BIOGAS PLANT Biogas is produced as landfill gas (LFG), gas (LFG), which is produced by the breakdown of biodegradable of biodegradable waste inside a landfill due to chemical reactions and microbes, or as digested gas, produced inside an anaerobic digester . A biogas plant is is the name often gien to an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes or energy crops. !t can be produced using anaerobic digesters (air"tight tanks with different configurations). #hese plants can be fed with energy crops such as mai$e silage or biodegradable or biodegradable wastes includi including ng sewage sewage sludge sludge and food food waste. waste. %uring %uring the proces process, s, the microorganisms transform biomass waste into biogas (mainly methane and carbon dio&ide) and digestate.. #he biogas is a renewable energy that can be used for heating, electricity, and many digestate othe otherr oper operat atio ions ns that that use use a reci recipr proc ocat atin ing g inte intern rnal al com combust bustio ion n engi engine ne,, such such as G' enbacher or or aterpillar aterpillar gas gas engines.*+ -ther internal combustion engines such as gas turbines are suitable for the conersion of biogas into both electricity and heat. #he digestate is the remaining organic matter that was not transformed into biogas. !t can be used as an agricultural fertiliser. #here #here are two key proces processes ses mesophilic and thermophilic digest digestion ion which which is dependen dependentt on temper temperatu ature. re. !n e&perim e&periment ental al work work at /nie /niersity rsity of Ala Alaska ska Fairb Fairbanks anks,, a 0111"l 0111"litr itree digest digester er using psychrophiles using psychrophiles harested harested from 2mud from a fro$en lake in Alaska2 has produced 3114 511 liters of methane per day, about 3164516 of the output from digesters in warmer climates.
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (Biogas Technology Technology Development Division) Divi sion) National Biogas and Manure Management rogramme (NBMM)
National Biogas and Manure Management Programme is a Central Sector Scheme, which provides for setting up of Family Type Biogas Plants mainly for rural and semi-uran!households" # family type iogas plant generates iogas from organic sustances such as cattle $dung, and other io-degradale materials such as iomass from farms, gardens, %itchens and night soil wastes etc" The process of iogas generation is called anaeroic digestion &#'( and salient enefits of iogas technology are given elow&i(
)t provides clean gaseous fuel for coo%ing and lighting"
&ii(
'igested slurry from iogas plants is used as enriched io-manure to supplement the use of
chemical fertili*ers" &iii(
)t improves sanitation in villages and semi -uran areas y lin%ing sanitary toilets with iogas
plants" &iv( +"
Biogas Plants help in reducing the causes of climate change" Ministry of New and enewale nergy is implementing the National Biogas and Manure
Management Programme &NBMMP( in all the States and .Ts of the country" #out /0"1 2a%h iogas plants have already een installed in the country upto 34 st March, +54/" 'uring the year +54/-41, a target of setting up 4,45,555 iogas plants has een set" The Biogas plant is the est option for households having feed material, to ecome self- dependent for coo%ing gas and highly organic enriched io-manure" )t provides the solution to protect the households from the prolems of indoor air pollution and while saving on cost of refilling of 2P6 cylinders" The Ministry provides susidy for family type iogas plants as per the rates given elow7
!ubsidy for setting up of Biogas lants under National Biogas and Manure Management rogramme !"
articulars of #entral $inancial %ssistance (#$%) & $amily
No"
!tates ' Regions and #ategories
Type
Biogas
lants
NBMM ( to cubic metre capacity per day )
%"
#entral !ubsidy Rates %pplicable (*n Rs")
#ubic +, #ubic Metre
Metre 4"
N States, Si%%im &e8cept plain areas of #ssam( and 41,555
40,555
including SC 9 ST Categories of N egion States" +"
Plain areas of #ssam"
3"
:ammu 9 ;ashmir,
45,555
44,555 44,555
Niligiri of Tamil Nadu, Sadar ;urseong 9 ;alimpong Su-'ivisions of 'ar=eeling, Sunderans &>"B"( and #ndaman 9 Nicoar )slands" /"
Scheduled castes ! Scheduled Tries of all other 0,555
44,555
States e8cept N egion States &including Si%%im(" 1"
%ll -thers
under
1,155
?,555
B"
Turn,.ey /ob $ee including warranty for five years s"4155!- per plant for fi8ed dome and 0uality control (in Rs" per plant)"
'eenandhu type and floating gasholder ;@)C type ric% masonry models" Turn ;ey :o Fee also provided for iogas plants
with
prefaricated
material
involving part construction wor% either for digester or dome" No fee is provided for
completely
prefaricated
!
manufactured plants such as Bag type plants with rueri*ed
material
or
plants made of <'P ! P@C ! faric materials, as and when approved"
#"
%dditional subsidy (#$%) for toilet lin1ed Biogas 4,+55!lants (in Rs" per plant)"
The programme is eing implemented y the State Nodal 'epartments!State Nodal #gencies and ;hadi and @illage )ndustries Commission &;@)C(, Biogas 'evelopment and Training Centers &B'TCs(" The interested potential eneficiaries may contact to the concerned programme implementing #gencies of the States"
2N/%B
'irector, &P'#(Pun=a nergy 'evelopment #gency, Mo"7
5?0AA?3?01
Solar Passive Comple8,Plot No" 49+, Sector 33-', Ph"540+-+AA0551! Chandigarh &."T"( - 4A553/
+AA331+ Mo"5?/A34?5505
Case study
Biogas Generation, 7urification And Bottling %eelopment !n !ndia 4 A case study !ntroduction Biomass resources such as cattle dung, agriculture wastes and other organic wastes hae been one of the main energy sources for the mankind since the dawn of ciili$ation. #here is a ast scope to conert these energy sources into biogas. Biogas production is a clean low carbon technology for efficient management and conersion of fermentable organic wastes into clean cheap 8 ersatile fuel and bio9organic manure. !t has the potential for leeraging sustainable lielihood deelopment as well as tackling local and global land, air and water pollution. Biogas obtained by anaerobic digestion of cattle dung and other loose 8 leafy organic matters9 biomass wastes can be used as an energy source for arious applications namely, cooking, heating, space cooling9 refrigeration, electricity generation and gaseous fuel for ehicular application. Based on the aailability of cattle dung alone from about 51+ million cattle, there e&ists an estimated potential of about 0:,3+1 million cubic meter of biogas generation annually. !ndia is
implementing one of the ;orld1">?6 methane, 5?"+16 carbon dio&ide, 1.?"0.16 hydrogen sulphide, rests of water apors etc. Biogas is non"to&ic, color less and flammable gas. !t has an ignition temperature of >?1 " @?11. !ts density is 0.30+kg9 m5 (assuming about >16 ethane and +16 -3). !ts calorific alue is 31 9m5 (or +@11 kcal.). !t is almost 316 lighter than air. Biogas, like Liuefied 7etroleum Gas (L7G) cannot be conerted into liuid state under normal temperature and pressure. !t liuefies at a pressure of about +@.+ Cg9cm3 at a critical temperature of ":3.01 c. Demoing carbon dio&ide, Eydrogen ulfide, moisture and compressing it into cylinders makes it easily usable for transport applications 8 also for stationary applications. Already G technology has become easily aailable and therefore, bio"methane (purified biogas) which is nearly same as G, can be used for all applications for which G are used. 7urified biogas (bio"methane) has a high calorific alue in comparison to raw biogas. #echnology %emonstration on Biogas Bottling under D%%8% First time in the country during the year 311:"1H, a new initiatie was taken for technology demonstration on biogas bottling pro=ects in entrepreneurial mode, for installation of medium si$e mi&ed feed biogas plants for generation, purification and bottling of biogas under D%%8% policy of D' after D8%. !nstallation of such plants aims at production of G uality of ompressed Biogas (BG) to be used as ehicular fuel in addition to meeting stationary 8 motie power, electricity generation, 3 thermal application etc. needs in a decentrali$ed manner through establishment of a sustainable business model in this sector. #here is a huge potential for installation of such plants in arious areas. /nder the demonstration phase, the inistry has sanctioned a central financial assistance for a limited number of such pro=ects for implementation following an entrepreneurial mode in different states namely hhattisgarh, Gu=arat, Earyana, Carnataka, aharashtra, 7un=ab, adhya 7radesh, Andhra 7radesh and Da=asthan. o far, 00 numbers of biogas bottling pro=ects of arious capacities and technologies hae been commissioned in the country after obtaining reuired licenses for filling and storage of compressed biogas in G cylinders from 7etroleum 8 '&plosies afety -rgani$ation (7'-), tate 7ollution ontrol Board (7B) etc. !!#, %elhi is assigned for technical monitoring 8
handholding of the consultants9promoters and preparation of documentation on different types of technology which may emerge out of these pro=ects. #he purity of biogas is more than H16 ethane and this has being corroborated through tests conducted by ational Accreditation Board for #esting and alibration Laboratories (ABL) and compressed to 0?1 bar pressure for filling in cylinders. #he purified biogas is euialent 9similar to G. #he purified biogas is filled in G cylinder and supplied to mid"day meal scheme, mess, Eotel, industries etc. for arious purposes such as cooking 8 heating etc.. alorific alue of purified biogas is euialent 9 similar to G. As a matter of fact, the biogas bottling plants are one of the most potent tools for mitigating climatic change by preenting black carbon emission from biomass chulha since biogas is used as a cooking fuel and methane emissions from untreated cattle dung and biomass wastes are also aoided. #he purified biogas can be bottled in G cylinders and whereer G is currently used, biogas bottling can be used as an alternatie #he slurry which comes out of the biogas plant is directly or after drying used as bio9organic manure for improing soil"fertility and reducing use of chemical fertili$ers. !t is also non" pollutant because it is free from weed"seeds, foul smell and pathogens. #he slurry is rich in main nutrients such as itrogen, 7otassium and odium (7C) alongwith micronutrients " !ron 8 Iinc etc. As such there is no pollution from biogas plant. #he slurry9manure of biogas plant is being sold to the farmers and used in liuid9solid form by them in agricultural crops. #he field trials hae indicated the e&cellent growth in agro"production and substantial improements in the uality. onclusion As a matter of fact, the biogas"bottling plants are one of the most potent tools for mitigating climatic change by preenting black carbon emission from biomass chulha since biogas is used as a cooking fuel and methane emissions from untreated cattle dung and biomass wastes are also aoided. #he purified biogas can be bottled in G cylinders and whereer G is currently used, compressed biogas (BG) can be used as an alternatie. #here is a ast potential for the production of biogas in the country. !n addition to the energy production, biog as plants also proide bio"manure and are helpful in dealing with the problems of waste management, proiding clean enironment and mitigating pollution in urban, industrial and rural areas. Biogas is also a prominent alternatie to petroleum fuel like L7G, G and diesel.
National Biogas and Manure Management Programme
!ntroduction Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel. Biogas is produced from attle %ung, Euman '&creta and other organic matter in Biogas plant through a process called J%igestionJ. Biogas contains ??6 to >16 methane which is inflammable. !t also contains 516 to 5?6 carbon dio&ide and traces of itrogen, Eydrogen and ;ater. Bio slurry which is bye product has manurial alue than farm yard manure
•
•
•
Objectives : #o proide fuel for cooking purposes and organic manure to rural households through family type biogas plants #o mitigate drudgery of rural women ,reduce pressure on forests and accentuate social benefits #o improe sanitation in illages by linking sanitary toilets with biogas plants
7otential and Achieement A cumulatie total of 0.0> Lakh family type biogas plants hae been set up in the state of 7un=ab upto 50.5.3100 against estimated potential of +.? lakh plants. Approed designs of family type biogas plants (a) (b) (c) (d)
(e) (f)
CK! Floating %rum #ype Biogas 7lants haing digester made of bricks or stones. CK! #ype Biogas 7lants with Ferro cement digester CK! #ype Biogas 7lants with Fibre Glass Deinforced 7lastic (FD7) Gas holder %eenbandhu odel (i) Brick masonry (ii) !n ferrocement with in"situ techniue 7re"fabricated D fi&ed dome model JFle&iJ model Bag digester type plant made of rubberised nylon fabric manufactured by wastik Dubber 7 roducts Ltd., 7une.
0 to 01 cubic metre 0 to 01 cubic metre 0 to 01 cubic metre 0 to > cubic metre
3 8 5 cubic metre 0 to > cubic metre
i$e of plants, reuirement of cattle dung and estimated cost i$e of plant 0 cubic metres 3 cubic metres 5 cubic metres + cubic metres > cubic metres
uantity of cattle dung reuired daily 3? kg ?1 kg @? kg 011 kg 0?1 kg
o. of cattle heads reuired 3"5 +"> @"H 01"03 0+"0>
'stimated costM Ds.@,1119" Ds.H,1119" Ds.01,?119" Ds.03,?119" Ds. 0?,1119"
Applications ooking Biogas can be used in a specially designed burner for cooking. A biogas plant of 3 cum. capacity is sufficient for proiding cooking fuel to a family of + members. Lighting Gas lamps can be fueled by biogas. #he reuirement of gas for powering a 011 candle lamp (>1 ;) is 1.05 cum. per hour. 7ower Generation Biogas can be used to operate a dual fuel engine and can replace upto :16 of diesel. !mplementation trategy #his programme is being implemented with the actie participation of #urnkey workers who hae been trained by 7A/, Ludhiana. #he turnkey workers arrange a trained mason for installation of Biogas plants, helps the beneficiary for procuring good uality material which includes burners and other fittings reuired for the biogas plants. #he turnkey worker got filled the application form of the beneficiary for informing the co ncerned field officer for starting the installation of Biogas plant. #hen the beneficiary got installed the plant through trained mason under the superision of turnkey worker and field officer of 7'%A. After completion 9 commissioning of the biogas plant the application is submitted to Eead uarter of 7'%A for release of permissible subsidy to beneficiaries and '; charges to the concerned ';. After sample checking from E.. leel, the subsidy and '; charges are released. #he turnkey worker stands guaranteed for three years for successful operation of the biogasplant.
7attern of entral Financial Assistance for 3100"03
(i) entral ubsidy apacity of the Biogas plant (um) 0 3 to >
General (Ds.)
Additional for attaching toilet (Ds.)
+111 :111
0111
(ii) #urn"Cey ob Fee #he amount of turn"key =ob fee is Ds. 0?119" per plant with guarantee of fie years from the date of installation. (iii) Depair charges for old non"functional plants Financial support is gien up to a ma&imum of ?1 per cent of the rate of entral subsidy as applicable for a gien category of beneficiary and area for repair of plants, which hae been LADG' A7A!#N B!-GA 7LA# (i) %'!G -F LADG' A7A!#N B!-GA 7LA# A large capacity biogas plant (ew odified 7A/ anta odel Biogas 7lant) has been deeloped by 7un=ab Agricultural /niersity to cater the needs of dairy farmers. #his, essentially, is a 2anta2 design but of higher capacity. #he gas"holder is hemispherical in shape and is structurally safe 8 crack"resistant. #he construction of this type of plant is easy and is not ery different from the method for the %eenbandhu Biogas 7lant. #he details of ew odified 7A/ anta odel Biogas 7lant are shown in figure" ! and the dimensions of different si$ed biogas plants are shown in table 0. #he capacity wise detail of different capacity of Biogas 7lants for power generation is detailed as per table 3. Large apacity are Fi&ed %ome #ype Biogas 7lants
