydwfzsifptm; 0g;vk   H;ESpfvkH;wGif csnf aESmifv uf kd _yD; (20)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  0uFyguGif;&Sd ydawmufyif-um;wGif axmifxm;vk   du onf f ? qENjyyG twG J  uf   vlpkaejcif;jzpfonf? xk   d tcsdefwGif vrf;rawmf   awmifrS tokb ‹ykad qmif   vm-u&m  vk  dufygvmolrsm;onf   xk   dydwfptm;jrif&m ok\  ok   def  ‹ roGm;  a&mufbJ pka0;ae&mwGif qif;usef cJ  h-uonf? tokb  yk‹ad qmifaom um;  wef;wGif vlrygoavmufjzpfoGm;onf? Tok   d‹jzifh wjznf;jznf;pka0;vm   -u&m pwifqENjyEk   difonfhv  l tiftm;&Sdvmonf? “qef “qef   jy\em ajz&Sif;yg   h    h h h h h &ck ifd  ta&;awmf   H y k H atmif atmif  &rnf &rnf””[ka&;xm;aom ydwfzsif  onf qENjy   yGJ. wpf ckwnf;aom   dqkif;bk wf}uD;vnf;jzpfonf? xkdydwfptm; ta0;   rSyif xif&Sm;pGmjrifae&onf? ae‹vnf (1) em&Dcef‹wGif pwifcsDwuf  xGufcGm&ef jyifqifjcif; tjzpf qENjyyG tm; J OD;aqmifo wpf l OD;onf “ES macgif ;yk   d if ; ae0if ;tpk  ;& d ;& tvk   dr&Sd?” ?tvk ” “rqvtpk  d ;& tpk  ;& d ;& tvk   dr&Sd?” ?” tvk “qef jy\em   jy\em ajz&Si ;yg?” f ajz&Sif “&ck if   hd  ta&;awmf yk   H yk atmif H  &rnf?” ?” atmif  a-uG;a-umf oH tm; pwif wk   difay;vk   d uf onf?  qENjyolrsm;onf bk&m;}uD;a&S‹0uFbmuGif;rS pwifx G ufcGmvm&m a';0ef;   &Gmvrf;/ [oFmuefa&S‹/ abmuf   oD;pkvrf;   dxkr wqif S     h rif;bm}uD;vrf;/  bkwfq d wf/ puf&Hkvrf;twk   dif; csD wufvmcJ  h-uonf? vrf;wav#muf vk uf d  ygvmcJ ol h rsm;a-umifh qENjyoltiftm;onf wjznf;jznf;wkd;yGm;vmcJ   h  onf? xk uJ d  ok h     d‹ csDwufvmcJh-u&m vrf;rawmfawmif& uG yf uf&Sd OD;pHxGef;   (ac:) OD;vljzL tdrfa&S‹ta&muf   wGif   Ak  dvfrSL;apmjzL a&muf  &  S dvm_yD; quf   vufcsDwufqENrjy&ef [ef‹wm;onf? qENjyolrsm;uvnf; “qef  duk   a&mif;csay;yg? a&mif;ay;&if tckyJ vlpkcGJr,f” [k awmif;qk   d-uonf?  ok     d‹aomf OD;apmjzLrSm wpf    pk Hw&m jyefvnfajz-um;jcif;r&SdbJ vm&m  vrf;wk   dif; jyefvnf aemuf qk wfoGm;cJ onf h ? qENjyolrsm;uvnf; a&S‹quf   _yD; a-uG;a-umf   oHrsm; atmf[ pfum qufvuf csDwuf-uonf? vrf;wpf   av#muf vufckwfrsm;wD;um axmufcHtm;ay;ae-uaom _rdK‹ol/ _rdK‹om;  rsm;uk     d awG‹-u&onf? _rdK‹rtrS wf (1) &Jpcef;wGif &Jrsm; ywfywfvnf vk   H   jcHKa&;,lxm;-uonf? ok  ‹ad omf qENjyaeolrsm;tm; taESmif t,S h  uf vkH;0 (21)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  ray;bJ onf twk   dif; &yf-unf un ae-ujcif fh ;jzpfonf?  vrf;r}uD;twk  dif;csD  wufvm-u&m ppfawGjynf  ol ‹aq;&k   H}uD;ok ‹d  a&muf  d&v S monf? x   dkrS }wd*HcGq  kH jynfawmfomrlvwef;ausmif;a&S‹rS jzwf   um ppfawGtusOf;axmifAl;0wnf   hwnfhvrf;twd  kif;csD wufvmcJ  h-uonf?  vrf;wav#muf tm;ay;aeolrsm;onf qENjyolrsm;tm; aomufa&rsm;  wk   d  ufauGs;um qENjyyG   J tm; axmuf ctm;ay;-uonf H ? jynfo  wpf l &yfv   Hk;   .   dvkvm;csufu   dk awmif;qk   daomqENjyyG  Jjzpfaoma-umifh wpf_rdK‹v  Hk ;tm;   ay;-uonf? xk ‹ad emuf taemufpHjy (7) Xgevrf;twd    kif; axmiftaemuf   buf Adkvf}uD;zdk;om&Gmvrf;twdkif; bkrvufzuf&nfqkdif (,ck avmu  eENmcGq    H k)/ abmvH   k;uGif;vrf;twdkif;av,Of  uGif;rS csD   wufvm&m rD;puf  }uD;cGqkH emZD&Gm (vuf&Sdpuf&kHp k ) uk wef ef   f;vrf;ok     d‹ a&muf&Sdv onf mcJh ?  emZD&GmrS rGwfqvifrsm;vnf; qENjycsD wuf&mwGif yg0ifvm-uonf? qEN  jycsDwuf y G Jonf vl v  di+ f;rsm; vd  hrq f if;vmonf  htvm; rsufpdwpfqkH; vSrf;  jrifae&_yD; vltif  tm;onf odef;ausmfcef  d‹&rS nf[k cef  ‹rSef;&onf? vlw   dik f;  toufqufvuf&Sifoefa&;twG uf qef&&Sda&;onf t"d ujzpfaom  a-umifh ,cku ok Jh  ‹djynfoltajrmuf  tjrm; yg0ifcJh-ujcif;jzpfonf ? a-uG;  a-umf oH um; ajymif ajymif;vJjcif;r&S r&Sdacs?  xk uJ d   h ok     d‹csDwufvm-u&m r-umrS   D puf  H&pk kvrf;ESifh uoJ&Gmvrf vrf;   xdyfwGif “jr” qefpufa&S ‹o kd ‹ a&muf  d&v S mcJ   h  onf? qENjycsDwufvmolrsm;   onf   dxk ae&mta&muf wGif a&S ‹qufrwk     d;EkdifbJ  wef &yf ‹oGm;cJh&onf?  tb,fa-umif   hq    k daomf qefpufaa&S   ‹Y oHql;}udK;rsm;jzifh umqD;xm;aom  a-umifhjzpf onf? xk ‹d tjyif qefpufvuf ,mbuf wGif (TE) [D;Ekd;um;}uD;   (6) pD; &yfvsuf  &  S d_yD; jrqefpuf_cH0if;ESifh vrf;b,fnmwGif ppfom;rsm;   onf &yfI ae&m,lxm;-uonf? ppfom;rsm;vufx wG J if (G-3)  armif;   jyefaoewfrsm; toif   h uk    difaqmifxm;-uonf? jrqefp  ufteD; [lar&m   qefpuf_cH0if;wpfckvkH;wGifvnf; aoewfarmif;wifxm;_yD; vkH_cHKr+  cvkw uk f d ydwfxm;um owd}uD;pGm &yfapmif   haeolppfom;rsm;uk   dvnf;  awG  ‹jrifae&onf?  ok  d‹aomf qENjyolrsm;um; a-umuf     &Hw G kefv+yf aemuf   qkwfjcif;um; vkH;0r&Sdacs? ok     d‹aomf qENjyolrsm;tm; a&S‹quf w   d;k I r&  atmif umqD;xm;aomt&mum; oHql;}udK;rsm;yifjzpfonf? oH ql;}udK;  .wpfbufwGif vufeuf toif   hu   k  difaqmifxm;aom ppf  om;rsm;&Sdae_yD; (22)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  tjcm;wpfzufwGif vufeuf rJ   hjynfolrsm;/ xrif;iwfI ao&rnf   hjynfol   rsm;? wpfenf;tm;jzif  dhq aomf k Armppftm%m&Si ae0if f ;tvk    dus trd  ‹ ef   emcHae&aom jynfol‹om;orD; ppfom;rsm;ES   i  f h iwfI ao&rnf   htpm;  wk   d uf y G J0ifI aornf[k  qk  H;jzwfxm;aom jynf   olrsm;? rnf  ol  u tEkdif  &&Sdrnfenf;qk   donf uk   d rnf  olr#rajymEkdif? tm%m&SifE  hSif jynfol xdyfw uf kd  awG ‹r+ aemufqkH; tqif ok h  ‹d a&muf& aeay_yD Sd ?  xk tcsd d efwGif   dAkvfrSL;apmjzLonf aemufxyfwpfzefa&muf  d&S   vm_yD; qENjyvltkyfxJrSwpfOD; xG   ufvmyg[k ac:,l  dv  ufk  onf? a&S‹q   Hk;   wef;rS wpfOD;xGu   foGm;_yD;   dAkvfcsKyf apmjzLqD ok     d‹ oGm  ;cJh onf?   dvAkfrSL;   apmjzLonf   d ol xk  tm; pm&G  uf  wpf&Guf ay;tyf  dv  ufk  onf? xk ol d onf  AkdvfrSL;apmjzLay;vk  d ufaom pmtm;,lvmum wHxm;tk  wfckHxufrS &yfI  zwf&efjyifv kd ufonf?   d tck xk  du twef f  ‹wGif a&S  ‹qkH;wef;rS a&mufaeol   rsm;xJrS wpfOD;u xkdpmonf trdef‹pmjzpfa-umif;/ rzwf&ef ajymaomf   vnf; aemuf  uscJhay_yD? pm&G ufzwfjyaeol onf pum;ttjzif     h “(1967)  -o*wf(pf)(13) &uf/ Tae‹rSpI yk'f yk'f yk'fr wpf wpf wpf&mh av; av;  q,fhav;uk   d xkwfjyefv  kdufonf h h h h” [k zwfjyvk  du onf f ? yk'fr (144)  qk d onfrSm nrxG   uf&/ vl (5) OD;xuf   y  k drpk&  ‹trd jzpfo ef nf?  xk trd d e f ‹pmtm; zwfjyaepOfrSmyif qENjyvlt kyonf f a&S  d‹o‹w k jznf;jznf;   ydI zdI odyfonf;vmaeonf? xk   d  tcg   Ak  dvfrSL;apmjzLu “&Ja wk bmf ‹d  &Jabmfw    k d‹awmif;qkdaom qefAl; (60)  uk  d ay;r,f/ [kdvrf;rSat;at; at;at;   qENjyoGm;-uyg? Tvrf;uk   d rausmfygESifh”[k ajymaepOf vl tky f u a&S‹o ‹ kd  wa&G‹a&G‹w   d;k a0S  ‹vm_yD; iyd odyf icsOfodyf ovk   d odyfonf;vmcJ onf h ?   ppfom;rsm;u umqD;xm;aomoH   ql;}udK;rsm;ukd b,fnmwpfckpDcGJI  z,f&Sm;vk   d  uf-uonf? “yk'fr (144) uk wf d&k odrf;vk   d  uf_yD” qkdaom trd ‹ef  uk   dvnf; r-um;vk uf d &? oH ql;}udK;rsm;ukd z,f&Sm;vk   dufaoma-umifh tuef ‹  towfr&Sd pnf;vG wf  urf;vGwfjzpfoGm;_yD;  tk vlyfonf ajy;wufoGm;  ovk   djzpfoGm;cJ h onf? xk  tcsd d efwGif ppfwyfrS pnf; (3) wef owfrSwfxm;   aom ae&mtrS wf tom;ukd ra&mufcifrSmyif aoewfo onf H   drk;,Ho    k d‹ v#H  xGu oG f m;cJ   honf? xk   d‹aemuf tqufrjywf xG ufay: vmaom aoewf oH?  qENjyolrsm;xJ wGif usnfxdrSefI vJ usol v J us upOf  huvsm; xG ufajy;  olajy;jzif jy;jzifh tajctaewpf tajctaewpf&yfv  Hk ;onf &k wfcsif;ajymif;vJoGm;cJ   h onf? (23)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  tl tyG wfv uf kd x uf G aeonfukd vufE  hSi  Hfzk;tky f um a0'emcHpm;ae&olrsm;/  rsufvkH;  drS wf wk wfr wf dS wkwfjzifh yufvufvefaeolrsm;/ ajr}uD;ay:wGif 0yf  ae&mrS ukef;±kef; ajy;olrsm;uk   d awG‹&onf?  xGufajy;olrsm;onf qefpuf  teD;rS pD;qif;vsuf &  S daom qwf  &kd;usacsmif;uk     djzwfI urf;wpfzuf o  k d‹ xG   ufajy;&ef a&xJ  ok     d‹ ckefqif;-u  onf? xk ok d   d‹v wf G ajrmuf&ef twGuf xG uf ajy;aeolrsm;ukdyif ppfom;rsm;  onf tvGwfv   k   H;0ray;acs? wHxm;teD wf ;tk ck   Hay:rSaeI acsmif;a&wGif  ul;cwfaeolrsm;tm; pd wf  d&Svuf&Sd ypfcwfae-uonf? vlrsm;tm; wd&p>mef  rsm;ozG,f ypfowfae-uonf? qwf  d&k;usacsmif;a&onf aoG;rsm;&J&Jjzifh  aoG;acsmif;jzpfoGm;cJ   h&onf?  Ak '< bmom0if wk ‹d . Oyky ae‹ f   (1967) -o*wf(pf )(13)&uf  ae‹onf Ak'
 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  ykdifrsm;u ppfawG qefjy\ema-umifh vl (24) OD;omaoqk   H;cJ h onf[k ajym   -um;cJh_yD; ppfawGqefjy\emonf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD .v+ gwD .v+ ‹H aqmf  aoG;xkd;r+a-umif     hjzpf&a-umif; ajym-um;cJ   onf h ? ppfawGqefjy\emESifh  ywf  oufI yDuif;toHv  h$iw f pfckom xkwfv  hGi  hcf  J onf? Armppft pk  d;&rS vl   (24) OD;aoqk  hH; onf cJ [k ajym-um;cJhaomfvnf; &ckdifjynf ol wpf&yfvkH;u   vlaygif; (300) ausmfaoqk   H; cJ  honf[k vufc H,  k H-unf-uonf? ppfawG  qefjy\emjzpfyGm;onf    h -o*wf (pf) (13) &ufae‹wGif tdrfu xG uf oGm;_yD;  rnfonf  htcgrS vk   H;0&SmrawG  ‹aom jynf ol tajrmuftjrm;&S  hdc onf J ? xk ol d  rsm;onf tb,f t&yfo ‹kd xG uf oGm;ygoenf;?  t&S if vwf vwf i&Jjynf yk   d ‹jcif;  ypfowfr+a-umifh  yG   Jcsif;_yD; aoqkH;olr  d ovk sm;&S    d t&Sifvwf  vwf ajrjrKyfcH&olrsm;vnf; &S d ayonf? tcif;jzpfyGm;&mae&mwGif   JyGcsif;  _yD;aoqk     H;olrsm;/ raobJ a0'emjyif;xefpGm cHpm;ae&olrsm;/ ajcaxmuf/  vuf wk   d‹wGif usnfxdrSefI rajy;Ekdifolrsm;onf pk_yHKusef  hc  J onf? xk   dolrsm;   tm; ppf  wyfrS um;rsm;jzifh odrf;usKH;wifaqmif  um wpfae&mwnf;wGif  usif;wl;I ajrjr‡yfo_*dKvf  hc-J uonf?   Armppftpkd;&onf qENjyolrsm;tm; ypfowfjcif;/ t&Sifvwf  vwf ajrjr‡yfESHjcif;jzifh rmefrajyEkdifbJ touf&Si usef f &pfc ol Jh rsm;tm;  vk uf d vHzrf;qD;cJ onf h ? qENjyyG wG J ifyg0if c J holrsm;vnf; tzrf;rcHbvG v J  wf G   ajrmufatmif xG  ufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJh-uonf? zrf;qD;cH&olrsm;rSm ppfawG   _rdK‹ vrf;opf& uG yf  ufrS OD;vkH;armifESifh abmufoD;pk&yfu uf G rS OD;pH om  ausmfw   k   d‹jzpfonf? Armppftpkd;&onf& trsKd ckdif ;om;rsm;.awmfvSefvkdp wf d wf d   tm; tjrpfjywfacsr+ef;&ef olw    k d‹ESpfOD;tm; erlemtaejzifh &uf&ufpufpuf  ESdyfpuf  hc J onf? ol wk     d‹ESpfOD;tm; zrf;qD;um tusOf;axmifwGif t±l;aq;  xkd;_yD; jyefvnfv wf G ay;cJ onf h ? olw ‹kd ESpfOD;&l;oGyfaeyk  H tm; &ckdi trsKd f ;om;  rsm;awG‹jrif  um Armppft  pk  d;&tm; rawmfvSef&Jatmif/ awmfvSef/ tef  wk   v#if ol  wk   d‹vkd jzpfrnfq   k   d_yD; &uf&ufpufpufvky fjycJ onf h ? ppftm%m  &Sif.o&ky tm; f yDjyifpGmzG  hi[ f jyocJhjcif;jzpfonf?

(25)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  owfjzwf r+ aemuf yk ifd ;   ppfawG_rdK‹wpf_rdK‹vkH;onf wdwfqdwf_idrfoufvsuf&Sdonf?  TuJ   h ok   d‹w wf d q d wfr+rsm;u _rdK‹ol/ _rdK‹om;rsm;tm; ajcmufjcm;p&m/ a'go   xGufp&m/ rauseyfp&mrsm;tjzpf a'G;a&m,S  ufwifjzpfvsuf&  Sd onf? qEN  jy&mwGifyg0ifc ol Jh rsm;onf ntdyfcsdefwGif ypfcwf  oHrsm;/ ikda-uG;oHrsm;   em;xJ-um;aea-umif; ajymjy-uonf? a-umuf  tm;vSe f ‹tm;jzifh tdyfr  aysmf  dEkifbJ vSe ‹f  dE;k olrsm;vnf;&S  hdc  J onf? wpfc  sKd‹rSmvnf;   dxktjzpftysuf  a-umifh wpfa,muf  wnf; *a,mifacsmufjcm; pum;ajymaeolrsm;vnf;  &S d onf? _rdK‹ay:ae&ck   dif trsKd;om;rsm;rSmvnf; ppfawG_rdK‹wGif rae&J-uawmh  bJ aus;vufrsm;qDo ‹kd xG uf ajy;-u&onf?   -o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹ tpkv   du k  t_yH f Kvk   dufvlowfyGJa-umif   h  a-umufvSef‹aeolrsm;&S  dovkd tm%m&Si tpk f     d;&tm; awmfvSef/ jzKwfcs&ef  v#Kd‹0 S ufwpfrsKd; ajAmifususwpfzkH }udK;yrf;aeaom &ckdifrsKd;cspfrsm;vnf;  ay:aygufvmcJ   h  onf? Armppftpkd;&uvnf; &ckdifjynfolrsm; _idrf0yfydjym;   aeatmif vuf  duik fw wf k rsm;jzpfonf     h  ppfom;rsm;ESifh &Jrsm;tm; ppfawG   _rdK‹wGif ae‹a&mnyg   d uf yk pdyfw uf kd csxm;vsuf &S   donf? &ckdifrsKd;cspfrsm;   uvnf; “&efol‹vufeuf  wk  d‹vufeuf” rltm; ES  Hv ;rl k um ntcsd wG ef if   ppfom;/ &Jom;rsm;xHrS aoewfvk&ef }uHpnf-uonf? aoewfvkI   atmifjrifcJhonfrsm;vnf;&Sdovkd tzrf;cH&onfrsm;vnf;&SdcJhonf?  aoewfrsm;tm;a&$apwDbkef;}uD;ausmif;teD;w0k uf d wGif vk,  hlcJ-uonf?  ta&twG  ufrsm;rsm; rvk,   dilE fck J   haomfvnf; -o*wf )(pf(13) aemuf  dykif;  wGif Armppft pk   d;&tm;   d&ck ifjynfwGif awmfvSefyke f uef&ef tiftm;rsm;  wk   d;yGm;apcJ onf h ? ppftpkd;&uvnf; awmfvSe a&;tif f   tm;pkrsm; rayguf   zGm;vmap&ef enf;rsKd;pk Ho  k H; zrf;qD;axmifc  h scJonf? ajratmuf   wGif v+yf   &Sm;aeaom  &ck  difausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;vnf; _rdK‹ay:wGiquf f vuf  &yfwnfw   du k   J fyG 0if&ef cufcJvmaoma-umif   h awmck   d  hcJ-uonf?  -o*wf  o*wf  - -    -    -     (pf ) (13) tm; jyef vnf ajc&maumufjcif ;   -o*wf(pf) (13) tpkv uf kd t_yKHv uf kd owfjzwfr  + tm; rauseyf/   cHjyif;umjyefvnfpkHprf;onfrsm;/ jyefvnfajymjyonfrsm;vnf;&Sdayonf ?  xk uJ d   h ok     d‹ajymjycsufrsm;/ pkHprf;csufrsm;a-umif   h ppfawGqefjy\emonf  Armppftm%m&Sifrsm; &nf& ,f G csuf  d& &S  S dusL;vGefcJha-umif; ay:vGifxif&Sm; (26)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf   vmcJhonf? -o*wf  (pf) (13) ra&muf  DrS -o*wf  (pf) (10/ 11/ 12) ae‹rsm;  wGif tm%myd  kifrsm;onf ppfawGaq;&k H tkyf}uD;tm; uk   wifrsm;tm; &Sif;   vif;xm;&ef/ zsm/ -urf;ESifh acgif;tkH;rsm;tm; vl (300) cef ‹twG  uf jyif  qifxm;&ef trdef‹ay;xm;a-umif; od  d&&S onf?   cv& (20) wyfwGif ausmif;q&mrtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif   aeaom yg'vdyfcsdyf&GmrS a':rapmodef; (&J tkyfOD;'kd;vSatmif. orD;}uD;)   uvnf; olrtodrsm;tm; ajymjyonfrSm cv& (20) wyfwGif ppf om;   rsm;onf -o*wf( pf) (13) rwk   di fr S D qENjyo&kyfazmf_yD; ypf  owf y k H/ wyfr  awmf  om;rsm;tm; owd&Sd-u&ef avh usif     h rdef‹-um;aeonf  ukd awG ‹jrifcJh&  a-umif; ajymjycJhonf?   cv& (20) wGif trSL;xrf;vsuf &S   daom pma&;}uD;OD;boef;   onf -o*wf  (pf) (13) &ufrwkdifrSD 'kvb&[ef;b0jzifh rif;jym;_rdK‹e,f  yef;ajrmif;okd‹a&muf&SdvmpOf aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; r-umrS  D}uD;us,f  aom qefjy   \emjzpfrnf/ ppfwyfwGif  om;rsm;txl ppf ;avh usif   haeyk     H/ tavmif;   aumufykH/ ypfowfykH/ ppfom;rsm;uk   d qENjyykHpHrsm;vkyfI avh usifhay;ae   a-umif;tm; aqGrsKd;rsm;tm; ajymjycJhonf  uk   d (NUPA)   rS OD;xGe u f;&J  vnf; jyefvnftrS wf&aea-umif; ajymjyonf?   -o*wf(pf) (13) &ufae‹ tpk  dv  ufk  t_yHKvk   du owf f jzwfjcif;  ESifhywf  oufI uk   d,fawG  ‹rsufjrif awG  d‹& cS  J h&olrsm; ajymjycsufrsm;/ xk  tcsd d ef  u ouf qk   dif&mXmersm;wGif 0ifa&muf tr+xrf; cJ   haom 0efxrf;rsm;.ajym   -um;csufrsm;t&  tjzpf xkd tysufonf pepfwuspDrHcJhaomvkyf}uHowf   jzwfr+}uD;wpfckjzpfayonf? qef&Sm;yg;r+  onf wwkdif;jynfvkH;wGif jzpf  yGm;onfq kd aomfvnf; Armjynfolrsm;trsm;qkH;aexk     dif&m  uk &efef_rdK‹wGif   qef&Sm;yg;r+/ iwfrGwfr  + um; r}uHKcJh&acs? &efukef_rdK‹onf ppfawG_rdK‹xuf   vlOD;a&vnf;rsm;_yD; qefpyg;vnf; &ckdifjynf ok u Jh d ‹   dpkufysKd;jcif;r&Sdacs?  ok     d‹aomf wwk     dif;jynfvkH;qef&Sm;yg;r+jzpfaomtcg &ckdifjynfol/ jynfom;   rsm;onf iwfIvnf;ao/ ypfowfcHIvnf;ao/ aojcif;trsKd;rsKd;jzifh  aoqkH; cJ  h&onf? ae0if;tpkd;&onf &ck   difjynfolrsm;tm; sm;tm; owfjzwfjcif cif;jzifh  tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;rsm;tm; erlemtjzpf jyo_cdrf;ajcmuf  hco J nf?  -o*wf(pf) (13) tpktvk   du t_yH f Kvk   du owf f jzwfr a-umif +   h &ckdif  wpfrsKd;om;vk     H;onf ArmvlrsKd;rsm;tm; rkef;wD   ;wf pd / Armppftm%m&Sif  tpk   d;&tm;rkef;wD;pdwfrsm;jzpfay:cJ onf h ? igwk ‹d onf &ck   difvlrsKd;/ uG sefvlrsKd; (27)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  jzpfaoma-umif  h ArmvlrsKd;rsm;. &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfjcif;cH&jcif;   jzpfonf? igwk   d‹&  dckifjynf uGsefb0usa&muf onf     h (1784) wGifvnf; Arm   vlrsKd;rsm;onf tpk uf Hv  kd t_yHKvkduf &uf&ufpufp owf uf owfjzwf  hcJ  onf? ,ckvnf; owfjzwfae-uonf? ta-umif;t&if;Zmpfjrpfonf &ckdif   vlrsKd;rsm;wGif tcsKyf   tjcmtm%mr&Sd/ uk  ,fd  h uH-urRm uk   d,f rzefwD;Ekdif   aoma-umifhjzpfonf? xkda-umif       dh ifv &cklrsKd;rsm;vG wfajrmufa&;twG uf  ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'Drsm;ES i f h Armppf0g'Drsm;tm;   d wkufxkwf&ef vk  tyf d  onf?   ArmvlrsKd;rsm;onf   d&ck ifjynftm;odrf;  dyk uf  hc J onf/ &ckdifjynfolrsm;tm;  owfjzwfc Jh onf/ e,fc  sJ ‹t*Fvdyf/ zuf  qpf*syef wk   d‹w   d k ufxkwf_yD; vG wfvyf  a&;&onfhtcsde  f wGifvnf; &ck     difvlrsKd;rsm;tm; uGs Zmwf ef oGif;  hcJ  onf/ jynf  e,f tqif   hawmif &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm; r&&S dc J h? ,ck  wpfzef ppf tm%m&Sifvuf  atmuf  wGif &ck     difvlrsKd;rsm;tm; &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwf/  dyESfpufvsuf  &S d onf[k &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;  wf rS   ,lvmcJh-uonf?   dxk  uJ   h ok     d‹ ArmvlrsKd;}uD;   0g'Drsm;/ Armppftm%m&Sifrsm;. vdrfvnf &ufpuf uvdrfusr+rsm;   a-umifh &ck   difvlrsKd;rsm;pd wf  wGif “ArmvlrsKd;rsm;tm; r,kHESifh”qk onf d     h tpG   J  rsm;jzpfay:vmcJhonf ? xk   du   hJo   k   d‹ orkdif;oifcef;pm;rsm;a-umif&ck h  difvlrsKd;   rsm;onf tcsKyftjcmtm%muk   d   dykr wyf kd rufvmcJ  h-uonf? xkda-umif   h &ckdif   jynfolrsm;onf trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;awmfvSefa&;tm; tm;ay;cJh-u  onf? tm;uk   d;cJh-uonf? &ckdif trsKd;om;pnf;vk   H;nDn wf G a&;tm; vkdvm;cJ   h  -uonf?  wpfenf;tm;jzifhq  dk aomf ArmvlrsKd;}uD;0g'ES  h if Armppf0g'.   cg;oD;aomtawG‹t}uHKtm; rsuf0g;xifxif awG‹jrif  hcJ&jcif;a-umifh jzpf   onf? Armppf0g'Drsm;. tpG,fjyL;jyL; bDvl;&k uk y f   d azmf wf xk jyovk uf d  onf   hjzpf&yfq   d;k }uD; wpfckjzpf zpfonf ?  TuJ   h ok     d‹ &uf&ufpuf owf puf jzwfjcif;onf &ckdi trsKd f ;om;  rsm;.trsKd;om;vG  wfajrmufa&;tm; topf wzef tm;opf tm;opfavmif;ay;vk ay;v uf kd  ovk     d jzpfa pcJonf h ? &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;onfvnf; toGiftrsKd;  rsKd;jzif jzifh quf qufvufc wuf sD cJh-uonf?

(28)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  tarS mif ukd _zd K  tvif;aqmif rnf   h awmf vS ef a&;   (1967) wGif yDwmbcsKdacgif;aqmifaom &ckdifjynfv wf G  ajrmufa&;wyfOD;onf (1969) wGif &cd   k  hiftrsKd;om;vG wfvyfa&;tzG  J‹ESifh yl;   aygif;um &ck   di trsKd f ;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ygwD ud &;ygwD ud     k xlaxmifvsuf vuf  euf ud   kifawmfvSefa&;jzifh rqvtpd   k;&ud   k qef ‹usifw  kdu  GfyJ0if  hc-J uonf?  OuU@xGef;a&$armifOD;aqmif  aom ppfa-umif;onf (1972)wGif  &cdkifjynfo ‹dk atmifjrifpGm csDwuf  kEid   h fcJ onf? od   k‹aomf (1977) wGif csDwuf  vmaom twGif;a&;rS a&;rSL;pHausmfxGef;ODOD;aqmif onf     hppfa-umif;onf csif;jynf  e,f wGif vufeuf tif  tm;/ vl  tif  tm; tqrwefomvGefaom rqv  ppfwyf.ESdrfESif;r+a-umifh usqH   k;cJh&onf?   (1973) OuU@  dcki frd   k;vif;OD;aqmifaom &cdkifjynfvGwfajrmuf  a&;ygwD uk   d u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk;.tultnDjzifh u&ifjynfwGif   zGJ‹pnf;xlaxmifcJhonf? u&iftrsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfESifh  vuf wG   JI bH   k&efol rqvudk (3)ESpfw   kdifw   dkif wd uf k   kcu d   hfcjJ yD;aemuf (1976 ( 1976))  wGif &cd   kifjynfo dk ‹jyefvnf csDwufvm&m csif;awmifwef;wGif tqrwef  tif tm;rsm;aom&efol rqvwyf  . acsr+ef;jcif;cHcJh&onf? OuU@  cdki frd   k;vif;rSm  ol &ef‹vuf wGif;tusrcHbJ rdr ud d  ,f k u   d   k tqHk;pD& onf ifcJh ? “rdk;vif;&mZm”trnf&Sdaom Tppfa-umif;wGif &cd   ki trsd f K;om;awmfvSef   a&;orm;rsm;onf u&ifjynfe,f/ u,m;jynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ ucsif   jynfe,f/ ppfudkif;wdkif;ESifh csif;jynfe,frsm;ud  kjzwfausmf  um   kirdfaygif;  (2000)ausmfcef  ‹ csDwuf   c J h-u&onf? vrf;c&D av#muf ;wpf   wGif  ol &ef  rqvwyf.vd  k ufvHacsr+ef;jcif;ud   kt}udrf}udrfc HcJ   h&&m csif;jynfe,fwpf  ckwnf;rSmyif wd   k ufyGJ}uD;i,f (100) ausmf wd uf k c uf dk  c J hJ&onf? (1974)  wGif ae0if;tpk     d;&onf  J‹pzGnf;  Hyk tajccHOya'opfwpf&yf  udk ‚if;  kwd‹p wf d  wd   kif;usa&;qG   J  um twkta,mifvlx  qEN k c HyG   Jjzifh twnfj onf yKcJh ? T  zGJ‹pnf;  kyH onf wdkif;&if;om;wd ‹k .trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ud    komru Armjynf  olvlx tm;vH k     k;. 'D  k ua&pD rd E  hSif vl ‹tcGi ta&;ud fh     kyg vspfvsL±lvsufwpf wpf  ygwD  tm%m&Sifpepfjzifh wpf  wk   dif;jynfvHk;.pD;yG g;a&;ud     k vuf0g;}uD;tkyf   I jynfolv ud lxk k w&m;0if*kwfaoG;pky onf f     h wpfygwDtm%m&Sifpepf  zGJ‹pnf;  kyHjzpfayonf? TzG ‹J pnf;yHka-umif     h EkdifiHt0Srf;wGirqvtpd rf qvtpdk;&ud   k  rauseyfr+rsm; wd  k;yG  g;vm-uonf g;vm-uo nf? (1986) wG ifif OD;armifa pm&ifOD pm&if OD;aqmif (29)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  aom&ckdifjynfuGefjrLepfygwD onf gwD onf rif;jym;_rdK‹u  kd odrf; yd  kufI &ckdifjynfv  wfG   vyfa&; a-unmcJ  onf h ? &cd   kifjynfolvlxk trsm;tjym;u axmufcHcJh-u   aomfvnf; &ef ol rqvppfwyf  tm; vufeuftiftm;/ vltiftm; r,SOf  omojzihf (2) &uftwGif; qkwfc gcJ G   h&onf? rqvtpd     k;&onf &Suf&rf;  &rf;onf h taejzifh ppfOya'xkwfjyefum tjypfrJhjynfoltrsm;tjym;ud   k  enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh  pG   Jcsufwifvsuf zrf;qD;axmif onf cscJh ? n‡Of;yrf;ESdyfpuf  hcJ   onf?   kxdo   d  k‹ tzrf;qD;/ tESdyfpufcH&olrsm;xJwGif ysHvGefawmfrlcJh_yDjzpf  aom ykodr q&mawmf f }uD;vnf; yg0ifayonf?  88 vl xl xk tk   k   H -uG H--      J   Gf J  - uG     r+ }uD ;ES if  h 90 a&G;aumuf yG  rqvygwD  D  . (26) ESpfw   kid fw   kid f zd  dESy tk f yfcsKyfr ud + kcHpm;cJ   h-u&   aom Armjynfolvlxkonf (1988) wGif tHk-uGayguf uG   J&mrS &Spfav;vH   k;  ta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufvmonf? Tta&;awmf  kyHa-umifh (1974) zG ‹J  pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESi  fh twl rqvwpfygwD  tm%m&Sifpepfvnf; csKyf_idrf;   cJh&onf?  od  k‹aomf   Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifOD;aqmifaom  kifiEdHawmf_idrf0yf  ydjym;r+wnfaqmufa&;tzG J ‹ (e0w) emrnfcHxm;onfh ppf tm%m&Sif   rsm;u wzeftm%modrf;jcif;cHchJ&ayonf? e0wppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf  (1990) wGif a&G;aumuf  J yG usif;yum tEd   kif&ygwD udk tm%mv$   Jajymif;ay;   _yD; ppfwef;vsm;ud     k jyefygrnf[k uwday;cJh-uonf? (90) a&G;aumuf  JyG  wGif ppf tm%m&Sifrsm;onf enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh ‚if;wd     k‹. -oZmcHygwD   rsm; rJ&  k&S‹d}zudd K;yrf; cJ   h-uaomfvnf; &ckdifjynfY &ck  ddiuf'a&pD Drk t  JzG‹csKyf (ALD)   ESifh trsKd;om;'D ua&pD rkd  tzG   J‹csKyf (NLD)  wk   d‹urJ trsm;qk  H;jzifh  tEk   dif&&Sdc onf Jh ? wd   kif;&if;om;pnf;vH   k;nDn wf G a&;ygwD  tjzpf jyefvnf  yGJx k wfxm;aom ppf  A d kvfcsKyfrsm;.rqvygwDrSm rSef;csufESiESfh rf;xG uf  rud   kufbJ cG ufcGufvefatmif   +±H;ed  hr fc J h&onf? (90) a&G;aumuf  Jy&G vm'f u  &cdkiftrsKd;om;w‹  kd . ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk   &G  H&Smrkef;wD;r+tm;   k ua&pD 'Drd  jrwfEdk;r+jzifh tay:vGifqHk; xif[yfjyovd     kufayonf? Armppft%m&Sif  wk   d‹onf rdrdw   k‹d vdkyg;ESifh rud  k  ufnDaom (90) a&G;aumuf  JyG &v'fu   kd tod tod  trS wfrjyK±Hk omru &cd   kif'Dr ua&pD kD  tzG   J‹csKyf ud   k zsuf  odrf;um a&G;aumufcH  &cdkiftrwfrsm;ud     k zrf;qD;axmif c scJhonf? &cdki  k f'Drud a&pDtzG J ‹csKyf  qG rJ  ,f  pnf±Hk;pOf  umvu OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKcJ  olh &cdkif = jrefrmord     kif; y¾d  wf  OD;OD;omxGef;uk     dvnf ; zrf;qD;axmif csum csum axmifxJrSmyif vky owf f}uH (30)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  jzwfv   ku d favonf? (1993) wGif ppf  tpkd;&onf wdkif;jynftm%mud   k   &moufyef&,lxm;zdk‹ tcsde qG f   JI Om%feD/ Om%feufxkwf&ef twk ta,mif  trsKd;om;nDvmcH uk     d usif; ycJonf h ? rufvHk;ay;I wpfrsdK;/ _cdrf;ajcmuf  t-uyf udkifI wpfzHkjzifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;onfh tzG J ‹tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&   0efxrf;rsm;/ todynm&Sif/ twwfynm&Sifrsm;ESifh (90) a&G;aumufy wG GJ if  tEd   kif&cJ onf h     h vufwpfqkyfpmtrwfrsm;ud     k nDvmcH  o   kd‹ twif;t"rR  ac:   ,lvsuf jynfolvlxku a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufv uf kd onfh ud ,f k pm;vS ,f  aygif;pHkjzifhnDvmcH ud   k usif;yae[ef yae[ef yHk zrf zrf;  hcJcJ -uonf?  rsKd ;cspf/ jynf cspf &ck   d if ausmif;om;ES  hif vli,frsm; pk pnf;jcif ;   &ckdiftrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&; umvwav#mufE  hSif &Spfav;vk   H;  ta&;awmfy kH umvwav#muf ajray:/ ajratmufv+yf&Sm;ae-uaom &ckdif   ausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;onf &ck     difvlrsKd;rsm;.  d,  ukf   huH-urRm  ,fukd  zefwD;cG  hi&f &S d a&;/   d'Druk a&pDE Sif   h vl‹t ta&;twG cGifh   uf awmif;  dqkw uf kd   JyG  0if&eftwGuf tdrfeD;csif;  dEkifiHrsm;ok     d‹  uf xGcGmvmcJ  h-uonf? yxrOD;pGm  &ckdifausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm;onf ArmjynfvkH; qk  dif&mausmif;om;rsm;  'Dr u&uf kd wpfwyfOD; (ABSDF)   wGif 0ifa&muf  um wk   d uf  Jy0G if  hc-J uonf?  xkdr wpf S zef ArmjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'D  dr k ua&pDwyfOD; (&ckdi )f (ABSDF-Arakan)  tjzpf v+yf&Sm;vmcJh-uonf? xk   d‹aemuf (1995) wGif  xkdif; Ek   difiH/ b*Fvm;a'h   f  dEki&fiS HESifh td EN   d,EkdifiHwGifa&muf&Sdaeaom &ckdif   ausmif;om;ESifhvli,ftpnf;t&kH;rsm;tm;pkpnf;_yD; yl;aygif;wkdufyGJ0if  rnfq  dkonfh &nf& ,f G csufjzifh xk   dif; Ek   difiH/ AefaumufY nDvmcHwpf&yf   usif;yum &ckdifjynfvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;ESifh vli,frsm; tpnf;t&k  H;  (&/u/v/p) (AASYC)   tm; wnfaxmif   hc-uonf J ? tpnf;t&kH;pwif  zGJ‹pnf;pOf  u &ck   dif trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDnGwfa&;/  tm%m&S ppf ifpepfE  hSif  e,fc ‹sJ 0g'wk     dufzsufa&;/ tzd   dyfcEHjSynfo  l wpf&yfvkH;vGwfajrmufa&;/   d'Drk  ua&pDE Si f h vl  ‹tcGi fh ta&;/ wk   dif;&if;om;jynfolwpf&yfv  k  H;   duk  ,f   h uH -urRm  uk   d ,f zefwD;cGifhE Sif  h   d ,f uk   dykifjyXmef;cGifh& &S   da&; OD;wnfcsufrsm; csuf  wf rS  aqmif& uf G c onf Jh ? pwifxlaxmifpOf tpnf;t&k    H;.yÉdnmOfrSm (&/u/v/   p)onf EkdifiHa&;ygwDwpf&yfr[kwf/ trsKd;om;Ek   difiHa&;vrf;a-umif;wGif  OD;aqmif  d Ek ifrnfh wyfaygif;pk/ ygwDtzG  ‹Jtpnf; ay:aygufvma&;/ ‚if;tzG ‹ J  tpnf;tm; tif tm;jznf h ulnDay;a&;qkd_yD; xm;&Sdc onf Jh ? (1997) ckESpf (31)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  wGif av;ygwDaygif;pnf;jyD; zGJ‹pnf;aom &ck     difjynftrsKd;om; nDnGwfa&;  ygwD (NUPA) wG   wGif (&/ u/ v/ p) onf td E N d,rSty   d xkif;ES  h if b*Fvm;  a'h& wG Sf i  d f&S aom tpnf;t&k   H;tm; zsufodrf;jyD; yg0if  hc onf J ? (1998) ckESpf   Akdvf&mZmusqkH;_yD;aemufwGif tpnf;t&kH;.A[kdaumfrwDwpf&yfvkH;   ysufpD;cJh&onf? (1995) ckE SpwG f if   JzG‹pnf; cJ   haom   dA[k tvky tr+ f aqmif  tzG   J‹onf tpaumif; cJ   haomfvnf; taESmif;raocsmjzpf   onf cJh ? (2001)  ckESpfwGif &Jabmfausmf[ef OD;aqmif_yD; 'k wd ,t}udrfnDvmcH usif;yum  tpnf;t&k   H;uk     d jyef jyefvnfxl axmif axmi    fchoJ nf? ok   ‹ad omf xlaxmif c  Jhaom A[d   k  aumfrwD wGif pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr+/ wm0efcHr+tm;enf;onf twG h  uf  tpnf;t&k     H;onf ar#mfrSef;oavmuf c&D;ra&muf    chaJ cs? (2005) ckE wG Spf if   jynfwGif;rSausmif;om;/ vli,frsm;ES  i  f hqufpyfr+&&Sdvm_yD; tpnf;t&k   H;tm;  jyefvnftm;aumif;apcJ    honf?  d‹aomf ok (2005) A[dkaumfrwDx wG J if   vnf; tacsmiform;vkyfenf;vkyf[efESifh wpfu   kd,faumif;qef  aom vkyf   enf; vkyf[efrsm;/ tzsuform;qef   aomvkyfenf; vkyf[efrsm;a-umif   h  tpnf;t&k     H;. pnf   k;a&;onf &H rsm;pGmxdc uf dk  cJ   honf? (2007) ck wG ESpf if  pwkw t}ud œ rfnDvmcH ukd usif;y_yD; A[d tvk k yfr+aqmif tzG   J‹tm; jyefvnf zG ‹ J   pnf;cJhonf? wwd   ,t}udrfnDvmcHrS csufrSwfxm;aomOD;wnfcsuf (5)  csuf  tjyif aemufxyf &ck   difausmif;om;ES  hif vli,frsm; Avig;wef   HzG‹_zdK;   a&;/ &ckdifha*[pepfESifh ,Ofaus;r+  tarG  tESpfrsm; xdef;odrf;apmif   ha&Smuf   a&; OD;wnfcsuf (2) csuf  tm; wd   k;csJ‹csufrSw fc J honf? xk  okd ‹d jzwf oef;vm   cJh&m ,ae‹tcsdefwGif (&/u/v/p) . ouf  wrf;rSm (13) ESpf-umcJh_yD?   a&S‹qufIvnf; trsKd;om;a&;wm0ef/ ork   dif;ay;wm0ef  tm; ausyGefpGm   xrf;aqmifEkdif&eftwGuf (&/ u/ v/ p) taejzifh }udK;yrf; aqmif uf &G  vsuf& onf Sd ?  wyfO ;rS D  onf wpf ygwD ok ‹d   (88) aemuf  y  k dif;   d&ck i trsKd f ;om;awmfvSefa&;ork  dif;wGif tzG ‹J  tpnf;toD toD;oD;yl;aygif aygif;um wyfaygif;pkpkrsm;pkpnf nf;_yD; “ wyfOD;rSonf wpf  ygwD ok ‹d ”   OD;wnfum &ckdifjynf  trsKd;om;nDn wf G a&;wyfOD; (NUFA) uk   d  pwifz GJ ‹pnf;cJh-uonf?   dxkrS wpfzef &ck   difjynftrsKd;om;nDn wf G a&;ygwD (NUPA)  uk  J dzG‹pnf;  hcJ onf? ygwD . vufeuf uk   di wyf f  trnfrSm &ckdifjynf  wyfrawmf (Arakan Army - AA) jzpfonf? (1998) wGif td  dE ,axmuf N (32)

 (13) -o*wf  - o*wf -    --        (pf ) rarh tyf  vSrf;a&;.opPmazmufr+a-umifh ppfOD;pD;csKyf Akdvf&mZmtyg0if xdy wef f ;   acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; vkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&um &Jabmfrsm;vnf; zrf;   qD;jcif;cHcJh&onf? xkdvkyf}uHr onf + &ck   diftrsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;.qk   H;&+H;r+  }uD;wpf&yfjzpf  h cJ _yD; awmfvSefa&;tm; qkd;&Gm;pGm &k uf d cyf  hcJonf?  a&$ 0ga&mif awmf vS ef a&;   (2007) puf wifbmwGif jynfolvlxk. qif;&J'ku ud Q     k rjrif  Edki onf f     h &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;u vrf;av#mufcsDwufI arwWmbm0em  yGg;rsm;onf udk etzppftm%m&Sifrsm;u ppf  wyf/ &JE  Si  f h   kvH xdef;rsm;tyg   t0if }uHhc dkif a&;ESifh pGrf;tm;&Sifponf     h ‚if; ‹wd .k vufu   kdifw k wf vl  krud f/   vl&rf;um;rsm;udk toH     k;csvsuf t-urf;zufESdrfE  Sif; cJ h&mrSm a&$0ga&mif   awmfvSefa&; ay:ayguf  hc  J onf? TawmfvSefa&;wGif &cdkifjynfolvlxkE  fSih  &[ef;oCmawmfrsm;onf jynfe,frSma&m/ jynfyrSmyg a&S ‹qHk;rS wufwuf  -uG-uGyg0if  hc-J uonf? ok   d‹aomfvnf; a&$0ga&mif awmfvSe a&;onf f zufqpf  tm%m&l;rsm;.&uf&ufpufpuf_zdKcG  Jjcif;ukd cHv   d uf k &onf?  uef ‹u uf G  rJ rsm;ay;cJ   h -uonf -     - uonf -     Armppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf (2008)arvwGif ol wk ‹d tm; w&m;  0iftpkd;&jzpfaprnfh   JzG‹pnf;tkyfcsKyfy kH tajccHOytm; vlx  qEN k c ,l H y qk GJ   d um  qENrJrsm;aumuf,lc  h J onf? Armppftm%m&S itm; f ,cif  uwnf;u   H&G‹&Sm   rkef;wD;aeaom &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf &&SdaomtcG  hi f ta&;tm; trd  t&  qkw uk f   di f um wjynfvkH; uef‹uGufrJrsm; ay;cJh-uonf?   dok‹aomfvnf;  Armppftpkd;&onf trSe wu,f f &&S  d aomrJrsm;tm; vdrfvnf  um jynfol  wpf&yfv   Hk ;tm; qef ‹usif     h_yD; Armppftm%m&Sifpepfouf  qk   d;&Snfrnf   h   JzG‹pnf;  yk H tm; twnfjyKcJ  onf h ? &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;onf Armppftm%m&Sifpepftm;  uef‹u G ufrJrsm;ay;um orkdif;ay;wm0efukd ausyGefpGmxrf;aqmifc onf Jh ?   Armppftm%m&Sifrsm;.uvdrfusr+oifcef;pmopftm; wpfzef&&SdcJh-u   onf? uvd rusr+ f / vdrfvnfr+/ &ufpufr+/ owfjzwfr+onfum; Arm   vlrsKd;}uD;0g'D/ Armppf0g'Dw ‹. kd vky  df&;k vkyfpOfjzpf ovk     d ol  wk     d‹tm; &ifqkdif   jcif;/ wkdu  fy G J0ifjcif;/ qef‹usifjcif;/ pdefac:jcif;/ awmfvSefjcif;onf  um;  rdrdw ‹kd &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm;.ork   dif;jzpfayonf? (33)

 &ck ifd jynf vk ;qk H  ifd &m ausmif ;om;ES ifh vl i,f rsm;tpnf ;t&k ;H  ppf uG sefb0a&muf &ck ifd  jynf   (1) &cdkifwpfrsdK;om;vHk; ud  ,fk  h uH-urRm   kud  ,fzef wD;cG  hifESifh ud   k,  kfydi tk f yf  csKyfcGifh qHk; &H   +;aeonf? &ckdifjynf  owpf l &yfvHk;   k'Drud a&pDE Sif   h tajccH ‹vl  tcG i f hta&;rsm;   kqH;  +&H;aeonf? vlrsdK;a&;t&   JcG jcm;tkyfcsKyfjcif cif;vnf vnf; cHae   &onf? ppfbufrSmjzpfap/ t&yfbufrSmjzpfap t&nf  tcsif;wlygvsuf   Armu ocifvlrsdK;/ &cdkifu u|efvlrsdK;tjzpf cGJjcm;I zdESdyfquf qHjcif;cH   ae&onf? jynf  ol ‹u   d   k,fpm;vS,frsm;u   v$ wfawmfwGif twnfjyKvd  ufk  aom/ w&m;&Hk;rsm;u vkyfx    H k;/ vkyfenf;ES  hitf nD jy@mef;vdkufaom Oya'r   [kwfbJ ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;rsm;. rw&m;aomwpfcsufv$w  trd f ef‹E Si f h tm  %mrsm;ud   k emcHae&onf? w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm ppf A  kv d f/ ppfom;rsm;u w&m;   Oya'ESifh w&m;ol}uD;rsm; txuf  udka&mufaeonf? "eOpPmcsrf;omolE  hSif  ppfAdkvf/ ppf  om;rsm;/ ‚if;wd   k‹.rd  om;pk/ aqGrsdK;rsm;rSm jypfr+usL;vGef v#if   vnf; vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifh&-uonf? rqdkpavmuf tjypf'%fcH&jyD; jyef  vnfvGwfajrmuf-uonf? tajccHjynfolvlx ud k     krl rw&m;onfhOya'  trsdK;rsdK;jzifh zdESdyfxm;onf? vl owf  onfjzpfap/ "m;jywd  ufk onfjzpfap/  rk'def;usif h onfjzpfap ppfom;0ifv#if vGwf_idrf;csrf;omcG  hif &ojzifh jynf  ol  ‹umuG,fa&; wyfrawmfrSm   dck;om;ig;&mpkxm;onf h wyfrawmf jzpfae   onf? ,if;wyfrawmfu tjcm;aomEkdifiHwumwyfrawmfrsm;uJ ‹ hodk  jynf ol  omtrd omtrd/ / jynf jynf  ol omtz  qd     kaom aqmifyk'  h fESitnD f jynf  olvl   xk. touf/   td  k;tdrf/ pnf;pd  r fudk umuG,fa  hpmif a&Smuf&rnf   htpm; “wyf rawmf  om trd/ wyf rawmf  om tz” aqmifyk'fjzifh rdbjynfolu  kd  u|efjyKtkyfcsKyfaeonf ? pm;/ 0wf/ aea&;rzlvHkI 0efxrf;avmuwGif  vmbfpm;/ jcpm;ESifh tusif   hysuf ,Of aus;r+ xGef;um;aeonf? “

”

  (2) ynma&;avmuwGif ausmif;om;ESifh q&m tcsdK;tpm;rnDr#/ rlv  wef;ynmud    kyif tcrJ  oif h -um;cGifh r&jcif;? enf;ynmwuU od   kvfESifh aum   vdyfrsm;rSmyif oifaxmufulypPnf;rsm; rvH     kavmufjcif;  h/ zsifnH;aom  ynma&;pepfa-umifh bG     J‹&ygvsuf toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm rwwf  ajrmufojzif    h  bG  J‹&ynmwwfrsm; um,tvkyf vkyfI toufarG;ae-u&   jcif;/ usef;rma&;avmuwGif vlemES  hif q&m0ef tcsdK;rnDr#jcif;/ jynfo ‹l  aq;&HkESifh aq;ay;cef;rsm;wGifyif tcrJ   haq;0g; ukocGifhr&S    djcif;/ ul;puf (34)

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(36)

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Arakanese Nationalism and the Struggle for National Self determination by Khaing Aung Win

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