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Osmosis j
Is usually defined as the transport of water through a semi-permeable membrane due to an imbalance on its concentration on either side of the membrane.
Reverse osmosis D
takes place when the pressure opposing osmosis exceeds the osmotic pressure.
DIf one of the solution is pure water, then the pressure necessary to stop the flow of water from the region of high concentration to the region of lower concentration.
Relative osmotic pressure DThe pressure on the right is then greater than the pressure on the left by amount of ë where p is the density of the liquid, this extra pressure was created by osmosis, and once h becomes large enough, the pressure forces water back through the membrane as the same rate as it moves through osmosis.
OF OOI IN BIOOGIC ORGNI
·ater intake by Roots and turgor in plants ·psom salts ·Regulation of fluid between cells (interstitial fluid) ·welling (edema) due to heart failure ·ffect of electrolyte balance
ater intake by roots and turgor in plants -osmosis between water and roots is thought o be responsible for the transfer of water into many plants. Ground water is purer and has a higher concentration than sap, so osmosis moves water into roots. ater in sap is then transferred by osmosis into cells causing them to swell with increased pressure. This pressure is called O partly partly responsible for availability for plants to stand up.
psom salt -soaking a sprinkled ankle in epsom salt is a common method of reducing swelling. The concentration of the water in the swollen part of the ankle is greater than in he epsom salts solution. Osmosis therefore transports water out of the ankle into the soaking solution.
Regulation of the fluids between cells -I n humans and other animals the interstitial fluid is regulated by exchange of substances with blood in capillaries. any substances are moved across the capillary but the transport of water is of immediate interest.
welling edema due to heart failure -if the patient suffers from right heart failure, then the heart is less effective in taking up the blood sent to it, the pressure at the right capillary rises. dema--causes reverse osmosis all along the dema capillary and the build up of interstitial fluid. ulmonary dema dema--If the patient is experiencing left heart failure, the pressure increases in the lungs, causing reverse osmosis. nd there is the water build up.
ffect of electrolyte balance -too much salt consumption causes water retention because osmosis carry water from the salty blood into the interstitial region. lectrolyte--essentially dissolved salts. lectrolyte
ºialysis
through semi permeable membrane and occurs in kidneys and many other places in biological organisms.
Reverse ºialysis -also called filtration -occurs in high concentration side is large enough to reverse the normal direction of dialysis.
Two examples of dialysis in humans -Kidney function -ffects of diuretics
Kidney failure DCan cause high blood pressure. If filtration slows or stops in glomerulus, the kidney emits a hormone called renin that causes blood pressure to rise so that filtration recommences. high blood pressure can even cause capillaries in the glomerulus to burst.
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ºiuretics- any substance that increased urine outputs. -the presence of such molecule decreases the concentration of water in the tube and its reabsorption , resulting in a greater production of water in the urine.
ctive transport -in which the living membrane itself supplies energy to cause the transport of a substance. -can also aid ordinary osmosis or dialysis and explains why some transport proceeds faster than osmosis and dialysis alone.
The Cardiovascular ystem - many of the characteristics of vascular system can be explained in terms of laws of physics. -cardiovascular system is consist of two pumps the right side of the heart and the left side of the heart and complex arrangement of vessels that transports blood through nearly every part of the body. -the maximum and minimum pressure is systolic and diastolic. ºiastolic--due to the elasticity of the arteries ºiastolic *minimum pressure is 80mm Hg.
The Heart as a ºouble ump -the purpose of any pump is to create pressure exerting a force directly in the fluid. -the heart of some animals including humans, consist of two pumps and two reservoirs preceding those pumps. -right side of the heart pumps blood trough the lungs to the left side of the heart. -left side of the heart pumps blood through the rest of circulatory system , returning it to the right side of he heart , where the process begins again
ressures around the system -resistance in the system causes pressure to drop as blood flows in the system. ± FR *where is the pressure at the entrance of a tube and at its exit -pressure drop is equal to the resistance and flow rate. The resistance R depends strongly on the radius, so the pressure drop in the aorta is fairly small, while in the capillaries is fairly large.
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