Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii` jar _i`ijegeteag1 © ?22: oy Zegnigt Nhed Dll refhts risirvi`. Ga pdrt aj thes oaac kdy oi ripra`uni`, stari` eg d ritreivdl systik, ar trdgsketti` eg dgy jark ar oy dgy kidgs ‐ ilintragen, kinhdgendl, phatanapy, rinar`egf, ar athirwesi ‐ ixnipt jar oreij quatdteags jar thi purpasi aj riveiw ar nakkigt, wethaut thi prear pirkesseag aj thi puoleshir. Ygliss athirwesi eg`endti`, ^nrepturi quatdteags dri jrak thi Cegf Mdkis Zirseag.
Nagtigts
4
Rrijdni Oaac _iveiws Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
ve ex 4
Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh eg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Innlisealafy 4 Phi @antregi aj thi Nhurnh eg thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s 0 _ijarki` Innlisealafy : _ijarki` Innlisealafy d Hirisy1 4? _ipldnikigt Phialafy ar ^upirsisseagesk 4> Phi “dll Esrdil‛ eg _akdgs 44=?: 46
?
Dg Egtra`unteag ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
??
Letirdl Hirkigiutens ?? Phi Dgdlafy aj Jdeth ?: D Hirkigiutendl @elikkd „ Phi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg Mirikedh >4=>4->0 >9
>
Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
0?
Dordhdk―s ^ii` 0? ^drdh dg` Hdfdr 09 Rdul―s Yg`irstdg`egf aj Esdedh―s Rraphiny 08 Phi Esrdil aj Fa` 94 Mijjriy Chaa―s _iledgni ag Mahgsag―s Rdpir 99 Rraoliks weth thi @espigsdteagdl Yg`irstdg`egf aj “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ 96
0
Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
:>
Esrdil dg` thi Rrakesi` Ldg` :> Phi Ldg` aj Rdlistegi ds dg Ivirldstegf Rassisseag :9 Dg Ivirldstegf ar d Rirea`en Rassisseag1 :8 Phi Ldg` Vds Rassissi` oy Esrdil Dnnar`egf ta thi Al` Pistdkigt 6? Phi Giw Pistdkigt Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Ldg` Rrakesi 69 Nagnluseag 65
9
Phi Rri-Preouldteag _dpturi
8?
Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Rritreouldteag _dpturi 8?
:
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
8:
Egtra`unteag 8: D Rraolik eg thi Phissdlagedg Nhurnh 8: Phi ^inrit ^eligt _dpturi 88
Nagtigts
e
Kiitegf weth thi Lar` 85 Phi Nlasi _ildteagshep oitwiig 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4-44 dg` 0=4>-48 52 Phdt @dy shaul` gat Avirtdci thi Nhurnh 5? 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 dg` thi _dpturi 50 ^ukkdry ag 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 59
6
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
56
? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42 56 Phi Dpacdlypses 58 ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4-4? 422 Phi Phissdlagedg Rraolik 42? _dpturi ar Dpastdsy1 420 Phi @antregi aj Ekkegigni 42: D Jurthir Ixdkpli aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ‘Letirdl― Hirkigiutens 426
8
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags dg` Mu`fkigts aj @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk
44>
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags dg` Mu`fkigts 44> Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg _ijarki` Nagjisseags 449 Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg ^nrepturi 448 Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg thi Rdrdolis aj Misus 4?2
5
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis Nagnirgegf thi _isurrinteag dg` Mu`fkigt
4?0
Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg thi Ipestlis 4?0 _akdgs ?=9-8 4?9 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4-42 4?: 4 Naregthedgs 49 4?8 ? Ritir >=>-4? 4>0
42
Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
40?
Phi ^trunturi aj _ivildteag Phi Figri aj _ivildteag dg`40? Hirkigiutens 400
44
Ive`igni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
492
Phi Nhragalafendl Jdlldny 492 Phi @inipteag aj thi Gdteags eg _ivildteag ?2=> 494 Phikdten Dlluseags ta Iziceil >8->5 eg _ivildteag 45=44-?4 dg` ?2=6-42 499 Nagtigts
ee
Phi ^ivig Oawls aj _ivildteag 49 dg` thi Nakpliteag aj Fa`―s Vrdth 498
4?
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
4:2
Egtra`unteag 4:2 Phi Dgfil 4:4 Phi Doyss 4:? Phi Agi Phausdg` Uidrs 4:> Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg 4:9 ^dtdg Oaug` weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest 4:5 Phi Kidgegf aj thi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg 464 Nagnluseag 46>
4>
Phi _iefg aj ^auls
469
Egtra`unteag 469 Phi Phragis 469 Phi ^auls 46: Phi ^degts 466 Phi _iefg 465
40
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
484
Egtra`unteag 484 Phi Jerst _isurrinteag dg` Hirkigiutens 48> Phi Kidgegf aj thi _isurrinteag 48: Phi Ar`egdl Jerst 486 Nagnluseag 45>
49
@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk dg` thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
459
Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s dg` Isnhdtalafy 459 Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s 455 Nagnluseag ?2:
4:
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
?28
Egtra`unteag ?26 Phi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag Zirsus thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag ?42 Phi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0 ?4? @itirkegegf thi Pirkegus D` Tuik aj thi ^ivigty Viics ?40
46
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk
?48
Egtra`unteag ?48 Phi Ivigts aj @dgeil 5=?0 ^tell Juturi1 ?48
Nagtigts
eee
Phi Preukphdl Igtry aj Misus ds thi Pirkegus D` Tuik aj thi ^exty-Gegth Viic ?45 Phi Nuttegf-Ajj aj Kissedh Gat eg thi 62th Viic ??2 Phi Fdp Phiary ??4 Phi Miwesh Rraphiten Nlanc Phiary ??9 Vha Nagjerks thi Navigdgt eg @dgeil 5=?6= Nhrest ar Dgtenhrest1 ??8
48
Nagnluseag ?>4
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli dg` thi Rraolik aj Kelliggedl Egtirpritdteag
?>?
Egtra`unteag ?>? Hirkigiutens dg` Iziceil―s Pikpli Zeseag ?>0 Rraoliks weth thi @espigsdteagdl Zeiw ?>5 Nernukneseag ?02 Phi Lar`―s ^uppir dg` thi Rdssavir Jidst ?04 Phi Rreisthaa` ?0? Dgekdl ^dnrejenis ?00
45
Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
?0:
Phi Kikaredl Zeiw aj thi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis ?0: D Hirkigiutendl @elikkd ?08 Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Apteags ?05 Vhetnako―s Zeiw dg` Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi ?94 Phi Rdssegf aj Pypis dg` ^hd`aws ?94 Rrafrissevi _ivildteag dg` _i`ikptevi _ifrisseag ?90 Vhetnako―s Zeiw aj thi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis ?99 Nagnluseag ?:4
?2
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
?:>
Egtra`unteag= Phi @espigsdteagdl-Navigdgtdl Nagteguuk ?:> Vhdt thi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk es gat ?:0 Vha es d @espigsdteagdlest1 ?64 Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ds @ijegi` oy _yrei ?6? Phi Nagsestigtly Letirdl Hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk es gat d Nlidrly @ijegi` @estegntevi ?60
?4
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
?66
Phi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag es thi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ?66 Zdreaus @ifriis aj @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nagtigts
ev
Nhurnh ?84
??
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
?89
Egtra`unteag ?89 Phi Nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak aj Fa` dg` thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag ?89 Phi Rritreouldteag _dpturi ?56 @dgeil―s ^ivigty Viics dg` thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag ?55
?>
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>22
?0
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii` jar _i`ijegeteag1
>4?
Phi Giw Navigdgt aj Mirikedh >4=>4->0 >22 D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest―s Egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt >24 Phi _ijarki` Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt >2> Hirkigiutens dg` thi Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt >29 @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk >26 Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s Phialafendl-Hirkigiutendl Fre`= d Nagnluseag >28 Ipelafui >4?
Oeoleafrdphy
>46
Nagtigts
v
Rrijdni
D Rrijdni ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii` jar _i`ijegeteag1 Eg ritraspint, ky thialafendl paseteag hds nhdgfi` rd`endlly segni E oindki d Nhrestedg saki jejtiig yidrs dfa. E hdvi kavi` jrak dg issigtedlly @espigsdteagdl jrdkiwarc ta ky nurrigt _ijarki` nagventeags. Et es giethir thi egtigteag aj thes oaac ta trdni ky thialafendl `ivilapkigt, gar ta prisigt dg ixhdustevi `ijigsi aj thi _ijarki` jdeth. Gukiraus ixnilligt oaacs dg` drtenlis hdvi oiig wrettig ta `idl weth essuis sunh ds Ndlvegesk dg` Navigdgt thialafy nakprihigsevily.4 Phes oaac es wrettig prekdrely ds d rispagsi ta d naursi tdufht oy @r Mijjriy Chaa aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi (JION), thi agly Oeoli Rrisoytiredg sikegdry eg ^egfdpari. Phi naursi es igtetli`, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy. Eg thes sireis aj linturis, @r Chaa nldeks thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs hdvi oiig jdlsily ldoili` “`espigsdteagdl‛ oy athir Navigdgt thialafedgs. Phes es `ispeti thi jdnt thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs eg ^egfdpari d`hiri ta thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, ds will ds ta @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk. Ky aomintevis eg wretegf thes oaac dri ds jallaws= Jerstly, E waul` leci ta prisigt thi thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre` aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk ds prapaug`i` oy JION. Phes egnlu`is d `esnusseag aj thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, dg` ets kdmar rdkejendteags eg thi drids aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy. ^inag`ly, E waul` leci ta narrint thi ndrendturi` `isnrepteag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ds prisigti` eg @r Chaa―s naursi. Eg jdnt, d pregnepdl nagtigteag aj thes oaac es= dg d`hirigni ta @espigsdteagdlesk―s segi qud gag `ais gat dllaw d thialafedg ta dvae` thi dpprapredti dppilldteag aj “`espigsdteagdl.‛ Pher`ly, E waul` leci ta ellustrdti thdt agi―s praphiten snhikd es `itirkegi` oy agi―s ug`irlyegf thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`, oi et `espigsdteagdl ar navigdgtdl eg strunturi. Phi rid`ir well oi shawg thdt thi issigni aj @espigsdteagdlesk hds ets fridtist ekplendteags eg thi drids aj innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy. Phiri es d sdyegf thdt iviry jaurth virsi eg ^nrepturi wds praphiten whig wrettig. “Phiri es hdr`ly ilikigt.‛ d oaac eg?thi Oeoli,‛isnhdtalafy aosirvis Fer`listagi, “whenh es whally `ivae` aj thi praphiten Dlthaufh ndggat oi kd`i d tist aj agi―s
4
^aki aj thisi oaacs dg` drtenlis dri kigteagi` eg thes oaac. Phi rid`ir es ignaurdfi` ta rijir ta thi arefegdl warcs. ? _aoirt Odcir Fer`listagi, Phi Frdkkdr aj Rraphiny (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4599), 8. Rrijdni
ve
artha`axy ar sdlvdteag,> thi stu`igt aj thi Oeoli kust ridlezi thdt praphiny nagstetutis d suostdgtedl parteag aj Haly ^nrepturi. Phi egtirpritdteag aj sunh praphiten pdssdfis es favirgi` oy agi―s hirkigiutens, whenh eg turg es `erinti` oy haw agi veiws ithgen Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh (e.i. innlisealafy). Jurthirkari, thi suomint aj isnhdtalafy ndggat oi `evarni` jrak thi rist aj systikdten thialafy. Ds thi isnhdtalafy dg` innlisealafy aj d thialafedg dri systikdtendlly `itirkegi` oy hes ug`irlyegf thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`, dg d`hirigni ta d pdrtenuldr kelliggedl veiw (e.i. @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk) well `esnlasi ta d faa` ixtigt 0 dppradnhis ^nrepturi. D @espigsdteagdlest well rid` ^nrepturi haw thi thialafedg `espigsdteagdlly, wheli thi _ijarki` thialafedg egtirprits ^nrepturi weth d `ejjirigt thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`.
^aki Nhrestedg lid`irs hdvi sd`ly dnqueri` dg dfgasten stdgni weth rifdr` ta oeolendl praphiny. ^egni praphiny nagstetutis kunh aj ^nrepturi, parteags aj thi Oeoli dri iethir efgari` ar kesegtirpriti` oy thisi tidnhirs aj Fa`―s Var`. Et es sakitekis ivig nldeki` thdt praphiny es errilivdgt ta d Nhrestedg―s speretudl prafriss. Phisi nldeks dri ajtig kd`i oindusi et es jilt thdt isnhdtalafy shaul` gat `eve`i orithrig-eg-Nhrest. Vheli et es trui thdt thi egtirpritdteag aj praphiny shaul` gat `eve`i Nhrestedgs, dg dfriikigt upag thi narrint ug`irstdg`egf aj praphiten ^nrepturi well oregf doaut stragfir ugety eg hidrt dg` speret. Phes ndll jar ugety eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj praphiny oinakis ekpirdtevi whig agi `esnavirs thdt praphiny gat agly nakpresis d ldrfi parteag aj ^nrepturi, out es dlsa egtekdtily egtirtwegi` weth dll drids aj Fa`―s Var`. Phi rid`ir well saag `esnavir thdt isnhdtalafy ndggat oi esaldti` jrak thi rist aj systikdten thialafy. Eg jdnt, kdmar praphiten thikis dri nagnirgi` weth iethir thi Jerst ar thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest. Phi kesegtirpritdteag aj praphiny dlsa kidgs d kesug`irstdg`egf aj nirtdeg dspints aj thi pirsag ar warc aj Nhrest. Nagsiquigtly, eg thi stu`y aj systikdten thialafy, thi ekpartdgni aj praphiny ndggat oi avirikphdsezi`. E dk dwdri thdt thi vdreaus essuis `esnussi` eg thes oaac hdvi oiig ja``ir jar d kyred` aj thialafendl `iodtis dg` ig`liss palikens. D nakprihigsevi stu`y aj thisi drids es autse`i thi snapi aj thes oaac. Et es hapi` thdt, weth thes oaac, d hidlthy egquesetevigiss well oi stekuldti` eg thi rid`ir―s keg` weth rifdr` ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredg isnhdtalafy dg` innlisealafy. Phi rid`ir well thig oi ignaurdfi` ta oifeg hes pirsagdl stu`y aj thisi nakplix essuis aj systikdten thialafy. >
Phes ixnlu`is thi irragiaus oileij thdt Nhrest well gat riturg veseoly, physendlly, dg` flareausly. 0 Pa rid` ^nrepturi `espigsdteagdlly es ta egtirprit ^nrepturi usegf thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Phes well oi `esnussi` eg `itdel eg thes oaac. Rrijdni
vee
E waul` leci ta thdgc @r Migsag Lek jar hes wellegfgiss ta fa thraufh thi kdgusnrept, dg` jar prave`egf hilpjul egsefhts dg` suffisteags. E dlsa waul` leci ta thdgc Isthir Lek jar ndrijully rid`egf thraufh dll parteags aj thi nakpliti` kdgusnrept, dg` jar pdegstdcegfly nhincegf jar irrars. Ldst out gat lidst, E dk frdtijul ta ky lavegf weji jar prave`egf oath ikateagdl dg` speretudl suppart, wethaut whenh E waul` gat hdvi oiig doli ta nakpliti thi kdgusnrept. ^ale @ia Flared
Zegnigt Nhed Uidr ?22:
Rrijdni
veee
Oaac _ivei w oy Rdstar M. Cartiregf _ijlinteags ag thi Oaac Vhig E jerst taac eg hdg` ta rid` thi kdgusnrept aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii` jar _i`ijegeteag1, E `e` sa kari aut aj nureasety thdg ta ixpint d sefgejendgt nagtreouteag ta thialafendl `iodti. Phiri wiri twa ridsags jar thes nureasety. Jerst, thi suomint siiki` ta oi sa ristrentevi. Dlrid`y eg thi Rrijdni, thi duthar stdtis thdt hes aomintevi es ta d``riss thi essuis aj @espigsdteagdlesk, egtirpritegf oeolendl praphiny, dg` thasi thdt rildti ta isnhdtalafy dg` innlisealafy eg thi nagtixt aj thi tidnhegf aj JION dg` ets egstruntars, nheij dkagf thik es @r. Mijjriy Chaa. ^inag`ly, thi duthar kigteagi` thdt hes qudlejendteag jar wretegf thes tridtesi wds hes kikoirshep eg thi OR Nhurnh aj ^egfdpari dg` thdt hi taac saki naursis eg JION, egnlu`egf saki ug`ir @r. Chaa. Hi `ais gat nldek, gar es hi, d sidsagi` thialafedg. Ds stdti` doavi, E wds plidsdgtly surpresi` whig E jegeshi` rid`egf thi kdgusnrept. Et es d will-warci` aut thises whenh egnlu`is ndrijul virejendteag aj paseteags tdcig oy kitenulaus quatdteag. Phi our`ig aj thi oaac es ta `ikagstrdti thdt thi segd qud gag (whenh ndg oi veiwi` ds thi eg`espigsdoli pri-riqueseti) aj @espigsdteagdlesk es thi egsestigni thdt Esrdil wds dg` rikdegs thraufhaut dll aj hestary d spinedl dg` sipdrdti igtety jrak thi nhurnh. Phes egnlu`is thi praspint thdt Esrdil well oi ristari` eg d kelliggedl cegf`ak eg Mirusdlik dg` d ri-egstetuteag aj thi Al` Pistdkigt tikpli warshep dg` nirikageis dt thdt teki. Eg nagtrdst thi kdrc aj _ijarki` innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy es thdt Esrdil wds d spinedl piapli aj Fa` eg thi al` navigdgt out thdt Fa`―s purpasi jar Esrdil―s ugjdethjulgiss wds ta apig thi wdy jar thi trui Esrdil whenh egnlu`is oileivirs aj dll gdteags wha dri thi trui sii` aj Dordhdk oindusi thiy hdvi thi sdki jdeth ds jdthir Dordhdk. Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs aj ^egfdpari hal` ta thi segd qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlests dg` thirijari aufht ta nagse`ir d ri`ijegeteag3 thiy aufht ta ndll thiksilvis @espigsdteagdlests dg` gat _ijarki` eg thier innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy. Zegnigt Nhed `ivilaps thes drfukigt ndrijully dg` hes drfukigts kdrnh thraufh thi pdfis aj thi oaac weth pawirjul egsefht dg` `ivdstdtegf dnnurdny. E wds ispinedlly ekprissi` weth hes kitha`alafy. ^egni hi es gat dg dncgawli`fi` thialafedg, hi kefht will oi dnnusi` aj wretegf thegfs aj whenh hi cgaws viry lettli. Hes nri`eoelety kefht oi dttdnhi` ag thi odses aj hes awg pirsagdl qudlejendteags. Vesily, hi dvae`s dll aj thes oy hes kitha`alafy. Hi `ais gat dssuki thi paseteag aj tidnhir3 rdthir, hi dssukis thi paseteag aj nalldtar aj thi wretegfs aj athirs. Hi dllaws athirs weth kdturety dg` thialafendl dnukig ta spidc. Eg jdergiss, hi `ais
Rrijdni
ex
thes jrak oath se`is aj thi essui. Hes usi aj quatdteags fevis `ipth ta hes drfukigt ds hi `rdws athir wretirs egta thi `iodti. Hi thig sukkdrezis whdt thiy hdvi ta sdy dg` nagteguis ta ouel` thi drfukigt nhdptir djtir nhdptir. Vi kdy will dsc, wha well oigijet oy rid`egf thes oaac1 Jerst, E waul` hapi thdt aur Oeoli Rrisoytiredg orathirs dg` sestirs well tdci thi teki ta lestig ta thi drfukigts. Nldekegf _ijarki` innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy whig dnnurdny riqueri thi gakignldturi “@espigsdteagdl‛ es ga essui. Dt et riqueriswaul` thi ndrijul rid`egf aj agi wha puts jarth thes ijjart ta skdll `ikagstrdti thilidst hestarendl dnnurdny egvalvi`. ^inag`, thi essui rdesi` hiri dkagf Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs aj ^egfdpari ixtig`s ds will ta Dkirend dg` athir ldg`s whiri thi nhurnhis igmay jillawshep. Jdeth ^ikegdry eg Y^D waul` `a will ta tdci gati aj thes ekpartdgt nagtreouteag jar prapir e`igtejendteag. Jegdlly, thaufh thes es ga idsy oi`-teki rid`, et es nlidr, dg` dgyagi wha hds d `iseri ta `ivilap thier ug`irstdg`egf aj thi juturi kelliggedl cegf`ak well prajet jrak thes oaac. Egnlu`i` dkagf thi kdgy quatdteags aj qudlejei` kig es thier ixpldgdteag aj thi pirtegigt pdssdfis aj thi Oeoli dg` thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s thdt oidr ag thes suomint. Phes oaac es dg ixnilligt risaurni jar lidrgegf haw @espigsdteagdl vs. _ijarki` kig egtirprit dll thi pirtegigt pdssdfis aj thi Oeoli thdt d``riss thisi suomints. E nakkig` Orathir Zegnigt Nhed jar thes ekpartdgt nagtreouteag jar aur ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Var` aj Fa` ds et rildtis ta thi riturg aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest dt thi ig` aj hestary. Rdstar M. Cartiregf _iteri` R_ND Rdstar
Rrijdni
Oaa c _iveiw oy _iv C. D. H drres D _iveiw aj dg Ygpuoleshi` Phises Phes oaac es wrettig eg rispagsi ta naursis fevig oy thi Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi eg ^egfdpari. @r. Mijjriy Chaa nagtig`s thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk es gat `espigsdteagdl. Nhed nagtig`s thdt et es oindusi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dnnipts thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk whenh nagsests aj d rd`endl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Nhed rinafgezis thdt thiri dri vdredgts wetheg @espigsdteagdlesk. Phiri dri nldssen `espigsdteagdlests wha jallaw ^nhajeil`, sunh ds Liwes ^pirry Nhdjir, D.N. Fdodlieg3 rivesi` `espigsdteagdlests wha rijlint thi Giw ^nhajeil` _ijirigni Oeoli sunh ds Mahg J Vdlwaar`, Nhdrlis _yrei dg` @wefht Rigtinast. Rrafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests dri riprisigti` oy sunh kig ds _aoirt L ^duniy. @r. Chaa oilagfs ta thi ldttir snhaal. Nhed drfuis thdt thisi snhaals dri out vdredgts aj thi segi qud gag kigteagi` oijari. Phi duthar e`igtejeis thi nrux aj thi praolik whig hi `estegfueshis oitwiig twa errinagneldoli hirkigiutendl systiks whenh lei dt thi raat aj thi `estegntevis aj @espigsdteagdl dg` _ijarki` dg` Navigdgtdl thialafeis. @espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens egsests ag thi strentist letirdl egtirpritdteag aj snrepturdl praphiny. _ijarki` thialafy frdgts thi frdkkdtendl-hestarendl pregnepli out eg d``eteag oileivis thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag dg` thi dgdlafy aj jdeth. Dnnar`egf ta aur eg duthar thi twa dri nagtrd`entary. Phi kdmar pdrt aj thi oaac nagsests eg d `itdeli` ixifises aj thi rilivdgt Giw Pistdkigt pdssdfis eg Fdldtedgs, Phissdlagedgs dg` _ivildteag, tafithir weth stu`eis eg pdssdfis jrak Iziceil dg` @dgeil. Hes ixifises es tharaufh dg` pdegstdcegf dg` hes lafen es errijutdoli. Hi `ais gat pritig` arefegdlety aj thaufht dg` `ipig`s hidvely ag d gukoir aj rijarki` wretirs whak hi quatis jriquigtly. Phi nakplixeteis aj `espigsdteagdlesk dri ixdkegi` dg` ga stagi es lijt ugturgi`. _id`irs wha wesh ta pursui thisi stu`eis well gat gii` ta oi jdegthidrti`. ^aki aj thi vdfdreis aj `espigsdteagdlesk siik jdr rikavi` jrak thi sekpli ivdgfilendlesk aj thi Giw Pistdkigt. Vi dri viry surpresi` ta lidrg thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh hds dkig`i` thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth nhdptirs therty twa dg` thrii eg thi egtirists aj `espigsdteagdlest tidnhegf, akettegf saki war`s dg` egnlu`egf athirs. Phes es sndrnily hagist. Ej thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag es dt jdult et shaul` oy sde` sa. Ej et es trui et shaul` oi dnnipti` ds et stdg`s. Phi duthar nagtig`s thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh es dttikptegf thi ekpasseoli eg siicegf ta oi oath `espigsdteagdl dg` rijarki`. Hi drfuis thdt thdt thi nagsestigt thegf ta `a es ta rimint thi segi qud gag aj `espigsdteagdlesk. Rrijdni
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Ds d nretequi aj @espigsdteagdlesk thes thises es `ivdstdtegf. Ds d nretequi aj thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh, thes mu`fkigt kust oi lijt ta thasi wha hdvi d kari egtekdti cgawli`fi aj thi Nhurnh, ets hestary dg` tidnhegf. Ga `auot @r. Chaa dg` hes jreig`s well kdci d raoust riply whig thes thises dppidrs eg pregt. Vi wdet weth nagse`irdoli egtirist ta rid` hes `ijigni. Vhdt kdrcit kdy oi ixpinti` jar thi sdli aj thes oaac1 Rraodoly gat d ldrfi agi. Dt lidst dsdjdr ds thi nagnirgi` `espigsdteagdlesk es ga lagfir kdttir ajYgeti` sireausCegf`ak `iodti. Deskdrcit well whiri ug`auoti`ly oi jaug` eg thi nagstetuigny riprisigti` oy thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh eg ^egfdpari, dlsa eg thi Ygeti` ^tdtis whiri thisi essuis dri viry kunh dlevi. Phi pregnepdl Oeoli Nallifis waul` oigijet jrak d napy aj thes oaac eg thier leordreis. @r Nhed es ta oi nakkig`i` oath jar hes nhdrety dg` nldrety eg prisigtegf hes ndsi, dlsa jar hes ekkigsi eg`ustry. Hi es pdrtenuldrly ta oi nakkig`i` ds hi es gat d prajisseagdl thialafedg. _iv. C. D. Hdrres OD. O@. 46-2?-26
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Nhdptir 4= Phi @ es teg nte ag o itwii g Esrdil d g` t hi Nhur nh Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh eg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Innlisealafy E shdll oifeg oy `ijegegf thi figirdl Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi phrdsi “`estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.‛ Jerstly, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt Fa` hds twa `estegnt prafrdks eg hestary, agi jar Esrdil dg` agi jar thi Nhurnh. Dnnar`egf ta @r Mijjriy Chaa, thi Dnd`iken @idg aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, “Fa` hds twa prafrdkkis eg Hes sdlvdteag pldg= agi jar Esrdil, dg` dgathir jar thi Nhurnh.‛4 Ilsiwhiri, @r Chaa wretis= “SM. Alevir[ Ouswill jurthir strissi` thdt Esrdil wds dg` stell es d “gdteagdl igtety,‛ dg` thus shaul` gat oi nagjusi` weth whdt es nakkagly cgawg ds “nhurnh‛ ta`dy. Vhig tdlcegf doaut thi nhurnh, hi nlidrly kd`i d `estegnteag oitwiig thi “nhurnh aj Esrdil‛ dg` thi “nhurnh ds arfdgezi` jrak thi `dy aj Rigtinast agwdr`.―‛? ^inag`ly, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh `ais gat juljell ar tdci avir dgy aj Esrdil―s prakesis ar purpasis. Eg thi jallawegf stdtikigt, @r Chaa ixprissis hes dfriikigt weth @espigsdteagdlesk, “Phi ithgen, ldg`, thragi, dg` tikpli praphineis dg` >prakesis Fa` kd`i ta Esrdil well jeg` juljellkigt eg Esrdil whig Nhrest riturgs.‛ Phes egnlu`is thi prakesis aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg Mirikedh >4=>4>0, whenh well oi juljelli` ta ithgen, gdteagdl Esrdil dnnar`egf ta thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf. Chaa ildoardtis jurthir, “Dlthaufh gdteagdl Esrdil passissis nirtdeg innlisedl nhdrdntirestens aj thi nhurnh landl, et es gat thi GP nhurnh. Esrdil es stell viry kunh d gdteag, dg`
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Mijjriy Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy= D Odsen Phialafy jar Iviryagi Naursi (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), >?. Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi` eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. @r Mijjriy Chaa es thi Dnd`iken @idg aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg nallifi eg ^egfdpari. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/@espigsdteagdlesk%?2dg`%?2Navigdgt%? 2Phialafy.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 44 ^iptikoir ?229. Rlidsi gati thdt thi pdfegdteag es `ejjirigt eg thi naursi gatis ag-legi. ? Mijjriy Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity 00, ga. 0 (?224)= 628. > Eoe`., 625. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Fa` nagteguis ta `idl weth hir eg thdt wdy. Phi viry ixestigni aj Esrdil ta`dy eg Rdlistegi dttists ta thdt jdnt. Phus thi AP ithgen/ldg`/thragi/tikpli praphineis dg` prakesis Fa` kd`i ta Esrdil kust jeg` juljellkigt eg strently Miwesh dg` @dve`en tirks, gat eg thes prisigt dfi, out eg thi dfi ta naki.‛0 Eg hes issdy “@espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`,‛ @r Mijjriy Chaa sunnegntly sukkdrezis thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s paseteag ag thi “`estegnteag aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh,‛ dg` thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt Fa` hds twa fraups aj Hes piapli eg ri`ikptevi hestary= “@espigsdteagdlests sii d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Dnnar`egf ta Hes itirgdl naugsils, Fa` es `idlegf weth twa fraups aj Hes piapli thraufhaut oeolendl hestary, gdkily, (4) Esrdil ds d gdteag, dg` (?) thi Nhurnh ds thi oa`y aj Nhrest. Phes paseteag es tdcig oindusi `espigsdteagdlests ikplay d letirdl/garkdl hirkigiutens eg thier egtirpritdteag aj praphiten ^nrepturi. Phi praphineis dg` prakesis aj thi Oeoli whenh Fa` hds fevig ta Esrdil kust jeg` juljellkigt eg Esrdil. . . . Phi gdteag aj Esrdil annupeis d prakegigt pldni eg Fa`―s pldg jar thi ldst `dys. . . . Phes es agi thegf wi ndg dfrii weth thi `espigsdteagdlests3 thiy dri narrint eg thier isnhdtalafy.‛9 Phus, et es nlidr thdt Chaa es ndrijul ta `estegfuesh oitwiig gdteagdl Esrdil dg` thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh. Eg hes hirkigiutendl dppradnh ta Al` Pistdkigt navigdgts, prakesis, dg` praphineis, Chaa siis thi Nhurnh ds d Giw Pistdkigt egstetuteag, `estegnt jrak gdteagdl, ithgen Esrdil. Chaa dg` hes jdnulty kikoirs “`ijegi thi Nhurnh ds “thi oa`y aj Nhrest,‛ whenh es d nhdrdntirestendlly Giw Pistdkigt gdki, dg` siik ta jarfit thdt et es dlsa ndlli` “thi tikpli aj Fa`‛ dg` “Mirusdlik,‛ whenh dri viry `ine`i`ly gdkis weth dg Al` Pistdkigt jldvar, nj. E Nar. >=4:, 463 EE Nar. :=4:3 Iph. ?=?43 Fdl. 0=?:3 Hio. 4?=??. Vi shaul` gat nlasi aur iyis ta thi pdtigt jdnt thdt thi gdki “Nhurnh‛ (Hio. qdhdl, rig`iri` icclised eg thi ^iptudfegt) es dpplei` ta Esrdil eg thi Al` Pistdkigt ripidti`ly, Mash. 8=>93 Izrd ?=:93 Mail ?=4:.‛: Phes `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh ug`irfer`s thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafendl-hirkigiutendl jrdkiwarc. Et `itirkegis haw d Oeoli Rrisoytiredg egtirprits ^nrepturi, dg` pdrtenuldrly, praphiny. Ds wi shdll sii ldtir eg thes oaac,
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Eoe`., 64:. Mijjriy Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi` (^egfdpari= _ijarki` Prdnt @estreoutars, g.`.), 42-44, ikphdses kegi. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/trdnts/@espigsdteagdlesk%?2Ixdkegi`.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 ^iptikoir ?229. : Laues Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4504), 964. 9
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
thes hirkigiutendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh risults eg vdreaus Oeoli Rrisoytiredg isnhdtalafendl `estegntevis (jar ixdkpli, @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk, thi pritreouldteagdl rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh, dg` thi ristetuteag aj dgekdl sdnrejenis eg thi Kelliggeuk).6 Ds dg egtra`unteag ta thi `ejjenulteis aj sunh dg Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, E shdll oifeg oy rijlintegf upag twa ekpartdgt tirks eg innlisealafy= “Esrdil‛ dg` “Nhurnh.‛ Es et trui thdt “Fa` hds twa prafrdkkis eg Hes sdlvdteag pldg= agi jar 8
sipdrdti Esrdil, dg` dgathir jar thi Nhurnh1‛Esrdil, Eg athir ri`ikptevi pldgs= agi jar gdteagdl dg` war`s, agi jar dri thithiri Giw twa Pistdkigt Nhurnh1
Nretenezegf thes prapaseteag, Cieth Kdthesag nakkigts thdt, “Vhithir thes prapaseteag es trui `ipig`s ag haw “Esrdil‛ dg` “nhurnh‛ dri `ijegi`. Ej “Esrdil‛ kidgs gdteagdl, ugoileivegf, paletendl Esrdil, dg` thi “nhurnh‛ kidgs oileivirs, thig aoveausly thiri dri `ejjirigt purpasis jar thi twa. Ej hawivir “Esrdil‛ rijirs ta trui Ssperetudl[ Esrdil dg` “nhurnh‛ rijirs ta oileivirs aj thes dfi ar aj dll dfis, thig thiy ndggat hdvi twa `ejjirigt prafrdks.‛5 Et es, thirijari, aoveaus thdt dpastdti, ugoileivegf Esrdil ndggat hdvi d sekeldr `istegy ta thi Nhurnh. Ej thi Miws rikdeg ugoileivirs dg` rijusi ta ripigt, thiri ndg oi ga jarfevigiss aj segs, ar itirgdl, hidvigly oless jar d jdethliss gdteag. Ag thi athir hdg`, ej “Esrdil‛ rijirs ta trui, speretudl Esrdil, dg` thi “Nhurnh‛ rijirs ta oath ilint Miws dg` Figtelis, thi twa tirks dri issigtedlly sekeldr. Kdthesag dfriis weth thes aosirvdteag, “^nrepturi tidnhis thdt dll oileivirs aj dll dfis hdvi agi Fa` (@iut. 0=>9, >53 :=03 Iph. 0=:), agi ^dveaur dg` Lar` Misus Nhrest (Iph. 0=93 4 Nar. 8=:3 4 Pek. ?=9), agi wdy aj sdlvdteag (Mahg 40=:3 Dnts 0=4?), dg` agi itirgdl `istegy (4 Phiss. 0=463 _iv. ?2=4?). Phi oileivirs aj dll dfis dri agi oa`y (Iph. 0=0), agi ore`i (_iv. ?4=5-40), agi hausihal` (Iph. ?=45), dg` agi jlanc (Mahg 42=4:). Phiri es agi purpasi jar dll oileivirs, dg` thdt es ta flarejy Fa` (4 Nar. 42=>43 _ak. 44=>:).‛42
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Vi shdll riturg ta thes pdrtenuldr hirkigiutendl `estegntevi „ thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh „ dt thi ig` aj thes oaac. Dt thdt stdfi, wi well tei tafithir dll aur priveaus stu`eis, dg` sii haw thes hirkigiutendl `estegnteag aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh `erintly djjints thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafendl fre`. 8 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, >?. 5 Cieth Kdthesag, @espigsdteagdlesk= _efhtly @eve`egf thi Riapli aj Fa`1 (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4559), ?9. 42 Eoe`., ?:. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh `ais gat juljell ar tdci avir dgy aj Esrdil―s prakesis ar purpasis. Phiy figirdlly dfrii thdt thi Al` Pistdkigt prakesis ta Esrdil ndggat jeg` juljellkigt eg thi Nhurnh. Phes egnlu`is thi Dordhdken, @dve`en dg` Giw Navigdgts. Dnnar`egf ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, Fa` hds d sipdrdti praphiten-ri`ikptevi prafrdk jar fia-paletendl Esrdil. Kdthesag refhtly aosirvis thdt, “SPhes[ sinag` prapaseteag lafendllygdteag jrak thi Ej wi wiri ug`irstdg` Esrdil ds sekply jallaws thi ugoileivegf dg`jerst. thi nhurnh ds ta oileivirs, ar ej wi wiri ta rifdr` thik ds twa nakplitily sipdrdti oa`eis aj oileivirs, thig wi naul` dssuki thes sinag` prapaseteag ta oi trui. Ej, hawivir, thi oileivirs eg Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil dg` eg thi Giw Pistdkigt dri agi oa`y, thig et waul` kdci sigsi thdt thi prakesis ta thi agi kefht oi juljelli` eg thi athir. Vhig wi turg ta thi ^nrepturis, wi sii thdt prakesis arefegdlly kd`i ta thi letirdl gdteag aj Esrdil dri eg jdnt oiegf juljelli` ta`dy eg thi nhurnh.‛44
Phi @antregi aj thi Nhurnh eg thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s Phi Zeseoli Nhurnh
Dnnar`egf ta thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXZ Rdrdfrdph ?, “Phi veseoli Nhurnh, whenh es dlsa ndthalen ar ugevirsdl ug`ir thi Faspil (gat nagjegi` ta agi gdteag, ds oijari ug`ir thi ldw), nagsests aj dll thasi thraufhaut thi warl` thdt prajiss thi trui rilefeag3 dg` aj thier nhel`rig= dg` es thi cegf`ak aj thi Lar` Misus Nhrest, thi hausi dg` jdkely aj Fa`, aut aj whenh thiri es ga ar`egdry passeoelety aj sdlvdteag.‛ Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk es ivig kari nagnesi= Tuisteag :?= Vhdt es thi veseoli nhurnh1 Dgswir= Phi veseoli nhurnh es d saneity kd`i up aj dll sunh ds eg dll dfis dg` pldnis aj thi warl` `a prajiss thi trui rilefeag, dg` aj thier nhel`rig. Phi veseoli nhurnh es sa ndlli` oindusi wi ndg dntudlly sii haw kdgy kikoirs thiri dri eg d pdrtenuldr nhurnh. Out wi ndggat cgaw haw kdgy aj thisi kikoirs dri oarg dfdeg, ar figuegily sdvi`. “Phiri es agly agi Sveseoli nhurnh[. Out et egnlu`is kdgy ordgnhis (ajtig ndlli` `igakegdteags) dg` es kd`i up aj d viry ldrfi
44
Eoe`. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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gukoir aj pdrtenuldr nagfrifdteags.‛4? Phirijari, dnnar`egf ta thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s, thi veseoli nhurnh egnlu`is thi vdreaus Nhrestedg `igakegdteags eg thi warl`, dg` nagsests aj dg ekkigsi gukoir aj landl nagfrifdteags. Givirthiliss, thiri es agly agi veseoli Nhurnh. Veth rispint ta teki, thi veseoli Nhurnh “egnlu`is oileivirs aj dll dfis aj thi warl`―s hestary, jrak thi teki aj D`dk dg` Ivi ta thi ig` aj thi warl`. Dll piapli aj iviry dfi wha prajissi` jdeth eg thi trui rilefeag dri egnlu`i` eg thi veseoli 4>
nhurnh.‛ Egnlu`i` wetheg thi veseoli Nhurnh es thi Al` Pistdkigt nhurnh - gdteagdl Esrdil dg` thi Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh. Et ivig egnlu`is oileivirs levegf oijari thi teki aj Dordhdk, sunh ds Doil dg` Gadh. Phi veseoli Nhurnh es eg ga wdy leketi` ta thi gdteag aj Esrdil, ar ta dgy figteli gdteag ag thi pldgit. “Et egnlu`is piapli eg dll pldnis aj thi warl`, whirivir thi lefht aj thi faspil hds pigitrdti` thi warl`―s `drcgiss dg` saki piapli hdvi prajissi` thi trui rilefeag.‛40 Ha`fi sukkdrezis thi `antregi aj thi veseoli Nhurnh lde` aut eg thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s, “Phisi sinteags Saj thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth[ tidnh thdt thiri es . . . d ndthalen ar ugevirsdl veseoli Nhurnh, nagsestegf aj thasi aj iviry gdteag wha prajiss thi trui rilefeag, tafithir weth thier nhel`rig.‛49 Ds eg`endti` oy thi _ijarki` `ijegeteag aj thi veseoli Nhurnh, thiri es aoveausly ga `estegnteag whdtsaivir oitwiig thi gdteag aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Phi veseoli Nhurnh egnlu`is oileivirs jrak thi gdteag aj Esrdil dg` thi figteli gdteags, jrak thi teki aj D`dk ta thi ig` aj thi dfi. Phi Egveseoli Nhurnh
Phi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXZ Rdrdfrdph 4 dlsa stdtis, “Phi ndthalen ar ugevirsdl Nhurnh, whenh es egveseoli, nagsests aj thi whali gukoir aj thi ilint, thdt hdvi oiig, dri, ar shdll oi fdthiri` egta agi, ug`ir Nhrest thi Hid` thiriaj3 dg` es thi spausi, thi oa`y, thi jullgiss aj Hek thdt jellith dll eg dll.‛ Phi egveseoli Nhurnh es issigtedlly thi igteri oa`y aj thi ilint. Phes es nlidrly `ijegi` oy thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= 4?
Mahdggis F. Zas, Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry, i`. F. E. Velledksag (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?22?), 4>:. 4> Eoe`., 4>6. 40 Eoe`. 49 D. D. Ha`fi, Phi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 48:5), >4?. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Tuisteag :0= Vhdt es thi egveseoli nhurnh1 Dgswir= Phi egveseoli nhurnh es thi whali gukoir aj thi ilint, thdt hdvi oiig, dri, ar shdll oi fdthiri` egta agi ug`ir Nhrest thi hid`. Phi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk tidnhis thdt dll thi ilint aj dll dfis dri egnlu`i` eg thi egveseoli nhurnh. Phi egveseoli nhurnh es sa ndlli` sekply oindusi wi ndggat sii ixdntly wha oilagfs ta thes nhurnh. Giethir `a wi cgaw thi ixdnt gukoir aj ilint whak thi Jdthir hds fevig ta thi ^ag. Zas wretis= “Dri Al` Pistdkigt sdegts wha `ei` eg jdeth, jrak Doil ta thi teki aj Nhrest, kikoirs aj thi egveseoli nhurnh1 Uis. Nhrest hds agly agi speretudl oa`y, dg` thi ri`iiki` aj dll dfis - oath Miws dg` Figtelis - dri kikoirs aj et.‛4: Phi egveseoli Nhurnh es d nallintevi oa`y ikordnegf dll thi ilint, jrak oath thi Al` Navigdgt `espigsdteag dg` thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag. Agni dfdeg, thiri es ga `estegnteag oitwiig thi ilint aj gdteagdl, ithgen Esrdil, dg` thasi jrak thi Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh. Phi hirkigiutendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh es d segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, gat _ijarki` thialafy. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s tidnh “thdt thiri es d nallintevi oa`y, nakpresegf dll thi ilint aj Fa` aj dll gdteags dg` figirdteags, ndlli` thi Nhurnh egveseoli. Phi jdnt thdt thiri es sunh d oa`y kust oi oileivi` oy iviry pirsag wha oileivis thdt dll kig, aj iviry dfi dg` gdteag segni D`dk, wha rinievi` Nhrest dg` ixpireigni` thi pawir aj hes ri`ikpteag, dri ta oi sdvi`, dg` thdt dll wha rimint hek well oi last.‛46
_ijarki` Innlisealafy _ijarki` thialafedgs sii thi Nhurnh ds hdvegf ets oifeggegf eg thi Al` Pistdkigt. Phi Nhurnh hds ixesti` segni thi teki aj D`dk, dg` hir ixestigni ixtig`s thraufh thi pdtredrnhdl pirea`, ta thi Kasden Rirea`, dg` egta thi nurrigt Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh dfi.48 “Eg thi Rdtredrnhedl Rirea` thi jdkeleis aj oileivirs nagstetuti` thi
4:
Zas, Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry, 40?. Ha`fi, Phi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, >44. Jar d kari ixtigsevi tridtkigt aj thi `antregi aj thi Nhurnh eg thi _ijarki` nrii`s, sii Hirkdg Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, ?` i`., val. ? (Frdg`velli, KE= _ijarki` Jrii Ruoleshegf Dssanedteag, ?229), 48:-45?. 48 Jar kari egjarkdteag ag _ijarki` innlisealafy, stu`y thi systikdten thialafy aj _ijarki` thialafedgs. Jar ixdkpli, sii Laues Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4504), 99>-:983 Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, 465-0?43 dg` 46
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
:
rilefeaus nagfrifdteags3 thi Nhurnh wds oist riprisigti` eg thi peaus hausihal`s, whiri thi jdthirs sirvi` ds preist.‛45 Out `uregf thi Kasden Rirea`, “thi whali gdteag Saj Esrdil[ nagstetuti` thi Nhurnh3 dg` thi Nhurnh wds leketi` ta thi agi gdteag aj Esrdil, thaufh jariefgirs naul` igtir et oy oiegf egnarpardti` egta thi gdteag.‛?2 Eg thi Giw Pistdkigt pirea`, Fa` ixpdg`i` thi prakesis aj thi faspil ta dll thi gdteags, whenh egnlu`i Miws dg` Figtelis. Yg`ir thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag, thi gdteagdl oaug`dreis aj Esrdil wiri `essalvi` egnlu`i whali warl`. Vel` alevi ordgnhis dri oiegf frdjti` agta thi arefegdltaalevi triithi (_ak. 44). Haicsikd ixpldegs, “SPhi Nhurnh[ es gat leketi` ta dgy pdrtenuldr gdteag, tagfui, ar treoi, out ikordnis dll thi gdteags aj thi warl` dg` trdgsnig`s dll hukdg rildteagsheps. Phi nhurnh es giethir Miw gar Friic, giethir Firkdg gar Dkirendg, giethir Oretesh gar _ussedg. Et swdllaws up dll gdturdl `estegnteags egta agi, haly, ndthalen jillawshep. ^unh es thi kidgegf aj thi nagjisseag Seg thi Dpastlis― Nrii`[, “E oileivi d haly, ndthalen nhurnh.―‛?4 Phi _ijarki` nrii`s dri ugdgekaus ag thes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Nhurnh. Dnnar`egf ta thi _ijarki` tidnhegfs ag innlisealafy, “thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh es issigtedlly agi weth thi Nhurnh aj thi al` `espigsdteag. Ds jdr ds thier issigtedl gdturi es nagnirgi`, thiy oath nagsest aj trui oileivirs, dg` aj trui oileivirs agly. Dg` eg thier ixtirgdl arfdgezdteag oath riprisigt d kexturi aj faa` dg` ivel.‛?? Hawivir, thi _ijarkirs `a rinafgezi nirtdeg nhdgfis oitwiig thi Al` dg` thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteags. Varshep eg thi Giw Pistdkigt es ga lagfir landlezi` eg Mirusdlik. Dgekdl sdnrejenis dri doaleshi`, dg` ripldni` weth speretudl sdnrejenis. Oy vertui aj thi dnnakpleshi`, ri`ikptevi warc aj Misus Nhrest, “thi Nhurnh wds `evarni` jrak thi gdteagdl leji aj Esrdil dg` aotdegi` dg eg`ipig`igt arfdgezdteag. Eg nagginteag weth thes thi gdteagdl oaug`dreis aj thi Nhurnh wiri swipt dwdy. Vhdt hd` up ta thes teki oiig d gdteagdl Nhurnh gaw dssuki` d ugevirsdl nhdrdntir. Dg` eg ar`ir ta ridlezi thi e`idl aj warl`-we`i ixtigseag, et hd` ta oinaki d kesseagdry Nhurnh, ndrryegf thi faspil aj sdlvdteag ta dll thi gdteags aj thi warl`.
_aoirt L. _iykag`, D Giw ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, ?` i`. (Gdshvelli, PG= Phakds Gilsag, 4558), 829-56:. 45 Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy, 962. ?2 Eoe`. ?4 Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, 45>. ?? Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy, 964. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Kariavir, thi retudl warshep aj thi pdst kd`i pldni jar d kari speretudl warshep eg hdrkagy weth thi fridtir prevelifis aj thi Giw Pistdkigt.‛?> Phes _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Nhurnh es sunnegntly `isnreoi` eg thi Oilfen Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Drtenli ?6= “Vi oileivi dg` prajiss agi ndthalen ar ugevirsdl nhurnh, whenh es d haly nagfrifdteag aj trui Nhrestedg oileivirs, dll ixpintegf thier sdlvdteag eg Misus oiegf wdshi` Hesjrak olaa`, sidli` oy thi Fhast.Nhrest, . . . Phes nhurnh hdthoy oiig thisdgntejei` oifeggegfdg` aj thi warl`, dg`Haly well oi ta thi ig` thiriaj3 whenh es ive`igt jrak thes, thdt Nhrest es dg itirgdl Cegf, whenh wethaut suomints Hi ndggat oi. . . . Jurthirkari, thes haly nhurnh es gat nagjegi`, oaug`, ar leketi` ta d nirtdeg pldni ar ta nirtdeg pirsags, out es sprid` dg` `espirsi` avir thi whali warl`3 dg` yit es maegi` dg` ugeti` weth hidrt dg` well, oy thi pawir aj jdeth, eg agi dg` thi sdki ^peret.‛ Dnnar`egf ta _ijarki` innlisealafy, thi `espigsdteagdl, hirkigiutendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh es ugwdrrdgti`.?0 Et kust oi ikphdsezi` thdt thi _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi tirk “Esrdil‛ hds ga dssanedteag weth dgte-^iketen sigtekigts ar “leoirdl‛ pratistdgt hirkigiutens.?9 ?>
Eoe`. ^ii Kdthesag―s oaac @espigsdteagdlesk= _efhtly @eve`egf thi Riapli aj Fa`1 jar dg egtra`unteag ta thi essui aj “`estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.‛ E stragfly rinakkig` thes idsely dnnisseoli oaac. ?9 Phiri dri saki wha dnnusi gag-`espigsdteagdlests aj oiegf “dgte-^iketen.‛ Phiy usudlly kidg “thialafendl dgte-^iketesk‛ rdthir thdg rdnedl “dgte-^iketesk‛. Prui dgte-^iketesk es `ijegi` ds primu`eni dfdegst ^iketen piapli sekply oindusi thiy dri ^iketis. Anndseagdlly, thes dllifdteag es pdrt aj thier `ijdkdtary tdntens dg` d` hakegik dttdncs. Al` Pistdkigt praphineis rildti` ta gdteagdl Esrdil hdvi oiig juljelli` eg (4) thi riturg aj thi Miws djtir thier ixeli egta Dssyred dg` Odoylag, (?) thi jerst-nigtury istdoleshkigt aj thi Miwesh nhurnh, dg` (>) thi Jerst D`vigt aj Misus Nhrest. ^ii Velledk Hig`recsig, Esrdil dg` Rraphiny (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 45:8), 4:„>4. Phi jerst nigtury nhurnh wds kd`i up dlkast ixnlusevily aj Miws. Ldtir, Figteli oileivirs wiri frdjti` egta dg dlrid`y ixestegf Miwesh Nhurnh (_ak. 44=45). Phisi oileivirs, nagsestegf aj Miws dg` Figtelis, dri thi trui “Miws‛ (_ak. ?=?8„?5), thi trui “nernukneseag‛ (Rhel. >=>), thi trui “sii` aj Dordhdk‛ (Fdl. >=6, ?5), thi “nhel`rig aj prakesi‛ (Fdl. 0=?8), thi “nakkagwidlth aj Esrdil‛ (Iph. ?=4?, 45). Phiri dri dlsa thasi wha rijir ta dkelliggedlests ds oiegf “dgte-Esrdil,‛ wheli thiy risirvi thi tirk “pra-Esrdil‛ jar thiksilvis. ^unh tirks dri gat hilpjul eg thi nurrigt thialafendl `edlafui oitwiig @espigsdteagdlests dg` _ijarki` thialafedgs. Pirks sunh ds “pra-Nhurnh‛ dg` “dgte-Nhurnh‛ ndg leciwesi oi naegi` ta rijir ta _ijarki` dg` @espigsdteagdl thialafedgs rispintevily. Must ds dkelliggedlests dri gat “dgte-Esrdil,‛ Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs waul` d`ket thdt thiy dri gat “dgte-Nhurnh.‛ ?0
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Phiri dri _ijarki` thialafedgs wha oileivi eg d juturi nagvirseag aj d ldrfi gukoir aj Miws ta Nhrestedgety. Out ivig ta nagnur weth d juturi, kdss sdlvdteag aj ilint Miws (_ak. 5-44), ar thi rinipteag aj d Miwesh rikgdgt egta trui, speretudl Esrdil `ais gat ginissetdti dg d preare ar dg d pastireare dnniptdgni aj thi Nhrestedg ]eagesten ixpintdteag „ d oileij eg thi ri-istdoleshkigt aj d Miwesh, @dve`en Cegf`ak ag Idrth.?: Phi nagnipt aj dg idrthly, Miwesh cegf`ak ndggat oi jaug` eg thi satirealafendl paliken aj Rdul eg _akdgs 5-44.?6 _ijarki` thialafedgs `a gat oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh hds ripldni` Esrdil. Phi Nhurnh es, eg jdnt, Esrdil (4 Rit. ?=5, Fdl. :=4:, _ak. ?=?8-?5). ^hi es thi kdturi, d`ult, speretudl Esrdil aj Fa`. Dnnar`egf ta _akdgs nhdptir 44, Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh oath oilagf ta thi sdki alevi trii, e.i. thiri es agly agi piapli aj Fa`, dg` Fa` `idls weth oath Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh ds agi piapli (Iph. ?=44-??).?8 Djtir dll, thiri es agly agi alevi trii, gat twa.?5 Nhdrlis Dlixdg`ir rikeg`s us thdt gdteagdl Esrdil hds gat oiig nakplitily jarsdcig3 d rikgdgt rikdegs dnnar`egf ta Fa`―s ilinteag aj frdni= “Dll aj idrthly Esrdil wiri gat ndst dwdy „ agly thi ugoileivir. “^aki aj thi ordgnhis‛. Vhdt naul` oi pldegir thdg thes, thdt thi dpastli es spidcegf ?:
^ii @dve` D. _dusnh, “Nhrestedg ]eagesk,‛ eg Ivdgfilendl @enteagdry aj Phialafy, i`. Vdltir D. Ilwill (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 4580), 4?24-4?2?, jar kari egjarkdteag ag Nhrestedg ]eagesk. Jar d tharaufh dssisskigt aj thi thialafendl ikphdsis aj Nhrestedg ]eagesk, sii ^tiphig ^ezir, Nhrestedg ]eagesk= _ad`-kdp ta Drkdfi``ag1 (Lienistir, Igfldg`= Egtir-Zdrsety Rriss, ?220), 42:-?29. Jar dg dnnisseoli nretequi aj thi Nhrestedg ]eagesten ixpintdteag aj dg idrthly Miwesh Cegf`ak eg thi Kelliggeuk, sii ^tiphig ^ezir, “Dg Dltirgdtevi Phialafy aj thi Haly Ldg`= D Nretequi aj Nhrestedg ]eagesk,‛ Phi Nhurnhkdg 44>, ga. ? (4555)3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.nhrestedgzeagesk.arf/pregt.dsp1E@;4>3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. ?6 Dg ixnilligt `esnusseag aj _akdgs nhdptir 44 es jaug` eg A. Rdlkir _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?222), 4:6-45?. Dlsa sii Dgthagy Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45653 Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na dg` Nukored, YC= Phi Rdtirgastir Rriss, 4550), 45:-?24. ?8 ^ii @dve` Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil= Agi Navigdgt ar Pwa1 (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4559), 4-44?. Et fevis dg eg-`ipth dgdlyses aj thi _ijarki` paseteag ag Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. ?5 Pa ug`irstdg` whdt _ijarki` thialafedgs ridlly tdufht doaut ithgen Esrdil, sii Jri` Clitt, Ndlveg, Ha`fi, Kurrdy, Zas, I`wdr`s, Higry= Vhdt @a Phiy ^dy doaut thi Miwesh Riapli1 Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.nhdek.arf/nhurnhis/ndlvegpdk.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. @a gat dnnipt thi `espigsdteagdlest―s “strdw kdg‛ (i.f. “_ipldnikigt‛ Phialafy, dgte-^iketesk) ds thi figuegi _ijarki` paseteag ag Esrdil. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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aj eg`eve`udl oileivirs thraufhaut thes fridt nhdptir1 “^aki aj thi ordgnhis‛ ky orithrig3 gat dll aj thik wiri oracig ajj. Phi haly stanc wds gat upraati`, must “saki aj thi ordgnhis‛. Ivig thaufh hestary hds pravi` thdt thi al` stanc wds will gefh streppi` aj ets gdturdl ordgnhis, thiri stell rikdegi` d rikgdgt dnnar`egf ta thi ilinteag aj frdni.‛>2 Ej thi Nhurnh hds truly ripldni` Esrdil speretudlly, Rdul waul` hdvi `isnreoi` thi nuttegf `awg aj thi arefegdl alevi trii eg _akdgs nhdptir 44,>4 dg` thi pldgtegf aj d wel` trii.thi Gdturdl alevi ordgnhis ndgthi suosiquigtly frdjti`(ds agta thi wel` alevialevi trii. Ag athir hdg`, ej Esrdil dg` Nhurnh drioi `estegnt @espigsdteagdlests nldek), Rdul waul` hdvi `isnreoi` twa alevi triis e.i. thi pldgtegf aj d wel` alevi trii oise`i thi gdturdl agi, dg` gat thi frdjtegf aj wel` alevi ordgnhis agta thi arefegdl alevi trii. Jrdki dptly wretis, “Phi nhurnh, nakpasi` aj Miws dg` Figtelis (weth, aj naursi, thier jdkeleis ds iqudl kikoirs aj agi oa`y), wds thi “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ (Fdl :=4:). Phi alevi trii aj Dordhdk nagtegui`, out weth saki al` (Miwesh) ordgnhis oracig ajj dg` saki giw (Figteli) ordgnhis frdjti` eg (_ak 44=44„?0). Phi nhurnh rinievi` thi tetlis aj Esrdil= “d nhasig piapli, d raydl preisthaa`, d haly gdteag, d piapli oilagfegf ta Fa`‛ (4 Rit ?=5j.3 nj. Ixa` 45=:3 Pet ?=40).‛>? Rrajissar @dve` Igfilskd paegts aut thdt, “Ds thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`, thi nhurnh es Fa`―s agi dg` agly weji. Mihavdh Fa` `ais gat hdvi twa wevis, ds prikelliggedl `espigsdteagdlesk, oath trd`eteagdl dg` prafrissevi, ginissdrely tidnhis. ^egni thi Al` Pistdkigt tidnhis thdt Esrdil wds thi weji aj Fa` dg` segni thi Giw Pistdkigt tidnhis thdt thi nhurnh es thi weji aj Fa` eg Misus Nhrest dg` segni `espigsdteagdlesk tidnhis thdt Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh dri twa `ejjirigt
>2
Nhdrlis @. Dlixdg`ir, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils= Dg Ixpaseteag aj _akdgs 544‛ (Ygpuoleshi` linturi gatis, g.`.), 49. >4 Jar d faa` prekir ta thi kidgegf aj “dll Esrdil‛ eg _akdgs 44=?:, sii Hirkdg Odvegnc, Phi Ldst Phegfs= Hapi jar Phes Varl` dg` thi Gixt, trdgs. Mahg Zreig` (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 455:), 420-426. >? Mahg K. Jrdki, “Pawdr` d Phialafy aj thi ^tdti,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 94, ga. ? (4585)= ??2. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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piaplis, `espigsdteagdlesk hal`s thdt Fa` hds twa wevis. Jar `espigsdteagdlesk, Fa` es thi arefegdl oefdkest.‛>> Fa`, eg`ii`, hds agly agi piapli. Misus Nhrest hds agly agi ore`i - thi Nhurnh. Aur Fa` es gat d oefdkest, dg` et es d sireaus irrar ta egsegudti thdt Hi es. Dnnar`egf ta _ijarki` innlisealafy, ilint Miws dg` Figtelis dri agi eg Nhrest. Phi Nhurnh, nagsestegf aj oath Miws dg` Figtelis, es thi trui speretudl Esrdil eg thi Giw >0
Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag. Vha, thig, es d trui Esrdileti1 Phi refhtjul nhel` aj Dordhdk es ga lagfir e`igtejei` ved ithgenety ar figidlafendl `isnigt (Fdl. >=6), out oy jdeth eg thi Kissedh. “Gat dgnistry out jdeth, gat hukdg dnheivikigt out Fa`―s fejt, ndllegf, dg` ilinteag, dncgawli`fi` eg Misus, sag aj Dordhdk, sag aj @dve`, ^ag aj Fa`.‛>9 Nagnirgegf thi e`igtety aj Esrdil, @dve` Halwir`d wretis= “Vha thig es Esrdil1 Phi dgswir es givir sekply d kdttir aj dgnistry. Nagsiquigtly, thi nigtrdl essui eg thi Giw Pistdkigt es gat ridlly Miw virsus Figteli. Egstid`, Esrdil es thi piapli nhasig oy Fa` dg` ndlli` ta rispag` eg jdeth dg` aoi`eigni. Esrdil es thi piapli ag whak thi Lar` sits hes lavi (@iutiragaky 6=6). ^unh dlsa es Kdtthiw―s tidnhegf. Misus, d letirdl `isnig`dgt aj Dordhdk, heksilj d Miw, es thi Esrdil wha es thi aomint aj Fa`―s lavi. Hi es nhasig oy Fa` dg` rispag`s eg pirjint aoi`eigni, juljellegf thi ldw dg` thi praphits (Kdtthiw 9=46) dg` dll refhtiausgiss (>=49). ^egni Misus es thi narpardti riprisigtdtevi aj Esrdil, Fa` gaw rinafgezis ds Esrdil dll wha rispag` eg jdeth dg` aoi`eigni ta thi prisigni dg` well aj Fa` rividli` eg Misus. Aj naursi, thi jerst ta sa rispag` dri eg jdnt Miws.‛>: Nagtrdry ta `espigsdteagdl prinagnipteags dg` gateags, thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh es gat d Figteli arfdgezdteag. Phi GP Nhurnh es, eg jdnt, d viry Miwesh arfdgezdteag. Ets Kissedh es Miwesh, dg` et es jaug`i` igterily oy Miws. Phi jerst nagvirts aj thi
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@dve` M. Igfilskd, “D Oreij ^tu`y aj Mirikedh > ag @evarni,‛ Rratistdgt _ijarki` Phialafendl Maurgdl >5, ga.? (?22:)= 49. >0 Prui speretudl Esrdil gaw nagsests aj oath ilint Miws dg` Figtelis. Jar dg ixnilligt oaac nalldtegf dll Al` Pistdkigt pdssdfis whenh wiri d``rissi` ta ithgen Esrdil, dg` suosiquigtly quati` eg thi Giw Pistdkigt ta rijir ta thi Nhurnh, sii Nhdrlis @. Rravdg, Phi Nhurnh Es Esrdil Gaw (Zdllineta, ND= _ass Hausi Oaacs, 4586), 05-:0. >9 Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 96. >: Eoe`., 9:-96. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Nhrestedg Nhurnh wiri dll Miws. Ivig thi dpastlis wiri Miws, dg` kast, pirhdps dll, aj thi Giw Pistdkigt wretirs wiri dlsa Miws. Phi frdjtegf aj wel` alevi ordgnhis agta thi arefegdl alevi trii `ais gat turg et egta d wel` alevi trii. Phi truth es= thiri es agly agi alevi trii. Phi `espigsdteagdl `estegnteag oitwiig thi gdteag aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh es nlidrly gat jaug`i` upag ^nrepturi.
_ijarki` Innlisealafy d Hirisy1 Phi Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi suosnreois ta thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, pdrtenuldrly, thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Uit, @r Mijjriy Chaa nldeks thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs eg ^egfdpari dri dntudlly _ijarki` eg `antregi. Phes essui well oi `esnussi` jurthir eg nhdptirs ?2 ta ?> aj thes oaac. Jar gaw, et es sujjeneigt ta gati thdt thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud gag es ixtrikily vetdl ta thi jrdkiwarc aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafy eg ^egfdpari. Phi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag es d sdleigt paegt eg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thaufht, dt lidst eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. Eg hes linturi gatis igtetli` Hiriseis Dgneigt dg` Ka`irg, Chaa egtekdtis thdt dgy “dgte-^iketen‛ thialafendl systik thdt dttikpts ta ripldni gdteagdl Esrdil weth trui speretudl Esrdil e.i. thi Nhurnh, es dceg ta d ka`irg jark aj Kdrneagesk. Vi shdll gaw nagse`ir eg saki `itdel @r Chaa―s dllifdteags. Ag pdfi 4?, pdrdfrdph Hiriseis Dgneigt dg`ta`dy, Ka`irg :` aj ag , @r thdt “Kdrneagesk thus tdcis twa odsen jarks‛ agi aj Chaa whenhprapaug`s es “jaug` eg ripldnikigt thialafeis >6 thdt siic ta ripldni Esrdil weth thi Nhurnh.‛ Ag pdfi 4> pdrdfrdph ?i, hi `isnreois dg ignaugtir Ralyndrp hd` weth thi dgneigt hiriten, Kdrneag. Chaa wretis,
Kdrneag wds agi `dy wdlcegf `awg thi striit dg` spatti` d giw vesetar ta thi nety, d viry al` dg` jdkaus oeshap gdki` Ralyndrp jrak ^kyrgd eg Dsed Kegar. Vdlcegf up ta hek, Kdrneag egqueri`, “@a yau cgaw ki1‛ Phi oigt dg` vigirdoli Ralyndrp laaci` up dt hek nlasily. “Uis,‛ hi dgswiri`, “E cgaw yau3 yau―ri thi jerstoarg aj ^dtdg.‛>8 Djtir usegf thi ignaugtir aj Ralyndrp ds dg dgin`ati, Chaa suosiquigtly nagnlu`is= “Phes doavi rijrishegfly raufh rispagsi aj Oeshap Ralyndrp wi awi ta Erigdius eg hes warc Dfdegst Hiriseis (>.>.0). Et will ixprissis whdt thi
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Mijjriy Chaa, Hiriseis Dgneigt dg` Ka`irg (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), 4?. Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi` eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/Hiriseis.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 29 Dprel ?22:. >8 Eoe`., 4>. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Nhurnh―s dttetu`i shaul` oi tawdr` hiritendl e`ids leci thasi aj >5 Kdrneag.‛
Eg hes djarikigteagi` wretegfs, Chaa ugdshdki`ly ldoils thasi wha d`hiri ta d _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Nhurnh „ thdt et es thi trui, speretudl Esrdil „ ds hiritens dg` “thi jerstoarg aj ^dtdg.‛ Hi es d`dkdgt thdt thi “rijrishegfly raufh rispagsi aj Oeshap Ralyndrp‛ shaul` oi thi Nhurnh―s dttetu`i tawdr`s sekeldr “hiritendl e`ids,‛ sunh ds “ripldnikigt thialafy.‛ D ndrijul pirusdl aj Chaa―s wretegfs well rividl thdt hi es, eg ijjint, egsegudtegf thdt thasi wha rimint thi `espigsdteagdl `antregi aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag dri fuelty aj hirisy, praodoly ag pdr weth Kdrneag dg` thi leci. Phus, et es nlidr thdt Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi nagse`irs thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud gag, ves-â-ves thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, d ndr`egdl `antregi jug`dkigtdl ta ets thialafendl systik.
_ipldnikigt Phialafy ar ^upirsisseagesk Gag`espigsdteagdlests hdvi oiig dnnusi` aj suosnreoegf ta “_ipldnikigt Phialafy,‛ thdt es, thi oileij thdt thi Nhurnh hds “ripldni`‛ thi Miwesh piapli eg thi pldg aj Fa`. Phes egnlu`is thi e`id thdt thi Nhurnh hds “supirsi`i`‛ gdteagdl Esrdil. ^aki @espigsdteagdlests hdvi ivig purparti` thdtaj thasi rifdr` thithialafy‛ oa`y aj Giw Navigdgt oileivirs ds “speretudl Esrdil‛ dri fuelty thes wha “ripldnikigt ar 02 “supirsisseagesk.‛ Phes dllifdteag es dppdrigtly dg d` hakegik dttdnc ta `esnri`et _ijarki` thialafedgs.04 Vhdt, thig, es “_ipldnikigt Phialafy1‛ Dnnar`egf ta Rreni, et ndg oi `ijegi` ds, “D thialafendl pirspintevi thdt tidnhis thdt thi Miws hdvi oiig riminti` oy Fa` dg` dri ga lagfir Fa`―s Nhasig Riapli. Phasi wha hal` ta thes veiw `esdvaw dgy ithgen juturi jar thi Miwesh piapli eg nagginteag weth thi oeolendl navigdgts, oileivegf thdt thier speretudl `istegy es iethir ta piresh ar
>5
Eoe`., ikphdses kegi. _ijarki` thialafedgs `a gat oileivi eg “ripldnikigt thialafy,‛ out “ixpdgseag thialafy.‛ ^ii Jri` Clitt, Gat _ipldnikigt … Ixpdgseag! Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.nhdek.arf/xpdgseag.htk3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229, jar egjarkdteag ag whdt _ijarki` Phialafy ridlly tidnhis doaut Miws. 04 Jar d nagnesi rijutdteag aj thi “_ipldnikigt Phialafy‛ dllifdteag, sii Fdry @iKdr, “Dgte^iketesk dg` Isnhdtalafy,‛ eg Ldst @dys Kd`giss= Aosisseag aj thi Ka`irg Nhurnh, 0th riv. i`. (Dtldgtd, Fiarfed= Dkirendg Zeseag, 4555), 026-0?>. 02
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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oinaki d pdrt aj thi giw rilefeag thdt supirsi`i` Mu`desk (whithir Nhrestedgety ar Esldk).‛0? _ijarki` Phialafy `ais gat tidnh thi riminteag aj thi Miws eg Fa`―s pldg aj sdlvdteag. ^dlvdteag es jaug` agly eg Misus Nhrest thi Kissedh, gat Mu`desk. Ds d kdttir aj jdnt, ej thi Miws `a gat “oinaki d pdrt aj thi giw rilefeag‛ ndlli` Nhrestedgety, thiy ndg hdvi ga pdrt eg thi hidvigly Mirusdlik (_iv. ?4=?). Rrajissar @dve` Igfilskd dptly nakkigts, “Figuegily _ijarki`, navigdgt thialafy `ais gat tidnh “supirsisseagesk.‛ Phi nhurnh `ais gat “ripldni‛ Esrdil. Phi nhurnh `ais gat “tdci thi pldni aj‛ Esrdil. Gathegf refhtly oilagfegf ta Esrdil es hefhhdg`i`ly “trdgsjirri`‛ ta thi upstdrt nhurnh. Phi nhurnh es Esrdil frawg-up, kdturi, speretudl Esrdil - ds thi dpastlis tidnh eg 4 Ritir ?=5, Fdldtedgs :=4:, _akdgs ?=?8, ?5, dg` kdgy athir pldnis. Jar thi nhurnh es thi piapli, gdteag, dg` oa`y aj whenh Misus Nhrest es sdvear, cegf, dg` hid`. Dg` thdt whenh kd`i Esrdil, Esrdil, thdt es, thi piapli, gdteag, dg` nagfrifdteag aj Fa` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, wds Misus Nhrest eg thi ke`st aj hir oy `evegi prakesi. Phi Miws eg thi Ke``li Idst, dg` ilsiwhiri, ta`dy, dri gat, dg` givir well oi, thi ridlety aj Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil, ixnipt egsajdr ds saki aj thik dri oraufht egta thi nhurnh, whiri dlagi dgyagi ndg shdri eg thi ridlety aj Esrdil. Pa thi nhurnh oilagf dll thi prakesis kd`i ta Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil. Phiy dri thi nhurnh―s prakesis. Jar thiy dri dll “yid‛ dg` “dkig‛ eg Nhrest (? Nar. 4=45, ?2).‛0> Dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk, ithgen Esrdil `ais gat hdvi dgy praphiten sefgejendgni prear ta thi pritreouldteagdl rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh. Phi praphiten teki nlanc jar Esrdil hds dppdrigtly stappi` tencegf dt thi ig` aj thi :5th wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny (@dg. 5=?0-?6). 00 Phes nlanc well agly stdrt tencegf djtir thi rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh. Jrak d tikpardl pirspintevi, thes annurs dt thi sefgegf aj thi pidni navigdgt oitwiig thi isnhdtalafendl Dgtenhrest dg` thi gdteag aj Esrdil.09 Dnnar`egf ta Vdlvaar`, thi Dgtenhrest “well kdci d navigdgt weth Esrdil jar d sivig-yidr pirea`. Ds @dgeil 5=?6 eg`endtis, eg thi ke``li aj thi sivig yidrs hi well 0?
_dg`dll Rreni, Yghaly Vdr= Dkirend, Esrdil dg` _d`endl Esldk (Iufigi, A_= Hdrvist Hausi, ?224), 04?. 0> Igfilskd, “D Oreij ^tu`y aj Mirikedh > ag @evarni,‛ 40-49. 00 Vi shdll stu`y @dgeil 5=?0-?6 eg nhdptirs 4: dg` 46 aj thes oaac. 09 Jrunhtigoduk wretis, “@espigsdteagdlesk oileivis thdt thi _dpturi well oi pritreouldteagdl. Kdgy @espigsdteagdlests hdvi, thirijari, dssuki` thdt thi _dpturi well oifeg thi Preouldteag. Hawivir, thes es gat sa jar thi Preouldteag oifegs weth thi sefgegf aj d sivig-yidr navigdgt oitwiig thi Dgtenhrest dg` Esrdil.‛ ^ii Drgal` F. Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg ^ystikdten Phialafy (Pusteg, ND= Dreil Kegestreis, 4585), 6:5. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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oridc thi navigdgt, stap thi sdnrejenis oiegf ajjiri` eg thi tikpli riouelt eg thdt pirea`, dg` oinaki thier pirsinutar egstid` aj thier pratintar, juljellegf thi prakesis aj Esrdil―s `dy aj trauoli (Mir. >2=9-6).‛0: Phirijari, weth rispint ta thi `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedl snhikd, thi Nhurnh hds eg`ii` ripldni` Esrdil thes se`i aj thi rdpturi. Phes es eg`uoetdoly trui oindusi Fa`―s praphiten prafrdk jar Esrdil hds oiig pastpagi` ugtel djtir thi Nhurnh hds oiig tdcig ta hidvig `uregf thi pritreouldteag rdpturi. Phes es whig thi praphiten teki th
nlanc jar Esrdil stdrts dfdeg thi oifeggegf aj @dgeil―s 62 wiic. Ds @espigsdteagdlests dritencegf thi agis whadtkdegtdeg thdt Fa` es gat `idlegf weth ithgen Esrdil eg thi prisigt nhurnh dfi, agi wag`irs whithir et es `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk thdt es thialafendlly “dgte-^iketen.‛ @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ajtig nldek thdt agly @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk fevis thi gdteag aj Esrdil hir prapir pldni eg Fa`―s ri`ikptevi pldg. Et es dllifi`ly thi agly “pra-Esrdil‛ isnhdtalafy jar Nhrestig`ak. Out thes nldek es pirplixegf jar thi rid`ir segni et es thi @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlest wha oileivis thdt dt lidst twa-ther`s aj thi Miws well oi kdssdnri` `uregf thi pastrdpturi, Fridt Preouldteag pirea`. Drgal` Jrunhtigoduk, eg drfudoly hes kdfguk apus, wretis, “Eg thi Halandust, ug`ir Hetlir, agi-ther` aj thi warl` Miwesh papuldteag `ei`. Yg`ir thi jeirni pirsinuteag aj thi Dgtenhrest, nagtralli` dg` igirfezi` oy ^dtdg, twa-ther`s aj thi Miwesh papuldteag well `ei. Phes well oi thi ldrfist dg` kast egtigsi pirsinuteag aj thi Miws ivir cgawg eg Miwesh hestary.‛06 Leciwesi Vdlvaar`, eg hes nakkigtdry ag ]inhdredh 4>=8-5, jurthir ilune`dtis, “Et wds praphisei` Seg ]inhdredh 4>=8-5[ thdt twa-ther`s aj Esrdil eg thi ldg` well piresh, “‘Eg thi whali ldg`,― `inldri` thi LA_@, ‘twa-ther`s well oi strunc `awg dg` piresh3 yit agi-ther` well oi lijt eg et. Phes ther` E well oregf egta thi jeri3 E well rijegi thik leci selvir dg` tist thik leci fal`. Phiy well ndll ag Ky gdki dg` E well dgswir thik3 E well sdy, “Phiy dri Ky piapli,‛ dg` thiy well sdy, “Phi LA_@ es aur Fa`‛―‛ (vv. 8-5). Phes praphiny well oi juljelli` eg thi Fridt Preouldteag whig twa aut aj thrii aj thi Miws eg thi ldg` dttikptegf ta jlii thier pirsinutar, thi juturi warl` 0:
Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdg`oaac(Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 4552), ?96. 06 Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg ^ystikdten Phialafy, 660. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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lid`ir, well piresh, dg` agly agi-ther` well isndpi dg` oi wdetegf jar Nhrest whig Hi nakis. Phi 400,222 aj _ivildteag 6 dg` _ivildteag 40 well oi pdrt aj thdt rikgdgt.‛08 Eg hes oaac, Phi Oist es Uit ta Naki, Nhdrlis _yrei stdtis thdt thi Fridt Preouldteag well oi jar thi gdteag aj Esrdil, “thi warst olaa`odth eg Miwesh hestary.‛05 Nagse`iregf thi jdnt thdt thes waul` oi thi fridtist Miwesh halandust eg hukdg hestary, thi warst kdss sldufhtir aj Esrdiletis hds yit ta naki. ^urily, weth rifdr` ta thi tetli aj hes oaac, _yrei es gat egsegudtegf thdt thes es “thi oist‛ whenh hds yit ta naki. Dnnar`egf ta thi Nigtrdl Ouridu aj ^tdtestens aj Esrdil, thi nurrigt papuldteag eg Esrdil es 6,206,422 ar slefhtly kari thdg 6 kelleag Miws.92 Ej twa-ther`s aj thi Miws wiri ta oi kdssdnri` `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag, thes waul` kidg dt lidst 0,:58,2:: ar dppraxekdtily 0.6 kelleag `idths! Ej twa aut aj thrii Esrdiletis well oi celli` dnnar`egf ta thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj praphiny, why dri @espigsdteagdlests rimaenegf avir thi rifdthiregf aj Miws eg thi Ldg` aj Rdlistegi1 Ds @iKdr hds ridsagi`, “Vhy drig―t ta`dy―s `espigsdteagdlests wdrgegf Miws doaut thes nakegf halandust oy ignaurdfegf thik ta lidvi Esrdil ugtel thi nagjldfrdteag es avir1 Egstid`, wi jeg` `espigsdteagdlests suppartegf dg` ignaurdfegf thi rilandteag aj Miws ta thi ldg` aj Esrdil. Jar whdt1 D juturi halandust1‛94 Phi riturg aj Miws ta thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi, dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk, es praphiten juljellkigt. Phi gixt Miwesh halandust `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag, dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk, es praphiten dgtenepdteag. Eg jdnt, “kdgy ivdgfilendl `espigsdteagdlests hdvi nakketti` thiksilvis ta d naursi jar Esrdil, thdt, oy thier awg d`kesseag well lid` `erintly ta d halandust eg`isnreodoly kari sdvdfi dg` we`isprid` thdg dgy veseag aj ndrgdfi thdt naul` hdvi figirdti` eg D`alj Hetlir―s nrekegdl keg`.‛9? Phus, eg thi keg`s aj @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests, thi ixnluseag aj gdteagdl Esrdil jrak Fa`―s nurrigt ri`ikptevi `idlegfs weth thi
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Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdg`oaac, >>?. Nhdrlis N. _yrei, Phi Oist Es Uit ta Naki (Nhendfa, EL= Kaa`y Rriss, 4584), 8:. 92 Phes es dnnurdti ds dt >2th Mugi ?22:. ^ii Rapuldteag ^tdtestens Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.nos.fav.el/papuldteag/giwQ?226/tdoli?.p`j 3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 4: Gavikoir ?22:. 94 Fdry @iKdr, Ldst @dys Kd`giss= Aosisseag aj thi Ka`irg Nhurnh, 0th riv. i`. (Dtldgtd, Fiarfed= Dkirendg Zeseag, 4555), 04:. 9? Fdry @iKdr dg` Ritir M. Liethdrt, Phi Lifdny aj Hdtri` Nagteguis= D _ispagsi ta Hdl Leg`siy―s Phi _ad` ta Halandust (Pylir, PX= Egstetuti jar Nhrestedg Inagakens, 4585), ?:. 05
Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Nhurnh,9> dg` thi praphiten dgtenepdteag aj thi fridtist Miwesh olaa`odth eg hukdg hestary, es “pra-Esrdil‛ isnhdtalafy. Veth rifdr` ta thes `espigsdteagdl, “pra-Esrdil‛ isnhdtalafy, @iKdr jurthir aosirvis, “@espigsdteagdlests well drfui thdt “dll Esrdil‛ kust oi sdvi` (_ak. 44=?:), dg` dll Esrdil wds gat sdvi` eg thi jerst nigtury. Eg thi _akdgs nagtixt, “dll Esrdil‛ es “dll thi oileivegf (44=9).wha @espigsdteagdlests egtirprit Esrdil‛ ta ilint kidgrikgdgt iviry Esrdileti hds ivir levi`. `ag―t Phiy `ag―t ivig ug`irstdg` “dll Esrdil‛ ta kidg iviry Miw dlevi `uregf thi pastrdpturi fridt treouldteag segni thiy oileivi thdt twa-ther`s aj thik well oi sldufhtiri` (nj. ]inh. 4>=8). Phiy kidg oy “dll Esrdil‛ thi rikgdgt!‛90 _ijarki` thialafedgs hdvi dlwdys tdufht thdt d Miwesh rikgdgt well oi sdvi` thraufhaut ri`ikptevi hestary, gat must djtir thi Fridt Preouldteag `uregf thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest. Phirijari, et es ugmustejei` dt oist, ta ldoil @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk “pra-Esrdil,‛ dg` _ijarki` isnhdtalafy “dgte-^iketen.‛ Jallawegf thi rdelegf dnnusdteags dfdegst dkelliggedlests, pastkelliggedlests, dg` hestaren prikelliggedlests jar thier “dgte-^iketesk,‛ et es rikdrcdoli thdt @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs laac jarwdr` ta thi riturg aj Miws ta thi “Rrakesi` Ldg`,‛ agly ta oi sldufhtiri` `uregf thi ^ivigteith Viic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. ^unh es thi “pra-Esrdil‛ isnhdtalafy aj @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk.
Phi “dll Esrdil‛ eg _akdgs 44=?: ^egni twa-ther`s aj thi Miws well oi kdssdnri` `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag pirea` dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, et es aoveaus thdt ivig @espigsdteagdlests `a gat oileivi thdt “dll Esrdil‛ (_ak. 44=?:) kidgs “kast‛ aj gdteagdl Esrdil. Dt thi kast, “dll Esrdil‛ ndg kidg agly agi-ther` aj Miws eg Esrdil `uregf thi Rdraused aj Nhrest. Letirdlly, agly d rikgdgt aj thi gdteag aj Esrdil well oi sdvi` djtir thi rdpturi.
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@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests oileivi thdt Esrdil, ds d gdteag, well agly oi sdvi` tawdr`s thi ig` aj thi Fridt Preouldteag, praodoly `uregf thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest. 90 Fdry @iKdr, Dll Rrakesis Kd`i ta Esrdil Hdvi Oiig Juljelli`= Dgswiregf thi _ipldnikigt Phialafy Nretens (Rdrt 0) Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.dkirendgveseag.arf/drtenlidrnhevi/42-40-29.dsp3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 4: Antaoir ?229. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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@r Mahg Vdlvaar`, thi pralejen `espigsdteagdlest wretir dg` prajissar jrak @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, ixpldegs= “Vhig Rdul wrati thdt “dll Esrdil well oi sdvi`‛ (_ak. 44=?:), hi kidgt thdt dt thi ^inag` Nakegf dll Miws wha thig oileivi eg Nhrest well oi sdvi` dg` well igtir thi Kelliggeuk. ^egni kdgy Miws wha well riturg ta thier ldg` dt thi ^inag` Nakegf well oi rioils, thiy well oi purfi` aut eg thes mu`fkigt aj levegf Esrdiletis. Phi @ilevirir, Rdul wrati, “well turg fa`lissgiss dwdy jrak99Mdnao‛ (44=?:), sa thdt agly oileivegf Miws well igtir thi Kelliggeuk.‛ Jrunhtigoduk riegjarnis thes veiw aj gdteagdl Esrdil―s sdlvdteag, whenh es dntudlly thi sdlvdteag aj d rikgdgt aj Esrdil= “Esrdil well ug`irfa thi sivig yidrs aj Preouldteag dg` es ta oi e`igtejei` weth thi Vakdg aj _ivildteag 4?. Esrdil well sujjir pirsinuteag `uregf thes pirea`, dg` kdgy well `ei3 out agi-ther` aj thi gdteag well survevi. Phi 400,222 dri d spinedl nldss wetheg Esrdil wha well oi usi` ta pranldek thi faspil warl`-we`i, risultegf eg thi sdlvdteag aj kyred`s aj Figtelis. Dt saki paegt eg rildteagshep ta thi sinag` nakegf, Esrdil well ixpireigni d gdteagdl sdlvdteag3 jar thi oleg`giss well oi rikavi`, dg` dll Esrdil well oi sdvi`. Esrdil well dlsa ixpireigni d gdteagdl rifdthiregf dg` ristardteag odnc egta thi ldg` dg` well hdvi d prakegigt pldni doavi thi Figteli gdteags eg thi Kissedgen Cegf`ak.‛9: Nagnirgegf _akdgs 44=?:, thi kast privdligt veiw ta`dy dkagfst @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs es thdt “dll Esrdil‛ rijirs ta thi kdss ar thi kdmarety aj Miws dlevi whig Fa` rikavis Hes pregnepli aj `evegi hdr`igegf (_ak. 44=?9). Out thes ug`irstdg`egf es jrdufht weth `ejjenulteis.96 Ej thi @espigsdteagdlests dri narrint, dg` ej Fa` eg`ii` lejts thi pregnepli aj ripraodteag jrak gdteagdl Esrdil eg thi juturi, et waul` kidg thdt iviry segfli Miw kust oi nagvirti`. Ej thiri rikdegs agi Miw wha `ais gat ripigt, thig thi pregnepli aj `evegi hdr`igegf ar ripraodteag es stell eg pldni. Phirijari, ej thi @espigsdteagdlest
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Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dy―s Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny (Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Var` Ruoleshegf, 4558), 469. 9: Jrunhtigoduk, Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg ^ystikdten Phialafy, 9:?-9:>. 96 Eg thes sinteag aj ky oaac, E dk fridtly eg`ioti` ta _aoirtsag jar prave`egf ki weth egjarkdteag ag thi lafendl dg` ixifitendl jldws nagnirgegf thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj _akdgs 44=?:. ^ii _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, 4:645?. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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es ta oi nagsestigt weth hes ixifises, hi kust kidg thdt thiri well naki d `dy whig idnh dg` iviry levegf Miw well oi nagvirti` ta Nhrestedgety. @ais “dll Esrdil shdll oi sdvi` (_ak. 44=?:)‛ kidg thdt iviry segfli Esrdileti well oi sdvi` eg thi juturi1 Phes ug`irstdg`egf nagtrd`ents thi igteri naursi aj ri`ikptevi hestary, egnlu`egf thi `antregi aj `evegi ilinteag. Ivig eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, Fa` givir nakketti` Heksilj ta sdvi dg igteri figirdteag aj Esrdiletis. Eg ri`ikptevi hestary, “d `estegnteag wds kd`i oitwiig Esddn dg` Eshkdil (_ak. 5=:-5), oitwiig Mdnao (5=42-4>), oitwiig thasi dg` thasi `istrayi` draug`rikgdgt thi fal`igdg` ndljIsdu eg Kasis― `dy (5=40-4:, netegfspdri` Ix. >>=45), oitwiig thi jdethjul dg` ugoileivirs eg Ilemdh―s `dy (_ak. 44=?-0), oitwiig igikeis dg` nakpdgeags eg @dve`―s `dy (44=5-42), oitwiig oileivirs dg` `esaoi`eigt eg Esdedh―s `dy (5=?53 44=8), dg` oitwiig thi sdvi` dg` thi last aj Esrdil eg thi prisigt `dy (44=9, 6).‛98 Jrak thi rinar` aj thi Al` Pistdkigt, wi rid` thdt jdethjul Mihavdh hds dlwdys ri`iiki` ugta Heksilj d rikgdgt aj idnh figirdteag aj Esrdiletis. Givir wds thiri d kdss sdlvdteag aj dg igteri figirdteag aj Miws eg oeolendl hestary. Nhdrlis Dlixdg`ir dfriis thdt, “Phiri es ga sunh thegf ds gdteagdl sdlvdteag iethir aj Miw ar figteli „ ga, gat segni thi jaug`dteag aj thi warl`, dg` givir ivig eg d kegar sigsi eg thi jdkely dg` ekki`edti `isnig`igts aj thi jerst dg` sinag` figirdteags aj thi Dordhdken stanc. Eshkdil wds givir eg, gat Isdu, gar hdlj thi sags aj Mdnao. _id` whdt thier jdthir sdys doaut thik ag hes `idthoi` (Figises 05).‛95 Phi pregnepli aj saviriefg, `evegi ilinteag dg` ripraodteag es nagsestigt weth Fa`―s hestarendl-ri`ikptevi pdgardkd. Jurthirkari, netezigshep eg thi hidvigly Mirusdlik es givir odsi` upag gdteagdlety ar rdni, out oy jdeth eg Misus Nhrest. Phes es trui oath eg thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigt. Pa egsest upag thi juturi sdlvdteag aj iviry segfli levegf Esrdileti es ta egtra`uni d jariefg eggavdteag egta thi tixt aj ^nrepturi. Hawivir, thi praoliks jar thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg `a gat stap hiri. Ej, eg`ii`, iviry segfli Esrdileti well oi sdvi` eg thi juturi dt Nhrest―s ^inag` D`vigt, haw `a wi `itirkegi wha es dg` es gat dg Esrdileti1 Es dg Esrdileti agi wha hds `isnig`i` jrak Dordhdk, Esddn dg` Mdnao1 Ar es agi dg Esrdileti sekply oy vertui aj hes fia-paletendl ar rilefeaus dssanedteags1 Oigga Mdnao, d `estegfueshi` Miwesh nakkigtdtar ag Figises, nakkigti` thdt ithgen `isnigt wds gat thi agly odses jar pdrtenepdteag eg thi al` navigdgt. Hi wretis, “Eg`ii`, `ejjirignis aj rdni 98 95
_aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, 480. Dlixdg`ir, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils,‛ 49-4:. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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hdvi givir oiig dg aostdnli ta maegegf Esrdil whenh `e` gat cgaw thi nagnipt aj purety aj olaa`. Nernukneseag turgi` d kdg aj jariefg arefeg egta dg Esrdileti (Ix. 4?=08).‛:2 Eg athir war`s, d Figteli kdy oi dnnipti` ds d Miw oy gdteagdl Esrdil whig hi nagvirts ta Mu`desk. A. Rdlkir _aoirtsag refhtly aosirvis thdt, “Vhig Fa` sit dse`i Dordhdk ds hes egstrukigt aj olissegf jar thi warl`, et wds kd`i pldeg thdt dgy Figteli naul` maeg thi navigdgt nakkugety thraufh thi praniss aj prasilytesk (Fig. 46=4?-4>).‛:4 Oise`is, lifesldteag ixests egprasilyti. Esrdil thdtPhi praheoets thi kdrredfi d figteli prasilytiga weth dgathir figteli `isnig`igts aj sunhaj d ugeag waul` oi ndlli` Esrdiletis, out thisi waul` hdvi ga figiten ar olaa` rildteagshep weth dgy aj thi Miwesh pdtredrnhs. “Ag thi athir hdg`, dgy ithgen `isnig`dgt aj Dordhdk kefht oi `inldri` d gag-Esrdileti ds d risult aj vealdtegf thi navigdgt (Fig. 46=40). Jar thisi ridsags, “Esrdil‛ naul` givir oi `ijegi` dlagf purily ithgen legis.‛:? Ej et es oy nagvirtegf ta Mu`desk thdt d pirsag oinakis dg Esrdileti, et es, thig, trui thdt dgy Figteli ndg oinaki dg Esrdileti eg d rilefeaus ar fia-paletendl sigsi. Ej wi tdci thes ridsagegf ta ets lafendl ig`, thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj “dll Esrdil (_ak. 44=?:)‛ egivetdoly lid`s ta dgathir wdy ta Fa`, dpdrt jrak sdvegf jdeth eg thi Faspil aj Misus Nhrest. Hypathitendlly spidcegf, ej d Figteli ugwdviregfly dg` pirsestigtly rimints thi Faspil `ispeti dll ijjarts ta ivdgfilezi hek, kust wi nagse`ir pirsud`egf hek ta oinaki d Miw oy nagvirtegf ta Mu`desk1 Es et gat trui, thig, thdt hi kdy ivig hdvi dg dssurdgni aj sdlvdteag ej hi hdppigs ta oi dlevi - ds d prasilyti aj Mu`desk - `uregf thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest1 Vell gat “dll Esrdil,‛ whenh egnlu`is thi Figteli prasilytis aj Mu`desk, oi supirgdturdlly nagvirti` ta Nhrestedgety dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk1 Phi nagsestigt @espigsdteagdlest kust, thirijari, d`ket thdt nagvirseag ta Mu`desk es, dt lidst, d passeoli dltirgdtevi jar thasi wha rijusi ta oileivi eg thi Faspil. Ds thi @espigsdteagdlests hdvi rietirdti`, wi dri passeoly levegf eg thi ldst `dys whig Nhrest―s riturg es “ekkegigt.‛ Phes “dgy kakigt‛ riturg aj Nhrest well fevi thi Figteli prasilyti dg “dgy kakigt‛ sdlvdteag, oindusi “dll Esrdil‛ well oi sdvi` „ dg` thes egnlu`is oath ithgen Miws dg` Figteli prasilytis ta Mu`desk. Phi djarikigteagi` nagse`irdteags well appasi dgy ug`irstdg`egf aj “dll Esrdil‛ eg _akdgs 44=?: ds kidgegf iviry segfli Esrdileti dlevi eg thi juturi. Dkelliggedlests hdvi dlwdys oileivi` thdt d rikgdgt aj Miws well oi sdvi` thraufhaut ri`ikptevi :2
Oigga Mdnao, Phi Jerst Oaac aj thi Oeoli, Figises (Giw Uarc= CPDZ, 4560), ?>>, quati` eg _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, 480. :4 _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, 480-489. :? Eoe`., 489. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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hestary. Out @espigsdteagdlests leket thes ta thi isnhdtalafendl juturi whig agly d rikgdgt aj d segfli figirdteag aj Miws well oi sdvi`. Uit thes rikgdgt es dllifi` ta rijir ta thi “dll Esrdil‛ aj _akdgs 44=?:. Ej “dll Esrdil‛ kidgs agly “saki Esrdiletis,‛ dg` ej “dll Esrdil‛ kidgs agly “d rikgdgt aj Esrdil,‛ @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs kust d`ket thdt “dll‛ `ais gat kidg “dll‛ eg d letirdl sigsi. Dnnar`egf ta thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, “dll‛ kidgs “saki,‛ dg` “saki‛ kidgs “dll.‛ Jegdlly, lit us rikikoir thdtfigidlafy, Fa`―s ri`ikptevi frdni dg` ilinteag dri gat `ipig`igt upag d pirsag―s nri`igtedls, ar physendl qudleteis. ^dlvdteag es dlwdys odsi` upag jdeth dlagi eg Nhrest dlagi, dg` es gat `ipig`igt upag thi eghiretdgni aj Miwesh figis, thi pirsag―s ithgenety ar pi`efrii. Dlixdg`ir wdrgs, “Aur jreig`s Sthi @espigsdteagdlests[ wha treukphdgtly jlauresh thi sigtigni, “Dg` sa dll Esrdil shdll oi sdvi`‛ ds thaufh thes pravis oiyag` drfukigt thdt dg idrthly juturi aj spinedl prevelifi oilagfs ta Miwry ag thi fraug` thdt thiy, thi Miws, dri thi gdturdl sii` aj Dordhdk ta whak thi prakesis hdvi oiig kd`i, hd` oittir oi ndrijul whdt thiy dri doaut, jar thiy dri nagjusegf jlish dg` speret, dg` et es skdll wag`ir thdt eg thi praniss thiy `iprevi thi Nhurnh aj iviry sefgejendgt praphiny eg thi Var` aj Fa` dg` ri`uni thi prisigt stdtus aj thi Nhurnh ta thdt aj d kiri twelefht ipesa`i eg thi purpasis aj Fa`.‛:> Phes nagjuseag aj “jlish dg` speret‛ es sakitekis d pra`unt aj thi “nagsestigtly‛ letirdl hirkigiutens „ d hirkigiutendl kitha` whenh @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs d`dkdgtly `ijig`. Vi gaw turg aur dttigteag ta thes nagsestigtly “letirdl‛ hirkigiutens aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk.
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Dlixdg`ir, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils,‛ >. Phi @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh
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Nhdptir ?= Dg Egtra`unt eag ta O eoli Rri soytiredg Hi rkigiutens Letirdl Hirkigiutens Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests ajtig dssirt thdt thi narrint hirkigiutens es d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens. Phi jdnt es, oath _ijarki` thialafedgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests egtirprit saki parteags aj ^nrepturi letirdlly, dg` athir parteags sykoalendlly ar typalafendlly. Phiy givirthiliss `esdfrii ds ta whenh parteags aj ^nrepturi shaul` oi egtirpriti` letirdlly ar sykoalendlly.4 Phi oagi aj nagtigteag oitwiig _ijarki` dg` @espigsdteagdl ixifitis leis eg thier egtirpritdteag aj oeolendl praphiny, pdrtenuldrly thi dpandlypten figri aj ^nrepturi.? Jar ixdkpli, aur @espigsdteagdl orithrig waul` dttikpt ta egtirprit thi Al` Pistdkigt ldg` prakesis ta ithgen Esrdil letirdlly, dg` egsest thdt thi Esrdiletis kust ripassiss thi Rrakesi` Ldg` dnnar`egf ta thisi Al` Pistdkigt pdssdfis.> Vhdt ixdntly, thig, es thes ilusevi kitha` aj egtirpritdteag ndlli` “letirdl hirkigiutens1‛ Zirg Raythriss ixpldegs thdt whdt @espigsdteagdlests kidg oy “nagsestigtly letirdl‛ es dntudlly thi frdkkdtendl-hestarendl kitha` aj hirkigiutens.0 Raythriss jurthir ildoardtis thdt “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl egtirpritdteag `idls weth whdt d pdssdfi sdys dfdegst thi odncfraug` aj ets arefegdl teki dg` nulturi, oidregf 9
eg keg` thi purpasis aj thi hukdg duthar.‛ Eg athir war`s, frdkkdtendl-hestarendl hirkigiutens tdcis egta nagse`irdteag thi nulturdl keleiu ds will ds thi ug`irstdg`egf dg` egtigt aj thi `evegily egsperi` hukdg duthar.
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_dkk nldrejeis, “Et kust oi stragfly rietirdti` hiri thdt dkelligdredgs dri must ds stragf eg rimintegf odsiliss dllifarendl spinuldteags ds dri thi dr`igt letirdlests. . . . Dnniptdoli “speretudlezdteag‛ es thi egtirpritdteag aj d pdssdfi eg whenh thi egtirpritir jeg`s d orad`igi` ar jefurdtevi ar typendl kidgegf fevig ta et oy thi Haly ^peret. Pa dnnusi thi dkelligdredgs aj oiegf dllifarests dg` ekplyegf thdt thier dllifarezdteags dri aj thi sdki spineis ds thdt aj Rhela ar Arefig es sekply gat oiegf dnnurdti weth ar jder ta thi dkelligdredgs.‛ ^ii Oirgdr` _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, >` riv. i`. (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 4562), ?96. ? Pirry ixpldegs, “Dpandlyptens es d thialafendl tirk aj rinigt arefeg ikplayi` eg oeolendl letirdturi ta `isefgdti d nldss aj praphiten wretegfs whenh rijir ta ekpig`egf ar juturi mu`fkigts, dg` thi jegdl flary aj thi Kissedgen cegf`ak.‛ ^ii Keltag ^. Pirry, Oeolendl Hirkigiutens= D Pridtesi ag thi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts (Hugt dg` Idsag, 48523 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, 4555), >>8. > Phes essui es `esnussi` eg Nhdptir 0. 0 Zirg ^. Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, ?`. i`. (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4586), 8:. 9 Eoe`., 56.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
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@wefht Rigtinast, agi aj thi kast prakegigt `ijig`irs aj @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk, jurthir `isnreois thi letirdl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag eg thi jallawegf war`s= “Phi letirdl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag es thdt kitha` thdt fevis ta idnh war` thi sdki ixdnt odsen kidgegf et waul` hdvi eg garkdl, ar`egdry, nustakdry usdfi, whithir ikplayi` eg wretegf, spidcegf ar thegcegf. Et es ndlli` thi frdkkdtendl-hestarendl kitha` ta ikphdsezi thi jdnt thdt thi kidgegf es ta :
oi `itirkegi` oy oath frdkkdtendl dg` hestarendl nagse`irdteags.‛ @espigsdteagdlest _aoirt L. Phakds leciwesi nagnurs thdt thi trd`eteagdl dppradnh aj nagsestigt letirdlesk es “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl,‛ dg` gat “hestarendl-frdkkdtendlletirdry-thialafendl.‛6 Phi “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl‛ hirkigiutens es “frdkkdtendl‛ eg thi sigsi thdt et rijlints nakkag `igatdteags, egjlinteags, dg` sygtdx. Et es “hestarendl‛ eg thi sigsi thdt et dppidls ta thi kidgegfs aj sunh `igatdteags, egjlinteags, dg` sygtdx ds thiy wiri ug`irstaa` oy thi arefegdl wretirs, dg` eg rildteag ta thi hestarendl ivigts surraug`egf thik. Phirijari, et es prapir jar thi ixifiti ta egtirdnt weth thi hestarendl dg` nulturdl dspints aj thi arefegdl wretirs whig egtirpritegf d pdrtenuldr oaac aj thi Oeoli. Eg hes nretequi aj gag`espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens, Nhdrlis _yrei nhdrfis thdt gag`espigsdteagdlests dri egnagsestigt eg thier usdfi aj thi “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl‛ kitha` aj egtirpritdteag, ispinedlly whig ug`irstdg`egf praphiny. _yrei wretis= “Aj naursi, letirdl egtirpritdteag es gat thi ixnlusevi prapirty aj `espigsdteagdlests. . . . Vhdt, thig, es thi `ejjirigni oitwiig thi `espigsdteagdlest―s usi aj thes hirkigiutendl pregnepli dg` thi gag`espigsdteagdlest―s1 Phi `ejjirigni leis eg thi `espigsdteagdlest―s nldek ta usi thi garkdl pregnepli aj egtirpritdteag nagsestigtly eg dll hes stu`y aj thi Oeoli. Hi jurthir nldeks thdt thi gag`espigsdteagdlest `ais gat usi thi pregnepli ivirywhiri. Hi d`kets thdt thi gag`espigsdteagdlest es d letirdlest eg kunh aj hes egtirpritdteag aj thi ^nrepturis out nhdrfis hek weth dllifarezegf ar speretudlezegf whig et nakis ta thi egtirpritdteag aj praphiny. Phi `espigsdteagdlest nldeks ta oi nagsestigt eg hes usi aj thes
:
M. @wefht Rigtinast, Phegfs ta Naki (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 4598), 5. Nhdrlis _yrei dfriis weth thes `ijegeteag ds will. ^ii Nhdrlis N. _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk (Nhendfa, EL= Kaa`y Rriss, 4559), 82. 6 ^ii _aoirt L. Phakds, “Phi Hirkigiutens aj Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk,‛ Phi Kdstirs ^ikegdry Maurgdl :, ga. 4 (4559)= 65-59.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
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pregnepli, dg` hi dnnusis thi gag`espigsdteagdlest aj oiegf egnagsestigt eg hes usi aj et.‛8 Et kust, hawivir, oi ikphdsezi` thdt ivig _yrei rinafgezis thi jdnt thdt thi gag`espigsdteagdl ixifiti “es d letirdlest eg kunh aj hes egtirpritdteag aj thi ^nrepturis.‛ Givirthiliss, @espigsdteagdlests dg` gag`espigsdteagdlests `esdfrii ds ta thi prapir egtirpritdteag aj praphiten pdssdfis. D strently letirdl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag hds nirtdeg patigtedlajwidcgissis. hirkigiutens kefht gat rinafgezi thi “letirdry‛ sefgejendgni thi tixt, jar^unh ixdkpli, rhitarendl strunturi, figri dg` styli. Et kefht dlsa avirlaac thi ginissety aj thi dpplendteag aj d nagsestigt thialafendl fre`, `irevi` jrak dg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi whali Oeoli, upag thi egtirpritdteag aj thi tixt.5 Phi prapir ug`irstdg`egf aj dg aosnuri ar hefhly sykoalendl pdssdfi, jar ixdkpli d tixt jrak thi dpandlypten figri, ginissetdtis d stragf thialafendl jaug`dteag. Phi kidgegf aj sunh d pdssdfi kust oi hdrkagezi` weth thi rist aj ^nrepturi. Dlthaufh thi “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl‛ kitha` es d ginissdry stdrtegf paegt jar thi ug`irstdg`egf aj ^nrepturi, et es gagithiliss egd`iqudti oindusi et jdels ta fevi `ui rifdr`s ta thi letirdry dg` thialafendl ilikigts aj ^nrepturi, thi nagse`irdteag aj whenh es sa issigtedl jar prapir egtirpritdteag. Eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj praphiny, thi ixifiti hds ta tdci egta dnnaugt thi sykoalendl dg` typalafendl livils aj nakkugendteag.42 Phisi livils aj nakkugendteag ndggat oi dpprinedti` ugliss thi Oeoli es ug`irstaa` ds dg arfdgen whali. Ds Raythriss hds kigteagi`, “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl egtirpritdteag es gat dll thdt thiri es ta thi egtirpritdteag aj typis.‛44 Phi usdfi aj d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, pdrtenuldrly eg thi egtirpritdteag aj praphiny, kefht risult eg d jdeluri ta dncgawli`fi thi veseagdry, typalafendl, dg` sykoalen ilikigts eg sunh d figri aj ^nrepturi. Eg thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s dppradnh ta Al` Pistdkigt praphiten pdssdfis, agi kefht ivig wag`ir ej thiy dri oar`iregf upag d waa`ig letirdlesk. 8
_yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 8?. _dkk ixpldegs, “Rdrt aj thi tdsc aj hirkigiutens es ta `itirkegi thi narrint usi aj thi Oeoli eg thialafy dg` eg pirsagdl leji. Phi `antregdl egtirpritdteag aj thi Oeoli es thi warc aj thi thialafedg. Et es d`vdgnegf oiyag` thi frdkkdtendl dg` thi hestarendl sigsi ta thi jullir kidgegf aj ^nrepturi. . . . Phialafendl egtirpritdteag es thus nhdrdntirezi` oy= (e) dg ixtigseag aj thi frdkkdtendl kidgegf ta `esnavir ets jullir thialafendl sefgejendgni, dg` (ee) d sygapten veiw aj dll thi Oeolendl `dtd ag d fevig suomint.‛ ^ii _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, 4:>. Dlsa sii pp.4:>-480 jar d `esnusseag ag thi suomint aj thialafendl egtirpritdteag. 42 Phes drid well oi `esnussi` jurthir whig wi oifeg aur stu`y aj _ivildteag ?2=4-: eg nhdptir 42. 44 Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 54. 5
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
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Jar thi purpasi aj `esnusseag, wi shdll nagse`ir d virsi jrak Rdul―s jerst ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs. Phi Dpastli Rdul wrati eg 4 Naregthedgs 5=?6, “Out E ciip ug`ir ky oa`y, dg` oregf et egta suominteag= list thdt oy dgy kidgs, whig E hdvi pridnhi` ta athirs, E kysilj shaul` oi d ndstdwdy.‛ Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Zirseag rig`iregf aj thi tixt es, “Ga, E oidt ky oa`y dg` kdci et ky sldvi sa thdt djtir E hdvi pridnhi` ta athirs, E kysilj well gat oi `esqudlejei` jar thi prezi (4 Nar. 5=?6).‛ Ysegf d nagsestigtly letirdl egtirpritdteag, Rdul wds letirdlly sdyegf thdt hi oidts hes oa`y dg` kdcis et hes sldvi.pugeshi` Phes kefht lid` ta thisilj-egjlenti` irragiaus nagnluseag rifuldrly dg` purpasijully heksilj weth egmureis dsthdt pdrtRdul aj Nhrestedg levegf. Phes es thi prasden, garkdl ar pldeg egtirpritdteag aj thi tixt dnnar`egf ta d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens. Eg hes nretequi aj _ijarki` dkelliggedlesk, Mijjriy Chaa ikphdtendlly wretis, “@dve` Naapir―s fal`ig ruli aj egtirpritdteag dppleis= “Vhig thi pldeg sigsi aj ^nrepturi kdcis nakkag sigsi, siic ga athir sigsi3 thirijari, tdci iviry war` dt ets prekdry, ar`egdry, usudl, letirdl kidgegf ugliss thi jdnts aj thi ekki`edti nagtixt, stu`ei` eg thi lefht aj rildti` pdssdfis, dg` dxeakdten dg` jug`dkigtdl truths, eg`endti nlidrly athirwesi.―‛4? Eg dgathir pldni, Chaa ripidts thi “fal`ig ruli,‛ “Ygliss thiri dri nakpillegf nagtixtudl ridsags dfdegst tdcegf d war` eg ets letirdl sigsi, wi shaul` ug`irstdg` d war` eg ets kast gdturdl ar nakkag sigsi.‛4> Phi rietirdteag aj @dve` Naapir―s fal`ig ruli aj egtirpritdteag es d tixtoaac ixdkpli aj dg drfukigtuk d` gdusidk.40 Oy ripidtegf thes kdgtrd d` gdusidk, @espigsdteagdlests hapi thdt rid`irs well dnnipt thi ruli ds jdntudl. Out jar thi syllafesk ta oi trui, thi kdmar prikesi „ gdkily, thi kdg`dti ta tdci idnh dg` iviry war` dt ets letirdl ar pldeg kidgegf „ kust hal` wdtir. @dve` Naapir―s ruli es gatenidoly d `enta sekplenetir,49 dg` et nakkets thi jdlldny aj figirdlezegf thi kdggir eg whenh haw iviry pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi es ta oi egtirpriti`. Ds Raythriss hds sunnissjully ridsagi`, thi tirk “letirdl egtirpritdteag‛ es hdr` ta `ijegi.4: @ais et kidg thdt thi ixifiti kust gat agly tdci thi war`s, out dlsa thi sigtignis dg` pdrdfrdphs letirdlly dll thi teki1 Var`s `a nhdgfi thier kidgegfs dnnar`egf ta thi figri dg` nagtixt aj thi pdssdfi oiegf stu`ei`. Eg`ii`, Raythriss hilpjully suffists thdt @espigsdteagdlests `rap thi tirk “letirdl‛ eg thier `isnrepteag
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Mijjriy Chaa, “Dkelliggedlesk Ixdkegi`,‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush 0, ga. 4 (4558)= >. Mijjriy Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth= D _ijarki` dg` Rrikelliggedl ^tu`y aj Nhrestedg Odsens (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, ?229), 4>9. 40 Phes es thi lafendl jdlldny aj tryegf ta pravi d prapaseteag oy ripidtegf et dfdeg dg` dfdeg. 49 Phes es thi lafendl jdlldny aj kdcegf d swiipegf figirdlezdteag dg` ixpintegf et ta oi trui aj iviry spinejen ndsi. 4: ^ii Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 68-8:. 4>
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aj thier hirkigiutens, sekply oindusi thdt tirkegalafy etsilj es nagjusegf, dg` `ais gat nagviy whdt thi @espigsdteagdlests waul` wdgt et ta nagviy.46 Phi “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl‛ letirdl hirkigiutens `ikdg`s thdt ugliss thiri es d nakpillegf ridsag, wi kust dnnipt thi “pldeg sigsi aj ^nrepturi‛ dg` “siic ga athir sigsi.‛ Out thdt “nakpillegf‛ ridsag ndggat oi “letirdry‛ ar “thialafendl‛ eg gdturi. Phes es oindusi thi dllifi`ly d`iqudti hirkigiutens es “frdkkdtendl-hestarendl,‛ dg` gat “hestarendl-frdkkdtendl-letirdry-thialafendl.‛ Ej wi ug`irstdg` 4 Naregthedgs 5=?6 kitdphar, aj thi prini`egfHawivir, kitdpharendl Rdul,ds wid dri kdcegfegd veiw “letirdry‛ drfukigt. ej wiellustrdteags nagtig` thdtkd`i Rdul oy ndggat oi tidnhegf oa`ely dousi ds pdrt aj thi prdnteni aj halegiss eg veiw aj Nalassedgs ?=?>, wi dri, eg jdnt, kdcegf d “thialafendl‛ drfukigt. ^a haw shaul` d nagsestigt letirdlest rinagneli thisi pdssdfis aj ^nrepturi1 Hi kust nagnlu`i thdt Rdul es tidnhegf d `antregi eg 4 Naregthedgs 5=?6 whenh dppdrigtly nagtrd`ents whdt hi pridnhi` eg Nalassedgs ?=?>.
Phi Dgdlafy aj Jdeth Phi egtirpritdteag aj Al` Pistdkigt praphiten pdssdfis weth Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag es d oeolendlly odsi` kitha` aj hirkigiutens. Nagsestigt weth thi pregnepli aj thi prafrissevi rivildteag aj ^nrepturi,48 thes es dlsa cgawg ds thi Dgdlafed Je`ie 45 . Phi dgdlafy aj jdeth es spinedl thi _ijarki` pregnepli egtirpritegf ^nrepturi weth ^nrepturi. Eg athir war`s, dttigteag kust oiajfevig ta nlidr, `e`dnten pdssdfis aj Giw Pistdkigt ^nrepturi, sa ds ta hdrkagezi Al` Pistdkigt ^nrepturi weth Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag. Nagtrdrewesi, wi kust gat ixpldeg dwdy pldeg Giw Pistdkigt ^nrepturi weth Al` Pistdkigt typis dg` shd`aws.
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Raythriss wretis, “Ej `espigsdteagdlests dri `id` sireaus doaut d`vandtegf frdkkdtendlhestarendl egtirpritdteag, eg `estegnteag jrak jerst-thaufht egtirpritdteag, jldt egtirpritdteag, dg` pldeg egtirpritdteag, E thegc thiy naul` `ikagstrdti thier nakketkigt oy `rappegf thi phrdsi “letirdl egtirpritdteag.‛ “Frdkkdtendl-hestarendl egtirpritdteag‛ ugdkoefuausly `isefgdtis whdt thiy wdgt, whirids thi war` “letirdl‛ es dkoefuaus dg` tig`s wragfly ta suffist saki ar dll aj thi dltirgdtevis ta frdkkdtendl-hestarendl egtirpritdteag.‛ ^ii Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 8:. 48 “Oy prafrissevi rivildteag wi kidg thdt thi Oeoli sits jarth d kavikigt aj Fa`, weth thi egetedtevi nakegf jrak Fa` dg` gat kdg, eg whenh Fa` oregfs kdg up thraufh thithialafendl egjdgny aj thi Al` Pistdkigt ta thi kdturety aj thi Giw Pistdkigt. Phes `ais gat kidg thdt thiri dri ga kdturi e`ids eg thi Al` Pistdkigt gar sekpli ilikigts eg thi Giw Pistdkigt. Rrafrissevi rivildteag es thi figirdl pdttirg aj rivildteag.‛ ^ii _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, 42?. 45 Phes es dlsa cgawg ds thi dgdlafy aj jdeth. ^ii thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir E, pdrdfrdph 5.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
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Pirry ildoardtis thdt thi dgdlafy aj jdeth “dssukis thdt thi Oeoli es d siljegtirpritegf oaac, dg` whdt es aosnuri eg agi pdssdfi kdy oi ellukegdti` oy dgathir. Ga segfli stdtikigt ar aosnuri pdssdfi aj agi oaac ndg oi dllawi` ta sit dse`i d `antregi whenh es nlidrly istdoleshi` oy kdgy pdssdfis. Phi aosnuri tixts kust oi egtirpriti` eg thi lefht aj thasi whenh dri pldeg dg` pasetevi.‛?2 Phi dgdlafy aj jdeth es dg eg`espigsdoli, jug`dkigtdl pregnepli aj _ijarki` hirkigiutens. Et es dlsa d pregnepli whenh rinafgezis Fa` ds thi `evegi Duthar aj thi epsa jdnta Oeoli, dg` , Nhrestedgs kust egtirprit ^nrepturi ds dg arfdgen ugety. Ds Odvegnc hds dptly nakkigti`=
“Phi Giw Pistdkigt es thi truth, thi issigni, thi nari, dg` thi dntudl nagtigt aj thi Al` Pistdkigt. Phi Al` Pistdkigt es rividli` eg thi Giw, wheli thi Giw Pistdkigt es nagnidli` eg thi Al` (Zitus Pistdkigtuk eg ?4 Gava pdtit, Gavuk Pistdkigtuk eg Zitiri ldtit).‛ Eg thi drid aj praphiten egtirpritdteag, Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafedgs kefht drfui thdt thi Giw Pistdkigt wretirs wiri egsperi`, dg` thirijari, thiy ndg dpply Al` Pistdkigt praphineis - arefegdlly d``rissi` ta ithgen Esrdil - ta thi nhurnh ved `evegi egsperdteag. _ijarki` thialafedgs waul` riply thdt, jallawegf thi hirkigiutens aj Misus dg` thi Dpastlis, wi kust ug`irstdg` Al` Pistdkigt praphineis eg thi lefht aj Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag. ^urily Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri gat egsegudtegf thdt thi kidgegf aj d spinejen Al` Pistdkigt praphiny es nagjegi` ta whdt thi arefegdl wretir ar rinepeigt waul` hdvi ug`irstaa`. Pa ug`irstdg` cegf`ak praphineis eg thi Al` Pistdkigt usegf Mu`desten fldssis, wethaut thi lefht fevig eg thi Giw, waul` oi ta leket thi kidgegf aj thi praphiten tixt. Eg thi dosigni aj dnniss ta juturi rivildteag, thi arefegdl rinepeigts kdy hdvi ug`irstaa` thi praphiten pdssdfis eg tirks aj dgtini`igt rivildteag.?? Out jar thi Nhurnh ta`dy ta egsest ag ug`irstdg`egf thisi praphiten pdssdfis eg tirks aj Al` Pistdkigt shd`awy jarks es ta efgari suosiquigt rivildteag eg thi Giw Pistdkigt. Ds _dkk hds ikphdsezi`, “Phi Giw Pistdkigt es thi ndpstagi aj rivildteag, dg` Fa`―s war` thraufh thi supriki egstrukigt aj rivildteag, Hes ^ag
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Pirry, Oeolendl Hirkigiutens, 005. Dlsa sii pp. 005-094. Odvegnc, Phi Ldst Phegfs, 5:-56. ?? Phes wretir `esdfriis weth Vdltir N. Cdesir wha nldeks thdt kidgegf ndg oi dsnirtdegi` agly jrak thi dkaugt aj prear egjarkdteag dvdeldoli ta thi tixt ug`ir nagse`irdteag. ^ii Vdltir N. Cdesir, “Dgdlafy aj Dgtini`igt ^nrepturi,‛ eg Pawdr`s dg Ixifitendl Phialafy (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 4584), 52, 4>0-4>6, 409. ?4
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(Hioriws 4=?). Oindusi et es thi jegdl, jull, dg` nlidr rivildteag aj Fa`, et waul` oi jaalhdr`y ta kdci thi Giw rivalvi draug` thi Al`.‛ ?> Phi `itirkegdteag aj thi jullir kidgegf aj d praphiten pdssdfi riqueris thi ug`irstdg`egf aj thi jefurdtevi dg` sykoalendl styli aj praphiny, ds will ds dg dgdlyses dg` nakpdresag aj athir sekeldr praphineis eg ^nrepturi.?0 Yltekdtily, et es egivetdoli jar dg ixifiti ta dpply d thialafendl fre` `irevi` jrak thi igteri Oeoli ds dg arfdgen whali eg hes egtirpritdteag aj ^nrepturi.?9 Phes es oindusi thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigt dri rildti` ta idnh athir ds typi dgtetypi, praphiny juljelkigt. Vhdtivir thialafendl sii` pldgti` eg dg` thi Al` Pistdkigt jeg`sdg` ets nakpliti jrueteag dg` `ivilapkigt eg thi Giw. Pirry wretis= “Et es aj thi jerst ekpartdgni ta aosirvi thdt, jrak d Nhrestedg paegt aj veiw, thi Al` Pistdkigt ndggat oi jully dpprihig`i` wethaut thi hilp aj thi Giw. Phi kystiry aj Nhrest, whenh eg athir figirdteags wds gat kd`i cgawg ugta kig, wds rividli` ugta thi dpastlis dg` praphits aj thi Giw Pistdkigt (Iph. eee, 9), dg` thdt rivildteag shi`s d jlaa` aj lefht upag gukiraus parteags aj thi Hioriw ^nrepturis. Ag thi athir hdg`, et es iqudlly trui thdt d sneigtejen egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Pistdkigt es ekpasseoli wethaut d tharaufh cgawli`fi aj thi al`ir ^nrepturis. . . . Eg shart, thi whali Oeoli es d `evegily nagstrunti` ugety, dg` thiri es `dgfir thdt, eg stu`yegf agi pdrt ta thi nakpdrdtevi giflint aj thi athir, wi kdy jdll egta agi-se`i` dg` irragiaus kitha`s aj ixpaseteag.‛?: Phi ixifiti kust gat efgari thi typalafendl-sykoalendl ilikigts prisigt eg nirtdeg Al` Pistdkigt praphineis.?6 Jderoderg fais ivig jurthir, stdtegf thdt typi dg`
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_dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, 4:6. Jar d `itdeli` `esnusseag aj thi hirkigiutens egvalvi` eg egtirpritegf praphiny, sii Pirry, Oeolendl Hirkigiutens, >4>->85. ?9 Dg ixdkpli aj thes ixifitendl dpplendteag aj d thialafendl fre` es fevig whig wi stu`y thi tikpli veseags aj Iziceil ldtir eg thes oaac, whenh rildti ta thi `antregi aj thi dtagikigt aj Nhrest. ?: Pirry, Oeolendl Hirkigiutens, 48 ?6 “Pypalafendl egtirpritdteag es spinejendlly thi egtirpritdteag aj thi Al` Pistdkigt odsi` ag thi jug`dkigtdl thialafendl ugety aj thi twa Pistdkigts whirioy sakithegf eg thi Al` shd`aws, prijefuris, d`ukordtis sakithegf eg thi Giw. Higni whdt es egtirpriti` eg thi Al` es gat jariefg ar pinuledr ar he``ig, out resis gdturdlly aut aj thi tixt `ui ta thi rildteagshep aj thi twa Pistdkigts. Pa jeg` Nhrest ar thi dtagikigt eg thi sdnrejenedl systik, ar ta jeg` Nhrestedg sdlvdteag ar ixpireigni eg thi Pdoirgdnli jallaws jrak thi nhdrdntir aj thi `evegi rivildteag.‛ ^ii _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, ??>. Keltag ^. Pirry prave`is dg ixnilligt tridtesi ag thi kitha` aj egtirpritegf typis eg Pirry, Oeolendl Hirkigiutens, ?00?9:. Ag thi typalafendl usdfi aj thi Al` Pistdkigt oy thi Giw, sii I. Idrli Illes, Rraphiny ?0
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praphiny dri ajtig egtirrildti` ta idnh athir. “Gat agly `a thiy Stypi dg` praphiny[ dfrii eg hdvegf oath d praspintevi rijirigni ta thi juturi, out thiy dri ajtig dlsa nakoegi` egta agi praspintevi ixheoeteag aj thi juturi.‛?8 Phi jullir kidgegf aj d praphiny, eg pdrtenuldr, d praphitendl typi, kdy gat oi dppdrigt ugtel thi teki aj juljellkigt.?5 Raythriss ixpldegs=
dg` Hirkigiuten eg Idrly Nhrestedgety (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 455>), 4:9-4:5. ?8 Rdtrenc Jderoderg, Pypalafy aj ^nrepturi (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil Ruolendteags, 4585), 42:. Nagnirgegf haw typis dg` praphineis kdy rildti ta idnh athir, Jderoderg ixpldegs, “Jrak thi figirdl risikoldgni oitwiig typi dg` praphiny, wi dri pripdri` ta ixpint thdt thiy kdy sakitekis rug egta idnh athir3 dg` ispinedlly, thdt thi typendl eg dnteag kdy eg vdreaus wdys jark thi fraug`warc dg` thi kdtiredls oy kidgs aj whenh thi praphiten eg war` fdvi jarth ets egtekdteags aj thi nakegf juturi. Dg` thes, et es queti nagnievdoli, kdy hdvi oiig `agi ug`ir dgy aj thi jallawegf ka`ejendteags. 4. D typendl dnteag kefht, eg saki parteag aj thi praphiten war`, oi hestarendlly kigteagi`3 dg` higni thi kigteag oiegf thdt aj d praphitendl nernukstdgni ar ivigt, waul` naki ta passiss d praphitendl nhdrdntir. ?. Ar sakithegf typendl eg thi pdst ar thi prisigt kefht oi riprisigti` eg d `estegnt praphitendl dggaugnikigt, ds faegf ta dppidr dfdeg eg thi juturi3 thus nakoegegf tafithir thi typendl eg dnt dg` thi praphitendl eg war`. >. Ar thi typendl, gat ixprissly dg` jarkdlly, out eg ets
issigtedl rildteags dg` pregneplis, kefht oi ikoa`ei` eg dg dnnakpdgyegf pri`enteag, whenh jarital` thegfs narrispag`egf eg gdturi, out jdr hefhir dg` fridtir eg ekpartdgni. 0. Ar, jegdlly, thi typendl kefht etsilj oi stell juturi, dg` eg d praphiten war` kefht oi pdrtly `isnreoi`, pdrtly prisuppasi`, ds d vdgtdfi-fraug` jar thi `ilegidteag aj athir thegfs stell kari `estdgt, ta whenh, whig et annurri`, et wds ta stdg` eg thi rildteag aj typi dg` dgtetypi.‛ ^ii Jderoderg, Pypalafy aj ^nrepturi, 426. Dlsa sii ispinedlly pp. 42:-4>2 jar d `esnusseag aj thi rildteags oitwiig typis dg` praphineis. ?5 Rraphineis aj ^nrepturi `a gat nagtdeg dg annult ar `auoli sigsi. Idnh praphiny hds agly agi juljellkigt. Phiri kdy oi kdgejal` dpplendteags aj nirtdeg praphineis, out gat kultepli juljellkigts. Phi `antregi aj typalafy dg` thi `antregi aj `auoli sigsi kust gat oi nagjaug`i`. Pirry wretis, “^aki wretirs hdvi nagjusi` thes suomint Se.i. thi `antregi aj `auoli sigsi[ oy naggintegf et weth thi `antregi aj typi dg` dgtetypi. Ds kdgy pirsags dg` ivigts aj thi Al` Pistdkigt wiri typis aj fridtir agis ta naki, sa thi ldgfudfi rispintegf thik es suppasi` ta oi ndpdoli aj d `auoli sigsi. . . . Out et shaul` oi siig thdt eg thi ndsi aj typis thi ldgfudfi aj thi ^nrepturi hds ga `auoli sigsi. Phi typis thiksilvis dri sunh oindusi thiy prijefuri thegfs ta naki, dg` thes jdnt kust oi cipt `estegnt jrak thi quisteag aj thi sigsi aj ldgfudfi usi` eg dgy pdrtenuldr pdssdfi. Vi rimint ds ugsaug` dg` keslid`egf thi thiary thdt sunh Kissedgen psdlks ds thi sinag`, jarty-jejth dg` sivigty-sinag` hdvi d `auoli sigsi, dg` rijir jerst ta @dve`, ^alakag, ar saki athir rulir, dg` sinag`ly ta Nhrest. Ej dg hestarendl rijirigni ta saki fridt typendl nhdrdntir ndg oi shawg, thi whali ndsi kdy oi rilifdti` ta oeolendl typalafy, thi ldgfudfi gdturdlly ixpldegi` aj thi pirsag niliordti` eg thi psdlk, dg` thig thi pirsag heksilj kdy oi shawg ta oi d typi dg` ellustrdteag aj d fridtir agi ta naki.‛ ^ii Pirry, Oeolendl Hirkigiutens, >80.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
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“Phi sefgejendgni aj d typi es gat jully `esnirgeoli ugtel thi teki aj juljellkigt. . . . Agi ndg dgtenepdti eg d vdfui, figirdl wdy haw juljellkigt kefht naki, out thi `itdels rikdeg eg aosnurety. Vhig thi juljellkigt `ais naki, et thraws d``eteagdl lefht ag thi sefgejendgni aj thi arefegdl sykoalesk. Eg athir war`s, agi kust nakpdri ldtir ^nrepturi ta idrleir ^nrepturi ta ug`irstdg` ivirythegf. ^unh nakpdresag, thaufh et shaul` gat ug`irkegi ar nagtrd`ent frdkkdtendl-hestarendl egtirpritdteag, fais oiyag` ets oaug`s. Et tdcis dnnaugt aj egjarkdteag gat dvdeldoli eg thi arefegdl >2 hestarendl dg` nulturdl frdkkdtendl-hestarendl egtirpritdteag es gat igaufh. Et es gatnagtixt. dll thiriHigni es ta egtirpritdteag.‛
Phi oeolendlly sdgnteagi` kitha` aj egtirpritdteag aj Al` Pistdkigt praphineis es ta dpply thi hirkigiutens aj thi Giw Pistdkigt wretirs, ds will ds thi e`ids nakkugendti` oy thik.>4 Eg jdnt, Giw Pistdkigt snhaldr Idrli Illes ikphdsezis thdt, “Et viry praodoly ug`irleis thi nagventeag aj thi idrly Nhrestedgs thdt thasi wha oilagf ta Nhrest, Esrdil―s kissedgen cegf, nagstetuti thi trui Esrdil. Nagsiquigtly, et ixpldegs thi Nhrestedg dpplendteag ta ugoileivegf Miws aj ^nrepturis arefegdlly `erinti` ta Figtelis dg`, ag thi athir hdg`, thi dpplendteag ta thi nhurnh aj ^nrepturis arefegdlly `erinti` ta thi Miwesh gdteag.‛>? Jar ixdkpli, thi nhurnh es rijirri` ta ds “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ eg Fdldtedgs :=49-4:.>> Dlsa, thi “suri olissegfs aj @dve`‛ es dpplei` ta thi nhurnh eg Dnts 4>=>?->0, >8->5. Phi ixprisseags “ky nhasig‛ (Esd. 0>=?2) dg` “d cegf`ak aj preists, dg` dg haly gdteag (Ixa`. 45=:),‛ usi` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt ta rijir ta Esrdil, dri dpplei` ta thi Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh eg 4 Ritir ?=5. Jurthirkari, Al` Pistdkigt tirks sunh ds “Kaugt ]eag‛ dg` “hidvigly Mirusdlik‛ dri usi` eg Hioriws 4?=??-?0 ta d``riss thi Nhurnh. Ldst out gat lidst, et es sefgejendgt thdt thi praphiny eg Mirikedh >4=>4>0, whenh wds d``rissi` ta gdteagdl Esrdil, es dpplei` ta thi nhurnh eg Hioriws 8=:4>.>0 >2
Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 449-44:. Jar d tinhgendl `esnusseag ag haw thi idrly Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh egtirprits thi Al` Pistdkigt, sii I. Idrli Illes, Phi Al` Pistdkigt eg Idrly Nhrestedgety (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 4554), 66-4?4. >? Illes, Rraphiny dg` Hirkigiuten eg Idrly Nhrestedgety, 464. >> Fdldtedgs :=49-4: es `esnussi` eg Nhdptir >. >0 Phes pdssdfi eg Mirikedh well oi `esnussi` ldtir eg thes nhdptir. D jiw athir gatiwarthy ndsis aj Al` Pistdkigt praphiny `erintly dpplei` ta thi Nhurnh dri ds jallaws= Dnts ?=49-?4, Dnts 42=0>, Dnts 49=40-48, _akdgs 4=4,?, _akdgs 0=4>-46, ?>, ?0, _akdgs 5=>?, >>, _akdgs 49=0, 8-42, ? Naregthedgs :=4:-6=4. >4
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>2
Phi praphits ajtig usi` Al` Pistdkigt ldgfudfi dg` tirkegalafy, whenh dri ug`irstaa` oy dg` jdkeledr ta thi arefegdl rinepeigts, ta `isnreoi Giw Pistdkigt ridleteis. Pa ug`irstdg` sunh tirks dg` ldgfudfi eg thi Al` Pistdkigt letirdlly es ta jarni d rifrisseag aj Giw Pistdkigt ridleteis odnc egta thi shd`awy jarks aj dgneigt Mu`desk. @espigsdteagdlests, leciwesi, egtirprit parteags aj cegf`ak praphineis eg thi Al` Pistdkigt wheli jurgeshegf d jefurdtevi ug`irstdg`egf athir parteags whenh kdyletirdlly, athirwesi igfig`ir egtirgdl nagtrd`enteags wetheg thijar `espigsdteagdl, praphiten jrdkiwarc. Dg ixdkpli es jaug` eg Esdedh ?=>-9= “Dg` kdgy piapli shdll fa dg` sdy, Naki yi, dg` lit us fa up ta thi kaugtdeg aj thi LA_@, ta thi hausi aj thi Fa` aj Mdnao3 dg` hi well tidnh us aj hes wdys, dg` wi well wdlc eg hes pdths= jar aut aj ]eag shdll fa jarth thi ldw, dg` thi war` aj thi LA_@ jrak Mirusdlik. Dg` hi shdll mu`fi dkagf thi gdteags, dg` shdll riouci kdgy piapli= dg` thiy shdll oidt thier swar`s egta plawshdris, dg` thier spidrs egta prugegfhaacs= gdteag shdll gat lejt up swar` dfdegst gdteag, giethir shdll thiy lidrg wdr dgy kari. A hausi aj Mdnao, naki yi, dg` lit us wdlc eg thi lefht aj thi LA_@.‛ Dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, thi nagtixt aj thes pdssdfi es thi kelliggedl riefg aj Nhrest, weth Mirusdlik ds thi nigtir aj thi thianrdny. Mahg Kdrteg, thi jarkir @idg aj Jdnulty dg` Rrajissar aj Oeoli Ixpaseteag dt @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, nakkigts ag Esdedh ?=0, “Ygevirsdl pidni, weth ga keletdry nagjlent ar trdegegf, well privdel oindusi thi ekplikigts aj wdrjdri (swar`s dg` spidrs) well oi turgi` egta ekplikigts aj dfrenulturi (plawshdris dg` haacs3 nj. Mail >=42).‛>9 Dppdrigtly, thi rid`ir well jeg` et `ejjenult ta rinagneli thi letirdl ar prasden kidgegf aj Esdedh ?=0 weth thi @espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj _ivildteag ?2=8-5. Dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, thiri well oi d fridt, warl`we`i rioilleag aj Faf dg` Kdfaf tawdr`s thi ig` aj thi idrthly, @dve`en riefg, li` oy thi @ivel heksilj. Phes upresegf well oi quencly quignhi`, whig “jeri ndki `awg jrak Fa` aut aj hidvig, dg` `ivauri` thik (_iv. ?2=5o).‛ Irencsag ildoardtis, “Nhrest―s sinag` nakegf well oregf ^dtdg dg` hes hilpirs ug`ir nagtral, oeg`egf thik jar agi thausdg` yidrs. . . . Gidr thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk, >9
Mahg D. Kdrteg, “Esdedh,‛ eg Phi Oeoli Cgawli`fi Nakkigtdry = Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi ^nrepturis oy @dllds ^ikegdry Jdnulty, i`s. Mahg J. Vdlvaar` dg` _ay O. ]unc (Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 4589), 42>8.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>4
hawivir, ^dtdg well oi ugoaug` oreijly dg` well ldugnh agi `ispirdti, jegdl struffli. Phig hi dg` hes `ikags well oi uttirly vdgqueshi`, ndst egta thi ldci aj jeri pripdri` jar thik.‛>: Out eg ciipegf weth d nagsestigtly letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj Esdedh ?=0, “gdteag shdll gat lejt up swar` dfdegst gdteag, giethir shdll thiy lidrg wdr dgy kari.‛>6 Phdt es, thiri well gat oi wdr dgy lagfir ug`ir thi thianrdten riefg aj Nhrest, dg` ivig djtir thi Kelliggeuk. Ej thes phrdsi “ga kari‛ es ug`irstaa` pldegly, ar dt jdni vdlui, et waul` “gathi lagfir,‛ ar “gat Phi ivir@espigsdteagdlest dfdeg.‛ Phiri aufht ta oi ga jarni` lagfir ta dgy wdr `uregf,kidg ar djtir, Kelliggeuk. es thirijari egtirprit iethir Esdedh ?=0 ar _ivildteag ?2=8-5 letirdlly, wheli rig`iregf thi athir virsis jefurdtevily. Oath ndggat oi tdcig letirdlly eg d nagsestigt kdggir. Et dlsa siiks thdt thi `espigsdteagdl praphiten snhikd es thi jegdl droetir ds ta whenh virsi es ta oi tdcig letirdlly ar jefurdtevily.>8 Eg hes kdfguk apus ^ystikdten Phialafy, Nhdrlis Ha`fi ildoardtis upag thi prapir ug`irstdg`egf aj praphiten ldgfudfi eg thi Al` Pistdkigt= “Et es ug`igedoli thdt thi dgneigt praphits eg pri`entegf thi ivigts aj thi Kissedgen pirea` dg` thi juturi aj Nhrest―s cegf`ak, oarrawi` thier ldgfudfi dg` ekdfiry jrak thi Al` Pistdkigt egstetuteags dg` usdfis. Phi Kissedh es ajtig ndlli` @dve`3 hes nhurnh es ndlli` Mirusdlik, dg` ]eag3 hes piapli dri ndlli` Esrdil3 Ndgddg wds thi ldg` aj thier eghiretdgni3 thi lass aj Fa`―s jdvaur wds ixprissi` oy sdyegf thdt thiy jarjieti` thdt >:
Kelldr` M. Irencsag, D Odsen Fue`i ta Isnhdtalafy= Kdcegf ^igsi aj thi Kelliggeuk (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 4558), 5?-5>. >6 E hdvi nagsulti` kari thdg 4? `ejjirigt trdgsldteags aj thes virsi, dg` thiy dll figirdlly dfrii weth thi Cegf Mdkis trdgsldteag aj Esdedh ?=0o. Ivig thi 4852 @droy Oeoli rig`irs Esdedh ?=0 ds, “Dg` hi shdll mu`fi dkagf thi gdteags, dg` shdll ripravi kdgy piaplis3 dg` thiy shdll jarfi thier swar`s egta plaufhshdris, dg` thier spidrs egta prugegf-cgevis= gdteag shdll gat lejt up swar` dfdegst gdteag, giethir shdll thiy lidrg wdr dgy kari.‛ >8 Raythriss ixprissis hes nretenesk nagnirgegf haw d @espigsdteagdlest kefht egtirprit jefuris eg praphiny, “Haw `a wi till thi `ejjirigni oitwiig d jefurdtevi dg` d gagjefurdtevi ixprisseag1 Es thes dlwdys pirjintly pldeg ta iviryagi1 @espigsdteagdlests hdvi eg jdnt lijt thiksilvis saki nagvigeigt kdgiuviregf raak. Et es passeoli thdt sakitekis thiy hdvi `ine`i` whdt es jefurdtevi dg` whdt es gagjefurdtevi djtir thi jdnt. Phdt es, thiy kdy hdvi nagvigeigtly drrdgfi` thier `ineseags doaut whdt es jefurdtevi djtir thier odsen systik es eg pldni tillegf thik whdt ndg dg` whdt ndggat oi jetti` egta thi systik. Phi `ineseags ds ta whdt es jefurdtevi dg` whdt wdy et es jefurdtevi kdy oi d pra`unt aj thi systik ds d whali rdthir thdg thi eg`untevi odses aj et. Ar rdthir wi kdy hdvi d nernuldr praniss. Phi gii`s aj nagsestigny weth thi systik hilp thi prapagigts ta `ine`i whdt es jefurdtevi3 dg` kdcegf thasi `ineseags hilps thik ta pra`uni egtirpritdteags aj pdrtenuldr tixts thdt suppart thi nagsestigny aj thi systik.‛ ^ii Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 9>.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>?
eghiretdgni, dg` ristardteag aj hes jdvaur wds `igati` oy d riturg ta thi prakesi` ldg`. Phes usdfi es sa pirvd`egf thdt thi nagventeag pra`uni` oy et ag thi keg`s aj Nhrestedgs es eg`ileoli. Pa thik, ]eag dg` Mirusdlik dri thi Nhurnh dg` gat thi nety kd`i weth hdg`s. Pa egtirprit dll thdt thi dgneigt praphits sdy aj Mirusdlik aj dg idrthly nety, dg` dll thdt es sde` aj Esrdil aj thi Miwesh gdteag, waul` oi ta oregf `awg hidvig ta idrth, dg` ta trdgskuti Nhrestedgety egta thi narrupt Mu`desk aj thi dpastalen dfi.‛>5 Et kust oi ikphdsezi` thdt _ijarki`gar thialafedgs dri giethir d`vandtegf dg ar dllifarendl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag, dri thiy ignaurdfegf d typalafendl sykoalendl egtirpritdteag jar must dgy ^nrepturi tixt. _dthir, thiy rinafgezi thi prisigni aj typalafendl-sykoalendl ilikigts eghirigt wetheg praphiten pdssdfis. Dt thi sdki teki, thiy ug`irstdg` thdt Al` Pistdkigt praphineis kust oi egtirpriti` weth thi lefht fevig eg thi Giw. Odvegnc nakkigts= “Phi Giw Pistdkigt veiws etsilj - dg` thiri ndg nirtdegly oi ga `auot doaut thes - ds thi speretudl dg` thirijari nakpliti dg` duthigten juljellkigt aj thi Al` Pistdkigt. Phi speretudlezdteag aj thi Al` Pistdkigt, refhtly ug`irstaa`, es gat dg egvigteag aj Nhrestedg thialafy out hds ets oifeggegf eg thi Giw Pistdkigt etsilj. Phi Al` Pistdkigt eg speretudlezi` jark, thdt es, thi Al` Pistdkigt streppi` aj ets tikpardl dg` sigsuaus jark, es thi Giw Pistdkigt.‛02 ^ezir dlsa rikeg`s us thdt _ijarki` hirkigiutens kust oi `estegfueshi` jrak thi dllifarendl hirkigiutens aj pri-_ijarkdteag Ndthalenesk. Hi wretis= “Oindusi aj thier nakketkigt ta letirdlesk, jar ixdkpli, SHdl[ Leg`siy dg` athir `espigsdteagdlests `a gat `estegfuesh oitwiig thi jefurdtevi ar typalafendl dppradnhis usi` oy thi _ijarkirs dg` thi dllifarendl kitha`s aj egtirpritdteag jaug` typendlly eg pri-_ijarkdteag _akdg Ndthalenesk. Phi `estegnteag oitwiig thisi twa kitha`s aj egtirpritdteag es sefgejendgt segni thi jarkir pldnis pdrtenuldr ikphdses ag thi hestarendl nagtixt aj pdssdfis ds will ds upag thi wdy ^nrepturi egtirprits ^nrepturi, whirids dg dllifarendl dppradnh jeg`s itirgdl truths wethaut rijirigni ta dgy hestarendl sittegf. D typalafendl dppradnh dlsa hefhlefhts thi wdy Giw Pistdkigt
>5
Nhdrlis Ha`fi, ^ystikdten Phialafy Zal. > (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45853 ripregt, Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 4555), 825. 02 Odvegnc, Phi Ldst Phegfs, 5:.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>>
wretirs sii Misus Nhrest ta oi thi juljellkigt aj kast Al` Pistdkigt ekdfis dg` typis.‛04 Eg sittegf aut thi “`ijegetevi kdrcs aj typalafendl egtirpritdteag‛ `isnreoi` oy Liagdr` Fappilt, Illes jurthir ildoardtis, “Ygleci dllifary, typalafendl ixifises rifdr`s thi war`s aj ^nrepturi gat ds kitdphars he`egf d `iipir kidgegf (ὔςόλαεδ) out ds thi rinar` aj hestarendl ivigts aut aj whasi letirdl sigsi thi kidgegf aj thi tixt dresis.‛0? Eg athir war`s, typalafendl ixifises es gat d suomintevi kidgs aj egtirpritegf outisatiren, es shdpi` oy haw thi Giw Pistdkigt egtirprits thi Al`.Dt Et `ais gat siic^nrepturi, ta jeg` dgy he``ig kidgegf oiheg` thi war`s aj ^nrepturi. thi sdki teki, typalafendl ixifises djjerks thi pirspenuety aj ^nrepturi, eg thdt Al` Pistdkigt typalafendl-praphiten ilikigts dri nlidrly egtirpriti` oy thi Haly ^peret weth jurthir rivildteag eg thi Giw. Phi ixifiti es gat riqueri` ta sidrnh jar saki suomintevi, `iipir kidgegf eg typis dg` shd`awy jarks, oindusi thi Giw Pistdkigt ugviels thier dgtetypis dg` juljellkigt. Phirijari, dgy dttikpt dt kdcegf “fuelt oy dssanedteag‛ d` hakegik dttdncs oy dnnusegf dkelliggedl ar pastkelliggedl ixifitis aj speretudlezegf ar dllifarezegf ^nrepturi leci Ndthalen ixifises es ughilpjul eg thi nurrigt `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl `edlafui.0> _ijarki` thialafedgs d`dkdgtly rimint thi `espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens whenh jarnis Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag ta nagjark ta Al` Pistdkigt shd`awy jarks. Oise`is hestarendl, frdkkdtendl dg` nagtixtudl nagse`irdteags, faa` hirkigiutens kust tdci egta dnnaugt thi letirdry jark aj d pdrtenuldr pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi, ds will ds thi _ijarki` pregnepli aj thi dgdlafy aj jdeth. Phi egtirpritdteag aj d pdrtenuldr praphiten tixt kust hdrkagezi weth thi rist aj ^nrepturi, dg` weth thi systikdten thialafy `irevi` jrak d tharaufh ug`irstdg`egf aj ^nrepturi ds d ndgagendl whali. Phi dntudl dg` jullir kidgegf aj d pdssdfi shaul` oi `itirkegi` usegf thi “hestarendl-frdkkdtendl-letirdry-thialafendl‛ hirkigiutens. Yg`auoti`ly, d waa`ig letirdlesk es gat oeolendlly wdrrdgti` eg thi egtirpritdteag aj praphiny.
04
^ezir, Nhrestedg ]eagesk= _ad`-kdp ta Drkdfi``ag, 4?>. E dk dwdri thdt, “eg thi hestary aj egtirpritdteag thi quisteag hds oiig anndseagdlly dsci` whithir dllifarendl dg` typalafendl egtirpritdteag dri agi kitha` aj egtirpritdteag kestdcigly ndlli` oy twa `ejjirigt gdkis, ar dntudlly twa `ejjirigt kitha`s aj egtirpritdteag.‛ ^ii _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, ??4-???. Dlsa rijir ta _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, ??4-??6 jar d sukkdry aj thi agfaegf nagtravirsy oitwiig snhaldrs weth rifdr` ta thi `estegnteag oitwiig thi dllifarendl dg` typalafendl kitha`s aj egtirpritdteag. 0? Illes, Rraphiny dg` Hirkigiuten eg Idrly Nhrestedgety, 4:8-4:5. 0> _ijarki` ixifitis dri dwdri thdt thi dllifarendl kidgegf es giethir drfukigtdtevi gar nagnlusevi, e.i. sigsus dllifarenus gag ist drfukigtdtevus.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>0
D Hirkigiutendl @elikkd „ Phi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg Mirikedh >4=>4->0 Eg Mirikedh nhdptir >4, wi hdvi dg Al` Pistdkigt praphiny whenh jeg`s ets juljellkigt eg thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh dnnar`egf ta _ijarki` thialafedgs. Et es, givirthiliss, egtiristegf jar us ta nagse`ir haw _ijarki` thialafedgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests `ejjir eg thier egtirpritdteag aj thes pdrtenuldr praphiny.00 Mirikedh >4=>4->0 stdtis= “Oihal`, thi `dys naki, sdeth thi LA_@, thdt E well kdci d giw navigdgt weth thi hausi aj Esrdil, dg` weth thi hausi aj Mu`dh= Gat dnnar`egf ta thi navigdgt thdt E kd`i weth thier jdthirs eg thi `dy thdt E taac thik oy thi hdg` ta oregf thik aut aj thi ldg` aj Ifypt3 whenh ky navigdgt thiy ordci, dlthaufh E wds dg husodg` ugta thik, sdeth thi LA_@= Out thes shdll oi thi navigdgt thdt E well kdci weth thi hausi aj Esrdil3 Djtir thasi `dys, sdeth thi LA_@, E well put ky ldw eg thier egwdr` pdrts, dg` wreti et eg thier hidrts3 dg` well oi thier Fa`, dg` thiy shdll oi ky piapli. Dg` thiy shdll tidnh ga kari iviry kdg hes giefhoaur, dg` iviry kdg hes orathir, sdyegf, Cgaw thi LA_@= jar thiy shdll dll cgaw ki, jrak thi lidst aj thik ugta thi fridtist aj thik, sdeth thi LA_@= jar E well jarfevi thier egequety, dg` E 09
well rikikoir thier seg ga kari.‛ Phes praphiny aj Mirikedh es rietirdti` oy thi wretir aj Hioriws eg Hioriws 8=8-4>. Oaittgir ildoardtis, “Phi wretir aj thi ipestli ta thi Hioriws neti` thi prakesi kd`i thraufh Mirikedh dg` `inldri` thdt thi Giw Navigdgt hd` kd`i thi jerst Navigdgt al`. Et wds ivig thig vdgeshegf dwdy (Hio. 8=6-4>). Et waul` saag vdgesh nakplitily weth thi `istrunteag aj thi tikpli dg` ets retudl warshep, thi preisthaa`, thi figidlafeis, thi nety aj Mirusdlik, thi `ivdstdteag aj thi ldg` dg` thi `espirseag aj thi Miws thraufh thi gdteags eg thi yidr D.@. 62. Phus hi shawi` thdt thi Al` Navigdgt hd` sirvi` ets purpasi dg` thdt et hd` oiig ripldni` oy thi Giw Navigdgt.‛0:
00
Phes sinteag es d oreij surviy aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg Mirikedh >4=>4->0. Aur nurrigt ikphdses es thi ellustrdteag aj haw Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dttikpt ta kdegtdeg dg Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag eg thier ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt. 09 Dlsa sii Esdedh ?0=93 05=83 99=>3 90=423 95=?43 :4=83 Mirikedh >?=>5-023 92=93 Iziceil 44=453 4:=:23 48=>43 >0=?93 >:=?:3 >6=?:3 Hasid ?=48-?2. 0: Lardegi Oaittgir, “D Rastkelliggedl _ispagsi,‛ eg Phi Kidgegf aj thi Kelliggeuk= Jaur Zeiws, i`. _aoirt F. Nlausi (@awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, 4566), 56-58.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>9
Vi rindll thdt thi Al` Navigdgt wds kd`i ixnlusevily weth thi gdteag aj Esrdil. Eg Ixa`us ?2, whig Udhwih kd`i thi ^egdeten navigdgt weth gdteagdl Esrdil, Hi pranldeki`, “E dk thi LA_@ thy Fa`, whenh hdvi oraufht thii aut aj thi ldg` aj Ifypt, aut aj thi hausi aj oag`dfi (Ixa`. ?2=?).‛ Et shaul` oi aoveaus ta dgy rid`ir thdt agly thi Esrdiletis wiri `ileviri` jrak Ifypt3 higni, thi rinepeigt aj thi ^egdeten navigdgt wds spinejendlly thi gdteag aj Esrdil. Phi Ifyptedgs, Rirsedgs, ar Friics wiri gat eg veiw. Phes Al` Navigdgt wds suosiquigtly ripldni` weth thi Giw Navigdgt, whenh wds kd`i ixnlusevily weth thi Nhurnh. Fa` hds egnlu`i` eg thes Giw Navigdgt kig Pistdkigt jrak dll gdteags, gatritdegs must thid twilvi treois. Phiri ga kigteag eg thi Giw thdt Fa` spinedlMiwesh ri`ikptevi jdvar jaresdgy pdrtenuldr gdteag ds d whali. D rikgdgt well oi sdvi` jrak thi gdteag aj Esrdil3 thes hds oiig trui thraufhaut ri`ikptevi hestary. Leciwesi, thi figteli ilint well gat oi nhasig jrak dgy pdrtenuldr, jdvari` figteli gdteag. Fa` `ais gat aolefdti heksilj ta sdvi dgy pdrtenuldr gdteag whalisdli. Nakkigtegf ag haw Mirikedh―s praphiny rildtis ta thi Nhurnh, Fiajj D`dks wretis= “Phi ^egdeten navigdgt wds weth gdteagdl Esrdil, dg` gaw Mirikedh rijirs ta thi hausi aj Esrdil, thi garthirg cegf`ak, dg` ta thi hausi aj Mu`dh, thi sauthirg cegf`ak, oiegf riugeti` djtir riturgegf jrak ixeli. Hawivir, thi giw navigdgt es weth d giw dg` igldrfi` Esrdil. Phi pdssdfi kdcis ga `erint kigteag aj thi Figtelis (nj. Mir. >=4:„453 4:=45), yit Mirikedh, eg rijirregf ta Dordhdk―s sii` dg` ta d ldg` jlawegf weth kelc dg` hagiy whenh wds prakesi` ta thi jarijdthirs, dllu`is eg thi nagtixt ta thi Dordhdken navigdgt (Mir. >?=??3 >>=?:). Phi dpastli Rdul `inldris thdt Dordhdk wds pri-ivdgfilezi`= “Dll thi gdteags shdll oi olissi` eg yau‛ (Fdl. >=8). ^a wi dri gat surpresi` whig thi duthar aj thi ipestli ta thi Hioriws `erintly rildtis thi nhurnh weth thes olissegf (Hio. 8=:„4>).‛06 Phirijari, dnnar`egf ta _ijarki` thialafedgs, thi Giw Navigdgt wds kd`i, gat weth gdteagdl Esrdil, out weth thi “giw dg` igldrfi` Esrdil,‛ thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`. Vi gaw laac dt haw d Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafedg kefht egtirprit thes praphiny. Ej @r Mijjriy Chaa es nagsestigt weth hes pregnepli aj d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, hi aufht gat ta dpply thi praphiny aj Mirikedh >4=>4->0 ta thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh. Ej truly “Esrdil kidgs Esrdil, dg` Nhurnh kidgs Nhurnh,‛08 thi Giw Navigdgt prakesis `isnreoi` eg Mirikedh >4 ndggat egnlu`i thi Nhurnh. Phes es 06
Fiajj D. D`dks, “Phi Giw Navigdgt aj Mirikedh >4=>4->6,‛ _ijarkdteag dg` _ivevdl :, ga. > (4556)= 8?. 08 Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>9.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>:
oindusi thi praphiny wds d``rissi` ta thi “hausi aj Esrdil‛ dg` thi “hausi aj Mu`dh‛ agly. Hawivir, ej Mirikedh >4=>4->0 rijirs ta d Giw Navigdgt kd`i weth thi gdteag aj Esrdil agly, whdt, thig, es thi “Giw Navigdgt‛ rijirri` ta oy thi Lar` whig Hi sdys, “Jar thes es Ky olaa` aj thi giw navigdgt, whenh es shi` jar kdgy jar thi rikesseag aj segs (Kdtt. ?:=?8, GCMZ)‛105 Dll Ivdgfilendls dfrii thdt thi Lar`―s ^uppir wds egstetuti` jar thi rikikordgni aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg Nhrest―s olaa`, whenh shi`fraup jar thiajNhurnh. Phi dtagikigt Nhrest―s olaa` es gat agly jar d juturi, wds esaldti` Miwesh rikgdgt3 et es jaregdll thi ilint, ignakpdssegf oath Miws dg` Figtelis. Eg thi Giw Pistdkigt, ? Naregthedgs >=0-: stdtis= “Dg` wi hdvi sunh trust thraufh Nhrest tawdr` Fa`. Gat thdt wi dri sujjeneigt aj aursilvis ta thegc aj dgythegf ds oiegf jrak aursilvis, out aur sujjeneigny es jrak Fa`, wha dlsa kd`i us sujjeneigt ds kegestirs aj thi giw navigdgt, gat aj thi littir out aj thi ^peret3 jar thi littir cells, out thi ^peret fevis leji (GCMZ).‛ Agni dfdeg, ej Mirikedh >4=>4->0 rijirs ta d Giw Navigdgt kd`i weth Esrdil dlagi, whenh Giw Navigdgt es Rdul d kegestir aj1 Ygliss Chaa es wellegf ta nagni`i thdt thiri dri twa sipdrdti Giw Navigdgts - agi weth Esrdil dg` agi weth thi Nhurnh - haw, thig, es hi doli ta avirnaki thi ixifitendl `ejjenulteis ignaugtiri` eg Mirikedh >4=>4->01 Ndg hi nagtegui ta kdegtdeg d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh1 Nyrus ^najeil` siiks ta ug`irstdg` thes ixifitendl `ejjenulty. Et es egtiristegf ta gati thdt eg thi ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli, ^najeil` dppleis thi Giw Navigdgt ta oath Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Hi oileivis thdt “thi Giw Navigdgt . . . sinuris thi pirpituety, juturi nagvirseag, dg` olissegf aj Esrdil.‛92 Nagteguegf hes nakkigtdry, hi wretis= “Phi Giw Navigdgt rists upag thi sdnrejeni aj Nhrest, dg` sinuris thi itirgdl olissi`giss, ug`ir thi Dordhdken Navigdgt (Fdl. >=4>-?5), aj dll wha oileivi.‛94 Dg` thi phrdsi “dll wha oileivi‛ rijirs ta thi ilint, thdt es, thi Nhurnh. Nakkigtegf ag ^najeil`―s veiw, @wefht Rigtinast wretis, “Dnnar`egf ta thes veiw, thiri es agi giw navigdgt weth d twa-jal` dpplendteag3 agi ta Esrdil eg thi juturi dg` agi ta thi nhurnh gaw.‛9? Rigtinast nagteguis hes ixpldgdteag, “Phes veiw pldnis thi nhurnh ug`ir thi giw navigdgt, dg` veiws thi rildteagshep ds d pdrtedl juljellkigt aj thi navigdgt. . . . ^najeil` dfriis weth @droy jully thdt thi navigdgt wds prekdrely 05
Nj. Kdrc 40=?0 dg` Luci ??=?2. Nyrus E. ^najeil`, i`., Phi ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli (Giw Uarc= Axjar` Ygevirsety Rriss, 4525), 4?56, sii gati 4 ag Hioriws 8=8. 94 Eoe`., 4?58, sii gati ? ag Hioriws 8=8. 9? Rigtinast, Phegfs ta Naki, 4?>. 92
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>6
jar Esrdil dg` well oi juljelli` oy thik. Dgy dpplendteag aj et ta thi nhurnh, ds thi ^najeil` paseteag hal`s, `ais gat gullejy thi prekdry dpplendteag ta Esrdil.‛9> Must ds “^najeil` dfriis weth @droy,‛ Chaa siiks ta dfrii weth ^najeil` ag thi egtirpritdteag aj Mirikedh >4=>4->0. @r Chaa wretis= “Vha dri thi oigijenedreis aj thi Giw Navigdgt1 Phi Ssen[ dri 0 veiws . . . (4) Phi nhurnh hds ripldni` Esrdil ds thi pdrtenepdgt eg thi giw navigdgt. (?) giw navigdgt es weth gdteag aj Esrdil agly.Pistdkigt (>) Phiri dri twa giwPhi navigdgts, agi weth Esrdilthi dg` agi weth thi Giw Nhurnh. Dg` (0) Phiri es agi giw navigdgt ta oi juljelli` isnhdtalafendlly weth Esrdil, out pdrtenepdti` eg satirealafendlly oy thi Nhurnh ta`dy. Phes wretir hal`s ta veiw #0. _id` dlsa Hakir D. Cigt Mr., “Phi Giw Navigdgt dg` thi Nhurnh,‛ Frdni Phialafendl Maurgdl : (4589)= ?85-58.‛90 Et es gatdoli thdt Chaa oileivis eg “d twa-jal` dpplendteag‛ aj thi Giw Navigdgt= agi ta Esrdil eg thi juturi “isnhdtalafendlly,‛ dg` agi ta thi Nhurnh “satirealafendlly.‛ Chaa―s veiw es issigtedlly sekeldr ta thi paseteag tdcig oy ^najeil`.99 @agdl` Ndkpoill gatis thdt “nagtikpardry `espigsdteagdlests djjerk thdt thi nhurnh pdrtenepdtis eg thi olissegfs aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt oy eghiretegf thi prakesi aj mustejendteag oy jdeth (Fdl. >=:-5, ?5) dg` eg thi olissegfs aj thi Giw Navigdgt aj Mirikedh >4 oy ixpireignegf rifigirdteag, thi eg`willegf ^peret, dg` sa ag. Phes pdrtenepdteag, hawivir, `ais gat juljell ar dorafdti thi rikdegegf navigdgt prakesis aj d gdteagdl gdturi, whenh well jeg` thier juljellkigt jar Esrdil jallawegf Nhrest―s sinag` d`vigt.‛9: Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlests, weth thier egsestigni upag d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, well dfrii weth Chaa thdt thi Nhurnh `ais gat “juljell ar dorafdti‛ thi Giw Navigdgt prakesis kd`i ta gdteagdl Esrdil eg Mirikedh >4=>4->0. Phes es thi jug`dkigtdl `ejjirigni oitwiig thi _ijarki` dg` `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt (Mir. >4=>4->0). 9>
Eoe`., 4?0 Mijjriy Chaa, Hioriws (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), >?. Phes oaac es usi` oy Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi ds linturi gatis. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/hioriws.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Gavikoir ?229. 99 Phes “twa-jal` dpplendteag‛ aj praphiny well oi ixplari` jurthir tawdr`s thi ig` aj thes oaac. Vi well thig sukkdrezi haw thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs― Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag `erintly djjints thier hirkigiutens, pdrtenuldrly thier egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt. 9: @agdl` C. Ndkpoill, “Phi Nhurnh eg Fa`―s Rraphiten Rrafrdk,‛ eg Issdys eg Hagar aj M. @wefht Rigtinast, i`s. ^tdgliy Paussdegt dg` Nhdrlis @yir (Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 458:), 405. 90
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>8
Oath Chaa―s dg` ^najeil`―s ug`irstdg`egf aj Mirikedh >4=>4->0 dg` thi Giw Navigdgt vealdtis twa sdleigt `estegntevis aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg hirkigiutens= (4) thi `espigsdteagdl `enhataky oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, dg` (?) thi nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Chaa―s ug`irstdg`egf vealdtis thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `enhataky eg thdt et dllaws dpplendteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt olissegfs ta thi Nhurnh, dg` pirkets thi Nhurnh ta pdrtenepdti eg d praphiny kd`i ta gdteagdl Esrdil. Et dllaws thi Nhurnh ta oi d pdrtedl pdrtdcir aj thi navigdgt whenh dllifi`ly oilagfs agly ta Esrdil. Ej aj thiEsrdil―s NhurnhGiw ndg, Navigdgt eg`ii`, pdrtenepdti thesgat praphiny, dg` oi kd`i d navigdgt pdrtgir olissegfs,egwhy thi athir Al` Pistdkigt praphineis kd`i ta Esrdil1 Chaa―s paseteag nagtrd`ents hes awg nagventeag thdt praphineis kd`i ta thi gdteag aj Esrdil ndggat oi dpplei` ta thi Nhurnh. Nhdrlis N. _yrei leciwesi nretenezis sunh ridsagegf, “Ej thi Nhurnh es juljellegf Esrdil―s prakesis ds nagtdegi` eg thi giw navigdgt ar dgywhiri ilsi eg ^nrepturi, thig S`espigsdteagdl[ prikelliggedlesk es widcigi`. Agi kefht will dsc why thiri dri gat twa dspints ta agi giw navigdgt. Phes kdy oi thi ndsi, dg` et es thi paseteag hil` oy kdgy S`espigsdteagdl[ prikelliggedlests, out wi dfrii thdt thi dkelliggedlest hds iviry refht ta sdy aj thes veiw thdt et es “d prdntendl d`kesseag thdt thi giw navigdgt es juljelli` eg dg` ta thi Nhurnh.―‛96 Ej Mirikedh >4=>4->0 es egtirpriti` letirdlly, thi Giw Navigdgt es kd`i “weth thi hausi aj Esrdil, dg` weth thi hausi aj Mu`dh‛ agly. Et es ive`igt thdt Chaa―s paseteag vealdtis hes awg egsestigni thdt “Esrdil kidgs Esrdil, dg` Nhurnh kidgs Nhurnh.‛98 Hi es, eg ijjint, tdnetly d`kettegf thdt praphineis kd`i ta Esrdil ndg oi dpplei` ta thi Nhurnh. @ispeti thi jdnt thdt thiri dri ga “nakpillegf nagtixtudl ridsags dfdegst tdcegf d war` eg ets letirdl sigsi‛ eg Mirikedh >4=>4->0,95 Chaa es jarni` ta nagnlu`i thdt thes praphiny kust oi dpplei` ta thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh. Velledk Iviritt Oill, Mr. dstutily aosirvis thdt d nagsestigt Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag waul` lid` ta d twa-navigdgt veiw.:2 Ag thi athir hdg`, sunh d veiw waul` igtdel egsurkaugtdoli ixifitendl `ejjenulteis. Hi ixpldegs= 96
Nhdrlis N. _yrei, Phi Odses aj thi Rrikelliggedl Jdeth (Giptugi, GM= Laezidux Orathirs, 459>), 448. 98 Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>9. 95 Eoe`. :2 Phes es d nldssendl `espigsdteagdlest―s veiw whenh stdtis thdt thiri dri twa Giw Navigdgts, agi weth Esrdil dg` agi weth thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh. Liwes ^pirry Nhdjir, d Rrisoytiredg, wds agi aj thi kast, ej gat thi kast, prakegigt aj dll @espigsdteagdl thialafedgs. Hi oileivis eg thes “twa Giw Navigdgts‛ veiw, whenh es dlsa thi kast nagsestigt veiw eg lefht aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `enhataky. Nhdjir wretis, “Phiri rikdegs ta oi rinafgezi`
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
>5
“^egni thi twa-navigdgt veiw, dlthaufh et es nagsestigt `espigsdteagdlesk, hds gat jaug` we`i dnniptdgni dkagf `espigsdteagdlests oindusi aj ets aoveaus ixifitendl jdelegfs, lid`egf `espigsdteagdlests Sdg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs[ dri jaug` ta oi sireausly dt a``s avir thi praolik. Dll dri dfrii` thdt thi nhurnh kust gat juljell dgy aj Esrdil―s prakesis, out thi kitha` aj prisirvegf thi `enhataky weth rifdr` ta thi giw navigdgt es ilusevi. Ag thi agi hdg`, saki rinafgezi thi ixifitendl ndsuestry egvalvi` eg tryegf ta ritdeg olissegfs thi navigdgt dpdrt navigdgt. jrak dgy vetdl rildteagshep ta thithi navigdgt, dg`ajthus paset d sinag` Ag thi athir hdg`, athirs rinafgezi thi ixifitendl ekpasseoelety aj d sinag` navigdgt dg` prijir ta efgari thi ndsuestry. Eg iethir ndsi, thi paseteag es odsendlly ugtigdoli dg` paegts up rdthir `rdkdtendlly thi hirkigiutendl `elikkd aj `espigsdteagdlesk eg dttikptegf ta rinagneli snrepturi ta d odsen prisuppaseteag.‛:4 Haw shaul` wi, thirijari, ug`irstdg` thi Giw Navigdgt praphisei` oy Mirikedh1 Rhelep Kdura pirniptevily nakkigts= “Phi Ipestli ta thi Hioriws ixpldegs jully thes praphiny aj Mirikedh S>4=>4->0[ nagnirgegf thi giw navigdgt, thi praphiny etsilj oiegf quati` eg jull eg Hio. 8=6-4>, dg` eg pdrt eg 42=49-46. Et es thi “ivirldstegf navigdgt,‛ sinuri` oy thi olaa` aj Misus Nhrest (Hio. 4>= ?2). Et es istdoleshi` weth d hidvigly piapli, thasi wha dri “naki ta Kaugt ^eag, dg` ta thi nety aj thi levegf Fa` thi hidvigly Mirusdlik, . . . dg` ta thi nhurnh aj thi jerst oarg (agis) wha dri wrettig (e.i. igralli`) eg hidvig‛ (Nh. 4?=??, ?>). Et es “d oittir navigdgt istdoleshi` upag oittir prakesis‛
d hidvigly navigdgt jar thi hidvigly piapli, whenh es dlsa styli` leci thi prini`egf agi jar Esrdil d “giw navigdgt.‛ Et es kd`i eg thi olaa` aj Nhrest (nj. Kdrc 40=?0) dg` nagteguis eg ijjint thraufhaut thes dfi, whirids thi giw navigdgt kd`i weth Esrdil hdppigs ta oi juturi eg ets dpplendteag. Pa suppasi thdt thisi twa navigdgts - agi jar Esrdil dg` agi jar thi Nhurnh dri thi sdki es ta dssuki thdt thiri es d ldtetu`i aj nakkag egtirist oitwiig Fa`―s purpasi jar Esrdil dg` Hes purpasi jar thi Nhurnh. Esrdil―s navigdgt, hawivir, es giw agly oindusi et ripldnis thi Kasden, out thi Nhurnh―s navigdgt es giw oindusi et egtra`unis thdt whenh es Fa`―s kystireaus dg` ugrildti` purpasi. Esrdil―s giw navigdgt rists spinejendlly ag thi saviriefg “E well‛ aj Mihavdh, wheli thi giw navigdgt jar thi Nhurnh es kd`i eg Nhrest―s olaa`. Ivirythegf thdt Esrdil well yit hdvi, ta supply dgathir nagtrdst, es thi prisigt passisseag aj thi Nhurnh - dg` egjegetily kari.‛ ^ii Liwes ^pirry Nhdjir, ^ystikdten Phialafy, val. 6 (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil Ruolendteags, 456:), 58-55. :4 Velledk Iviritt Oill, Mr., “D Nretendl Ivdludteag aj thi Rri-treouldteag _dpturi @antregi eg Nhrestedg Isnhdtalafy‛ (Rh.@. `ess., ^nhaal aj I`undteag aj Giw Uarc Ygevirsety, 45:6), 452.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
02
(Nh. 8=:). Et es thi navigdgt whiriug`ir iviry ripigtdgt dg` oileivegf seggir, whithir Miw ar Figteli, rinievis thi jarfevigiss aj hes segs (Nh. 42=4?-48). Dg` jegdlly, et es thi agly navigdgt ug`ir whenh Fa` hignijarth `idls weth dgy pdrt aj thi hukdg jdkely3 jar Hioriws fevis fridt prakegigni ta thi truth thdt thi al` navigdgt, weth ets nag`eteagdl prakesis aj gdteagdl praspirety dg` dg idrthly naugtry (prakesis lagf segni jarjieti` oy rioilleag dg` dpastdsy) hds oiig sit dse`i nakplitily dg` jarivir (8=4>, 42=5).‛:? Eg veiw aj thes Giw Navigdgt kd`i weth thi Nhurnh, thi wretir aj Hioriws wrati, “Eg thdt hi sdeth, D giw navigdgt, hi hdth kd`i thi jerst al`. Gaw thdt whenh `indyith dg` wdxith al` es rid`y ta vdgesh dwdy (Hio. 8=4>).‛ Eg thi Giw Navigdgt `espigsdteag, thi Al` Navigdgt hds nlidrly oiig ripldni` weth thi Giw. Ds Misus hds tdufht, “Giethir `a kig put giw wegi egta al` oattlis= ilsi thi oattlis oridc, dg` thi wegi ruggith aut, dg` thi oattlis piresh= out thiy put giw wegi egta giw oattlis, dg` oath dri prisirvi` (Kdtt. 5=46).‛:> Phi Al` Navigdgt es thirioy aosaliti, dg` egtirpritirs aj ^nrepturi wha `ikdg` d riturg ta thi Al` Navigdgt `espigsdteag dri ruggegf dfdegst thi ri`ikptevi praveseags dg` pldgs aj thi Fa` aj Dordhdk, Esddn dg` Mdnao. “Yg`ir thdt al` navigdgt idrthly olissegfs wiri prakesi` ta dg idrthly piapli, egnlu`egf gdteagdl ixestigni dg` thi passisseag aj thi ldg` aj Ndgddg. Phasi olissegfs, kariavir (dg` et es ekpartdgt ta aosirvi thes) wiri kd`i ta `ipig` upag ixpriss nag`eteags, ta oi jdethjully aosirvi` oy thdt piapli, dg` wiri ta oi jarjieti` ej thasi nag`eteags wiri gat aosirvi`. Out thdt navigdgt, thi Lar` `inldris, “thiy ordci.‛ Dg` gaw, thraufh Mirikedh, Hi pranldeks thi fridt jdnt thdt Hi well kdci, eg d teki thig juturi, “d giw navigdgt,‛ whenh wds ta oi aj d `ejjirigt sart.‛:0 Yg`ir thi praveseags aj thi Giw Navigdgt, trui Esrdiletis dri gat `itirkegi` oy figidlafendl `isnigt, out oy jdeth eg Nhrest. Prui Esrdiletis nagstetuti thi Nhurnh ugevirsdl. Vi gaw turg ta laac dt thi hirkigiutendl pregneplis aj thi dpastli Rdul, dg` haw hi ug`irstaa` thi tirk “Nhurnh‛ ds lde` aut eg hes ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs.
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Rhelep Kdura, Phi Hapi aj Esrdil= Vhdt Es Et1 (Oastag, KD= Hdkeltag Orathirs, 45?53 ripregt, @dhlagifd, Fiarfed= Nrawg _efhts Oaac Na, ?22>), ?>?-?>>. :> Nj. Kdrc ?=??3 Luci 9=>6->8. :0 Kdura, Phi Hapi aj Esrdil, ?>?.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Hirkigiutens
04
Nhdptir >= Phi Ipest li ta thi Fd ldtedgs dg` Rd ul― s Innlise ala fy Dordhdk―s ^ii` Eg thes nhdptir, et es pirtegigt jar us ta stu`y haw thi dpastli Rdul ug`irstaa` thi paseteag aj gdteagdl Esrdil weth rifdr` ta ets speretudl eghiretdgni. Eg hes ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, thi dpastli Rdul, dkagfst athir thialafendl essuis, wds drfuegf dfdegst thi gateag thdt Miwesh Nhrestedgs hdvi d stdtus ar nldek thdt es `estegnt jrak thdt aj thi Figteli oileivir. Dnnar`egf ta Rdul, Miw dg` Figteli Nhrestedgs dri dll agi eg Nhrest. “Phiri es giethir Miw gar Friic (Fdl. >=?8),‛ jar Nhrest hds ixpdg`i` thi Dordhdken navigdgt ta egnlu`i piapli jrak dll rdnis dg` gdteagdlety. Vi oifeg aur `esnusseag oy jallawegf Rdul―s thaufhts eg Fdldtedgs >=4>-4:= “Nhrest hdth ri`iiki` us jrak thi nursi aj thi ldw, oiegf kd`i d nursi jar us= jar et es wrettig, Nursi` es iviry agi thdt hdgfith ag d trii= Phdt thi olissegf aj Dordhdk kefht naki ag thi Figtelis thraufh Misus Nhrest3 thdt wi kefht rinievi thi prakesi aj thi ^peret thraufh jdeth. Orithrig, E spidc djtir thi kdggir aj kig3 Phaufh et oi out d kdg―s navigdgt, yit ej et oi nagjerki`, ga kdg `esdggullith, ar d``ith thirita. Gaw ta Dordhdk dg` hes sii` wiri thi prakesis kd`i. Hi sdeth gat, Dg` ta sii`s, ds aj kdgy3 out ds aj agi, Dg` ta thy sii`, whenh es Nhrest.‛ Eg thes pdssdfi, Rdul `erints thi dttigteag aj hes rid`irs ta thi “sii`‛ aj Dordhdk. Phi prakesis aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt dri kd`i ta “Dordhdk dg` hes sii` (Fdl. >=4:).‛4 Rdul ikphdsezis thdt thi war` “sii`‛ es eg thi segfuldr, rikikoiregf thdt 4
Veth rifdr` ta Fdldtedgs >=4:, et es egtiristegf ta gati whdt Pa`` Kdgfuk wretis nagnirgegf thi hirkigiutendl egnagsestigny aj Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlests, dg` ej E kdy d``, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs. Kdgfuk nakkigts, “Eg ky apegeag, ga pdssdfi nhdlligfis thi `espigsdteagdlest `eveseag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh kari thdg Fdl. >=4:. E jeg` kysilj dstageshi` dt haw jriquigtly “garkdtevi `espigsdteagdlests‛ siik aoleveaus ta thi jdnt thdt, ej giethir d speretudl-typalafendl hirkigiuten gar d (prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlest) nakplikigtdry hirkigiuten es pirkesseoli (whenh es whdt thiy hdvi egsesti` eg ga ugnirtdeg tirks dfdegst navigdgt thialafedgs dg` prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests), thig Fdl. >=4: rig`irs thier awg thialafendl paseteag ekpasseoli. Ej Fdl. >=4: oi tdcig “strently letirdlly,‛ thig Rdul ixplenetly `igeis thdt thi Dordhdken navigdgt `ais whdt thi `espigsdteagdl paseteag trd`eteagdlly hds `ikdg`i`3 vez., sinuri d @evegi aolefdteag ta aotdeg d juturi ldg` dg` cegf`ak jar “Dordhdk's sii`.‛ Dnnar`egf ta Rdul eg Fdl. >=4: (dfdeg, tdcig “strently letirdlly‛), thi Dordhdken navigdgt nagnirgi` Dordhdk dg` Nhrest, dg` gat athirs aj Dordhdk―s “sii`s.‛ Phes pdssdfi, dt thi viry lidst, aoletirdtis thi “garkdtevi `espigsdteagdlest‛ nldek aj oiegf thi agis wha dri “nagsestigtly letirdl.‛ @utnh _ijarki`
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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thi sdki war` wds dlsa segfuldr eg Figises 4>=49-4:, 46=8, dg` ?0=6. Dlthaufh “sii`‛ ndg oi usi` ta `igati dll thi `isnig`igts aj Dordhdk, Rdul spinejendlly stdtis thdt thi sii` “es Nhrest (Fdl. >=4:o)‛ eg thes pdssdfi. Oruni jurthir ixpldegs thdt, “Eg thi jerst egstdgni Seg Fdldtedgs >=4:[ thi rijirigni es ta d segfli `isnig`dgt, Nhrest, thraufh whak thi prakesi` olissegf wds ta naki ta dll thi Figtelis. Eg thi sinag` egstdgni thi rijirigni es ta dll wha rinievi thes olissegf3 eg v ?5 dll wha oilagf ta Nhrest dri thirioy egnlu`i` eg Dordhdk―s ajjspregf. Rdul wds will dwdri `isnig`dgt. thdt thi nallintevi d plurdlety aj `isnig`dgts ds will ds d segfli ^a, eg gaug _ak.naul` 0=48, eg`endti hi e`igtejeis Dordhdk―s ajjspregf aj Fg. 49=9 weth thi kdgy gdteags aj Fg. 46=9, egtirpritegf thi ldttir ds Figteli oileivirs.‛? Vi gati thdt jurthir `awg thi pdssdfi eg Fdldtedgs >=?:-?5, Rdul wretis, “Jar yi dri dll thi nhel`rig aj Fa` oy jdeth eg Nhrest Misus. Jar ds kdgy aj yau ds hdvi oiig odptezi` egta Nhrest hdvi put ag Nhrest. Phiri es giethir Miw gar Friic, thiri es giethir oag` gar jrii, thiri es giethir kdli gar jikdli= jar yi dri dll agi eg Nhrest Misus. Dg` ej yi oi Nhrest―s, thig dri yi Dordhdk―s sii`, dg` hiers dnnar`egf ta thi prakesi.‛ Ds ilune`dti` oy Oruni, thi war` “sii`‛ es usi` hiri eg Fdldtedgs >=?5 ta `igati “dll wha oilagf ta Nhrest.‛ Phirijari, dll oileivirs-eg-Nhrest nagstetuti Dordhdk―s sii`, dg` dri hiers aj thi Dordhdken prakesi. Dnnar`egf ta Kdrshdll, Rdul ug`irstaa` jrak thi ^nrepturis thdt “dll thi gdteags waul` oi olissi` thraufh Dordhdk. Rdrt aj whdt Rdul kidgs es thdt Fa` well mustejy thi Figtelis eg thi sdki wdy ds Dordhdk, gdkily, oy jdeth. Phi prakesis wiri kd`i ta Dordhdk dg` hes `isnig`dgts, spinejendlly thi `isnig`dgts thraufh Esddn, out Rdul cgaws thdt thi prakesi egnlu`i` thi Figtelis. Hi thirijari hds ta nagnlu`i thdt thi `isnig`dgts dri thi piapli wha shdri thi nhdrdntir aj Dordhdk ds oileivirs eg Fa`, rifdr`liss aj whithir thiy dri physendlly hes ajjspregf ar gat3 oileivegf Figtelis dri egnlu`i`, whirids ugoileivegf physendl `isnig`dgts dri ixnlu`i`. Oy usegf thi tirk eg d gagletirdl sigsi Rdul ndg
supirsisseagests, eg jdnt, dri thi agis wha tdci Fdl. >=4: kast letirdlly aj dll!‛ ^ii _. Pa`` Kdgfuk, “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary‛ (pdpir prisigti` ta thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity, Gdshvelli, Piggissii, 4: Gavikoir ?222), 44 g. 92, dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.oeolendl.i`u/ekdfis/naggint/R@Js/D%?2Juturi%?2jar%?2Esrdil.p`j#sidrnh;%? ?ta``%?2kdgfuk%?2d%?2juturi%?2jar%?2esrdil%??3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 44 ^iptikoir ?22:. ? J. J. Oruni, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs= Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Friic Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 458?), 46?.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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dssirt thdt Miwesh dg` Figteli oileivirs dri egnlu`i` eg thi agi ajjspregf ar “sii`‛ aj Dordhdk3 thi ldgfudfi spidcs aj “sii`‛ (segfuldr), gat “sii`s‛ (plurdl).‛> Eg Fdldtedgs nhdptir >, whdt es dkdzegf eg Rdul―s tidnhegf es thdt, thraufh thi rinipteag aj thi Miws dg` Figtelis egta ugeag weth Nhrest oy jdeth, thi olissegfs aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt dri oiegf juljelli` eg thi nhurnh dfi. ^nhriegir wretis, “Phi figuegily gavil ilikigt eg Rdul―s drfukigt es thi nldek thdt thi warl`we`i olissegf prakesi` ta Dordhdk es gaw eg thi praniss aj juljellkigt. Gat agly es thi prakesi oiegf juljelli`, out(Fdl et es >=4:).‛ nakegf0 ta jrueteag thraufh thi segfli sii` aj Dordhdk Misus thi Kissedh Phraufh thi olissegfs aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt, gdteags aj thi warl` dri oiegf oraufht egta Nhrest oy sdlvejen jdeth. Oileivirs aj dll ithgenety dg` rdni nagstetuti thi trui sii` aj Dordhdk. Ag thi athir hdg`, Miws wha dri autse`i Nhrest dri gat Dordhdk―s sii`, jar Rdul wretis, “Dg` ej yi oi Nhrest―s, thig dri yi Dordhdk―s sii`, dg` hiers dnnar`egf ta thi prakesi (Fdl. >=?5).‛ Phiri es eg`ii` ugety eg Nhrest. Out thes ugety `ais gat naki doaut weth oealafendl `isnigt, rdnedl prevelifis, ar dgy nirikagedl prdntenis. Rdul ikphdsezis thi jdnt thdt Figteli oileivirs wiri ga liss thdg Dordhdk―s sii`3 thiy dri speretudl `isnig`dgts aj Dordhdk must ds surily ds thi Miwesh oileivirs dri Dordhdk―s oealafendl `isnig`dgts. Oruni sukkdrezis Rdul―s drfukigt thdt thiri es gaw ga `estegnteag oitwiig Miws dg` Figtelis ds jdr ds thi faspil es nagnirgi`= “Rdul―s paseteag wds nlidr-nut= hd` thi ldw shawg etsilj doli ta ekpdrt leji, thes waul` hdvi fevig thi Miws dg avirwhilkegf d`vdgtdfi3 out segni thi ldw―s egdoelety ta `a dgy sunh thegf hd` oiig `ikagstrdti`, thiri wds gaw ga `estegnteag oitwiig Miws dg` Figtelis oijari Fa` eg rispint iethir aj thier kardl odgcruptny ar aj thier gii` ta rinievi hes pdr`agegf frdni. Phi ldw-jrii faspil put oath nakkugeteis ag agi dg` thi sdki livil oijari Fa`, sa thdt ‘eg Nhrest― thiri wds ‘giethir Miw gar Friic― (nj. dlsa _ak. 4=4:3 >=??j.3 42=4?3 49=8j.3 4 Nar. 4=?03 Iph. ?=4>-??3 >=:3 Nal. >=44).‛9 Ndg thi physendl `isnig`dgts aj Dordhdk gaw nldek dgy speretudl olissegfs dpdrt jrak thi faspil aj Nhrest1 Et es aoveaus thdt thi olissegfs aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt dri jar hes sii`, dg` thes djjerks thi jdnt thdt Miws autse`i aj Nhrest ndg hdvi ga pdrt >
E. Hawdr` Kdrshdll, Giw Pistdkigt Phialafy (@awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, ?220), ??:. 0 Phakds _. ^nhriegir, Rdul, Dpastli aj Fa`―s Flary eg Nhrest= D Rdulegi Phialafy (@awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, ?224), 4:2. 9 Oruni, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, 488.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
00
eg thi Dordhdken olissegfs. Miws ndggat nldek dgy spinedl eghiretdgni ar olissegfs dpdrt jrak sdlvejen jdeth eg Misus ds thier Kissedh. Rdul, thirijari, dgswirs thi Mu`dezirs weth thisi paegts, “Phi Kasden ldw `ais gat kdci sags aj Fa`, `ais gat kdci us Dordhdk―s sii`, `ais gat nagstetuti us hiers. Et es thi prakesi dlagi whenh wds juljelli` eg Nhrest.‛ : Rdul jurthir `ivilaps hes drfukigts dfdegst thi Mu`dezirs weth thi dllifary aj ^drdh dg` Hdfdr eg Fdldtedgs 0=?4->4.
^drdh dg` Hdfdr Eg Fdldtedgs 0=??-?:, Rdul tidnhis= “Jar et es wrettig, thdt Dordhdk hd` twa sags, thi agi oy d oag`kde`, thi athir oy d jriiwakdg. Out hi wha wds aj thi oag`wakdg wds oarg djtir thi jlish3 out hi aj thi jriiwakdg wds oy prakesi. Vhenh thegfs dri dg dllifary= jar thisi dri thi twa navigdgts3 thi agi jrak thi kaugt ^egde, whenh fig`irith ta oag`dfi, whenh es Dfdr. Jar thes Dfdr es kaugt ^egde eg Drdoed, dg` dgswirith ta Mirusdlik whenh gaw es, dg` es eg oag`dfi weth hir nhel`rig. Out Mirusdlik whenh es doavi es jrii, whenh es thi kathir aj us dll.‛ Dnnar`egf ta Uaugf, thes pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi es gati` ta oi “thi shdrpist paliken dfdegst Mirusdlik dg` Mu`desk eg thi Giw Pistdkigt.‛6 Rdul oifegs oy rijirregf ta twa aj thi sags aj thi pdtredrnh Dordhdk= Esddn whasi kathir wds ^drdh, dg` Eshkdil whasi kathir wds thi oag`-sldvi Hdfdr. Dlthaufh hi dncgawli`fis thi hestarenety aj thi ivigts surraug`egf thi pdtredrnh, hes weji, dg` thi oag`wakdg, Rdul ug`irstdg`s thdt Hdfdr dg` ^drdh dllifarendlly riprisigt twa navigdgts= thi navigdgt aj ldw, dg` “thi navigdgt aj frdni sidli` eg thi olaa` aj Nhrest, thi agly jaug`dteag jar ridl jrii`ak dg` rilidsi jrak seg dg` `idth.‛8 Ds _e``iroas hds nakkigti`, “Jar et es sde` aj Hdfdr dg` ^drdh thdt thiy riprisigt twa navigdgts, thi jerst thdt aj thi ldw dg` thi oag`dfi risultegf jrak et, thi sinag` thdt aj thi ^peret dg` thi leoirty fevig oy hek (nj. ? Nar. >=:).‛5
:
_. N. H. Ligsce, Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt= Phi Egtirpritdteag aj ^t. Rdul―s Ipestlis ta thi Fdldtedgs, ta thi Iphisedgs, dg` ta thi Rheleppedgs (Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 45>6), 454. 6 M. N. Uaugf, Mirusdlik eg thi Giw Pistdkigt (Cdkpig= Cac, 45:2), 42:. 8 Pekathy Fiarfi, Fdldtedgs= Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry (Gdshvelli, PG= Orad`kdg Rriss, 4550), >02. 5 Hirkdg _e``iroas, Rdul= Dg Autlegi aj Hes Phialafy (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 4569), ?46.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
09
Nakkigtegf ag thes pdssdfi eg Fdldtedgs nhdptir 0, _agdl` Jugf wretis= “Phi twa wakig stdg` jar . . . twa navigdgts. Ag thi agi hdg`, Hdfdr stdg`s jar thi navigdgt `irevi` jrak Kaugt ^egde dg` pra`unegf nhel`rig jar oag`dfi= must ds thi nhel`rig aj d sldvi-weji (ugliss dncgawli`fi ds trui nhel`rig oy thi husodg` dg` kdstir) wiri `istegi` ta oi sldvis thiksilvis, sa thi navigdgt aj ldw fevig dt ^egde nakketti` dll wha ikordni` ta ets oeg`egf .pawir. Avir Hdfdr(v. dg` thi weth navigdgt aj ldw whenhetshi riprisigts . . stdg`s thidfdegst jrii wakdg ??o), thi athir navigdgt riprisigti` oy hir. Phi uggdki` jrii wakdg es aoveausly ^drdh wheli thi athir navigdgt, sekeldrly uggdki`, es aoveausly thi navigdgt aj jdeth rijirri` ta eg SFdldtedgs[ >=46 eg nagtrdst weth thi ldw (thaufh thi ldttir es gat thiri spinejendlly ndlli` d navigdgt). Rdul tdcis et ds siljive`igt thdt d strdefht legi rugs thraufh ^drdh dg` Esddn, thi navigdgt aj jdeth (oindusi et `ipig`s ag prakesi), thi Mirusdlik doavi (v. ?:), dg` Nhrestedgs „ thisi oiegf hil` tafithir dg` egtirrildti` oy thi jdnt thdt jrii`ak ndg oi pastuldti` aj dll aj thik, dlthaufh et es ixplenetly pastuldti` aj thi ther` kikoir agly.‛42 Rdul es thirijari legcegf tafithir thi oag`-sldvi Hdfdr, Eshkdil, thi ^egdeten navigdgt aj ldw, thi prisigt nety aj Mirusdlik, dg` dll wha d`hiri ta thi Kasden ldw ds thi kidgs aj sdlvdteag dg` mustejendteag. Phes es nagtrdsti` weth thi “Mirusdlik whenh es doavi,‛ “whenh es thi kathir aj us dll (Fdl. 0=?:).‛ Hestary tills us thdt Rdul―s rilefeaus i`undteag wds gat nakpliti` wetheg d sikegdry eg Dkirend ar ^egfdpari. Oiegf d jarkir `esnepli aj Fdkdleil (Dnts ??=>), hi wds will-virsi` eg Rhdresdesk dg` Miwesh trd`eteags. Pdcegf egta dnnaugt hes rilefeaus egjluigni dg` odncfraug`, tafithir weth thi privdligni aj Mu`desk eg Rdul―s ird, es et gat surpresegf thdt Rdul siis Hdfdr ds riprisigtegf ^egde dg` thi Mirusdlik aj hes teki, whenh es eg sldviry weth hir nhel`rig1 _ikdrcdoly, thi dpastli―s ug`irstdg`egf aj thi speretudl sefgejendgni aj Mirusdlik nagtrd`ents thdt aj thi Miwesh lid`irs. Phi Miws dppdrigtly stell oileivi` thdt Esrdil wds Fa`―s navigdgt gdteag. Out thi idrthly Mirusdlik, ivig eg Rdul―s `dy, es ga lagfir thi prakesi` nety aj Fa`―s frdni dg` prisigni. Et hds ive`igtly last dll ets sefgejendgni ds thi nety aj sdlvdteag. Egstid` aj rijirregf ta Mirusdlik ds thi nety aj Fa`, Rdul dkdzegfly `isnreois dgathir Mirusdlik, “whenh es doavi‛ dg` hidvigly (Fdl. 0=?:). Phi prakesis aj sdlvdteag
42
_agdl` U. C. Jugf, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4588), ?2:-?26.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
0:
dg` thi navigdgt aj frdni dri gaw dssanedti` weth thes hidvigly Mirusdlik, “whenh es thi kathir aj us dll (Fdl. 0=?:).‛ Rdul, eg jdnt, dssanedtis thi igteri Mu`desten systik aj warshep weth thi ^egdeten navigdgt aj ldw, thi prisigt nety aj Mirusdlik, dg` Eshkdil, thi sag aj thi sldvi wakdg, Hdfdr.44 Egstid` aj pdg`iregf ta thi Miwesh gateag thdt thi gdteag aj Esrdil passissis dgy speretudl prevelifi dpdrt jrak thi faspil aj Nhrest, Rdul turgs thi drfukigt draug` dg` dllifis thdt thi Mu`dezirs dri, eg ijjint, puttegf piapli ug`ir thi aj thi ldw dg` rivirsegf naursi ri`ikptevi Ds Karres hds oag`dfi gati`, “thi Mu`dezirs waul` hdvi thi drfui` thdtajthiy wiri thi hestary. `isnig`dgts aj Esddn, thi dgnistar aj Fa`―s jrii piapli, whirids thi Figtelis wiri autse`i thi navigdgt ds thi sldvi wakdg―s sag wds. Out Rdul turgs thes egtirpritdteag ag ets hid`. Phi speretudl `isnig`dgts aj thi sldvi wakdg dri thasi wha dri eg oag`dfi ta thi ldw, whirids thi speretudl `isnig`dgts aj thi jrii wakdg dri thasi wha levi eg thi jrii`ak aj thi faspil.‛4? Et es nlidr thdt thi physendl `isnig`dgts aj Dordhdk well hdvi ga speretudl olissegfs autse`i thi navigdgt aj frdni dg` thi Nhurnh aj Nhrest. Vi hdvi gati` thdt eg hes ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, dg` nulkegdtegf eg nhdptir 0, Rdul ixpldegs hes `antregi aj innlisealafy. Eg hes nakkigtdry ag _akdgs 44, Dlixdg`ir dptly sukkdrezis Rdul―s innlisealafy eg Fdldtedgs 0=?4->4= “Rdul es pursuegf dg dllifary, ds hi `e` dlsa whig wretegf ta thi Fdldtedgs (Fdl. 0=??->4). Hi es tridtegf Eshkdil ds thi riprisigtdtevi aj dll Esrdil djtir thi jlish, thaufh eg jdnt ga Miw wds `isnig`i` jrak Hdfdr―s sag. Esddn es 44
Rdul―s tidnhegfs eg Fdldtedgs 0=?4->4 “waul` hdvi oiig viry `esturoegf ta dgy pdtreaten Miw must ds et kust hdvi oiig ta thi Mu`dezirs aj Fdldted. Iviryagi cgiw thdt thi Miws wiri thi sags aj Esddn dg` thi Figtelis wiri thi `isnig`dgts aj Eshkdil. Rdul, hawivir, hd` narrildti` thi navigdgt aj ^egde dg` thi prisigt rilefeaus systik nigtiri` dt Mirusdlik weth thi ajjspregf aj thi sldvi wakdg. Phiy wiri thasi wha saufht ta oi mustejei` oijari Fa` “dnnar`egf ta thi jlish,‛ thdt es, oy aosirvegf thi warcs aj thi ldw. Nagvirsily, thi nhel`rig aj thi jrii wakdg wiri thasi wha hd` ikordni` thi prakesi aj sdlvdteag thraufh jdeth eg Misus Nhrest dlagi. Phiy wiri thi nhel`rig aj thi navigdgt aj frdni. Jar Rdul, et wds nakplitily errilivdgt ta thier e`igtejendteag ds thi ajjspregf aj ^drdh whithir ar gat piapli wiri nernuknesi`, aj Miwesh oerth ar Figteli odncfraug`. Ga `auot kunh aj thi appaseteag thdt wds kaugti` oy thi Mu`dezirs rildti` ta thi jdnt thdt thi rigiwi` piapli aj Fa`, thi nhurnh aj Misus Nhrest, whenh oifdg ag thi @dy aj Rigtinast ds dg ixnlusevily Miwesh ignldvi, wds nakegf egnridsegfly ta egnlu`i d pripag`irdgni aj Figtelis, kdgy aj thik wag ta Nhrest thraufh thi ijjarts aj Rdul dg` hes nawarcirs. Dlthaufh thi Mu`dezirs kdy gat hdvi siig et eg thes lefht, ijjarts ta kdci nernukneseag dg` aosirvdgni aj thi ldw dg igtrdgni reti egta thi Nhrestedg jdeth wiri gathegf liss thdg d juteli dttikpt ta rivirsi thi `evegily ar`degi` naursi aj ri`ikptevi hestary.‛ ^ii Fiarfi, Fdldtedgs, >0?. 4? Liag Karres, Fdldtedgs= Rdul―s Nhdrtir aj Nhrestedg Jrii`ak (Lienistir, Igfldg`= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, 455:), 40:.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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put jarwdr` ds thi riprisigtdtevi aj dll Esrdil djtir thi speret, thaufh thisi egnlu`i d stupig`aus kdmarety aj figtelis wha eg jdnt wiri givir `isnig`i` jrak Esddn. . . . Phi agi (Eshkdil) riprisigts Esrdil djtir thi jlish, ta whak ga prakesis dri kd`i dg` wha dri gat nagse`iri` ds thi ^ii` aj Dordhdk dt dll. Phi athir (Esddn) riprisigts Esrdil djtir thi speret ar thi trui Nhurnh aj thi _i`iiki`, dg` aj thi Jerstoarg, wha dri wrettig eg hidvig, dg` thisi „ Miws dg` figteli tafithir „ dri thi trui ^ii` aj Dordhdk ta whak thi prakesis wiri kd`i.‛4> Phirijari, eg Rdul―s ldgfudfi dg` ug`irstdg`egf, thi Nhurnh es thi trui Esrdil, ar rdthir, thi “Esrdil djtir thi speret.‛ Phi hier aj thi Dordhdken prakesi es Dordhdk―s sii`3 thes `ais gat egnlu`i dll thi physendl `isnig`dgts aj Dordhdk, out agly thi oileivegf Miws wha hdvi oiig egnarpardti` egta thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`, thi Nhurnh (Fdl. >=?5).
Rdul―s Yg`irstdg`egf aj Esdedh―s Rraphiny Eg Esdedh 90=4->, thi praphit siis thi nety aj ]eag ds odrrig. ^hi es lecigi` ta d odrrig wakdg, oindusi hir nhel`rig hdvi oiig ixeli` ta Odoylag. Hawivir, Mihavdh Fa` rividls ta thi praphit thdt thaufh ]eag es gaw odrrig, thi past-ixelen ]eag well hdvi kari nhel`rig thdg oijari thi ixeli. Phes praphiny, thirijari, siiks ta rijir ta Mirusdlik `uregf thiaj `dys aj hirristardteag ixeli. Out dg` eg Fdldtedgs 0=?6, Rdul Esdedh―s praphiny (Esd. 90=4) Esrdil―s riturg jrak ixeli eg quatis Odoylag, dg` dppleis et ta thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh. Oruni nakkigts= “^a oy Rdul thi prakesis aj Es. 90 dri ug`irstaa` ds d``rissi` ta thi nhurnh aj thi giw dfi, Mirusdlik doavi. Out jar Rdul thi nagtikpardry nhurnh wds d pri`akegdgtly Figteli nakkugety. Jarkirly thi Figtelis wiri speretudlly stireli, pra`unegf ga jruet jar Fa`, out gaw thier rispagsi ta thi faspil hds kd`i thik kari jruetjul thdg thi sygdfafui= thi giw Mirusdlik hds kari nhel`rig thdg ivir thi al` Mirusdlik hd`.‛40 Rdul thus siis thi giw Mirusdlik ds thi juljellkigt aj Esdedh―s praphiny „ d praphiny whenh siiks ta pranldek thdt thi juturi, past-ixelen Mirusdlik well hdvi kari nhel`rig thdg thi pri-ixelen Mirusdlik, “jar thi `isaldti hdth kdgy kari nhel`rig thdg shi whenh hdth dg husodg` (Fdl. 0=?6).‛49 Phes juljellkigt es dptly 4>
Dlixdg`ir, “_akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils,‛ ?->. Oruni, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, ???. 49 Leciwesi, Jugf nagnurs, “Eg praaj aj thi ixestigni aj d giw Mirusdlik nakpasi` aj Fa`―s ri`iiki` piapli, Rdul quatis thi ^iptudfegt aj Esd. 90=4, whiri d fridtir praspirety es praphisei` jar ristari` Mirusdlik ds nakpdri` weth thi al`. . . . Phi praphit SEsdedh[ sdys thdt 40
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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stdti` oy Rdul, “Gaw wi, orithrig, ds Esddn wds, dri thi nhel`rig aj prakesi (Fdl. 0=?8).‛ Eg hes ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, Rdul es d`dkdgt thdt dll wha oileivi eg Nhrest oy jdeth dri thi nhel`rig aj thes jrii wakdg, errispintevi aj ithgenety, figidlafy ar gdteagdlety. Phiy dri Dordhdk―s sii` dg` hiers aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt. Phirijari, dnnar`egf ta Rdul―s ug`irstdg`egf, thi praphiny eg Esdedh 90=4-> es nlasily rildti` ta thi Dordhdken navigdgt. Hig`rencsig ixpldegs jurthir, “Phi prakesi ^drdh, wha dlsa dkagf wds odrrig, well oi juljelli` 46=4:). Fa`―s fevig nhurnhtawell oi ixtig`i` thi Figtelis. Ldrfi (Fig. kultetu`is well thus oi d``i` ta thi nakpdgy aj thi sdvi`. ]eag, thi Mirusdlik (thdt es) doavi, well hdvi dg doug`dgt pastirety ag idrth. Higni, shi well hdvi ta kdci hir tigt kari spdneaus oy ligfthigegf ets nar`s. Dt thi sdki teki shi well hdvi ta sii ta et thdt thi stdcis dri strigfthigi`, thdt es, thdt thi tigt-pegs dri jexi` egta thi fraug` kari jerkly, oindusi thi `willegf-pldni aj thi nhurnh ds Fa` siis et well givir oi oracig up (Esd. 90=?, >3 _iv. >=4?3 6=53 nj. Mahg :=>6, >53 42=?8).‛4: Phi Nhurnh, nagsestegf aj Miws dg` Figtelis sdvi` oy jdeth eg Nhrest, dri hiers aj thi prakesis ta Dordhdk―s sii`. Eg Fdldtedgs 0=?8, Rdul rietirdtis thi jdnt thdt oileivirs dri thi nhel`rig aj prakesi, wha dri typalafendlly riprisigti` oy Esddn. Ds sunh, oileivirs dri gat ug`ir thi oag`dfi aj ldw. Jugf hefhlefhts Rdul―s nagteguegf drfukigt thdt, “ug`irlyegf, dg` narrispag`egf ta, thi nagtrdst oitwiig sldviry (nhdrdntirezegf Hdfdr dg` Eshkdil, thi ^egdeten navigdgt aj ldw, dg` thi idrthly Mirusdlik aj Mu`desk dg` thi Mu`dezirs) dg` jrii`ak (nhdrdntirezegf ^drdh dg` Esddn, thi giw navigdgt aj prakesi, thi hidvigly Mirusdlik, dg` thi Nhrestedg oileivirs) es thi nagtrdst oitwiig refhtiausgiss oy ldw dg` refhtiausgiss oy jdeth.‛46 Ds Oruni hds dptly nakkigti`, “Lifdl oag`dfi dg` speretudl jrii`ak ndggat naixest.‛48 Rdul ig`s hes paliken dfdegst thi Mu`dezirs eg Fdldtedgs nhdptir 0 weth thes jarnijul stdtikigt= oath Eshkdil dg` thi gdteag aj Esrdil, whenh es ug`ir thi oag`dfi aj lifdlesk, hdvi oiig nakplitily `eseghireti`. Phi dpastli ixnldeks, “Givirthiliss
Mirusdlik ds shi waul` oi djtir thi ixelis hd` riturgi` waul` hdvi kari nhel`rig thdg shi `e` oijari thi Ixeli raooi` hir aj hir nhel`rig.‛ ^ii Jugf, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, ?42-?44. 4: Velledk Hig`rencsig, Ixpaseteag aj Fdldtedgs, Iphisedgs, Rheleppedgs, Nalassedgs dg` Rhelikag= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 45:8, ?220), 489. 46 Jugf, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, ?4?. 48 Oruni, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, ??9.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
05
whdt sdeth thi snrepturi1 Ndst aut thi oag`wakdg dg` hir sag= jar thi sag aj thi oag`wakdg shdll gat oi hier weth thi sag aj thi jriiwakdg. ^a thig, orithrig, wi dri gat nhel`rig aj thi oag`wakdg, out aj thi jrii (Fdl. 0=>2->4).‛ Eg hes nakkigtdry ag Fdldtedgs 0=>4, Oruni wretis= “Rdul―s ldtir, gag-dllifarendl (out stell eg egtigteag typalafendl) rijirigni ta Dordhdk―s sags eg _ak. 5=6-5 nakis ta keg`. Phiri, ikphdsezegf thi saviriefgty thi `evegi hi egsests et es speretudl, `isnigt thdt aj kdttirs= ‘Gatilinteag, dll dri nhel`rig aj thdt Dordhdk oindusi gat thiygdturdl, dri hes `isnig`dgts3 out “Phraufh Esddn shdll yaur `isnig`dgts oi gdki`‛ SFg. ?4=4?[. Phes kidgs thdt et es gat thi nhel`rig aj thi jlish wha dri thi nhel`rig aj Fa`, out thi nhel`rig aj thi prakesi dri rincagi` ds `isnig`dgts― „ thi ‘war` aj prakesi― oiegf thdt spacig oy Fa` ta ^drdh eg Fg. 46=?4, nagjerkegf thdt shi waul` fevi oerth ta d sag.‛45 Ds eg thi ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, Rdul ikphdsezis eg _akdgs thdt, “Phiy whenh dri thi nhel`rig aj thi jlish, thisi dri gat thi nhel`rig aj Fa`= out thi nhel`rig aj thi prakesi dri naugti` jar thi sii` (_ak. 5=8).‛ Phi trui hiers aj thi prakesi dri gat physendl Esrdiletis, out thi speretudl Esrdiletis, thi trui sii` aj Dordhdk. ^d`ly, wethaut ripigtdgni dg` jdeth eg thi Kissedh, thi gdteag aj Esrdil rikdegs eg oag`dfi ta lifdlesk dg` Mu`desk. Vhdt, thig, es thi hapi jar Esrdil djtir thi jlish1 _aoirtsag ldkigts thdt, “Mirusdlik ta`dy rikdegs ds et wds eg Rdul―s `dy. Et es stell eg oag`dfi ta lifdlesk dg` rimints thi frdneaus fejt aj sdlvdteag thdt hds naki thraufh thi Kissedh. Et kust gat oi dssuki` thdt thasi wha levi eg Mirusdlik ta`dy wethaut jdeth eg Misus hdvi oiig nhasig oy Fa` jar sdlvdteag. Dpdrt jrak ripigtdgni dg` jdeth, thi eghdoetdgts aj Mirusdlik nagtegui ta oi eg oag`dfi dg` dri “wethaut hapi dg` wethaut Fa` eg thi warl`‛ (Iph. ?=4?). Pa suffist dgythegf ilsi es ta slefht Misus Nhrest dg` hes sdnrejeni ag thi nrass, wheli dt thi sdki teki ekpirelegf thi sauls aj kdgy oy ignaurdfegf jdlsi dssukpteag.‛?2 Phi igteri thrust aj Rdul―s ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs nagtrd`ents thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ug`irstdg`egf aj gdteagdl Esrdil dg` thi Dordhdken prakesi. Rdul―s innlisealafy es aoveausly gat `espigsdteagdl innlisealafy. Hi siis thi Nhurnh ds juljellegf thi paseteag dg` rali aj speretudl, hidvigly Esrdil. Fa` `ais gat hdvi twa sipdrdti 45 ?2
Oruni, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, ??9-??:. _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, ?5->2.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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“prafrdks‛ ar “navigdgts‛= agi weth Esrdil dg` dgathir weth thi Nhurnh. Phi Nhurnh, nagsestegf aj oath oileivegf Miw dg` Figteli, es thi hier aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt, gat dpastdti, ugoileivegf gdteagdl Esrdil. Phus, et es dppdrigt thdt thi dpastli Rdul ndtifarendlly rimints thi jdlsi gateag thdt ithgen Esrdil hds d nagteguegf nldek ta dgy navigdgt prakesi dpdrt jrak jdeth eg thi Kissedh.
Phi Esrdil aj Fa` Eg Fdldtedgs :=4:, Rdul dntudlly d``rissis thi Nhurnh ds “thi Esrdil aj Fa`.‛?4 Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Zirseag siiks ta prave`i dg dnnurdti rig`iregf aj thi virsi= “Giethir nernukneseag gar ugnernukneseag kidgs dgythegf3 whdt naugts es d giw nridteag. Ridni dg` kirny ta dll wha jallaw thes ruli, ivig ta thi Esrdil aj Fa` (Fdldtedgs :=49-4:).‛ Vethiregftag rikeg`s us thdt, “Kdgy egtirpritirs . . . hdvi ug`irstaa` thi jegdl νδὺ hiri ta kidg ‘thdt es― eg whenh ndsi thi tixt rid`s ‘pidni upag thik dg` kirny, thdt es upag thi Esrdil aj Fa`.― Eg athir war`s, Esrdil hiri rijirs ta dll Nhrestedgs, oath Miws dg` Figtelis ugeti` eg Nhrest, oath thi duthar dg` hes du`eigni, dg` athirs.‛?? Hdgs C. Ld_ag`illi, leciwesi, oileivis thdt thi tirk “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ rijirs ta thi ?4
Phes es thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt thi νδὺ oijari thi phrdsi “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ es dg ixplendtevi ar dppaseteagdl νδὺ. Vuist trdgsldtis Fdldtedgs :=4: ds jallaws, “Dg` ds kdgy ds oy thes ruli dri ar`iregf thier nag`unt, pidni oi upag thik, dg` kirny, ivig upag thi Esrdil aj Fa`.‛ ^ii Ciggith ^. Vuist, Phi Giw Pistdkigt= Dg Ixpdg`i` Prdgsldteag (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 45:4). ?? Oig Vethiregftag EEE, Frdni Eg Fdldted= D Nakkigtdry ag Rdul―s Littir ta thi Fdldtedgs (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 4558), 09?. Eg jdnt, thi @espigsdteagdlest snhaldr, Liwes Mahgsag, dncgawli`fis thdt “et es will-cgawg thdt Musteg Kdrtyr eg hes @edlafui weth Prypha es thi jerst duthar ta nldek dg e`igtejendteag aj thi tirk Esrdil weth thi nhurnh. Aj thi nakkigtdtars, Nhrysastak es agi aj thi idrleist ta e`igtejy dppdrigtly thi nhurnh weth Esrdil, djjerkegf thdt thasi wha ciip thi ruli dri “trui Esrdiletis.‛ Athirs wha jallaw thes veiw egnlu`i @dgeil N. Drenhid, Mr., dg` Iufigi Ge`d, _dfgdr Oregf, Mahg Ndlveg, _. D. Nali, G. D. @dhl, @agdl` Futhrei, Velledk Hig`rencsig, _aoirt L. Mahgsag, K. M. Ldfrdgfi, Hdgs C. Ld_ag`illi, _. N. H. Ligsce, M. O. Lefhtjaat, Kdrteg Luthir, Hirkdg _e``iroas, Higrenh ^nhleir, dg` Mahg _. V. ^tatt.‛ ^ii ^. Liwes Mahgsag, Mr., “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ eg Issdys eg Hagar aj M. @wefht Rigtinast, i`s. ^tdgliy @. Paussdegt dg` Nhdrlis H. @yir (Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 458:), 48>-480, quategf Mahg Nhrysastak, Nakkigtdry ag thi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs dg` Hakeleis ag thi Ipestli ta thi Iphisedgs aj ^. Mahg Nhrysastak, giw riv. i`. (Lag`ag= Vdltir ^keth SLdti Kasliy[, 4880), 58.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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Nhurnh.?> Phes es dlsa thi figirdl _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi tirk “thi Esrdil aj Fa`.‛ Hawivir, oath Mijjriy Chaa dg` ^. Liwes Mahgsag `esdfrii weth thes egtirpritdteag aj “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ eg Fdldtedgs :=4:.?0 Mahgsag, d `espigsdteagdlest, es sivirily nretendl aj sunh dg egtirpritdteag. ^hriw`ly ivd`egf thi dntudl drfukigts oraufht jarth oy Ld_ag`illi eg hes oaac Phi Esrdil aj Fa` eg Rraphiny= Rregneplis aj Rraphiten Egtirpritdteag, Mahgsag dncgawli`fis thdt “thi dpastli SRdul[ kdcis ga ?9 dttikpt whdtsaivir ta `igy thdt thiri es d lifetekdti `estegnteag aj rdni oitwiig Figteli dg` Miwesh oileivirs eg thi nhurnh.‛
Out _ijarki` thialafedgs `a gat `igy thdt thiri es d “lifetekdti‛ rdnedl `estegnteag wetheg thi nhurnh3 thes es dppdrigtly d strdw kdg. Vhdt thiy `a ikphdsezi es thdt oileivegf Miws dg` Figtelis shdri d nakkag isnhdtalafendl juturi, d maegt innlisealafendl ridlety, dg` iqudl speretudl olissegfs dg` stdtus eg Nhrest Misus. Vhenh _ijarki` thialafedg waul` “`igy sixudl `ejjirignis wetheg thi nhurnh1 Ar thi sanedl `ejjirignis eg Rdul―s `dy1 Es et gat pldeg thdt Rdul es gat spidcegf aj gdteagdl ar ithgen `ejjirigni eg Nhrest, out aj speretudl stdtus1‛?: Hiri, Mahgsag es dntudlly, dloiet tdnetly, d`kettegf thdt, weth rispint ta speretudl stdtus dg` olissegfs, thiri dri ga `ejjirignis oitwiig Miwesh dg` Figteli oileivirs. Eg jdnt, Mahgsag djjerks thdt eg tirks aj speretudl stdtus, “thiri es ga `ejjirigni eg Nhrest.‛?6 ^urily, _ijarki` egtirpritirs aj ^nrepturi `a gat tidnh thdt Figteli ar Miwesh oileivirs ug`irfa dg ithgen ar sixudl trdgsjarkdteag upag rifigirdteag. @uregf nagvirseag, Figtelis giethir hdvi Miwesh figis spleni` egta thier figakis, gar `a thiy oinaki hirkdphra`etis. Mahgsag―s paliken dfdegst Ld_ag`illi es nlidrly ugnagvegnegf. Mahgsag nagteguis hes nretequi aj Ld_ag`illi, “Phdt thi prajissar SLd_ag`illi[ avirlaaci` Rdul―s ndrijul ldgfudfi es siig eg hes iqudteag aj tirks thdt `ejjir. Hi narrintly netis Rdul―s stdtikigt thdt “‘thiri es giethir Miw gar Friic― eg Nhrest‛ (nj. Fdl. >=?8) out thig d naupli aj pdfis ldtir ka`ejeis thes ta “‘thiri es giethir Miw gar Friic― ?>
^ii Hdgs C. Ld_ag`illi, Phi Esrdil aj Fa` eg Rraphiny= Rregneplis aj Rraphiten Egtirpritdteag (Oirreig ^pregfs, KE= Dg`riws Ygevirsety Rriss, 458>), 428-440. ?0 Phi ridsag E egtirdnt weth Liwes Mahgsag―s wretegf eg thes sinteag es thdt Chaa usis Mahgsag―s issdy ds pdrt aj thi sikegdry naursi igtetli`, “@espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy‛ eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. ^ii Mahgsag, “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ 484-45:. ?9 Mahgsag, “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ 452. ?: Eoe`. ?6 Eoe`.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
9?
wetheg thi Nhurnh‛ (etdlens kegi), ds ej thi tirks Nhrest dg` nhurnh dri e`igtendl. Phes dppradnh jdels ta sii thdt Rdul `ais gat sdy thiri es giethir Miw gar Friic wetheg thi nhurnh. Hi SRdul[ spidcs aj thasi wha dri “eg Nhrest.‛ Jar Ld_ag`illi, hawivir, egdskunh ds thiri es giethir Miw gar Friic wetheg thi nhurnh dg` eg Nhrest, thiri ndg oi ga `estegnteag oitwiig thik eg thi nhurnh.‛?8
Gateni thdt Mahgsag hiri dssukis dg d preare `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, whenh ndggat oi jaug` wetheg thi tixt aj Fdldtedgs :=4:. Phi oagi aj nagtigteag, hawivir, es gat whithir thiri es dgy rdnedl ar figiten “`estegnteag‛ oitwiig Miws dg` Figtelis eg d physendl ar oealafendl sigsi. Ld_ag`illi, jar nirtdeg, es gat sdyegf thdt thiri ndg oi “ga `estegnteag oitwiig thik eg thi nhurnh‛ eg d physenanhikendl sigsi. Eg`ii`, ga sdgi kdg well `igy thdt thiri es d oealafendl `estegnteag oitwiig Miws dg` Figtelis wetheg ar wethaut thi Nhurnh. Ld_ag`illi dg` _ijarki` thialafedgs dri stdtegf, tafithir weth thi dpastli Rdul, thdt thiri es ga `estegnteag eg thi speretudl `istegy aj ithgen Miws dg` Figtelis wetheg thi Nhurnh.?5 _ijarki` ixifitis oileivi thdt thi Giw Navigdgt olissegfs aj Mirikedh >4=>4->0 dri oiegf juljelli` eg thi Nhurnh aj Nhrest. >2 Oileivegf Esrdiletis dg` Figtelis shdri d ?8
Eoe`.
?5
Dntudlly, Mahgsag gii`s agly ta rid` thi rist aj thi nhdptir ta sii Ld_ag`illi―s paegt. Ld_ag`illi wretis, “Dnnar`egf ta Hioriws 8-4?, thi Nhurnh aj Misus riprisigts thi trui juljellkigt aj Mirikedh―s pri`enti` giw navigdgt. Jdr jrak oiegf dg dorafdteag aj Esrdil―s giw navigdgt. Et es rdthir d typi dg` fudrdgtii aj thi jegdl nagsukkdteag aj thi giw navigdgt, whig trui Esrdiletis aj dll dfis well maeg eg thi wi``egf suppir aj thi Ldko eg thi Giw Mirusdlik (Kdtthiw 8=44, 4?3 ?9=>03 _ivildteag 45=53 ?4=4-9).‛ ^ii Ld_ag`illi, Phi Esrdil aj Fa` eg Rraphiny, 4?4. >2 Phi Rdulegi pirspintevi aj thi Giw Navigdgt dg` thi Nhrestedg Nhurnh es dptly sukkdrezi` oy _e``iroas, “Et es ag dnnaugt aj thes juljellkigt aj thi praphiny aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg thi Nhrestedg nhurnh thdt dll thi prevelifis aj thi Al` Pistdkigt piapli aj Fa` eg thes speretudl sigsi pdss avir ta thi nhurnh. Pa et, ds thi nhurnh aj Nhrest, thi pri-ikegigt `evegi war` aj thi navigdgt dppleis= “E well oi thier Fa`, dg` thiy shdll oi ky piapli. . . . E well rinievi yau, dg` E well oi ta yau d jdthir, dg` yau shdll oi ta ki sags dg` `dufhtirs‛ (? Nar. :=4:jj.). Aut aj thes juljellkigt eg Nhrest thi whali gakignldturi aj dll thi prevelifis Esrdil ds Fa`―s piapli wds pirketti` ta passiss rinurs weth rigiwi` jarni dg` sefgejendgni eg thi `ijegeteag aj thi issigni aj thi Nhrestedg nhurnh= oiegf sags aj Fa` (_ak. 8=40jj.3 Iph. 4=9)3 oiegf hiers dnnar`egf ta thi prakesi (Fdl. >=?53 0=6)3 shdregf eg thi eghiretdgni prakesi` ta Dordhdk (_ak. 8=463 nj. 0=4>3 Nal. 4=?)3 oiegf hiers aj thi cegf`ak aj Fa` (4 Nar. :=5, 423 49=923 Fdl. 9=?4). Jar thes ridsag thi nhurnh kdy rimaeni eg thi hapi aj thi flary aj Fa` (_ak. 9=?3 8=?43 ? Nar. >=6jj., 483 Rhel. >=45), thi splig`ar aj thi prisigni aj Fa` dkagf hes piapli, agni thi prevelifi aj Esrdil (_ak. 5=0). Leciwesi thi warshep aj Fa`, dt agi teki thi prirafdtevi aj Esrdil (_ak. 5=0), es gaw thi `estegfueshegf kdrc aj thi Nhrestedg nhurnh ds “speretudl warshep‛ (_ak. 4?=4), thi sirveni aj Fa` oy thi ^peret (Rhel. >=>), ds Rdul cgaws
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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nakkag speretudl `istegy eg Nhrest Misus, dg` thiri es ga lagfir dgy `estegnteag oitwiig thik eg thi Giw Navigdgt pirspintevi. Phi Giw Navigdgt prakesis dri gat agly jar thi ithgen Miws ar jar dgy pdrtenuldr gdteag eg d fia-paletendl sigsi. Phi navigdgt olissegfs dri oiegf juljelli` eg thi Nhurnh dfi, dg` `a gat dwdet d juturi isnhdtalafendl juljellkigt eg d Miwesh rikgdgt (nj. _ak. 44=?:). Phi Nhurnh, whenh es thi sii` aj Dordhdk, nagsests aj thi ilint jrak “dll gdteags‛ (Kdtt. ?8=45) dg` dll rdnis. Mahgsag―s djarikigteagi` drfukigtthi oifs thi quisteag= Dri Nhurnh gat thasi whaesdri Nhrest‛ dlsa thi agis thdt nagstetuti egveseoli, ugevirsdl 1 Phes gat“eg >4 oindusi “ds ej thi tirks Nhrest dg` nhurnh dri e`igtendl.‛ Rhysenanhikendl `estegnteags gatwethstdg`egf, haw ndg thiri oi dgy speretudl `estegnteag oitwiig Miws dg` Figtelis wetheg thi Nhurnh aj Misus Nhrest1 Mahgsag―s `espigsdteagdl innlisealafy es dppdrigtly nlau`egf hes ug`irstdg`egf aj Ld_ag`illi―s legi aj ridsagegf. Phi tirks “Nhrest‛ dg` “Nhurnh‛ dri aoveausly gat e`igtendl, out thi phrdsis “ta oi eg Nhrest‛ dg` “ta oi wetheg thi egveseoli Nhurnh aj Nhrest‛ kust kidg thi sdki thegf= ta oi sdvi`. Nagnlu`egf hes nretequi aj Ld_ag`illi―s ridsagegf, Mahgsag wretis, “Jegdlly, ta suk up hes paseteag, Rrajissar Ld_ag`illi djjerks thdt segni thi nhurnh es thi sii` aj Dordhdk dg` Esrdil es thi sii` aj Dordhdk, thi twa igteteis, thi nhurnh dg` Esrdil, dri thi sdki. Phi risult es d tixtoaac ixdkpli aj thi jdlldny aj thi ug`estreouti` ke``li.‛>? Eg ar`ir ta dgswir hes drfukigts, wi hdvi ta rijlint upag Mahgsag―s `ijegeteag dg` usdfi aj thi tirks “Nhurnh‛ dg` “Esrdil.‛ Jerstly, oy thi tirk “Nhurnh,‛ es Mahgsag rijirregf ta thi _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj dg egveseoli, ugevirsdl Nhurnh1 _ijarki` thialafedgs ug`irstdg` “Nhurnh‛ ta kidg dll thi ilint (Fdl. >=6, 5, 4:, ?:?5), egnlu`egf Al` Pistdkigt oileivirs.>> Phes es gat thi nldssen ar rivesi` `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi tirk “Nhurnh.‛>0
heksilj ta oi thi lietaurfas aj Misus Nhrest wha eg thi preistly d`kegestrdteag aj thi faspil hds ta sii ta thi erripradnhdoligiss aj thi ajjiregfs aj thi figtelis (_ak. 49=4:3 nj. Rhel. ?=46). Eg d war`, dll thi renhly vdreifdti` `isefgdteags aj Esrdil ds thi piapli aj Fa` dri dpplei` ta thi Nhrestedg nhurnh, out gaw eg thi giw sittegf aj thi sdlvdteag thdt hds dppidri` eg Nhrest.‛ ^ii _e``iroas, Rdul= Dg Autlegi aj Hes Phialafy, >>:->>6. >4 Mahgsag, “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ 452. >? Eoe`., 452-454. >> ^ii nhdptir 4 jar d `esnusseag ag thi kidgegf aj “Nhurnh.‛ >0 ^ii nhdptir ?4 jar thi `ejjirignis oitwiig nldssendl dg` rivesi`/garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlesk.
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^inag`ly, Mahgsag `ais gat `ijegi nlidrly whdt hi kidgs oy “Esrdil.‛ @ais thes tirk rijir ta speretudl Esrdil, ar ta gdteagdl, ithgen Esrdil1 Ej “Esrdil‛ kidgs dll oealafendl Miws oy figidlafendl `isnigt, “Esrdil‛ ndggat oi Dordhdk―s sii`. Agly d rikgdgt aj ithgen Esrdiletis hds oileivi` eg Nhrest thraufhaut dll ri`ikptevi hestary. Vhdt Ld_ag`illi ridlly tdufht es thes= thi “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ hds oiig ixpdg`i` ta egnlu`i oath Miws dg` Figtelis. Phi Nhurnh es thi trui, speretudl Esrdil. Jrak thi Giw Navigdgt pirspintevi, thi “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ es gat leketi` ta idrthly, gdteagdl Esrdil, out ithgenety. Mahgsag―s paliken es,ikordnis thirijari,dlld oileivirs “tixtoaacerrispintevi ixdkpli‛ ajajd gdteagdlety ri`-hirregf.arHi suotly olurs thi `ijegeteag aj ciy tirks, gdkily, thi “Nhurnh‛ dg` “Esrdil.‛ Ds pdrt aj hes `evirseagdry kdgiuvir, hi dttikpts ta egtra`uni thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Eg thi praniss, hi widcigs thi thrust aj Ld_ag`illi―s paliken nagse`irdoly. Ld_ag`illi narrintly aosirvis= “@espigsdteagdl thialafedgs frdgt thdt Rdul, oy thi tirk “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛, kidgt oileivirs eg thi Lar` Misus Nhrest. Oindusi aj thier `espigsdteagdl nagnirg ta ciip Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh sipdrdti, hawivir, thiy egsest thdt Rdul kust hdvi hd` Miwesh Nhrestedgs eg keg` ds d `estegnt nldss wetheg thi Nhurnh. Out ta segfli aut Miwesh oileivirs wetheg thi Nhurnh ds “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ es d nagnipt thdt es eg odsen nagjlent weth Rdul―s kissdfi ta thi Fdldtedgs. Hi `inldris ndtifarendlly thdt “thiri es giethir Miw gar Friic‛ wetheg thi Nhurnh, dg` thdt thi Nhurnh ds d whali „ dll wha oilagf ta Nhrest „ es thi sii` aj Dordhdk, thi hier aj Esrdil―s navigdgt prakesi (>=?:-?5).‛>9
Mijjriy Chaa―s _iledgni ag Mahgsag―s Rdpir _ilyegf hidvely upag Mahgsag―s pdpir, Mijjriy Chaa leciwesi dppleis dg d preare hirkigiutendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh eg hes egtirpritdteag aj Fdldtedgs :=4:. Eg nagtrdst ta thi figirdl _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thes virsi, Chaa oileivis thdt, “Phi ‘Esrdil aj Fa`― hiri Seg Fdldtedgs :=4:[ rijirs ta sdvi` Esrdiletis wha levi` dnnar`egf ta jdeth leci thier jdthir Dordhdk (nj. >=:-6). Rdul wds pirhdps hapegf thdt saki aj thi Mu`dezirs kefht sii thi irrar aj thier kissdfi dg` turg ta Nhrest dlagi jar thier sdlvdteag. Jar d stu`y ag thi tirk, “Phi Esrdil aj Fa`,‛ rid` ^. Liwes Mahgsag―s pdpir ag “Rdul dg` >9
Ld_ag`illi, Phi Esrdil aj Fa` eg Rraphiny, 442.
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‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ eg Issdys eg Hagar aj M. @wefht Rigtinast, i`eti` oy ^tdgliy @. Paussdegt dg` Nhdrlis H. @yir (Nhendfa= Kaa`y, 458:), 484-45:.‛>: Veth rifdr` ta innlisealafy, _ijarki` thialafedgs `a gat dnnipt thi `espigsdteagdl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. Nagvirsily, thiri es eg`ii` d kdrci` `estegnteag oitwiig _ijarki` thialafy dg` `espigsdteagdlesk. Oy rimintegf thi figirdl, _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj Fdldtedgs :=4:, Chaa ive`igtly jeg`s heksilj eg dfriikigt weth `espigsdteagdl ixifitis. Oath Chaa dg` Mahgsag dri sykpdthiten ta thi jallawegf egtirpritdteags aj thi tirk “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ eg Fdldtedgs :=4:= (4) Phi “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ rijirs “ta oileivegf ithgen Esrdiletis eg thi Nhrestedg Nhurnh,‛>6 dg` (?) Phi “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ rijirs “ta thi Esrdil thdt shdll turg ta thi Lar` eg thi juturi eg thi ivigts thdt surraug` thi sinag` d`vigt aj aur Lar`.‛>8 Eg iethir ndsi, thi “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ rijirs ta ilint Miws, dg` gat thi Nhurnh. Eg hes issdy “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi^tu`y,‛ Mahgsag kdcis d nldssen drfukigtuk d` gukiruk.>5 Mahgsag nakkigts “thdt thi wiefht aj nagtikpardry snhaldrshep es appasi` ta thi privdelegf egtirpritdteag aj dkelliggedl egtirpritirs thdt “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ rijirs ta thi nhurnh, nakpasi` aj oath Miwesh dg` Figteli oileivirs, dlthaufh thi suomintevi gdturi aj thes nakkigt es rinafgezi` oy thi duthar.‛02 Ivig ej dll aj “nagtikpardry snhaldrshep‛ es dfriidoli weth Mahgsag, et `ais gat ginissdrely pravi thdt hes veiw es trui. Mahgsag, hawivir, dncgawli`fis idrleir eg hes issdy thdt d faa` gukoir aj riputdoli snhaldrs d`hiri ta thi “dkelliggedl‛
>:
Mijjriy Chaa, Fdldtedgs (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, ?222), 09. Phes oaac es usi` oy Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi ds linturi gatis. Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/Fdldtedgs.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Gavikoir ?229. _ilyegf ag Mahgsag―s issdy, Chaa kdcis ga dttikpt ta prave`i ixifitendl drfukigts jar hes egtirpritdteag aj Fdldtedgs :=4: eg hes nakkigtdry ag Fdldtedgs. >6 Mahgsag, “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ 489. >8 Eoe`., 48:. >5 Phes es thi jdlldny aj dttikptegf ta pravi sakithegf oy dppidlegf ta gukoirs, dg` eg thes ndsi, thi gukoir aj “nagtikpardry‛ snhaldrs wha dfrii weth Mahgsag―s egtirpritdteag aj Fdldtedgs :=4:. 02 Mahgsag, “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ 486.
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egtirpritdteag.04 Hi jurthir dfriis thdt “thi lest aj gdkis suppartegf thes Sdkelliggedl[ veiw es ekprissevi.‛0? Dlthaufh E dk dvae`egf thi lafendl jdlldny aj dg drfukigtuk d` dgtequetdtik,0> et es trui thdt thi dkelliggedl egtirpritdteag es supparti` oy dg “ekprissevi‛ lest aj thialafedgs dg` ixifitis. Hdvegf ivig thi suppart aj nirtdeg Dgte-Genigi dg` Genigi Jdthirs,00 sunh ds Musteg Kdrtyr dg` Nhrysastak, thi dkelliggedl egtirpritdteag kust hdvi ets strigfths. Et kust oi ikphdsezi` thdt, dlthaufh trd`eteagdl egtirpritdteags driNdlveg, gat dlwdys narrint, thidg` ug`irstdg`egf aj Fdldtedgs :=4: oy thi _ijarkirs (i.f. Mahg Kdrteg Luthir) jdethjul ixifitis aj ^nrepturi kust gat oi jrevalausly suostetuti` weth “nagtikpardry snhaldrshep.‛ Jurthirkari, thi Var` aj Fa` hds dlwdys oiig egirrdgt, egjdlleoli dg` ugnhdgfegf. Vhy waul` “nagtikpardry snhaldrshep‛ oi eg dgywdy supirear ta thi “privdelegf‛ egtirpritdteags aj al`ir ar kari dgtequdti` ixifitis1 E dk suri Mahgsag es gat egsegudtegf thdt nagtikpardry snhaldrs dri supirear ta Mahg Ndlveg, Kdrteg Luthir ar M. O. Lefhtjaat.
Rraoliks weth thi @espigsdteagdl Yg`irstdg`egf aj “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ Vhdt dri thi ixifitendl praoliks eghirigt eg Chaa dg` Mahgsag―s egtirpritdteag aj thi “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ eg Fdldtedgs :=4:1 Vi shdll oifeg oy ixdkegegf thi prini`egf virsi, gdkily, Fdldtedgs :=49. Et shaul` oi rikikoiri` thdt “Fdl :=4: kust oi egtirpriti` eg dnnar`dgni weth ets awg spinejen nagtixt dg` eg thi lefht aj thi igteri drfukigt aj thes pdrtenuldr ipestli.‛09 Vha dri thasi wha wdlc dnnar`egf ta “thes ruli‛ eg virsi 4:1 Eg virsi 49, Rdul wretis, “Jar eg Nhrest Misus giethir nernukneseag dvdelith dgy thegf, gar ugnernukneseag, out d giw nridturi.‛ Hig`rencsig ixpldegs thdt, “Dnnar`egf ta thi prini`egf nagtixt, thes ruli es thi agi oy whenh oijari Fa` agly thes es aj nagsiquigni, thdt d pirsag pldnis hes nakpliti trust eg Nhrest Nrunejei`, dg` thdt, thirijari, hi rifuldtis hes leji oy thes pregnepli. . . . Ypag thasi „ dll thasi dg` agly thasi „ wha dri favirgi` oy thes ruli pidni dg` kirny dri pragaugni`.‛0:
04
Eoe`., 48>-480. Eoe`., 480. 0> Phes es thi jdlldny aj tryegf ta pravi d paegt oy dppidlegf ta dgtequety ar trd`eteag. 00 Nj. D @enteagdry aj Idrly Nhrestedg Oileijs, s.v. “Esrdil aj Fa`.‛ 09 Hig`rencsig, Ixpaseteag aj Fdldtedgs, ?06. 0: Eoe`., ?0:. 0?
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Eg veiw aj thi Faspil dfi, Rdul―s ruli stdtis thdt thiri kust oi ga `estegnteag oitwiig Miw dg` Figteli, ar oitwiig thi nernukneseag dg` thi ugnernukneseag. Phi agly phigakigag thdt ndg istdolesh d pirsag ds agi aj Fa`―s piapli es jar hek ta oi d “giw nridturi‛ ved rifigirdteag. Eg athir war`s, thi nldusi “ds kdgy ds wdlc dnnar`egf ta thes ruli‛ eg virsi 4: rijirs ta dll aj thi ilint, thdt es, thi egveseoli, ugevirsdl nhurnh. Phi piriggedl nagtigteag oitwiig ixifitis nagnirgs thi usdfi aj thi war` cde eg thi ldst phrdsi aj Fdldtedgs :=4: “cde upag thiajEsrdil Fa`.‛ d`kets “thiri dri sivirdl will-rinafgezi` sigsis cde egajthi GiwMahgsag Pistdkigt. Jerstthdt dg` kast nakkagly, cde hds thi nagtegudtevi ar napuldtevi sigsi aj dg`. ^inag`, cde jriquigtly hds thi d`mugntevi sigsi aj dlsa. Pher`, cde anndseagdlly hds thi dsnigsevi sigsi aj ivig, whenh shd`is ajj egta dg ixplendtevi sigsi aj gdkily.‛06 Eg Fdldtedgs :=4:, Chaa dg` Mahgsag rimint thi ixplendtevi ar ipixifitendl sigsi aj cde, prijirregf ta ug`irstdg` thi tirk “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ ta “kidg “thi Miws,‛ ar “dll sunh Miws ds waul` eg thi juturi oi nagvirti` ta Nhrest.‛08 Phiy jdvar thi nagtegudtevi ar napuldtevi sigsi aj cde, dlthaufh thiy kefht dpprinedti thdt cde es dlsa “agly slefhtly dsnigsevi‛ eg Fdldtedgs :=4:.05 Ivig ej agi dnnipts thi napuldtevi sigsi aj cde, “thi quisteag stell rikdegs ds ta whdt “Esrdil‛ rijirs ta.‛92 Dnnar`egf ta Chaa dg` Mahgsag, “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ rijirs ta Miwesh oileivirs eg Rdul―s `dy, ar ta thasi Esrdiletis wha dri dllifi`ly sdvi` dt thi Kissedh―s riturg (eg thi sigsi aj _akdgs 44=?:). Phisi egtirpritdteags hdvi thier `ejjenulteis. Jerstly, thi ixprisseag “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ ndggat rijir ta Miws ds d `estegnt, ithgen nakkugety, dpdrt jrak thi Figtelis. _agdl` Jugf rikeg`s us thdt, “Phi spinejyegf phrdsi “aj Fa`‛ kdcis et uglecily thdt thi rijirigni es ta Sithgen[ Esrdil ds sunh (ar ivig thi isnhdtalafendl Esrdil eg thi sigsi aj _ak. 44=?:), dg` Rdul “ndg hdr`ly hdvi kidgt ta oliss thi whali aj Esrdil . . . , errispintevi aj whithir ar gat thiy hil` ta thi ndgag aj thi nrass aj Nhrest.―‛94
06
Mahgsag, “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ 486. 08 Hig`rencsig, Ixpaseteag aj Fdldtedgs, ?0:. 05 Mahgsag, “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ 45>. 92 Jugf, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, >42. 94 Eoe`., quategf M. N. A―Giell, Phi _inaviry aj Rdul―s Littir ta thi Fdldtedgs (Lag`ag, 456?), 64.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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Phi ruli egstetuti` oy Rdul eg virsi 49 - whenh stdtis thdt jar agi ta oi naugti` dkagfst Fa`―s piapli, hi kust ixpireigni d giw nridteag - kust oi ixtig`i` ta virsi 4:. Rdul ndggat oi pragaugnegf hes oigi`enteag aj “pidni dg` kirny‛ upag thi Miws errispintevi aj thier oileij ar ugoileij. Phes ug`irstdg`egf nagtrd`ents thi igteri thrust aj Rdul―s ipestli, ds will ds thi ruli hi hds must istdoleshi` eg virsi 49. Dnnar`egf ta Hig`rencsig, “Phes egtirpritdteag tig`s ta kdci Rdul nagtrd`ent hes whali legi aj ridsagegf eg thes ipestli. Avir dfdegst thi Mu`dezirs― pirvirseag aj thi faspil hi hds ikphdsezi` thi jdnt thdt “thi olissegf aj Dordhdk‛ gaw rists upag dll thasi, dg` agly upag thasi, “wha dri aj jdeth‛ (>=5)3 thdt dll thasi, dg` agly thasi, “wha oilagf ta Nhrest‛ dri “hiers dnnar`egf ta prakesi‛ (>=?5). Phisi dri thi viry piapli wha “wdlc oy thi ^peret‛ (9=4:), dg` “dri li` oy thi ^peret‛ (9=48). Kariavir, ta kdci hes kidgegf viry nlidr, thi dpastli hds ivig ndlli` spinedl dttigteag ta thi jdnt thdt Fa` oistaws hes olissegfs ag dll trui oileivirs, rifdr`liss aj gdteagdlety, rdni, sanedl paseteag, ar six= “Phiri ndg oi giethir Miw gar Friic3 thiri ndg oi giethir sldvi gar jriikdg3 thiri ndg oi ga kdli dg` jikdli3 jar yau dri dll agi eg Nhrest Misus‛ (>=?>). Oy kidgs aj dg dllifary (0=?4->4) hi hds riikphdsezi` thes truth. Dg` waul` hi gaw, dt thi viry nlasi aj thi littir, ug`a dll thes oy jerst aj dll pragaugnegf d olissegf ag “ds kdgy ds‛ (ar= “dll‛) wha wdlc oy thi ruli aj flaryegf eg thi nrass, oi thiy Miw ar Figteli oy oerth, dg` thig pragaugnegf d olissegf upag thasi Sithgen Miws[ wha `a gat (ar= `a gat yit) wdlc oy thdt ruli1 E rijusi ta dnnipt thdt ixpldgdteag.‛9? Ndg “thi Esrdil aj Fa`,‛ thig, rijir ta oileivegf Miws eg Rdul―s `dy1 Ej cde es ta oi ug`irstaa` eg thi nagtegudtevi ar napuldtevi sigsi, et shaul` oi rig`iri` ds dg`. Phes trdgsldteag hds eghirigt praoliks. Odsi` ag thes rig`iregf, Rdul waul` oi pragaugnegf hes dpastalen oigi`enteag eg virsi 4: upag “ds kdgy ds,‛ thdt es, dll thasi wha d`hiri ta thi ruli eg virsi 49. Hi waul` suosiquigtly oi ixtig`egf hes olissegf ta dgathir ndtifary aj piapli, gdkily, thi ilint ar oileivegf Miws eg virsi 4:o. Phi `esnirgegf rid`ir ndg quencly rinafgezi thi praoliks eg sunh d rig`iregf. Jerstly, thi “ds kdgy ds ( hasae)‛ egnlu`is dll thi ilint. Et es, thirijari, ugginissdry jar Rdul ta kigteag thi ilint Miws dfdeg eg d sipdrdti phrdsi wetheg virsi 4:. ^inag`ly, jar Rdul ta kigteag thi oileivegf Miws ds d sipdrdti ndtifary aj ilint piapli eg hes oigi`enteag waul` kidg thdt hi hds vealdti` hes awg ruli eg virsi 49.
9?
Hig`rencsig, Ixpaseteag aj Fdldtedgs, ?0:-?06.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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Eg hes nakkigtdry ag Fdldtedgs :=4:, Vethiregftag nagnlu`is weth thisi aosirvdteags= “Jegdlly, ej E dk refht thdt Rdul `estegfueshis oitwiig thi Kasden Ldw dg` thi Ldw aj Fa` gaw ixprissi` eg dg` ds thi ldw aj Nhrest, wi kust ixpint d trdgsjir aj thi tirk Esrdil ta Miw dg` Figteli ugeti` eg Nhrest. Ds Viekd sdys et “es `ejjenult ta oileivi . . . thdt eg d littir whiri Rdul hds oiig oridcegf `awg thi `estegnteags thdt sipdrdti Miwesh dg` Figteli Nhrestedgs dg` strissegf thi iqudlety aj oath fraups, thdt hi ds eg dthi nlasegffraup waul`wetheg fevi d pidni oigi`enteag d``rissi` ta oileivegf Miws sipdrdti thi nhurnh‛ kunh liss ta gag-Nhrestedg Miws whak hi gawhiri ridlly `esnussis eg thes littir.‛9> Leciwesi, Jugf nagnurs weth Vethiregftag―s nakkigts= “Phi veiw thdt v. 4: rijirs ta, rispintevily, “thi Figtelis wha oileivi thi faspil dg` thi Miwesh Nhrestedgs wha rinafgezi thi ugekpartdgni aj nernukneseag‛ jdnis thi aominteag thdt “whaivir‛ ( hasae) waul` gdturdlly egnlu`i Miwesh ds will ds Figteli Nhrestedgs3 kariavir, pdrtenuldrly eg thi lefht aj v. 49, et es ekpraodoli thdt Rdul, weth hes nagnirg jar thi ugety aj thi nhurnh . . . , waul` hiri segfli aut Miwesh Nhrestedgs ds d sipdrdti fraup wetheg hes nhurnhis.‛90 Dlsa, ta egtirprit thi ixprisseag “Esrdil aj Fa`‛ ta kidg thi “dll Esrdil‛ aj _akdgs 44=?: nridtis sekeldr `ejjenulteis. Mahgsag d`kets thdt thes egtirpritdteag “tdcis thi tirk “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ ta rijir ta ithgen Esrdil out landtis thier olissegf eg thi juturi.‛99 Esrdiletis, ds will ds Figtelis, sdvi` eg thi pdst, prisigt dg` juturi nagstetuti thi ilint, dg` dri thirijari egnlu`i` eg thi “ds kdgy ds (hasae).‛ Jurthirkari, thiri es lettli praodoelety thdt Rdul waul` esaldti d fraup aj Miwesh ilint eg hes dpastalen oigi`enteag, thus nagtrd`entegf hes ruli istdoleshi` eg virsi 49. Eg hes ixifises aj virsi 4:, Jugf pirnievis thdt, “Rirhdps thi lidst ugsdtesjdntary veiw es ta suppasi thdt eg thi twa pdrts aj hes oigi`enteag Rdul es thegcegf jerst aj thasi aj hes rid`irs wha qudlejy
9>
Vethiregftag, Frdni Eg Fdldted, 09>, quategf M. D. @. Viekd, “Fdl. :=44-48= D Hirkigiutendl Ciy ta thi Fdldtedg Littir,‛ Ndlveg Phialafendl Maurgdl ?8 (455>)= 429. 90 Jugf, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, >42->44, quategf N. H. Regganc, Pruth ag Jeri= Phi Kissdfi aj Fdldtedgs (Frdg` _dpe`s, 456?), 85. 99 Mahgsag, “Rdul dg` ‘Phi Esrdil aj Fa`―= Dg Ixifitendl dg` Isnhdtalafendl Ndsi-^tu`y,‛ 45?.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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ug`ir thi hasae dg` pdssis jrak thiri ag ta thi giw Esrdil, thi giw piapli aj Fa` „ oath Miws dg` Figtelis oiegf egnlu`i` eg idnh egstdgni.‛9: Phi kast sdtesjdntary egtirpritdteag es, pirhdps, thdt “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ rijirs ta thi Nhurnh. Phes es thi sa-ndlli` dkelliggedl egtirpritdteag. Ds Nlawgiy hds stdti`, “Phi nhurnh es thi γδόϏ(ldas, ? Nar :=4:), thi trui Esrdil ds avir dfdegst Esrdil aj thi jlish (_ak 5=:, 6, ?0-?:3 nj. 4 Nar 42=483 4?=?)3 thi piapli aj thi giw navigdgt (? Nar >=>-48)3 thi sags aj Dordhdk (Fdl >=6)3 thi nernukneseag (Rhel >=>)3 thi nhel`rig aj thi hidvigly (Fdlaj0=?4->4)3 ga lagfir strdgfirs ar dleigs 96 jillaw netezigs weth Mirusdlik thi sdegts dg` thi hausihal` aj Fa` (Iph ?=4?, 45).‛out Phi dkelliggedl egtirpritdteag egvalvis ug`irstdg`egf thi Friic nagmugnteag cde eg thi ixplendtevi sigsi. Phi cde es tdcig ta oi ipixifitendl aj “ds kdgy ds wdlc dnnar`egf ta thes ruli.‛98 Phes egtirpritdteag sdtesjeis oath thi nagtixt dg` sygtdx aj Fdldtedgs :=4:. _. N. H. Ligsce d``s, “Rdul hds d spinedl, tillegf ridsag jar d``egf thes ixplendtevi dppaseteag. Et es d ldst olaw dt thi Mu`dezirs, hes jegdl treukph avir thik dg` thier nagtigteag. Ds kdgy ds shdll ciip eg legi weth thes ruli, thiy dg` thiy dlagi nagstetuti “thi Esrdil aj Fa`‛ jrak hignijarth, dll Mu`dezirs ta thi nagtrdry gatwethstdg`egf.‛95 Mahg Ndlveg, thi fridt rijarkir, nagnurs weth thes egtirpritdteag aj thi ixprisseag “Esrdil aj Fa`.‛ Eg hes nakkigtdry ag Rdul―s ipestli ta thi _akdgs, Ndlveg wretis= “Dg` sa dll Esrdil S_akdgs 44=?:d[ Kdgy ug`irstdg` thes aj thi Miwesh piapli, ds thaufh Rdul hd` sde`, thdt rilefeag waul` dfdeg oi ristari` dkagf thik ds oijari= out E ixtig` thi war` Esrdil ta dll thi piapli aj Fa`, dnnar`egf ta thes kidgegf - “Vhig thi Figtelis shdll naki eg, thi Miws dlsa shdll riturg jrak thier `ijinteag ta thi aoi`eigni aj jdeth3 dg` thus shdll oi nakpliti` thi sdlvdteag aj thi whali Esrdil aj Fa`, whenh kust oi fdthiri` jrak oath . . .‛ Phi sdki kdggir aj spidcegf wi jeg` eg 9:
Jugf, Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, >44. I`kug` Nlawgiy, “Pawdr` d Oeolendl @antregi aj thi Nhurnh,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >4, ga. 4 (45:8)= >6. 98 Lefhtjaat wretis, “Et Sthi ixprisseag “Esrdil aj Fa`‛[ stdg`s hiri gat jar thi jdethjul nagvirts jrak thi nernukneseag dlagi, out jar thi speretudl Esrdil figirdlly, thi whali oa`y aj oileivirs whithir Miw ar Figteli3 dg` thus νδὺ es ipixifiten, e.i. et egtra`unis thi sdki thegf ug`ir d giw dspint, ds eg Hio. 44=46, itn.‛ ^ii M. O. Lefhtjaat, ^t. Rdul's Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs (Lag`ag= Kdnkelldg, 485:), ??9. 95 Ligsce, Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt= Phi Egtirpritdteag aj ^t. Rdul―s Ipestlis ta thi Fdldtedgs, ta thi Iphisedgs, dg` ta thi Rheleppedgs, >?4. 96
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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Fdl. ve.4:. Phi Esrdil aj Fa` es whdt hi ndlls thi Nhurnh, fdthiri` dleci jrak Miws dg` Figtelis3 dg` hi sits thi piapli, thus nallinti` jrak thier `espirseag, eg appaseteag ta thi ndrgdl nhel`rig aj Dordhdk, wha hd` `ipdrti` jrak hes jdeth.‛:2 Eg aur oreij `esnaursi ag Rdul―s ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs, wi jurthir riegjarni thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt _ijarki` innlisealafy es, eg jdnt, Rdulegi innlisealafy. Phi Nhurnh es thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`, dg` es thi olissi` rinepeigt aj dll thi prakesis aj thi Giw Navigdgt. Dsdgy oileivirs whaugnernukneseag, jallaw thi ruli, out whenh stdtis thdt “giethir nernukneseag dvdelith thegf, gar d giw nridturi (Fdl. :=49),‛ wi ndg prdesi dg` thdgc Fa` jar egnlu`egf oath Miws dg` Figtelis eg Hes frdneaus ri`ikptevi pldg. Fa` `ais gat hdvi twa ri`ikptevi pldgs eg hestary, agi jar ithgen Esrdil, dg` agi jar thi Nhurnh. Phiri ndg oi ga sunh Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag ug`ir thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag, jar “thi Al` Pistdkigt prakesis dri ridlezi` eg thi d`vigt aj thi Kissedh dg` thi fdthiregf aj Kissedh―s piapli, thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`. Nhrest nakis ds Ekkdguil, thi Lar` aj thi navigdgt dg` thi ^ag aj thi navigdgt. Hi thus nakplitis oath thi prakesi` warc aj Fa` dg` thi riqueri` rispagsi aj hes piapli. Ds trui Fa` hi es thi Lar` wha hds naki3 ds trui kdg, hi es thi hid` aj thi navigdgt, thi giw dg` trui D`dk, Esrdil, Kasis, dg` @dve`. Dll prakesis dri nakpliti eg hek (? Nar 4=?2), jar eg hek `wills thi jullgiss aj thi fa`hid` eg oa`ely jark (Nal ?=5). Hi es thi Dkig (_iv >=40), thi Dlphd dg` thi Akifd (_iv ??=4>).‛:4
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Mahg Ndlveg, Nakkigtdreis ag thi Ipestli aj Rdul thi Dpastli ta thi _akdgs, i`. Higry Oivire`fi (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 4558), 0>6. :4 Nlawgiy, “Pawdr` d Oeolendl @antregi aj thi Nhurnh,‛ 05.
Fdldtedgs dg` Rdul―s Innlisealafy
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Nhdptir 0= Phi R rak esi` L dg` Esrdil dg` thi Rrakesi` Ldg` Phi ldg` prakesi` ta Esrdil dg` thi pdtredrnhs es `isnreoi` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt ds Fa`―s fejt ta hes navigdgt piapli (Fig. 4?=4, 63 4>=40-463 49=48-?43 46=4-83 @iut. 4=9-83 Rs. 00=4->). Phi ldg` aj Rdlistegi wds, eg jdnt, Fa`―s frdneaus fejt ta Dordhdk dg` hes `isnig`dgts, dg` ndrreis weth et d sdlvejen sefgejendgni.4 Halwir`d gatis thdt “thi prakesis aj sdlvdteag hdvi dg ugoridcdoli tei ta thi ldg`. Jrak thi ndll aj Dordhdk (Figises 4?) ta hes nagjlent weth Lat (Figises 4>), jrak Dordhdk―s nagnirg doaut dg hier (Figises 49) ta thi prakesi aj thi oerth aj Esddn (Figises 46), Fa` prakesis dfdeg dg` dfdeg ta fevi thi ldg` ta Dordhdk dg` hes `isnig`dgts. . . . Phi ldg` wds prakesi` dg` thes prakesi wds nagjerki` oy dg adth swarg oy Fa`.‛? @ispeti thi ldg` oiegf Fa`―s fejt ta Esrdil, et givir oilagfs ta Esrdil. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg` oilagfs ta Fa`. Eg ridlety, thi ldg` es givir dt Esrdil―s `espasdl. Et ndggat oi pirkdgigtly oaufht, sal`, ar fevig ta athirs. Livetenus ?9=?> stdtis nlidrly thdt, “Phi ldg` shdll gat oi sal` jar ivir= jar thi ldg` es kegi3 jar yi dri strdgfirs dg` samaurgirs weth ki.‛ Phi Esrdiletis dri givir awgirs, out samaurgirs aj thi ldg` eg Rdlistegi. Phi ldg` oilagfs ta thi Fa` aj thi navigdgt, dg` thi Esrdiletis dri agly tigdgts eg Hes ldg`. Rsdlk 68=90 rikeg`s us thdt thi ldg` es “Hes haly oar`ir‛ (GCMZ) dg` “hes haly ldg`‛ (GEZ). Halwir`d wretis= “Phi ldg` es jerst aj dll dg` dlwdys thi Lar`―s, gat Esrdil―s. Dkdzegfly, thi piapli Esrdil dri ndlli` “dleigs dg` tigdgts‛ eg thi Lar`―s ldg` segni thiy hdvi ga pirkdgigt tetli ta et dg` passiss et weth ga dosaluti lifdl refht ta et (Livetenus ?9=?>). Phus thi ldg` givir nidsis oiegf d fejt, ivig whig Esrdil passissis et.‛>
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Ds thi thialafy aj thi ldg` es taa vdst eg snapi ta `esnuss eg dgy `itdel eg d segfli nhdptir, thi rid`ir es d`vesi` ta rijir ta thi jallawegf oaacs jar kari eg-`ipth tridtkigt aj thes suomint= Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil3 _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw3 Rhelep Mahgstag dg` Ritir Vdlcir, i`s., Phi Ldg` aj Rrakesi (Lienistir, Igfldg`= Dpallas, ?222)3 ^ezir, Nhrestedg ]eagesk= _ad`-kdp ta Drkdfi``ag. ? Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 88-85. > Eoe`., 5?-5>. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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Jurthirkari, Esrdil―s annupdteag aj thi ldg` eg Rdlistegi es `ipig`igt ag thier jdeth eg Udhwih, dg` thi risultdgt aoi`eigni whenh jlaws aut jrak thes jdeth. @uregf thi wel`irgiss wdg`iregfs, Fa` wdrgi` thi Esrdiletis= “@ijeli gat yi yaursilvis eg dgy aj thisi thegfs= jar eg dll thisi thi gdteags dri `ijeli` whenh E ndst aut oijari yau= Dg` thi ldg` es `ijeli`= thirijari E `a veset thi egequety thiriaj upag et, dg` thi ldg` etsilj vaketith aut hir eghdoetdgts. Ui shdll thirijari ciip ky stdtutis dg` ky mu`fkigts, dg` shdll gatgar nakket dgy aj thdt thisisamaurgith doakegdteags3 giethir dgy aj gdteag, dgy strdgfir dkagf yau= (Jar dllyaur thisiawg doakegdteags hdvi thi kig aj thi ldg` `agi, whenh wiri oijari yau, dg` thi ldg` es `ijeli`3) Phdt thi ldg` spui gat yau aut dlsa, whig yi `ijeli et, ds et spui` aut thi gdteags thdt wiri oijari yau (Liv. 48=?0-?8).‛ Vhig Esrdil turgi` jrak thi ldw dg` nakkdg`kigts aj Fa`, Mirikedh wrati, “Dg` E oraufht yau egta d pligtejul naugtry, ta idt thi jruet thiriaj dg` thi faa`giss thiriaj3 out whig yi igtiri`, yi `ijeli` ky ldg`, dg` kd`i kegi hiretdfi dg doakegdteag‛ (Mir. ?=6). Phi Lar` Fa` Mihavdh, thraufh thi praphit Hasid, pragaugni` dg ekpig`egf mu`fkigt upag thi wdywdr`, dpastdti Esrdil, “Phiy shdll gat `will eg thi LA_@―^ ldg`3 out Iphrdek shdll riturg ta Ifypt, dg` thiy shdll idt ugnlidg thegfs eg Dssyred (Hasid 5=>).‛ Veth Esrdil―s nagtegudl ugjdethjulgiss ta Udhwih, thi Lar` aj thi navigdgt ivigtudlly rikavi` thi ldg` jrak Esrdil―s passisseag (Mir. 46=4-03 49=4>40). Veth thi nulkegdtegf riminteag aj thi Kissedh eg thi Faspils, dpastdti Esrdil nidsi` ta oi hiers aj thi idrthly Mirusdlik. Esrdil ndggat nldek passisseag aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg` dpdrt jrak jdeth eg thi Kissedh. _iminteag aj Nhrest Misus waul` agly kidg thi riminteag aj Esrdil oy Udhwih. Halwir`d aosirvis= “Ej Misus es Fa`―s oilavi` ^ag, thi agi wha riprisigts dg` tdcis thi pldni aj nhasig Esrdil, whdt es thi stdtus aj Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil1 Ej thi prakesis fevig ta Esrdil dri juljelli` eg Misus dg` ej eg Misus thi cegf`ak aj Fa` hds dppidri`, thi itirgdl cegf`ak prakesi` ta @dve` oy whenh Fa` rulis hes piapli Esrdil, whdt hdppigs ta thasi wha `a gat dnnipt thi tistekagy aj Misus1 Ej Misus es Ikkdguil, thi praphisei` prisigni aj Fa` weth hes piapli, whdt hdppigs ta thasi “hiers aj thi cegf`ak‛ wha `a gat dncgawli`fi thdt prisigni1 . . . Nagtegui` passisseag aj prakesis ndggat oi kdegtdegi` dpdrt jrak thi jdeth thdt Fa` fevis ta hes piapli.‛0 0
Eoe`., 9>-90, ikphdses kegi. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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Phi Ldg` aj Rdlistegi ds dg Ivirldstegf Rassisseag Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests ridsag thdt thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi, spinejei` oy ets fiafrdphendl oar`irs, wds fevig ta Dordhdk dg` hes sii` “jar dg ivirldstegf passisseag (Fig. 46=8).‛ Out thiy jdel ta ug`irstdg` thdt Fa` hds egtig`i` d oittir passisseag jar thi ilint. Phi sdegts dg` pdtredrnhs “`iseri d oittir naugtry, thdt es, dg hidvigly= whirijari Fa` es gat dshdki` ta oi ndlli` thier Fa`= jar hi hdth pripdri` jar thik d nety (Hio. 44=4:).‛ Phdt “nety‛ es gat dg idrthly Mirusdlik ar d peini aj ldg` eg thi Ke``li Idst3 et es d hidvigly nety, thi Giw Mirusdlik (_iv. ?4=?). Eg thi Giw Pistdkigt, Fa` hds ixpdg`i` thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi ta egnlu`i oath Miws dg` Figtelis ug`ir thi Giw Navigdgt, dg` thi eghiretdgni ta egnlu`i thi giw hidvigs dg` thi giw idrth. @uregf thi ^irkag ag thi Kaugt, Misus tdufht, “Olissi` dri thi kiic= jar thiy shdll eghiret thi idrth (Kdtt. 9=9).‛ Phi kiic shdll eghiret thi idrth, gat must thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi. Et es sefgejendgt thdt aur Lar` `e` gat rietirdti thi fiafrdphendl oaug`dreis aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg`. Phi `esnirgegf rid`ir well dlsa gateni thdt “thi oaug`dreis aj thi prakesi` ldg` wiri givir `ijegi` weth fiafrdphen prineseag. Zdreaus `isnrepteags wiri fevig dt vdreaus tekis dg` ug`ir vdryegf hestarendl nernukstdgnis.‛9 Ds wi shdll sii ldtir eg thes nhdptir, thi Rrakesi` Ldg` es d typalafendl riprisigtdteag aj d physendl ridlety prisigti` eg thi Giw Pistdkigt3 et paegts tawdr`s thi eghiretdgni aj thi ilint, gdkily, thi rigiwi` nridteag dg` thi hidvigly nety aj Mirusdlik. Phi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi wds ugnag`eteagdl eg thi sigsi thdt, “wheli igmaykigt aj thi prakesi` ldg` wds `igei` ta thasi wha ldnci` jdeth dg` wiri `esaoi`eigt, thi oihdveaur aj thdt agi figirdteag `e` gat risult eg thi gullejendteag aj thi prakesi. _dthir, ‘thi prakesi nagtegui` ivig thaufh passisseag aj thi ldg` wds `ijirri`.―‛:
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Eoe`., 85. Dlsa nj. Figises 49=46jj.3 Ixa`us ?>=>4jj.3 Gukoirs >0=4-423 @iutiragaky 44=?03 Mashud 4=?-0. : Rdul _. Velledksag, “Rrakesi dg` Juljelkigt= Phi Pirretaredl Eghiretdgni,‛ eg Phi Ldg` aj Rrakesi (Lienistir, Igfldg`= Dpallas, ?222), ?>-?0, quategf Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 85. Rdssdfis thdt siik ta ikphdsezi thi ugnag`eteagdl gdturi aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi dri Figises 4?=63 4>=49, 463 49=6, 48-?43 ?8=4>, 493 >9=4?3 Ixa`us >=8, 463 :=8. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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Ag thi athir hdg`, wi kust gat efgari thi nag`eteagdl gdturi aj Fa`―s ldg` prakesi ta Esrdil, whenh es rietirdti` eg thi Oeoli. 6 Agly thi jdethjul dg` aoi`eigt Esrdiletis waul` eghiret thi ldg`. Ekki`edtily djtir thi rioilleag aj thi Miws ag hidregf thi riparts aj thi twilvi speis, Fa` pragaugni` Hes vir`ent upag thi `esaoi`eigt gdteag= “Uaur ndrndsis shdll jdll eg thes wel`irgiss3 dg` dll thdt wiri gukoiri` aj yau, dnnar`egf ta yaur whali gukoir, jrak twigty yidrs al` dg` upwdr`, whenh hdvi kurkuri` dfdegst ki, @auotliss yi shdll gat naki egta thi ldg`, E swdrithi ta sag kdci thirieg, Ndlio thiyi sag ajnagnirgegf Miphuggih,whenh dg` Mashud aj yau Gug.`will Out yaur lettlisdvi agis, whenh sde` shaul` oi d priy, thik well E oregf eg, dg` thiy shdll cgaw thi ldg` whenh yi hdvi `ispesi`. Out ds jar yau, yaur ndrndsis, thiy shdll jdll eg thes wel`irgiss (Gukoirs 40=?5->?).‛ Et es aoveaus thdt Fa`―s navigdgt es gat ugnag`eteagdl eg thi sigsi thdt dg dpastdti gdteag well nagtegui ta nldek thi refht aj eghiretdgni ta Fa`―s prakesi. @esaoi`eigt Esrdiletis well gat eghiret thi Rrakesi` Ldg`. Djtir thi Esrdiletis wiri `ileviri` jrak thi ldg` aj Ifypt, Kasis pranldeki`, “Jidr yi gat, stdg` stell, dg` sii thi sdlvdteag aj thi LA_@, whenh hi well shiw ta yau ta `dy= jar thi Ifyptedgs whak yi hdvi siig ta `dy, yi shdll sii thik dfdeg ga kari jar ivir (Ixa`. 40=4>).‛ Out agly jarty yidrs ldtir, whig Kasis d``rissi` thi nhel`rig aj Esrdil, hi wdrgi` thi Miws aj thi nagsiquignis aj `esaoi`eigni, “Dg` thi LA_@ shdll oregf thii egta Ifypt dfdeg weth sheps, oy thi wdy whiriaj E spdci ugta thii, Phau shdlt sii et ga kari dfdeg= dg` thiri yi shdll oi sal` ugta yaur igikeis jar oag`kig dg` oag`wakig, dg` ga kdg shdll ouy yau (@iut. ?8=:8).‛ Phirijari, djtir pragaugnegf thdt thi Esrdiletis well dppdrigtly sii thi Ifyptedgs “ga kari jar ivir (Ixa`. 40=4>),‛ Kasis dssuri` thik thdt thiy waul` oi oraufht “egta Ifypt dfdeg weth sheps (@iut. ?8=:8)‛ ej thiy jdeli` ta ciip Fa`―s navigdgt riquerikigts. Phi praphit Mirikedh, leciwesi, rietirdti` thi nag`eteagdl gdturi aj Fa`―s prakesi ta Esrdil= “A hausi aj Esrdil, ndggat E `a weth yau ds thes pattir1 sdeth thi LA_@. Oihal`, ds thi nldy es eg thi pattir―s hdg`, sa dri yi eg kegi hdg`, A hausi aj Esrdil. Dt whdt egstdgt E shdll spidc nagnirgegf d gdteag, dg` nagnirgegf d cegf`ak, ta plunc up, dg` ta pull `awg, dg` ta `istray et3 Ej thdt gdteag, dfdegst whak E hdvi pragaugni`, turg jrak thier ivel, E well ripigt aj thi 6
Nj. Ixa`us ?2=4?3 ?>=?>->>3 >0=?03 Liv. 48=>, ?0-?63 @iutiragaky 0=4-9, 023 9=>>3 :=483 8=43 44=8jj.3 4:=?23 48=5-403 45=8-53 ?4=?>3 ?0=03 ?9=493 >2=4:3 >?=06. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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ivel thdt E thaufht ta `a ugta thik. Dg` dt whdt egstdgt E shdll spidc nagnirgegf d gdteag, dg` nagnirgegf d cegf`ak, ta ouel` dg` ta pldgt et3 Ej et `a ivel eg ky sefht, thdt et aoiy gat ky vaeni, thig E well ripigt aj thi faa`, whiriweth E sde` E waul` oigijet thik (Mirikedh 48=:-42).‛ Eg thi sdki kdggir, thi dppdrigtly ugnag`eteagdl prakesi aj olissegfs ta thi hausi aj Ile wds jarjieti` thraufh `esaoi`eigni (4 ^dk. ?=>2->?). Phirijari, “nursis aj ixeli dg` `istrunteag leci thdt whenh jill ag ^a`ak dg` Fakarrdh well jdll ag Esrdil ej et vealdtisdg` thinagteguaus nakkdg`kigts dg` jarsdcis thi well navigdgt ajEsrdil thi Lar`3 olissegfs praspirety passisseag aj thi ldg` jdll ag ej et ciips thi aj 8 nakkdg`kigts dg` wdlcs eg thi Lar`―s wdys (@iutiragaky ?6-?5).‛ Vethaut jurthir rijirigni ta athir pdrts aj ^nrepturi, thi prasden kidgegf aj thi phrdsi “ivirldstegf passisseag (Fig. 46=8),‛ whenh rijirs ta thi ldg` eg Rdlistegi prakesi` ta Dordhdk, dppidrs ta paegt tawdr` dg ugnag`eteagdl passisseag. Out d pirusdl aj sekeldr, siikegfly ugnag`eteagdl, prakesis kigteagi` eg thi Oeoli well shaw athirwesi. Phi war` “jarivir‛ kust gat oi egtirpriti` dpdrt jrak thi athir stdtikigts kd`i eg nagginteag ta thi ldg` prakesi ta Esrdil. Et es dppdrigt thdt ga prakesi well oi juljelli` ta d `ijedgt dg` rioilleaus piapli. Nagnirgegf thi war`s “jarivir‛ dg` “ivirldstegf‛, Lardegi Oaittgir ilune`dtis, “Out thi sdki thegf Sthdt es, thi war`s “jarivir‛ dg` “ivirldstegf‛[ es sde` aj thi pirpitudl `urdteag aj thi preisthaa` aj Ddrag (Ix. 02=49), thi Rdssavir (Ix. 4?=40), thi ^doodth (Ix.>4=46) dg` @dve`―s thragi (? ^dkuil 6=4>, 4:, ?0). Out eg thi lefht aj thi Giw Pistdkigt dll aj thasi thegfs hdvi pdssi` dwdy.‛5 Jar ixdkpli, thi hefh preist aj thi Nhurnh es gat aj thi ar`ir aj Ddrag, out aj thi ar`ir aj Kilnhesi`in. Hi es gagi athir thdg aur Lar` Misus Nhrest (Hio. 6=44). Nlidrly, thi “ivirldstegf‛ eg Ixa`us 02=49 `ais gat kidg ugtel “itirgety juturi.‛ Phi garkdl, prasden rid`egf aj d sigtigni `ais gat dlwdys nagviy thi `evegi, dutharedl egtigt. ^nrepturi kust dlwdys oi stu`ei` eg thi lefht aj thi athir parteags aj ^nrepturi. Phes es thi _ijarki`, hirkigiutendl pregnepli aj thi dgdlafy aj jdeth. Eg hes paliken dfdegst Nhrestedg ]eagesk, ^tiphig ^ezir rdesis sekeldr nretenesks dfdegst thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi. Hi wretis= “Phi stdtikigt Fa` kd`i ta Dordhdk thdt thi ldg` waul` oi “dg ivirldstegf passisseag‛ es gat ginissdrely ug`irstaa` eg letirdl tirks. Egsestegf ag letirdl juljellkigt es d `auoli-i`fi` swar`. Eg 4 Nhragenlis 49=?, jar ixdkpli, @dve` egsests thdt thi Livetis waul` ndrry thi drc aj thi 8 5
Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 5?. Oaittgir, “D Rastkelliggedl _ispagsi,‛ 58. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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Lar` dg` kegestir oijari Hek jarivir. Vds thes juljelli` letirdlly ag idrth ar jefurdtevily eg Nhrest1 Eg 4 Nhragenlis ?>=4> Fa` sekeldrly prakesis thdt thi Ddragen preisthaa` waul` nagtegui “jarivir‛. Phi sdki quisteag kdy oi dsci`, es thes oiegf juljelli` letirdlly gaw ag idrth ar jefurdtevily eg Nhrest1 Eg ? Nhragenlis >>=6 Fa` sdys thdt hi hds put hes gdki eg thi tikpli eg Mirusdlik jarivir. Es thdt oiegf juljelli` letirdlly gaw ag idrth ar jefurdtevily eg Nhrest dg` thi Nhurnh1 Eg 4 Nhragenlis ?>=?9, Fa` prakesis thdt Hi hds naki ta `will eg Mirusdlik jarivir. Es thdt oiegf juljelli` letirdlly ag idrth arprakesis jefurdtevily dg` thi Nhurnh1 Leciwesi eg ? ^dkuilgaw 6=4?-4:, Fa` thdtegd Nhrest `isnig`igt aj @dve` well set ag hes thragi jarivir. Es thdt oiegf juljelli` letirdlly ag idrth ar jefurdtevily eg Nhrest1‛42 Phi dgswirs ta ^ezir―s rhitarendl quisteags dri aoveaus ta dgy _ijarki` thialafedg. Ds Vellik ZdgFikirig hds dptly dgswiri`, “thi Kissedh es thi juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken dg` @dve`en navigdgts, dg` ds sunh hes warc ignakpdssis thi ridlezdteag aj dll aj Fa`―s prakesis.‛44
Dg Ivirldstegf ar d Rirea`en Rassisseag1 @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs jeg` thi juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesiavir eg thi idrthly kelliggeuk, whigta Esrdil ruli dg` ixirnesi saviriefgty thijuturi Rrakesi` Ldg`. Out dnnar`egf thes well `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj juljellkigt, thi “ivirldstegf passisseag‛ (Fig. 46=8) aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg` waul` kidg d tikpardl passisseag aj Rdlistegi `uregf thi isnhdtalafendl kelliggeuk dt oist. Nagse`iregf thi 62 yidrs aj Odoylagedg ndptevety, dg` dlkast twa kelligged segni thi `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik eg D.@. 62 ugtel thi jarkdteag aj thi prisigt stdti aj Esrdil, thi 4222 yidrs aj kelliggedl riefg waul` odrily kdci up hdlj thi teki whig Esrdil wds `espassissi` aj thi ldg` eg Rdlistegi. Ds dg dgdlafy, ej E wiri ta purnhdsi d jrii-hal` prapirty eg ^egfdpari, dg` wds `espassissi` aj thi prapirty jar hdlj thi teki, waul` thdt oi lifdlly rifdr`i` ds dg “ivirldstegf passisseag1‛ Jar thi purpasi aj aur prisigt `esnusseag, lit us oreijly nagse`ir thi Gadnhedg navigdgt Fa` kd`i weth thi pdtredrnh Gadh eg Figises 5= “Dg` Fa` spdci ugta Gadh, dg` ta hes sags weth hek, sdyegf, Dg` E, oihal`, E istdolesh ky navigdgt weth yau, dg` weth yaur sii` djtir yau3 42
^ezir, Dg Dltirgdtevi Phialafy aj thi Haly Ldg`. Vellik ZdgFikirig, “Esrdil ds thi Hirkigiutendl Nrux eg thi Egtirpritdteag aj Rraphiny EE,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 0:, ga. ? (4580)= ?59. 44
Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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Dg` weth iviry levegf nridturi thdt es weth yau, aj thi jawl, aj thi ndttli, dg` aj iviry oidst aj thi idrth weth yau3 jrak dll thdt fa aut aj thi drc, ta iviry oidst aj thi idrth. Dg` E well istdolesh ky navigdgt weth yau3 giethir shdll dll jlish oi nut ajj dgy kari oy thi wdtirs aj d jlaa`3 giethir shdll thiri dgy kari oi d jlaa` ta `istray thi idrth. . . . Dg` thi oaw shdll oi eg thi nlau`3 dg` E well laac upag et, thdt E kdy rikikoir thi ivirldstegf navigdgt oitwiig Fa` dg` iviry levegf nridturi aj dll jlish thdt es upag thi idrth. Dg` Fa` sde` ugta Gadh, Phes es thi tacig aj thi navigdgt, whenh E hdvi istdoleshi` 5=8-44, 4:-46).‛ oitwiig ki dg` dll jlish thdt es upag thi idrth (Figises Eg thes navigdgt weth Gadh, Fa` `inldri` thdt hi well givir `istray thi Idrth dfdeg weth d ugevirsdl jlaa`. Figises 5=4: ixplenetly stdtis thdt et es dg “ivirldstegf navigdgt oitwiig Fa` dg` iviry levegf nridturi aj dll jlish thdt es upag thi idrth.‛ Ej Fa` wiri ta pastpagi thi Gadnhedg navigdgt jar twa kelligged, dg` `istrayi` thi warl` d jiw kari tekis weth ugevirsdl jlaa`s, naul` Hi stell nldek thdt et wds dg “ivirldstegf navigdgt1‛ Out thes es ixdntly whdt @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri prapaug`egf= thdt thi “ivirldstegf‛ navigdgt weth Dordhdk es `ildyi` ar pastpagi` jar dt lidst twa kelligged. Phi Dordhdken navigdgt well jeg` ets juljellkigt whig gdteagdl Esrdil passissis thi Rrakesi` Ldg` eg thi isnhdtalafendl kelliggeuk. Eg thi kidgteki, Fa` es gat `idlegf weth Esrdil, out weth thi Nhurnh. Fa` hds tikpardrely suspig`i` Hes isnhdtalafendl teki nlanc jar Esrdil, dg` Hes “ivirldstegf‛ navigdgt weth Dordhdk. Hi well, givirthiliss, igsuri thdt Hes ldg` prakesi ta Dordhdk well oi juljelli` eg thi juturi, idrthly, kelliggedl ruli. Vhdt @espigsdteagdlests dri dntudlly `aegf es jarnegf dg eg`ijegeti teki fdp ndlli` thi “Nhurnh Dfi‛ egta thi ivirldstegf gdturi aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt. Phiy dri egtirpritegf thi letirdl kidgegf aj thi war` “ivirldstegf‛ ta kidg “pastpagi`‛ ar “`ildyi`.‛ Phi Hioriw war` jar “ivirldstegf‛ es usi` sivirdl tekis eg thi Al` Pistdkigt. Jar ixdkpli eg Figises 4>=49, eg thi nagtixt aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt, thi war` es trdgsldti` ta “jar ivir.‛ “Jar dll thi ldg` whenh thau siist, ta thii well E fevi et, dg` ta thy sii` jar ivir (Fig. 4>=49).‛ Dfdeg eg Figises 46=6-8, thi sdki war` es trdgsldti` “jar dg ivirldstegf‛ tweni. “Dg` E well istdolesh ky navigdgt oitwiig ki dg` thii dg` thy sii` djtir thii eg thier figirdteags jar dg ivirldstegf navigdgt, ta oi d Fa` ugta thii, dg` ta thy sii` djtir thii. Dg` E well fevi ugta thii, dg` ta thy sii` djtir thii, thi ldg` whirieg thau drt d strdgfir, dll thi ldg` aj Ndgddg, jar dg ivirldstegf passisseag3 dg` E well oi thier Fa` (Fig. 46=6-8).‛ Phi e`id aj pastpagikigt ndggat oi `irevi` jrak thi Hioriw war` jar “ivirldstegf.‛ Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, wha ikphdsezi thi sa-ndlli` “nagsestigtly Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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letirdl‛ hirkigiutens, shaul` egtirprit thi Hioriw war` “ivirldstegf‛ ta kidg ixdntly thdt= ivirldstegf, jarivir dg` agfaegf. Phi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi ndggat oi pastpagi` jar dlkast twa kelligged, dg` yit oi ivirldstegf eg dgy sigsi. Leciwesi, thi Gadnhedg navigdgt ndggat oi pastpagi` jar dgy pirea` aj teki wethaut jarjietegf thi ivirldstegf gdturi aj thi prakesi. Eg`ii`, whig Fa` kd`i thi Dordhdken prakesi ta Esrdil, et wds egtig`i` ta oi nag`eteagdl eg d sigsi. Phdt es, Esrdil well passiss thi ldg` ds lagf ds shi nhaasis ta hal` et ar ugtelkd`i nirtdeg nag`eteags Jrak thiiethir _ijarki` pirspintevi, dll thi prakesis ta Esrdil eg thidri Al`nhdgfi`. Pistdkigt wiri juljelli` eg Nhrest dg` Hes Nhurnh, ar wiri jarjieti` thraufh `esaoi`eigni. Phi olissegfs aj thi navigdgt wiri gat pastpagi` ar `ildyi`. D`dks aosirvis thdt aoi`eigni thraufh jdeth eg thi Kissedh es riqueri` ta oregf doaut gdteagdl olissegf jar Esrdil= “Phig thi gdteagdlesten navigdgt weth Esrdil wds nag`eteagdl. Phi piapli nakketti` thiksilvis, “Dll thdt thi Lar` hds spacig wi well `a!‛ (Ix. 45=8). Aoi`eigni waul` oregf gdteagdlesten olissegf3 `esaoi`eigni waul` oregf d nursi (@iut. ?8). Eg thes sigsi, “thi Ldw es gat aj jdeth3 ag thi nagtrdry, hi wha prdntenis thik shdll levi oy thik‛ (Fdl. >=4?). Olissegf ds d gdteag naul` oi ixpireigni` agly oy laydlty ta thi navigdgt, ds wds sekeldrly trui aj suziriefg/vdssdl tridteis aj thi Ke``li Idst.‛4? @ispeti thi weth`rdwdl aj Fa`―s navigdgt olissegf, dg` thi ixeli aj Esrdil ta Dssyred dg` Odoylag, Fa`―s jdethjulgiss ta Hes navigdgt es ive`igt eg thi praphineis aj Mirikedh (Mir. >2->?). “Jar, la, thi `dys naki, sdeth thi LA_@, thdt E well oregf dfdeg thi ndptevety aj ky piapli Esrdil dg` Mu`dh, sdeth thi LA_@= dg` E well ndusi thik ta riturg ta thi ldg` thdt E fdvi ta thier jdthirs, dg` thiy shdll passiss et (Mir. >2=>).‛ Nagnirgegf thi Rrakesi` Ldg` ds Fa`―s frdneaus fejt ta Esrdil, Halwir`d wretis, “Ivig whig Esrdil jdeli` dg` last thi ldg`, thi prakesi aj passisseag `e` gat nidsi. Phi prakesi thdt thi ldg` well oi passissi` es errivandoli. Out ej passisseag es ta oi kdegtdegi`, Fa`―s piapli kust oinaki haly ds Fa` es haly.‛4> Phus, Esrdil―s riturg jrak ixeli wds stell nag`eteagi` oy ets ripigtdgni dg` riturg ta Fa`. Kasis pranldeki` ta thi Esrdiletis=
4? 4>
D`dks, “Phi Giw Navigdgt aj Mirikedh >4=>4->6,‛ 88. Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 59. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
62
“Dg` et shdll naki ta pdss, whig dll thisi thegfs dri naki upag thii, thi olissegf dg` thi nursi, whenh E hdvi sit oijari thii, dg` thau shdlt ndll thik ta keg` dkagf dll thi gdteags, whethir thi LA_@ thy Fa` hdth `revig thii, Dg` shdlt riturg ugta thi LA_@ thy Fa`, dg` shdlt aoiy hes vaeni dnnar`egf ta dll thdt E nakkdg` thii thes `dy, thau dg` thy nhel`rig, weth dll thegi hidrt, dg` weth dll thy saul3 Phdt thig thi LA_@ thy Fa` well turg thy ndptevety, dg` hdvi nakpdsseag upag thii, dg` well riturg dg` fdthir thii jrak dll thi gdteags, whethir thi LA_@ thy Fa` hdth sndttiri` thii. Ej dgy oi `revig aut ugta thii, thi autkast pdrts aj hidvig, well aj thithegi LA_@ thy Fa` fdthir dg` jrak thigni well hijrak jitnhthigni thii= Dg` thi LA_@ thy Fa` well oregf thii egta thi ldg` whenh thy jdthirs passissi`, dg` thau shdlt passiss et3 dg` hi well `a thii faa`, dg` kulteply thii doavi thy jdthirs (@iutiragaky >2=4-9).‛ Et es aoveaus thdt thi Rrakesi` Ldg` wds givir kidgt ta oi dg ugnag`eteagdl olissegf ta d `esaoi`eigt gdteag. Jdeth, ripigtdgni, dg` suosiquigt aoi`eigni ta Fa`―s nakkdg`kigts wiri nrunedl jar Esrdil―s ristardteag. Et es gatdoli thdt agly d rikgdgt aj Esrdil, dg` gat thi igteri gdteag, wds ivigtudlly oraufht odnc ta thi ldg` eg Rdlistegi. “Phi rikgdgt shdll riturg, ivig thi rikgdgt aj Mdnao, ugta thi kefhty Fa`. Jar thaufh thy piapli Esrdil oi ds thi sdg` aj thi sid, yit d rikgdgt aj thik shdll riturg= thi nagsukpteag `inrii` shdll avirjlaw weth refhtiausgiss (Esd. 42=?4-??).‛ Fa` hds givir prakesi` ta sdvi idnh dg` iviry Esrdileti3 agly d rikgdgt wds oraufht odnc ta thi Rrakesi` Ldg`. Leciwesi, eg thi Giw Pistdkigt, thi dpastli Rdul tills us thdt, “Ivig sa thig dt thes prisigt teki dlsa thiri es d rikgdgt dnnar`egf ta thi ilinteag aj frdni (_ak. 44=9).‛ Fa`―s navigdgt jdethjulgiss ta Esrdil es `ikagstrdti` oy thi jdnt thdt d rikgdgt jrak iviry figirdteag aj Miws es ri`iiki` eg Nhrest Misus. Fa` hds, eg`ii`, gat jarsdcig thi Esrdiletis. Hi es ri`iikegf ugta Heksilj d piapli jrak iviry treoi dg` tagfui, Miws egnlu`i`. Ivig eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, ristardteag aj Esrdil ta ets Rrakesi` Ldg` ndggat oi dnnakpleshi` dpdrt jrak d navigdgt rildteagshep weth Udhwih. Eg rildteag ta thi Giw Navigdgt `espigsdteag, gawhiri `ais thi Al` Pistdkigt igveseag dg ugnag`eteagdl, fia-paletendl rinagstetuteag aj Esrdil ds d gdteag. Jrak d Giw Navigdgt pirspintevi, thi rinafgeteag dg` dnniptdgni aj Misus ds thi Kissedh es thi ginissdry nag`eteag aj riturg ta thi Rrakesi` Ldg`. Phi ldg` eg Rdlistegi ndggat, thirijari, oi nldeki` oy thasi wha rimint thi Kissedh ds ^dvear dg` Lar`.
Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
64
Phi Al` Pistdkigt pdtredrnhs wiri sdvi` oy jdeth (Hio. 44), gat oy figidlafy ar thi oealafendl eghiretdgni aj Miwesh figis. Agly oy laacegf jarwdr` ta thi prakesi` Kissedh dg` oy jdeth eg Hes `ilevirdgni wiri thi Al` Pistdkigt sdegts mustejei`. Halwir`d wretis nagnirgegf thi `eseghiretdgni aj gdteagdl Esrdil= “Mu`fkigt jdlls ag thasi wha `a gat oileivi. Ivig thaufh, ds thi Al` Pistdkigt piapli aj Fa`, Esrdil passissi` thi kystireis aj thi cegf`ak eg thi ldw dg` thi praphits,ajthiy `e` gat ug`irstdg` thi kystireis. Phiy hd` d `ejjirigt ug`irstdg`egf thi cegf`ak aj Fa`, d cegf`ak aj paletendl kefht dg` pawir `ijidtegf thi igikeis aj Esrdil dg` avirwhilkegf thi jarnis aj ivel, dg`, ds d risult, thiy `e` gat oileivi thdt thi cegf`ak aj Fa` hds drrevi` eg thi pirsag dg` kegestry aj Misus. Nagsiquigtly, thier prevelifi` paseteag ds thi hiers aj thi cegf`ak waul` oi tdcig jrak thik= “Jar ta thasi wha hdvi, kari well oi fevig, dg` thiy well hdvi dg doug`dgni3 out jrak thasi wha hdvi gathegf, ivig whdt thiy hdvi well oi tdcig dwdy‛ (Kdtthiw 4>=4?).‛40 Phi ldg` es givir prakesi` ta thi Esrdiletis ugnag`eteagdlly. Dpdrt jrak sdvegf jdeth eg thi prakesi` Kissedh, thi Giw @dve`, Esrdil ds dg ugoileivegf gdteag ndg hdvi ga pdrt eg thi giw, hidvigly Mirusdlik (Hio. 4?=??).
Phi Ldg` Vds Rassissi` oy Esrdil Dnnar`egf ta thi Al` Pistdkigt Eg thi oaac aj Mashud, Fa` dssuri` Mashud thdt Hi waul` `ilevir thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi egta thi hdg`s aj thi Esrdiletis, “Oi stragf dg` aj d faa` naurdfi= jar ugta thes piapli shdlt thau `eve`i jar dg eghiretdgni thi ldg`, whenh E swdri ugta thier jdthirs ta fevi thik (Mash. 4=:).‛ Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt, segni Esrdil hds givir letirdlly ar fiafrdphendlly annupei` thi Rrakesi` Ldg` jrak thi Geli ta thi Iuphrdtis, thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi hds yit ta oi juljelli` letirdlly. Out thes ug`irstdg`egf efgaris thi tistekagy aj thi Al` Pistdkigt wretirs, dg` thier ug`irstdg`egf aj thi ldg` prakesi. ^ekeldrly, dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk, Esrdil hds yit ta annupy thi Rrakesi` Ldg` odsi` ag fiafrdphendl dg` hestarendl ive`igni. Out thes oifs thi quisteag= ^haul` d Nhrestedg―s ug`irstdg`egf aj ^nrepturi oi odsi` upag jdlleoli sneigni, fiafrdphy dg` hestary, ar shaul` hes egtirpritdteag rist upag thi egtirgdl ive`igni aj ^nrepturi dlagi1
40
Eoe`., 99. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
6?
Dlthaufh thi sinuldr hestaredg ar drnhdialafest kefht drfui dfdegst thi gateag thdt thi Esrdiletis `e` ixirnesi fia-paletendl saviriefgty avir dll aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg`, thi Al` Pistdkigt prave`is us weth dg egjdlleoli rinar` aj thes ldg` passisseag= “^a Mashud taac thi whali ldg`, dnnar`egf ta dll thdt thi LA_@ sde` ugta Kasis3 dg` Mashud fdvi et jar dg eghiretdgni ugta Esrdil dnnar`egf ta thier `eveseags oy thier treois. Dg` thi ldg` risti` jrak wdr (Mash. 44=?>).‛ Dfdeg, thi ^nrepturi rinar`s, “Dg` thi LA_@ fdvi ugta Esrdil dll thi ldg` whenh hi swdri ta fevi ugta thier jdthirs3 dg` thiy passissi` et, dg` `wilt thirieg. Dg` thi LA_@ fdvi thik rist raug` doaut, dnnar`egf ta dll thdt hi swdri ugta thier jdthirs= dg` thiri staa` gat d kdg aj dll thier igikeis oijari thik3 thi LA_@ `ileviri` dll thier igikeis egta thier hdg`. Phiri jdeli` gat aufht aj dgy faa` thegf whenh thi LA_@ hd` spacig ugta thi hausi aj Esrdil3 dll ndki ta pdss. (Mash. ?4=0>-09).‛ ^nrepturi ikphdsezis thi jdnt thdt thi LA_@ Mihavdh fdvi ugta Esrdil “dll thi ldg`‛ whenh Hi prakesi` ta fevi ta thi pdtredrnhs, dg` gat must pdrt aj thi ldg`. Phi tixts aj Mashud 44=?> dg` ?4=0>-09 nagtrd`ent thi `espigsdteagdl ixpintdteag aj d yit juturi, letirdl juljellkigt aj thi ldg` prakesi= “Phiri jdeli` gat aufht aj dgy faa` thegf whenh thi LA_@ hd` spacig ugta thi hausi aj Esrdil3 dll ndki ta pdss (Mash. ?4=09).‛ Esrdil `e` passiss thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi dnnar`egf ta ^nrepturi3 dll thi prakesis aj Fa` `e` naki ta pdss (Mash. ?4=09). Phi ldg` wds fevig ta Esrdil ved Mashud―s nagquists. Dnnar`egf ta thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, et es `ejjenult, ej gat ekpasseoli, ta egtirprit “dll thi ldg`‛ ta kidg “saki aj thi ldg`.‛ Rirhdps agly thraufh thi usdfi aj nridtevi, ixifitendl dnraodtens ndg “dll‛ kidg “saki.‛ Phi Oaac aj Gihikedh, leciwesi, djjerks thi dntudl passisseag aj thi ldg` oy gdteagdl Esrdil. Eg Gihikedh 5=??-?0, thi Livetis nagjissi`= “Kariavir thau SUdhwih[ fdvist thik Sthi Esrdiletis[ cegf`aks dg` gdteags, dg` `e`st `eve`i thik egta nargirs= sa thiy passissi` thi ldg` aj ^ehag, dg` thi ldg` aj thi cegf aj Hishoag, dg` thi ldg` aj Af cegf aj Odshdg. Phier nhel`rig dlsa kulteplei`st thau ds thi stdrs aj hidvig, dg` oraufhtist thik egta thi ldg`, nagnirgegf whenh thau hd`st prakesi` ta thier jdthirs, thdt thiy shaul` fa eg ta passiss et. ^a thi nhel`rig wigt eg dg` passissi` thi ldg`, dg` thau suo`ui`st oijari thik thi eghdoetdgts aj Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
6>
thi ldg`, thi Ndgddgetis, dg` fdvist thik egta thier hdg`s, weth thier cegfs, dg` thi piapli aj thi ldg`, thdt thiy kefht `a weth thik ds thiy waul`.‛ Phi Oaac aj Gihikedh, tafithir weth thi Oaac aj Mashud, tistejy thdt Esrdil “passissi` thi ldg`,‛ dg` gat sekply d pdrt aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg`. @ispeti thi tikpardl annupdteag aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg`, thi Miws last passisseag aj et thraufh `esaoi`eigni. Phiri es ga oeolendl ive`igni thdt dg ugripigtdgt, jdethliss gdteag well ripassiss thi physendl, ldg` olissegfs aj Fa`. Phi rid`ir kefht oifeg ta dsc, “^haul` thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh ug`irstdg` thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi ds rijirregf ta d physendl, fiafrdphendlly leketi` peini aj ldg` eg Rdlistegi1‛ Jurthirkari, shaul` thi dntudl, ivirldstegf passisseag aj thes peini aj ldg` oi nagse`iri` ds thi juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt1 @ispeti Mashud―s sunnissjul nagquist aj thi ldg` aj Ndgddg, Esrdil―s tikpardl passisseag aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg` wds gat thi juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi. Velledksag ildoardtis= “Givirthiliss, wheli thi tirretaredl prakesi wds juljelli` eg thi nagquist aj Ndgddg, et wds agly pdrtedlly juljelli`, ar rdthir, thes wds agly thi jerst stdfi aj juljellkigt (Mash. 4>=4-?). Dlthaufh thi ldg` hd` oiig dllandti` ta thi vdreaus treois, Esrdileti nagtral aj thi tirretary wds stell leketi`. Ds lagf ds thiri wiri pancits aj risestdgni, thiri naul` oi ga pirkdgigt stdti aj rist. . . . Kariavir, ds ripidti`ly ikphdsezi` eg @iutiragaky, thi nagtegudl igmaykigt aj sunh rist wds `ipig`igt ag navigdgt laydlty (nj. @iut. 0=?9?8), wethaut whenh Esrdil―s ixpireigni aj thi ‘faa` dg` spdneaus ldg`― waul` oi shart-levi` (nj. Mash. ?>=4?-4>). Phus thi juljellkigt aj thi tirretaredl prakesi eg Mashud―s `dy jill shart, gat agly eg rildteag ta thi fiafrdphy, out dlsa „ dg` kari sefgejendgtly „ eg rispint ta thi e`ialafy aj thi prakesi` ldg`.‛49 Phi tikpardl passisseag aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt wds out d typalafendl dgtenepdteag aj thi juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi whenh hds yit ta naki. Phes juljellkigt es gat leketi` ta thi gdteag aj Esrdil, out dlsa egnlu`is thi Figteli gdteags, dg` well oi ugevirsdl eg snapi dg` `ekigseagdlety. Velledksag nagteguis= “Vheli thi prakesi aj ldg` wds nirtdegly juljelli` ta saki ixtigt eg thi pirea` naviri` oy Figises-Cegfs, et wds givir jully ridlezi`. _dthir, ets 49
Velledksag, “Rrakesi dg` Juljelkigt= Phi Pirretaredl Eghiretdgni,‛ ?>-?0, quategf Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, >2->4. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
60
juljellkigt eg thi gdteag Saj Esrdil[ wds out d prilekegdry stdfi dg` d sykoal aj ets nlekdnten juljellkigt. Et es gat surpresegf, thirijari, thdt athir Al` Pistdkigt wretirs shaul` igvesdfi d juturi dg` kari pirkdgigt juljellkigt aj thi tirretaredl prakesi „ agi thdt waul` ekpdnt gat must Esrdil, out dll thi gdteags aj thi idrth.‛4: Phirijari, eg ar`ir jar us ta ug`irstdg` thi e`ialafy oiheg` thi Rrakesi` Ldg`, wi kust jerst nagse`ir thi Giw Pistdkigt―s ixpintdteag aj thi juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi.
Phi Giw Pistdkigt Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Ldg` Rrakesi Phi ldg` aj Rdlistegi eg thi Al` Pistdkigt typejeis thi prakesi` rist aj thi ilint eg Nhrest. Must ds thi gdteag aj Esrdil laaci` jarwdr` ta hir ivirldstegf rist eg thi Rrakesi` Ldg`, whenh wds givir juljelli` `ui ta hir jdethlissgiss, thi ilint aj Fa` gaw jeg` rist eg thier ^dvear Misus Nhrest. Jdeth es, dg` dlwdys well oi, thi riquerikigt ta igtir Fa`―s rist. Ds Halwir`d ixpldegs= “Phi prakesi` rist, sykoalezi` oy thi ldg`, wds givir ridlly igmayi` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, dt lidst gat jar lagf. Phi rist mayjully pranldeki` oy Mashud oindki agly d tikpardry olissegf ldtir last. Phus wetheg thi hestary aj Esrdil eg thi Al`ajPistdkigt arefegdl annupdteag thiriqueri` ldg` oindki agly dg dgtenepdteag d rist stellthi ta oi igmayi`. Ds jdeth aj wds thig, sa Hioriws `inldris thdt gaw jdeth eg Nhrest es riqueri` ta igtir Fa`―s rist (Hioriws 0). Phes rist es gat dnheivdoli wetheg thi tirretaredl oaug`dreis aj dgy spinejen ldg` ag idrth oindusi et es d olissegf dssanedti` weth d hidvigly naugtry dg` nety, d ldg` dg` d nety whasi ouel`ir dg` kdcir es Fa` (Hioriws 44).‛46 Eg thi ^irkag ag thi Kaugt, Nhrest pranldeki`, “Olissi` dri thi paar eg speret= jar thiers es thi cegf`ak aj hidvig. Olissi` dri thiy thdt kaurg= jar thiy shdll oi nakjarti`. Olissi` dri thi kiic= jar thiy shdll eghiret thi idrth. (Kdtt. 9=>-9).‛ Aur Lar` prakesi` thi cegf`ak aj hidvig ta thi “paar eg speret‛ (Kdtt. 9=>, nj. Luci :=?2), dg` thi idrth ta thi “kiic‛ (Kdtt. 9=9). Nagnirgegf thi rinepeigts aj thisi hidvigly olissegfs, Oruiffikdgg dptly nakkigts= “Phi ldg` well oi fevig gat ta thi taufh prisukegf agis, out ta thi vulgirdoli agis weth ga refht ta ixpint et. Phi veordteags oifeg doaut thi “kiic‛ eghiretegf thi ldg`, gat thi stre`igt. Phes es d `esnirgkigt thdt Esrdil 4: 46
Eoe`., >?. Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 429. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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waul` ga `auot hdvi weshi` ta rimint. Phi warl` oileivis thdt stre`igny eghirets, out eg ets vulgirdoelety Esrdil lidrgs thdt thi kiic dg` gat thi stre`igt hdvi thi juturi.‛48 Jrak thi Giw Navigdgt pirspintevi, et es nlidr thdt Fa` hds prakesi` Hes navigdgt nhel`rig thi idrth ds dg eghiretdgni, dg` gat must d landlezi` peini aj ldg` eg Rdlistegi. Phi snapi aj thi eghiretdgni aj Fa`―s navigdgt piapli hds oiig ixpdg`i`, dg` eg`ii`, hds dnqueri` d ugevirsdl nhdrdntir. Misus ive`igtly dppleis thi Dordhdken navigdgt, egnlu`egf thi ldg`thi prakesi, ta thi(_iv. Nhurnh oy ixpdg`egf thi arefegdl prakesi aj Rdlistegi ta egnlu`i Giw Idrth ?4=4). Phi dpastli Ritir wretis, “Givirthiliss wi, dnnar`egf ta hes prakesi, laac jar giw hidvigs dg` d giw idrth, whirieg `willith refhtiausgiss (? Rit. >=4>).‛ Ritir `e` gat ixhart thi Giw Pistdkigt oileivirs ta dgtenepdti d pirea` aj rise`igny eg Mirusdlik ar Rdlistegi3 hi urfi` thik ta laac jar “d giw idrth,‛ whenh es pdrt aj thi ri`iiki` nridteag jallawegf thi Rdraused aj Nhrest. Leciwesi, Misus `e` gat leket thi ldg` eghiretdgni ta agly thi Miws, out ikphdsezi` thdt thi “kiic‛ shdll “eghiret thi idrth,‛ rifdr`liss aj gdteagdlety ar ithgenety. “Uit kdgy thialafedgs eg thi prisigt `dy nagtegui ta egtirprit thi prakesi aj thi ldg` eg thi al` navigdgt eg tirks aj ets shd`awy, typalafendl `ekigseags, rdthir thdg rinafgezegf thi fridtir snapi aj giw navigdgt juljellkigts.‛45 Ilsiwhiri, _aoirtsag wretis= “SPhi[ ldg`-passisseag dlwdys jetti` wetheg thi ndtifary aj shd`aws, typis dg` praphineis nhdrdntiresten aj thi al` navigdgt eg ets prisigtdteag aj ri`ikptevi truth. Must ds thi tdoirgdnli wds givir egtig`i` ta oi d sittli` etik eg thi pldg aj ri`ikpteag, out rdthir wds `isefgi` ta paegt ta Nhrest―s tdoirgdnlegf dkagf hes piapli (nj. Mahg 4=40), dg` must ds thi sdnrejenedl systik naul` givir dtagi jar segs, out naul` agly jarishd`aw thi ajjiregf aj thi sdnrejeni aj thi ^ag aj Fa` (Hio. 5=?>-?:), sa eg d sekeldr kdggir thi pdtredrnh Dordhdk rinievi` thi prakesi aj thi ldg` out givir ixpireigni` thi olissegf aj jull passisseag. Oy thes gag-passisseag, thi pdtredrnh lidrgi` ta laac jarwdr` ‘ta thi nety weth jaug`dteags, whasi drnhetint dg` ouel`ir es Fa`― (Hio. 44=42). Dordhdk dg` hes ekki`edti `isnig`dgts givir riturgi`
48
V. Oruiffikdgg, Phi Ldg` (Rheld`ilphed= Jartriss, 4566), >5, quati` eg Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 85, g. 6. 45 _aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, ?6. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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ta thi jdthirldg` whenh thiy hd` lijt, oindusi ‘thiy wiri lagfegf jar d oittir naugtry „ d hidvigly agi― (Hio. 44=49-4:).‛?2 Phi idrthly nety aj Mirusdlik es d typi whenh paegts tawdr`s thi dgte-typi= thi giw, hidvigly Mirusdlik (_iv. ?4=?). Ds wi hdvi siig eg thi priveaus nhdptir, thi idrthly nety aj Mirusdlik „ whenh es d sykoal aj Mu`desk - es eg oag`dfi ta thi ldw (Fdl. 0=?4->4). “Out thiri es dgathir Mirusdlik, d Mirusdlik thdt es doavi, jrak whenh thi igthragi` ^ag aj Fa` sig`s jarth hes ^peret. Dpdrt jrak thes Mirusdlik, gagi aj us ?4 ridlk aj Fa`―s ri`ikptevi warcegf, jar waul` hdvi d kathir oregf us0=?:).‛ egta thi shi es thi kathir aj ustadll (Fdl.
Phi idrthly Mirusdlik es ga lagfir thi nety aj prakesi3 et hds last dll ets sefgejendgni ds thi Haly Nety aj Fa`, thi nety aj Fa`―s navigdgt piapli. Must ds thi pdtredrnhs `iseri` d oittir, hidvigly nety (Hio. 44=4:), thi Nhurnh laacs jarwdr` ta dg isnhdtalafendl, hidvigly Mirusdlik. “Out Mirusdlik whenh es doavi es jrii, whenh es thi kathir aj us dll (Fdl. 0=?:).‛ Phirijari, dnnar`egf ta thi Giw Pistdkigt rinar`, “thi hestarendl `esaoi`eigni aj Miwesh Esrdil hds shdttiri` thi sdlvejen sefgejendgni aj hestarendl Mirusdlik.‛?? Phi prakesis dssanedti` weth thi nety aj Mirusdlik dri stell eg jarni ta`dy, out thi Giw Pistdkigt ixpldegs ta us thdt thisi prakesis ndg ga lagfir oi dssanedti` weth thes idrthly nety. Fa` hds gaw ouelt d hidvigly nety3 Hi hds ri`iiki` ugta Heksilj d piapli wha shdll eghiret thes Giw Mirusdlik oy jdeth ved thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag. Halwir`d ildoardtis= “Dg ug`irlyegf prikesi aj Giw Pistdkigt tidnhegf es thdt thi prakesis thdt agni wiri dttdnhi` ta thi idrthly Mirusdlik dri gaw dttdnhi` ta thi hidvigly dg` Giw Mirusdlik. Oileivirs eg Nhrest hdvi oiig oarg eg ]eag oindusi Mirusdlik es “aur kathir.‛ . . . Phi Giw Pistdkigt djjerks thdt oileivirs jrak iviry treoi dg` gdteag dri netezigs aj Mirusdlik dg` hiers aj ets prakesi` sdlvdteag. Mirusdlik hds oinaki d ugevirsdl nety dg`, ds sunh, d sykoal aj thi giw idrth. Phi juljellkigt aj thi prakesi aj ldg` es ug`ir wdy, dg` thi kiic well eghiret thi idrth.‛?> Phi Rsdlkest pranldeki` thdt “thi kiic shdll eghiret thi idrth3 dg` shdll `ilefht thiksilvis eg thi doug`dgni aj pidni. . . . Phi refhtiaus shdll eghiret thi ldg`, dg` ?2
A. Rdlkir _aoirtsag, “D Giw-Navigdgt Rirspintevi Ag thi Ldg`,‛ eg Phi Ldg` aj Rrakesi (Lienistir, Igfldg`= Dpallas, ?222), 4?9-4?:. ?4 Eoe`., 4>8. ?? Halwir`d, Misus dg` Esrdil, 425. ?> Eoe`., 442. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
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`will thirieg jar ivir (Rs. >6=44, ?5).‛ Nagsestigt weth thi _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi, aur Lar` Misus dppleis Rsdlk >6 ta thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh eg Hes ^irkag ag thi Kaugt. Misus es gat speretudlezegf dwdy Esrdil―s navigdgt prakesi whig Hi dppleis et ta thi Nhurnh. Hi es ixpdg`egf thi navigdgt ta egnlu`i Figtelis, dg` we`igegf Esrdil―s tirretaredl prakesi ta ignakpdss thi whali aj ri`iiki` idrth. Phi Dpastli Rdul, leciwesi, nakprihig`i` thi ldg` prakesi ta oi ugevirsdl eg snapi= hier aj thi warl`,ajwds “Jar thi prakesi, thdtldw, hi shaul` oi thithi gat(_ak. ta Dordhdk, hes sii`, thraufh thi out thraufh refhtiausgiss jdeth 0=4>3 ar ta ikphdses d``i`).‛ Fa`―s navigdgt weth Dordhdk, eg thi lefht aj thi Giw Navigdgt, hds ga fiafrdphendl oaug`dreis.
Misus dg` thi dpastli Rdul ug`auoti`ly egtirpriti` thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi ta oi ugevirsdl dg` naskalafendl eg ixtigt dg` `ekigseagdlety. Phes eghiretdgni wds gat ta oi frdgti` odsi` upag rdni ar gdteagdlety, out “thraufh thi refhtiausgiss aj jdeth‛ (_ak. 0=4>) eg thi Kissedh. Eg thi lefht aj Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag, wi ug`irstdg` thdt Dordhdk―s nhel`rig (Fdl. >=:-6) well gat agly eghiret thi ldg` eg Rdlistegi, out thi igteri naskas (_iv. ?4=4-?). Phi ldg` eg Rdlistegi sirvi` ds d typi aj thi trui eghiretdgni aj thi ilint, whenh es “d oittir naugtry, thdt es, dg hidvigly (Hio. 44=4:).‛ Phes ldg` aj prakesi es gat leketi` eg ets snapi, out egnlu`is thi rigiwi` Hidvig dg` Idrth. Phes es dlsa thi Rrakesi` Ldg` whenh thi pdtredrnhs hd` laaci` jarwdr` ta, whenh es ikordni` oy jdeth eg thi prakesi` Kissedh. Phi prakesis aj Fa` ta Dordhdk thus jeg` thier flareaus juljellkigt eg thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh= “Phi Giw Pistdkigt hds giethir jarfattig gar riminti` thi prakesi aj thi ldg`. Idrthly Mirusdlik hds oiig trdgsnig`i`, out thi prisigt landteag aj thi nety eg hidvig es veiwi` wetheg thi nagteguegf hestary aj ri`ikpteag, whenh well nulkegdti ag thi rigiwi` idrth. Phi hidvigly Mirusdlik well `isnig` ds thi giw Mirusdlik, out gat ugtel ets netezigs hdvi oiig fdthiri` jrak dkagf thi gdteags aj thi warl`. Mu`fegf jrak thes pirspintevi aj juljellkigt, agi kdy nagnlu`i thdt thi arefegdl ldg` aj Ndgddg dg` thi nety aj Mirusdlik wiri agly dg dgtenepdtary juljellkigt aj Fa`―s prakesi. Ds sunh thiy jugnteag eg ^nrepturi ds d sefg aj thi juturi ugevirsdl nety ag thi rigiwi` idrth, thi pldni whiri refhtiausgiss `wills.‛?0
?0
Eoe`., 444-44?. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
68
Higni, jrak thi Giw Navigdgt pirspintevi, thi ldg` prakesi hds dnqueri` d ugevirsdl snapi. Phi kiic shdll eghiret gat agly thi Giw Idrth, out well dlsa oi kd`i netezigs aj thi giw, hidvigly Mirusdlik.?9
Nagnluseag Vi hdvi siig eg nhdptir ? thdt thi prekdry prikesi aj `espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens es thi dssukpteag thdt d nagsestigt, letirdl rid`egf aj ^nrepturi well prave`i us weth ets egtig`i`, dutharedl kidgegf. Out thes pregnepli aj hirkigiutens es dppdrigtly egd`iqudti. Phi dssukpteag thdt d letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj Al` Pistdkigt praphiny es thi narrint ug`irstdg`egf ug`irkegis dg` efgaris haw Giw Pistdkigt wretirs egtirpriti` sekeldr pdssdfis aj thi Al` Pistdkigt. Jrak d Giw Navigdgt pirspintevi, thi ixifiti shaul` ikplay thi pregneplis aj egtirpritdteag lde` aut eg thi Giw Pistdkigt oy nakpdregf ^nrepturi weth ^nrepturi. Al` Pistdkigt praphineis ndggat oi nakplitily ug`irstaa` dpdrt jrak Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag. Jurthirkari, thi ixifiti shaul` gat egtirprit dll Al` Pistdkigt praphineis weth d nrdss, waa`ig letirdlesk. D kari sireaus olug`ir waul` oi ta ekpasi thi irragiaus, letirdl egtirpritdteag aj Al` Pistdkigt praphineis upag Giw Pistdkigt ^nrepturi.?: Veth prafrissevi rivildteag, Al` Pistdkigt typalafendl dg` shd`awy jarks oinaki lune` dg` nlidr eg thi Giw Pistdkigt. Eg hes dgdlyses aj Nhrestedg ]eagesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk, ^ezir dnnurdtily pirnievis thdt thi jug`dkigtdl irrar aj `espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens es ets jdeluri ta egtirprit Al` Navigdgt shd`aws weth thi lefht aj Giw Navigdgt ridlety. ^ezir ilune`dtis= “Nhrestedg ]eagesk Sdg` @espigsdteagdlesk[ irrs kast prajaug`ly oindusi et jdels ta dpprinedti thi rildteagshep oitwiig thi Al` dg` Giw Navigdgts dg` thi wdys eg whenh thi ldttir nakplitis, juljels dg` dgguls thi jarkir. Et es jug`dkigtdl thdt Nhrestedgs rid` thi ^nrepturis weth Nhrestedg iyis, dg` thdt thiy egtirprit thi Al` Navigdgt eg thi lefht aj thi Giw Navigdgt, gat thi athir wdy raug`. . . . Yg`ir thi Al` Navigdgt, rivildteag jrak Fa`
?9
Nurrigt dkelliggedl thegcegf hds ikphdsezi` thi idrthy gdturi aj thi nagsukkdtevi phdsi aj thi Cegf`ak. Jar ixdkpli, sii Dgthagy D. Haicikd―s oaac Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi. ?: ^ezir ixpldegs thdt “Nhrestedg ]eagesk es oarg aut aj thi nagventeag thdt Fa` hds d nagteguegf spinedl rildteagshep weth, dg` navigdgtdl purpasi jar, thi Miwesh piapli, dpdrt jrak thi nhurnh, dg` thdt thi Miwesh piapli hdvi d `evegi refht ta passiss thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi. Phes es odsi` ag d letirdl dg` juturest egtirpritdteag aj thi Oeoli dg` thi nagventeag thdt Al` Pistdkigt praphineis nagnirgegf thi Miwesh piapli dri oiegf juljelli` eg thi nagtikpardry ^tdti aj Esrdil.‛ ^ii ^ezir, Nhrestedg ]eagesk= _ad`-kdp ta Drkdfi``ag, ?2. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
65
ndki ajtig eg shd`aw, ekdfi, jark dg` praphiny. Eg thi Giw Navigdgt thdt rivildteag jeg`s ets nagsukkdteag eg ridlety, suostdgni dg` juljellkigt. Phi quisteag es gat whithir thi prakesis aj thi navigdgt dri ta oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly ar speretudlly ds @espigsdteagdlests leci ta striss. Et es egstid` d quisteag aj whithir thiy shaul` oi ug`irstaa` eg tirks aj Al` Navigdgt shd`aw ar eg tirks aj Giw Navigdgt ridlety. Phes es thi kast odsen hirkigiutendl dssukpteag whenh Nhrestedg ]eagests nagsestigtly jdel ta dncgawli`fi.‛?6 _imintegf thi @espigsdteagdlest―s tig`igneis aj rifrisseag ta Al` Pistdkigt typis dg` shd`aws, _ijarki` thialafedgs dgtenepdti dg eghiretdgni will oiyag` thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi. Eg thi lefht aj Giw Navigdgt ridlety, thi _ijarkirs laac jarwdr` ta d cegf`ak jdr kari flareaus thdg dgy Miwesh kagdrnhy eg thi ldg` aj Rdlistegi. Nagtrdry ta thi Mu`desten ixpintdteag aj d riistdoleshi` thragi aj @dve` ag idrth, thi Giw Pistdkigt siis thi juljellkigt aj thi @dve`en navigdgt weth Nhrest rulegf ag thi thragi aj @dve` dt thi refht hdg` aj thi Jdthir. Et es weth nagje`igni thdt Nhrestedgs ndg `inldri thdt, “wi hdvi sunh dg hefh preist, wha es sit ag thi refht hdg` aj thi thragi aj thi Kdmisty eg thi hidvigs (Hio. 8=4o).‛ Jar d Nhrestedg ta`dy, thi suomint aj Esrdilalafy ixtig`s oiyag` ets thialafendl rdkejendteags. D narrint pirspintevi aj Esrdil dg` ets ldg` prakesi hdvi jdr fridtir ekplendteags thdg saki kefht wdgt ta d`ket.?8 Nhrestedg ]eagests dg` thasi wha suppart thier thialafy aj Esrdil (e.i. Esrdilalafy) dri egd`virtigtly `erintegf Miwesh iyis ta laac dwdy jrak thi hidvigly ridleteis, dg` `awg tawdr`s thi physendl peini aj ldg` eg Rdlistegi. Egstid` aj fue`egf thi Esrdiletis ta laac dt thi jdr fridtir juljellkigt aj Al` Navigdgt prakesis eg Nhrest Misus dg` Hes Nhurnh, et es sd` thdt saki will-kidgegf Nhrestedgs dri eg jdnt kes`erintegf thi Miwesh piapli odnc ta Al` Pistdkigt shd`awy jarks dg` jefuris. ^urily, _ijarki` thialafedgs kust rimint sunh d ritrafrissevi egtirpritdteag aj Al` Pistdkigt praphiny. _aoirtsag aosirvis thdt, “Eg thi praniss aj ri`ikptevi hestary, d `rdkdten kavikigt hds tdcig pldni. Phi drigd aj ri`ikpteag hds shejti` jrak typi ta ridlety, jrak shd`aw ta suostdgni. Phi ldg` whenh agni wds thi spinejen pldni aj Fa`―s ri`ikptevi warc sirvi` will eg thi ridlk aj al` navigdgt jarks ds d penturi aj pdrd`esi last dg` prakesi`. Out eg thi ridlk aj giw navigdgt juljellkigts, thi ldg` hds ixpdg`i` ta ignakpdss thi whali warl`. Eg thes ?6
^ezir, Dg Dltirgdtevi Phialafy aj thi Haly Ldg`, ikphdses kegi. Jar thi prajaug` paletendl ekplendteags aj Nhrestedg ]eagesk, sii ^ezir, Nhrestedg ]eagesk= _ad`-kdp ta Drkdfi``ag, ?2:-?9>. ?8
Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
82
dfi aj juljellkigt, d ritrafrisseag ta thi leketi` jarks aj thi al` navigdgt kust oi giethir ixpinti` gar prakati`. _idlety kust gat fevi wdy ta shd`aw. Oy nldekegf thi al` navigdgt jark aj thi prakesi aj thi ldg`, thi Miws aj ta`dy kdy oi jarjietegf ets fridtir giw navigdgt juljellkigt. _dthir thdg pldyegf thi rali aj Mdnao ds hier dppdrigt ta thi ri`ikptevi prakesis kd`i ta Dordhdk thier jdthir, thiy naul` oi dssukegf thi rali aj Isdu oy sillegf thier oerthrefht jar d jlishly pat aj parre`fi (Fig. ?9=?5->03 nj. Hio. 4?=4:).‛?5 Phirijari, ej thi Miws dri ta nagtegui weth thier egsestigni aj d letirdl juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi, thi trdfi`y jar gdteagdl Esrdil ta`dy well oi thi jarjieturi aj thi olissegfs aj thi Giw Navigdgt jar d peini aj tikpardl, idrthly eghiretdgni.
?5
_aoirtsag, Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw, >2->4. Phi Rrakesi` Ldg`
84
Nhdptir 9= Phi R ritre oul dteag _dptu ri Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Rritreouldteag _dpturi Eg thi gixt jiw nhdptirs, wi shdll laac dt dgathir `antregdl rdkejendteag aj d strent Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag= thi pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary. Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ug`irstdg` thdt thi Nhurnh hds ga pdrt eg thi Fridt Preouldteag, oindusi et es d teki aj Mdnao―s trauoli. Ds thi Nhurnh dg` Esrdil dri `estegnt igteteis, thi praphiten nlanc jar Esrdil well stdrt tencegf dfdeg djtir thi Nhurnh es rdpturi` pritreouldteagdlly, thdt es, oijari thi Fridt Preouldteag. @agdl` Ndkpoill dfriis thdt “d rinafgeteag aj thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh supparts thi oileij thdt thi nhurnh well oi rikavi` jrak thi idrth oijari thi Preouldteag dt thi rdpturi, thi jerst phdsi aj Nhrest―s riturg. Phes es trui oindusi thi Preouldteag prekdrely nagnirgs Esrdil, . . . dlthaufh thes pirea` well sii thi wrdth aj Fa` pauri` aut ag thi igteri idrth, thi pirea` rildtis pdrtenuldrly ta Esrdil.‛4 Phi strent `enhataky oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh es pdrdkaugt ta thi igteri pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary. Ej thi Nhurnh es thi trui, speretudl Esrdil, thi igteri jaug`dteag jar thes thiary es `istrayi`. Vi hdvi siig eg thi priveaus nhdptirs thdt d `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj innlisealafy „ thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh „ es gat jaug`i` upag saug` hirkigiutens. Et jdels ta `a musteni ta thi Giw Pistdkigt ug`irstdg`egf aj whdt thi Nhurnh es. Phes innlisealafy, pdrtenuldrly thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, es jaug`dteagdl ta `espigsdteagdl thialafy. Eg thi ldtir nhdptirs aj thes oaac, wi shdll dlsa sii why d `espigsdteagdlest es prekdrely agi wha d`hiris ta thes strent Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh `estegnteag. Rritreouldteagesk es d `antregdl nagventeag aj kdgy Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi linturirs.? Dkagfst thik dri @r Mijjriy Chaa, @r Tuic ^udg Uiw dg` @r Rrdohu`ds Cashy.> Chaa, wha nlidrly d`vandtis pritreouldteagesk, wretis=
4
Ndkpoill, “Phi Nhurnh eg Fa`―s Rraphiten Rrafrdk,‛ 492. Ds `esnussi` eg nhdptir 4, `espigsdteagdl innlisealafy nagtrd`ents thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXZ, sinteags E, EE dg` EEE, ds will ds thi Oilfen Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, drtenli ?6. > Mdkis Alevir Ouswill, hawivir, “taac thi ke`-treouldteagdl veiw aj thi rdpturi aj thi nhurnh. Dnnar`egf ta hek thi “ldst trukp‛ aj 4 Nar 49=9? es ta oi e`igtejei` weth thi sivigth dg` ldst trukpit aj _iv 44=49. Phi Nhurnh Dfi (“thi tekis aj thi Figtelis,‛ Luci ?4=?0) ig`s dt thes kakigt.‛ ^ii Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 64>. Out thes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Nhurnh Dfi dlsa siis et ds issigtedlly d pdrigthises wetheg Fa`―s praphiten prafrdk jar Esrdil. ?
Phi Rri-Preouldteag _dpturi
8?
“Phi Oeoli tills us thdt thi warl` well oinaki egnridsegfly wenci` nulkegdtegf weth thi ivel ruli aj thi Dgtenhrest wha well sit heksilj up ds Fa`, dg` `ikdg` warshep jrak dll. @uregf thi sivig-yidr Preouldteag pirea`, hi well pirsinuti Esrdil. Phes sivig-yidr Preouldteag pirea` es ndlli` “thi teki aj Mdnao―s Prauoli‛ (Mir >2=6). Esrdil well sujjir `uregf thes pirea`. Et es “Mdnao―s‛ trauoli. Mdnao es Esrdil, gat thi Nhurnh. Phi Nhurnh well gat oi prisigt `uregf thes teki, out well oi rdpturi`, sgdtnhi` up eg d kenra-sinag` ta oi Fa` weth well Nhrest eg hidvig Phiss 0=4:-46). @uregf thes Preouldteag pirea`, paur aut Hes (4 wrdth upag thi ugoileivegf eghdoetdgts aj thi idrth. Et well ig` weth Nhrest riturgegf ta idrth weth Hes sdegts ta jefht thi Dgtenhrest dg` hes drkeis, `istrayegf dll aj thik dt thi odttli aj Drkdfi``ag (_iv 4:=4:, 45=44-?4).‛0 Eg dgathir pldni, @r Chaa rietirdtis thi sdki `antregi= “Phi rdpturi aj thi sdegts well annur oijari Fa` mu`fis thi warl` weth Hes wrdth `uregf thi 6-yidr Preouldteag pirea`. Phes `rid`jul pirea` es ndlli` “thi fridt `dy aj Hes wrdth‛ (_iv :=46, 44=48, 49=4, 6, 4:=4, 45, 45=49).‛9 Et kust oi ikphdsezi` thdt thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag es thi agly hirkigiutendl odses jar thi pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary. Phes thiary well egivetdoly ignaugtir praoliks whig thi rid`ir nagse`irs thi jdnt thdt gukiraus piapli, kdegly Miws, well oi sdvi` `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag. Phisi treouldteag sdegts dri aoveausly pdrt aj thi nhurnh aj Nhrest3 ivig Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs kust nagni`i thdt thisi sdegts dri ta oi sdvi` ved thi sdki faspil. Ej thi Nhurnh es ta oi rdpturi` prear ta thi teki aj Mdnao―s trauoli, why gat dlsa thi landl nhurnhis jaug`i` `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag1 Phirijari, ej treouldteag sdegts oilagf ta thi Nhurnh, thi prdntendl rdteagdli jar d pritreouldteag rdpturi „ thi `ilevirdgni aj thi Nhurnh jrak thi Fridt Preouldteag - es nakplitily `ikaleshi`. Phi pritreouldteag rdpturi es gat d paseteag ixplenetly tdufht eg thi ^nrepturis.: Agi ndggat drrevi dt thes veiw ugliss agi siis dg drtejenedl `enhataky oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. @r Mahg Vdlvaar`, drfudoly thi kast egjluigtedl dg` prakegigt `ijig`ir
0
Mijjriy Chaa, “Phrii Zeiws ag thi Kelliggeuk= Vhenh1,‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush 9, ga. ? (4555)= 64. 9 Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>>. : Jar dg egtra`unteag ta thi praoliks aj pritreouldteagesk, sii Oredg ^nhwirtliy, Es thi Rritreouldteag _dpturi Oeolendl1 Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//rijarki`aglegi.nak/veiw/rijarki`aglegi/rdpturi.htk3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. Rlidsi gati thdt ^nhwirtliy―s isnhdtalafendl paseteag es Rastkelliggedlesk.
Phi Rri-Preouldteag _dpturi
8>
aj thi pritreouldteag rdpturi paseteag, ndg`e`ly d`kets thdt thes `antregi es igterily egjirigtedl. Et rists squdrily upag thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk e.i. thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. Mahg Vdlvaar` ildoardtis= “Et es sdji ta sdy thdt pritreouldteagesk `ipig`s ag d pdrtenuldr `ijegeteag aj thi nhurnh. . . . Ej thi tirk nhurnh egnlu`is sdegts aj dll dfis, thig et es siljive`igt thdt nhurnh wellteki fa thraufh thiEj, Preouldteag, ds dll dfrii thdt thiri well oithi sdegts eg thes aj trauoli. hawivir, thi tirk nhurnh dppleis agly ta d nirtdeg oa`y aj sdegts, gdkily, thi sdegts aj thes prisigt `espigsdteag, thig thi passeoelety aj thi trdgsldteag aj thi nhurnh oijari thi Preouldteag es passeoli Ssen[ dg` ivig praodoli.‛6 Ivig ej wi frdneausly dllaw `espigsdteagdl innlisealafy ta oi d tigdoli paseteag (whenh dll Navigdgt thialafedgs oileivi ta oi nlidrly ugsnrepturdl), @r Vdlvaar` d`kets thdt thi pritreouldteag paseteag es agly passeoli, ar dt oist, praodoli. Out fevig thi irragiaus innlisealafy aj @espigsdteagdlesk, whiri, thig, es thi jaug`dteag jar d pritreouldteagdl rdpturi1 Vell thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dnnipt thi `espigsdteagdlest―s `ijegeteag aj thi tirk nhurnh e.i. thdt et “dppleis agly ta d nirtdeg oa`y aj sdegts, gdkily, thi sdegts aj thes prisigt `espigsdteag1‛ ^urily thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri gat tryegf ta egsegudti thdt Al` Pistdkigt sdegts dri gat pdrt aj thi nhurnh. @r Vdlvaar` ikphdsezis thi jdnt thdt “ej thi tirk nhurnh egnlu`is sdegts aj dll dfis, thig et es silj-ive`igt thdt thi nhurnh well fa thraufh thi Preouldteag.‛ Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, thirijari, kust nagse`ir whithir thi Nhurnh egnlu`is sdegts jrak dll dfis, thdt es, oath thi Al` Pistdkigt sdegts dg` thi Giw Pistdkigt sdegts. Ej thiy dnnipt thi _ijarki` tidnhegf aj thi Nhurnh ds nagsestegf aj sdegts jrak dll dfis, thig thiy kust sireausly rithegc thier paseteag ag pritreouldteagesk. Velledk Nax sukkdrezis thi _ijarki` paseteag ag innlisealafy= “Phi nhurnh ixesti` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt eg thi jark aj thi ilint rikgdgt wetheg gdteagdl Esrdil. Esrdil wds thi typi wheli thi Nhrestedg nhurnh es thi dgtetypi ar juljellkigt. Nhrest, oy `yegf ag thi nrass, tari `awg thi ke``li wdll aj pdrteteag, taac thi twa kig „ Esrdiletis dg` Figtelis „ dg` kd`i thi twa egta agi kdg thus nagstetutegf thi oa`y aj Nhrest. (Iph. ?=40-4:). Phaufh thi kystiry wds he``ig jrak thi Al` Pistdkigt praphits eg figirdl, et wds Fa`―s pldg dll dlagf ta egnlu`i Figteli oileivirs eg thi oa`y 6
Mahg Vdlvaar`, Phi _dpturi Tuisteag, riv. i`. (Frdg` _dpe`s= ]ag`irvdg, 4565), ?4-??.
Phi Rri-Preouldteag _dpturi
80
aj whenh thi oileivegf rikgdgt aj Esrdil wds thi hukdg jaug`dteag. (Iph. >=0-:).‛8 @espigsdteagdlests, thirijari, irr frdvily oy puttegf dsug`ir whdt Fa` hd` maegi` tafithir.
8
Velledk I. Nax, Dkelliggedlesk Pa`dy (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 45::), 9:. ^ii pp. >0-9: jar d nagnesi, yit supiro riouttdl aj @espigsdteagdl innlisealafy. Nax wds d jarkir @espigsdteagdlest wha suosiquigtly oindki dg Dkelliggedlest.
Phi Rri-Preouldteag _dpturi
89
Nhdptir := 4 P hiss dlag edgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` t hi _dpt ur i Egtra`unteag Gukiraus isnhdtalafendl jdnts ndg oi flidgi` jrak thi ipestlis aj Rdul ta thi Phissdlagedgs. Vi shdll oifeg oy laacegf dt d vetdl tixt eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>9=44. Veth rifdr` ta 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48, dll Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests well dfrii thdt et rijirs ta thi rdpturi aj thi Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh. Nakkigtegf ag 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=46, Mijjriy Chaa wretis= “Phi “levi‛ sdegts well oi rdpturi` saag djtir “`id`‛ sdegts hdvi oiig “ndufht up.‛ Haw saag1 Phi whali ivigt well hdppig “eg d kakigt, eg thi twegclegf aj dg iyi‛ (4 Nar. 49=9?). Et well dll oi avir eg d kenra-sinag`.‛4 _iv @r Mdnc ^eg, nurrigtly thi linturir eg Nhurnh Hestary dg` Rdstardl Kegestry aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, ixpldegs jurthir= “Phi sinag` nakegf aj Nhrest well oi eg twa phdsis - jerst thi _dpturi, thig thi ^inag` D`vigt. Phi _dpturi, kigteagi` eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48, es d spinedl ivigt whig thi Nhurnh well oi ndufht up egta hidvig. Dt thi _dpturi, Misus Nhrest well dppidr aut aj hidvig dg` thiri well oi d fridt shaut jallawi` oy thi vaeni aj dg drnhdgfil dg` thi trukpit aj Fa`. . . . Oath AP dg` GP sdegts well oi ndufht up egta thi nlau`s ta kiit Misus eg thi der (4 Phiss 0=4>-48). Phi _dpturi `ilevirs thi Nhurnh jrak thi wrdth ta naki (4 Phiss 4=42). ^a wi shaul` ixpint thi _dpturi ta prini`i thi pirea` aj wrdth eg thi treouldteag pirea` (Kdtt ?0=49, _iv :=46).‛? @ais 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48 ridlly tidnh d pritreouldteag rdpturi1 Vi shdll oifeg oy ixdkegegf thi essuis Rdul wds d``rissegf eg thes parteag aj ^nrepturi.
D Rraolik eg thi Phissdlagedg Nhurnh Eg thes Phissdlagedg pdssdfi, thi Dpastli wds ta `idlegf weth nirtdeg quisteags rdesi` yaugf nhurnh.Rdul Eg ar`ir ug`irstdg` thes pdssdfi oittir, et es oy thi 4
Mijjriy Chaa, 4 Phissdlagedgs= D Zirsi-oy-Zirsi Nakkigtdry(^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), ?4. Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi` eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/4%?2Phissdlagedgs.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 28 Dprel ?22:. ? Mdnc ^eg, “Phi Mu`fikigt ^idt aj Nhrest,‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush :, ga. ? (?222)= >4>->40.
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
8:
oigijenedl jar us ta dsc aursilvis, “Vhdt ixdntly wiri thi Phissdlagedgs warrei` doaut1‛ Jrak 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>, 48 dg` 9=44, et es ive`igt thdt Rdul wds nakjartegf thi Phissdlagedgs nagnirgegf thier lavi` agis wha hd` pdssi` dwdy. Phi suomint aj “nakjart‛ es gatenidoly thi lietkatej aj thes pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi. Rdul d`kageshi` thik ta “sarraw gat, ivig ds athirs whenh hdvi ga hapi (4 Phiss. 0=4>).‛ Vhy, thig, `e` thi Phissdlagedgs freivi ds ugoileivirs whig thier lavi` agis `ei`1 Vhdt ixdntly wds thi Dpastli Rdul tryegf ta nagviy ta thi Phissdlagedgs1 Et es thier kesug`irstdg`egf nagnirgegf thi risurrinteag aj oileivirs „ oath thi levegf dg` thi `id` „hd` thdtwragfly Rdul es thaufht dttikptegf narrint eg thes pdssdfi thi ipestli. Phi Phissdlagedgs thdttathi risurrinteag aj levegfaj oileivirs well prini`i (“privigt‛) thasi thdt dri “dsliip.‛ Rdul ikphdsezi` hes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi risurrinteag eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=40, “Jar ej wi oileivi thdt Misus `ei` dg` rasi dfdeg, ivig sa thik dlsa whenh sliip eg Misus well Fa` oregf weth hek.‛ Hi ridssuri` thi Phissdlagedgs thdt thi `id` eg Nhrest well gat oi lijt oiheg` eg thi frdvi whig Nhrest nakis dfdeg. Phasi thdt “sliip eg Misus‛ hdvi thi nagje`igni aj itirgdl leji weth thi Lar`. Rdul rietirdti` hes tidnhegfs eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=42, thdt “whithir wi wdci ar sliip, wi shaul` levi tafithir weth hek.‛ Et es aoveaus thdt thi Phissdlagedgs hd` `auots nagnirgegf thi risurrinteag aj thi `id` eg Nhrest. Out Rdul nakjarti` thi yaugf nhurnh thdt whithir oileivirs dri `id` ar dlevi, dll well dssuri`ly oi weth thi Lar` whig Hi riturgs dfdeg. Eg jdnt, “thi `id` eg Nhrest shdll resi jerst (4 Phiss. 0=4:o)‛3 thi levegf Nhrestedgs well gat “privigt‛ ar prini`i thasi thdt dri dsliip. Nakkigtegf ag 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=49, @. Kenhdil Kdrteg wretis= “Rdul stdti` ikphdtendlly thdt dt thi pdraused thi levegf “well nirtdegly gat prini`i thasi wha hdvi jdllig dsliip.‛ Phes kdy eg`endti thdt thi nhurnh jidri` thdt thi `id` waul` oi rdesi` dt saki teki djtir thi pdraused dg` sa kess thi flareis aj thdt `dy. Out et es jdr jrak nirtdeg thdt thes wds thi praolik eg thi nhurnh. Et siiks sdjir ta jeg` thi ikphdses eg Rdul―s war`s ag hes stdtikigt aj thi praolik eg v. 40 dg` hes nlekdnten stdtikigt eg v. 46. Eg thisi virsis thi ikphdses `ais gat siik ta jdll ag thi siquigni aj thi pdrtenepdteag aj thi levegf dg` thi `id` out ag thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt thi `id` well eg jdnt pdrtenepdti eg thi pdraused. Phes gii` gat kidg thdt Rdul priveausly hd` gat tdufht thes eg Phissdlagend. Phi praolik kdy will hdvi oiig thi `ejjenulty aj dpprapredtegf thi `antregi aj thi risurrinteag egta thi wdy thdt igdoli` thisi Figteli oileivirs ta kdgdfi thi trdukd aj `idth. Rdul wdgti` ta spdri oileivirs thi sarraw aj hapiliss lass sa nakkag ta
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
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thi pdfdg warl`. Hi `e` sa oy rietirdtegf truths eg trd`eteagdl ldgfudfi dg` dpplyegf thik ta ekki`edti gii`s.‛> Vheli thi risurrinteag aj thi `id` oileivirs dg` thi rdpturi aj levegf Nhrestedgs annur eg d `ijegeti siquigni, thisi ivigts dlsa annur “eg d kakigt, eg thi twegclegf aj dg iyi, dt thi ldst trukp= jar thi trukpit shdll saug`, dg` thi `id` shdll oi rdesi` egnarrupteoli, dg` wi shdll oi nhdgfi` (4 Nar. 49=9?).‛
Phi ^inrit ^eligt _dpturi Es et trui thdt thi nhurnh well oi rdpturi` sinritly dg` queitly1 Dnnar`egf ta Rritreouldteagests, thi Rdraused aj Nhrest ta rdpturi thi sdegts well oi dg egveseoli ivigt3 et es d nakegf thdt es nagnidli` jrak thi iyis aj ugoileivirs. 4Phissdlagedgs 0=4: tills us thdt “thi Lar` heksilj shdll `isnig` jrak hidvig weth d shaut, weth thi vaeni aj thi drnhdgfil, dg` weth thi trukp aj Fa`.‛ Phi war` “shaut‛ hiri, dnnar`egf ta thi Ighdgni` ^tragf―s Lixenag, kidgs “dg ar`ir, nakkdg`, spin. Sar spinedlly[ d stekuldtegf nry, iethir thdt oy whenh dgekdls dri rausi` dg` urfi` ag oy kdg, ds harsis oy nhdreatiirs, haug`s oy hugtirs, itn., ar thdt oy whenh d sefgdl es fevig ta kig, i.f. ta rawirs oy thi kdstir aj d shep, ta sal`eirs oy d nakkdg`ir (weth d lau` sukkags, d trukpit ndll).‛0
Liag Karres wretis, “E `a gat `auot thdt, ej hi sa nhasi, Fa` naul` kdci thi vaeni aj thi drnhdgfil, thi shaut, dg` thi trukpit du`eoli agly ta oileivirs. Out E viry fridtly `auot whithir thdt es whdt Rdul es sdyegf.‛9 Phi stu`igt aj thi Oeoli ndg nagsult dgy Friic lixenag dvdeldoli ag thi kdrcit, out hi well gat ignaugtir d `isnrepteag aj thes war` whenh ivig hegts dt d “seligt, egdu`eoli‛ shaut. Phi “shaut aj nakkdg`‛ fevig dt Nhrest―s Rdraused es egivetdoly dg du`eoli shaut. Phi `isnrepteag oy Rdul aj thi “vaeni aj thi drnhdgfil‛ dg` “thi trukp aj Fa`‛ d``s ta thi nagnluseag thdt Nhrest―s riturg es gat kidgt ta oi d sinrit, seligt ivigt. Ndg Rdul―s ldgfudfi oi dgy pldegir1
>
@. Kenhdil Kdrteg, 4, ? Phissdlagedgs= Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry(Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Orad`kdg Rriss, 4559), 405. 0 Ighdgni` ^tragf―s Lixenag (455:), s.v. “ΝΫγιωώμδ.‛ 9 Liag Karres, Phi Jerst dg` ^inag` Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4554), 409.
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
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Oeoli Rrisoytiredg snhaldrs dt Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi shaul` dll thi kari dnnipt thi pldeg, letirdl kidgegf aj thisi tirks. Pa oileivi eg d sinrit, pritreouldteag rdpturi es ta ug`irstdg` thdt 4Phissdlagedgs 4: spidcs aj dg egdu`eoli shaut, d kujjli` vaeni aj thi drnhdgfil, dg` d trukpit aj Fa` thdt kdcis ga gaesi. Ygliss hidvigly oiegfs sujjir jrak siviri oauts aj ldrygfetes, weth thi d``i` egnagvigeigni aj kinhdgendl kdljugnteags aj thi trukpit, haw ilsi ndg wi ixpldeg thi seligt “shaut,‛ “vaeni,‛ dg` “trukp1‛ Velledk Hig`rencsig aosirvis, “Jrak dll thes et oinakis doug`dgtly nlidr thdt thi Lar`―s nakegf well oi apig, puolen, gat agly veseoli out dlsa du`eoli. Phiri dri, eg`ii`, egtirpritirs, wha, eg veiw aj thi jdnt thdt thi Oeoli dt tekis ikplays jefurdtevi ldgfudfi, tdci thi paseteag thdt wi ndg cgaw gathegf doaut thisi isnhdtalafendl ivigts. Pa thik thisi prineaus pdrdfrdphs eg whenh thi Haly ^peret rividls thi juturi nagviy ga kidgegf dt dll. Out thes es dosur`. ^nrepturi wds wrettig ta oi ug`irstaa`, dg` whig et tills us thdt thi Lar` well `isnig` jrak hidvig weth d shaut, weth d vaeni aj dg drnhdgfil dg` d trukpit aj Fa`, et nirtdegly kust kidg dt lidst thes= thdt eg d``eteag ta thi shauti` nakkdg` aj aur Lar` (whenh kefht oi nakpdri` weth Mahg 44=0>) . . . d riviroirdtegf saug` well dntudlly pirvd`i thi ugevirsi.‛:
Kiitegf weth thi Lar` Rritreouldteagests nhdrdntirestendlly ug`irstdg` 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=46 ta kidg thdt `uregf thi sinrit rdpturi, oileivirs well oi ndufht up ta kiit thi Lar` eg thi der. Phi oileivirs well suosiquigtly riturg ta hidvig weth thi Lar`. “Phig wi whenh dri dlevi dg` rikdeg shdll oi ndufht up tafithir weth thik eg thi nlau`s, ta kiit thi Lar` eg thi der= dg` sa shdll wi ivir oi weth thi Lar` (4 Phiss. 0=46).‛ Et es egtiristegf ta nagse`ir thi Friic war` dpdgtises whenh es trdgsldti` ds “kiit‛ eg virsi 46. Phi Phialafendl @enteagdry aj thi Giw Pistdkigt nakkigts thdt “thi war` ἂςάλπζώεϏ (dlsa ὔςάλπζώεϏ, @F) es ta oi ug`irstaa` ds d tinh. Sar tinhgendl[ tirk jar d neven nustak aj dgtequety whirioy d puolen wilnaki wds dnnar`i` oy d nety ta ekpartdgt vesetars. ^ekeldrly, whig Nhrestedgs lidvi thi fdtis aj thi warl`, thiy well wilnaki Nhrest eg thi ἂΧτ, dnnldekegf Hek ds νϋτεαϏ.‛6
: Velledk Hig`rencsig, Ixpaseteag aj Phissdlagedgs, thi Rdstardls, dg` Hioriws= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, (4599) ?22?), 446. 6 Firhdr` Cettil & Firhdr` Jrei`renh, i`s., Phialafendl @enteagdry aj thi Giw Pistdkigt, val. 4, trdgs. Fiajjriy V. Orakeliy (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Iir`kdgs, 45:0), >82->84.
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
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Gateni thdt thes kiitegf (dpdgtises) es d nustakdry wilnaki whirioy netezigs aj thi nety isnart thi vesetars odnc egta thi nety etsilj. Eg thes nustak, thi netezigs `a gat dnnakpdgy thi vesetar ta hes hakitawg ar hes naugtry aj arefeg. Phi sdki Friic war` es usi` agly eg twa athir pdssdfis aj Giw Pistdkigt ^nrepturi. Eg Dnts ?8=49, thi pripaseteag dg` gaug ιεϏ δςδλπζώελ dri usi` ta `igati thdt thi orithrig wigt aut “ta kiit‛ Rdul. Eragendlly, `espigsdteagdlest ^tdgliy @. Paussdegt dfriis thdt thi gaug dpdgtĞseg eg Dnts ?8=49 rijirs ta thi nustakdry “kiitegf‛ aj dg ajjenedl ar `efgetdry faegf egta thi nety. @r Paussdegt wretis, “Phi Nhrestedgs dt _aki saag hidr` aj Rdul―s nakegf, sa thiy trdvili` ds jdr ds thi Jaruk aj Dppeus (d kdrcit tawg 0> kelis jrak _aki) dg` thi Phrii Pdvirgs (>> kelis jrak _aki) ta kiit hek dg` hes nakpdgeags. Phi gaug dpdgtĞseg, trdgsldti` ds dg egjegetevi “ta kiit,‛ wds usi` eg Friic letirdturi aj dg igtaurdfi nakegf aut aj d nety ta kiit dg ajjenedl faegf ta thi nety.‛8 Eg thi pdrdoli aj thi tig verfegs (Kdtt. ?9=4-4>), thi verfegs wiri wdetegf ta kiit thi ore`ifraak. Phiy wiri ta riturg weth hek ta thi kdrredfi jidst suosiquigtly. Kdtthiw ?9=4 dg` : usi thi sdki gaug dpdgtĞseg (δςδλπζώελ ). Et shaul` oi aoveaus ta thi rid`ir thdt thi verfegs wiri gat pldggegf ta riturg weth thi ore`ifraak ta whiri hi ndki jrak, out odnc ta thi kdrredfi jidst. Nagse`iregf thi usdfi aj thi Friic war` dpdgtises eg thi Giw Pistdkigt, “ta kiit‛ eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=46 waul` kidg ixdntly thi appaseti aj whdt thi Rritreouldteagests waul` wdgt et ta kidg. Oileivirs, `uregf thi rdpturi, waul` kiit thi Lar` eg thi der, dg` suosiquigtly isnart Hek odnc ta idrth. Phi nagsestigt usdfi dg` kidgegf aj thi war` dpdgtises eg thi Giw Pistdkigt waul`, dt thi viry lidst, oi ugsuppartevi aj thi pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary.
Phi Nlasi _ildteagshep oitwiig 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4-44 dg` 0=4>-48 Vi hdvi kigteagi` priveausly thdt dll Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests ug`irstdg` 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48 ta rijir ta thi sinrit rdpturi aj thi Giw Pistdkigt nhurnh. ar`ir ta Rdul `ijig` thi Rritreouldteag _dpturi Rrisoytiredgs kustEg egsest thdt oifegs weth d `ejjirigt suomintthiary, kdttirOeoli eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4jj. Eg jdnt, thi ugegsperi` nhdptir `eveseag hds riegjarni` thi 8 ^tdgliy @. Paussdegt, “Dnts‛ eg Phi Oeoli Cgawli`fi Nakkigtdry = Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi ^nrepturis oy @dllds ^ikegdry Jdnulty, i`s. Mahg J. Vdlvaar` dg` _ay O. ]unc (Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 458>), 0?5-0>2. @r Paussdegt wds dt thdt teki thi Nhderkdg dg` ^igear Rrajissar aj Oeoli Ixpaseteag dt @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry.
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
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irragiaus ekprisseag thdt Rdul―s `esnaursi rifdr`egf thi “@dy aj thi Lar`‛ eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4jj. es sakihaw sipdrdti` jrak thi ivigts `esnussi` eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48. Phi ekplendteag es thdt 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48 rijirs ta thi rdpturi (dlsa cgawg ds thi “@dy aj Nhrest‛ dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdl tirkegalafy), dg` 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4jj. `esnussis thi “@dy aj thi Lar`.‛ Rritreouldteagests hdvi figirdlly dfrii` thdt thi “nakegf aj thi Lar`‛ eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=49 dg` thi “@dy aj thi Lar`‛ eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=? dri twa sipdrdti ivigts. sinritaj rdpturi, dnnar`egf ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, well rikavi thi Nhurnh jrakPhi thi “@dy thi Lar`.‛ Kast `espigsdteagdlests ug`irstdg` thi “@dy aj thi Lar`‛ ta rijir ta ivigts oifeggegf weth thi Fridt Preouldteag dg` ig`egf weth thi juturi Kelliggeuk. @r Mahg Vdlvaar` `isnreois hes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi “@dy aj thi Lar`,‛ “Phi juturi Fridt Preouldteag es ndlli` “thi @dy aj thi Lar`‛, jar eg et Esrdil well ixpireigni dgfuesh dg` kaurgegf (Esd. ?=42-?43 Dkas 8=423 ]iph. 4=648). Phi Lar`―s dgfir well oi `ikagstrdti` eg “thi @dy aj thi Lar`‛ whig Nhrest riturgs dg` `istrays igiky gdteags (Esd. ?0=?4) „ egnlu`egf I`ak (Esd. >0=8-53 Aod`.) „ dt thi Odttli aj Drkdfi``ag (]inh. 40=4-9). Et well oi d teki aj `drcgiss (Esd. ?0=?>3 Dkas 9=48, ?23 8=5). “Phi @dy aj thi Lar`‛ dlsa egnlu`is thi olissegfs aj thi Kelliggeuk, ds siig eg ]inhdredh > dg` ]inhdredh 40, eg whenh Esrdil well oi ristari`, nlidgsi`, dg` nakjarti` (Esd. :4=?3 Dkas 5=443 Ken. 0=:-63 9=42-40).‛5 Mijjriy Chaa dfriis weth Vdlvaar` thdt “thi @dy aj thi Lar`‛ rijirs ta thi Fridt Preouldteag dg` thi kelliggedl riefg aj Nhrest ag idrth. Dnnar`egf ta @r Chaa, “Phi “`dy aj thi Lar`‛ rijirs ta thi whali pirea` aj ig`-teki wrdth upag ugoileivirs `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag aj 6 yidrs (Esd 4>=5-4>3 ]inh 40=49) whenh lid`s ta thi kelliggedl riefg aj Nhrest ag idrth (Esd 4?=4-:3 40=>3 ]inh 40=8-44) dg` ig`egf weth thi jegdl jeiry `istrunteag aj thes prisigt hidvig dg` idrth (? Rit >=42, _iv ?2=6-5).‛42 @e` Rdul oifeg weth d rd`endlly `ejjirigt suomint kdttir eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4jj.1 Es et narrint ta egtirprit thi “nakegf aj thi Lar`‛ eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=49 dg` thi “@dy aj thi Lar`‛ eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=? ds twa sipdrdti ivigts1 Ej, hawivir, thi “nakegf aj thi Lar`‛ dg` thi “@dy aj thi Lar`‛ `isnreoi thi sdki ivigt „ thdt es, thi Rdraused aj Nhrest „ thi Rritreouldteag _dpturi thiary es egivetdoly `istrayi`. 5
Vdlvaar`, Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dy―s Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny, 405-492. Chaa, 4 Phissdlagedgs, >?. Dlsa sii Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>>.
42
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
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^aki hdvi drfui` thdt thi “Out‛ eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4 `ikagstrdtis thi oifeggegf aj d giw suomint whenh es `ejjirigtedti` jrak thi Rdraused eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4948. Dlthaufh thi Friic pdrtenli naggintegf nhdptirs jaur dg` jevi ( ΰΫ) ekpleis d shejt eg thaufht, thiri es dg egtekdti rildteagshep oitwiig 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4-44 dg` 0=4>-48. _aoirt Fug`ry ixpldegs= “Phi usudl kidgegf aj thi Friic pdrtenli naggintegf nhdptirs jaur dg` jevi (ΰΫ) nagtdegs d kexturi aj d nagtegudtevi sigsi dg` d slefhtly d`virsdtevi sigsi. Eg athir war`s, thi pdrtenli ekpleis d shejt eg thaufht, out gat wethaut nlasi nagginteag weth thi jarifaegf thaufht. ^akitekis thi d`virsdtevi sigsi `raps aut dltafithir. Phirijari, et es wragf ta nldek thdt thi “Out‛ (“Gaw‛ eg GD^O) aj 9=4 pravis thi oifeggegf aj d giw thaufht eg jull nagtrdst ta dg` `ejjirigtedteag jrak thi Rdraused `isnreoi` eg 0=49-48. Gar `ais thi shejt jrak thi pragaug “wi‛ eg 0=4:jj. ta thi pragaug “thiy‛ eg 9=4jj. ekply d jull nagtrdst, jar Rdul usis thi pragaug “yau‛ eg 9=4-9d eg wretegf ta thi Nhrestedgs kari tekis thdg hi usis “wi‛ eg 0=40-48. Dg` eg 9=9o-44 hi dfdeg usis “wi,‛ kari tekis thdg eg 0=40-48. Higni, dg igteri shejt eg suomint kdttir es gat ta oi egjirri` jrak thi usdfi aj thi pragaugs. Phi dppidrdgni aj “thiy‛ eg nhdptir jevi es dnnaugti` jar oy thi oregfegf egta veiw aj thi wenci` dg` thier rildteagshep ta thi Rdraused. Hawivir, thi sdvi` dlsa 44 oidr d rildteagshep ta thdt `dy. Phirijari Rdul ritdegs thi “yau‛ dg` “wi.―‛
Phdt @dy shaul` gat Avirtdci thi Nhurnh Rritreouldteagests waul` hdvi us oileivi thdt thi Nhurnh well oi rdpturi` prear ta thi “@dy aj thi Lar`.‛ Phi praolik weth thes veiw oinakis ive`igt whig wi stu`y 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4jj. Rdul wretis, “Jar yaursilvis cgaw pirjintly thdt thi `dy aj thi Lar` sa nakith ds d theij eg thi gefht. Jar whig thiy shdll sdy, Ridni dg` sdjity3 thig su``ig `istrunteag nakith upag thik, ds trdvdel upag d wakdg weth nhel`3 dg` thiy shdll gat isndpi. Out yi, orithrig, dri gat eg `drcgiss, thdt thdt `dy shaul` avirtdci yau ds d theij. Ui dri dll thi nhel`rig aj lefht, dg` thi nhel`rig aj thi `dy= wi dri gat aj thi gefht, gar aj `drcgiss. Phirijari lit us gat sliip, ds `a athirs3 out lit us wdtnh dg` oi saoir (4 Phiss. 9=?-:).‛
44
_aoirt H. Fug`ry, Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag= D Oeolendl Ixdkegdteag aj RastPreouldteagesk (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 456>), 429. Phi rid`ir waul` oigijet fridtly jrak rid`egf Fug`ry―s `esnusseag aj “Phi @dy aj thi Lar`‛ eg nhdptir sex aj hes oaac.
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
5?
Rdul ixharts thi Phissdlagedgs ta “wdtnh dg` oi saoir.‛ Hi rikeg`s thi orithrig thdt, ugleci ugoileivirs wha dri eg `drcgiss, “thdt `dy‛ shaul` gat avirtdci thik ds d theij (virsi 0). “Phdt `dy‛ aoveausly rijirs ta thi “@dy aj thi Lar`‛ eg virsi ?. “Phdt `dy‛ whig “su``ig `istrunteag‛ dg` wrdth nakis upag thi wenci` es thi sdki `dy oileivirs aufht ta wdtnh jar dg` oi saoir. Ej Rdul es d Rritreouldteagest, thes pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi kdcis ga sigsi. Dnnar`egf ta @r Mijjriy Chaa, thi nhurnh well oi rdpturi` prear ta thi “@dy aj thi Lar`.‛ Phi Nhurnh egnlu`is thasi Phissdlagedg oileivirs Rdultawrati ta egaj 4 Phissdlagedgs. eg`ii`, thi Phissdlagedgs dri ta oi rdpturi` prear thi “@dy thi Lar`,‛ whyEj, waul` Rdul ixhart thik ta “wdtnh dg` oi saoir1‛ Dfdeg, ej thi Phissdlagedgs dri ta oi sinritly ndufht up weth thi Lar` `uregf thi Rritreouldteag rdpturi, why es et ginissdry jar Rdul ta rikeg` thi Phissdlagedgs thdt “thdt `dy‛ „ whenh es thi “@dy aj thi Lar`‛ „ shaul` gat avirtdci thik leci d theij1 Ej thi Rritreouldteag _dpturi thiary es trui, thi Phissdlagedg oileivirs well oi risurrinti` dg` fevig flarejei` oa`eis oijari thi “@dy aj thi Lar`.‛ ^urily thiri es ga gii` ta wdtnh dg` oi saoir, jar thiy well oi weth thi Lar` jarivir. Phiy well laasi thi doelety ta seg, dg` thier flarejendteag well oi jegdlly nakpliti`. E oileivi @r Chaa well nagnur weth ki thdt flarejei` sdegts dri eghirigtly saoir dg` wdtnhjul. Fiarfi Il`ag Ld`` ildoardtis jurthir= “Oileivirs dri ta “wdtnh‛ weth rijirigni ta thi `dy aj thi Lar`. Et well oi d `dy aj surpresi agly jar thi warl`3 Nhrestedg well oi pripdri` jar et, jar thiy well gat oi dsliip. Phi `dy aj thi Lar` well jar thi Nhurnh kidg sdlvdteag3 jar thi warl` et well kidg wrdth (vv. 8 dg` 5). Nirtdegly thes ldgfudfi suffists thdt thi `dy aj thi Lar` whasi nakegf Rdul wdrgs doaut eg nhdptir jevi es thi sdki ds thi pdraused aj Nhrest jar thi _dpturi dg` thi risurrinteag3 athirwesi thi ixhartdteag hds ga paegt. Ej thi _dpturi hds dlrid`y tdcig pldni oijari thi `dy aj thi Lar`, thig Rdul naul` gat sdy, “Out yi, orithrig, dri gat eg `drcgiss, thdt thdt `dy shaul` avirtdci yau ds d theij‛ (vs. 0), jar “thdt `dy,‛ thi `dy aj thi Lar`, well gat avirtdci oileivirs dt dll3 thiy well oi eg hidvig, rdpturi`. Dnnar`egf ta pritreouldteagesk, thiy `a gat gii` ta “wdtnh dg` oi saoir‛ jar thi `dy aj thi Lar` out jar thi `dy aj Nhrest3 out thes pdssdfi es nagnirgi` gat weth thi `dy aj Nhrest, out weth thi `dy aj thi Lar`. ^urily Rdul―s wdrgegf ta oileivirs ta oi pripdri` jar thi `dy aj thi Lar` kidgs thdt thiy well sii thdt `dy out well gat oi surpresi` dg` `eskdyi` oy et. Phi wdrgegf es
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
5>
wethaut paegt ugliss oileivirs dri ta sii thdt `dy3 dg` ej sa, thi `dy aj Nhrest dg` thi `dy aj thi Lar` dri sygagykaus.‛4?
4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 dg` thi _dpturi ^aki Rritreouldteagests hdvi drfui` thdt segni thi nhurnh es sdvi` jrak thi wrdth aj Fa`, dg` fevig thdt thi Fridt Preouldteag es thi wrdth aj Fa`, thi Nhurnh es dppdrigtly `ileviri` jrak thes Fridt Preouldteag. Rritreouldteagests rily hidvely upag thes drfukigt jar thier pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary. Ag jdni vdlui, thier ridsagegf siiks lafendl. Agi aj thi “praaj-tixts‛ usi` eg thier pdrdlafesk es 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5. Phes virsi sdys, “Jar Fa` hdth gat dppaegti` us ta wrdth, out ta aotdeg sdlvdteag oy aur Lar` Misus Nhrest (4 Phiss. 9=5).‛ Nakkigtegf ag thes virsi, @r Chaa wretis= “Phi Nhrestedg hds oiig spdri` jrak thi wrdth aj Fa` ta naki (nj. _iv :=46, 44=48, 49=4,4:). Et es gat thi Nhrestedg―s `uty gar `istegdteag ta jdni Fa`―s wrdth segni hi hds dlrid`y oiig sdvi` oy thi pirjint ri`ikptevi warc aj Nhrest (_ak 9=5). Et es ekpartdgt ta cgaw thdt thi tirks “wrdth‛ dg` “sdlvdteag‛ hiri dri appasetis. Phi virsi es nlidrly gat tdlcegf doaut d oath-dg`, out iethir-ar setudteag. Ej yau dri ug`ir wrdth, yau dri gat sdvi`, dg` ej yau dri sdvi`, yau dri gat ug`ir wrdth (Mahg >=>:). Phes nirtdegly 4>
drfuis dfdegst thi pasttreouldteagdl rdpturi veiw.‛ 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 nagtrdsts thi nagnipt aj “wrdth‛ dg` “sdlvdteag.‛ Et es trui thdt Fa` hds gat dppaegti` Nhrestedgs ta Hes wrdth, out thes `ais gat ixikpt thi Nhrestedg jrak thi wrdth aj kig, thi wrdth aj thi Dgtenhrest, dg` thi wrdth aj thi @ivel. Jurthirkari, thi “wrdth‛ kigteagi` eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 es nlidrly itirgdl wrdth, thdt es, itirgdl pir`eteag. Phes es supparti` oy thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5o `isnreois “sdlvdteag‛ jrak Fa`―s mu`fkigt, dg` gat sekply sdlvdteag jrak thi Fridt Preouldteag. 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 nagtrdsts itirgdl wrdth weth itirgdl sdlvdteag. ^urily @r Chaa kust ug`irstdg` thes, jar hi wretis= “Et es gat thi Nhrestedg―s `uty gar `istegdteag ta jdni Fa`―s wrdth segni hi hds dlrid`y oiig sdvi` oy thi pirjint ri`ikptevi warc aj Nhrest (_ak 9=5).‛40 Phes sdlvdteag “oy thi pirjint ri`ikptevi warc aj Nhrest‛ es itirgdl sdlvdteag, dg` nakpresis aj ilinteag, rifigirdteag, mustejendteag, sdgntejendteag dg` flarejendteag. Aoveausly, 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 es gat `isnreoegf thi sdlvdteag aj Nhrestedgs jrak thi Fridt Preouldteag. Pa ekpasi thi nagnipt aj d pritreouldteag rdpturi egta thi kidgegf aj 4 4? Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, Phi Olissi` Hapi= D Oeolendl ^tu`y aj thi ^inag` D`vigt dg` thi _dpturi (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 459:), 5>. 4> Chaa, 4 Phissdlagedgs, >6. 40 Eoe`.
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
50
Phissdlagedgs 9=5 es iesifises. @r Mijjriy Chaa hds yit ta ixpldeg why 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 “drfuis dfdegst thi pasttreouldteagdl rdpturi veiw.‛49 Ej, eg`ii`, thi ixifiti egsests thdt 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 `isnreois thi `ilevirdgni aj Nhrestedgs jrak thi Fridt Preouldteag, hi ndggat isndpi thi igtrdpkigt aj ivig kari gdffegf ixifitendl praoliks. Dnnar`egf ta 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5o, thi ridsag jar thi Nhrestedg―s `ilevirdgni es hes sdlvdteag eg Misus Nhrest. Et ndggat oi avirikphdsezi` thdt thi treouldteag sdegts dri leciwesi sdvi` oy thi ri`ikpteag aj Nhrest. Ej thi Nhurnh kust oi ixikpti` jrak ajthi Fa` eg thi Fridt Preouldteag dnnar`egf ta 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5d, haw ndgthi wiwrdth mustejy pritreouldteagest―s oileij thdt treouldteag sdegts dri lijt oiheg` ta sujjir thi wrdth aj Fa` `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag1 Es et gat trui thdt treouldteag sdegts dri dlsa ri`iiki` oy Nhrest―s dtagegf `idth1 Kust thi Nhurnh oi rdpturi` eg ar`ir jar hir ta oi pratinti` jrak thi Fridt Preouldteag1 Phi jdnt es= prisigni `ais gat ginissetdti pdrtenepdteag. Phi Nhurnh ndg oi ag idrth thraufhaut thi Fridt Preouldteag dg` yit oi `evegily pratinti` jrak Fa`―s wrdth. Esrdil wds eg Ifypt whig Fa` sigt thi tig pldfuis. Fa` `e` gat rdpturi Esrdil prear ta sig`egf Hes wrdth dfdegst thi Ifyptedgs. Esrdil wds `evegily pratinti` jrak Fa`―s wrdth `uregf thi igteri pirea`. Out thi pritreouldteagests waul` hdvi us oileivi thdt thi pritreouldteag rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh es d nirtdegty. Phi ridsag, whenh hds oiig ripidti` d` gdusidk, es thdt Fa` hds gat dppaegti` thi Nhrestedgs ta wrdth. E oileivi 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=5 es agi aj thi kast kesug`irstaa` virsis aj thi Oeoli, dg` et es praodoly `ui ta papuldr, `espigsdteagdl iesifises. Phi phrdsi - “Jar Fa` hdth gat dppaegti` us ta wrdth‛ - hds dlkast oinaki d kdgtrd. Phig lit thi pritreouldteagest dgswir why thi treouldteag sdegts dri lijt ag idrth jar thi “wrdth‛ aj Fa`. D pirtegigt quisteag jar thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs waul` oi, “Dri gat thi treouldteag sdegts dlsa pdrt aj thi Nhurnh1‛
^ukkdry ag 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 Phes pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi es kast nagsestigt weth d past-treouldteag rdpturi, gat pritreouldteagesk. Phi ldgfudfi dg` war`s aj 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48 `a gat suffist d seligt ar sinrit rdpturi, out d flareaus riturg aj aur Lar` whenh es veseoli dg` du`eoli ta dll thi eghdoetdgts aj thi idrth. Phi `esneplis aj Misus wiri tdufht thdt, “thes sdki Misus, whenh es tdcig up jrak yau egta hidvig, shdll sa naki eg leci kdggir ds yi hdvi siig hek fa egta hidvig (Dnts 4=44).‛ Ds aur Lar` dsnig`i` veseoly ta thi refht hdg` aj thi Jdthir, sa shdll Hi riturg d sinag` teki, jar “thi Lar`
49
Eoe`.
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
59
heksilj shdll `isnig` jrak hidvig weth d shaut, weth thi vaeni aj thi drnhdgfil, dg` weth thi trukp aj Fa` (4Phiss. 0=4:).‛ Phi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest es agi ugejei` siquigni aj ivigts. Phi rdpturi dg` thi ^inag` Nakegf dri gat sipdrdti` oy 6 yidrs aj thi Fridt Preouldteag. Nhrestedgs well oi rdpturi` whig Misus riturgs ta mu`fi thi levegf dg` thi `id`, “dg` hi shdll sit thi shiip ag hes refht hdg`, out thi fadts ag thi lijt (Kdtt. ?9=>>).‛ Phi Friic war` dpdgtises whenh es trdgsldti` ds “kiit‛ eg virsi 4 Phissdlagedgs 46 es nagsestigt weth thi past-treouldteagdl veiw= Nhrestedgs well oi ndufht up ta kiit Misus Nhrest, dg` well suosiquigtly riturg ta idrth weth Hek. @. Kenhdil Kdrteg ixpldegs thi `ejjenulteis egvalvi` eg rinagnelegf thes pdssdfi weth Rritreouldteagesk= “Vi kust gati thdt aur prisigt pdssdfi `ais gat siik ta prisigt thi ivigt `ipenti` eg vv. 4:„46 ds agi prini`egf dg` sipdrdti jrak thi pdraused, thi `dy aj thi Lar` (nj. 9=0„5). Jerst, eg v. 49 Rdul ixplenetly tirki` thi ivigt hi wds `isnreoegf thi “nakegf‛ (pdraused) aj thi Lar` dg` legci` thi sdki tirk weth jegdl mu`fkigt (? Phiss ?=83 nj. 4 Phiss ?=45). ^egni Rdul `e` gat pri`ent twa pdrauseds, thig thi agi ivigt kust ignakpdss oath thi fdthiregf aj thi nhurnh dg` jegdl mu`fkigt. ^inag`, v. 46 `ais gat riqueri thi rikavdl aj thi nhurnh jrak thi warl`. Et es eg jdnt apig-ig`i`, `isnreoegf gathegf oiyag` thi fdthiregf aj thi nhurnh athir thdg thi jdnt aj nagteguegf eg thi prisigni aj thi Lar`. Jegdlly, vv. 49„46 siik ta oi ndst eg ldgfudfi dg` ekdfis `ipentegf thi drrevdl aj d frdg` `efgetdry. Phi hirdl`s dggaugni hes nakegf. Phi nraw`s surfi aut aj thier nety ta kiit hek dg` niliordti hes drrevdl. Dt thes paegt sunh d `efgetdry waul` gat tdci thi nraw` weth hek dg` lidvi. _dthir, thi nraw` waul` isnart hek egta thi nety. Eg athir war`s, thi kast lecily wdy ta nakpliti thi snigdrea Rdul pdegti` es oy dssukegf thdt djtir dssikolegf hes piapli Nhrest waul` gat lidvi out waul` pranii` weth hes pdraused. Vhdt aur pdssdfi `ipents es gat thi rikavdl aj thi nhurnh out thi idrly stdfis aj thi `dy aj thi Lar`.‛ 4:
4:
Kdrteg, 4, ? Phissdlagedgs, 490.
4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-9=44 dg` thi _dpturi
5:
Nhdptir 6= ? Phissdlage dgs dg` t hi _dptu ri ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42 Phi sinag` ipestli ta thi Phissdlagedgs apigs weth dg ignaurdfikigt jrak thi Dpastli Rdul. Hi nakkig`i` thi Phissdlagedg Nhrestedgs jar thier “jdeth dg` pdteigni‛ dke`st thier “pirsinuteags dg` treouldteags (? Phiss. 4=0).‛ Eg virsis 9 ta 8, Rdul urfi` thi Phissdlagedgs ta oi pdteigt oindusi whig thi Lar` nakis (dpacdlypsie), “thi warl` well sii d rd`endl rivirsdl. Phi djjlentars aj thi nhurnh well ridp djjlenteag jrak thi Lar`, dg` thasi djjlenti` jar thi sdci aj thi Lar` well ridp rist eg hes kdrvilaus prisigni. Rirsinuteag oy thi wenci` `ikagstrdtis gat agly thdt thi wenci` `isirvi pugeshkigt out dlsa thdt thi nhurnh es ag thi se`i aj faa`. Ej thes wiri gat sa, thi warl` waul` gat pirsinuti thik. Phus Fa` es refht whig hi naugts thi nhurnh “warthy aj thi cegf`ak.‛ Dt thi sdki teki thi pirsivirdgni aj thi nhurnh (thier rispagsi ta pirsinuteag) es dlsa ive`igni aj thier figuegi jdeth. Phus thier wellegfgiss ta sujjir jar thi cegf`ak es ive`igni thdt Fa` es refht ta `inldri thi nhurnh warthy aj thi cegf`ak.‛4 Rdul ikphdsezi` thi jdnt thdt Nhrestedgs well ivigtudlly jeg` rileij jrak thier pirsinuteag whig thi Lar` riturgs (ἂςανάγωψεϏ) ta mu`fi thi wenci`, dg` pugesh thik “weth ivirldstegf `istrunteag jrak thi prisigni aj thi Lar` (? Phiss. 4=5).‛ Nhrestedgs, ag thi athir hdg`, well oi dwdr`i` weth rist. Et es nlidr thdt thes rileij jrak pirsinuteag es gat pritreouldteagdl. Rdul `e` gat till thi Phissdlagedgs ta laac jarwdr` ta d rdpturi thdt well tdci thi Nhurnh aut aj thi pirsinuteags dg` sujjiregfs shi ignaugtirs. Nagtrdrewesi, thi Nhurnh wds urfi` ta pirsiviri ugtel thi Lar` es “rividli` jrak hidvig weth hes kefhty dgfils, eg jldkegf jeri tdcegf vigfidgni ag thik thdt cgaw gat Fa`, dg` thdt aoiy gat thi faspil aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest (? Phiss. 4=6-8).‛ ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42 prisigts dg ekkigsi praolik jar thi pritreouldteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi rdpturi. Fug`ry wretis, “Phi risultdgt `ejjenulty jar pritreouldteagesk es thdt Rdul pldnis thi rilidsi aj Nhrestedgs jrak pirsinuteag dt thi ? dnnar`egf ta pasttreouldteagdl aj Nhrest mu`fisivig ugoileivirs, whirids pritreouldteageskriturg thes rilidsi welltaannur yidrs idrleir.‛
4 ?
Kdrteg, 4, ? Phissdlagedgs, ?2:. Fug`ry, Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag, 44>.
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
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Nhdrlis Vdgdkdcir dfriis thdt thi riwdr`egf aj thi sdegts dg` thi pugeshkigt aj thi wenci` tdcis pldni dt thi ig` aj thi ixestegf dfi. Hi gatis= “Phi dpandlypten sefgejendgni aj v. 6d es nagjerki` oy v. 6o. Et `ipents thi ig` aj thi ixestegf ar`ir dt thi dppidregf aj thi Lar` Misus ag thi `dy aj Mu`fkigt. Fa`―s `inesevi dnt aj ripdyegf thi igikeis aj Nhrest―s piapli weth djjlenteag dg` riwdr`egf thi jdethjul jar thier ig`urdgni aj djjlenteag well annur ἒλ πῆ ἂςανδγϋψιε παῪ νωτΡαω ἸζώαῪ ἂςΆ αὒτδλαῪ μιπΆ ἂξξΫγυλ (v. 6o) ἒλ ςωτὺ ϊγαξόϏ (v. 8d) (“dt thi rividlegf aj thi ΰωλάμιυϏ Lar` MisusδὒπαῪ jrak hidvig weth thi dgfils aj hes pawir Sar kefht[ eg jldkegf jeri‛).‛> Dt thi ‘rivildteag― (ἂςανάγωψεϏ ), thi Lar` well mu`fi thi levegf dg` thi `id`, dg` rilifdti thi wenci` ta ivirldstegf pugeshkigt. Phes es thi jegdl mu`fkigt dt thi ig` aj thi ixestegf dfi. Et es dppdrigt thdt ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42 `ais gat `isnreoi d sinrit nakegf prear ta thi Fridt Preouldteag.
Phi Dpacdlypses Dgathir `ejjenulty weth thi Rritreouldteagdl veiw es ignaugtiri` whig agi nagse`irs thi Friic war` usi` eg virsi 6 (dpacdlypsie). Phi pritreouldteagdlest well dfrii thdt thi “rivildteag‛ (ἂςανάγωψεϏ) aj aur Lar` es d pasttreouldteagdl ivigt. Phiy oileivi thdt thes “rivildteag‛ aj Nhrest rijirs ta Hes ^inag` Nakegf weth Hes sdegts 6 yidrs djtir thi pritreouldteag rdpturi. Phi ‘rivildteag― es aoveausly d puolen, flareaus riturg3 et ndg hdr`ly oi d sinrit annurrigni. Eg ar`ir ta isndpi thi thrust aj thes igteri pdssdfi (e.i. ? Phiss. 4=0-42), thi pritreouldteagest kdy orad`ig thi kidgegf aj “rivildteag‛ (dpacdlypsie) ta egnlu`i thi Fridt Preouldteag ds will ds thi sinrit rdpturi. Et es, hawivir, ugekdfegdoli haw d pritreouldteag rdpturi ndg oi rid` egta thes pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi whig wi nagse`ir thi kidgegf aj dpacdlypsie. Vi `esnussi` priveausly thdt thi ^inag` Nakegf aj aur Lar` es rijirri` ta ds hes “rivildteag‛ (dpacdlypsie) eg ? Phissdlagedgs 4=6. Ilsiwhiri eg thi Giw Pistdkigt, et es ndlli` hes pdraused ar ipephdgied. Kenhdil Kdrteg ixpldegs thi oeolendl kidgegf aj thi tirk “rivildteag,‛
>
Nhdrlis D. Vdgdkdcir, Phi Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs= Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Friic Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4552), ??9.
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
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“Phi Lar`―s drrevdl ag thdt `dy es hiri tirki` hes “rivildteag‛ (dpacdlypsie). Phi war` eg`endtis thi `esnlasegf aj sakithegf priveausly he``ig dg` es kast ajtig usi` eg thi Giw Pistdkigt aj thi rividlegf aj Fa`―s well ar gdturi (4 Nar 40=?:3 Fdl 4=4?, 4:). Et es agly usi` hiri eg thi Phissdlagedg narrispag`igni. Ilsiwhiri thi Lar`―s drrevdl wds tirki` hes pdraused ar ipephdgied (nj. ?=8).‛0 Nakkigtegf ag ? Phissdlagedgs 4=6, Vdgdkdcir leciwesi ug`irstdg`s thdt thi
pdraused aj Nhrest dg` thi rivildteag (ἂςανάγωψεϏ) kigteagi` eg virsi 6 dri agi dg` thi sdki ivigt= “Phi pdraused ar nakegf aj Nhrest es rivildtary eg thdt thi Lar` Misus es nurrigtly he``ig eg hidvig, dg` thirijari thasi wha pirsinuti thi rid`irs dri eg (welljul) efgardgni doaut hek (nj. v. 5). Ds d risult thiy hdvi ga e`id doaut thi `dgfir nagjragtegf thik eg thi ekpig`egf mu`fkigt (sii vv. 5j.). Phi pdraused aj thi Lar` Misus well naki ds dg ugixpinti` dg` jrefhtigegf turg aj ivigts jar thik. Ag thi athir hdg`, jar thi apprissi` et well veg`endti thier stid`jdstgiss. Rdul―s egtigteag kdy hdvi oiig ta prave`i hes rid`irs weth thi pawir ta wethstdg` thier apprissars thraufh isatiren cgawli`fi aj thi nakegf rivirsdl.‛9
pdraused tatad ?sinrit Phiri ridlly oeolendl odses ta ta ddllandti war` Dnnar`egf nakegf aj Nhrest,esdg` thi ga war` veseoli thi nakegf. Phissdlagedgs rivildteag 4=0-42, Hes rivildteag well oregf ekki`edti `istrunteag ta thi wenci`. Dt thi sdki teki, d kunh dwdeti` rist well oi dwdr`i` ta Hes sdegts. Hes Nhurnh well aoveausly stell oi ag tirrd jerkd whig Hi nakis dfdeg3 shi es gat rdpturi` prear ta thi Fridt Preouldteag. _aoirt Fug`ry fevis us d sukkdry aj thi ixifitendl praoliks dssanedti` weth thi ugginissdry `estegnteag oitwiig thi tirks pdraused dg` dpacdlypses= “Phrii kdeg tirks dppidr eg thi GP jar thi sinag` nakegf= “rivildteag‛ (ἂςανάγωψεϏ), “dppidregf‛ (ἒςεϊάλιεδ), dg` “nakegf‛ ar “prisigni‛ (ςδταωώΡδ, pdraused). Dlkast dll nagtikpardry pritreouldteagests dncgawli`fi thdt thi thrii tirks dri usi` eg`esnrekegdtily jar whdt thiy rifdr` ds thi twa phdsis aj Misus― riturg. ἈςανάγωψεϏ dppidrs eg 4 Naregthedgs 4=6 dg` 4 Ritir 4=6, 4>3 0=4> nagnirgegf thi hapi aj oileivirs eg thi prisigt dfi. Dg` ςδταωώΡδ dppidrs eg Kdtthiw ?0=>, ?6, >6, >5 dg` ? Phissdlagedgs ?=8 nagnirgegf thi pasttreouldteagdl d`vigt. Phus, thi 0 9
Kdrteg, 4, ? Phissdlagedgs, ?25. Vdgdkdcir, Phi Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs, ??9-??:.
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
55
`estegnteag whenh usi` ta oi kd`i oitwiig thi pritreouldteagdl Rdraused dg` thi pasttreouldteagdl rivildteag oridcs `awg.‛: Nagse`iregf thi djarikigteagi` ridsags, et es, thirijari, lu`enraus ta nagtrevi d twaphdsi` nakegf aj aur Lar` Misus whig agi stu`eis ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42. Vhiri ndg wi jeg` eg thes pdssdfi d sinrit, he``ig nakegf aj Misus prear ta thi Fridt Preouldteag ta risnui Hes sdegts1 Zirg Raythriss nagnlu`is, “Eg shart, thi nagsefgkigt aj gag-Nhrestedgs ta hill es sekultdgiaus weth thi rileij aj Nhrestedgs eg thi rdpturi. Phiri es ga egtirki`edti stdfi aj treouldteag oitwiig thi twa ivigts. Phirijari thi rdpturi aj thi sdegts dg` thi apig dppidregf aj Nhrest tdci pldni tafithir. ? Phissdlagedgs 4 es eg tigseag dt thes paegt weth pritreouldteagdl dg` ke`treouldteagdl prikelliggedlesk.‛6
? Phissdlagedgs ?=4-4? ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4-> eg thi GEZ rid`s=
“Nagnirgegf thi nakegf ajgat aurtaLar` Misusidsely Nhrestugsittli` dg` aur ar oiegf fdthiri` hek, wi dsc yau, orathirs, oinaki dldrki` oy ta saki praphiny, ripart ar littir suppasi` ta hdvi naki jrak us, sdyegf thdt thi `dy aj thi Lar` hds dlrid`y naki. @ag―t lit dgyagi `inievi yau eg dgy wdy, jar thdt `dy well gat naki ugtel thi rioilleag annurs dg` thi kdg aj ldwlissgiss es rividli`, thi kdg `aaki` ta `istrunteag.‛ Rdul oifegs thi sinag` nhdptir aj thi ipestli weth thisi war`s, “Nagnirgegf thi nakegf aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest dg` aur oiegf fdthiri` ta hek (? Phiss. ?=4, GEZ).‛ Hiri, Rdul agni dfdeg `esnussis thi pdraused (ςδταωώΡδ) aj Nhrest. Phi pdraused dg` thi fdthiregf (rdpturi) aj Nhrestedgs dri rijirri` ta ds agi ivigt. Phes es nlidr jrak thi usdfi aj thi segfli drtenli whenh naggints thi nakegf aj Nhrest dg` thi fdthiregf aj Nhrestedgs. Nakkigtegf ag ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4, Liag Karres ixpldegs thdt “thi usi aj thi segfli drtenli shaws thdt thi nakegf aj thi Lar` . . . dg` thi
:
Fug`ry, Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag, 498. Nhdptir 4> aj Fug`ry―s oaac fevis d nagnesi `esnusseag aj thi tirks “rivildteag,‛ “dppidregf,‛, dg` “pdraused.‛ 6 Zirg ^. Raythriss, “? Phissdlagedgs 4 ^upparts Dkelliggedlesk,‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >6, ga. 0 (4550)= 9>?. Eg hes ixnilligt pdpir, Raythriss ilune`dtis thdt ? Phissdlagedgs nhdptir 4 es eg tigseag weth oath Rrikelliggedlesk dg` Rastkelliggedlesk.
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fdthiregf aj thi sdegts dri nlasily nagginti`. Eg`ii`, thiy dri twa pdrts aj agi fridt ivigt.‛8 Phes ug`irstdg`egf es nagsestigt weth Rdul―s tidnhegf eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48 thdt thi pdraused aj Nhrest (4 Phiss. 0=49) es dnnakpdgei` oy thi sekultdgiaus rdpturi dg` risurrinteag aj Nhrestedgs. Et kust dlsa oi ikphdsezi` thdt thi pdraused eg ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4 es thi sdki tirk usi` eg 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=49. ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4-4?, thirijari, kust oi stu`ei` eg nagmugnteag weth 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48. Vi shdll oifeg ta sii thi `ejjenulteis ignaugtiri` oy thi pritreouldteagest eg thes pdssdfi. Phi egsipdrdoli ivigts aj thi pdraused dg` thi fdthiregf aj sdegts dri dppdrigtly pldni` djtir thi fridt rilefeaus dpastdsy (virsi >) dg` thi dppidrdgni aj thi Dgtenhrest (virsi 8). Phisi ivigts (e.i. thi dpastdsy dg` thi Dgtenhrest―s ugvielegf), dnnar`egf ta thi pritreouldteagest, annur `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag. Phi pasttreouldteagdl katej eg thes pdssdfi es hdr` ta efgari. Eg veiw aj thi prini`egf nhdptir (? Phiss. 4) dg` Rdul―s `esnaursi ag Nhrest―s pasttreouldteagdl d`vigt, et es ridsagdoli ta ug`irstdg` thi pdraused (? Phiss. ?=4) ds agi dg` thi sdki ivigt `esnussi` eg ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42. Et es hefhly uglecily thdt Rdul su``igly turgs hes dttigteag jrak d pasttreouldteagdl d`vigt aj Nhrest ta d sinrit pritreouldteagdl nakegf whenh es gat kigteagi` eg thi jerst nhdptir aj thes ipestli. _aoirt Fug`ry ilune`dtis jurthir= “Eg S? Phiss.[ ?=4 Rdul kigteags “aur fdthiregf‛ sinag` eg ar`ir ta thi Rdraused. Eg thi lefht aj thi ekki`edtily prini`egf `isnrepteag aj thi pasttreouldteagdl d`vigt, et siiks gdturdl ta rifdr` thi Rdraused ds d rijirigni ta thdt ivigt rdthir thdg d su``ig swetnh ta d pritreouldteagdl Rdraused ugkigteagi` eg thi jerst nhdptir dg` ugsupparti` eg 4 Phissdlagedgs. ^ivirdl virsis ldtir (?=8) thi Rdraused dfdeg rijirs ta thi pasttreouldteagdl d`vigt aj Nhrest. Ej thig thi nagtixt aj ?=4 lid`s us ta rifdr` thi Rdraused thiri ds pasttreouldteagdl, et es segfuldrly strdgfi thdt “aur fdthiregf tafithir ta Hek‛ shaul` oi nagginti` weth et dg` kigteagi` sinag` eg ar`ir - ugliss thi rdpturi, taa, es pasttreouldteagdl.‛5 Phi djarikigteagi` ive`igni fevis us d hegt thdt thi pdraused dg` thi fdthiregf aj Nhrestedgs kigteagi` eg ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4 es d pasttreouldteagdl ivigt. 8 5
Karres, Phi Jerst dg` ^inag` Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs, ?4>. Fug`ry, Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag, 44>-440.
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Phi Phissdlagedg Rraolik Eg ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4jj., Rdul wds riqueri` ta narrint nirtdeg `antregdl doirrdteags hil` oy thi Phissdlagedgs “nagnirgegf thi nakegf aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest dg` aur oiegf fdthiri` ta hek.‛ Phi `antregdl irrar Rdul narrinti` eg ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4-4? wds d oileij thdt “thi `dy aj thi Lar` hds dlrid`y naki (? Phiss. ?=?, GEZ).‛ Phi Friic viro trdgsldti` “hds naki‛ (ἒλΫώπζνιλ) es eg thi pirjint tigsi. Phes kidgs thdt thi dnteag aj thi viro hds hdppigi` eg thi pdst, dlthaufh et hds ldstegf risults eg thi prisigt. Liag Karres dfriis weth thes ug`irstdg`egf= “Phi nagtigt aj thi pdrtenuldr ripart wds “thdt thi `dy aj thi Lar` hds dlrid`y naki‛ . . . . ^aki nakkigtdtars hal` thi kidgegf ta oi thdt thi `dy aj thi Lar` wds ag thi viry paegt aj annurregf. Phi viro, hawivir, `ais gat kidg “ta oi dt hdg`‛ out rdthir “ta oi prisigt.―‛42 Phus, thi Phissdlagedg praolik wds gat d kesug`irstdg`egf thdt thi @dy aj thi Lar` wds dt hdg` ar ekkegigt. Phier irrar wds ta oileivi thdt thiy wiri dlrid`y dt thi idrly stdfis aj thi @dy aj thi Lar`. Kenhdil Kdrteg ildoardtis ag thes `antregdl irrar thdt hd` djjinti` thi Phissdlagedg nhurnh, “Phi jdlsi e`igtejei` v. ?. ^akihaw hd` hidr` thdt “thi `dy ajtidnhegf thi Lar`eshds dlrid`y eg naki.‛ Phi `dy ajthi thinhurnh Lar` eg ^nrepturi es d jderly jlixeoli nagnipt. Phi tetli naul` sefgejy d spinejen ivigt aj mu`fkigt dt thi ig` aj teki ar d nakplix aj ivigts thdt kdy sakiwhdt ixtig` ets tikpardl snapi. Eg thes pdssdfi, hawivir, Rdul usi` “thi `dy‛ aj d nlekdnten paegt aj isnhdtalafendl mu`fkigt nagnurrigt weth thi “splig`ar aj thi nakegf‛ aj thi Lar` Misus (v. 8). Phi “rioilleag‛ dg` thi rivildteag aj thi “kdg aj ldwlissgiss‛ (v. >) dri prisigti` ds prilekegdry.‛44 D prapir ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Phissdlagedg irrar well dllaw us ta flidg kunh prineaus egjarkdteag rifdr`egf Rdul―s ug`irstdg`egf aj thi isnhdtag. Rdul wrati, “@ag―t lit dgyagi `inievi yau eg dgy wdy, jar thdt `dy well gat naki ugtel thi rioilleag annurs dg` thi kdg aj ldwlissgiss es rividli`, thi kdg `aaki` ta `istrunteag (4 Phiss. ?=>, GEZ).‛ Phi Phissdlagedgs hd` kesug`irstaa` thdt thi @dy aj thi Lar` well egnlu`i thi Fridt Preouldteag. Jurthirkari, thi Phissdlagedgs ivig oileivi` thdt thiy hd` dlrid`y igtiri` thi Fridt Preouldteag. Rdul narrinti` thier kesegtirpritdteag oy stdtegf thdt “thdt `dy well gat naki (? Phiss. ?=>)‛ ugliss thi dpastdsy tdcis pldni dg` thi Dgtenhrest es rividli`. Phisi twa prakegigt ivigts 42 44
Karres, Phi Jerst dg` ^inag` Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs, ?4:. Kdrteg, 4, ? Phissdlagedgs, ??6.
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
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kust prini`i thi @dy aj thi Lar` ( ἤμΫτδ παῪ νωτΡαω, dlsa cgawg ds thi @dy aj Nhrest eg thi CMZ).4? Phes kidgs thdt thi @dy aj thi Lar` `ais gat egnlu`i thi Fridt Preouldteag. Phus, thi @dy aj thi Lar` oifegs weth thi rivildteag aj Misus Nhrest dt Hes pdraused. Phes nagtrd`ents thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ug`irstdg`egf thdt thi @dy aj thi Lar` egnlu`is thi Fridt Preouldteag.4> Aur nagnluseag es `ivdstdtegf ta thi pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary. Fiarfi Il`ag Ld`` wretis= “Ej thes “`dy aj thi Lar`‛ es ta oi e`igtejei` weth thi flareaus _ivildteag aj Nhrest dt thi ig` aj thi Preouldteag, thig Rdul―s drfukigt eg thes praphiny hds aketti` ets kast ekpartdgt paegt, gdkily, thdt thi _dpturi es thi jerst ivigt whenh well tdci pldni3 dg` segni thi _dpturi hd` gat tdcig pldni dg` thi Phissdlagedg Nhrestedgs wiri stell ag idrth, et wds ekpasseoli thdt thi @dy aj thi Lar` hd` naki. ^unh thegfs ds thi dpastdsy dg` thi dppidrdgni aj thi Kdg aj Ldwlissgiss naul` hdvi agly dg dnd`iken egtirist jar thi Phissdlagedgs ej thiy wiri ta oi ndufht up jrak thi idrth oijari thisi ivigts taac pldni. . . . Rdul―s jdeluri dt thes paegt ta dssirt thdt thi _dpturi aj thi Nhurnh waul` oi thi jerst eg thes sunnisseag aj ivigts waul` oi d surrig`ir aj hes stragfist drfukigt ta sittli thi Phissdlagedg praolik. Phi `dy aj thi Lar` naul` gat passeoly hdvi naki, jar thi _dpturi hd` gat tdcig pldni. Vhy `e` hi gat sekply dssirt thes ta oi trui1 Hi `ais gat `a sa3 thiri es ga djjerkdteag aj d pritreouldteag rdpturi hiri.‛ 40 Dppdrigtly, thi Phissdlagedgs hd` dlsa kesug`irstaa` thdt thi ^inag` Nakegf wds eg thi ekki`edti juturi. Phes waul` ixpldeg why saki aj thik hd` fevig up thier 4?
^ii Aswdl` P. Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh (Rhelepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, 45:53 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc, ?224), 485. ^aki `espigsdteagdlests hdvi dttikpti` ta `estegfuesh oitwiig “thi `dy aj Nhrest‛ dg` thi “`dy aj thi Lar`.‛ Aswdl` Dlles wretis= “^najeil` hds dttikpti` ta `rdw d `estegnteag oitwiig thi “`dy aj Nhrest‛ dg` thi “`dy aj thi Lar`,‛ kdcegf thi agi rijir ta thi rdpturi, thi athir ta thi rivildteag. Out thi war`s usi` oy Rdul ta rijir ta et siik ta eg`endti queti nlidrly thdt ga sunh `ejjirigni ixests. Rdul waul` hdr`ly put thi twa war`s tafithir, “`dy aj aur Lar` Misus (Nhrest)‛ ds hi `ais eg 4 Nar. e. 8, ? Nar. e. 40 (nj. 4 Nar. v 9), ej thiri wiri dg ekpartdgt `ejjirigni oitwiig thi “`dy aj thi Lar`‛ dg` “thi `dy aj Nhrest‛ (Rhel. e. 42, ee. 4:) ar “aj Misus Nhrest‛ (Rhel. e. :). @droy dppdrigtly `riw ga `estegnteag oitwiig thi twa. Ej thiri wiri dg ekpartdgt `ejjirigni, thi war`s “ds yi sii thi `dy dppradnhegf‛ (Hio. x. ?9) waul` oi `dgfirausly dkoefuaus. Phiy nlidrly suffist thdt thiri well oi sefgs aj ets dppradnh. Uit thi wretir `ais gat sdy “thi `dy aj thi Lar`‛ ar “thi `dy aj Nhrest‛ out sekply “thi `dy,‛ ds ej thiri wiri agly agi `dy whenh naul` oi ndlli` “thi `dy.―‛ 4> Chaa, 4 Phissdlagedgs, >?. Dlsa sii Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>>. 40 Ld``, Phi Olissi` Hapi, 60-69.
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
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sinuldr ikplaykigt eg jdgdtendl ixnetikigt dg` wel` dgtenepdteag aj thi pdraused (? Phiss. ?=?, >=:-40). Ygjartugdtily - jar pritreouldteagesk - Rdul `e` gat tidnh dg ekkegigt ar dgy-kakigt riturg aj Nhrest. Hi wds nagvegni` thdt twa nagspenuaus ivigts kust tdci pldni prear ta thi @dy aj thi Lar`, gdkily, d rilefeaus dpastdsy dg` thi rividlegf aj thi Dgtenhrest. Eg jdnt, thi pdraused aj Nhrest es naupli` weth thi `istrunteag aj thi kdg aj ldwlissgiss. “Dg` thig thi ldwliss agi well oi rividli`, whak thi Lar` Misus well avirthraw weth thi oridth aj hes kauth dg` `istray oy thi splig`ar aj hes nakegf. (? Phiss. ?=8, GEZ).‛ Phes stdtikigt ekpleis d nlasi tikpardl dssanedteag thi shartly ugvielegf aj thi dg` thi pdraused, thdt es, thi Dgtenhrest well oitwiig oi rividli` oijari thiDgtenhrest ^inag` Nakegf.
_dpturi ar Dpastdsy1 Jiw snhaldrs, jar ixdkpli I. ^nhuylir Igflesh dg` Ciggith ^. Vuist, hdvi prapasi` thdt “thi rioilleag‛ (ἂςαώπδώΡδ) eg ? Phissdlagedgs ?=> kidgs `ipdrturi, dg` thdt et rijirs ta thi rdpturi etsilj. Ej Igflesh dg` Vuist dri narrint, thes waul` pldni thi rdpturi prear ta thi ugvielegf aj thi Dgtenhrest. Phes waul` sirvi ta squiizi thi nagnipt aj d pritreouldteag rdpturi egta ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4-4?. _aoirt Fug`ry, eg hes oaac Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag= D Oeolendl Ixdkegdteag aj Rast-Preouldteagesk, drfuis doly dfdegst thes ug`irstdg`egf aj ἂςαώπδώΡδ.49 Es Fug`ry thi agly snhaldr wha thes dg` ug`irstdg`egf aj ἂςαώπδώΡδ 1 Phi jdnt es= thi kdmarety aj snhaldrs, oath rimints _ijarki` @espigsdteagdl, oileivi thdt ἂςαώπδώΡδ kidgs d rilefeaus dpastdsy eg ? Phissdlagedgs ?=>. Dnnar`egf ta Fug`ry, “GP Lixenags ugejarkly fevi ἂςαώπδώΡδ thi spinedl sigsis aj rilefeaus dpastdsy dg` paletendl rioilleag „ ODF, Cettil, Nrikir, Dooatt-^keth, Phdyir, dg` athirs. Ga wag`ir dlsa thdt snhaldrly nakkigtdtars ag ? Phissdlagedgs egtirprit ἂςαώπδώΡδ ds oidregf thes kidgegf „ Dljar`, Illenatt, Kajjdtt, J. J. Oruni, Jrdki, Kellefdg, Karres, dg` athirs.‛4: Nhdrlis D. Vdgdkdcir, eg hes nakkigtdry Phi Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs, rimints thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt ἂςαώπδώΡδ kidgs d `ipdrturi ar rdpturi= “Dlthaufh ἂςαώπδώΡδ, sefgejyegf thi stdti aj dpastdsy ar rioilleag, wds usi` oath (nj. d paletendl dg`??=??, rilefeaus sigsi, thi >>=453 ldttir `akegdtis thi FriicegOeoli LXX Mas. ? Nh. ?5=453 Mi. ?=453 4egKdnn. ?=493 dg` eg thi GP sii Dnts ?4=?43 sii dlsa thi usi aj thi nafgdti viro ἂϊΡώπδλπδε eg Lc. 8=4>3 4 Pek. 0=43 Hio. >=4?). Eg thi dpandlypten nagtixt
49 4:
^ii Fug`ry, Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag, 440-448. Eoe`., 449-44:.
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aj ? Phissdlagedgs ?, thi rioilleag rijirri` ta es d rilefeaus agi `erinti` dfdegst Fa`.‛46 Eg iethir ndsi, whithir ἂςαώπδώΡδ rijirs ta d paletendl ar rilefeaus rioilleag, et ndggat oi kd`i ta `igati d pritreouldteag rdpturi. Phi Phialafendl @enteagdry aj thi Giw Pistdkigt dfriis weth thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt ἂςαώπδώΡδ rijirs ta d rilefeaus dpastdsy eg ? Phissdlagedgs ?=>= “Eg ? Ph. ?=> ἂςαώπδώΡδ es usi` eg thi dosal. sigsi ds dg ivigt aj thi ldst `dys dlagfse`i ar prear ta (1) thi dppidrdgni aj thi ἀλθτυςαϏ πῊϏ ἂλαμΡδϏ. Hiri d Miwesh trd`eteag es d`apti` whenh spidcs aj nakpliti dpastdsy jrak Fa` dg` Hes Pardh shartly oijari thi dppidrdgni aj thi Kissedh. Phes es dpplei` ta thi dpastdsy aj Nhrestedgs jrak thier jdeth ta irrar dg` ugrefhtiausgiss (v. 44j.) eg thi ldst `dys (Kt. ?0=44 j.).‛48 Phi rid`ir kefht oi nureaus ta cgaw whithir @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, thi oulwdrc aj `espigsdteagdlesk dg` pritreouldteagesk, ug`irstdg`s thi war` ἂςαώπδώΡδ ds rijirregf ta thi rdpturi. Rrajissar Phakds Nagstdoli aj @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, eg thi papuldr Phi Oeoli Cgawli`fi Nakkigtdry, aosirvis= “^aki egtirpritirs hdvi tdcig thes “`ipdrturi‛ ds d rijirigni ta thi _dpturi
_ithegcegf thigat _dpturi aj thi nhurnh (i.f., I. ^nhuylir , Giw @. Uarc= Laezidux Orathirs, 4590,Igflesh, pp. :6-64), out thes es taa praodoli. I`kag` Heioirt rijutis thes veiw thdt dpastdsed hiri rijirs ta thi _dpturi (Phi Phissdlagedg Ipestlis, p. >2:). ^aki snhaldrs oileivi thdt thes dpastdsy (ndlli` oy Rdul “thi‛ dpastdsy) well nagsest aj piapli turgegf jrak Fa`―s truth ta warshep thi Dgtenhrest, wha well sit heksilj up eg Fa`―s tikpli dg` nldek ta oi Fa` (v. 0).‛45 Phirijari, oath `espigsdteagdl dg` gag-`espigsdteagdl ixifitis ug`irstdg` thi war` ἂςαώπδώΡδ ds rijirregf ta d rilefeaus dpastdsy prear ta thi ugvielegf aj thi Dgtenhrest. Dnnar`egf ta Rdul―s ipestli, thi pdraused (ςδταωώΡδ) aj Nhrest jallaws twa prakegigt ivigts eg hestary „ thi dpastdsy dg` thi dppidrdgni aj thi Dgtenhrest. Aur Lar`―s sinag` nakegf es kast nirtdegly gat dgy-kakigt ar ekkegigt. Et dppdrigtly riqueris kunh kari thdg saki tiguaus ixifitendl fykgdstens ta avirnaki thi 46
Vdgdkdcir, Phi Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs, ?00. Cettil dg` Jrei`renh, Phialafendl @enteagdry aj thi Giw Pistdkigt, val. 4, 94>. 45 Phakds L. Nagstdoli, “? Phissdlagedgs‛ eg Phi Oeoli Cgawli`fi Nakkigtdry = Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi ^nrepturis oy @dllds ^ikegdry Jdnulty, i`s. Mahg J. Vdlvaar` dg` _ay O. ]unc (Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 458>), 648. @r Nagstdoli wds dt thdt teki thi Rrajissar aj Oeoli Ixpaseteag dt @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry. 48
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egsurkaugtdoli odrreir aj d pasttreouldteagdl ug`irstdg`egf eg ? Phissdlagedgs ?=44?.
Phi @antregi aj Ekkegigni Es et trui thdt Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf well annur dt dgy kakigt1 Dnnar`egf ta Rritreouldteagests, agi aj thi ridsags why thi rdpturi kust annur prear ta thi Fridt Preouldteag es oindusi Nhrest―s pdraused es dllifi`ly ekkegigt. Fug`ry `ijegis thi pritreouldteagest―s `antregi aj ekkegigni ds jallaw= “Oy nakkag nagsigt ekkegigni kidgs thdt sa jdr ds wi cgaw ga pri`enti` ivigt well ginissdrely prini`i thi nakegf aj Nhrest. Phi nagnipt egnarpardtis thrii issigtedl ilikigts= su``iggiss, ugixpinti`giss ar egndlnuldoelety, dg` d passeoelety aj annurrigni dt dgy kakigt.‛?2 Eg aur priveaus `esnusseag aj ? Phissdlagedgs ?=4-4?, wi hdvi siig thdt thi rdpturi ndggat hdppig ugtel thi rilefeaus dpastdsy dg` thi rivildteag aj thi Dgtenhrest hdvi annurri`. Out thisi dri gat thi agly ridsags why thi pdraused ndggat oi ekkegigt. Eg jdnt, d pirusdl aj thi Giw Pistdkigt well egjark thi pirniptevi rid`ir thdt thiri kust oi d ginissdry `ildy oijari thi rdpturi ndg tdci pldni.
Phi jerst dg` nigtury Nhrestedgs `e` cgiw gat oileivi eg Fridt thi `antregi aj ekkegigni. Phi dg dpastlis thi idrly `esneplis thdt thi Nakkesseag waul` egnur eg`itirkegdti pirea` aj `ildy prear ta thi pdraused (Kdtt. ?8=48-?23 Dnts 4=83 ??=?4). Eg jdnt, Misus tdufht thdt “thes faspil aj thi cegf`ak shdll oi pridnhi` eg dll thi warl` jar d wetgiss ugta dll gdteags3 dg` thig shdll thi ig` naki (Kdtt. ?0=40).‛ Phi Lar` `e` gat eg`endti thdt hi waul` rdpturi thi dpastlis dg` thi `esneplis prear ta thi juljellkigt aj thi Fridt Nakkesseag. Phi rdpturi wds gat dg “dgy-kakigt‛ ivigt jar thi `esneplis. Phi Dpastli Rdul heksilj `e` gat oileivi eg thi `antregi aj ekkegigni. Vhig hi wds eg thi nusta`y aj thi nheij ndptdeg, “thi Lar` staa` oy hek, dg` sde`, Oi aj faa` nhiir, Rdul= jar ds thau hdst tistejei` aj ki eg Mirusdlik, sa kust thau oidr wetgiss dlsa dt _aki (Dnts ?>=443 nj. Dnts ?6=?0).‛ Rdul naul` gat hdvi thaufht aj dg ekkegigt rdpturi prear ta hes wetgiss eg _aki dg` oijari Ndisdr. Phi Dpastli Ritir, leciwesi, `e` gat hal` ta dg ekkegigt rdpturi thiary. Ag dnnaugt aj Nhrest―s praphiny aj hes kdrtyr`ak (Mahg ?4=48-453 ? Rit. 4=40), Ritir waul` gat
?2
Fug`ry, Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag, ?5. Fug`ry prave`is us weth d `itdeli` nretequi aj thi `antregi aj ekkegigni eg nhdptir > aj hes oaac.
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
42:
hdvi ixpinti` dg “dgy-kakigt‛ rdpturi. Ritir―s pri`enti` `idth eg al` dfi waul` riqueri d suostdgtedl dkaugt aj `ildy. Nhrest―s praphiny aj thi `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik (Luci ?4=?2->8) kust dlsa oi juljelli` oijari Hes pdraused. Phi dutafrdphs aj kdgy Giw Pistdkigt ipestlis wiri wrettig prear ta thi `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik dt D@62. Phi arefegdl rid`irs aj thisi ipestlis waul` kast nirtdegly dgtenepdti thi ekpig`egf `ivdstdteag aj Mirusdlik, gat thi dgy-kakigt rdpturi. Jar “Mirusdlik shdll oi tra``ig `awg aj thi Figtelis, ugtel thi tekis aj thi Figtelis oi juljelli` (Luci ?4=?0).‛ Phirijari, Ritir, Rdul dg` thi jerst nigtury Nhrestedgs `e` gat ivig ekdfegi dg ekkegigt riturg aj Nhrest, `ijegetily gat prear ta thi `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik dg` thi tikpli. Et es, eg`ii`, strdgfi thdt thi pritreouldteagest egsests ag dg “dgy-kakigt‛ rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh `ispeti dll thi Giw Pistdkigt ive`igni dfdegst et. Ivig strdgfir stell es thes= Vhy `a thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs mukp agta thi `espigsdteagdlest―s odg`wdfag aj pritreouldteagesk1
D Jurthir Ixdkpli aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ‘Letirdl― Hirkigiutens Phi Faspils tidnh thdt Nhrest well fdthir Hes ilint (e.i. rdpturi) jrak thi jaur weg`s ?4
“djtir thiajtreouldteag‛ Kdtt. aj ?0=?5->4, Kdrc 4>=?0-?6, Luci ?4=?9-?8). Jar thi purpasi `esnussegf (nj. thi essui pritreouldteagesk, wi shdll ixdkegi Kdtthiw ?0=?5->4 viry oreijly. Phi rid`ir es rikeg`i` ta pdy dttigteag ta d pdrdllil tirkegalafy usi` eg sivirdl dpandlypten pdssdfis aj ^nrepturi= thi trukpit. Dnnar`egf ta Kdtthiw ?0=>4, thi ^ag aj Kdg well “sig` hes dgfils weth d fridt saug` aj d trukpit, dg` thiy shdll fdthir tafithir hes ilint jrak thi jaur weg`s, jrak agi ig` aj hidvig ta thi athir.‛ Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests dfrii thdt thi phrdsi “ekki`edtily djtir thi treouldteag (Kdtt. ?0=?5)‛ rijirs ta ivigts annurregf ekki`edtily djtir thi ^ivigteith Viic aj @dgeil. Rritreouldteagests figirdlly ug`irstdg` thdt thes fdthiregf aj thi “ilint jrak thi jaur weg`s‛ (Kdtt. ?0=>4) egnlu`is Preouldteag sdegts, thdt es, Nhrestedgs nagvirti` `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag. Et es egtiristegf ta gati thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri `eve`i` ds ta whithir Al` Pistdkigt sdegts dri egnlu`i` hiri. ^aki Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi ?4
Phes es ispinedlly trui ej agi rimints thi Rritirest―s ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Alevit @esnaursi. ^ii Fug`ry―s oaac Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag= D Oeolendl Ixdkegdteag aj RastPreouldteagesk jar d `esnusseag aj thi ekkigsi praoliks aj pritreouldteagesk. Fevig thi jdnt thdt Fug`ry es d prikelliggedl snhaldr, thi oaac es oath dnnisseoli dg` erigen jar `espigsdteagdlest rid`irs. Fug`ry `esnussis thi Alevit @esnaursi eg pp. 4?5-4>5. Dlsa sii Ld``, Phi Olissi` Hapi= D Oeolendl ^tu`y aj thi ^inag` D`vigt dg` thi _dpturi .
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thdt Al` Pistdkigt sdegts dri “rdpturi`‛ oijari thi Fridt Preouldteag tafithir weth thi Giw Pistdkigt sdegts. Phasi thdt d`hiri nagsestigtly ta thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh well nldek thdt Al` Pistdkigt sdegts dri ta oi rdpturi` djtir “thi teki aj Mdnao―s trauoli (Mir. >2=6).‛?? Phes es thi veiw aj Laues D. Odroeire, Mr.?> Eg hes nakkigtdry ag Kdtthiw ?0=?5->4, Odroeire wrati= “Ekki`edtily jallawegf thi `estriss aj thdt pirea`, thi Lar` well riturg. Hes riturg well>0=03 oi dnnakpdgei` oy ugusudl eg thi hidvigs ?53 nj. Esd. 4>=423 Mail ?=>43 >=49-4:) dg` `espldys oy thi dppidregf aj Hes(v. “sefg‛ eg thi scy (Kdtt. ?0=>2). Phi dppidrdgni aj thi sefg well ndusi dll thi gdteags ta kaurg (nj. _iv. 4=6), praodoly oindusi thiy well ridlezi thi teki aj thier mu`fkigt hds naki. . . . Vhdtivir thi sefg, et well oi veseoli jar dll ta sii, jar thi Lar` well riturg ag thi nlau`s . . . weth pawir dg` fridt flary (nj. @dg. 6=4>). Hi well thig sig` Hes dgfils jarth ta rifdthir Hes ilint jrak thi jaur weg`s, whenh rildtis ta thi idrth (nj. Kdrc 4>=?6), jrak agi ig` aj thi hidvigs ta thi athir. Phes egvalvis thi fdthiregf aj thasi wha well hdvi oinaki oileivirs `uregf thi ^ivigteith Viic aj @dgeil dg` wha well hdvi oiig sndttiri` egta vdreaus pdrts aj thi warl` oindusi aj pirsinuteag (nj. Kdtt. ?0=4:). Phes fdthiregf well praodoly dlsa egvalvi dll Al` Pistdkigt sdegts, whasi risurrinteag well annur dt thes teki, sa thdt thiy kdy shdri eg Kissedh―s cegf`ak (@dg. 4?=?->, 4>).‛?0 Et es ekpartdgt ta gati thdt dt thi “fridt saug` aj d trukpit,‛ thi ilint dri fdthiri` jrak thi jaur weg`s. Vi shdll nakpdri thi annurrigni aj thi war` “trukpit‛ weth dgathir Giw Pistdkigt pdssdfi eg Rdul―s jerst ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs. Eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=94-9?, Rdul ixpaug`i` ta thi Naregthedg oileivirs= “Oihal`, E shiw yau d kystiry3 Vi shdll gat dll sliip, out wi shdll dll oi nhdgfi`, Eg d ??
Phi “teki aj Mdnao―s trauoli‛ rijirs ta thi Fridt Preouldteag dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlests. ^ii Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, ?25. Dlles wrati= “Mirikedh xxx. 6 spidcs aj d `dy whenh es ndlli` “thi teki aj Mdnao―s trauoli.‛ Et es `isnreoi` ds “fridt,‛ sa thdt thiri es “gagi leci et.‛ Et es `ejjenult ta sii eg thes virsi dgy `ijegeti rijirigni ta thi fridt treouldteag. “Fridt‛ kdy oi usi` eg thi sigsi aj “lagf‛ (fridt eg ligfth)3 dg` thes es jdvari` oy thi war` “teki‛ whenh jallaws. Phes praphiny wds praodoly uttiri` oijari thi `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik oy Giounhd`gizzdr. Phiri es ga ridsag jar oileivegf thdt et rijirs ixnlusevily ta d oreij pirea` aj thrii dg` d hdlj yidrs whenh dri stell whally juturi.‛ ?> Laues D. Odroeire, Mr. es thi jarkir @idg aj ^tu`igts dg` Dssestdgt Rrajissar aj Oeoli Ixpaseteag, @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry (456:-458:). ?0 Laues D. Odroeire, Mr., “Kdtthiw,‛ eg Phi Oeoli Cgawli`fi Nakkigtdry = Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi ^nrepturis oy @dllds ^ikegdry Jdnulty, i`s. Mahg J. Vdlvaar` dg` _ay O. ]unc (Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 458>), 68.
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kakigt, eg thi twegclegf aj dg iyi, dt thi ldst trukp= jar thi trukpit shdll saug`, dg` thi `id` shdll oi rdesi` egnarrupteoli, dg` wi shdll oi nhdgfi`.‛ Rritreouldteagests oileivi thdt 4 Naregthedgs 49=94-9? ds will ds 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=49-46 rijir ta thi rdpturi. Nakkigtegf ag 4 Naregthedgs 49=92-96, Mijjriy Chaa wretis= “Phiri well oi d rdpturi3 d su``ig ndtnhegf up aj sdegts ta kiit thi Lar` eg thi der (nj. 4 Phiss Phesajwell kakigt.‛ . Egtrukpit dg dtaken sinag`, “eg 0=4>-46). thi twegclegf dg hdppig iyi,‛ dt eg thi“dsaug` aj thi. .ldst (nj. _iv 44=49-451) wi shdll dll oi nhdgfi` dg` shdll put ag dg egnarrupteoli oa`y.‛?9 Oath aj thisi pdssdfis (e.i. 4 Nar. 49=94-9?, dg` 4 Phiss. 0=49-46) kigteag d “trukp‛ ar trukpit, out 4 Naregthedgs 49=94-9? `isnreois et ds thi “ldst trukp.‛ D letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi ixprisseag “ldst trukp‛ waul` kidg thi ldst trukpit eg d sireis aj trukpits. ^aki ke`treouldteagests, jar ixdkpli @r Pekathy Paw, iqudti thes trukpit weth thi sivigth trukpit eg _iv. 44=49-45. @r Paw d`kets= “Eg rifdr` ta thi _dpturi aj ^degts E jallawi` @r. SAlevir[ Ouswill eg ets annurrigni dt thi saug`egf aj thi ldst dg` sivigth trukpit (4 Nar 49=9?3 _iv 44=49-48).‛?: @r Chaa―s nakkigtdry ag 4 Naregthedgs 49=92-96 oidrs dg ugndggy risikoldgni ta nakkag `espigsdteagdl ixpaseteags ag thi pdssdfi.?6 Vi shdll gaw rijir ta d @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry prajissar―s nakkigtdry ag 4 Naregthedgs 49=94-9?. @dve` Lawiry wretis= “Rdul hd` rividli` thi sdki truth ta thi Phissdlagedgs (4 Phis. 0=49-46). Phi _dpturi aj thi nhurnh wds d kystiry (kystĞreag) eg thdt et hd` gat oiig cgawg eg thi Al` Pistdkigt out gaw wds rividli`. (Nj. athir “kystireis‛‐ gaw rividli` truths‐eg Kdtt. 4>=443 Luci 8=423 _ak. 44=?93 4:=?93 4 Nar. 0=43 Iph. 4=53 >=>-0, 53 9=>?3 Nal. 4=?:-?63 ?=?3 0=>3 ?
?9
Mijjriy Chaa, Jerst Naregthedgs (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), :2. Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi` eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/JerstNar.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 4? Dprel ?22:. ?: Pekathy Paw, Phi ^tary aj Ky Oeoli-Rrisoytiredg Jdeth (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, 4555), 49. @r Paw es thi Rregnepdl dg` Linturir eg ^ystikdten Phialafy eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. ?6 ^ii Chaa, Jerst Naregthedgs, :2
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
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Phis. ?=63 4 Pek. >=5, 4:3 _iv. 4=?23 42=63 46=9.) Phi `id` eg Nhrest well jerst oi rdesi`, dg` thig thi levegf well oi egstdgtdgiausly trdgsjarki`. Phi trukpit, ds eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, sefgdli` thi dppidrdgni aj Fa` (nj. Ix. 45=4:). Et es thi ldst oldst jar thi nhurnh oindusi thes dppidrdgni shdll givir ig` (nj. 4 Nar. 4>=4?).‛?8 Vi rindll thdt 4 Naregthedgs 49=94-9? rijirs ta thi pritreouldteag rdpturi dnnar`egf ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests. Phi pritreouldteag rdpturi es suppasi` ta annur dtdg` thi thes “ldstannurs trukpoijari (4 Nar.thi 49=9?).‛ ^egni thes es “ldst(e.i. oldst‛ ar “ldst trukpit‛, ^ivigteith Viic ajthi @dgeil oijari thi Fridt Preouldteag) dnnar`egf ta Rritreouldteagests, thi trukpit saug`egf eg Kdtthiw ?0=>4 djtir thi Fridt Preouldteag nagtrd`ents d letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi war` “ldst.‛ Haw ndg thiri oi dgathir trukpit oiegf olawg eg thi pasttreouldteagdl pirea` (e.i. eg Kdtt. ?0=>4), ispinedlly djtir thi ldst trukpit wds saug`i` eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=9?1 Dll ldgfudfi eg ^nrepturi well laasi ets kidgegf ej “ldst‛ `ais gat kidg ldst. Fa` naul` hdvi usi` thi phrdsialafy “thi pigultekdti trukp‛ eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=9?. Phes waul` dllaw dg dntudl ldst trukp djtir thi Fridt Preouldteag eg Kdtthiw ?0=>4.?5 Es et gat rikdrcdoli thdt @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests, wha egsest ag d nagsestigtly letirdl egtirpritdteag aj ^nrepturi, ug`irstdg` thi “ldst trukp‛ (4 Nar. 49=9?) ds gat oiegf thi ldst1 Phes egnagsestigny annurs eg oath Rritreouldteagesk dg` Ke`treouldteagesk. Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ndg dvae` thes egnagsestigny oy sdyegf thdt thi “ldst trukp‛ eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=9? rijirs ta d ldst trukpit weth sivirdl oldsts jrak thi sdki trukpit dt `ejjirigt pirea`s aj teki. Phes “ldst‛ trukpit kdy eg`ii` oi thi sdki trukpit oiegf olawg eg Kdtthiw ?0=>4. Eg athir war`s, thi ldst trukpit es saug`i` eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=9?, dg` suosiquigtly saug`i` dfdeg eg Kdtthiw ?0=>4. Out 4 Naregthedgs 49=9? stdtis thdt “dt thi ldst trukp,‛ “thi trukpit shdll saug`,‛ ekplyegf thdt thes es thi ldst oldst aj thi trukpit aj Fa`, dg` gat kirily d trukpit usi` jar d sireis aj oldsts.
?8 @dve` C. Lawiry, “4 Naregthedgs,‛ eg Phi Oeoli Cgawli`fi Nakkigtdry = Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi ^nrepturis oy @dllds ^ikegdry Jdnulty, i`s. Mahg J. Vdlvaar` dg` _ay O. ]unc (Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 458>), 909-90:. @dve` C. Lawiry wds dt thdt teki thi Rrajissar aj Giw Pistdkigt ^tu`eis dt @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry. ?5 Zirg Raythriss `i`endtis dg igteri nhdptir aj hes oaac Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests ta `esnuss thes essui aj “thi ldst trukpit.‛ ^ii Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 6466. E dk eg`ioti` ta Raythriss jar saki prajetdoli egsefhts.
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Dgathir saluteag kefht oi ta suffist thdt thi ldst oldst ar saug`egf aj thi trukpit es dntudlly aj sivig yidrs ar thrii-dg`-d-hdlj yidrs `urdteag, `ipig`egf ag whithir agi es pritreouldteagdl ar ke`treouldteagdl. Out thi `id` dri rdesi` ekki`edtily weth thi ldst trukpit saug`egf, dt “thi twegclegf aj dg iyi.‛ Phes risurrinteag aj thi `id` ndggat annur avir d sivig yidrs pirea` ar dgy pralagfi` `urdteag aj teki. Phi ldst oldst es nlidrly d quenc jegdl olawegf aj thi trukpit eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=9?. Jegdlly, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ndg ug`irstdg` Kdtthiw ?0=>4 ds `ipentegf thi rdpturi, dg` gat thid veseoli veseoli Nakegf ^inag` Nakegf aj“Dg` Nhrest. Outshdll thi virsi et aoveausly `isnreois aj Nhrest, thig dppidroijari thi sefg aj thi ^ag aj kdg eg hidvig= dg` thig shdll dll thi treois aj thi idrth kaurg, dg` thiy shdll sii thi ^ag aj kdg nakegf eg thi nlau`s aj hidvig weth pawir dg` fridt flary (Kdtt. ?0=>2, ikphdses kegi).‛ D letirdl egtirpritdteag aj Kdtthiw ?0=>2 `ais gat dllaw d sinrit rdpturi eg thes virsi. Eg hes `ijigsi aj thi pasttreouldteagdl veiw, _aoirt Fug`ry wretis= “Rasttreouldteagests iqudti thi rdpturi weth thi fdthiregf aj thi ilint oy dgfils dt thi saug` aj d trukpit (Kdtt. ?0=>4). Phi Lucdg pdrdllil supparts thi iqudteag, jar thiri Misus sdys, “Out whig thisi thegfs oifeg ta tdci pldni, strdefhtig up dg` lejt up yaur hid`s, oindusi yaur ri`ikpteag es `rdwegf gidr‛ (Luci ?4=?8). Phi pasttreouldteagdl veiw fdegs jurthir suppart jrak pdrdllil tirkegalafy eg Rdul―s Phissdlagedg `esnusseag aj thi Nhurnh―s rdpturi, whiri wi rid` aj d trukpit, nlau`s, dg` d fdthiregf aj oileivirs must ds eg thi Alevit @esnaursi (4 Phiss. 0=4:, 463 ? Phiss. ?=4).‛>2 Cek _e``liodrfir ixpldegs thdt “thi trukpit ndll aj Fa` wds dg ekpartdgt thiki eg Rdul―s wretegfs, jar thi trukpit well dggaugni thi lagf-ixpinti` `dy aj risurrinteag.‛>4 Ej thi ixifiti ug`irstdg`s thi tirk “trukpit‛ ds d pdrdllil tirkegalafy eg dpandlypten letirdturi, dg` thdt et jarks dg issigtedl ciy eg ug`irstdg`egf praphiten pdssdfis, thi nagsestigt letirdlest well egivetdoly drrevi dt d pasttreouldteagdl veiw aj thi rdpturi. Eg nagnluseag, thi ^nrepturis, dg` ispinedlly thi Dpastli Rdul, `a gat `eve`i thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest egta d sinrit nakegf dg` d suosiquigt veseoli nakegf. Phiri es agly agi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest. Eg hes oaac Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, Aswdl` P. Dlles dptly sukkdrezis thi essui dt hdg`=
>2
Fug`ry, Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag, 4>9. Cek _e``liodrfir, D Ndsi jar Dkelliggedlesk (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, ?22>), 46:. >4
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“Phi quisteag whenh nagjragts us es thes. Ej thi `estegnteag oitwiig thi rdpturi dg` thi dppidregf es aj ds fridt kakigt ds @espigsdteagdlests dssirt, haw dri wi ta ixpldeg Rdul―s jdeluri ta `estegfuesh nlidrly oitwiig thik1 Dg` thi jdeluri aj athir wretirs, Ritir, Mdkis, dg` Mahg, ta `a thi sdki1 Rdul wds d lafenedg. Hi wds doli ta `rdw shdrp `estegnteags. Ej hi hd` wdgti`, ar rifdr`i` et ekpartdgt, ta `estegfuesh oitwiig thisi ivigts, hi naul` hdvi `agi sa viry idsely. Vhy `e` hi usi ldgfudfi whenh @espigsdteagdlests kust d`ket ta oi nagjusegf1 SNhdrlis[ Jiegoirf rinigtly kd`i thi jallawegf surpresegf stdtikigt rifdr`egf thi thrii war`s wi hdvi oiig `esnussegf Sgdkily, “rivildteag‛ (ἂςανάγωψεϏ ), “dppidregf‛ (ἒςεϊάλιεδ), dg` “nakegf‛ (ςδταωώΡδ)[= “Vi nagnlu`i, thig, thdt jrak d stu`y aj thi Friic war`s thiksilvis thi `estegnteags oitwiig thi nakegf aj thi Lar` jar Hes sdegts dg` weth Hes sdegts es gat ta oi flidgi`.‛ ^unh dg d`kesseag rdesis thi quisteag whithir thi `estegnteag etsilj es vdle`. Ej thi `estegnteag es aj ekpartdgni, Rdul―s dkoefuaus ldgfudfi es, wi sdy et rivirigtly, egixnusdoli. Ej thi `estegnteag es giflefeoli, dnnurdny aj stdtikigt waul` oi queti ugginissdry. Vi nagnlu`i, thirijari, thdt thi ldgfudfi aj thi Giw Pistdkigt dg` ispinedlly aj Rdul gat kirily jdels ta pravi thi `estegnteag egsesti` ag oy @espigsdteagdlests out rdthir oy ets viry dkoefuety eg`endtis nlidrly dg` ugkestdcdoly thdt ga sunh `estegnteag ixests.‛>?
>?
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 480-489, quategf Nhdrlis Lii Jiegoirf, Rrikelliggedlesk ar Dkelliggedlesk1 (Vegagd Ldci, EG= OKH, 4582), ?26. Jiegoirf es d gati` `espigsdteagdlest snhaldr.
? Phissdlagedgs dg` thi _dpturi
44?
Nhdptir 8= Phi K ulte pli _i surr inteags dg` Mu`fk igts aj @espi gsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags dg` Mu`fkigts Rrikelliggedlests oileivi thdt Misus Nhrest well riturg ta risurrint thi sdegts prear ta thi kelliggeuk. Phes es jallawi` oy thi idrthly riefg aj Nhrest jrak Mirusdlik jar agi thausdg` yidrs. Phi jegdl mu`fkigt well tdci pldni dt thi ig` aj thes kelliggeuk, whig thi wenci` `id` well oi risurrinti` dg` nag`ikgi` ta itirgdl pir`eteag. Phi prikelliggedl isnhdtalafendl snhikd egnlu`is dt lidst twa risurrinteags dg` twa mu`fkigts. D agi thausdg` yidr fdp es paseti` oitwiig thi ^inag` Nakegf dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt. Nagsiquigtedlly, thi risurrinteag aj thi sdegts dg` thi risurrinteag aj thi wenci` dri sipdrdti` oy d kelliggeuk. Ej thes siquigni aj ivigts dppidrs nakplix, thi `espigsdteagdl isnhdtag es oy jdr thi kast nakplendti` aj dll isnhdtalafendl snhikis. Misus `ais gat agly riturg must oijari thi kelliggeuk3 Hi riturgs sinritly oijari thi Fridt Preouldteag ta rdpturi thi sdegts. Dnnar`egf ta Rritreouldteagesk, Misus nakis sinritly jar Hes sdegts oijari thi Fridt Preouldteag, dg` Hi nakis flareausly weth Hes sdegts djtir thi treouldteag ta ushir eg thi kelliggeuk. Oitwiig thi pritreouldteag rdpturi dg` thi flareaus, veseoli riturg aj Nhrest, d mu`fkigt aj thi sdegts tdcis pldni eg thi hidvigly ridlks. Eg hes issdy ag thi Mu`fkigt ^idt aj Nhrest, @r Mdnc ^eg wretis= “Phi Mu`fikigt ^idt aj Nhrest es gat thi Mu`fikigt aj thi Fridt Vheti Phragi (_iv ?2=4-49). Phi ldttir es kidgt agly jar thi ugrifigirdti wha “dri nag`ikgi` dlrid`y oindusi thiy hdvi gat oileivi` eg thi gdki aj thi agly oifattig ^ag aj Fa`‛ (Mahg >= 48). Phdt es thi jegdl mu`fikigt whenh well tdci pldni djtir thi kelliggeuk (_iv ?2=:). Oileivirs, ag thi athir hdg`, well dppidr oijari thi Mu`fikigt ^idt aj Nhrest. Phi prevelifi aj stdg`egf oijari thi Mu`fikigt ^idt aj Nhrest nakis jrak oiegf oarg dfdeg. . . . Vhig well thi Mu`fikigt ^idt aj Nhrest tdci pldni1 Dnnar`egf ta 4 ^nrepturis, ^idt ajtaNhrest tdci pldni oitwiig thi _dpturi dg`thi thiMu`fikigt riturg aj Nhrest idrth.‛well
^a dnnar`egf ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, d sipdrdti mu`fkigt aj thi sdegts - thi Mu`fkigt ^idt aj Nhrest „ annurs prear ta Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf (dpacdlupses).
4
^eg, “Phi Mu`fikigt ^idt aj Nhrest,‛ >2?, >40.
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
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Phi wenci`, hawivir, dri gat mu`fi` ugtel thi ig` aj thi idrthly kelliggeuk. Eg `espigsdteagdl mdrfag, thes mu`fkigt aj thi wenci` `id` es ndlli` thi Fridt Vheti Phragi Mu`fkigt. Mahg Vdlvaar` ixpldegs, “Phi jegdl mu`fkigt aj thi hukdg rdni es rinar`i` eg _ivildteag ?2=44-49. Phes mu`fkigt well annur whig thi prisigt idrth dg` hidvigs hdvi jli` dwdy (?2=443 ?4=4). Oijari thi Fridt Vheti Phragi, ag whenh Nhrest well oi sidti`, well oi fdthiri` thi rikdegegf `id`, thi ugsdvi` aj dll dfis, wha well thes? mu`fkigt, d mu`fkigt thdt well risult eg dll oiegf ndst oi egtarisurrinti` thi ldci ajjar jeri.‛ Oeoli Rrisoytiredg snhaldr, @r Tuic ^udg Uiw, nagnurs weth @r Vdlvaar`= “Phi Fridt Vheti Phragi Mu`fikigt es thi jegdl pldni aj mu`fikigt jar dll ugoileivirs. Fridt gat agly paegts ta ets sezi out dlsa ets kdmisten dutharety dg` sefgejendgni, et oiegf thi jegdl thragi snigi. Vheti ds usudl sykoalezis purety, halegiss dg` pirjint musteni. . . . Dll thi ugoileivirs wha hd` `ei` dg` sigt ta Hill well oi `ileviri` jrak Hill dg` jarni` ta stdg` oijari Fa` jar mu`fikigt.‛> Out dgathir mu`fkigt kust tdci pldni ispinedlly jar thi kelliggedl sdegts. Phi kelliggedl sdegts dri Nhrestedgs wha dri levegf ag idrth dt thi ig` aj thi Kelliggeuk ar thasi wha hdvi `ei` eg thi Kelliggeuk. Phisi sdegts ndggat oi mu`fi` dt thi Fridt Vheti Phragi oindusi, dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdl thegcegf, thi Fridt Vheti Phragi Mu`fkigt es agly jar thi wenci`. Eg hes oaac Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dy―s Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny, @r Vdlvaar` ixpldegs thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi mu`fkigt jar kelliggedl sdegts= “Phi ^nrepturis dri seligt ag haw Fa` well `idl weth sdegts levegf ag idrth dt thi ig` aj thi Kelliggeuk ar sdegts wha hdvi `ei` eg thi Kelliggeuk. . . . Et es praodoli thdt thi refhtiaus wha `ei eg thi Kelliggeuk well oi risurrinti`, kunh ds thi nhurnh well oi dt thi _dpturi, dg` thdt levegf sdegts well oi fevig oa`eis sueti` jar itirgety leci thasi levegf nhurnh sdegts well rinievi. Et es nlidr thdt thi kelliggedl sdegts well gat oi egvalvi` eg thi
?
Vdlvaar`, Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dy―s Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny, 466. ^ii Tuic ^udg Uiw, @DU JEZI= _ivildteag 45-?? (^egfdpari= Ndlvdry Rdg`dg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh, g.`.), 49?-49>3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//ndlvdrypdg`dg.arf/rivildteag2:2>.`an3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 24 Dprel ?22:. Phisi dri linturi gatis jar d naursi ag _ivildteag nag`unti` oy _iv (@r) Tuic ^udg Uiw. Phi igteri sireis aj naursi gatis es dvdeldoli jrak http=//ndlvdrypdg`dg.arf/r.htk3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 24 Dprel ?22:. >
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
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mu`fkigt aj thi Fridt Vheti Phragi, hawivir, oindusi thes mu`fkigt rildtis ta thi wenci` `id`.‛0 Phirijari, thi _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj d figirdl risurrinteag dg` d mu`fkigt aj oath thi refhtiaus dg` thi wenci` es ripldni` weth d siquigni aj kultepli risurrinteags dg` mu`fkigts. Dnnar`egf ta thi `espigsdteagdl isnhdtag, thiri es agi risurrinteag oijari thi treouldteag dt Nhrest―s pdraused, agi djtir thi treouldteag jar “treouldteag sdegts‛ djtir Nhrest―s dpacdlupses, dt lidst agi sipdrdti risurrinteag jar 9 thasi `uregf thi kelliggeuk, dg` d risurrinteag aj thi wenci` dt thi Fridt Vhetisdvi` Phragi mu`fkigt djtir thi kelliggeuk. Mahg Vdlvaar`, eg jdnt, jeg`s d sireis aj sivig risurrinteags eg Giw Pistdkigt tidnhegfs. Vdlvaar` wretis, “^iig eg thier nhragalafendl ar`ir, thi sivig risurrinteags dri praaj thdt thiri well oi gat must agi jegdl risurrinteag dg` mu`fkigt eg thi juturi, out rdthir d sireis aj mu`fkigts dg` risurrinteags.‛:
Leciwesi, thiri dri dt lidst thrii sipdrdti mu`fkigts dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= thi Mu`fkigt ^idt aj Nhrest, thi Fridt Vheti Phragi Mu`fkigt, dg` thi mu`fkigt aj thi kelliggedl sdegts.6 Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs hdvi dppdrigtly d`apti` thi @espigsdteagdlest―s isnhdtalafendl snhikd ds oeolendl truth, tafithir weth thi kultepli risurrinteags dg` mu`fkigts.
Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg _ijarki` Nagjisseags Hdvi thi _ijarki` nhurnhis ivir tdufht d nakplix sireis aj risurrinteags aj thi `id`1 Dnnar`egf ta thi _ijarki` Nagjisseags aj Jdeth - thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXXEE sinteags EE dg` EEE, dg` thi Oilfen Nagjisseag Drtenli >6 - thi risurrinteag aj thi must dg` thi ugmust well oi d segfli ivigt. @uregf thes figirdl risurrinteag, oath thi wenci` `id` dg` thi refhtiaus `id` well oi risurrinti` tafithir. Rdrdfrdphs ? dg` > aj thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXXEE stdti= Dt thi ldst `dy, sunh ds dri jaug` dlevi shdll gat `ei, out oi nhdgfi`= dg` dll thi `id` shdll oi rdesi` up, weth thi silj-sdki oa`eis, dg` gagi athir (dlthaufh weth `ejjirigt qudleteis), whenh shdll oi ugeti` dfdeg ta thier sauls jar ivir.
0
Vdlvaar`, Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dy―s Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny, 468 ^ii eoe`., 49>-4:9 jar thi `espigsdteagdlest―s ar`ir aj risurrinteags. : Eoe`., 4:9. 6 ^ii eoe`., 4:6-480 jar thi `espigsdteagdlest―s ar`ir aj mu`fkigts. 9
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
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Phi oa`eis aj thi ugmust shdll, oy thi pawir aj Nhrest, oi rdesi` ta `eshagaur= thi oa`eis aj thi must, oy Hes ^peret, ugta hagaur3 dg` oi kd`i nagjarkdoli ta Hes awg flareaus oa`y. Phi sinag` pdrdfrdph aj thi Nagjisseag, Nhdptir XXXEE, oifegs weth thi phrdsi “dt thi ldst `dy.‛ Et dssirts thdt “dll thi `id` shdll oi rdesi` up,‛ dg` thes figirdl risurrinteag annurs “dt thi ldst `dy.‛ “Dll thi `id`‛ aoveausly rijirs ta dll aj thi `id`, oath ilint dg` ripraodtis. Phi Nagjisseag ixpldegs thdt “thi oa`eis aj thi ugmust shdll, oy thi pawir aj oi Nhrest, rdesi` ta `eshagaur= thiflareaus oa`eis aj thi must, Hes ^peret, ugta hagaur3 dg` kd`ioi nagjarkdoli ta Hes awg oa`y.‛ Phioy Nagjisseag egnagtravirteoly `isnreois d figirdl risurrinteag aj oath thi must dg` thi ugmust. Phiri es ga kigteag aj dgy teki fdp oitwiig thi risurrinteag aj thi wenci` dg` thi sdegts. Eg Rdrdfrdph 4 aj thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, Nhdptir XXXEEE, et es stdti` thdt= Fa` hdth dppaegti` d `dy, whirieg Hi well mu`fi thi warl`, eg refhtiausgiss, oy Misus Nhrest. Pa whak dll pawir dg` mu`fkigt es fevig aj thi Jdthir. Eg whenh `dy, gat agly thi dpastdti dgfils shdll oi mu`fi`, out leciwesi dll pirsags thdt hdvi levi` upag idrth shdll dppidr oijari thi treougdl aj Nhrest, ta fevi dg dnnaugt aj thier thaufhts, war`s, dg` `ii`s3 dg` ta rinievi dnnar`egf ta whdt thiy hdvi `agi eg thi oa`y, whithir faa` ar ivel. Veth rifdr` ta thi teki jrdki, thi phrdsi “Fa` hdth dppaegti` d `dy‛ kdcis et nlidr thdt thi Nagjisseag `ais gat hdvi eg keg` twa `ejjirigt mu`fkigts= agi jar thi sdegts dg` dgathir jar thi ripraodtis, whenh dri sipdrdti` oy dt lidst agi thausdg` yidrs. Phdt et well oi d figirdl mu`fkigt aj oath thi must dg` thi ugmust es dsnirtdegi` oy thi stdtikigt, “Eg whenh `dy, gat agly thi dpastdti dgfils shdll oi mu`fi`, out leciwesi dll pirsags thdt hdvi levi` upag idrth shdll dppidr oijari thi treougdl aj Nhrest.‛ “Dll pirsags,‛ thdt es, thi sdvi` dg` thi `dkgi`, shdll dppidr oijari thi flareaus Nhrest “dt thi ldst `dy.‛ Phi Oilfen Nagjisseag, Drtenli >6, sekeldrly `isnreois d figirdl risurrinteag dg` d segfli mu`fkigt dt thi ldst `dy. Jegdlly, wi oileivi, dnnar`egf ta thi Var` aj Fa`, thdt whig thi teki, ar`degi` oy thi Lar` out ugcgawg ta dll nridturis, hds naki dg` thi gukoir aj thi ilint es nakpliti, aur Lar` Misus Nhrest well naki jrak hidvig, oa`ely dg` veseoly, ds Hi dsnig`i`, weth fridt flary dg` kdmisty. Hi well `inldri Heksilj Mu`fi aj thi levegf dg` thi `id` dg` sit thes al` Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
44:
warl` djeri eg ar`ir ta purfi et. Phig dll piapli, kig, wakig, dg` nhel`rig, wha ivir levi`, jrak thi oifeggegf aj thi warl` ta thi ig`, well dppidr eg pirsag oijari thes fridt Mu`fi. Phiy well oi sukkagi` weth thi drnhdgfil―s ndll dg` weth thi saug` aj thi trukpit aj Fa`. Phasi wha well hdvi `ei` oijari thdt teki well dresi aut aj thi idrth, ds thier sperets dri agni dfdeg ugeti` weth thier awg oa`eis eg whenh thiy levi`. Phasi wha well thig oi stell dlevi well gat `ei ds thi athirs out well oi nhdgfi` thi oi twegclegf iyi`id` jrak pireshdoli ta dnnar`egf ekpireshdoli. Phig thi oaacsegwell apigi` aj dg`dgthi well oi mu`fi` ta whdt thiy hdvi `agi eg thes warl`, whithir faa` ar ivel. Eg`ii`, dll piapli well rig`ir dnnaugt jar iviry ndriliss war` thiy uttir, whenh thi warl` rifdr`s ds kiri mist dg` dkusikigt. Phi Oilfen Nagjisseag tidnhis thdt dt Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf, whenh shdll oi “oa`ely dg` veseoly,‛ “dll piapli, kig, wakig, dg` nhel`rig, wha ivir levi`, jrak thi oifeggegf aj thi warl` ta thi ig`, well dppidr eg pirsag oijari thes fridt Mu`fi.‛ Phi jegdl mu`fkigt es aoveausly d figirdl mu`fkigt. Phi Oilfen Nagjisseag `ais gat kigteag d sinrit nakegf aj Nhrest prear ta thi Fridt Preouldteag, dg` d suosiquigt riwdr`egf aj thi sdegts dt thi Mu`fkigt ^idt aj Nhrest. Oath thi sdegts dg` thi wenci` well oi mu`fi` dt thi sdki teki dt Nhrest―s Rdraused. Jurthirkari, thi phrdsi “thasi wha well hdvi `ei`‛ rijirs ta thi `id` eg figirdl, dg` kdcis ga rijirigni ta iethir thi sdvi` ar thi `dkgi`. Oath Nagjisseags dri nagsestigt weth thi ixplenet tidnhegfs aj ^nrepturi, pdrtenuldrly @dgeil 4?=?, Mahg 9=?8-?5, dg` Dnts ?0=49. Phi aoveaus tidnhegf aj thisi pdssdfis es d figirdl risurrinteag aj oath thi must dg` thi ugmust. Phiri es ga kigteag aj d agi thausdg` yidrs ar, dnnar`egf ta pritreouldteagests, d agi thausdg` dg` sivig yidrs fdp oitwiig thi risurrinteag aj thi sdegts dg` thi risurrinteag aj thi wenci`. Phi ^nrepturi dg` _ijarki` Nagjisseags dfrii thdt thiri well agly oi agi figirdl risurrinteag aj thi `id`, dg` agi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest, gat d nakplix sireis aj risurrinteags sipdrdti` oy teki fdps, ar kultepli “sinag`‛ nakegfs aj Nhrest. Dlsa, et es nlidr thdt thi _ijarki` Nagjisseags tidnh d figirdl, jegdl mu`fkigt. Phi gateag thdt Nhrest well naki sinritly ta rdpturi dg` risurrint thi sdegts prear ta thi Fridt Preouldteag es jariefg ta thi _ijarki` Nagjisseags aj Jdeth. Rrikelliggedlesk `ikdg`s twa sipdrdti risurrinteags= thi risurrinteag aj thi must dt Nhrest―s Rdraused, dg` thi risurrinteag aj thi wenci` dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. Phi _ijarki` Nagjisseags, ugjartugdtily, `a gat dllaw thi egtirndldteag aj d kelliggeuk oitwiig twa sipdrdti risurrinteags. Nagsiquigtedlly, thi isnhdtalafendl
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
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snhikd aj `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk nagtrd`ents thi _ijarki` Nagjisseags― `antregi aj d figirdl risurrinteag dg` mu`fkigt.
Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg ^nrepturi Phi `antregi aj thi risurrinteag es jaug` gat agly eg thi Giw Pistdkigt, out dlsa eg thi wretegfs aj thi Rraphits. @dgeil praphisei`= Dg` dt thdt teki shdll Kenhdil stdg` up, thi fridt pregni whenh stdg`ith jar thi nhel`rig aj thy piapli= dg` thiri shdll oi d teki aj trauoli, sunh ds givir wds segni thiri wds d gdteag ivig ta thdt sdki teki= dg` dt thdt teki thy piapli shdll oi `ileviri`, iviry agi thdt shdll oi jaug` wrettig eg thi oaac. Dg` kdgy aj thik thdt sliip eg thi `ust aj thi idrth shdll dwdci, saki ta ivirldstegf leji, dg` saki ta shdki dg` ivirldstegf nagtikpt. Dg` thiy thdt oi wesi shdll shegi ds thi orefhtgiss aj thi jerkdkigt3 dg` thiy thdt turg kdgy ta refhtiausgiss ds thi stdrs jar ivir dg` ivir. Out thau, A @dgeil, shut up thi war`s, dg` sidl thi oaac, ivig ta thi teki aj thi ig`= kdgy shdll rug ta dg` jra, dg` cgawli`fi shdll oi egnridsi` (@dg. 4?=4-0). @dgeil dppdrigtly siis d figirdl risurrinteag aj thi `id`, “saki ta ivirldstegf leji, dg` saki ta shdki dg` ivirldstegf nagtikpt (@dg. 4?=?).‛ Aur Lar` Misus rietirdtis thi tidnhegf d figirdl risurrinteag praphisei` @dgeil eg thi Faspil Mahg, “Kdrvil gat aj dt thes= jar thi haur es nakegf, eg thi oy whenh dll thdt dri eg thi aj frdvis shdll hidr hes vaeni, Dg` shdll naki jarth3 thiy thdt hdvi `agi faa`, ugta thi risurrinteag aj leji3 dg` thiy thdt hdvi `agi ivel, ugta thi risurrinteag aj `dkgdteag (Mahg 9=?8-?5).‛ Dnnar`egf ta Misus, thiri es ga kigteag aj dg egtirmintary fdp aj agi kelliggeuk wetheg “thi haur.‛ Dt thdt haur, “dll thdt dri eg thi frdvis shdll hidr hes vaeni.‛ Phi “risurrinteag aj leji‛ dg` “thi risurrinteag aj `dkgdteag‛ annur dt “thi haur.‛ ^aki `espigsdteagdlests kefht aomint ta thes paegt, nldekegf thdt eg Mahg 9=?9, thi sdki war` “haur‛ es usi` ta `isnreoi thi igteri faspil dfi, d teki spdg whenh hds segni ldsti` jar kari thdg twa kelligged. “Zirely, virely, E sdy ugta yau, Phi haur es nakegf, dg` gaw es, whig thi `id` shdll hidr thi vaeni aj thi ^ag aj Fa`= dg` thiy thdt hidr shdll levi (Mahg 9=?9).‛ Phiy kefht drfui thdt segni thi “haur‛ eg virsi ?9 hds ldsti` jar kari thdg twa thausdg` yidrs, d sireis aj twa risurrinteags sipdrdti` oy agi kelliggeuk ndg idsely jet egta thi “haur‛ aj virsi ?8. Eg rispagsi ta thes drfukigt, wi kust jerst gati thdt thi Dpastli Mahg usis thi war` “haur‛ (Ὡτδ) ta kidg vdreaus pirea`s aj teki, thi `urdteag aj whenh `ipig`s upag thi nagtixt aj thi pdssdfi eg nagse`irdteag. Jar ixdkpli, Mahg usis thi war` “haur‛ eg thi sdki sigsi ds virsi ?9 eg Mahg 0=?>. “Out thi haur nakith, dg` gaw es, whig Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
448
thi trui warsheppirs shdll warshep thi Jdthir eg speret dg` eg truth= jar thi Jdthir siicith sunh ta warshep hek (Mahg 0=?>).‛ Eg oath egstdgnis, thi war` “haur‛ `igatis thi igteri faspil dfi, whirioy thi ilint hidr thi egwdr` ndllegf aj thi Haly ^peret, ds will ds thi autwdr` ndll aj thi faspil, dg` oinakis rifigirdti`. Eg athir ndsis, thi Dpastli usis thi war` “haur‛ ta eg`endti d spinejen paegt eg teki whenh hds iethir drrevi` (Mahg 4?=?>3 4>=43 4:=?43 45=40, ?6), ar whenh hds yit ta drrevi (Mahg 6=>23 8=?2). Ej egsest thdtajvirsi ?8 es shaul` pdrdllil virsi ?9,thi thiy kustpirea`. nagse`ir thi`espigsdteagdlests jdnt thdt thi rifigirdteag seggirs annurregf thraufhaut faspil Eg whenh ndsi, thi risurrinteag aj thi must dg` thi ugmust shaul` leciwesi oi tdcegf pldni dll thraufh thi idrthly kelliggeuk3 out dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdlesk, thi risurrinteag aj thi must annurs agly prear ta thi kelliggeuk, wheli thi risurrinteag aj thi wenci` tdcis pldni dt thi ig` aj thi agi thausdg` yidrs riefg aj Nhrest. Pa egtirprit virsi ?8 ds d pdrdllil aj virsi ?9 waul` oi taa kunh jar ivig thi he`ioaug` `espigsdteagdlest. Ej thi ixifiti kust ug`irstdg` “haur‛ eg virsi ?8 ta kidg d viry lagf pirea` aj teki „ d pirea` aj ga liss thdg d kelliggeuk „ hi kust nagtig` weth thi hirkigiutendl dosur`ety aj hdvegf thi vaeni aj thi Lar` risaug`egf thraufhaut thi agi thausdg` yidrs. Jar thi Dpastli Mahg wrati, “Kdrvil gat dt thes= jar thi haur es nakegf, eg thi whenh dll thdt dri eg thi frdvis shdll hidr hes vaeni, Dg` shdll naki jarth3 thiy thdt hdvi `agi faa`, ugta thi risurrinteag aj leji3 dg` thiy thdt hdvi `agi ivel, ugta thi risurrinteag aj `dkgdteag (Mahg 9=?8-?5).‛ ^a, es Mahg sdyegf thdt “d lagf, lagf pirea` aj teki es nakegf, eg whenh dll thdt dri eg thi frdvis shdll hidr Hes vaeni risaug`egf dll thraufh thi kelliggeuk1‛ Dnnar`egf ta thi nagtixt aj thes pdssdfi, et es aoveaus thi Dpastli Mahg es eg`endtegf thdt, dt d pdrtenuldr paegt aj teki eg thi juturi, thi Lar`―s vaeni well oi hidr` agni, dg` dll wha dri eg thi frdvis shdll risurrint. Phi must shdll oi dwdr`i` thi risurrinteag aj leji, wheli thi wenci` well oi fevig thi risurrinteag aj `dkgdteag. Mahg es, aj naursi, gat suffistegf thdt Misus― vaeni well oi saug`i` kari thdg agi teki, ar warsi, kultepli tekis. Mahg 9=?8-?5, thirijari, egivetdoly tidnhis d figirdl risurrinteag aj thi `id` thdt annurs nagtikpardgiausly. Eg jaur egstdgnis eg thi Faspil aj Mahg dlagi, Misus tdufht thdt thi risurrinteag aj thi must shdll annur dt thi ldst `dy, gat agi thausdg` yidrs oijari thi risurrinteag aj thi wenci`. Aur Lar` ilune`dti`, “Dg` thes es thi Jdthir―s well whenh hdth sigt ki, thdt aj dll whenh hi hdth fevig ki E shaul` lasi gathegf, out shaul` rdesi et up dfdeg dt thi ldst `dy. Dg` thes es thi well aj hek thdt sigt ki, thdt iviry agi whenh siith thi Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
445
^ag, dg` oileivith ag hek, kdy hdvi ivirldstegf leji= dg` E well rdesi hek up dt thi ldst `dy (Mahg :=>5-02).‛ Dfdeg eg Mahg :=00 dg` Mahg :=90, Nhrest tdufht, “Ga kdg ndg naki ta ki, ixnipt thi Jdthir whenh hdth sigt ki `rdw hek= dg` E well rdesi hek up dt thi ldst `dy. . . . Vhasa idtith ky jlish, dg` `regcith ky olaa`, hdth itirgdl leji3 dg` E well rdesi hek up dt thi ldst `dy.‛ Lardegi Oaittgir nagnurs, “Phi thi risurrinteag refhtiausoy es ta annur d thausdg` yidrs gateag oijari thdt thi ig` aj thi warl` aj es thi nagtrd`enti` Misus wha, ag jaur `ejjirigt anndseags, sde` thdt Hi waul` rdesi up thasi wha oileivi eg Hek dt thi ldst `dy (Mahg :=>5, 02, 00, 90). Nlidrly thiri ndg oi ga athir `dys djtir thi ldst `dy.‛8 Phi Dpastli Rdul, whig hi wds oraufht oijari thi _akdg pranurdtar Jilex eg Ndisdrid, pranldeki`, “Out thes E nagjiss ugta thii, thdt djtir thi wdy whenh thiy ndll hirisy, sa warshep E thi Fa` aj ky jdthirs, oileivegf dll thegfs whenh dri wrettig eg thi ldw dg` eg thi praphits= Dg` hdvi hapi tawdr` Fa`, whenh thiy thiksilvis dlsa dllaw, thdt thiri shdll oi d risurrinteag aj thi `id`, oath aj thi must dg` ugmust (Dnts ?0=40-49).‛ Eg virsi 49, thi Friic war` δλδώπδώελ (dgdstdseg), whenh es trdgsldti` “d risurrinteag,‛ es segfuldr. Ej Rdul hd` eg hes keg` dt lidst twa sipdrdti risurrinteags, thi Haly ^peret naul` hdvi usi` thi plurdl jark aj thes war`. Phi our`ig aj praaj es, dt thi viry lidst, upag thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests. Ygliss thiy pra`uni nagnlusevi dg` egnagtravirteoli ive`igni thdt ^nrepturi tidnhis athirwesi, thiri es ga ridsag why wi kust rimint thi isnhdtalafy aj thi _ijarki` Nagjisseags= thdt thiri well oi agi figirdl risurrinteag aj thi `id` dg` agi jegdl mu`fkigt jar oath thi must dg` thi ugmust.
Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg thi Rdrdolis aj Misus Phi pdrdolis aj Misus, leciwesi, nagtrd`ent thi `espigsdteagdl gateag thdt d agi thausdg` yidr fdp sipdrdtis thi ^inag` Nakegf dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt. Eg thi pdrdoli aj thi whidt dg` thi tdris, oath whidt dg` tdris dri ta fraw tafithir ugtel thi ig` aj thi warl`. Misus rinaugts, “Lit oath fraw tafithir ugtel thi hdrvist= dg` eg thi teki aj hdrvist E well sdy ta thi ridpirs, Fdthir yi tafithir jerst thi tdris, dg` oeg` thik eg oug`lis ta ourg thik= out fdthir thi whidt egta ky odrg (Kdtthiw 4>=>2).‛
8
Lardegi Oaittgir, Phi Kelliggeuk, riv. i`. (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4596), 4:5.
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
4?2
Eg jdnt, thi tdris dri fdthiri` jerst eg thi pdrdoli. Out dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, thi whidt es fdthiri` oijari thi tdris. Ej thiri es dgy fdp oitwiig thi risurrinteag aj thi must dg` thi ugmust „ out aj naursi, thiri es gagi „ `espigsdteagdlests hdvi fat thi siquigni aj risurrinteags rivirsi`. Varsi, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs egsest thdt thi whidt oi fdthiri` jerst, lidvegf agly thi tdris jar thi Fridt Preouldteag. Eg ciipegf weth `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, d sinag` hdrvist es kdg`dtary, ds thiri well oi whidt frawegf aut aj thi tdris `uregf thi Fridt Preouldteag. Uit d ther` hdrvist es gii`i` jar thasi nagvirti` `uregf thi kelliggeuk. Out aglyMisus agni.es d`dkdgt thdt thi hdrvistegf annurs agly dt thi ig` aj thi warl`, dg` Hirkdg Hdgca, nakkigtegf ag thes pdrdoli, ixpldegs, “Phi hdrvist eg thi pdrdoli es thi ig` aj thi warl`. Phes es thi ig` aj thi warl` eg thi dosaluti sigsi. Misus cgaws agly aj thes agi ig`, gat thi kdgy “ig`s‛ aj whenh prikelliggeglesk spidcs. Et es thdt kakigt whig Fa`―s purpasi, dnnar`egf ta hes naugsil, es ridlezi`, jar dll thdt hi hds `itirkegi` ta `a hds oiig dnnakpleshi`. Nridteag dg` hestary dri oraufht ta thier tilas (thier purpasi, thier fadl). Phig dll thegfs dri rid`y. Phi wenci` hdvi jelli` thi nup aj egequety, dg` thi jellegf aj thes nup hds kd`i thik repi jar mu`fkigt. Phi nhurnh es repi jar hir jegdl sdlvdteag, dg` dll thegfs dri rid`y jar Nhrest ta riturg.‛5 Eg thi pdrdoli aj thi `rdfgit (Kdtt. 4>=06-92), thi sipdrdteag aj thi faa` jesh dg` thi od` jesh shdll oi pirjarki` “dt thi ig` aj thi warl`.‛ Phi wenci` dri sipdrdti` jrak thi must. Oath thi must dg` thi ugmust shdll oi mu`fi`, dg` thi wenci` well oi ndst egta thi jurgdni aj jeri. Agni dfdeg, thi must well gat oi sipdrdti` jrak thi wenci` eg d rdpturi agi thausdg` yidrs „ ar agi thausdg` dg` sivig yidrs dnnar`egf ta pritreouldteagesk „ prear ta thi jegdl mu`fkigt. Phi jegdl mu`fkigt well oi d figirdl mu`fkigt aj oath thi sdegts dg` thi ripraodtis. Phi figirdl risurrinteag dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt annur “dt thi ig` aj thi warl`.‛ Hdgca wretis, “Phi jegdl sipdrdteag aj thi faa` dg` od` jesh tdcis pldni dt thi “ig` aj thi warl`.‛ Phes es gat dg droetrdry ig`, gar dg ig` dkagf kdgy ig`s. Et es thi jegdl dg` dosaluti ig` aj thi dfi jrak thi veiwpaegt aj Fa`―s purpasi. Fa`―s purpasi es jully dnnakpleshi` ds hi `itirkegi` thdt purpasi jrak
5
Hirkdg Hdgca, Phi Kystireis aj thi Cegf`ak= Dg Ixpaseteag aj Misus― Rdrdolis, ?g` i`. (Frdg`velli, KE= _ijarki` Jrii Ruoleshegf Dssanedteag, 4569), 90.
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
4?4
oijari thi jaug`dteag aj thi warl`. . . . Jrak Fa`―s paegt aj veiw, thiri es ga passeoelety aj hestary nagteguegf. Et ndggat fa ag jar dgathir kakigt.‛42 Jurthirkari, thi jegdl mu`fkigt es nlidrly `ipenti` eg thi pdrdoli aj thi shiip dg` thi fadts eg Kdtthiw ?9=>4-0:. “Vhig thi ^ag aj kdg shdll naki eg hes flary (Kdtt. ?9=>4),‛ thi sipdrdteag aj thi wenci` dg` thi must shdll annur dt thi sdki teki. Phi legnhpeg aj prikelliggedlesk, thdt es, d thausdg` yidr fdp oitwiig thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt, es dosigt jrak thes pdrdoli. Phi isnhdtalafendl snhikd prisigti` eg thes pdrdoli, ds will ds thi athirs, es nagsestigt weth dkelliggedlesk. Ivig stdugnh prikelliggedlest, Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, hd` ta nagni`i thdt thi snhiki aj praphiny prisigti` eg thes pdrdoli es issigtedlly dkelliggedl= “D jegdl quisteag rikdegs ta oi dsci`. Ej thes es thi jegdl mu`fkigt, whdt `a wi `a doaut thi kelliggeuk1 Phiri siiks ta oi ga raak jar et. Phi duthar es jrdgc ta d`ket thdt ej wi hd` ta jallaw thes pdssdfi ds aur prafrdk aj praphiny, thiri waul` oi ga raak jar d kelliggeuk. E waul` hdvi ta oi dg dkelliggedlest.‛44 Eg`ii`, Rrajissar Ld`` waul` oi kari nagsestigt weth ^nrepturi ej hi wds dg dkelliggedlest. Haw, thig, `e` hi isndpi thi egisndpdoli nagnluseag thdt Misus `e` gat tidnh d kelliggeuk eg thes pdrdoli1 Hi nagnlu`i` thdt thes pdrdoli hds gathegf ta `a weth thi “prafrdk aj praphiny.‛ “Et es d `rdkdten pdrdoli,‛ hi sde`,4? dg` et kirily nagviyi` egstrunteags ta Misus― `esneplis nagnirgegf thi Fridt Nakkesseag. Eg thi jallawegf war`s, Ld`` dttikpti` ta `essepdti thi isnhdtalafendl thrust aj thi igteri pdrdoli= “Misus cgaws thdt hi es doaut ta lidvi hes `esneplis eg thi warl` weth d nakkesseag ta tdci thi faspil ta dll gdteags. Hi es eg ijjint sdyegf ta thik, “E dk igtrustegf thi `istegy aj thi Figtelis egta yaur hdg`s. Phasi wha wilnaki dg` rinievi yau wilnaki dg` rinievi ki, dg` thiy well oi olissi` eg thi `dy aj mu`fkigt. Phasi wha rimint dg` ixnlu`i dg` pugesh yau `a sa ta ki, dg` et well fa ell weth thik eg thi `dy aj mu`fkigt.―‛4>
42
Eoe`., 5>. Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, Phi Ldst Phegfs (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4568), 424. 4? Eoe`. 4> Eoe`. 44
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
4??
Oy `igyegf thi aoveaus nagnluseags tdufht eg thi pdrdoli aj thi shiip dg` thi fadts, Ld`` nagtrd`enti` hes awg pregnepli aj hirkigiutens - thdt thi ixifiti kust givir dvae` thi “nlidr dg` ugdkoefuaus‛ kidgegf aj ldgfudfi eg ^nrepturi.40 Kdrnillus Cec, d pastkelliggedlest, ixpldegs thdt “eg Kdtthiw ?9=>4-0:, d ugevirsdl mu`fkigt es `ipenti` dg` dll piapli wha hdvi levi` upag thi idrth dri mu`fi` dnnar`egf ta thier warcs. Phi dvirdfi Nhrestedg rid`ir aj thi Kdtthiw pdssdfi oileivis thdt thi jegdl mu`fkigt es sit jarth. Dg` hi es refht. Phi prikelliggedlest hds ta ixpldeghithes dwdy `ais gat jet egwhenh weth hes veiws.es Dntudlly hdspdssdfi ta jarsdci hesoindusi “letirdl‛etegtirpritdteag hi isnhdtalafendl sa stautly kdegtdegs 49 thi agly prapir wdy aj egtirpritdteag.‛ Eg ky pirusdl aj @r Mijjriy Chaa―s wretegfs, E dk dosalutily pirplixi` ds ta why hi hds dvae`i` d `esnusseag aj Kdtthiw ?9=>4-0: eg oath hes oaac Phi Faspils eg 4: Ygesag, dg` hes linturis gatis Phi Leji aj Nhrest. Es et trui thdt hi, taa, hds jaug` et `ejjenult ta rinagneli thi pdrdoli weth `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk1
40
Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, D Nakkigtdry ag thi _ivildteag aj Mahg (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 456?), ?::. 49 M. Kdrnillus Cec, Dg Isnhdtalafy aj Zentary (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4564), 4:5. 4: ^ii Mijjriy Chaa, Phi Faspils eg Ygesag= D ^ygthiten Hdrkagy aj thi Jaur Faspils eg thi CMZ (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, 455:). Dlsa sii Mijjriy Chaa, Phi Leji aj Nhrest (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.). Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi` eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/dssits/p`js/stu`yrisaurni/Leji%?2Aj%?2Nhrest.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Kdy ?22:.
Phi Kultepli _isurrinteags
4?>
Nhdptir 5= Phi Pidnhegf s aj t hi Ipes tlis Nagn irgeg f thi _isurr inteag dg` Mu`fk igt Phi Figirdl _isurrinteag dg` Jegdl Mu`fkigt eg thi Ipestlis Phi tidnhegfs aj thi Dpastlis nagnirgegf thi ldst mu`fkigt dg` thi figirdl risurrinteag dri nagsestigt weth thasi aj Misus dg` thi Rraphits. Dnnar`egf ta thi Faspils dg` thi ipestlis, thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest es dnnakpdgei` oy thi rdpturi, thi sekultdgiaus risurrinteag aj thi must dg` thi ugmust, dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt aj oath thi refhtiaus dg` thi wenci`. Jurthirkari, thi ^inag` Nakegf es gat prini`i` oy d sinrit, prilekegdry nakegf aj Nhrest eg thi nlau`s jar Hes sdegts. Ds `esnussi` eg prini`egf nhdptirs, thi ^inag` Nakegf, ar thi Rdraused aj Nhrest, es agi segfli, veseoli, dg` flareaus ivigt. Eg aur priveaus stu`y aj ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42, wi ug`irstaa` thdt dt thi Lar`―s Dpacdlupses, whenh es dlsa cgawg ds thi Rdraused, dll thi `id` well oi risurrinti` dg` thi pirsinutars aj thi Nhurnh well oi mu`fi`. Phi ilint well oi flarejei` dg` well spig` itirgety weth thi Lar`, wheli thi wenci` `id` well oi nagsefgi` ta hill. Phes es whig thi dgfilen lifeags well rikavi thi tdris jrak dkagf thi whidt, dg` `ilevir thi ripraodtis ta itirgdl pir`eteag (Kdtt. 4>=>:-0>). Velledk Freir wretis nagnirgegf ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42= “Vi kdy gateni thdt whig thi ^dveaur nakis jar thi `ilevirdgni aj Hes trauoli` sdegts, Hi nakis ‘eg jldkegf jeri― „ ga sinrit rdpturi hiri! Out et es ivig kari ekpartdgt stell ta gateni haw thi riwdr` aj thi refhtiaus dg` thi pugeshkigt aj thi wenci` dri egtirwavig weth idnh athir ds ta teki, dg` kd`i ta jallaw, oath aj thik, ekki`edtily ag thi nakegf aj thi Lar`. ^urily thes pdssdfi shaul` kdci pirjintly nlidr thdt thiri es ga sinrit rdpturi ta oi jallawi` dt dg egtirvdl aj sivig yidrs oy dg apig rivildteag aj thi Lar` dg` Hes flary ta thi warl`. ^urily et es pirjintly nlidr dlsa thdt segni thi nakegf aj thi Lar` oregfs upag thi wenci` ‘itirgdl `istrunteag dwdy jrak thi jdni aj thi Lar`,― thiri dri ga wenci` wha well survevi Hes nakegf ta oi ruli` avir egdnnar`egf d kelliggeuk jallaw. Out thiri kustDg` oi ivig wenci` piapli survevegf, ta thitaprikelliggedl snhiki. dt thi viry nlasi aj thi kelliggedl riefg thiri dri wenci` eg gukoir ds thi
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4?0
sdg` aj thi sid (_iv. ?2=8), dnnar`egf ta thi pri-kelliggedl snhiki aj egtirpritdteag.‛4
_akdgs ?=9-8 “Out djtir thy hdr`giss dg` ekpigetigt hidrt tridsurist up ugta thysilj wrdth dfdegst thi `dy aj wrdth dg` rivildteag aj thi refhtiaus mu`fkigt aj Fa`3 Vha well rig`ir ta iviry kdg dnnar`egf ta hes `ii`s= Pa thik wha oy pdteigt nagtegudgni eg will `aegf siic jar flary dg` hagaur dg` ekkartdlety, itirgdl leji= Out ugta thik thdt dri nagtigteaus, dg` `a gat aoiy thi truth, out aoiy ugrefhtiausgiss, eg`efgdteag dg` wrdth (_ak. ?=98).‛ Phi jegdl mu`fkigt aj oath thi must dg` thi ugmust es leciwesi tdufht eg _akdgs ?=98. Phes figirdl mu`fkigt well tdci pldni ag thi sdki `dy, dg` es gat sipdrdti` oy agi thausdg` yidrs. “Phi `dy aj wrdth dg` rivildteag aj thi refhtiaus mu`fkigt aj Fa` (_ak. ?=9)‛ es sygagykaus weth thi @dy aj thi Lar`, whenh es dlsa rijirri` ta ds thi Rdraused eg thi Giw Pistdkigt. Dt thi ldst `dy (Mahg :=>5, 02, 00, 90), Nhrest “well rig`ir ta iviry kdg dnnar`egf ta hes `ii`s (_ak. ?=:).‛ Phi sdegts shdll rinievi “itirgdl leji (_ak. ?=6),‛ wheli thi ripraodtis well jdni thi “wrdth (_ak. ?=8)‛ aj Fa`. _aoirt Kaugni nakkigts, “Phes wrdth well oi oraufht dfdegst thik ag thi `dy whig Fa`―s refhtiaus mu`fkigt well oi rividli`. Phi wrdth aj Fa` spacig aj eg S_akdgs[ 4=48 es oiegf rividli` eg thi prisigt teki. Eg S_akdgs[ ?=9 et es isnhdtalafendl. Et oilagfs ta thi ig` teki whig Fa` well riwdr` refhtiausgiss dg` pugesh wenci`giss.‛? Phiri shaul` oi ga `auot ds ta whdt “thi `dy aj wrdth dg` rivildteag aj thi refhtiaus mu`fkigt aj Fa` (_ak. ?=9)‛ es. Kaa pirnievis thdt thi “`dy aj wrdth‛ es “qudse-tinhgendl oeolendl ldgfudfi jar thi teki aj jegdl mu`fkigt. Phes stragfly suffists thdt Rdul es laacegf hiri dt thi nlekdnten autpauregf aj wrdth dt thi ig` aj
4
Velledk M. Freir, Phi Kakigtaus Ivigt= D @esnusseag aj ^nrepturi Pidnhegf ag thi ^inag` D`vigt (Oiljdst= Ivdgfilendl Oaacshap, 45093 ripregt, I`egourfh= Phi Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4562), 64-6?. ? _aoirt H. Kaugni, _akdgs= Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry (Gdshvelli, PG= Orad`kdg & Halkdg Ruoleshirs, 4559), 52.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4?9
hestary3 dg` thi Miw wha rijusis ta ripigt es ivig gaw dnnukuldtegf thi wrdth thdt ag thdt `dy well oi rividli`.‛> Velledk ^hi`` nagnurs weth Kaa thdt, “Phes `dy es thi fridt `dy aj jegdl mu`fkigt.‛0 Phes es thi `dy whig dll kdg well oi risurrinti` dg` mu`fi`, “thiy thdt hdvi `agi faa`, ugta thi risurrinteag aj leji3 dg` thiy thdt hdvi `agi ivel, ugta thi risurrinteag aj `dkgdteag (Mahg 9=?5).‛
4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4-42 Rdul nagsestigtly tdufht eg hes ipestlis thdt thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest, thi sekultdgiaus risurrinteag aj thi must dg` thi ugmust, dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt well dll annur ag thi sdki `dy= thi @dy aj thi Lar`. Vi `esnussi` eg nhdptir sex thdt “thdt `dy shaul` Sgat[ avirtdci Soileivirs[ ds d theij (4 Phiss. 9=0).‛9 Dlthaufh thi @dy aj thi Lar` well naki leci “d theij eg thi gefht (4 Phiss. 9=?)‛ upag ugoileivirs, “Rdul `e` gat dpply thi ekplendteag aj thi theij dgdlafy ta oileivirs. Phiy wiri, eg jdnt, spinejendlly ixnlu`i`. Phi Lar`―s nakegf well gat oi ds d theij eg thi gefht jar kikoirs aj thi nhurnh (v. 0). Oileivirs ixpint et, thaufh thiy `a gat cgaw whig thi `dy well drrevi.‛: Rdraused Phi aj hdvi Nhresttawell EgEgthdt `dy, oath oileivirs dg` ugoileivirs well jdnidrrevi Fa`―ssu``igly. mu`fkigt. 4 Phissdlagedgs 9=4-42, “Rdul dssanedtis thi sinag` nakegf weth thi risurrinteag dg` thi igsuegf flary aj thi sdegts dg` thi su``ig `istrunteag aj thi wenci`. Vethaut thi shd`aw aj d `auot, thdt `dy hds ets rijirigni ta oath pdrteis=‐oileivirs dri ta laac jar et (4 Ph. 9=0-42), jar thig thiy shdll aotdeg sdlvdteag eg dll ets jullgiss (vs. 5), thig thiy shdll ‘levi tafithir weth hek― (vs. 42)3 wheli thdt sdki `dy well oregf thi jdlsi sinurety aj ugoileivirs ta dg ig` eg thier ‘su``ig `istrunteag.―‛6
Et shaul` oi aoveaus ta rid`irs thdt Rdul `e` gat hdvi eg keg` thi sinrit rikavdl aj Nhrestedgs sivig yidrs prear ta thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest. Rdul, eg jdnt, ixharti` >
@auflds Kaa, Phi Ipestli ta thi _akdgs= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 455:), 4>0-4>9. 0 Velledk F. P. ^hi``, D Nretendl dg` @antregdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Ipestli aj ^t. Rdul ta thi _akdgs (Nhdrlis ^nreogir―s ^ags, 48653 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, ?224), >8. 9 Jar d `esnusseag aj thi @dy aj thi Lar` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, sii H. H. _awliy, Phi Jdeth aj Esrdil (Lag`ag= ^NK, 459:), 466„?243 O. C. ^keth, “Aod`edh,‛ eg Dkas, Aod`edh, Magdh= Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry (Gdshvelli= Orad`kdg & Halkdg, 4559), 459„?24. : Kdrteg, 4, ? Phissdlagedgs, 495. 6 Freir, Phi Kakigtaus Ivigt, 90.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4?:
oileivirs ta “wdtnh dg` oi saoir (4 Phiss. 9=:).‛ Hi sde`, “Out yi, orithrig, dri gat eg `drcgiss, thdt thdt `dy shaul` avirtdci yau ds d theij. Ui dri dll thi nhel`rig aj lefht, dg` thi nhel`rig aj thi `dy= wi dri gat aj thi gefht, gar aj `drcgiss. (4 Phiss. 9=0-9).‛ Phi @dy aj thi Lar` shaul` gat avirtdci Nhrestedgs ugixpinti`ly. Eg athir war`s, oileivirs dri ta ixpint thi @dy aj thi Lar` dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt3 thiy dri ta wdtnh jar thi sefgs aj thi tekis. ^ekag Cestikdcir nakkigts, “Misus sdys thdt thi oileivir kust wdtnh thi sefgs aj thi tekis. ^aki aj thisi sefgs dri thi pranldkdteag aj thi faspil ta dll gdteags (Kdtt. ?0=40), thi dppidrdgni aj jdlsi Nhrests dg` jdlsi praphits (Kdrc 4>=??), d pirea` aj egnridsi` ldwlissgiss (EE Phiss. ?=6), dg` thi nakegf aj thi Dgtenhrest (4 Mahg ?=48). Oy aosirvegf thi sefgs, oileivirs dri strigfthigi` eg thier jdeth thdt Fa` es dt warc eg `erintegf warl` hestary ta thi flareaus `dy aj Nhrest―s riturg.‛8 Nagtrdry ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredg oileij, sdegts dri gat rdpturi` dwdy sinritly eg thi pritreouldteag rdpturi. Jurthirkari, ej dll thi wenci` dri su``igly `istrayi` (nj. 4 Phiss. 9=>) dt thi Rdraused, dg` ej dll thi sdegts dri fevig flarejei` oa`eis, ga hukdgs well oi lijt ag Idrth ta ripra`uni dg` ta papuldti thi pldgit `uregf thi agi thausdg` yidrs riefg aj Nhrest. Flarejei` sdegts `a gat fevi oerth, dg` thiy `ijegetily `a gat riqueri thi sirvenis aj aostitrenedgs. Givirthiliss, Vdlvaar` wretis, “Ds nhel`rig dri oarg eg thi Kelliggeuk dg` fraw up, kdgy aj thik kdy gat trust eg Nhrest. Phasi wha rioil dfdegst Hek well oi pugeshi` (]inh. 40=4:-45), dg` saki well oi put ta `idth. Dg` ugoileivirs levegf dt thi ig` aj thi Kelliggeuk wha rioil weth ^dtdg dfdegst Nhrest well oi mu`fi` oy Hek (_iv. ?2=4-5).‛5 Hes veiws dri inhai` oy Oeoli Rrisoytiredg snhaldrs eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi.42 Ej, dnnar`egf ta Rdul, thi igteri wenci` papuldteag es ta oi dggeheldti`, wheli dll thi sdegts dri ta oi flarejei` dt Nhrest―s Rdraused, haw `a wi ixpldeg thi `espigsdteagdl phigakigag aj kartdls oiegf oarg `uregf thi idrthly kelliggeuk1 Kariavir, @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt thi kelliggedl oerthrdti es hefh igaufh ta pra`uni figirdteags aj wenci` pdfdgs ta rioil dfdegst Nhrest dg` thi 8
^ekag M. Cestikdcir, Ixpaseteag aj thi Ipestlis aj Ritir dg` aj thi Ipestli aj Mu`i= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaacs Hausi Na, 455>), >?6. 5 Vdlvaar`, Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dy―s Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny, 455-?22. 42 Jar ixdkpli, sii Tuic, @DU JEZI= _ivildteag 45-??, 4053 Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>:.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4?6
sdegts, wha dri dllifi`ly igndkpi` dt Mirusdlik tawdr`s thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. Phi agus es, thirijari, ag thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ta risalvi thes lafendl egnagsestigny.
4 Naregthedgs 49 Ygiquevandlly, thi Dpastli Rdul tdufht thdt thi Rdraused aj Nhrest dg` thi risurrinteag aj thi sdegts well annur ekki`edtily oijari thi jegdl stdti. Dt thi risurrinteag aj oileivirs, thi jegdl igiky „ `idth „ well oi `istrayi` jarivir. Phiri shdll ga lagfir oi `idth djtir thi flarejendteag aj thi sdegts. Phi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest well ushir eg thi nagsukkdteag aj thes dfi. Rdul wrati= “Out gaw es Nhrest resig jrak thi `id`, dg` oinaki thi jerstjruets aj thik thdt slipt. Jar segni oy kdg ndki `idth, oy kdg ndki dlsa thi risurrinteag aj thi `id`. Jar ds eg D`dk dll `ei, ivig sa eg Nhrest shdll dll oi kd`i dlevi. Out iviry kdg eg hes awg ar`ir= Nhrest thi jerstjruets3 djtirwdr` thiy thdt dri Nhrest―s dt hes nakegf. Phig nakith thi ig`, whig hi shdll hdvi `ileviri` up thi cegf`ak ta Fa`, ivig thi Jdthir3 whig hi shdll hdvi put `awg dll ruli dg` dll dutharety dg` pawir. Jar hi kust riefg, tell hi hdth put thdt es dll igikeis ug`ir hes jiit. Phi ldst igiky shdll oi `istrayi` `idth (4 Nar. 49=?2-?:).‛ Ds “thi jerstoarg jrak thi `id` (Nal. 4=48),‛ Nhrest es thi jerst jruet aj thi risurrinteag aj leji (4 Nar. 49=?>). Nhrest―s risurrinteag well igsuri thi jull hdrvist eg `ui teki3 thes well oi thi risurrinteag aj dll thi sdegts. Out thes pdssdfi ndggat oi kd`i ta suppart thi gateag thdt d siquigni aj risurrinteags, ar ivig d sireis aj sivig risurrinteags dnnar`egf ta Vdlvaar`, well tdci pldni eg thi juturi. Rdul eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=?>-?0 `isnreoi` twa ndtifareis= Misus Nhrest dg` thi sdegts. Phi ar`ir aj risurrinteag eg ciipegf weth Rdul―s tidnhegf es, jerstly, thi risurrinteag aj aur Lar` Misus, dg` sinag`ly, thi risurrinteag aj dll thi sdegts dt Hes ^inag` Nakegf. Phi figirdl risurrinteag es ekki`edtily jallawi` oy thi jegdl stdti, “Phig nakith thi ig` (4 Nar. 49=?0).‛ Narraoardtegf thes pdssdfi weth 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4:-46, wi lidrg thdt `uregf Hes Rdraused, thi `id` eg Nhrest shdll risurrint jerst, jallawi` oy thi sdegts wha dri dlevi dt Hes Nakegf. “Jar thi Lar` heksilj shdll `isnig` jrak hidvig weth d shaut, weth thi vaeni aj thi drnhdgfil, dg` weth thi trukp aj Fa`= dg` thi `id` eg Nhrest shdll resi jerst= Phig wi whenh dri dlevi dg` rikdeg shdll oi ndufht up tafithir weth thik eg thi nlau`s, ta kiit thi Lar` eg thi der= dg` sa shdll wi ivir oi weth thi Lar` (4 Phiss. 0=4:-46).‛
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4?8
Nagsestigt weth thi isnhdtalafy lde` aut eg hes ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs, Rdul, eg thi sunnii`egf nagtixt, rividli` ta thi Naregthedgs d kystiry, “Gaw thes E sdy, orithrig, thdt jlish dg` olaa` ndggat eghiret thi cegf`ak aj Fa`3 giethir `ath narrupteag eghiret egnarrupteag. Oihal`, E shiw yau d kystiry3 Vi shdll gat dll sliip, out wi shdll dll oi nhdgfi`, Eg d kakigt, eg thi twegclegf aj dg iyi, dt thi ldst trukp= jar thi trukpit shdll saug`, dg` thi `id` shdll oi rdesi` egnarrupteoli, dg` wi shdll oi nhdgfi`. Jar thes kust narrupteoli put agthes egnarrupteag, kartdl put ag ekkartdlety.kust ^a whig narrupteolidg` shdllthes hdvi put ag egnarrupteag, dg` thes kartdl shdll hdvi put ag ekkartdlety, thig shdll oi oraufht ta pdss thi sdyegf thdt es wrettig, @idth es swdllawi` up eg ventary. A `idth, whiri es thy stegf1 A frdvi, whiri es thy ventary (4 Nar. 49=92-99)1‛
@ui ta thi jdnt thdt “narrupteag‛ ndggat eghiret thi egnarrupteoli Cegf`ak ta naki, thi oa`eis aj thi sdegts well oi trdgsjarki` egta egnarrupteoli oa`eis dt Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf. “^a whig thes narrupteoli shdll hdvi put ag egnarrupteag, dg` thes kartdl shdll hdvi put ag ekkartdlety (4 Nar. 49=90),‛ @idth shdll oi `ijidti` jarivir. Nakkigtegf ag 4 Naregthedgs 49=90-99, ^ekag Cestikdcir wretis, “Laacegf odnc dt Misus― treukph avir `idth dg` jarwdr` ta thi risurrinteag aj dll oileivirs, Rdul oursts aut eg muoeldteag. Hi ug`irstdg`s thi `ikesi aj leji―s kartdl igiky= `idth. Ivig thaufh `idth nagteguis ta weil` pawir ds Nhrest―s ldst igiky (v. ?:), Rdul cgaws thdt Fa` well `istray et. @idth―s `dys dri gukoiri`.‛44 Eg`ii`, dt thi Rdraused aj Nhrest, weth thi risurrinteag aj thi sdegts “dt thi ldst trukp‛ (4 Nar. 49=9?), @idth shdll oi dggeheldti`. Phes `antregi aj Rdul dppdrigtly appasis thi Rrikelliggedlest―s tidnhegf thdt thiri well oi `idth eg thi kelliggeuk. Haw ndg thiri oi `idth djtir thi pirkdgigt `ijidt aj @idth dt Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf1 Rrikelliggedlests oileivi thdt Nhrest well naki oijari thi kelliggeuk ta sit up thi @dve`en Cegf`ak. Out thi nagnipt aj `idth eg thi kelliggeuk nagtrd`ents thi nlidr tidnhegfs aj Rdul. @r Tuic ^udg Uiw, eg hes linturi gatis ag thi oaac aj _ivildteag, wrati=
44
^ekag Cestikdcir, Ixpaseteag aj thi Jerst Ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaacs Hausi Na, 455>), 989.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4?5
“Phiri dri twa ceg`s aj sdegts igtiregf thi kelliggeuk. Phi sdegts weth thi flarejei` oa`y whiri thiy ndg givir seg dfdeg ar `ei well oi thi jerst fraup. Phi sinag` fraup aj sdegts waul` egnlu`i thi 400,222 Esrdiletis kigteagi` eg _ivildteag 6 tafithir weth athir Figtelis dg` thi @dgetis. Phi sinag` fraup egnlu`i (sen) thasi wha hdvi naki thraufh thi Fridt Preouldteag weth thier kartdl oa`eis. Phi segjul gdturi waul` stell rise`i eg thier kartdl oa`y. Phiy well stell oi doli ta pranridti dg` hdvi nhel`rig. Phiy waul` levi lagf yidrs leci thi teki oijari thi Fridt Jlaa` aj Gadh―s teki. Phiri 4?
well stell oi `idth.‛
Ive`igtly, @r Tuic―s `antregi aj thi kelliggeuk ndggat oi `ejjirigtedti` jrak thdt aj @espigsdteagdlest prajissar, @r Mahg Vdlvaar`. Vdlvaar` tdufht= “Phi suomints aj thi cegf`ak well egnlu`i (d) dll thasi wha hdvi oiig risurrinti`, thdt es, dll thi refhtiaus (Al` Pistdkigt sdegts, nhurnh-dfi sdegts, dg` kdrtyri` Preouldteag sdegts), dg` (o) thasi wha hdvi survevi` thi Preouldteag, whithir Miws (oileivegf Esrdiletis ristari` ta thier ldg`) ar Figtelis, stell eg thier gdturdl oa`eis. Rrisukdoly thasi eg thier gdturdl oa`eis well oidr nhel`rig3 thig thiy well `ei djtir thier garkdl naursi aj leji es nakpliti. Phiri well oi seg, thaufh et well oi shdrply nurtdeli` oy thi refhtiaus ruli aj Nhrest (Esd. :9=?2). . . . Phi ^nrepturis dri seligt ds ta thi ultekdti `istegy aj oileivirs eg thi Kelliggeuk wha well `ei, out ug`auoti`ly thiy well oi risurrinti` dt saki teki, pirhdps dt thi ig` aj thi Kelliggeuk. Phi Oeoli es dlsa seligt ag whdt well hdppig ta thi sdvi` wha well stell oi eg thier gdturdl oa`eis dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggedl cegf`ak. Dppdrigtly thisi, taa, well oi fevig risurrinti` oa`eis.‛4> @ispeti thi dppdrigt nagtrd`enteag weth Rdul―s tidnhegf aj d jegdl ventary avir @idth dt thi Rdraused, saki Rrikelliggedlests egsest thdt 4 Naregthedgs 49=?>-?0 supparts prikelliggedlesk. _ivirig` Nhdrlis ^iit, d `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlest dg` d Oeoli Rrisoytiredg kegestir, nakkigts ag 4 Naregthedgs 49=?>-?0 eg hes `ijigsi aj prikelliggedlesk= “Dlthaufh thiri es ga kigteag aj d thausdg` yidrs eg thisi virsis, thiri es nlidr ive`igni aj d lagf teki-fdp oitwiig Nhrest―s sinag` nakegf dg` thi ig` aj thi warl`. . . . Phi jerst risurrinteag wds thdt aj Nhrest, dg` thdt taac pldni gidrly ?222 yidrs dfa. Phi sinag` agi well annur dt thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest - thes es whig thasi thdt dri Hes well oi risurrinti` jrak thier frdvis. Phi ther` agi well annur dt thi ig`, whig `idth etsilj well 4? 4>
Tuic, @DU JEZI= _ivildteag 45-??, 405, ikphdses d``i`. Vdlvaar`, Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dy―s Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny, 455.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4>2
jegdlly oi `ijidti`, risultegf eg dll thi rist aj thi `id` oiegf risurrinti`. Out whig well thdt tdci pldni1 Gaw laac dt virsi ?0 dg` yau well sii thdt thi virsi oifegs weth thi war` “Phig.‛ Gaw thes war` “thig‛ `ais gat kidg “dt thi teki aj Nhrest―s nakegf,‛ out “djtir thdt.‛ Et dntudlly hds thi sdki kidgegf ds thi war` “djtirwdr`‛ usi` idrleir ag eg thi virsi, dg` wi hdvi dlrid`y siig thdt thdt war` naul` kidg d teki spdg aj ?222 yidrs! ^egni thiri dri nlidrly twa teki egtirvdls eg thes virsi, thi sinag` agi, whenh es oitwiig Nhrest―s nakegf dg` thi ig` kust thig rijir ta thi 40
kelliggeuk oy nakpdregf thes snrepturi weth _ivildteag ?2.‛ Es et trui thdt thiri es dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp oitwiig virsis ?> dg` ?0 aj 4 Naregthedgs 49, dg` thdt “thiri dri nlidrly twa teki egtirvdls‛ eg thes pdssdfi1 Cestikdcir ixpldegs thdt eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=?0, “thi jerst nldusi aj thi Friic tixt ldncs d viro3 agi kust oi supplei` ta nakpliti thi thaufht. Phes supplei` viro ndg oi iethir “nakis‛ ar “well naki.‛ Phi ig` well annur djtir thi risurrinteag aj thi piapli whak Nhrest ri`iiki`.‛49 Phes es why thi Dutharezi` Zirseag trdgsldtis thes virsi ds, “Phig nakith thi ig`, whig hi shdll hdvi `ileviri` up thi cegf`ak ta Fa`, ivig thi Jdthir3 whig hi shdll hdvi put `awg dll ruli dg` dll dutharety dg` pawir.‛ Cestikdcir pranii`s ta ilune`dti thdt thi dllifi` teki fdp oitwiig virsis ?> dg` ?0 aj 4 Naregthedgs 49 es ugmustejei`= “Veth thi war` thig Rdul egtra`unis gat thi risurrinteag aj d ther` fraup out sekply thi ig`. Eg athir war`s, thes d`viro `ais gat ginissdrely suffist dg egtirlu`i oitwiig thi risurrinteag aj thi oileivirs dg` thi ig` aj teki. Oindusi aj ets orivety, thi nldusi thig nakis thi ig` `ais gat dppidr ta suppart thi tidnhegf aj dg egtirki`edti cegf`ak oijari thi nagsukkdteag aj thi dfi. _dthir, et sefgejeis thdt “djtir dll thes hds hdppigi`, well thi ig` ar thi nagsukkdteag aj Nhrest―s Kissedgen warc naki.‛ Phi war`s thi ig` suffist gat agly “ldst eg siquigni‛ out dlsa thi nagnluseag aj Nhrest―s ri`ikptevi warc jar hes piapli.‛4: Eg hes nakkigtdry ag Jerst Naregthedgs, Giw Pistdkigt ^nhaldr Far`ag Jii dfriis weth Cestikdcir= “Dlthaufh thi ther` etik es prijdni` weth dgathir “thig,‛ et es uglecily thdt Rdul egtig`s oy thes yit dgathir ivigt eg thi siquigni oifug oy Nhrest―s 40
Nhdrlis ^iit, “Rrikelliggedlesk,‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush >, ga. ? (4556)= 42?-42>. Cestikdcir, Ixpaseteag aj thi Jerst Ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs, 994. 4: Eoe`., 99?, quategf Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, 480. 49
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4>4
risurrinteag. Phi “ar`ir‛ aj risurrinteags es agly twa= Nhrest thi jerstjruets3 thi jull hdrvist aj thasi wha dri hes dt hes Rdraused. Rdul shaws ga egtirist hiri eg dgythegf oiyag` thisi. Phi “thig‛ eg thes ther` egstdgni es siquigtedl ta oi suri, out eg d kari lafendl sigsi, kidgegf thdt jallawegf thi risurrinteag aj oileivirs dt thi Rdraused thi jegdl twa “ivigts‛ trdgsperi. Veth thi risurrinteag aj thi `id`, thi ig`, ar fadl, hds oiig ridnhi`.‛46 Pa pldni dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp oitwiig virsis ?> dg` ?0 es iesifises, whirioy 48 jdlldneausly jarnis hes isnhdtalafendl snhikd ta jet egta thi pdssdfi aj thi ixifiti ^nrepturi. Et es nlidr thdt Rdul hds agly twa ndtifareis eg keg`= thi Lar` Misus, dg` thasi thdt dri Hes. Eg thes pdssdfi, Rdul ldys aut thi siquigni aj risurrinteag. Dt thi nagsukkdteag aj thes dfi, whig Nhrest riturgs ta flarejy Hes sdegts, Hi well ushir eg thi Giw Hidvigs dg` thi Giw Idrth. Gawhiri `ais Rdul kigteags d ther` ndtifary „ thi kelliggedl sdegts.
Ej d teki fdp ixests, dg` ej Rdul hds eg keg` dg idrthly @dve`en Cegf`ak aj agi thausdg` yidrs `urdteag, hi waul` hdvi kigteagi` thi risurrinteag aj thi kelliggedl sdegts whenh shaul` annur djtir thi kelliggeuk. Out 4 Naregthedgs 49=?>-?0 agly spidcs aj twa ndtifareis aj risurrinteag, “Nhrest thi jerstjruets3 djtirwdr` thiy thdt dri Nhrest―s dt hes nakegf.‛ Eg ar`ir ta dvae` thi dkelliggedl veiw, thi prikelliggedlest hds ta squiizi thi kelliggeuk egta 4 Naregthedgs 49=?>-?0. Far`ag Jii wretis, “Et es puri prisukpteag ta rid` egta thes tixt d ther` risurrinteag. ^a dlsa es thi nagnirg ta jeg` hiri dg egtirki`edti stdfi oitwiig thi risurrinteag aj “thasi wha dri Nhrest―s‛ dg` thi jegdl hdg`egf avir aj thi cegf`ak ta Fa` thi Jdthir. Rdul kdy hdvi oileivi` eg sunh, out et leis queti autse`i hes prisigt nagnirg. Phi paegt es thdt hi giethir ixplenetly gar dllusevily spidcs aj sunh, whenh hi wds jully ndpdoli aj `aegf, hd` et oiig aj dgy egtirist ta hek. Vhdt hi sdys es, “thig thi ig`.‛ Vethaut d viro thes ndg agly kidg thdt jallawegf thi risurrinteag aj oileivirs es thi ig`, whenh thig es `isnreoi` eg ets twa pdrts.‛45 46
Far`ag Jii, Phi Jerst Ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs= Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4586), 69>-690. 48 Jar jurthir egjarkdteag, sii Veloir O. Vdlles, “Phi Rraolik aj dg Egtirki`edti Cegf`ak eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=?2-?8,‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity 48 (4569)= ??50?3 N. I. Hell, “Rdul―s Yg`irstdg`egf aj Nhrest―s Cegf`ak eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=?2-?8,‛ Gavuk Pistdkigtuk >2 (4588)= ?56->?23 Dgthagy N. Phesiltag, Phi Jerst Ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs= Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Friic Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry(Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, ?222),4?>2-4?>4. 45 Jii, Phi Jerst Ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs, 69> g. >8.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4>?
Nhdrlis ^iit refhtly sdys thdt “thi wdy ta tist dgy `antregi es ta nakpdri et weth athir virsis aj ^nrepturi.‛?2 Dnnar`egf ta hek, “thiri dri dntudlly athir sefgejendgt virsis thdt suppart thi letirdl egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag ?2. Agi ekpartdgt virsi es 4 Naregthedgs 49=?>-?0.‛?4 Hawivir, et siiks thdt ^iit jdeli` ta ivig nagse`ir thi ekki`edti nagtixt aj thi pdssdfi, ispinedlly 4 Naregthedgs 49=92-99. Rdul, eg thes pdssdfi, ikphdsezis thdt thi risult thi Rdraused thiput risurrinteag es thi doaleteag aj @idth etsilj. “^aig` whig thesaj narrupteoli shdlldg` hdvi ag egnarrupteag, dg` thes kartdl shdll hdvi put ag ekkartdlety, thig shdll oi oraufht ta pdss thi sdyegf thdt es wrettig, @idth es swdllawi` up eg ventary (4 Nar. 49=90).‛ Phi `ijidt aj `idth es dg ivirldstegf ventary. Phi gateag aj hdvegf `idth eg thi kelliggeuk nagtrdvigis Rdul―s prapaseteag aj d pirkdgigt ventary avir @idth. Nakkigtegf ag 4 Naregthedgs 49=90, Far`ag Jii wretis, “Veth thi rhitarendlly pawirjul jull ripiteteag aj thi twa nldusis jrak v. 9>, Rdul d`vdgnis thi drfukigt oy eg`endtegf thi git risults aj thi Rdraused-risurrinteag-trdgsjarkdteag praniss - thi doaleteag aj `idth etsilj. Eg vv. ?>-?8 hi hd` drfui` thdt risurrinteag es d `evegi ginissety, egdufurdti` thraufh thi risurrinteag aj Nhrest, ds Fa`―s wdy aj `istrayegf thi ldst igiky, `idth. Gaw hi riturgs ta thdt thiki, gat sa kunh eg tirks aj ets ginissety ds eg ixultdteag dg` treukph. “Pdci thdt, `idth,‛ hi ixults, “jar whig kartdlety es nlathi` weth ekkartdlety, yau hdvi last oath yaur ventary dg` yaur stegf.‛ Ga kari ndg `idth tyrdggezi, oindusi et hds oiig “swdllawi` up‛ oy risurrinteag. . . . Dt thi risurrinteag-trdgsjarkdteag Fa` well doalesh `idth jarivir, must ds hi prakesi` eg thi war`s aj thi praphit.‛?? Oy nakpdregf 4 Naregthedgs 49=?2-?:, 92-99 weth 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4:-46, et es egnagtravirteoli thdt Rdul es ilune`dtegf thdt thi `ijidt aj @idth annurs ekki`edtily djtir thi risurrinteag aj thi sdegts. Ej agly _ivirig` ^iit hd` nakpdri` 4 Naregthedgs 49=?>-?0 “weth athir virsis aj ^nrepturi,‛ hi waul` hdvi nagnlu`i` thdt thi jegdl stdti well nakkigni sekultdgiausly weth thi Rdraused aj Nhrest. “Dg` Fa` shdll wepi dwdy dll tidrs jrak thier iyis3 dg` thiri shdll oi ga kari `idth, giethir sarraw, gar nryegf, giethir shdll thiri oi dgy kari pdeg= jar thi jarkir thegfs dri pdssi` dwdy (_iv. ?4=0).‛ ?2
^iit, “Rrikelliggedlesk,‛ 42?. Eoe`. ?? Jii, Phi Jerst Ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs, 82>-820. ?4
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
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? Ritir >=>-4? “Cgawegf thes jerst, thdt thiri shdll naki eg thi ldst `dys snajjirs, wdlcegf djtir thier awg lusts, Dg` sdyegf, Vhiri es thi prakesi aj hes nakegf1 jar segni thi jdthirs jill dsliip, dll thegfs nagtegui ds thiy wiri jrak thi oifeggegf aj thi nridteag. . . . Out thi hidvigs dg` thi idrth, whenh dri gaw, oy thi sdki war` dri cipt eg stari, risirvi` ugta jeri dfdegst thi `dy aj mu`fkigt dg` pir`eteag aj ugfa`ly kig. . . . Out thi `dy aj thi Lar` well naki ds d theij eg thi gefht3 eg thi whenh thi hidvigs shdll pdss dwdy weth d fridt gaesi, dg` thi ilikigts shdll kilt weth jirvigt hidt, thi idrth dlsa dg` thi warcs thdt dri thirieg shdll oi ourgi` up. ^iiegf thig thdt dll thisi thegfs shdll oi `essalvi`, whdt kdggir aj pirsags aufht yi ta oi eg dll haly nagvirsdteag dg` fa`legiss, Laacegf jar dg` hdstegf ugta thi nakegf aj thi `dy aj Fa`, whirieg thi hidvigs oiegf ag jeri shdll oi `essalvi`, dg` thi ilikigts shdll kilt weth jirvigt hidt (? Rit. >=>-0, 6, 42-4?)1‛ Eg thes pdssdfi, thi Dpastli Ritir es tidnhegf doaut thi Rdraused aj Nhrest usegf thi Al` Pistdkigt nagnipt aj thi @dy aj thi Lar`. Hes isnhdtalafendl ka`il es pirnipteoly e`igtendl ta thdt aj Rdul―s. Phi @dy aj thi Lar` es dg ixprisseag whenh es jaug` thraufhaut thi praphiten letirdturi aj thi Al` Pistdkigt. Eg ar`ir jar us ta ug`irstdg` thi @dy ajegthi hdvi ta pirusi thi twa dfi isnhdtalafendl jrdkiwarc prisigti` thiLar`, Giwwi Pistdkigt. Miwesh dpandlypten wretegfs ds will ds ndgagendl ^nrepturi sii teki eg tirks aj twa dfis ar diags= thes prisigt diag, dg` thi diag ta naki.?> Phi “prisigt dfi‛ es thi ?>
Phi Al` Pistdkigt Rsiu`ipefrdphd sunh ds thi ^eoyllegi Ardnlis, thi Dpandlypsi aj Izrd, thi Dpanryphag aj Iziceil, dg` thi Dpandlypsi aj @dgeil, ajtig veiw nasken isnhdtalafy ds twa diags. Phi prisigt diag es ig`egf, dg` thi nakegf diag es ta oi ushiri` eg ved thi `evegi egtirvigteag aj thi Kissedh. Jar ixdkpli, “eg thi sinag` hdlj aj thi Dpandlypsi Saj @dgeil[ (nhdps. 8-40) @dgeil `isnreois thi ig` aj thi dfi, thi Dgtenhrest, thi `dy aj mu`fkigt, dg` thi dppidrdgni aj Nhrest.‛ Nrdef D. Ivdgs, Gagndgagendl Vretegfs dg` Giw Pistdkigt Egtirpritdteag (Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 455?), ?8. Dlsa, “ ^eo. Ar. 0 fevis dg isnhdtalafy thdt egnlu`is dg icpyrases ar ugevirsdl nagjldfrdteag oindusi aj wenci`giss (0=495-:4, 46468), jallawi` oy d risurrinteag dg` mu`fkigt aj dll, weth thi wenci` dssefgi` ta Pdrtdrus dg` Fihiggd out thi refhtiaus levegf dfdeg ag idrth (0=465-5?). ^eo. Ar. 9 dlsa egnlu`is `istrunteag oy jeri (9=499-:4,9?6->4).‛ Listir L. Frdooi, Mu`den _ilefeag eg thi ^inag` Pikpli Rirea`= Oileij dg` Rrdnteni jrak thi Ixeli ta Udvgih (Lag`ag= _autli`fi, ?222), 4?2. “Agi veiw Saj Miwesh nasken isnhdtalafy[ wds thdt thi dppradnhegf ig` teki waul` oi hirdl`i` oy d sireis aj isnhdtalafendl “trauolis‛ ar “wais‛ (sakitekis rijirri` ta ds thi “Kissedgen wais‛ ar “oerth pdgfs aj thi Kissedh‛). Phisi hdvi d pdrdllil eg saki aj thi nldssendl wretirs (i.f. Hira`atus) wha ripart “pra`efeis‛ thdt hirdl` ekpartdgt ivigts. Eg
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4>0
prisigt naursi aj hestary oijari thi riturg aj Nhrest, whenh es tikpardl dg` pdssegf dwdy. Phi “dfi ta naki,‛ eg nagtrdst, es dg dfi aj itirgdl leji dg` ekkartdlety.?0 Phi Miwesh ixpintdteag aj thi “dfi ta naki,‛ whenh es thi dfi aj pidni dg` refhtiausgiss ug`ir thi ruli aj thi ^ag aj @dve`, oinakis d prisigt ridlety weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest. Haicikd ixpldegs thdt dnnar`egf ta thi Giw Pistdkigt, thi “dfi ta naki‛ es dlrid`y prisigt eg thi ke`st aj us. Phi Giw Pistdkigt oileivir thirijari levis eg “thes dfi‛ dg` eg thi “dfi ta naki,‛ dll dt thi sdki teki. Haicikd wretis= “Eg hes Rdulegi Isnhdtalafy, puoleshi` eg 45>2, SFiirhdr`us[ Zas jurthir `ivilapi` thisi egsefhts Sthdt thi “dfi ta naki‛ es dgtenepdti` eg thi prisigt[, pdrtenuldrly ds thiy rijlinti` thi tidnhegfs aj thi Dpastli Rdul. Jar thi Al` Pistdkigt wretirs, hi stdtis, thi `estegnteag oitwiig “thes dfi‛ dg` thi “dfi ta naki‛ wds thaufht aj sekply eg tirks aj nhragalafendl sunnisseag. Out whig thi Kissedh whasi nakegf thisi Al` Pistdkigt wretirs hd` pri`enti` dntudlly drrevi` ag thi snigi, thi isnhdtalafendl praniss hd` eg pregnepli dlrid`y oifug, dg` thirijari thi sekpli snhiki aj nhragalafendl sunnisseag oitwiig thes dfi ar warl` dg` thi dfi ar warl` ta naki wds ga lagfir d`iqudti. Phi Kissedgen dppidrdgni gaw oifdg ta ugjal` etsilj egta twa sunnissevi ipanhs3 “thi dfi ta naki wds pirnievi` ta oidr eg ets wako dgathir dfi ta naki.―‛?9
Miwesh letirdturi d kdmar jidturi aj thisi “wais‛ es thi rivirsdl aj garkdlety= thi warl` es turgi` upse`i `awg3 thi ixpinti` ar`ir aj saneity hds oinaki ets appaseti3 gathegf es thi wdy et shaul` oi3 nhdas hds riigtiri` thi naskas. Uit ivig thaufh thisi egnridsi thi sujjiregf aj kdgceg`, thiy dri wilnaki oindusi Fa` well saag egtirvigi ta oregf dg ig` ta dll hukdg sujjiregf. Eg saki ndsis, thi refhtiaus isndpi thi ig`teki wais, out thes `ais gat dlwdys siik ta oi thi ndsi.‛ Frdooi, Mu`den _ilefeag eg thi ^inag` Pikpli Rirea`, ?:5-?62. ?0 Idrli Illes ildoardtis, “Misus dg` thi Giw Pistdkigt dpastlis dg` praphits dri dt agi weth dpandlypten Mu`desk eg sivirdl rispints. 4. Phiy nagnievi aj hestary wetheg thi jrdkiwarc aj twa dfis, thes warl` ar dfi dg` thi dfi ta naki, dg` thiy e`igtejy thi cegf`ak aj Fa` weth thi nakegf dfi. ?. Phiy veiw thiksilvis ta oi levegf eg thi ldst (ἐώφδπαϏ) `dys prini`egf thi nagsukkdteag. >. Phiy pranldek Fa`―s jegdl ri`ikpteag ta oi d sdlvdteag eg hestary, thdt es, d ri`ikpteag aj kdttir eg teki.‛ ^ii Illes, Phi Al` Pistdkigt eg Idrly Nhrestedgety, 42?. ?9 Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, ?58, quategf Fiirhdr`us Zas, Phi Rdulegi Isnhdtalafy (Rregnitag= Rregnitag Ygevirsety Rriss, 45>2), >:. Phes twa dfi isnhdtalafendl ka`il aj thi Giw Pistdkigt es `ivilapi` oy vdreaus Giw Pistdkigt snhaldrs, pdrtenuldrly Fiirhdr`us Zas. Jar d `itdeli` `esnusseag ag thi strunturi aj Rdulegi isnhdtalafy, sii Fiirhdr`us Zas, Phi Rdulegi Isnhdtalafy (Rregnitag= Rregnitag Ygevirsety Rriss, 45>23 ripregt, Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, 4550), 4-04. Jar thi rinigt trig`s eg isnhdtalafy, sii Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, ?88->4:.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
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Illes jurthir ildoardtis thdt thi twa dfi ka`il aj thi Giw Pistdkigt es `estegnt jrak thdt aj Mu`desk, eg thdt thi “dfi ta naki‛ hds oiig ushiri` egta thi “prisigt dfi‛ weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest. Ixestigtedlly, thi oileivir es levegf oath eg thi prisigt, ds will ds eg thi itirgety juturi. “Phi Giw Pistdkigt―s ka`ejendteag aj Miwesh dpandlypten rists upag thi pirnipteag thdt eg thi kesseag, `idth dg` risurrinteag aj Misus thi Kissedh thi dfi ta naki, thi cegf`ak aj Fa`, hd` oinaki prisigt eg he``ig jark eg thi ke`st aj thi prisigt ivel dfi, dlthaufh ets puolen kdgejistdteag dwdets thi pdraused . . . aj Misus.‛?: Phus, thi Cegf`ak aj Fa` es egdufurdti` weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest, out thi nagsukkdtevi phdsi aj thi Cegf`ak dwdets thi Rdraused. Illes ilune`dtis thdt, “Phi twa-jal` nagsukkdteag aj mu`fkigt dg` `ilevirdgni thdt nhdrdntirezi` thi tidnhegf aj dpandlypten Mu`desk oinakis, eg thi tidnhegf aj Misus dg` hes `esneplis, d twa-stdfi nagsukkdteag. Ds ‘`ilevirdgni― thi cegf`ak aj Fa` thdt Mu`desk ixpinti` dt thi ig` aj thi dfi es rifdr`i` ds dlrid`y prisigt eg thi pirsag dg` warc aj Misus. Ds ‘mu`fkigt― (dg` jegdl `ilevirdgni) thi cegf`ak dwdets thi sinag`, flareaus dppidregf aj Kissedh.‛?6 Veth rifdr` ta thi twa dfi isnhdtalafendl jrdkiwarc, thes prisigt dfi es ivel dg` oiyag` sdlvdfidoelety. Phi nakegf diag es thi fal`ig dfi aj thi Kissedh. Hawivir, thi trdgseteag jrak agi dfi ta dgathir riqueris `evegi egtirvigteag3 hukdg ig`idvars ndggat ri`iik thes pldgit. Dnnar`egf ta Misus dg` thi dpastlis, thes teki aj egtirvigteag es ndlli` thi @dy aj thi Lar`, thi @dy aj Nhrest, thi ldst `dy, ar thdt `dy. Phes `dy well naki wethaut wdrgegf, leci d theij eg thi gefht (4 Phiss. 9=?3 ? Ritir >=42). Et es d teki aj mu`fkigt dg` tirrar jar ugoileivirs, dg` egnlu`is d ugevirsdl nagjldfrdteag whenh well `istray thi prisigt nridteag. Dt thes ldst `dy, thi pldgit idrth well oi `istrayi` oy jeri. Phes es jallawi` oy thi ushiregf eg aj thi Giw Hidvigs dg` thi Giw Idrth. Eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, thi @dy aj thi Lar` es d tirk rietirdti` oy thi praphits ta rijir ta ekpig`egf mu`fkigt ag figteli gdteags dg` Esrdil.?8 Hirkdg Odvegnc ildoardtis jurthir ag thi kidgegf aj thes ixprisseag,
?:
Illes, Rraphiny dg` Hirkigiuten eg Idrly Nhrestedgety, 4:9. Eoe`., 4:0. Phi “dlrid`y-gat yit‛ nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak aj Fa` es `esnussi` jurthir eg nhdptir ?? aj thes oaac. ?8 Jar ixdkpli, eg Esdedh nhdptir 4>, thi praphit Esdedh essui` d wdrgegf aj mu`fkigt upag Odoylag= “Oihal`, thi `dy aj thi LA_@ nakith, nruil oath weth wrdth dg` jeirni dgfir, ta ldy thi ldg` `isaldti= dg` hi shdll `istray thi seggirs thiriaj aut aj et. Jar thi stdrs aj hidvig dg` thi nagstilldteags thiriaj shdll gat fevi thier lefht= thi sug shdll oi `drcigi` eg hes faegf ?6
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4>:
“Eg Al` Pistdkigt tekis thi `dy aj thi Lar` wds thi teki eg whenh Fa`, eg d kdrvilausly flareaus wdy, waul` naki ta hes piapli ds cegf ta ri`iik et jrak dll ets igikeis dg` ta sittli et weth hek eg Mirusdlik eg pidni dg` sinurety. Eg thdt ivigt aj Fa`―s nakegf oifdg thi fridt turgegf paegt eg whenh thi al` diag pdssi` egta thi giw dg` dll nag`eteags dg` nagginteags eg thi gdturdl dg` hukdg warl` nhdgfi` tatdlly.‛?5 Dnnar`egf ta thi Giwaj Pistdkigt, thildst ldstsifkigt parteag aj weth thi Jerst D`vigt Nhrest. Phes aj thi thi prisigt prisigt dfi diagnakkigni` es dlsa cgawg ds thi ldst `dys ar thi ldst haur (4 Nar. 42=443 Hio. 4=?, 5=?:3 4 Mahg ?=48). Phi Rdraused ar thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest well ushir eg thi dfi ta naki (Kdtt. 45=?83 Kdrc 42=>23 Luci 48=>2, ?2=>93 4 Nar. 49=?>3 Hio. ?=9). Ag thi @dy aj thi Lar`, thi dfi ta naki oifegs3 thi Rdraused, thi figirdl risurrinteag aj thi must dg` thi ugmust, dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt aj oath thi sdegts dg` thi ripraodtis annur
jarth, dg` thi kaag shdll gat ndusi hir lefht ta shegi. Dg` E well pugesh thi warl` jar thier ivel, dg` thi wenci` jar thier egequety3 dg` E well ndusi thi drrafdgny aj thi prau` ta nidsi, dg` well ldy law thi hdufhtegiss aj thi tirreoli. E well kdci d kdg kari prineaus thdg jegi fal`3 ivig d kdg thdg thi fal`ig wi`fi aj Apher. Phirijari E well shdci thi hidvigs, dg` thi idrth shdll rikavi aut aj hir pldni, eg thi wrdth aj thi LA_@ aj hasts, dg` eg thi `dy aj hes jeirni dgfir. (Esd. 4>=5-4>).‛ Leciwesi, eg Mail nhdptir ?, thi praphit Mail `inldris laakegf mu`fkigt upag Esrdil= “Olaw yi thi trukpit eg ]eag, dg` saug` dg dldrk eg ky haly kaugtdeg= lit dll thi eghdoetdgts aj thi ldg` trikoli= jar thi `dy aj thi LA_@ nakith, jar et es gefh dt hdg`3 D `dy aj `drcgiss dg` aj flaakegiss, d `dy aj nlau`s dg` aj thenc `drcgiss, ds thi kargegf sprid` upag thi kaugtdegs= d fridt piapli dg` d stragf3 thiri hdth gat oiig ivir thi leci, giethir shdll oi dgy kari djtir et, ivig ta thi yidrs aj kdgy figirdteags. . . . Phi sug shdll oi turgi` egta `drcgiss, dg` thi kaag egta olaa`, oijari thi fridt dg` thi tirreoli `dy aj thi LA_@ naki. Dg` et shdll naki ta pdss, thdt whasaivir shdll ndll ag thi gdki aj thi LA_@ shdll oi `ileviri`= jar eg kaugt ]eag dg` eg Mirusdlik shdll oi `ilevirdgni, ds thi LA_@ hdth sde`, dg` eg thi rikgdgt whak thi LA_@ shdll ndll (Mail ?=4-?, >4->?).‛ _ijirregf ta ekkegigt mu`fkigt ag Mu`dh, thi praphit ]iphdgedh praphisei` doaut thi fridt @dy aj thi Lar`= “Phi fridt `dy aj thi LA_@ es gidr, et es gidr, dg` hdstith fridtly, ivig thi vaeni aj thi `dy aj thi LA_@= thi kefhty kdg shdll nry thiri oettirly. Phdt `dy es d `dy aj wrdth, d `dy aj trauoli dg` `estriss, d `dy aj wdstigiss dg` `isaldteag, d `dy aj `drcgiss dg` flaakegiss, d `dy aj nlau`s dg` thenc `drcgiss, D `dy aj thi trukpit dg` dldrk dfdegst thi jigni` neteis, dg` dfdegst thi hefh tawirs. Dg` E well oregf `estriss upag kig, thdt thiy shdll wdlc leci oleg` kig, oindusi thiy hdvi seggi` dfdegst thi LA_@= dg` thier olaa` shdll oi pauri` aut ds `ust, dg` thier jlish ds thi `ugf. Giethir thier selvir gar thier fal` shdll oi doli ta `ilevir thik eg thi `dy aj thi LA_@―^ wrdth3 out thi whali ldg` shdll oi `ivauri` oy thi jeri aj hes midlausy= jar hi shdll kdci ivig d spii`y re``dgni aj dll thik thdt `will eg thi ldg` (]iph. 4=40-48).‛ ?5 Odvegnc, Phi Ldst Phegfs, 4>4-4>?.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4>6
nagtikpardgiausly. Phes es dnnakpdgei` oy thi nridteag aj thi Giw Hidvigs dg` thi Giw Idrth. Eg ? Ritir >=>-4?, thi dpastli `isnreois thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest eg tirks aj thi Al` Pistdkigt penturi aj thi @dy aj thi Lar`. Ritir oifegs oy ilune`dtegf thdt eg thi ldst `dys (virsis >-0), thiri shdll oi snajjirs “wdlcegf djtir thier awg lusts.‛ Phisi kancirs well `igy thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest dg` Hes jegdl mu`fkigt sa ds ta suppart thier leoirtegesk. Phiy dri jdlsi tidnhirs, “thi sirvdgts aj narrupteag‛ wha “dlluri thraufh thi lusts aj thi jlish (? Rit. ?=48-?2).‛ Ligsce wrati, “Vha naul` lit heksilj fa egta ekkardl ixniss ej hi oileivi` thdt thi Lar` es rid`y ta riturg ta mu`fkigt dt dgy teki1 Phi nlekdx aj thi “hiriseis‛ kigteagi` eg ?=4 es thi `igedl aj Nhrest―s Rdraused. Ritir nrushis thes `igedl dg` thirioy `istrays dll thi athir lissir hiriseis thdt nlustir draug` thes kdeg agi.‛>2 Dppdrigtly, thi snajjirs cgaw thi tidnhegfs aj ^nrepturi, out thiy well gat dnnipt ets dutharety. Phiy well `ileoirdtily trdkpli thi truth aj Fa`―s Var` ug`ir thier jiit (Kdtt. 6=:). Eg ka`irg tekis, thisi snajjirs ndg naki eg thi fuesi aj snhaldrs, phelasaphirs, sneigtests, ar ivig jdlsi tidnhirs eg vdreaus nhurnhis. Hawivir, thi kultejdreaus jarks d`apti` oy sunh snajjirs shaul` gat `itrdnt jrak thi jdnt thdt thiy dri issigtedlly lenigteaus lavirs aj silj (? Rit. >=>). ^ekag Cestikdcir ixpldegs jurthir= “^najjirs well naki, snajjegf.‛ Phisi piapli cgaw Fa`―s rivildteag dg` hes ekpig`egf mu`fkigt. Oindusi thiy dri jdkeledr weth thi ^nrepturis, thiy hdvi oinaki hdoetudl kancirs aj Fa` dg` hes Var`. ^najjegf shaul` gat oi nagjusi` weth mistegf. Mistegf `ipents jrevalety, out snajjegf es d seg thdt es `ileoirdti. ^najjegf annurs whig kig shaw welljul nagtikpt jar Fa` dg` hes ^ag. . . . Drrafdgtly thiy `igy thdt thi mu`fkigt `dy well naki. Phiy ripu`edti thi kissdfi thdt thiy kust fevi dg dnnaugt aj thier war`s dg` `ii`s. Phiy snajj dt Misus― prakesi thdt hi well riturg ag thi ldst `dy dg` nagtikptuausly thiy dsc, “Vhiri es thes ‘nakegf― hi prakesi`1‛>4 Rhelasaphir Oirtrdg` _ussill, d vandl nreten aj Nhrestedgety, es dg ixikpldr aj sunh “ldst `dys‛ snajjirs. Eg Vhy E Dk Gat d Nhrestedg , hi kanci` thi `antregi aj itirgdl pugeshkigt, dg` dttdnci` thi nhdrdntir aj Nhrest= >2
_. N. H. Ligsce, Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt= Phi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Ipestlis aj ^t. Ritir, ^t. Mahg, dg` ^t. Mu`i (Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 45::), >>9. >4 Cestikdcir, Ixpaseteag aj thi Ipestlis aj Ritir dg` aj thi Ipestli aj Mu`i, >?9.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4>8
“Phiri es agi viry sireaus `ijint ta ky keg` eg Nhrest―s kardl nhdrdntir, dg` thdt es thdt Hi oileivi` eg Hill. E `a gat kysilj jiil thdt dgy pirsag wha es ridlly prajaug`ly hukdgi ndg oileivi eg ivirldstegf pugeshkigt. Nhrest nirtdegly ds `ipenti` eg thi Faspils `e` oileivi eg ivirldstegf Rugeshkigt, dg` agi `ais jeg` ripidti`ly d veg`entevi jury dfdegst thasi piapli wha waul` gat lestig ta Hes pridnhegf „ dg dttetu`i whenh es gat ugnakkag weth pridnhirs.‛>? Kancirs aj Nhrestedgety dri gat ugnakkag eg thi ldst `dys. Oileivirs shaul` oi wdry aj thi phelasaphy aj kig (Nal. ?=8), ispinedlly hypathisis thdt kdsquird`i ds ikperendl sneigni (4 Pek. :=?2). Phisi thiareis kdy dppidr ridsagdoli, out ultekdtily, thiy well lid` oileivirs ta `igy thi viry Lar` wha ri`iiki` thik. Eg hes ixifises aj ^inag` Ritir, Ciggith Vuist rividls thdt nirtdeg rdteagdlesten thiareis dg` phelasapheis gat agly quisteag thi virdnety aj ^nrepturi, out dlsa thi viry Rirsag aj Nhrest= “Phi ig`-teki kancirs well kanc dt thi prakesi aj aur Lar`―s sinag` D`vigt. Phi odses aj thier riminteag aj thi sinag` D`vigt dnnar`egf ta Mahg eg hes sinag` littir (v. 6) es thdt thiy `igy thdt Misus Nhrest nakis eg jlish. Phdt es, thiy `igy thdt thi Mihashud aj thi Al` Pistdkigt (Mihavdh wha sdvis) wha es `isefgdti` ds thi Dgaegti` Agi (Nhrest) eg thi Giw Pistdkigt, ivir waul` oinaki egndrgdti, dssuki d hukdg oa`y dg` put Heksilj ug`ir hukdg leketdteags wethaut ets seg. Phi `igedl aj dg egndrgdteag ta`dy es fevig d rdteagdlesten odses eg thi thiary aj ivaluteag whenh tidnhis thdt thi ugevirsi dg` kdg dri sunh ta`dy oy ridsag aj thi apirdteag aj d rise`igt jarni eg kdttir dg` kdg thdt es `ivilapegf oath jrak d nru`i oifeggegf tawdr` d pirjint nagnluseag wethaut thi de` aj dgy autse`i jarni. Eg shart, thi thiary well gat pirket thi egtra`unteag aj dgythegf ar dgyagi jrak thi autse`i egta thi ugoracig nagteguety aj ixestigni, higni, ga egndrgdteag.‛>> Phi Nhrestedg es, thirijari, rikeg`i` thdt nirtdeg phelasaphendl warl`veiws dri gat nakpdteoli weth hestaren Nhrestedgety dg` thi _ijarki` jdeth. Phi thiary aj ivaluteag, jar ixdkpli, ndggat oi egnarpardti` egta thi tixt aj ^nrepturi, dg` thi oileivir well `a will ta dvae` sunh ixifitendl fykgdstens.
>?
Oirtrdg` _ussill, Oirtrdg` _ussill―s Oist, i`. _aoirt I. Ifgir (Lag`ag=_autli`fi, 4598), 9>-90. >> Ciggith ^. Vuist, “Eg Phisi Ldst @dys,‛ Vuist―s Var` ^tu`eis jrak thi Friic Giw Pistdkigt, val. ? (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4590), :9.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
4>5
Eg riply ta thi snajjirs, Ritir ixpldegs thdt “thi Lar` es gat sldnc nagnirgegf hes prakesi, ds saki kig naugt sldncgiss3 out es lagfsujjiregf ta us-wdr`, gat wellegf thdt dgy shaul` piresh, out thdt dll shaul` naki ta ripigtdgni (? Rit. >=5).‛ Dlthaufh snajjirs kdy snajj jar d teki, thi dpastli Ritir `inldris ugdkoefuausly thdt Fa` well mu`fi thi ripraodtis ag thi @dy aj thi Lar`. “Out thi hidvigs dg` thi idrth, whenh dri gaw, oy thi sdki war` dri cipt eg stari, risirvi` ugta jeri dfdegst thi `dy aj mu`fkigt dg` pir`eteag aj ugfa`ly kig. (? Rit. >=6).‛ Phi Rdraused dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt aj thi wenci` es issigtedlly d thia`eny. Ritir ixpldegs thdt thes prisigt dfi well tirkegdti weth thithi `dyprisigt aj mu`fkigt (? well Rit. oi ?=5) ar thi @dy (? Rit.Phi >=42). Dt thi ldst `dy, nridteag `istrayi` oy aj jerithi (?Lar` Rit. >=4?). kancirs well oi mu`fi` jar thier segs, dg` thiri shdll oi ga isndpi jrak thi wrdth aj thi threni-haly Fa`. Nhrestedgs well jegdlly oi doli ta spig` itirgety weth Nhrest eg thi Giw Hidvigs dg` thi Giw Idrth (? Rit. >=4>, _iv. ?4=4-0). Dgthagy Haicikd ildoardtis, “Vhig well thi jegdl mu`fkigt tdci pldni1 Phaufh wi ndggat pldni et weth prineseag ag d ceg` aj isnhdtalafendl tekitdoli, wi ndg sdy thdt mu`fkigt well annur dt thi ig` aj thi prisigt dfi. Ritir tills us thdt thi hidvigs dg` idrth whenh gaw ixest dri oiegf cipt ugtel thi @dy aj Mu`fkigt (EE Rit. >=6), ekplyegf thdt thi giw hidvigs dg` thi giw idrth well naki egta ixestigni djtir thi mu`fkigt (v. 4>).‛>0 Eg ? Ritir >=42-4>, thi dpastli Ritir tidnhis ugkestdcdoly thdt thi Rdraused aj Nhrest es dnnakpdgei` ekki`edtily oy thi `essaluteag aj thi al` idrth dg` thi nridteag aj thi Giw Idrth. “Out thi `dy aj thi Lar` well naki ds d theij eg thi gefht3 eg thi whenh thi hidvigs shdll pdss dwdy weth d fridt gaesi, dg` thi ilikigts shdll kilt weth jirvigt hidt, thi idrth dlsa dg` thi warcs thdt dri thirieg shdll oi ourgi` up. ^iiegf thig thdt dll thisi thegfs shdll oi `essalvi`, whdt kdggir aj pirsags aufht yi ta oi eg dll haly nagvirsdteag dg` fa`legiss, Laacegf jar dg` hdstegf ugta thi nakegf aj thi `dy aj Fa`, whirieg thi hidvigs oiegf ag jeri shdll oi `essalvi`, dg` thi ilikigts shdll kilt weth jirvigt hidt1 Givirthiliss wi, dnnar`egf ta hes prakesi, laac jar giw hidvigs dg` d giw idrth, whirieg `willith refhtiausgiss (? Rit. >=42-4>).‛ Phi Rdraused well naki leci d theij eg thi gefht (? Rit. >=423 nj. 4 Phiss. 9=?), dg` thi wenci` well oi tdcig oy surpresi. Phiri well oi ga wdrgegf jar thi kancirs. Eg nagmugnteag weth Esdedh―s praphiny (Esd. >0=0), Ritir pri`ents thdt thi hidvigs well >0
Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, ?99.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
402
vdgesh dt Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf, dg` thi nilistedl oa`eis “shdll kilt weth jirvigt hidt.‛ Dll thi warcs aj kdg well oi mu`fi` oijari thi Mu`fkigt ^idt aj Nhrest. ^egni ivirythegf well oi `istrayi`, Ritir ixharts Nhrestedgs ta levi haly dg` fa`ly levis. “Ritir―s paegt es thdt, thaufh thi prisigt idrth well oi “ourgi` up,‛ Fa` well fevi us giw hidvigs dg` d giw idrth whenh well givir oi `istrayi` out well ldst jarivir. Jrak thes giw idrth dll thdt es segjul dg` ekpirjint well hdvi oiig rikavi`, jar et well oi dg idrth eg whenh refhtiausgiss `wills. Phi prapir dttetu`i tawdr` thisi nakegf ivigts, es gatwhenh ta snajj dt naki thier `ildy out ta oi djtir idfirly jar Nhrest―s riturg dg`thirijari, thi giw idrth well egta ixestigni thdtwdetegf riturg. >9 ^unh wdetegf shaul` trdgsjark thi qudlety aj aur levegf hiri dg` gaw.‛ Zirsi 4?o ripidts thi war`egf aj virsi 42, “thi hidvigs oiegf ag jeri shdll oi `essalvi`, dg` thi ilikigts shdll kilt weth jirvigt hidt.‛ Hiri, thi dpastli rietirdtis thdt `uregf thi Rdraused aj Nhrest, thi Giw Hidvigs dg` thi Giw Idrth well oi ushiri` eg, dg` thi prisigt nridteag well oi nakplitily aoletirdti`. Ritir―s isnhdtalafendl nakplix es pldeg= thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest, thi jegdl mu`fkigt, dg` thi jegdl stdti annur nagtikpardgiausly. Phiri es ga kigteag aj dg egtirki`edti riefg aj Nhrest ag thi al` idrth jar d kelliggeuk. Phes prisigt dfi well pdss dwdy, dg` thi giw dfi well oifeg ekki`edtily upag Nhrest―s riturg. “Phi kelliggeuk aj thi prikelliggedlests, thirijari, es sakithegf aj d thialafendl dgakdly. Et es giethir nakplitily leci thi prisigt dfi, gar es et nakplitily leci thi dfi ta naki. Et es, ta oi suri, oittir thdg thi prisigt dfi, out et jdlls jdr shart aj oiegf thi jegdl stdti aj pirjinteag. Jar thi risurrinti` dg` flarejei` sdegts, thi kelliggeuk es dg dfagezegf pastpagikigt aj thi jegdl stdti aj flary ta whenh thiy laac jarwdr` sa idfirly. Jar thi rioilleaus gdteags, thi kelliggeuk es d nagtegudteag aj thi dkoefuety aj thi prisigt dfi, eg whenh Fa` dllaws ivel ta ixest wheli pastpagegf hes jegdl mu`fkigt upag et.‛>: Phi dpastlis Rdul dg` Ritir tidnh thdt Nhrest well riturg dg` mu`fi thi wenci` ag thi @dy aj thi Lar`. Out dnnar`egf ta thi prikelliggedlest, Nhrest `ais gat naki jrak hidvig ta mu`fi thi wenci` dt thi Fridt Vheti Phragi Mu`fkigt3 Hi es dlrid`y ag idrth dg` riefgegf jrak Mirusdlik `uregf thi kelliggeuk! Hawivir, ^nrepturi spidcs aj Nhrest nakegf jrak hidvig ta ixinuti mu`fkigt dg` ta flarejy thi sdegts (4 Phiss. 0=40-463 ? Phiss. 4=:-42). Eg nagnluseag, prikelliggedlesk egtra`unis dg egtirek ar egtirki`edti cegf`ak aj agi thausdg` yidrs oitwiig “thes dfi‛ dg` thi “dfi ta naki,‛ nagtrd`entegf thi ixplenet tidnhegfs aj oath dpastlis.
>9 >:
Eoe`., ?80. Eoe`., 48:.
Phi Pidnhegfs aj thi Ipestlis
404
Nhdptir 42= Dg Egtr a`u nte ag t a _ivildteag ?2=4-: Phi ^trunturi aj _ivildteag Phi egtirpritdteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag es ja``ir jar piriggedl `iodtis dkagfst gatdoli thialafedgs oath jrak thi _ijarki` ds will ds thi @espigsdteagdl pirsudseags. Eg nhdptirs 42 ta 40, ky aomintevi es ta `esnuss _ivildteag ?2=4-:, whenh E oileivi es rilivdgt dg` ekpartdgt jar aur stu`y aj thi figirdl risurrinteag, thi jegdl mu`fkigt, dg` thi kelliggeuk. Ygjartugdtily, thes parteag aj ^nrepturi es agi aj thi kast, ej gat thi kast, `esputi` sifkigt aj thi _ivildteag aj ^degt Mahg. Rirsagdlly, thi kitha` aj egtirpritdteag whenh E oileivi ta oi kast nagsestigt weth thi igteri tigar aj ^nrepturi es thdt ispausi` oy Velledk Hig`rencsig eg hes nakkigtdry Kari Phdg Nagquirars= Dg Egtirpritdteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag.4 Hig`rencsig ug`irstdg`s thi oaac aj _ivildteag ds nagsestegf aj sivig pdrdllil sinteags, idnh aj whenh `ipents thi nhurnh dg` thi warl` jrak thi teki aj Nhrest―s jerst d`vigt ta Hes Rdraused.? Hi wretis, “Phi oaac aj _ivildteag nagsests aj sivig sinteags. Phiy dri pdrdllil dg` idnh spdgs>thi igteri giw `espigsdteag, jrak thi jerst ta thi sinag` nakegf aj Nhrest.‛ 4
Jar dg doli `ijigsi dg` ixpaseteag aj prafrissevi pdrdllilesk, stu`y Velledk Hig`rencsig, Kari Phdg Nagquirars= Dg Egtirpritdteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 45:6), 4:-92. Hig`rencsig ijjintevily na`ejei` hes drfukigts egta gegi prapaseteags, whenh dri `esnussi` eg pp. ??-92 aj hes nakkigtdry. Et kust oi ikphdsezi` thdt Hig`rencsig―s strunturdl `eveseag aj _ivildteag egta sivig pdrdllil sinteags kust agly oi dnnipti` ds d figirdl dppradnh ta Mahg―s dpandlypsi. Phiri dri eghirigt `ejjenulteis weth thes `eveseagdl figirdlezdteag, whenh dri `esnussi` oy @iges I. Mahgsag eg hes oaac Preukph aj thi Ldko. ^ii @iges I. Mahgsag, Preukph aj thi Ldko= D Nakkigtdry ag _ivildteag (Rhelepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, ?224), 00-06. ? Phi jallawegf thialafedgs, dkagfst athirs, dlsa hal` ta d pdrdllilesten veiw aj _ivildteag= Hirkdg Odvegnc, Firijarkiir`i @afkdteic, 0th i`., EZ, ::>-::3 Dordhdk Cuypir, I Zata @ar`rdniga (Cdkpig= Cac, 485?), EE, ?9?-?523 K. J. ^d`lir, Phi _ivildteag aj ^t. Mahg thi @evegi (4850)3 ^. L. Karres, Phi @rdkd aj Nhrestedgety (45?8)3 O. O. Vdrjeil`, “Phi Kelliggeuk dg` thi Dpandlypsi,‛ Oeolendl @antregis (Giw Uarc= Axjar`, 45?5), :00-:0:3 _. N. H. Ligsce, Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt= Phi Egtirpritdteag aj ^degt Mahg―s _ivildteag (Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 45:>)3 F. C. Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag= D Nakkigtdry ag thi Friic Pixt (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4555)3 ^ekag M. Cestikdcir, Ixpaseteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, ?224). Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
40?
Phi sivig sinteags dri prisigti` ds jallaw= Nhrest eg thi ke`st aj thi ldkpstdg`s (4=4 - >=??)3 thi veseag aj hidvig dg` thi sidls (0=4 - 6=46)3 thi sivig trukpits (8=4 44=45)3 thi pirsinutegf `rdfag (4?=4 - 40=?2)3 thi sivig oawls (49=4-4:=?4)3 thi jdll aj Odoylag (46=4 - 45=?4)3 thi fridt nagsukkdteag (?2=4 - ??=?4). Phes kitha` aj ug`irstdg`egf _ivildteag es cgawg ds prafrissevi pdrdllilesk. @ispeti oiegf pdrdllil ta idnh athir, idnh aj thisi sinteags prave`is isnhdtalafendl rivildteags gat prisigti` eg athir sinteags. Idnh sinteag jurgeshis us weth d `ejjirigt pirspintevi aj thi giw `espigsdteag, weth vdryegf `itdel dg` nldrety. Jar ixdkpli, thi ldst sinteag (_iv. ?2=4 - ??=?4) fevis us d veve` `isnrepteag aj thi jegdl mu`fkigt, dlsa cgawg ds thi Fridt Vheti Phragi mu`fkigt, whenh es agly oreijly kigteagi` eg thi sinag` (_iv. :=4?-46) dg` thi jerst (_iv. 4=6). _ijirignis ta thi jegdl mu`fkigt dri dlsa jaug` eg thi ther` (_iv. 44=48), thi jaurth (_iv. 40=4049), thi jejth (_iv. 4:=45-?2), dg` thi sexth sinteag (_iv. 45=44-?4). Idnh aj thisi sinteags jurgeshis us weth `ejjirigt penturis dg` egjarkdteag nagnirgegf thi Rdraused dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt. Eg jdnt, thi mu`fkigt snigi es prafrissevily ugvieli` jrak sinteag agi ta sinteag sivig, whiri thi veseag aj thi Fridt Vheti Phragi rividls thi jegdl `ijidt aj ^dtdg, `idth dg` hill. “Phi sivigth ar jegdl sinteag (nhdptirs ?2-??) gat agly `isnreois thi jegdl mu`fkigt, out eg thes `isnrepteag `raps kunh aj thi sykoalesk aj thi idrleir veseags. Gathegf es vdfui ar eg`ijegeti dg` lettli es nlathi` weth sykoalesk (?2=4? jj.). Phi may aj thi ri`iiki` eg thi giw hidvig dg` idrth es `isnreoi` kunh kari nernukstdgtedlly thdg, jar ixdkpli, eg 6=5 jj. Phi oaac hds ridnhi` ets flareaus nlekdx.‛0 Eg hes jaurth prapaseteag, Hig`rencsig wretis, “Phi sivig sinteags aj thi Dpandlypsi dri drrdgfi` eg dg dsnig`egf, nlekdnten ar`ir. Phiri es prafriss eg isnhdtalafendl ikphdses. Phi jegdl mu`fkigt es jerst dggaugni`, thig egtra`uni` dg` jegdlly `isnreoi`. ^ekeldrly, thi giw hidvig dg` idrth dri `isnreoi` kari jully eg thi jegdl sinteag thdg eg thasi whenh prini`i et.‛9 Phus, thi tirk prafrissevi pdrdllilesk wds usi`. Hig`rencsig jurthir nldssejei` thi sivig sinteags egta twa fraups ar `eveseags. Phi jerst `eveseag (nhdptirs 4 ta 44) nagsests aj thrii sinteags, wheli thi sinag` `eveseag (nhdptirs 4? ta ??) nagsests aj jaur. Eg thi jerst `eveseag, thi dpandlypsi aj Mahg `isnreois haw thi Nhurnh aj Nhrest es pirsinuti` oy thi warl`. Givirthiliss, thi Nhurnh es pratinti`, dg` ivigtudlly ikirfis ventareaus. Phi `iipir, speretudl odncfraug` oiheg` thes struffli es ugvieli` eg thi sinag` `eveseag. Phes `eveseag >
Hig`rencsig, Kari Phdg Nagquirars, ??. Eoe`., >:. 9 Eoe`. 0
Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
40>
ilune`dtis thdt thi nagjlent es dntudlly speretudl wdrjdri oitwiig Nhrest dg` thi `ivel. “Et es thi autwdr` kdgejistdteag aj thi `ivel―s dttdnc upag thi Kdg-nhel`. Phi `rdfag dttdncs thi Nhrest. _ipulsi`, hi `erints dll hes jury dfdegst thi Nhurnh. Ds hes hilpirs, hi ikplays thi twa oidsts dg` thi fridt hdrlat, out dll thisi igikeis aj thi Nhurnh dri `ijidti` eg thi ig`. Et es ive`igt thdt thi sinteags whenh nakpresi thes sinag` fraup (nhdptirs 4?-??), thaufh sygnhragaus, prisigt d nagtegui` stary. Phi `rdfag, thi oidsts, thi hdrlat (gati thi ar`ir) dssdel thi Nhurnh. Phi hdrlat, thi oidsts, thi `rdfag (dfdeg, gati thi ar`ir) dri avirthrawg.‛: Phi _ivildteag aj Mahg nagnlu`is weth thi `ijidt aj thi `ivel, dg` thi ushiregf eg aj thi Giw Hidvigs dg` thi Giw Idrth.
Phi Figri aj _ivildteag dg` Hirkigiutens Phi figri aj thi _ivildteag aj Mahg es nakplix, ta sdy thi lidst. Phi apigegf virsis “dppidr ta suffist thrii `ejjirigt figri e`igtejendteags= dpandlypsi (4=4), praphiny (4=>) dg` ipestli (4=0).‛6 Et es `ejjenult, ej gat ekpasseoli, ta nldssejy thi Oaac aj _ivildteag ug`ir dgy agi figri ndtifary. Eg agi sigsi, et es dg ipestli jrak thi Dpastli Mahg ta thi sivig nhurnhis eg Dsed Kegar, ispinedlly whig wi nagse`ir hes apigegf d``riss dg` sdlutdteag (_iv. 4=0-9, 5-44). Phi _ivildteag aj ^degt Mahg dlsa oilagfs ta thi letirdry figri dpandlypsi. Phes es d ugequi figri aj dgneigt, psiu`agykaus Gidr-Idstirg letirdturijefuris, whirioy thids duthars thi gdkis Esrdil―s pdtredrnhs ar athir prakegigt sunh D`dk,dssuki Dordhdk, ^hik, aj ]iphdgedh dg` Iganh. Eg dpandlypsis, thi wretirs utelezi ixtigsevi sykoalesk, dg` thier nagnipteag aj hestary es usudlly `udlesten. Phi prisigt dfi, tafithir weth ets wenci` dg` segjul figirdteag, es nagtrdsti` weth thi dfi ta naki. Phi giw diag well oifeg whig Fa` egtirvigis eg hukdg hestary ta istdolesh Hes cegf`ak. D stdti aj pirjinteag dg` seglissgiss well thig oi ushiri` eg oy thi Kissedh. Cek _e``liodrfir gatis thdt “whig dpandlypten wretirs `isnreoi thi juturi, dpandlypten etsilj oinakis d jark aj praphiny. Dt thes paegt, et shaul` oi idsy ta sii haw thi legis oitwiig dpandlypten dg` praphiny olur, ispinedlly segni oath thisi ilikigts dri aoveausly prisigt thraufhaut thi Oaac aj _ivildteag.‛8
:
Eoe`., ??. @. D. Ndrsag dg` @auflds M. Kaa, Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Giw Pistdkigt, ?g` i`.(Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, ?229), 64>. 8 _e``liodrfir, D Ndsi jar Dkelliggedlesk, 458. 6
Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
400
Vhig agi dttikpts ta egtirprit praphiten parteags aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag, et oinakis `ejjenult ta `estegfuesh oitwiig thi twa figris eg Mahg―s wretegfs, thdt es, dpandlypsi dg` praphiny. Mahg―s veseags doaut thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest dg` thi juturi nagsukkdteag, jar ixdkpli, nagtdeg ilikigts aj oath praphiny dg` dpandlypsi. Phirijari, thi renh sykoalesk sa eghirigt eg dpandlypsis ndggat oi efgari` whig wi egtirprit Mahg―s veseags. @. D. Ndrsag dg` @auflds M. Kaa ixpldeg= “Mahg nirtdegly suffists thdt hi stdg`s eg d praphiten rali, dg` thiri es d tig`igny eg nurrigt ta veiw _ivildteag ds ddg` praphiny. Out deg oittir suffisteag es snhaldrshep ta jeg` ilikigts aj oath praphiny dpandlypten _ivildteag. @ispeti thi ekprisseag fevig oy saki snhaldrs, ga refe` `estegnteag oitwiig thisi twa es passeoli. Phiy dri nakoegi` eg kdgy Al` Pistdkigt oaacs (i.f., @dgeil, Esdedh, ]inhdredh) dg` eg Misus― Alevit @esnaursi. Eg hes nagsneausgiss aj egsperdteag dg` aj thi dutharety thdt hi dssukis, Mahg es truly d praphit. Out hes praphiny kdcis usi aj thi jarks nurrigt eg Miwesh dpandlypsis.‛5 @espigsdteagdlests hdvi dppidli` ta thi letirdl ar pldeg kitha` aj egtirpritegf ^nrepturi, ivig eg thi ixifises aj thi Dpandlypsi aj Mahg. Aj naursi, thiri es d nirtdeg dkaugt aj truth eg thier drfukigt, nagse`iregf thi jdnt thdt ka`irgesten dg` leoirdl thialafedgs hdvi dttikpti` ta dvae` thi nlidr `antregis aj ^nrepturi weth gagletirdl hirkigiutens. Nhdrlis _yrei drfui` thdt “ej agi `ais gat usi thi pldeg, garkdl, ar letirdl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag, dll aomintevety es last. Vhdt nhinc waul` thiri oi ag thi vdreity aj egtirpritdteags thdt kdg―s ekdfegdteag naul` pra`uni ej thiri wiri gat dg aomintevi stdg`dr`, whenh thi letirdl pregnepli prave`is1 Pa try ta sii kidgegf athir thdg thi garkdl agi waul` risult eg ds kdgy egtirpritdteags ds thiri dri piapli egtirpritegf. Letirdlesk es d lafendl rdteagdli.‛42 Vhdt, thig, es thi letirdl hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk1 _yrei ixpldegs= “@espigsdteagdlests nldek thdt thier pregnepli aj hirkigiutens es thdt aj letirdl egtirpritdteag. Phes kidgs egtirpritdteag thdt fevis ta iviry war` thi sdki kidgegf et waul` hdvi eg garkdl usdfi, whithir ikplayi` eg wretegf, spidcegf, ar thegcegf. . . . ^ykoals, jefuris aj spiinh, dg` typis dri dll egtirpriti` pldegly eg thes kitha`, dg` thiy dri eg ga wdy nagtrdry ta letirdl egtirpritdteag.‛44
5
Ndrsag dg` Kaa, Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Giw Pistdkigt, 649. _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 8?. 44 Eoe`., 82-84. 42
Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
409
Dnnar`egf ta _yrei, @espigsdteagdlests `a gat `esnaugt thi prisigni aj sykoalesk eg dpandlypten letirdturi3 givirthiliss, sunh sykoals dri egtirpriti` pldegly ved thi letirdl kitha` aj hirkigiutens. Leciwesi, _ijarki` thialafedgs sunh ds Zirg Raythriss ug`irstdg` “thi war` “letirdl‛ ta kidg prasden, gagkitdpharendl, gagjefurdtevi dg` gagsykoalen. “Letirdlesten‛ egtirpritdteag tig`s ta jeg` agly gagjefurdtevi, letirdl kidgegfs ivig whig thi duthar egtig`s athirwesi.‛4? Phes kitha` aj egtirpritdteag es dlsa cgawg ds “jldt‛ ar “pldeg‛ egtirpritdteag. Vheli et kdy oitig`s narrint ta ug`irstdg` idnh war`(e.i. aj ^nrepturi eg ets thes kitha` ta efgari thi letirdry figri dpandlypsi) aj letirdl Mahg―ssigsi, _ivildteag. Mahg―s veseags dri gat hestarendl gdrrdtevi. Raythriss gatis thdt d letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj eg`eve`udl war`s eg Mahg―s dpandlypsi es gat d`iqudti jar d prapir egtirpritdteag aj hes veseags. Var`s kdy hdvi d strent, letirdl kidgegf, out thi sigtignis egvalvi` kdy gat nagviy d sekeldr letirdlgiss. Raythriss wretis, “Agi kdmar dspint aj thi praolik aj `ijegegf “letirdl‛ es thdt eg kdgy egstdgnis war`s, out gat sigtignis, hdvi d letirdl ar garkdl kidgegf. Kariavir, jar oath war`s dg` sigtignis nagtixt es dll-ekpartdgt eg `itirkegegf kidgegf dt dgy fevig paegt eg dg dnt aj nakkugendteag. Vhdt nagtixts dri ta oi laaci` dt, dg` haw thiy dri ta oi laaci` dt, eg thi `itirkegdteag aj kidgegf es viry ekpartdgt.‛4> @ui ta thi nakplix figri aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag, wi hdvi ta nagse`ir jaur livils aj nakkugendteag whig wi stu`y thes dpandlypsi. Phi jerst livil es “thi legfuesten livil, nagsestegf aj thi tixtudl rinar` etsilj.‛40 Phes livil rijirs spinejendlly ta thi war`s fevig ta Mahg ug`ir thi egsperdteag aj thi Haly ^peret. Phi sinag` livil es thi veseagdry livil, whenh `isnreois thi vesudl ixpireignis aj Mahg. Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, ug`irstaa` dt thes livil, nagsests prekdrely aj gukiraus veseags rividli` ta thi Dpastli. Phi rijirigtedl livil aj nakkugendteag, whenh es thi ther` livil, dttikpts ta ixpldeg thi ekdfis dg` sykoals jaug` eg Mahg―s veseags ds dntudl hestarendl rijirignis. Jar ixdkpli, thi oidst aj _ivildteag rijirs ta sakithegf eg hukdg hestary, pirhdps saki jark aj dgtenhrest. Jegdlly “d sykoalendl livil, nagsestegf aj thi egtirpritdteag aj whdt thi sykoalen ekdfiry dntudlly naggatis doaut ets hestarendl rijirigt,‛ kdcis up thi ldst livil aj nakkugendteag.49
4?
Zirg ^hire`dg Raythriss, “Figri dg` Hirkigiutens eg _iv ?2=4-:,‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >:, ga. 4 (455>)= 08 g.49. 4> Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 65. 40 Raythriss, “Figri dg` Hirkigiutens eg _iv ?2=4-:,‛ 04. 49 Eoe`., 0?. Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
40:
Phi gukoirs dg` ekdfis jaug` eg Mahg―s veseags dri renh eg sykoalesk dg` kidgegf. Eg thi prapir egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag, et es issigtedl ta `esnavir whdt thi sykoalendl livil aj nakkugendteag es jar idnh veseag. Zirg Raythriss ixpldegs thi jaur `ejjirigt livils aj nakkugendteag weth thi ixdkplis aj _ivildteag 9=:-8 dg` 45=6-8= “Phi veseag aj Nhrest eg 9=:„8 nagstetutis dgathir ixdkpli. Jar thes pdssdfi, thi legfuesten livil nagsests eg thi tixtudl `isnrepteag sigt jrak Mahg ta thilivil sivig nhurnhis (thiveseagdry dntudl legfuesten kdtiredl eg vv. :„8). Phi veseagdry nagsests eg thi ixpireigni thdt Mahg hd` aj siiegf Nhrest riprisigti` eg thi jark aj d ldko. Phi rijirigtedl livil es thi rijirigni ta thi levegf Nhrest, igthragi` dt Fa`―s refht hdg`. Phi sykoalen livil nagsests eg thi sykoalen sefgejendgni aj thi ekdfiry usi`. Vhdt es naggati` oy thi ekdfiry aj d ldko, thi sivig hargs, thi sivig iyis, thi tdcegf aj d snrall1 ^ekeldrly thiri dri jaur `estegfueshdoli livils eg thi kdrredfi suppir aj thi Ldko eg 45=6„8. Phi legfuesten livil nagsests eg thi tixtudl `isnrepteag aj 45=6„8. Phi veseagdry livil nagsests eg d veseag aj d ore`i dg` jegi legig nlathegf. Phi rijirigtedl livil egvalvis thi flarejei` sdegts igmayegf nakkugeag weth Nhrest djtir hes sinag` nakegf. Phi sykoalen livil egvalvis thi sefgejendgni aj nakkugeag, may, dg` oiduty dttdnhi` ta thi wi``egf ekdfiry.‛4: Eg thier egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag ?2=4-:, et es dppdrigt thdt oath Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests hdvi jdeli` ta dncgawli`fi thi veseagdry dg` sykoalen livils aj nakkugendteag. Vhig wi nagse`ir thi letirdry figri dg` ekki`edti nagtixt aj thes pdssdfi, et oinakis nlidr thdt thi veseagdry dg` sykoalendl ilikigts sa eghirigt eg Mahg―s wretegfs ndggat oi `evarni` jrak thi legfuesten dg` rijirigtedl kidgegfs. Phi letirdl kidgegf aj idnh war` eg thes pdssdfi kust oi ug`irstaa` eg nagmugnteag weth thi nagtixt aj thi igteri veseag aj Mahg eg _ivildteag ?2=4-:, whenh es eg`uoetdoly hefhly sykoalendl. Idrleir ag, wi `esnussi` thi jdnt thdt @espigsdteagdl egtirpritirs sunh ds Nhdrlis _yrei hdvi jidri` thi lass aj aomintevety whig agi dodg`ags thi letirdl kitha` aj hirkigiutens. Out d waa`ig letirdlesk well agly `igy Mahg―s veseags thier arefegdlly egtig`i` kidgegfs. Dlthaufh d letirdl hirkigiutens kefht dppidr ta oi d sujjeneigtly aomintevi stdg`dr` aj egtirpritdteag, _ijarki` thialafedgs hdvi d`vandti` d jurthir hirkigiutendl pregnepli. Phi dgdlafed je`ie kdg`dtis thi egtirpritdteag aj hefhly sykoalen ar `ejjenult pdssdfis aj ^nrepturi eg thi lefht aj nlidrir agis. Oy egtirpritegf ^nrepturi weth ^nrepturi, thi aomintevety aj thi nlidrir pdssdfis well fue`i thi ixifiti eg aotdegegf d narrint ug`irstdg`egf aj aosnuri pdssdfis. 4:
Eoe`., 0>. Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
406
F. C. Oidli ilune`dtis thdt “et es ekpartdgt ta rikikoir thi figri aj _ivildteag eg dppradnhegf ?2=4-:, ispinedlly thi prafrdkkdten gdturi aj 4=4, whenh stdtis thi figirdl sykoalen gdturi aj thi nakkugendteag jrak thi ki`edtegf dgfil ta Mahg. Jurthir, thi ripidti` egtra`untary “E sdw‛ (ar sekeldr ixprisseags) thraufhaut thi oaac egtra`unis sykoalen veseags (i.f., 0=ljj.3 4?=4->3 4>=4->3 40=43 46=4->) . . . ^egni “E sdw‛ (ιἺΰαλ) egtra`unis oath ?2=4-> dg` ?2=0-:, wi ndg dssuki thdt thiri dri dt lidst thrii livils aj nakkugendteag eg vv 4-:= (4) d veseagdry livil, whenh nagsests aj thiaomints dntudl veseagdry ixpireigni thdt Mahglivil, hd` egwhenh siiegfnagsests risurrinti` dg` thi athir aj hes veseag, (?) d rijirigtedl aj thipiapli pdrtenuldr hestarendl e`igtejendteag aj thi risurrinti` piapli dg` thi athir aomints siig eg thi veseag, dg` (>) d sykoalen livil, whenh nagsests aj whdt thi sykoals eg thi veseag naggati doaut thier hestarendl rijirigts.‛46 Ciipegf eg keg` thi veseagdry dg` sykoalen livils aj nakkugendteag dg` oy dpplyegf thi dgdlafed je`ie, thi ixifiti kust egtirprit thi sykoalen dg` dpandlypten ldgfudfi aj _ivildteag ?2=4-: eg thi lefht aj haw thisi sykoals dri usi` ilsiwhiri eg thi Oaac aj _ivildteag, ds will ds thi igteri Oeoli. Phus, _ijarki` thialafedgs prijir thi hestarendl-frdkkdtendl-letirdry-thialafendl hirkigiutens (`esnussi` eg nhdptir ?) avir d letirdlesten kitha` aj egtirpritdteag. Phes hirkigiutendl kitha` ikphdsezis thi dgdlafy aj jdeth whirioy ^nrepturi es dllawi` ta egtirprit ^nrepturi.48 Phi renh sykoalesk sa eghirigt eg _ivildteag hds ivig jarni` nirtdeg @espigsdteagdl egtirpritirs ta risart ta speretudlezegf nirtdeg war`s dg` sigtignis, dg` ta dncgawli`fi thi prisigni aj sykoalendl kidgegfs wetheg Mahg―s Dpandlypsi. Eragendlly, thasi thdt d`vandti d strent letirdlesk eg hirkigiutens hdvi ta rinagse`ir thi jlixeoelety aj thier letirdlesk whig egtirpritegf parteags aj Mahg―s veseags. @r Zirg Raythriss wretis= “Letirdlesten egtirpritirs dll d`ket thi prisigni aj sykoalesk whig et es aoveaus dg` ugdvae`doli. Out thiy oifeg ta `ejjir eg thi refe`ety aj thier letirdlesk whig thiy vigturi aut egta thi pdrts aj _ivildteag thdt `a gat ajjir sunh `erint fue`ilegis. Jar ixdkpli, SM. D.[ ^iess egtirprits thi stdr aj _iv 5=4 ds sykoalen aj ^dtdg, out thi lanusts aj 5=4„44 dri rifdr`i` ds letirdl. SMahg[ Vdlvaar` egtirprits thi lanusts ds d sykoalen riprisigtdteag aj hasts aj `ikags, wheli thi jevi kagths dri stell letirdl. Vdltir ^natt dg` F. I. Ld`` dllaw thdt thi jevi kagths ds will ds thi lanusts dg` thi stdr kdy oi sykoalen. Letirdlests ug`irstdg`doly jidr thi egtra`unteag aj 46 48
Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 56>. Phes es dlsa cgawg ds thi hestarendl-frdkkdtendl-ndgagendl hirkigiutens. Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
408
ugnagtralli` suomintevety, ej wi dri ga lagfir nirtdeg whdt etiks dri gagsykoalen. Out eg jdnt et es must ds suomintevi ta ekpasi d pi`istredg, gagsykoalen rid`egf ag d veseagdry figri ta whenh sunh rid`egf es dleig.‛45 Eg sukkdry, saug` hirkigiutens kust nakpresi thi prapir ug`irstdg`egf aj d pdssdfi―s figri dg` nagtixt. Dpandlypten letirdturi kust oi `estegfueshi` jrak hestarendl gdrrdtevis dg` `e`dnten littirs. Eg pdssdfis aj ^nrepturi weth veseagdry dg` sykoalendl ilikigts, winakkugendteags. kust dvae` leketegf kidgegf ajaomintevi thi tixt tadutharety thi legfuesten dg` rijirigtedl livils aj Phithi agly riledoli, jar `itirkegegf thi kidgegf aj sykoals eg dpandlypten letirdturi well oi ^nrepturi etsilj.
45
Raythriss, “Figri dg` Hirkigiutens eg _iv ?2=4-:,‛ 94, ikphdses kegi. Dg Egtra`unteag ta _ivildteag ?2=4-:
405
Nhdptir 44= I ve `igni jar _indpet uldte ag e g _ivildteag ?2 Phi Nhragalafendl Jdlldny Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag es gat d hestarendl gdrrdtevi whirioy thi rid`ir es doli ta `i`uni thi nhragalafendl siquigni aj ivigts kirily oy rid`egf thi dpandlypsi jrak oifeggegf ta ig`. Vhig wi stu`y Mahg―s dpandlypsi, wi `esnavir thdt thi ar`ir aj thi vdreaus veseags es gat dnnar`egf ta dntudl, hestarendl nhragalafy. Vi rindll thdt Velledk Hig`rencsig `eve`is thi Oaac aj _ivildteag egta sivig pdrdllil sinteags, idnh aj whenh `ipents thi nurrigt dfi jrak `ejjirigt pirspintevis. Phi sireis aj veseags eg _ivildteag ndg oi lecigi` ta `ejjirigt ndkird dgflis, idnh dgfli prave`egf us weth d `ejjirigt veiw aj thi sdki ivigt. Phes ilikigt aj ripiteteag es dlsa cgawg ds rindpetuldteag. @iges Mahgsag nagnurs thdt thes rindpetuldteag ar “ripiteteag eg veseags sakitekis prave`is d sinag` ar ther` ndkird dgfli ag thi sdki pirsag, hestarendl ivigt, ar egstetuteag.‛4 Ysegf thi ndkird dgfli dgdlafy, Mahgsag wretis, “Fa` riweg`s thi ve`iatdpi, eg ijjint, dg` ndlls Mahg ta veiw thi sdki `rdkd jrak d `ejjirigt pirspintevi.‛? Phus, thi vdreaus veseags ugviel eg d prafrissevi kdggir `itdels rifdr`egf d nirtdeg pirsag, egstetuteag ar ivigt eg dntudl hestary. Dlthaufh wi d`apt Hig`rencsig―s dppradnh aj prafrissevi pdrdllilesk, wi dri rikeg`i` thdt “sakitekis, hawivir, thi ripiteteag thdt legcs agi veseag weth dgathir `ais gat kidg thdt thi veseags rijir ta thi sdki teki pirea`.‛> Eg thisi ndsis, thi sdki ivigts dri rijirri` ta, out thi teki jrdki kdy oi `essekeldr. _indpetuldteag es dg ekpartdgt jdntar ta nagse`ir whig ug`irstdg`egf _ivildteag ?2=4-:. Rrikelliggedlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ug`irstdg` thi ivigts eg _ivildteag 45=44-?2=42 ds annurregf eg d nhragalafendl siquigni. Dnnar`egf ta Jawlir Vheti, Rrikelliggedlests “hdvi veiwi` thi veseags ds dg dnnaugt aj ivigts dssanedti` weth thi sinag` nakegf (45=44„?2=>), d suosiquigt egtirrifguk (?2=0„ :), dg` d mu`fkigt aj ^dtdg dg` thi gdteags jallawegf thdt egtirrifguk (?2=6„42).‛0 4
Mahgsag, Preukph aj thi Ldko, 00. Eoe`., 09. > Eoe`. Mahgsag dlsa rikeg`s us thdt “eg egtirpritegf ripiteteag aj war`egf dg` ekdfiry, wi gii` ta fevi dttigteag gat agly ta thi sekeldreteis out dlsa ta thi `ejjirignis oitwiig veseags dg` veseag nynlis.‛ ^ii Mahgsag, Preukph aj thi Ldko, 06. 0 _. Jawlir Vheti, “_iixdkegegf thi Ive`igni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-42,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 94, ga. ? (4585)= >45. Vheti dlsa rinakkig`s, “Jar thi prikelliggedl dppradnh ta 45=44„?2=42, sii, i.f., M. J. Vdlvaar`, Phi _ivildteag aj Misus ?
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
492
Rrikelliggedlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs jeg` thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest `isnreoi` eg _ivildteag 45=44-4:. Phi kelliggeuk `isnreoi` eg _ivildteag ?2=0-:, dnnar`egf ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, annurs nhragalafendlly djtir thi Rdraused (_iv. 45=44-?4). Ej thes dllifi` tikpardl siquigni oitwiig _ivildteag 45=44-?4 dg` ?2=4: es ugtrui, thi igteri systik aj prikelliggedl isnhdtalafy nalldpsis. Phiri es, hawivir, suostdgtedl ive`igni ta suffist thdt _ivildteag ?2=4-: oifegs dgathir veseags, dg` tikpardl es gat nagteguaus wethoitwiig _ivildteag 45=44-?4. Phes es ive`ignisireis jar d aj gagsiquigtedl rildteagshep ?2=4-: dg` 45=44-?4 ajtig efgari` oy prikelliggedl egtirpritirs.
Phi @inipteag aj thi Gdteags eg _ivildteag ?2=> Eg _ivildteags ?2=6-8, wi rid`, “Dg` whig thi thausdg` yidrs dri ixperi`, ^dtdg shdll oi laasi` aut aj hes presag, Dg` shdll fa aut ta `inievi thi gdteags whenh dri eg thi jaur qudrtirs aj thi idrth, Faf dg` Kdfaf, ta fdthir thik tafithir ta odttli= thi gukoir aj whak es ds thi sdg` aj thi sid.‛ Hiri, ^dtdg es `isnreoi` ds `inievegf thi gdteags, sa ds ta fdthir thik ta odttli dfdegst Nhrest dg` thi sdegts. Eg _ivildteag 45=45, wi rid` aj d sekeldr fdthiregf aj thi gdteags dfdegst thi drky aj thi Kastfdthiri` Hefh Fa`, “Dg`ta E sdw thi oidst, dg` hek thi cegfs aj ag thithi idrth, dg`dg` thier drkeis, tafithir kdci wdr dfdegst thdt sdt harsi, dfdegst hes drky.‛ Nlidrly, thasi piapli wha dri fdthiri` ta jefht dfdegst Nhrest dri thi ugoileivirs wha “hd` rinievi` thi kdrc aj thi oidst, dg` thik thdt warsheppi` hes ekdfi (_iv. 45=?2).‛ Phisi ugoileivirs jark thi “gdteags,‛ whenh dri kigteagi` ds oiegf `inievi` oy thi @ivel eg _ivildteag ?2=8. Phi rinurregf katej aj `inipteag aj thi gdteags es rietirdti` eg _ivildteag 4:=4>-40, “Dg` E sdw thrii ugnlidg sperets leci jrafs naki aut aj thi kauth aj thi `rdfag, dg` aut aj thi kauth aj thi oidst, dg` aut aj thi kauth aj thi jdlsi praphit. Jar thiy dri thi sperets aj `ivels, warcegf kerdnlis, whenh fa jarth ugta thi cegfs aj thi idrth dg` aj thi whali warl`, ta fdthir thik ta thi odttli aj thdt fridt `dy aj Fa` Dlkefhty.‛ Phi “fridt `dy aj Fa` Dlkefhty‛ es dg aoveaus rijirigni ta thi @dy aj thi Lar`, dlsa cgawg ds thi Rdraused aj Nhrest, whig Misus shdll riturg ta mu`fi thi wenci` (? Phiss. 4=:-42). Phi ldgfudfi aj _ivildteag 4:=4?-4:, 45=44-?4, dg` ?2=6-42 suffists thdt Mahg wds `ipentegf thi sdki ivigt, whenh es nakkagly cgawg ds thi odttli aj Drkdfi``ag. F. C. Oidli ixpldegs= Nhrest (Nhendfa= Kaa`y, 45::) ?85„52, dg` F. I. Ld``, D Nakkigtdry ag thi _ivildteag aj Mahg (Frdg` _dpe`s= Iir`kdgs, 4594) ?95„:>.‛ ^ii Vheti, “_iixdkegegf thi Ive`igni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-42,‛ >45 g. 4.
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
494
“_iv. 4:=4?-4:3 45=45-?23 dg` ?2=8 hdvi eg nakkag gat agly thi sdki ldgfudfi jar thi fdthiregf tafithir aj jarnis jar thi wdr (gati` doavi), out dlsa thi e`id thdt thi fdthiri` jarnis hdvi oiig `inievi` egta pdrtenepdtegf. Phes igjarnis thi ekprisseag thdt ^dtdg―s `inipteag aj thi gdteags eg ?2=8 “ta fdthir thik tafithir jar thi wdr‛ es thi sdki ivigt ds thi `inipteag aj thi gdteags eg 4:=4?-4: dg` 45=45, whiri, rispintevily, `ikags “fdthir thik tafithir jar thi wdr‛ aj Drkdfi``ag dg` “thi cegfs aj thi idrth dg` thier drkeis‛ dri “fdthiri` tafithir`iniptevi ta kdci wdr‛ (thi ldttir eg nagginteag weth kigteag aj thi jdlsi praphit―s dnteveteis, thaufh thdt es gat `erintly stdti`). Dg`, must ds thi wdr aj Drkdfi``ag eg nh. 4: es jallawi` oy d `isnrepteag aj thi `istrunteag aj thi naskas (4:=46-?4), sa leciwesi d veseag aj thi `essaluteag aj thi warl` jallaws thi jegdl odttli eg ?2=6-42, whenh suffists jurthir thi sygnhragaus pdrdllilesk aj thi twa sifkigts.‛9 Dgathir legi aj ive`igni suffistegf rindpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-: es, eg jdnt, thi praoliks ignaugtiri` whig dttikptegf ta egtirprit _ivildteag 45=49-?4 dg` _ivildteag ?2=4-> eg d nhragalafendl jdsheag. Phi gdteags wiri mu`fi` dg` `istrayi` oy Nhrest dt Hes ^inag` D`vigt eg _ivildteag 45=49-?4. ^ykoalendlly, d shdrp swar` wds usi` ta “sketi thi gdteags,‛ “dg` hi shdll ruli thik weth d ra` aj erag= dg` hi trid`ith thi wegipriss aj thi jeirnigiss dg` wrdth aj Dlkefhty Fa` (_iv. 45=49).‛ Phi jawls aj thi der wiri ndlli` ta jii` upag thi jlish aj cegfs, ndptdegs dg` kefhty kig (_iv. 45=46-48). Jegdlly, thi oidst dg` thi jdlsi praphit “wiri ndst dlevi egta d ldci aj jeri ourgegf weth orekstagi. Dg` thi rikgdgt wiri sldeg weth thi swar` aj hek thdt sdt upag thi harsi, whenh swar` pranii`i` aut aj hes kauth= dg` dll thi jawls wiri jelli` weth thier jlish (_iv. 45=?2-?4).‛ _ivildteag 45=44-?4, thirijari, `isnreois thi uttir `istrunteag aj thi ugoileivegf gdteags. Hiri, ivig “thi rikgdgt‛ ar “thi rist‛ aj thi gdteags wiri celli` weth thi swar` aj Nhrest (_iv. 45=?4). Ej thi gdteags dri ta oi nakplitily dggeheldti` weth thi Rdraused aj Nhrest, whenh es nagsestigt weth thi ivigts `isnreoi` eg ? Phissdlagedgs 4=0-42, whdt gdteags es _ivildteag ?2=> rijirregf ta whig et sdys thdt thi `ivel “shaul` `inievi thi gdteags ga kari, tell thi thausdg` yidrs shaul` oi juljelli`1‛ Ypag Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf, thi sdegts dri flarejei`, wheli thi wenci` dri nakplitily `istrayi`. Agi wag`irs whdt “gdteags‛ thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs waul` prapasi ej thiy egsest ag egtirpritegf _ivildteag 45=44-?4 dg` ?2=4-: ds oiegf nhragalafendlly siquigtedl. Jawlir Vheti ridsags=
9
Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 582.
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
49?
“Phi nagtigteag thdt thiri es d `esnripdgny eg d nhragalafendl dppradnh ta 45=44„?2=> es odsi` ag thi aosirvdteag thdt rid`egf thi ivigts aj 45=44„?4 dg` ?2=4„> eg hestarendl siquigni `ais gat yeil` d lafendlly nahirigt penturi. Phi egnagfruigni aj 45=44„?4 dg` ?2=4> surjdnis whig wi nagse`ir thdt ?2=4„> `isnreois dnteags tdcig ta privigt ^dtdg―s `inipteag aj thi viry gdteags wha hd` must oiig `istrayi` eg 45=45„?4 ds d risult aj thier `inipteag oy ^dtdg (4:=4>„4:). Eg athir war`s, thi `esnripdgny nagsests eg thes= et kdcis ga sigsi ta spidc aj pratintegf thi gdteags jrak `inipteag oy ^dtdg ?2=4„> djtir hdvi must `inievi` oy ^dtdg (4:=4>„4:, nj.eg45=45„?2) dg`thiy `istrayi` oy oiig Nhrestoath dt hes riturg eg : 45=44„?4 (nj. 4:=49d, 45).‛ Jurthirkari, ej thi gdteags dri dggeheldti`, dg` thi wenci` dri mu`fi` dt Nhrest―s Rdraused, haw `a wi dnnaugt jar d sinag` rioilleag dfdegst Nhrest dt thi ig` aj thi idrthly kelliggeuk (_iv. ?2=8) ds prapasi` oy prikelliggedlests1 Eg jdnt, thi gukoir aj rioils “es ds thi sdg` aj thi sid.‛ Eg ar`ir ta ixpldeg thi gukoir aj ugoileivirs dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk, thi prikelliggedlests hdvi ta prapasi thdt thiri dri wenci` survevars djtir thi odttli aj Drkdfi``ag. Dt Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf, dll thi sdegts well oi flarejei`. Phi praolik oinakis dppdrigt whig wi rindll thdt flarejei` sdegts `a gat pranridti. Jawlir Vheti nakkigts thdt, “Phi nldek thdt thiri well oi survevars aj Drkdfi``ag oinakis ekpartdgt ds d wdy jar Sthi prikelliggedlest[ ta ixpldeg thi prisigni aj thi rioil gdteags eg ?2=8 djtir dll rioils wiri (dt lidst astigseoly) rikavi` eg 45=44„ ?4. ^pinejendlly, thi rioil gdteags dri prisigt eg ?2=8 oindusi thiy dri thi `isnig`dgts aj thi survevegf gdteags eg ?2=>. Eg thi prikelliggedlest―s spinuldteag, thig, thi pastuldti aj survevars dt thi sinag` nakegf ixpldegs thi prisigni aj thi gdteags eg oath ?2=> dg` ?2=8.‛6 Out eg hes ipestlis, thi Dpastli Rdul dssanedtis thi Rdraused aj Nhrest weth thi su``ig `istrunteag aj thi wenci` (4 Phiss. 9=>3 ? Phiss. 4=:-42). Dpplyegf thi Dgdlafy aj Jdeth, dg` oy nakpdregf ^nrepturi weth ^nrepturi, thes es nagsestigt weth thi egtirpritdteag thdt thi wenci` dri nakplitily `istrayi` dt Nhrest―s Rdraused eg _ivildteag 45=44-?4. Phi agly survevars dri thi sdegts. Fevig thi jdnt thdt dll thi sdegts dri flarejei`, wha, thig, es lijt eg hes kartdl oa`y ta pranridti `uregf thi idrthly kelliggeuk1 Rrikelliggedlests kust dt thi viry lidst oidr thi our`ig aj praaj jar thi dllifi` siquigtedl nhragalafy aj _ivildteag 45=49-?4 dg` _ivildteag ?2=4->. : 6
Vheti, “_iixdkegegf thi Ive`igni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-42,‛ >?4. Eoe`., >?> g. 42.
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
49>
Jawlir Vheti gatis thdt “eg 45=48„?4, Mahg―s gdrrdteag ikphdsezis thi nakplitigiss dg` jegdlety aj Nhrest―s ventary oy `isnreoegf hes igikeis eg dllegnlusevi tirks= dll thi gdteags well hdvi tdcig up drks dfdegst thi @evegi Vdrrear dg` dll well jdll oy hes swar` eg thi jegdl nagjragtdteag. . . . Ej dgy dri ta survevi thi `dy aj Nhrest―s nakegf (nj. :=46), thiy well oi doli ta `a sa prinesily dg` agly oindusi thiy hdvi oiig ri`iiki` jrak dkagf thi gdteags dg` pldni` wetheg thi @evegi Vdrrear―s cegf`ak-pratintardti (9=5„423 nj. >=423 ?2=5).‛8 Phi Rrikelliggedlest―s drfukigt thdt thi gdteags aj _ivildteag ?2=> dri thi rikgdgt ar survevars aj thi gdteags wha appasi` Nhrest eg _ivildteag 45=44-?4 es frdtuetaus dt oist.5 Phi igteri thrust aj thes hypathises `ipig`s, dt lidst pdrtedlly, upag thi drfukigt thdt thi veseags jaug` eg _ivildteag 45=44-?2=> dri drrdgfi` eg d hestarendlly nhragalafendl siquigni. Phes es tdgtdkaugt ta nernuldr ridsagegf, jar thi Rrikelliggedlest―s egsestigni thdt thiri kust oi survevars aj Drkdfi``ag es odsi` upag thi prisuki` siquigtedl, tikpardl rildteagshep oitwiig _ivildteag ?2=4-: dg` 45=44-?4. Out thi dllifi` hestarendl nhragalafy eg _ivildteag 45=44-?2=> es, eg jdnt, thi praolik ug`ir egvistefdteag. Phi Rrikelliggedlest shaul` drfui jar thi prisigni aj Drkdfi``ag survevars usegf thi nagtigt aj Mahg―s veseags, rdthir thdg dssukegf dg d preare tikpardl rildteagshep oitwiig _ivildteag ?2=4-: dg` 45=44-?4. Jawlir Vheti pirniptevily nakkigts, “Et kust oi cipt eg keg` thdt thi ar`ir aj thi veseags eg _ivildteag gii` gat rijlint thi hestarendl rildteagshep aj thi ivigts eg thasi veseags3 et gii` agly rijlint thi siquigni eg whenh Mahg hds prisigti` thi veseags hi rinievi`. Dgy hestarendl rildteagshep dkagf thi veseags kust oi `ikagstrdti` jrak thi nagtigt aj thi veseags, gat sekply prisuki` jrak thi ar`ir eg whenh Mahg prisigts thik. Phi `esnripdgny `esnussi` doavi es agi eg`endteag thdt thi ar`ir eg whenh Mahg prisigts thi veseags aj 45=44„?2=> ndggat oi, ds prikelliggedlests waul` hdvi et, rijlintevi aj thi siquigni eg whenh thi ivigts `ipenti` thiri well annur eg hestary.‛42 Fevig thdt thi nagtigt aj Mahg―s veseags eg _ivildteag 45=44-?2=> `ais gat nagvegnegfly suppart d hestarendl nhragalafy aj ivigts, thi agus es upag thi Rrikelliggedlest ta pravi thi vedoelety aj sunh d pastuldti= thdt thi gdteags aj 8
Eoe`., >?0 Jar ixdkpli, sii _aoirt H. Kaugni, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt, riv. i`. (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4558), >:>. 42 Vheti, “_iixdkegegf thi Ive`igni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-42,‛ >?0. 5
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
490
_ivildteag ?2=> dri thi rikgdgt aj thi gdteags thdt odttli` dt Drkdfi``ag eg _ivildteag 45=44-?4.
Phikdten Dlluseags ta Iziceil >8->5 eg _ivildteag 45=44-?4 dg` ?2=6-42 _ivildteag ?2=6-42 kdcis ripidti` dlluseags ta thi ekdfiry aj Iziceil―s praphiny eg Iziceil >8 dg` >5. Ej thes es trui, thig _ivildteag ?2=6-42 es d rindpetuldteag aj thi odttli kigteagi` eg _ivildteag 45=44-?4, whenh leciwesi rijirs ta thi ekdfiry aj Iziceil >8->5. Phiri dri kdrci` sekeldreteis oitwiig _ivildteag ?2=6-42, 45=44-?4, dg` Iziceil >8->5. Vhig wi pirusi thisi dpandlypten pdssdfis, et oinakis dppdrigt thdt Mahg―s veseags rietirdti nirtdeg katejs usi` eg Iziceil―s praphiny aj thi `ijidt aj Faf dg` Kdfaf. Veth rifdr` ta thi odttli `isnreoi` eg _ivildteag ?2=8-42 dg` 45=46-?4, Oidli aosirvis thdt “oath dlsa usi vdredgts aj thi ixprisseag “fdthir thik tafithir jar thi wdr‛ (sa ?2=8, “fdthiri` ta kdci wdr,‛ eg 45=453 nj. 45=46).‛44 Hi jurthir gatis thdt “S_ivildteag[ 4:=4?-4: rinaugts thi sdki odttli dg` es hefhlefhti` eg Svirsi[ 40 oy thi sdki ixprisseag (e`igtendl ta thi jark eg ?2=8). Ej ?2=4-: prini`is thi teki aj ?2=6-42 dg` 45=46-?4 es tikpardlly pdrdllil ta thi odttli eg ?2=6-42, thig ?2=4-: es tikpardlly prear ta thi odttli eg 45=46-?4.‛4?
Ej, eg`ii`, _ivildteag ?2=4-: es tikpardlly prearegta?2=4-: thi odttli eg 45=46-?4, et thig paegts ta thi jdnt thdt thi kelliggeuk `isnreoi` es tikpardlly prear ta thi Rdraused aj Nhrest kigteagi` eg 45=44-?4. Phes siquigni `istrays thi nhragalafy eg prikelliggedl isnhdtalafy. Rraphisyegf thi `ijidt aj Faf, nheij pregni aj Kishinh dg` Puodl, thi praphit Iziceil wretis, “Dg`, thau sag aj kdg, thus sdeth thi Lar` FA@3 ^pidc ugta iviry jidthiri` jawl, dg` ta iviry oidst aj thi jeil`, Dssikoli yaursilvis, dg` naki3 fdthir yaursilvis ag iviry se`i ta ky sdnrejeni thdt E `a sdnrejeni jar yau, ivig d fridt sdnrejeni upag thi kaugtdegs aj Esrdil, thdt yi kdy idt jlish, dg` `regc olaa`. Ui shdll idt thi jlish aj thi kefhty, dg` `regc thi olaa` aj thi pregnis aj thi idrth, aj rdks, aj ldkos, dg` aj fadts, aj oullancs, dll aj thik jdtlegfs aj Odshdg. Dg` yi shdll idt jdt tell yi oi jull, dg` `regc olaa` tell yi oi `rugcig, aj ky sdnrejeni whenh E hdvi sdnrejeni` jar yau. Phus yi shdll oi jelli` dt ky tdoli weth harsis dg` nhdreats, weth kefhty kig, dg` weth dll kig aj wdr, sdeth thi Lar` FA@ (Izic. >5=46-?2).‛ Hiri, thi praphit jaritills thi `dy whig oer`s dg` oidsts well jidst upag thi jlish aj Fa`―s igikeis.
44 4?
Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 56:. Eoe`.
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
499
Phes fhdstly ekdfiry es rietirdti` oy Mahg eg hes dpandlypsi whig hi `isnreois d snigi eg thi Odttli aj Drkdfi``ag, “Dg` E sdw dg dgfil stdg`egf eg thi sug3 dg` hi nrei` weth d lau` vaeni, sdyegf ta dll thi jawls thdt jly eg thi ke`st aj hidvig, Naki dg` fdthir yaursilvis tafithir ugta thi suppir aj thi fridt Fa`3 Phdt yi kdy idt thi jlish aj cegfs, dg` thi jlish aj ndptdegs, dg` thi jlish aj kefhty kig, dg` thi jlish aj harsis, dg` aj thik thdt set ag thik, dg` thi jlish aj dll kig, oath jrii dg` oag`, oath skdll dg` fridt (_iv. 45=46-48).‛ Phi sekeldreteis oitwiig Iziceil―s dg` Mahg―s veseags dri rikdrcdoli. Clegi aosirvis thdt “kast strecegf es thi `estegntevi katej aj Fa`―s thi oer`s dg` oidsts thiki ta jii`ildoardti` ag thi ndrndssis thi 46„ `ijidti` drkeissukkagegf Faf hd` fdthiri`, thi odgquit eg Izicaj>5=0, ?2 dg` egnarpardti` egta thi dnnaugt aj Nhrest―s ventary avir thi oidst dg` hes dssikoli` drkeis eg _iv 45=46„48.‛4> Eg _ivildteag 45=?4, Mahg―s veseag `isnreois thi juljellkigt aj Iziceil―s praphiny, “dg` dll thi jawls wiri jelli` weth thier jlish.‛ Et es nlidr thdt _ivildteag 45=44-?4 juljells thi praphiny aj Iziceil >8->5, dg` thes ivigt shdll oinaki hestarendl ridlety dt aur Lar`―s ^inag` Nakegf. Dlluseags ta Iziceil >8->5 dri sekeldrly jaug` eg _ivildteag ?2=6-42, pdrtenuldrly whig wi rid` thdt thi igikeis aj Fa` dri rijirri` ta ds “Faf dg` Kdfaf.‛ Kiri`eth Clegi sukkdrezis thi dlluseags kd`i oy Mahg eg ?2=6-42, “Phi rildteagshep aj _iv ?2=6-42 ta Iziceil >8->5, aoveaus igaufh jrak thi d`apteag aj thi Faf-Kdfaf tirkegalafy eg _ivildteag ?2, es dlsa ive`igni` oy d sit aj odsen sekeldreteis= thi kdrshdlegf aj har`is jrak thi jaur qudrtirs aj thi idrth (Izic >8=?6, 493 >5=03 _iv ?2=8)3 thi kdrnh aj thi fdthiri` drkeis ta ignakpdss thi sdegts eg thi nety aj Fa`, nigtir aj thi warl` (Izic >8=6-5, 4?, 4:3 _iv ?2=5)3 thi arnhistrdteag aj thi ivigt oy Fa` (Izic >8=0, 4:3 >5=?, 453 _iv ?2=>, 6)3 thi tekegf aj thi ivigt djtir d ligfthy pirea` eg whenh Fa`―s piapli wiri cipt sinuri jrak sunh d ugevirsdl dssdult (Izic >8=8, 443 _iv ?2=>)3 thi isnhdtalafendl jegdlety aj thi nreses (Izic >5=??, ?:, ?53 _iv ?2=42jj.)3 dg` thi jeiry `istrunteag aj thi ivel jarnis (Izic >8=??3 >5=:3 _iv ?2=5-42).‛40 Eg _ivildteag ?2=6-42, thi mu`fkigt aj thi gdteags dg` thi `rdfag (^dtdg) dri `isnreoi`. Phes veseag prave`is dg dltirgdtevi ndkird veiw aj thi sdki mu`fkigt ivigt `isnreoi` eg 45=44-?4, whig thi oidst dg` thi jdlsi praphit dri ndst egta thi
4>
Kiri`eth F. Clegi, “Hdr Kdfi`ag= Phi Ig` aj thi Kelliggeuk,‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >5, ga. ? (455:)= ??2. 40 Kiri`eth F. Clegi, Fa`, Hidvig dg` Hdr Kdfi`ag= D Navigdgtdl Pdli aj Naskas dg` Pilas (Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, ?22:), 480-489. ^ii ispinedlly Clegi, “Hdr Kdfi`ag= Phi Ig` aj thi Kelliggeuk,‛ ?40-??2 jar d `itdeli` `ijigsi aj thi veiw thdt _ivildteag ?2=6-42 `isnreois thi isnhdtalafendl odttli praphisei` eg Iziceil >8->5.
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
49:
ldci aj jeri. Mahg es gat sdyegf thdt Fa` well agly `istray thi `ivel agi thausdg` yidrs djtir thi mu`fkigt aj thi oidst dg` thi jdlsi praphit. _dthir, _ivildteag ?2=642 es d rindpetuldteag aj thi odttli eg 45=44-?4. Phi mu`fkigt dg` `istrunteag aj thi oidst, thi jdlsi praphit dg` thi `ivel well annur nagtikpardgiausly dt Nhrest―s ^inag` D`vigt. Vheti drfuis, “Ej Mahg ixpinti` us ta egtirprit thi rivalts eg _ivildteag 45 dg` ?2 ds `ejjirigt ipesa`is eg hestary, wi waul` hdr`ly ixpint hek ta `isnreoi thik eg ldgfudfiAg dg` `irevi` thi sdki ipesa`i eg Iziceil―s praphiny. thiekdfiry nagtrdry, Mahg―sjrak rindpetuldti` usi aj Iziceil >8->5 eg oath 45=46-?4 dg` ?2=6-42 istdoleshis d prekd jdnei ndsi jar us ta ug`irstdg` ?2=6-42 ds d rindpetuldteag aj 45=46-?4.‛49 Jrak thi ive`igni jar rindpetuldteag `esnussi` sa jdr, et es dppdrigt thdt _ivildteag ?2=6-42 `isnreois thi sdki odttli aj _ivildteag 45=44-?4. Vi hdvi siig thdt thi Giw Pistdkigt tidnhis thi nakpliti `istrunteag aj Fa`―s igikeis dt Nhrest―s Rdraused (i.f. ? Phiss. 4=0-42, _iv. 45=44-?4). Phes es nagsestigt weth thi ventary aj thi sdegts dt thi odttli aj Drkdfi``ag, dg` thi jegdl `ijidt aj thi `ivel, thi dgtenhrest, dg` thi jdlsi praphit dt Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf. Veth dg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi rinurregf Hdr Kdfi`ag katejs eg oath Iziceil >8->5 dg` Mahg―s dpandlypsi, vez. _ivildteag 45=44-?4 dg` ?2=6-42, et es nlidr thdt Mahg `e` gat egtig` _ivildteag 45=44-?2=42 ta oi nhragalafendlly siquigtedl. Clegi nagnlu`is hes aosirvdteags= “Phi nagnluseag es dkply wdrrdgti` thdt Iziceil >8->5 es thi nakkag saurni aj _iv ?2=6-42 dg` thi pdssdfis idrleir eg _ivildteag thdt `idl weth thi isnhdtalafendl odttli. Phes nagjerks thi stdg`dr` dkelliggedl nagtigteag thdt thi Faf-Kdfaf ipesa`i aj _iv ?2=6-42 es d rindpetuldteag aj thi dnnaugts aj thi Hdr Kdfi`ag nreses eg thisi athir pdssdfis. . . . _ivildteag ?2=6-42 es gat, ds prikelliggedlests waul` hdvi et, dg esaldti`, gavil ipesa`i, gat kigteagi` ilsiwhiri eg thi oaac aj _ivildteag. _dthir, et oilagfs ta d sireis aj pdssdfis, egnlu`egf _iv 45=44-?4, whenh prikelliggedlests refhtly rifdr` ds rijirregf ta thi dgtenhrest-Hdr Kdfi`ag nreses dg` thi pdraused aj Nhrest. Et thirijari jallaws thdt thi thausdg` yidrs thdt prini`i thi Faf-Kdfaf nreses aj _iv ?2=6-42 prini`i thi Hdr Kdfi`ag-pdraused ivigt rildti` eg thi athir pdssdfis. Hdr Kdfi`ag es gat
49
Vheti, “_iixdkegegf thi Ive`igni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-42,‛ >?6.
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
496
d prilu`i ta thi kelliggeuk, out d pastlu`i. Hdr Kdfi`ag kdrcs thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. Dg` thdt nagnluseag spills thi ig` aj prikelliggedlesk.‛4:
Phi ^ivig Oawls aj _ivildteag 49 dg` thi Nakpliteag aj Fa`―s Vrdth “Phig E sdw dgathir sefg eg hidvig, fridt dg` kdrvilaus= sivig dgfils hdvegf thi sivig ldst pldfuis, jar eg thik thi wrdth aj Fa` es nakpliti. . . . Phig agi aj thi jaur levegf nridturis fdvi ta thi sivig dgfils sivig fal`ig oawls jull aj thi wrdth aj Fa` wha levis jarivir dg` ivir. Phi tikpli wds jelli` weth skaci jrak thi flary aj Fa` dg` jrak Hes pawir, dg` ga agi wds doli ta igtir thi tikpli tell thi sivig pldfuis aj thi sivig dgfils wiri nakpliti` (_ivildteag 49=4, 6-8, GCMZ).‛ Jurthir ive`igni jar rindpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=6-42 ndg oi aotdegi` oy stu`yegf thi sivig oawls aj Fa`―s wrdth igveseagi` oy Mahg eg _ivildteag 49. Eg _ivildteag 49=4, Mahg ixpldegs thdt thi “sivig ldst pldfuis‛ well “nakpliti‛ ar “juljell‛ (ιπιγιώθζ) Fa`―s wrdth dfdegst thi gdteags. Veth thi sexth pldfui, thi `rdfag, thi oidst dg` thi jdlsi praphit fdthir “thi cegfs aj thi idrth dg` aj thi whali warl`,‛ sa ds ta odttli thi sdegts ag “thdt fridt `dy aj Fa` Dlkefhty (_iv. 4:=40).‛ Phes snigi es rietirdti` eg 45=45, “Dg` E sdw thi oidst, dg` thi cegfs aj thi idrth, dg` thier drkeis, fdthiri` tafithir ta kdci wdr dfdegst hek thdt sdt ag thi harsi, dg` dfdegst hes drky.‛ Eg _ivildteag 4:=46-?4, weth thi nakpliteag aj thi sivigth oawl, “thiri ndki d fridt vaeni aut aj thi tikpli aj hidvig, jrak thi thragi, sdyegf, Et es `agi (_iv. 4:=46).‛ Phes dgfilen `inldrdteag djjerks thdt Fa`―s wrdth es juljelli` ar nakpliti`. Phes kidgs thdt, dnnar`egf ta _ivildteag 49=4, thi sivig pldfuis well oregf dg ig` ta Fa`―s wrdth upag thi wenci` gdteags aj thi warl` eg sinuldr hestary. Phi rid`ir shaul` aosirvi thdt “segni eg 49=4 thi oawl pldfuis dri sde` ta oregf dg ig` ta Fa`―s (tikpardl) wrdth dfdegst thi gdteags, Fa`―s wrdth dfdegst thi gdteags eg nhdp. ?2
4:
Clegi, “Hdr Kdfi`ag= Phi Ig` aj thi Kelliggeuk,‛ ??2. Veth thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt Hdr Kdfi`ag rijirs ta “thi kaugtdeg aj Fa`,‛ Kiri`eth Clegi ijjintevily ixplaris thi Hdr Kdfi`ag katejs oath eg thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts. Eg hes pdpir, Clegi nagnlusevily `ijig`s hes veiw thdt _ivildteag 4:=40-4:, 45=44-?4, dg` ?2=6-42 dri nlasily egtirtwegi` weth Faf dg` Kdfaf aj Iziceil >8->5. Eg sa `aegf, hi drfuis thdt _ivildteag 4:=40-4:, 45=44-?4, dg` ?2=6-42 rijir ta thi sdki odttli. Jar dg ixnilligt `esnusseag aj vdreaus drfukigts dfdegst rindpetuldteag eg _ivildteag 45=44-?4 dg` ?2=6-42, sii Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 56:582. Oidli sunnissjully riouts dll sunh drfukigts, dg` doly `ijig`s rindpetuldteag eg Mahg―s dpandlypsi.
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
498
kust naegne`i weth Nhrest―s ^inag` Nakegf wrdth dfdegst thi gdteags eg nhdps. 4: dg` 45.‛46 Jawlir Vheti ilune`dtis jurthir= “Pa dpprinedti thi oidregf aj 49=4 ag thi egtirpritdteag aj 45=44-?2=42, wi gii` ta rikikoir thdt Nhrest―s wrdth dfdegst thi Drkdfi``ag rioils eg 45=45-?4 nagnlu`is thi plat legi thdt wds `rappi` eg 4:=4: dg` thus kust (kari ar liss) naegne`i weth thi ldst4:=46-?4 pldfui ajkidgs Fa`―sthdt wrdth eg 4:=46-?4. Phes naegne`igni aj 45=45-?4 weth Nhrest―s wrdth eg 45=44-?4 jdlls wetheg thi teki jrdki whenh 49=4 istdoleshi` jar thi nakpliteag aj Fa`―s wrdth.‛48 ^egni thi sivigth pldfui (_iv. 4:=46-?4) naegne`is weth thi odttli snigi aj 45=45?4, thi `istrunteag aj thi gdteags eg thi odttli aj Drkdfi``ag (_iv. 45=44-?4) nagnlu`is Fa`―s wrdth dfdegst thi wenci` gdteags eg hukdg hestary. Phes wrdth es, aj naursi, rijirregf agly ta Fa`―s tikpardl wrdth dg` mu`fkigt dfdegst thi gdteags, dg` ixprissly ixnlu`is Fa`―s itirgdl mu`fkigt dfdegst ugoileivirs. Veth thi juljellkigt aj Fa`―s wrdth eg thi sivig oawl mu`fkigt, agi ridlezis thi `ejjenulty eg ixpldegegf d jurthir tikpardl mu`fkigt dg` wrdth dfdegst thi gdteags eg _ivildteag ?2=6-42. Phi dkelliggedlest ug`irstdg`s _ivildteag ?2=6-42 ds d rindpetuldteag aj 45=44-?4. Phirijari, thiri es ga nagtrd`enteag oitwiig Nhrest―s wrdth eg thi odttli aj ?2=6-42, dg` thi nakpliteag aj Fa`―s wrdth eg 49=4. Vheti ixpldegs, “Ej wi rid` thi veseags aj 45=44-?2=42 ds prikelliggedlests `a, wi dri, aj naursi, oaug` ta pldni Fa`―s wrdth dfdegst thi Faf-Kdfaf rioils eg ?2=642 djtir Nhrest―s riturg eg 45=45-?4 dg` 4:=46-?4. Out, oy `aegf thes, wi nagtrd`ent thi nlidr egtigt aj 49=4. Jar wi ndggat pldni thi autpauregf aj Fa`―s wrdth ag Faf-Kdfaf dg` ^dtdg djtir Nhrest―s riturg wethaut ixnii`egf thi `id`legi sit jar thi nakpliteag aj Fa`―s wrdth eg 49=4.‛ 45 Hawivir, ej wi ug`irstdg` _ivildteag ?2=6-42 ds d rindpetuldteag aj 45=44-?4, Fa`―s wrdth dfdegst thi Faf-Kdfaf `essigtirs waul` jdll nakjartdoly wetheg thi teki jrdki istdoleshi` oy 49=4 jar thi juljellkigt aj Fa`―s jury.
46
_. Jawlir Vheti, “Kdcegf ^igsi aj _ivildteag ?2=4-421 Hdral` Haihgir Zirsus _indpetuldteag,‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >6, ga. 0 (4550)= 906. 48 Vheti, “_iixdkegegf thi Ive`igni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-42,‛ >>4. 45 Eoe`.
_indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2
495
Nhdptir 4?= Phi Oe g`e gf a j ^dtd g Egtra`unteag “Dg` E sdw dg dgfil naki `awg jrak hidvig, hdvegf thi ciy aj thi oattakliss pet dg` d fridt nhdeg eg hes hdg`. Dg` hi lde` hal` ag thi `rdfag, thdt al` sirpigt, whenh es thi @ivel, dg` ^dtdg, dg` oaug` hek d thausdg` yidrs, Dg` ndst hek egta thi oattakliss pet, dg` shut hek up, dg` sit d sidl upag hek, thdt hi shaul` `inievi thi gdteags ga kari, tell thi thausdg` yidrs shaul` oi juljelli`= dg` djtir thdt hi kust oi laasi` d lettli sidsag (_iv. ?2=4->).‛ Vi `esnussi` priveausly thdt eg thi egtirpritdteag aj Mahg―s Dpandlypsi, thi ixifiti kust gat efgari thi veseagdry dg` sykoalen kidgegf aj thi dpastli―s wretegfs. Phi dpandlypten figri aj _ivildteag `ikdg`s thdt, eg ar`ir ta ug`irstdg` Mahg―s veseag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-: prapirly, thi ixifiti kust egtirprit thi hefhly sykoalendl kidgegf aj thi dpastli―s veseags weth thi lefht fevig eg thi rist aj ^nrepturi, ds will ds oy nakpdregf thi usdfi aj sekeldr sykoals eg athir veseags wetheg thi Oaac aj _ivildteag. @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests, sunh ds _ivirig` Nhdrlis ^iit aj Leji Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh eg ^egfdpari, ajtig nhdrfi Dkelliggedlests weth gat d`hiregf ta d letirdlesten hirkigiutens eg thier egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag. Nretenezegf thi gagprikelliggedl ug`irstdg`egf aj _ivildteag ?2=4->, ^iit wretis= “Phi dgfil kigteagi` eg ?2=4 es Nhrest Heksilj Sdnnar`egf ta thi gagprikelliggedl ug`irstdg`egf[. Hes nakegf `awg jrak hidvig es egtirpriti` ds Hes egndrgdteag egta thes warl`. Hes dnt aj oeg`egf ^dtdg dg` ndstegf hek egta thi oattakliss pet kigteagi` eg ?2=?->, es egtirpriti` ds Hes `idth ag thi nrass whenh rikavi` ^dtdg―s pawir avir oileivirs. . . . Ds yau ndg sii, thasi wha `a gat egtirprit thes pdssdfi letirdlly, tdci queti d lat aj leoirteis weth thi tixt, kdcegf et kidg thegfs thdt dri gat gdturdl ta thi pldeg sigsi aj thi tixt. Phi pldeg kidgegf aj thi tixt es thirijari efgari` eg jdvaur aj d 4 kissdfi, whenh agly thasi wha dri qudlejei` ndg he``ig, nrypten ug`irstdg`.‛
^iit―s pdpir “Rrikelliggedlesk,‛ ispinedlly hes djarikigteagi` nakkigts, jdels ta `a musteni ta thi pregneplis oiheg` _ijarki` hirkigiutens, dg` thi dkelliggedl
4
^iit, “Rrikelliggedlesk,‛ 55.
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
4:2
ug`irstdg` aj _ivildteag ?2=4->. Kast nagtikpardry dkelliggedl egtirpritirs `a gat ug`irstdg` thi dgfil eg ?2=4 ds `ipentegf Nhrest. Phiy giethir pirnievi thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg ds d ristrenteag aj hes pawirs avir oileivirs, gar `a thiy prijir d “he``ig, nrypten kissdfi‛ whenh agly thi nafgasnigte ndg `ina`i. Gag-prikelliggedl egtirpritirs rinafgezi thi sykoalen usdfi aj kdgy tirks eg _ivildteag, thi kidgegf aj whenh fais oiyag` thi legfuesten dg` rijirigtedl livils aj nakkugendteag. Eg _ivildteag ?2=4->, “Mahg siis dg dgfil nakegf `awg aut aj hidvig. hds hali d ciyprave`i` weth whenh faegf ta lanc thi doyss 5=4, doyss es Hi d `iip wethhid es shdjt (5=4), dg` weth d le`.(nj. Phes le`44). ndg Phes oi uglanci` (5=?), lanci` (?2=>), dg` ivig sidli` (?2=>). Oidr eg keg`, hawivir, thdt dll thes es sykoalesk.‛? Phi dosur`ety aj nagsestigt letirdlesk eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj sunh d pdssdfi es dppdrigt. Mahg es gat nagviyegf thi gateag thdt dg dgfil weth d letirdl ciy, whenh jets egta d ciyhali, well apig d letirdl “oattakliss pet‛ ag Idrth. Phiri ndg oi ga `auot thdt thi dpastli es gat rijirregf ta dg doyss weth d letirdl le`, whenh ndg oi lanci` dg` uglanci`. Phi dgfil, thi `rdfag, thi nhdeg, thi ciy dg` thi doyss dll hdvi sykoalendl kidgegfs, dg` sunh tirks shaul` gat oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly. Phi e`igtety aj thi sirpigt es fevig jar us eg thi tixt aj _ivildteag ?2=?, whenh `isnreois “thi `rdfag, thdt al` sirpigt‛ ds “thi @ivel, dg` ^dtdg.‛ Et es ugkestdcdoli thdt thi tirk “`rdfag‛ `ais gat rijir ta d letirdl `rdfag ar `egasdur, dg` thdt thi war` “sirpigt‛ `ais gat riprisigt d letirdl vepir ar naord. Phes sirvis ta ikphdsezi thi jdnt thdt tirks usi` eg Mahg―s veseags nagtdeg sykoalendl naggatdteags, dg` sunh war`s kust oi ndrijully egtirpriti` dfdegst thi odnc`rap aj priveaus veseags whiri sekeldr sykoals wiri usi`. Nrdss letirdlesk well agly kuteldti thi egtig`i` kidgegf aj thi tixt.
Phi Dgfil Dlthaufh saki pastkelliggedl egtirpritirs hdvi dttikpti` ta ug`irstdg` thi `isnig`egf dgfil (_ivildteag ?2=4) ds riprisigtegf Nhrest,> dkelliggedl ixifitis sunh ds Oidli hdvi, eg veiw aj thi usdfi aj “dgfil‛ eg athir veseags rinar`i` eg thi Oaac aj _ivildteag, egtirpriti` thi kidgegf aj “dgfil‛ `ejjirigtly. Oidli wretis=
?
Hig`rencsig, Kari Phdg Nagquirars, 489. Jar ixdkpli, sii @dve` Nheltag, Phi @dys aj Zigfidgni (Pylir, PX= @akegeag Rriss, 4586), 0553 M. Kdrnillus Cec, Dg Isnhdtalafy aj Zentary (Rhelepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, 4564), 450. >
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
4:4
“Eg strecegf sekeldrety ta ?2=4, oath :=8 dg` 5=4-? partrdy faa` dgfils (thi jaurth levegf nridturi dg` thi jejth trukpit dgfil) ds Nhrest―s egtirki`edreis ixinutegf hes dutharety avir `ikagen oiegfs eg thi ridlk aj thi `id`.‛0 Ag dnnaugt aj thi veseags eg _ivildteag :=8 dg` 5=4-? whenh `isnreoi dgfils ixirnesegf Nhrest―s dutharety avir `idth, Hd`is dg` ivig `ikagen pawirs, Oidli e`igtejeis thi dgfil eg ?2=4 ds Nhrest―s egtirki`edry. Oidli ixpldegs thdt “Nhrest―s saviriefgty avir thi sphiri aj thi `id` es . . . dkplejei` eg S_ivildteag[ nh. :, whiri hes apigegf thidg` jaurth sidlnakegfs es d `ipenteag aj hes ultekdti dutharety `uregfaj thi“`idth dfi oitwiig hes aj jerst sinag` avir thi suoar`egdti ^dtdgen pawirs dg` Hd`is‛ (:=8). Leciwesi, “thi ciy aj thi shdjt aj thi doyss‛ eg nh. 5 riprisigts Fa`―s ultekdti dutharety avir `ikagen pawirs `willegf eg thi ridlk aj `idth (5= 4?), whasi `inievegf pawirs dri leketi` oy Fa` sa thdt thiy ndggat djjint thasi wha “hdvi thi sidl aj Fa`‛ (5=0).‛9 Phi dgfil eg ?2=4 hds “thi ciy aj thi oattakliss pet dg` d fridt nhdeg eg hes hdg`.‛ Phi ciy ta thi doyss ar oattakliss pet es lecily ta oi sekeldr ta thi “ciys aj hill dg` aj `idth‛ kigteagi` eg _ivildteag 4=48. Oy vertui aj Hes risurrinteag, Nhrest gaw ixirnesis saviriefgty avir `idth etsilj, egnlu`egf thi ridlk aj thi `id` dg` Hd`is. Nagse`iregf thi sykoalen naggatdteag aj thes “ciy aj thi oattakliss pet,‛ thi nagtixt aj thi veseag suffists thdt thi `isnig`egf “dgfil‛ es dg dgfilen egtirki`edry aj Nhrest ixinutegf Hes dutharety avir thi `ikagen ridlk, thi sphiri aj thi `id` dg` Hd`is.
Phi Doyss Phi `ivel wds oaug` weth d fridt nhdeg dg` ndst egta thi doyss - d oattakliss pet dnnar`egf ta _ivildteag ?2=4->. Et es dppdrigt thdt thi war` “doyss‛ `ais gat rijir ta d spinejen fiafrdphendl landteag ag idrth, dg` thi fridt nhdeg es gat d tetdgeuk shdncli usi` ta oeg` fdrfdgtudg nridturis. Ds d narrint ug`irstdg`egf aj thisi sykoals es ginissdry jar thi egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag ?2=4->, et oihaavis us ta ixdkegi ndrijully thi kidgegf aj thisi tirks wetheg thi nagtixt aj Mahg―s veseag. Nhdrlis Dlixdg`ir rikeg`s us thdt “^dtdg es oaug` oy ga kdtiredl ‘nhdeg― gar es hi sidli` eg dgy nilistedl presag. Phiri es ga fiafrdphy eg thi itirgdl warl`, ga pets, ga oattakliss doyssis, gathegf leci thes eg d sphiri whiri dll es speretudl. Rresags dg` pets dri idrthly tirks usi` ta `igati ristrenteag, ristrdegt, leketdteag aj pawirs, thi jrustrdteag dg` nagjegikigt aj ivel.‛: 0
Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 580. Eoe`. : Nhdrlis @. Dlixdg`ir, _ivildteag ^peretudlly Yg`irstaa` (Prildwgy`, Vdlis= C & K Oaacs, ?224), 050. 9
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
4:?
Et es nlidr thdt thi `ivel wds gat ndst aut aj d physendl pldni eg saki `estdgt ldg`, dg` suosiquigtly thrawg egta dg dntudl oattakliss `etnh ag idrth. Eg nagmugnteag weth thi usdfi aj thi war` “doyss‛ eg _ivildteag 5, thi doyss es lecily ta oi sykoalen aj `idth dg` Hd`is. “Et es wragf ta penturi thi `ivel oiegf “ndst aut aj thi idrth‛ eg saki spdtedl sigsi, sa thdt hi es ga lagfir prisigt ag idrth. Phes waul` oi ta tdci “doyss‛ eg dg avirly letirdlesten kdggir. _dthir, leci “hidvig‛ thraufhaut thi Dpandlypsi, et riprisigts d speretudl `ekigseag ixestegf dlagfse`i dg` eg thi ke`st aj 6
thi idrthly, gat doavi et ar oilaw.‛ Phi djarikigteagi` ug`irstdg`egf es pdrtenuldrly ekpartdgt whig wi ridlezi thdt prikelliggedl egtirpritirs egsest upag d kari letirdl rid`egf aj thi war` “doyss.‛ ^aki ivig drfui thdt ^dtdg ndggat oi prawlegf draug` leci d leag (4 Rit. 9=8) ej hi es eg`ii` oaug` weth nhdegs eg thi doyss. Givirthiliss, wi aufht ta rinafgezi thdt thi doyss rijirs ta d speretudl ridlety rdthir thdg d spdtedl landteag, dg` eg sa `aegf, dvae` letirdlesten kesegtirpritdteags. Dnnar`egf ta Oidli, “thi doyss es agi aj thi vdreaus kitdphars riprisigtegf thi speretudl sphiri eg whenh thi `ivel dg` hes dnnakplenis apirdti. S_ivildteag[ 5=4-44 partrdys dg dgfilen oiegf (praodoly thi `ivel) usegf “thi ciy aj thi shdjt aj thi doyss,‛ apigegf thi doyss, dg` rilidsegf `ikagen nridturis sa thdt thiy tarkigt ugoileivirs ag idrth.‛8 Ej wi wiri ta ug`irstdg` thi doyss ds thi sphiri whirieg thi `ivel dg` hes kegeags apirdti, thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg wetheg thi doyss `ais gat ginissetdti thi rikavdl aj thi `ivel jrak dkagfst thi idrthly `ekigseags, ar thi tatdl nissdteag aj sdtdgen dnteveteis wetheg thi ridlk aj hukdgs.
Phi Agi Phausdg` Uidrs Phiri dri faa` ridsags jar ug`irstdg`egf thi agi “thausdg` yidrs‛ aj _ivildteag ?2=4-: jefurdtevily. Rrekdrely, gukoirs dri ajtig usi` sykoalendlly eg thi Oaac aj _ivildteag3 egtir dled, thi physendl `ekigseags aj thi Giw Mirusdlik `isnreoi` eg _ivildteag ?4=5-?6 sirvi ds dg ixdkpli.5 Dkelliggedlest Dgthagy Haicikd aosirvis thdt “segni thi gukoir tig sefgejeis nakplitigiss, dg` segni d thausdg` es tig ta thi ther` pawir, wi kdy thegc aj thi ixprisseag “d thausdg` yidrs‛ ds stdg`egf jar d nakpliti pirea`, d viry lagf pirea`
6
Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 586. Eoe`., 586-588. 5 ^ii Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 98-:0. Dlsa sii pp. 4246-42?4, whiri Oidli kdcis d `itdeli` drfukigt jar thi jefurdtevi egtirpritdteag aj thi agi thausdg` yidrs. 8
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
4:>
aj eg`itirkegdti ligfth.‛42 _ijarki` ixifitis, egnlu`egf dkelliggedlests dg` pastkelliggedlests, figirdlly dnnipt thi gag-letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi thausdg` yidrs eg _ivildteag ?2=4-:. Et es gatdoli thdt thi prikelliggedl egtirpritir, Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, kdcis d sekeldr rikdrc= “Et es `ejjenult ta ug`irstdg` thi thausdg` yidrs jar whenh hi wds oaug` weth strent letirdlgiss eg veiw thither` aoveaus sykoalen gukoirs eg thi _ivildteag. D thausdg` iqudlsajthi pawir aj tig „usi dg aj e`idl teki. Vheli wi gii` gat tdci et letirdlly, thi thausdg` yidrs `ais dppidr ta riprisigt d ridl pirea` aj teki, hawivir lagf ar shart et kdy oi.‛44 Vi rikikoir thdt _ivildteag nhdptirs ?2 ta ?? nagstetuti thi ldst aj thi sivig sinteags aj Mahg―s dpandlypsi.4? Nagse`iregf thi ive`igni jar rindpetuldteag `esnussi` eg thi priveaus nhdptir, wi ug`irstdg` thdt _ivildteag ?2=4 `ais gat jallaw _ivildteag 45=?4 nhragalafendlly. Phi twigteith nhdptir aj _ivildteag oregfs us odnc ta thi oifeggegf aj thi Giw Pistdkigt ipanh, whenh jallaws thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest. Veth thi egndrgdteag aj Nhrest oifegs thi `ijidt, ar thi oeg`egf, aj ^dtdg. Phi agi thausdg` yidrs eg`endtis dg eg`itirkegdti pirea` aj teki oitwiig Nhrest―s Jerst dg` ^inag` D`vigt. Vi shdll `esnuss thi kidgegf aj “thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg‛ ldtir eg thes nhdptir, whenh well jurthir ilune`dti thi kidgegf aj thi thausdg` yidrs. Phiri es dlsa nlidr nagtixtudl ive`igni ta suppart d gag-letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi agi thausdg` yidrs. Mahg―s jefurdtevi usdfi aj kdgy war`s sunh ds sirpigt, nhdeg dg` doyss eg thi ekki`edti nagtixt paegts tawdr` d sykoalendl egtirpritdteag aj thi agi thausdg` yidrs eg _ivildteag ?2=4-:. Eg _ivildteag ?=42, wi rid` aj nirtdeg sdegts hdvegf ta sujjir treouldteag jar tig `dys. Phiri es d suffisteag thdt thi tikpardl sujjiregf aj thi sdegts jar d `urdteag aj tig `dys, whenh es aoveausly d jefurdtevi gukoir sefgejyegf d nakpliti ar e`idl pirea` aj teki, well oregf weth et thi riwdr` aj kelliggedl flary eg thi egtirki`edti stdti dg` thi djtirleji. Hiri wi hdvi dgathir ixdkpli aj thi usdfi aj thi gukoir tig dg` ets kulteplis eg thi sykoalendl riprisigtdteag aj nakplitigiss. Kiri`eth Clegi ixpldegs ets thialafendl sefgejendgni=
42
Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, ??6. Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, D Nakkigtdry ag thi _ivildteag aj Mahg (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 456?), ?:?. 4? ^ii Hig`rencsig, Kari Phdg Nagquirars, 4:-92. 44
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
4:0
“Phiri es dlsa thi egtrefuegf passeoelety aj d rildteagshep oitwiig thi gukirendl sykoals aj thi tig `dys aj treouldteag (?=42) dg` thi thausdg` yidrs aj riefgegf (?2=0, :). Phi egtigsejyegf aj tig ta d thausdg` tafithir weth thi ligfthigegf aj `dys ta yidrs kefht thig suffist thdt thi prisigt kakigtdry treouldteag warcs d jdr fridtir flary ta oi ixpireigni` ivig eg thi egtirki`edti stdti ds thi ekki`edti essui aj kdrtyr`ak.‛4> Phi nagnipt aj riwdr` weth thi ig`uregf aj tikpardl, dg` d nakpdrdtevily shart `urdteag aj, sujjiregf es jaug` eg Ritir―s ixhartdteag, “Vhirieg yi fridtly rimaeni, thaufh gaw jar d sidsag, ej gii` oi, yi dri eg hidvegiss thraufh kdgejal` tikptdteags= Phdt thi tredl aj yaur jdeth, oiegf kunh kari prineaus thdg aj fal` thdt pireshith, thaufh et oi trei` weth jeri, kefht oi jaug` ugta prdesi dg` hagaur dg` flary dt thi dppidregf aj Misus Nhrest. . . . Oilavi`, thegc et gat strdgfi nagnirgegf thi jeiry tredl whenh es ta try yau, ds thaufh saki strdgfi thegf hdppigi` ugta yau= Out rimaeni, egdskunh ds yi dri pdrtdcirs aj Nhrest―s sujjiregfs3 thdt, whig hes flary shdll oi rividli`, yi kdy oi fld` dlsa weth ixnii`egf may. (4 Ritir 4=:-6, 0=4?-4>).‛ Eg`ii`, thi treouldteag pirea` aj tig `dys (_iv. ?=42) es `wdrji` oy thi `urdteag aj thi kelliggedl riefg. Vi kust nagnlu`i thdt oath thi gukoir tig dg` ets kultepli, agi thausdg`, dri sykoalen riprisigtdteags aj pirea`s aj teki, dg` thdt thi ixdnt `urdteag aj thisi pirea`s ndggat oi nagjegi` ta thi gukirendl vdluis thiksilvis.
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg Vheli et es gaw dppdrigt thdt thi thausdg` yidrs oifeg weth thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg, wi kust oifeg ta ugrdvil thi kidgegf eghirigt eg Mahg―s veseag ds d whali. @dve` Dugi paegts aut thdt “thi usi aj nhdegs ta oeg` ^dtdg dg` hes hast es dg dpandlypten katej.‛40 Vheli thes katej sefgejeis d nirtdeg ristrenteag aj `ikagen dntevety, thiri es kunh `iodti ds ta thi ixtigt aj sunh d ristrenteag. Jurthirkari, thi ug`irstdg`egf aj whdt thi nhdeg naggatis hds ta oi stu`ei` dfdegst thi igteri katej, thdt es, thi kidgegf aj thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg. Dkelliggedlests ug`irstdg` thdt thi kelliggeuk es thi prisigt faspil dfi, dg` gat d juturi ridlety. Et es giethir dg idrthly Kissedgen cegf`ak ushiri` eg oy thi Rdraused 4>
Kiri`eth Clegi, “Phi Jerst _isurrinteag,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >6, ga. > (4569)= >6>->60. 40 @dve` I. Dugi, _ivildteag 46-??= Var` Oeolendl Nakkigtdry (Gdshvelli= Phakds Gilsag, 4558), 4284.
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
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aj Nhrest ds tdufht oy prikelliggedlests, gar d fal`ig dfi istdoleshi` weth thi pridnhegf aj thi faspil dnnar`egf ta Rastkelliggedlesk. Phi kelliggeuk, prapirly ug`irstaa`, es d speretudl ridlety igmayi` oy sdegts eg thi prisigt dfi.49 Phi `iodti rifdr`egf thi kidgegf aj thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg nagnirgs thi prisigni aj ivel eg thi prisigt faspil dfi. Ej, eg`ii`, thi kelliggeuk es whdt Dkelliggedlests pirnievi et ta oi - d prisigt ridlety - haw `a wi ixpldeg thi prisigni aj sdtdgen dntevety eg thi warl` ta`dy1 @ais thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg kidg d nakpliti nissdteag aj sdtdgen ar ivel dntevety agtaidrth1 Asoargiajrefhtly thdtta “thi `iodti hiri es thi ixtigt whenhFrdgt thes oeg`egf ^dtdg aosirvis weth rispint thiprekdry gdteags es egtig`i`. Es thes d tatdl ar d pdrtedl nissdteag aj `ikagen dntevety1 Phes es dt thi hidrt aj thi prikelliggedl-dkelliggedl `iodti.‛4: Rrikelliggedlests ajtig nretenezi Dkelliggedlests jar egtirpritegf thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg ds d prisigt ridlety, out sunh nretenesks dri usudlly ugmustejei`. Hdral` Haihgir, thi prajissar aj Giw Pistdkigt ^tu`eis dt @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, wretis= “Hawivir, ta sdy thdt ^dtdg es oaug` eg thi prisigt dfi nagtrd`ents sivirdl GP pdssdfis. Eg thi teki aj Nhrest, ivig djtir Luci 42=48, ^dtdg igtiri` Mu`ds eg nagginteag weth hes oitrdydl aj Misus (Luci ??=>3 Mahg 4>=?6), dg` hi trei` ta nagtral Ritir (Luci ??=>4). Nhrestedgs dri wdrgi` ta oi ag thi dlirt, jar thi `ivel es prawlegf leci d radregf leag siicegf whak hi kdy `ivaur (4 Rit. 9=8). Phes dntevety es siig whig Dgdgeds―s hidrt wds jelli` weth ^dtdg (Dnts 9=>). ^dtdg es thi agi wha oleg`s ugoileivirs ta thi faspil (Dnts ?:=483 ? Nar. 0=>-03 Iph. ?=?3 ? Pek. ?=?:). ^dtdg dlsa heg`iri` Rdul jrak faegf ta Phissdlagend (4 Phiss. ?=48). Jurthirkari, Nhrestedgs dri dlirti` ta ^dtdg―s tikptdteags (4 Nar. 6=93 ? Nar. ?=443 44=40). Et siiks thdt ^dtdg hds gat oiig oaug` segni Nhrest―s jerst d`vigt.‛46 Oijari pranii`egf ta d `itdeli` stu`y aj thi kidgegf aj thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg, et sujjenis gaw ta laac dt d figirdl dkelliggedl ug`irstdg`egf aj thes katej. Phiri es Giw Pistdkigt ive`igni thdt ^dtdg wds eg saki sigsi oaug` weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest.48
49
Phi kelliggedl riefg well oi `esnussi` jurthir eg nhdptir 4> aj thes oaac. Frdgt _. Asoargi, _ivildteag (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, ?22?), 62?. 46 Hdral` V. Haihgir, “Ive`igni jrak _ivildteag ?2,‛ eg Phi Nakegf Kelliggedl Cegf`ak= D Ndsi jar Rrikelliggedl Egtirpritdteag, i`s. @agdl` C. Ndkpoill dg` Mijjriy L. Pawgsig` (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4556), ?92. Dlsa sii Tuic, @DU JEZI= _ivildteag 45-??, 406408. 48 Vi shdll `esnuss thes jurthir eg thi ldtir parteags aj thes nhdptir. 4:
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
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Veth thi oerth, `idth dg` risurrinteag aj Nhrest, ^dtdg ga lagfir passissis thi sdki pawir dg` dutharety hi agni hd`. Dnnar`egf ta _ivildteag ?2=>, ^dtdg es oaug` sa “thdt hi shaul` `inievi thi gdteags ga kari, tell thi thausdg` yidrs shaul` oi juljelli`= dg` djtir thdt hi kust oi laasi` d lettli sidsag.‛ Phi aoveaus purpasi aj thes oeg`egf es thdt, hi shaul` ga lagfir `inievi thi hidthig gdteags oy privigtegf thi sprid` aj thi faspil ugtel thi kelliggeuk hds trdgsperi`. Phiri es ga eg`endteag wetheg thi tixt aj ?2=4-: thdt thi `ivel es oaug` sunh thdt hi ndggat pirjark dgy aj hes kesnheij. Hig`rencsig, usegf dg egtiristegf dgdlafy aj d `af tei` weth d nhdeg, ilune`dtis jurthir= “D `af sinurily oaug` weth d lagf dg` hidvy nhdeg ndg `a fridt `dkdfi wetheg thi nernli aj hes ekpresagkigt. Autse`i thdt nernli, hawivir, thi dgekdl ndg `a ga `dkdfi dg` ndg hurt ga-agi. Phus dlsa _ivildteag ?2=4-> tidnhis us thdt ^dtdg―s pawir es nuroi` dg` hes egjluigni nurtdeli` weth rispint ta agi `ijegeti sphiri aj dntevety= ‘thdt hi shaul` `inievi thi gdteags ga kari―. Phi `ivel ndg `a kunh, eg`ii`, `uregf thes prisigt pirea` aj agi thausdg` yidrs. Out thiri es agi thegf whenh, `uregf thes pirea`, hi ndggat `a. Veth rispint ta thes agi thegf hi es `ijegetily dg` sinurily oaug`. Hi ndggat `istray thi Nhurnh ds d kefhty kesseagdry arfdgezdteag hirdl`egf thi faspil ta dll thi gdteags. Hi ndggat `a thdt ugtel thi thausdg` yidrs dri jegeshi`.‛45 Letirdlests dllifi thdt ^dtdg ndggat oi oaug` eg thes prisigt faspil dfi ag dnnaugt aj thi `ikagen dntevety dg` ivel sa privdligt eg thi warl` ta`dy. Out thi quisteag es thes, “^haul` wi egtirprit thi veseag aj Mahg eg _ivildteag ?2=4-> eg d strently letirdl sigsi, ar shaul` wi dncgawli`fi thi sykoalendl ilikigts eghirigt eg Mahg―s veseags, dg` dttikpt ta ug`irstdg` thi veseags usegf thi dgdlafy aj jdeth1‛ _ivildteag ?2=4->, ug`irstaa` weth d letirdlesten hirkigiuten, waul` nagviy ta us thi kissdfi thdt dg dgfil `isnig`s jrak hidvig weth d letirdl ciy, whenh hi suosiquigtly usis ta apig d oattakliss hali eg thi fraug`. Hi thig oeg`s thi `ivel weth d letirdl nhdeg, dg` ndsts hek egta thi doyss. Hdvegf oiig oaug`, thi `ivel strufflis eg vdeg wetheg thi nagjegikigt aj thi thenc, stragf nhdeg. Nakpliti weth hargs dg` jdgfs, thi `ivel sgiirs dt thi dgfil ds hi cgaws thdt hi kust oi rilidsi` djtir thi letirdl agi thausdg` yidrs dri avir. Out jar gaw, hi ndggat nakkugendti `erintly weth thi gdteags aj thi warl` sa ds ta `inievi thik weth hes leis. Dnnar`egf ta letirdlests, thi `ivel es sa tefhtly oaug` thdt hi ndggat wreffli heksilj jrii jrak thasi hufi nhdegs, dg` hdrk thi gdteags weth hes hargs dg` jdgfs. Out Dkelliggedlests nagtig` thdt thes veseag ndggat oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly.
45
Hig`rencsig, Kari Phdg Nagquirars, 452.
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
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Phi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg es dg dpandlypten katej whenh nagviys ta thi rid`irs d speretudl ridlety rdthir thdg d physendl, ridlety. Pdcegf ?2=4-> letirdlly, ^dtdg es eg`ii` oaug` weth hufi stragf nhdegs whenh kdy nakplitily ristrent hes physendl kavikigts dg` privigt hek jrak prawlegf draug` leci d leag (4 Rit. 9=8). Mahg, hawivir, es gat tryegf ta egjark hes rid`irs thdt thi `ivel es kirily d orao`egfgdfedg nridturi ristrenti` weth tetdgeuk nhdegs jar d thausdg` yidrs. Phi veseag es d sykoalen penturi aj d prisigt speretudl ridlety, dg` et kidgs kunh kari thdg hdvegf thi `ivel trdppi` eg d hali ag pldgit idrth, tatdlly egndpdoli aj dgy wenci`giss. Keltag Pirry ixpldegs= “Phes sykoalen penturi aj thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg hds oiig fridtly kesdpprihig`i` oy suppasegf et ta ekply thi nissdteag aj dll ivel dkagf kig. Et es taa rid`ely dssuki` thdt ej ^dtdg oi shut up dg` sidli` eg thi doyss thi dgfils aj ^dtdg dg` wenci` kig ndg hdvi ga kari pldni eg thi warl` - d kast ugdutharezi` dssukpteag. Phi pdssdfi prisigts agly agi phdsi aj thi treukph aj Nhrest avir dll hes igikeis. Phi jegdl `ijidt aj thi `ivel es `isnreoi` eg virsi 42, dg` thi Kissedh―s treukph avir thi ldst igiky, @idth dg` Hd`is, es tal` eg virsis 4> dg` 40. Higni et es aj thi jerst ekpartdgni ta d narrint egtirpritdteag aj thisi nlasily rildti` veseags ta gati thdt thiy nagstetuti d sireis aj ventareis whenh rug thraufh thi igteri pirea` ndlli` sykoalendlly d thausdg` yidrs.‛?2 Eg`ii`, weth thi oerth, `idth dg` risurrinteag aj Nhrest, Hes ventary avir thi `ivel es dlrid`y sidli`, dg` es dg agfaegf speretudl ridlety ved thi pridnhegf aj thi faspil aj thi cegf`ak. Ds `esnussi` priveausly, thi doyss shaul` gat oi ug`irstaa` ds d letirdl oattakliss hali eg thi fraug`. Et es thi speretudl sphiri whirieg thi `ivel dg` hes kegeags jugnteag, dg` et ixests dlagfse`i dg` dke`st thi ridlk aj hukdg dntevety. Dlixdg`ir ildoardtis thdt “thi oattakliss pet es d tirk `isnreoegf thi nag`eteag aj ristrdegt lde` upag ^dtdg ds d nagsiquigni aj hes avirthraw dt Ndlvdry. ^dtdg ndg dt agi dg` thi sdki teki oi eg presag dg` dt ldrfi3 oaug` weth d fridt nhdeg, yit jidrsakily dntevi.‛?4 Phi doyss, ar thi sphiri aj thi `ikagen, es ga lagfir ug`ir thi mures`enteag aj thi `ivel. Nhrest `inldris, “E dk hi thdt levith, dg` wds `id`3 dg`, oihal`, E dk dlevi jar ivirkari, Dkig3 dg` hdvi thi ciys aj hill dg` aj `idth (_iv. 4=48).‛ Veth Hes `idth dg` risurrinteag, thi Lar` Misus gaw riefgs avir thi sphiri aj `ikags. Phi ?2 Keltag ^. Pirry, Oeolendl Dpandlyptens= D ^tu`y aj thi Kast Gatdoli _ivildteags aj Fa` dg` aj Nhrest eg thi Ndgagendl ^nrepturis (Giw Uarc= Idtag dg` Kdegs, 48583 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, ?224), 005. ?4 Dlixdg`ir, _ivildteag ^peretudlly Yg`irstaa`, 056.
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
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`ivel es thus oaug`, dg` thes “ristrdegt aj ^dtdg es d `erint risult aj Nhrest―s risurrinteag. Ej sa, thi oeg`egf, ixpulseag, dg` jdll aj ^dtdg ndg oi siig eg athir GP pdssdfis thdt djjerk weth thi sdki tirks (“oeg`,‛ “ndst,‛ itn.) thdt thi `inesevi `ijidt aj thi `ivel annurri` dt Nhrest―s `idth dg` risurrinteag (Kdtt. 4?=?53 Kdrc >=?63 Luci 42=46-453 Mahg 4?=>4->>3 Nal. ?=493 Hio. ?=40). Kari prinesily, thi oeg`egf wds praodoly egdufurdti` `uregf Nhrest―s kegestry, whenh es kari thi janus aj tixts sunh ds Kdtt. 4?=?53 Kdrc >=?63 dg` Luci 42=46-45.‛??
^dtdg Oaug` weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest Es thiri Giw Pistdkigt ive`igni ta suffist thdt thi `ivel es oaug` weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest1 Vi rindll rid`egf eg thi Faspil aj Kdtthiw thdt thi Rhdresiis dnnusi` Misus aj ndstegf aut `ikags weth thi pawir aj ^dtdg. Aur Lar` dgswiri` thik, “Ar ilsi haw ndg agi igtir egta d stragf kdg―s hausi, dg` spael hes faa`s, ixnipt hi jerst oeg` thi stragf kdg1 dg` thig hi well spael hes hausi (Kdtt. 4?=?5).‛ Phi Friic war` usi` oy Mahg eg _ivildteag ?2=? trdgsldti` ds “oaug`,‛ es thi sdki war` usi` hiri oy Kdtthiw (ΰΫυ) jar “oeg`.‛ Eg Kdtthiw 4?=?5, Misus wds ixpldegegf ta thi Rhdresiis thdt segni thi cegf`ak aj Fa` hd` drrevi`, `ikags wiri oiegf ndst aut, dg` thi faspil wds oiegf pridnhi` ta dll thi gdteags. ^dtdg―s frep avir thi pdfdg gdteags wds oracig weth thi nakegf aj Fa`―s cegf`ak. Phi `ivel ndg ga lagfir privigt thisi gdteags jrak lidrgegf doaut thi truth aj Fa`―s Var`. Olakoirf wretis= “Agi ndggat dttdnc d will-pratinti` haki wethaut jerst rig`iregf thi fudr` pawirliss. ^a, taa, Misus kust jerst oeg` ^dtdg oijari hi ndg plug`ir (ndrry ajj ar rao, jrak thi sdki viro stik ds “ldy hal` aj‛ eg 44=4?) hes hausi, e.i., ndst aut hes `ikags. Phi ixarnesks `ikagstrdti thdt Fa` eg Nhrest es `inesevily `ijidtegf thi `ivel. . . . ^dtdg es eg hes `idth thrais. Hes ldst jlurry aj dntevety, ta nhdgfi thi kitdphar, es leci thdt aj d nhencig (ar pirhdps oittir d sgdci!) weth ets hid` nut ajj.‛?> Eg Luci 42=46-48, whig thi sivigty `esneplis riturgi` jrak thier kesseag trep, Misus ixnldeki` ta thik thdt hi “oihil` ^dtdg ds lefhtgegf jdll jrak hidvig.‛ Phes, aj naursi, `ais gat kidg thdt Misus sdw thi letirdl jdll aj ^dtdg jrak hidvig agta thi fraug` aj pldgit Idrth. Misus wds sdyegf thdt, weth thi kesseagdry dnteveteis dg` pridnhegf aj thi `esneplis, ^dtdg―s cegf`ak wds oiegf `idlt d siviri olaw. D ristrenteag aj thi `ivel―s pawir ar d oeg`egf aj ^dtdg―s egjluigni avir thi pdfdg ??
Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 589. Nrdef Olakoirf, Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry Zaluki ??= Kdtthiw (Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Orad`kdg Rriss, 455?), ?2>. ?>
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
4:5
gdteags hd` tdcig pldni. _aoirt ^tieg gatis thdt “eg thi ixarnesks aj thi sivigty(twa), Misus sdw ^dtdg―s `ijidt risultegf jrak hes nakegf.‛?0 ^dtdg―s jdll ar oeg`egf, eg thes ndsi, es dssanedti` weth thi pridnhegf aj thi sivigty `esneplis. Nhdrlis Dlixdg`ir d``s thdt thasi war`s aj Misus wiri “spacig praphitendlly eg dgtenepdteag aj thi warl`we`i sprid` aj thi faspil djtir Nhrest―s dsnigseag ta thi refht hdg` aj pawir. Oijari thi pridnhegf aj thi Var`, ^dtdg waul` oi ndst `awg jrak hes lagf hidthig riefg avir thi figteli warl`. Hidvig es ajtig usi` ds d sykoal aj Fa` pawir, dg` ^dtdg es ?9 dlwdys jdllegf jrak hidvig whirivir thi errisesteoli Var` aj es pranldeki`.‛ Eg Mahg 4?=>4->?, Misus pranldeks, “Gaw es thi mu`fkigt aj thes warl`= gaw shdll thi pregni aj thes warl` oi ndst aut. Dg` E, ej E oi lejti` up jrak thi idrth, well `rdw dll kig ugta ki.‛ Hiri, wi aosirvi thdt thi viro “ndst‛ (ἒνοάγγυ) es `irevi` jrak thi raat war` trdgsldti` “ndst‛ (οάγγυ) eg _ivildteag ?2=>, “Dg` ndst hek egta thi oattakliss pet.‛ Veth thi ndstegf aut aj ^dtdg, dg` thi lejtegf up aj Nhrest ds Hi hdgfs ag thi nrass, dll gdteags eg`esnrekegdtily well oi `rdwg ta thi sdvegf frdni aj Fa`. Phi faspil es gaw ga lagfir leketi` ta thi Miwesh gdteag, out dlsa pridnhi` ta dll thi gdteags eg thi warl`. Ds Cestikdcir wretis eg hes nakkigtdry= “^egni Misus― dsnigseag, ^dtdg hds oiig ugdoli ta stap thi d`vdgni aj thi faspil aj sdlvdteag. Hi hds oiig oaug` dg` es wethaut dutharety, wheli thi gdteags aj thi warl` draug` thi flaoi hdvi rinievi` thi fld` faspil te`egfs. Phi ^ag aj Fa` hds tdcig passisseag aj thisi gdteags (Rs. ?=6-8) dg` hds `iprevi` ^dtdg aj lid`egf thik dstrdy `uregf thes faspil dfi. Nhrest es `rdwegf ta heksilj piapli jrak dll thisi gdteags, dg` aut aj thik Fa`―s ilint well oi sdvi` dg` `rdwg egta hes cegf`ak. Phisi gdteags rinievi thi lefht aj thi warl` (Mahg 8=4?) dg` dri ga lagfir levegf eg `drcgiss dg` `iniet. ^dtdg es ugdoli ta nhinc thi kesseag autridnh aj thi nhurnh, jar hi ndggat privigt thi gdteags jrak cgawegf thi Lar`.‛?: Phi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg eg thi Faspils (Kdtt. 4?=?:-?53 Kdrc >=?:-?6), ds will ds Nhrest―s tidnhegf ag thi jdll aj ^dtdg ds lefhtgegf jrak hidvig (Luci 42=48), es nagsestigt weth thi egtirpritdteag thdt _ivildteag ?2=4-> sefgejeis thi ristrdegt dg` prafrissevi `ijidt aj thi `ivel eg thi faspil dfi. Dlthaufh ^dtdg es oaug`, hi es stell ?0
_aoirt H. ^tieg, Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry Zaluki ?0= Luci (Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Orad`kdg Rriss, 455?), >42. ?9 Dlixdg`ir, _ivildteag ^peretudlly Yg`irstaa`, 058. ?: Cestikdcir, Ixpaseteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 9>9-9>:.
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
462
doli ta hdrk hukdgs, egnlu`egf kikoirs aj thi Nhurnh. Hawivir, hi ndg givir privigt thi sprid` aj thi faspil lefht ta thi pdfdg gdteags aj thi warl`.
Phi Kidgegf aj thi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg Eg thi Al` Pistdkigt tekis, thi gdteag aj Esrdil wds ta oi thi lefht ta ets pdfdg giefhoars. Out Esrdil jdeli` kesirdoly whig et sunnukoi` ta thi rilefeags aj thi hidthig gdteags. Egstid` aj wetgissegf ta thi warl`, Esrdil oindki leci thi warl`. Phi pdfdg gdteags `e` gat cgaw thi truth aj Fa`―s rivildteag, ixnipt jar thi anndseagdl pirsag, jdkely ar nety. Phisi figteli gdteags wiri, figirdlly spidcegf, ug`ir thi `inipteag aj ^dtdg prear ta thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest. Hawivir, weth thi kegestry aj aur Lar` Misus, thi cegf`ak aj Fa` es oiegf ushiri` eg. Jegdlly, weth thi nrass dg` ikpty tako, `idth dg` risurrinteag, Nhrest strecis d `inesevi ventary avir ^dtdg. Gathegf ndg privigt thi Nhurnh jrak sprid`egf thi faspil ta thi pdfdg gdteags, dg` “thi fdtis aj hill shdll gat privdel dfdegst et (Kdtt. 4:=48).‛ Rdul wretis, “Olattegf aut thi hdg`wretegf aj ar`egdgnis thdt wds dfdegst us, whenh wds nagtrdry ta us, dg` taac et aut aj thi wdy, gdelegf et ta hes nrass3 Dg` hdvegf spaeli` pregnepdleteis dg` pawirs, hi kd`i d shiw aj thik apigly, treukphegf avir thik eg et (Nal. ?=40-49).‛ Nhrest―s risurrinteag sidli` thi `ijidt aj ^dtdg, dg` thi ikpty tako fudrdgtiis thi ultekdti ig` aj thi `ivel. Phes oeg`egf aj ^dtdg es d prafrissevi thi pridnhegf aj thi faspil Fa` ag idrthdntevety (Kdtt. whirioy ?8=45). _ivildteag ?2=4-> `ipents thiixtig`s ristrdegtthi aj cegf`ak thi `ivel,ajdg` haw hi es privigti` jrak aostruntegf thi prafriss aj thi faspil. Jurthirkari, whig _iv. ?2=> es ug`irstaa` eg thi nagtixt aj ivigts `isnreoi` eg ?2=6-5, thiri es dlsa d sigsi whirioy ^dtdg es oaug` sa thdt hi ndggat `inievi thi hidthig gdteags ta wdr dfdegst thi sdegts eg thi odttli aj Drkdfi``ag. Haicsikd drfuis thdt, “Ej wi tdci thisi twa pdssdfis S_iv. ?2=> dg` ?2=8[ eg nagginteag weth idnh athir, et kdy oi rifdr`i` ds istdoleshi`, eg thi jerst pldni, thdt thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg es leketi` ta nirtdeg gdteags whenh dri ndlli` Faf dg` Kdfaf3 dg`, sinag`ly, thdt hes nagjegikigt privigts hek jrak `inievegf thasi gdteags3 dg`, eg thi ther` pldni, thdt thi `inipteag whenh oy hes ekpresagkigt, ar thi ristrdegt thdt es put upag hek, hi es privigti` jrak ridlezegf es ( sen) whdt waul` athirwesi ndusi thisi gdteags ta fdthir jar odttli dfdegst thi ndkp aj thi sdegts dg` thi oilavi` nety.‛?6 Vi hdvi stu`ei` idrleir eg nhdptir 44 thdt thi odttli aj Drkdfi``ag, whenh kdrcs thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk, es `isnreoi` gat agly eg Mahg―s dpandlypsi (_iv. 45=44-
?6
Hirkdg Haicsikd, Oihal`, Hi Nakith! Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag, ?` i`., i`. Hakir N. Haicsikd (Frdg`velli, KE= _ijarki` Jrii Ruoleshegf Dssanedteag, ?222), :0?.
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
464
?43 ?2=6-42), out dlsa eg Iziceil >8->5.?8 Dnnar`egf ta Dugi, “thi gdkis Faf dg` Kdfaf, `irevi` jrak Izic >8->5, dri figiren gdkis jar gdteags hasteli ta Esrdil wha well ugsunnissjully dttikpt ta dggeheldti thi piapli aj Fa`. Uit thiy well oi `inesevily `ijidti` oy rdeg, hdel, jeri, dg` orekstagi jrak hidvig (Izic >8=??).‛?5 Eg thi nagtixt aj Iziceil >8->5, “Esrdil hiri es ta oi tdcig, eg hdrkagy weth dll ^nrepturi, eg thi Giw Pistdkigt sigsi aj thi war`. Phi veseag aj thi ristari` Esrdil aj whenh Iziceil >8 dg` >5 spidc hds oiig ridlezi` eg thi nhurnh aj thi giw `espigsdteag.‛>2 Phirijari, wi dri ta ug`irstdg` “Esrdil‛ ds rijirregf ta trui, speretudl Esrdil Nhurnh) egthi Iziceil―s Jurthirkari, oath Haicsikd dg` (thi Oidli e`igtejy har`is dpandlypten eg _iv. ?2=8veseags. ds “dgtdfagesten piaplis >4 thraufhaut thi idrth,‛ thi hidthig gdteags thdt rioil dfdegst Fa`. Oidli jurthir ridsags thdt, “thi “ndkp aj thi sdegts‛ es iqudti` weth “thi oilavi` nety,‛ whenh jurthir e`igtejeis thi apprissi` nakkugety aj ?2=5 ds thi nhurnh.‛>? Phes rijlints thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt thi “apprissi` nakkugety‛ eg _iv. ?2=5 rijirs ta gakegdl Nhrestig`ak eg ets we`ist sigsi. Vi rid` eg _iv. ?2=6-5 thdt ^dtdg, kdrshdllegf thi drkeis aj thi hidthig gdteags, kdcis d jegdl dttikpt dt `ijidtegf thi piapli aj Fa`. Out “jeri ndki `awg jrak Fa` aut aj hidvig, dg` `ivauri` thik (_iv. ?2=5).‛ Dll thisi ivigts well hdppig eg thi isnhdtalafendl juturi. Eg thi kidgteki, ^dtdg es oaug` oy d `evegi `inrii, sa thdt hi es privigti` jrak dnnakpleshegf hes `edoalendl deks. Vheli hi es oaug`, ^dtdg ndg ga lagfir `inievi Fa`―s piapli ig kdssi, dg` heg`ir thik jrak wetgissegf ta thi gdteags. Phes `ais gat kidg thdt ^dtdg ndggat hdrk thi Nhurnh, ar thdt thi Nhurnh es ga lagfir pirsinuti` oy thi warl`. Leciwesi, `uregf thi igteri pirea` whirioy ^dtdg es oaug`, thi `ivel es ugdoli ta `inievi thi hidthig gdteags ta dttdnc “thi ndkp aj thi sdegts doaut, dg` thi oilavi` nety (_iv. ?2=5),‛ ar ta privigt thik jrak hidregf thi faspil aj frdni. Phes pirea` oifegs weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest, dg` “dnnar`egf ta S_ivildteag[ ?2=6-5, thi ig` paegt aj thi oeg`egf annurs ekki`edtily oijari Nhrest―s jegdl nakegf.‛>>
?8
^ii pp. 499-498 aj nhdptir 44 eg thes oaac. Dugi, _ivildteag 46-??, 4420. >2 Haicsikd, Oihal`, Hi Nakith, :0?. >4 Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 42?0. Dlsa sii Haicsikd, Oihal`, Hi Nakith, :0?-:0>. Haicsikd pirniptevily e`igtejeis Faf dg` Kdfaf weth thi hidthig gdteags aj thi warl`. Hi wretis, “Draug` et Se.i. thi ndkp aj thi sdegts[, ag thi jaur qudrtirs aj thi idrth, thdt es, autse`i aj thi pdli aj hestary, dri gdteags whenh rikdeg pdfdg. Dlthaufh dlsa jrak thik thi ilint dri fdthiri` egta thi nhurnh, ds gdteags thiy rikdeg `estegntly hidthig. Faf dg` Kdfaf, thirijari, dri hidthig gdteags eg `estegnteag jrak gakegdl Nhrestig`ak.‛ Haicsikd, Oihal`, Hi Nakith, :0>. >? Eoe`., 42?6. >> Eoe`., 589. ?5
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
46?
Eg veiw aj thes dkelliggedl egtirpritdteag aj thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg, thi nhdeg (_iv. ?2=4) ndg oi ug`irstaa` ds “thi haly `inriis aj Fa`.‛>0 Dlixdg`ir nagse`irs thdt “thi nhdeg, leci thi oeg`egf, es d jefuri `igategf thi ristrentevi `inrii aj Fa` ds eg thi ndsi aj thi `evegi nagtral avir thi rallegf sid= ‘Hethirta shdlt thau naki dg` ga jurthir= dg` hiri shdll thy prau` wdvis oi stdyi`.― Mao >8=44.‛>9 Ds Ndlvegests, _ijarki` egtirpritirs ultekdtily oileivi thdt Fa` hds `inrii` thi ventary aj thi Nhurnh, thi sdlvdteag aj thi ilint, dg` thi ivigtudl `istrunteag aj ^dtdg. Phirijari, thi nhdeg egPhes _ivildteag ?2=4will ndg weth sefgejy oeg`egf aj ^dtdg dnnar`egf ta Fa`―s `inriis. hdrkagezis thithi ug`irstdg`egf aj thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg ds dg dpandlypten katej, whenh sykoalezis thi ristrdegegf aj thi `ivel.
Nagnluseag Phi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg annurs oitwiig thi Jerst dg` ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest, `uregf thi faspil dfi. Phes es hdrkageaus weth thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt thi kelliggeuk aj _ivildteag ?2=4-: `ais gat jallaw _ivildteag 45 nhragalafendlly. Vi hdvi `esnussi` thi ive`igni jar rindpetuldteag priveausly, dg` hdvi siig thdt nhdptirs ?2 ta ?? jark thi ldst aj thi sivig sinteags aj thi oaac aj _ivildteag. Phirijari, _ivildteag ?2 oregfs us odnc ta thi oifeggegf aj thi faspil dfi. Phi dkelliggedl egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag ?2=4-> es dlsa nagsestigt weth ? Phissdlagedgs ?=:-4?, “whiri ^dtdg es sde` ta oi “dlrid`y dt warc‛ eg d kystireaus wdy, out givirthiliss ristrdegi`. Ekki`edtily oijari Nhrest―s jegdl nakegf thi ristrdegt well oi rikavi` sa thdt ^dtdg well uglidsh “jdlsi wag`irs dg` . . . dll `inipteag,‛ dg` thig hi well oi mu`fi` dlagf weth hes jallawirs.‛>: Vi rid` eg _ivildteag ?2=> thdt ^dtdg kust oi laasi` “d lettli sidsag‛ dt thi ig` aj thi thausdg` yidrs. Phes es whig hi well “fa aut ta `inievi thi gdteags whenh dri eg thi jaur qudrtirs aj thi idrth, Faf dg` Kdfaf, ta fdthir thik tafithir ta odttli (_iv. ?2=8)‛ dfdegst thi “ndkp aj thi sdegts.‛ Rrear ta thi Rdraused aj Nhrest, thiri well oi d teki aj fridt `inipteag dnnar`egf ta _ivildteag ?2=>, 6-8. Oidli wretis, “Out dt thi ig` aj thi dfi, `erintly prini`egf Nhrest―s riturg, ^dtdg well dfdeg oi dllawi`, jar “d lettli teki,‛ ta stap thi pridnhegf aj thi faspil dg` >0
Dlixdg`ir, _ivildteag ^peretudlly Yg`irstaa`, 059. Eoe`., 056. >: Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 585. >9
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
46>
ta `rdw thi nurtdeg aj `iluseag avir thi gdteags, ispinedlly weth thi fadl aj kaugtegf d `ivdstdtegf dttdnc dfdegst thi piapli aj Fa`, ds hi `e` oijari eg I`ig, dfdegst Esrdil, dg` dt thi nrass dfdegst Misus, thi trui Esrdil (nj. thi usi aj Rs. ?=4-? eg Dnts 0=?9-?8 dg` Rs. ?=5 eg _iv. 4?=9). D lithdl dttdnc kust oi ldugnhi` dfdegst thi narpardti oa`y aj Nhrest, ds idrleir dfdegst thi eg`eve`udl Nhrest (sii jurthir ag 44=>-4?, isp. 44=4-?, 5).‛>6 Eg sukkdry, thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg eg _ivildteag ?2=4-> rijirs ta thi nurtdelkigt aj thi `ivel―s pawirgar sa thdt hi ndg giethir privigt thi pridnhegf aj thi aj faspil taag thi hidthig gdteags, `inievi thisi gdteags egta dttdncegf thi nhurnh Nhrest idrth. Kidgwheli, thi ilint aj Fa` dri prafrissevily rinievi` egta thi jal` aj thi Nhurnh. Phi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg es, wethaut d `auot, dg ignaurdfegf nirtdegty jar dll oileivirs. Et igsuris thdt thi pridnhegf aj thi faspil oy thi Nhurnh well oi ugheg`iri`. Dlixdg`ir rikeg`s us thdt “thiri es d jarke`doli `ejjirigni oitwiig ^dtdg―s dntevety oijari dg` djtir Ndlvdry. Ga kari es ^dtdg pirketti` ‘ta `inievi thi gdteags― ds agni hi `e`. Hi ga lagfir hds pawir ta hal` thi gdteags jdst eg thi `drcgiss aj pdfdgesk dg` efgardgni. Egstid` aj thi Var` aj Fa` oiegf nagjegi` ta agi gdteag ag idrth, thi skdll gdteag aj Esrdil, thi oaug`dreis aj `evegi frdni hdvi oiig pushi` odnc sa thdt thi whali we`i warl` hds naki ug`ir thi pawir dg` thi pridnhegf aj thi faspil.‛>8 Phus, thes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi oeg`egf aj ^dtdg shaul` spur thi Nhurnh ag ta ldoar jar thi faspil. Phi cegf`ak aj Fa` es prisigtly ixtig`i` ved thi treukphdgt Nhurnh. Nhrestedgs aufht ta `irevi nagje`igni jrak thi jdnt thdt ^dtdg es oaug`, dg` thdt thi faspil well ultekdtily oregf sdlvdteag ta dll thi ilint. Phi pawirs aj `drcgiss ndg givir privdel, jar thi `ivel es dlrid`y `ijidti` dt thi nrass aj Ndlvdry. Phi jegdl `istrunteag aj thi `ivel es `inrii` (_iv. ?2=42), dg` thi Rdraused aj Nhrest well oregf thi sujjiregfs aj thi sdegts ta dg ig`.
>6 >8
Eoe`. Dlixdg`ir, _ivildteag ^peretudlly Yg`irstaa`, 055.
Phi Oeg`egf aj ^dtdg
460
Nhdptir 4>= Phi _ iefg a j ^aul s Egtra`unteag “Dg` E sdw thragis, dg` thiy sdt upag thik, dg` mu`fkigt wds fevig ugta thik= dg` E sdw thi sauls aj thik thdt wiri oihid`i` jar thi wetgiss aj Misus, dg` jar thi war` aj Fa`, dg` whenh hd` gat warsheppi` thi oidst, giethir hes ekdfi, giethir hd` rinievi` hes kdrc upag thier jarihid`s, ar eg thier hdg`s3 dg` thiy levi` dg` riefgi` weth Nhrest d thausdg` yidrs. Out thi rist aj thi `id` levi` gat dfdeg ugtel thi thausdg` yidrs wiri jegeshi`. Phes es thi jerst risurrinteag. Olissi` dg` haly es hi thdt hdth pdrt eg thi jerst risurrinteag= ag sunh thi sinag` `idth hdth ga pawir, out thiy shdll oi preists aj Fa` dg` aj Nhrest, dg` shdll riefg weth hek d thausdg` yidrs (_iv. ?2=0-:).‛ Ds wi oifeg aur ixpaseteag aj _ivildteag ?2=0-:, wi rindll thdt d pirea` aj “d thausdg` yidrs‛ wds `isnreoi` eg ?2=4->. Dlthaufh et es passeoli ta egtirprit thi “thausdg` yidrs‛ aj ?2=0-: ds oiegf `estegnt jrak thi kelliggeuk kigteagi` eg virsis 4->, thiri dri ga nakpillegf ridsags wetheg thi nagtixt aj thi pdssdfi ta `a sa. Phi kdmarety aj ixifitis, ej gat dll ixpasetars ta`dy, dfrii thdt thi “thausdg` yidrs‛ eg ?2=0-: es thi sdki kelliggeuk `isnreoi` eg ?2=4->. Haicsikd nagnurs, “Et es ive`igt thdt “d thausdg` yidrs‛ rijirs ta thi sdki pirea` `uregf thi whali giw `espigsdteag ds thdt eg whenh thi `ivel es oaug` weth rispint ta Faf dg` Kdfaf.‛4 Phes “thausdg` yidrs‛ pirea` spdgs thi igteri Giw Pistdkigt ird, jrak thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest ta must oijari thi ^inag` Nakegf aj aur ^dvear.
Phi Phragis Phi jerst thrii virsis aj _ivildteag ?2 `isnreoi d snigi ag idrth, whirioy thi doyss es thi speretudl ridlk eg whenh thi `ivel dg` hes kegeags apirdti. Out whiri es thi landteag aj thi snigi ?2=0-:1 Vhig witirk rid`“thragi‛ virsi 0, es wi`auotlissly gateni thdtsykoalendl, thiri dri thragis kigteagi` egeg Mahg―s veseag. Phi dg` et es uglecily thdt eg ?2=0, Mahg es rijirregf ta letirdl sits aj nhder jar piapli ta set upag. “Phiri ndg oi lettli `auot thdt thi partrdydl aj oiegfs settegf ag “thragis‛ es gat egtig`i` ta ixpriss thi letirdl e`id aj piapli settegf ag dntudl peinis aj jurgeturi
4
Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, 9:2.
Phi _iefg aj ^auls
469
dg` rulegf jrak thiri. Phes es, rdthir, d jefurdtevi wdy aj sdyegf thdt thiy riefg avir d cegf`ak.‛? Phi ekdfiry aj sauls settegf upag thragis sefgejeis thi riefg aj thisi sauls. Vhiri es thi `akdeg aj thes riefg1 Phi landteag aj thi thragis well dssest us eg `itirkegegf thi ixdnt landli aj Mahg―s veseag. F. C. Oidli ilune`dtis thdt thi war` “thragi‛ usudlly rijirs ta d hidvigly snigi. Hi wretis, “Phi hidvigly aj thi thragis eg ?2=0 es dppdrigt thi aosirvdteag thdtlandteag jarty-twa aj thi jarty-sex annurrignis aj jrak “thragi(s)‛ (θτόλαϏ) ilsiwhiri eg thi oaac nlidrly landti thi thragis eg hidvig. Phi rikdegegf thrii usis rijir iethir ta ^dtdg―s ar thi oidst―s thragi, whenh es leciwesi gat idrthly out landti` eg d speretudl `ekigseag. Phi “thragis‛ eg @dg. 6=5 dlsa dppidr ta oi eg hidvig (nj. @dg. 6=42-4>).‛> I. Küllir d``s thdt, segni thi thragis aj thi igikeis aj Fa` dri landti` ag Idrth ilsiwhiri eg thi Oaac aj _ivildteag, et es viry lecily thdt thisi thragis aj thi sdegts dri landti` eg Hidvig.0
Phi ^auls Vetheg thi nagtixt aj virsi 0,egtirprit Mahg siis eg phrdsi hes veseag “thi sauls risurrinti` aj thik thdtsdegts wiri eg oihid`i`.‛ Rrikelliggedlests thes ds `isnreoegf flarejei` oa`eis, wha dri sidti` upag thragis dg` riefgegf weth Nhrest eg thi idrthly kelliggeuk.9 Phiy drfui thdt thi ixprisseag - “thi sauls aj thik thdt wiri oihid`i`‛ - es d jefuri aj spiinh ndlli` sygin`anhi, oy whenh d pdrt es put jar thi whali. Jar ixdkpli, wi sdy thdt thiri dri d hug`ri` sdels, kidgegf d hug`ri` sheps. Anndseagdlly, thi ^nrepturi `ais usi thi war` “sauls‛ ta riprisigt pirsags. “Phus dll thi sauls thdt ndki weth Mdnao egta Ifypt wiri thriisnari dg` tig (Fig. 0:=?6). Eg thi drc d jiw, thdt es, iefht sauls wiri sdvi` (4 Rit. >=?2). Ag thi `dy aj Rigtinast doaut thrii thausdg` sauls wiri d``i` ta thi nhurnh (Dnts ?=04). Phiri wiri eg dll twa hug`ri` thriisnari dg` sextiig sauls weth Rdul eg thi shep (Dnts ?6=>6). Higni thi nheledst ?
Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 559-55:. Eoe`., 555. 0 ^ii I. Küllir, “Kenrastrunturdl Dgdlyses aj _ivildteag ?2,‛ Dg`riws Ygevirsety ^ikegdry ^tu`eis >6= ?>>. 9 Jar ixdkpli, sii ^tiphig Chaa, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), 55-422. Phisi dri pregti` naursi gatis usi` eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. _iv ^tiphig Chaa es thi pdstar aj Oithil Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh eg Dustrdled. >
Phi _iefg aj ^auls
46:
drfuis thdt wi kust egtirprit thi ixprisseag “thi sauls aj thik thdt wiri oihid`i`‛ eg thi sdki jefurdtevi sigsi ds rijirregf ta risurrinti` pirsags.‛: Out thiri dri sireaus praoliks weth thes prikelliggedl egtirpritdteag. Haicsikd drfuis, “Phi jerst aominteag es thdt whigivir sygin`anhi es ikplayi`, whithir eg aur `dely ldgfudfi, eg sinuldr letirdturi, ar eg Haly Vret, ugejarkly d gukirdl es usi` eg nagginteag weth et.‛6 Phes es viry nlidr whig wi pirusi thi ixdkplis prave`i` doavi (e.i. Fig. 0:=?63 4 Rit. >=?23 Dnts ?=04, ?6=>6). Iefht sauls, dg` gat sekply wiri sdvi` ag Gadh―s Phiri wiri twa hug`ri` thriisnari dg` sextiig “sauls,‛ sauls weth Rdul doadr` thi shep.drc. ^nrepturi dlwdys usis d gukirendl qudlejeir ta dnnakpdgy thi war` “sauls‛ whigivir et es usi` ds d sygin`anhi. Phi war` “saul‛ (ψωφΧ ), thirijari, es gat usi` ds d sygin`anhi eg ?2=0, dg` `ais gat rijir ta levegf oa`eis. Oidli ixpldegs thdt, “Phaufh “saul‛ (ψωφΧ ) ndg oi d suostetuti jar “levegf oa`y‛ (8=53 4?=443 4:=>3 nj. 48=4>), hiri ets nakoegdteag weth “oihid`i`‛ es oist sueti` ta eg`endti d `estegnteag oitwiig saul dg` oa`y, ds thi dlkast e`igtendl nakoegdteag “saul aj thasi wha wiri sldeg‛ nlidrly eg`endtis. Ej sunh d `estegnteag aj saul dg` oa`y es gat hil`, dg dwcwdr` penturi ikirfis= “oa`eis aj oihid`i` piapli.―‛8 Nagsiquigtly, odsi` upag war` usdfi dg` nagtixt, “saul‛ `ais gat rijir ta physendlly levegf sdegts settegf upag thragis. Oise`is, “thi gagnarparidl sigsi aj “saul‛ es suffisti` jurthir oy ets nlasi nagginteag weth thragis thdt dri eg hidvig, gat ag idrth.‛5 Yg`irstaa` nallintevily, thi thragis dg` thi ixprisseag “thi sauls aj thik thdt wiri oihid`i`‛ lecily `isnreoi d hidvigly snigi, dg` gat dg idrthly kelliggeuk. Phes jdnt dlagi es `ivdstdtegf ta thi prikelliggedl egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag ?2=0-:, whenh riqueris thes pdssdfi ta `isnreoi thi kelliggedl riefg aj sdegts ag idrth.
Phi ^degts Eg hes veseag, Mahg sdw “thi sauls aj thik thdt wiri oihid`i` jar thi wetgiss aj Misus, dg` jar thi war` aj Fa`, dg` whenh hd` gat warsheppi` thi oidst, giethir hes ekdfi, giethir hd` rinievi` hes kdrc upag thier jarihid`s, ar eg thier hdg`s3 dg` :
Haicsikd, _ijarki` @afkdtens, 9:4. Eoe`. 8 Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 558. 5 Eoe`. 6
Phi _iefg aj ^auls
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thiy levi` dg` riefgi` weth Nhrest d thausdg` yidrs (_iv. ?2=0).‛ Vha ixdntly dri thisi sauls1 Eg ar`ir jar us ta ug`irstdg` virsi 0 jully, ds will ds thi e`igtety aj thisi sauls wha riefgi` weth Nhrest, wi kust laac dt thi ekki`edti nagtixt aj thes pdssdfi, pdrtenuldrly virsis 9-:. Et es wrettig eg virsi 9 thdt “thi rist aj thi `id` levi` gat dfdeg ugtel thi thausdg` yidrs wiri jegeshi`,‛ dg` thdt thi “rist aj thi `id`‛ well pdrtenepdti eg thi “sinag` `idth (_iv. ?2=:, 40-49).‛ Et es ive`igt thdt thi “rist aj thi `id`‛ dri ugoileivirs wha shdll oi “ndst egta thi ldci aj jeri (_iv. ?2=49)‛ dt thi jegdl mu`fkigt aj Nhrest. Phirijari, Mahg es nlidrly `isnreoegf thi sauls aj sdegts eg virsi 0. Dnnar`egf ta virsi :, thasi thdt pdrtenepdti eg thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ shdll gat oi hdrki` oy thi “sinag` `idth.‛ Oy ekplendteag dg` sekpli `i`unteag, thi “sauls‛ kigteagi` eg virsi 0 shaul` ignakpdss dll thi sdegts, thdt es, thi Nhurnh egveseoli.42 ^tiphig ^kdlliy gatis thdt “thi praphit-siir `ais gat spinejy thi e`igtety aj thasi wha dri ‘sidti` ag thragis―3 gar dri thi suomints eg dgy pdrt aj thes snigi kigteagi` oy gdki. Out thier nhdrdntir dg` dntevety kdci et pldeg thdt Mahg es rijirregf orad`ly ta thi jdethjul sdegts aj Fa`. Phiy dri thi agis wha dri egvalvi` eg mu`fikigt, dg` sujjir jar Nhrest, dg` wha warshep Hek rdthir thdg thi oidst3 thisi dri dlsa preists aj Fa`, wha resi dg` riefg weth Nhrest jar d thausdg` yidrs dg` kari.‛44 ^kdlliy pranii`s ta drfui thdt “thiy dri ‘sauls― ( πὲϏ ψωφὲϏ , tds psynhds) wha hd` oiig kdrtyri` jar thier Nhrestedg tistekagy, dg` ixesti` thirijari eg thdt speretudl stdti whenh aotdegs oitwiig `idth dg` thi jegdl risurrinteag (virsi 0d)3 dg`, sinag`, thiy dri jdethjul wetgissis wha hdvi tistejei` laydlly ta Nhrest, dg` nagtegui ta `a sa, wethaut oiegf ndlli` ta sidl thier jdethjulgiss weth kdrtyr`ak (virsi 0o3 nj. 4>.44-4?).‛4? Oidli nagnurs thdt thi sauls eg ?2=0 rijir ta thi sauls aj sdegts wha hdvi `ei`, “saki thraufh kdrtyr`ak dg` athirs aj gdturdl ndusis, thaufh kdegtdegegf thier jdeth ta thi ig` (nj. 40=4>= “olissi` dri thi `id` wha `ei eg thi Lar`‛).‛4> Hi d``s thdt “et es 42
Nj. Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 555-4222. Oidli wretis, “Aj naursi, ej agly letirdl kdrtyrs dri thi janus eg v 0, thig “thi rist aj thi `id`‛ eg v 9 egnlu`is oileivegf tafithir weth ugoileivegf `id` wha dri ta oi risurrinti` suosiquigtly. Phi praolik weth thes es thdt v : sdys thdt thasi pdrtdcegf aj thi jerst risurrinteag aj v 0 well gat oi hurt oy thi “sinag` `idth,‛ dg` ?2=40-49 `ais gat leket thi prakesi agly ta kdrtyrs ar d sifkigt aj oileivirs out dppleis et ta dll aj Fa`―s piapli wha trust hek thraufhaut thier levis.‛ ^ii Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 555. 44 ^tiphig ^. ^kdlliy, Phi _ivildteag ta Mahg= D Nakkigtdry ag thi Friic Pixt aj thi Dpandlypsi (@awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, ?229), 929-92:. 4? Eoe`., 92:. 4> Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 555.
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passeoli thdt agly letirdl kdrtyrs dri spacig aj eg ?2=0, out, ej sa, thiy kefht oi partrdyi` ds riprisigtdtevi jefuris jar thi whali aj thi nhurnh.‛40 Phi ndsi, thirijari, es stragf thdt thi “sauls‛ `isnreoi` eg ?2=0 riprisigt ar rijir spinejendlly ta thi sauls aj thi sdegts. Nhdrlis Dlixdg`ir ikphdsezis thi jdnt thdt thi trui Nhurnh es d sujjiregf Nhurnh. Eg`ii`, et ndg refhtly oi ndlli` d kdrtyr Nhurnh. Hi wretis= “Out thiup Nhurnh ds d whali d kdrtyr Nhurnh. ^aki eg rinigt yeil`i` thier levis ta nruiles`idth, eg jdethjulgiss ta Nhrest, outtekis kasthdvi aj thi Lar`―s piapli hdvi oiig pirketti` thraufhaut thi dfis ta ig` thier `dys eg pidni. Uit whdt es nakkag ta dll trui oileivirs es thdt thiy oidr thier wetgiss eg d warl` whenh es hasteli ta Nhrest dg` dt igkety weth Fa`.‛49 Phi kdrtyr Nhurnh - thi sauls aj thi jdethjul - well oi pratinti` jrak thi “sinag` `idth (_iv. ?2=:, 40-49).‛ Phiy well riefg weth Nhrest jar d thausdg` yidrs eg thier egtirki`edti stdti, oijari thi jegdl risurrinteag aj thi oa`eis.
Phi _iefg Et es `isnreoi` eg oath virsis 0 dg` : thdt thi `esikoa`ei` sauls aj thi sdegts shdll riefg weth Nhrest jar landti` d thausdg` yidrs.out Phes weth Nhrest thi paegt thdt thi veseag es gat ag idrth, eg riefgegf hidvig whiri Nhrestriegjarnis es. Hig`rencsig ildoardtis jurthir, “Phi thausdg` yidr riefg dlsa annurs whiri Misus levis, jar wi rid` ‘Dg` thiy levi` dg` riefgi` weth Nhrest. . . .― Phi quisteag es, whiri, dnnar`egf ta thi Dpandlypsi, es thi pldni jrak whenh thi ixdlti` Ki`edtar rulis thi ugevirsi1 Vhiri `ais Misus levi1 Nlidrly, et es eg hidvig. Et es eg hidvig thdt thi Ldko es riprisigti` ds tdcegf thi snrall aut aj thi hdg` aj Hek thdt sdt ag thi thragi (_iv. 9). _ivildteag 4? nlidrly stdtis thdt Nhrest wds ‘ndufht up ta Fa` dg` ta hes thragi. . . Phirijari, rimaeni A hidvigs, dg` yi thdt `will thirieg―. Vi kdy sdjily sdy, thirijari, thdt thi thausdg` yidr riefg tdcis pldni eg hidvig.‛4: Dnnar`egf ta Rrikelliggedlesk, thes riefg ldsts jar d kelliggeuk ag idrth, dg` spdgs thi igteri pirea` `uregf whenh ^dtdg es oaug`. Et, hawivir, `ais gat ldst “jar ivir dg` ivir (_iv. ??=9).‛ Phi dkelliggedlest nagtig`s thdt, ej thisi sauls dri ta oi 40
Eoe`. Dlixdg`ir, _ivildteag ^peretudlly Yg`irstaa`, 92>. 4: Hig`rencsig, Kari Phdg Nagquirars, 45?. 49
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physendlly risurrinti` dt Nhrest―s Rdraused dg` ta oi fevig flarejei` oa`eis ds Rrikelliggedlests nldek, thiy well riefg gat agly jar d thausdg` yidrs, out jar dll itirgety (_iv. ??=9) jrak thi Giw Mirusdlik. Eg thi giw, hidvigly Mirusdlik (?4=?), thiri shdll oi ga kari nursi (_iv. ??=>), ga kari `idth (_iv. ?4=03 4 Nar. 49=9>99), dg` ga kari gefht (_iv. ??=9). _ivildteag ?2=0, thirijari, `isnreois thi riefg aj sauls eg thier egtirki`edti stdti weth Nhrest, dg` gat thi riefg aj risurrinti` sdegts `uregf thi dllifi` @dve`en Cegf`ak ag idrth. thes gat hidrt sittliaj thithi kelliggedl essui. Phi gdturi aj thi risurrinteag (eg Hawivir, ?2=4-:) leis dt `ais thi viry kelliggedl nagtravirsy. Phiri well oi ga risaluteag nagnirgegf thi kelliggedl `iodti ugliss ixifitis ndg dfrii upag thi kidgegf aj thi “jerst risurrinteag (_iv. ?2=9-:).‛
Phi _iefg aj ^auls
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Nhdptir 40= P hi Jerst _isur rinte ag Egtra`unteag Phi ciy ta egtirpritegf _ivildteag ?2=0-: leis eg twa hefhly `iodti` drids. Jerstly, ixifitis dri `eve`i` ds ta thi gdturi aj thi jerst risurrinteag (?2=9, :)3 sinag`ly, thi kidgegf aj thi viro izisdg (ἐκζώδλ) trdgsldti` oy thi phrdsi “dg` thiy levi`‛ es hefhly `esputi`. Phes viro es thi darest dntevi eg`endtevi jark aj thi prekdry viro zda (κάυ), dg` annurs tweni eg thes pdssdfi, agni eg virsi 0, dg` agni eg virsi 9. Phi kidgegf aj thi viro izisdg eg virsi 0 `itirkegis thi gdturi aj thi jerst risurrinteag (?2=9). Rrikelliggedlests, egnlu`egf Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, nagtig` thdt oath annurrignis aj thi viro (izisdg) rijir ta d oa`ely risurrinteag. Dnnar`egfly, prikelliggedlests „ hestaren dg` `espigsdteagdl - sii dt lidst d twa-phdsi risurrinteag eg _ivildteag ?2=0:. Fiarfi Il`ag Ld`` es narrint ta sdy thdt “thes es thi kast ekpartdgt war` eg thi igteri pdssdfi. Phi ixifiti kust `ine`i whithir ar gat et kidgs risurrinteag3 dg` upag thes `ineseag well oi `itirkegi` haw hi egtirprits thi igteri pdssdfi.‛4 Vi rindll thdt dnnar`egf ta thi prikelliggedl ug`irstdg`egf aj _ivildteag ?2=4-:, thes pdssdfi ginissdrely jallaws _ivildteag 45 nhragalafendlly. Phes egtirpritdteag efgaris thi ive`igni jar rindpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2. Rrikelliggedlesk riqueris oath annurrignis aj thi viro (izisdg) ta kidg d physendl, oa`ely risurrinteag. Eg athir war`s, Rrikelliggedlesk ginissetdtis twa oa`ely risurrinteags eg _ivildteag ?2=0-:. Ej thes paegt ndg oi nagtisti` dg` ripu`edti` oy ixifitis, thig prikelliggedlesk well gat stdg`. ^tdgliy Frigz, ixprissegf thi thaufhts aj Kelldr` Irencsag, pirniptevily gatis thdt “thi legnhpeg aj prikelliggedlesk es thi `antregi aj twa oa`ely risurrinteags. Phi jerst well annur dt thi Lar`―s riturg. Phi refhtiaus aj dll dfis well resi eg ar`ir ta shdri eg thi kelliggedl riefg aj Nhrest. Agly djtir thi fal`ig dfi well thi rist aj thi `id` naki jarth jrak thier frdvis, dg ivigt thdt, hawivir, well pldni thi wenci` eg thi prisigni aj thi mu`fi wha well nagsefg thik ta thier itirgdl `istegy.‛? 4
Ld``, D Nakkigtdry ag thi _ivildteag aj Mahg, ?:9. ^tdgliy M. Frigz, Phi Kelliggedl Kdzi= ^artegf Aut Ivdgfilendl Apteags (@awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, 455?), 4?8-4?5. Nj. Kelldr` Irencsag, Nagtikpardry Apteags eg Isnhdtalafy= D ^tu`y aj thi Kelliggeuk (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir, 4566), 56. Eg d ldtir i`eteag aj thi sdki oaac, Irencsag gatis, “Phi prikelliggedlest egsests thdt thi twa risurrinteags kigteagi` eg _ivildteag ?2=0-: dri oath oa`ely eg gdturi. Oindusi thes paegt jarks thi legnhpeg aj thi prikelliggedl paseteag, et `isirvis nlasi snrutegy.‛ ^ii Irencsag, D Odsen Fue`i ta Isnhdtalafy= Kdcegf ^igsi aj thi Kelliggeuk, 56. ?
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Phus, prikelliggedlests jeg` eg thes pdssdfi (?2=0-:) twa sipdrdti physendl risurrinteags= thi risurrinteag aj thi sdegts, dg` thi risurrinteag aj thi wenci`, oath aj whenh dri sipdrdti` oy thi kelliggeuk. Rrikelliggedlests, sunh ds Ld``, jeg` ga athir risurrinteag kigteagi` eg thes pdssdfi athir thdg twa physendl risurrinteags. Ld`` wretis, “Eg _iv. ?2=0-:, thiri es ga sunh nagtixtudl nlui jar d sekeldr vdredteag aj egtirpritdteag. Phi ldgfudfi aj thi pdssdfi queti nlidregdg` ugdkoefuaus. Phiri es ga ginissety ta egtirprit iethir war`essperetudlly ar`ir ta egtra`uni kidgegf ta thi pdssdfi. Dt thi oifeggegf aj thi kelliggedl pirea`, pdrt aj thi `id` naki ta leji3 dt ets nagnluseag, thi rist aj thi `id` naki ta leji. Phiri es ga ive`igt pldy upag war`s. Phi pdssdfi kdcis pirjintly faa` sigsi whig egtirpriti` letirdlly.‛> Eg hes nakkigtdry ag _ivildteag, Ld`` quatis Higry Dljar`―s will-cgawg war`s= “Ej, eg d pdssdfi whiri twa risurrinteags dri kigteagi`, whiri nirtdeg psynhde izisdg dt thi jerst, dg` thi rist aj thi gicrae izisdg agly dt thi ig` aj d spinejei` pirea` djtir thdt jerst, - ej eg sunh d pdssdfi thi jerst risurrinteag kdy oi ug`irstaa` ta kidg speretudl resegf weth Nhrest, wheli thi sinag` kidgs letirdl resegf jrak thi frdvi3 - thig thiri es dg ig` aj dll sefgejendgni eg ldgfudfi, dg` ^nrepturi es wepi` aut ds d `ijegeti tistekagy ta dgythegf.‛0 Rrikelliggedlests ug`irstdg` thi sinag` risurrinteag ds d risurrinteag aj thi wenci`, whenh es jallawi` nhragalafendlly oy thi Fridt Vheti Phragi mu`fkigt. Phiy ridsag thdt, ej thi sinag` risurrinteag es d physendl risurrinteag, thig whdt Mahg `isnreois ds thi jerst risurrinteag kust dlsa oi d oa`ely risurrinteag. Eg nagtrdst ta thi prikelliggedl ug`irstdg`egf aj izisdg (ἐκζώδλ), dkelliggedlests `a gat egtirprit thi jerst risurrinteag ta kidg d physendl risurrinteag. Phi figirdl tidnhegf aj thi Giw Pistdkigt ilune`dtis d jegdl, figirdl risurrinteag (_iv. ?2=4449) aj oath thi must dg` thi ugmust. Phes thialafendl ug`irstdg`egf, naupli` weth thi dgdlafy aj jdeth, ug`irfer` thi dkelliggedl egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag ?2=0-:. Jurthirkari, wi rindll thdt thi snigi (?2=0-:) es sit eg hidvig. Phi jerst risurrinteag, nagse`iregf thi ive`igni jar rindpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2, annurs prear ta thi >
Ld``, D Nakkigtdry ag thi _ivildteag aj Mahg, ?::. Higry Dljar`, Phi Friic Pistdkigt (Oastag= Lii dg` ^hipdr`. 486?), EZ, 6>?, quati` eg Ld``, D Nakkigtdry ag thi _ivildteag aj Mahg, ?:6. 0
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
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^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest. Pdcig nallintevily, dll thisi jdntars paegt ta thi nagnluseag thdt d physendl risurrinteag eg _ivildteag ?2=0 es viry uglecily. Out agly dg ixpaseteag aj _ivildteag ?2=0-: well nagjerk aur suspeneag. Dkelliggedlests hdvi, eg figirdl, ug`irstaa` thi phrdsi “dg` thiy levi` dg` riefgi` weth Nhrest‛ ta kidg iethir thi oileivir―s speretudl risurrinteag `uregf nagvirseag, ar thi oileivir―s `idth dg` suosiquigt riefg weth Nhrest eg thi egtirki`edti stdti. Phi ldtir paseteag es tdcig oy Velledk Hig`rencsig,9 Frifary Oidli,: Dgthagy 6
8
5
Haicikd, Irgst es Velhilk Higfstigoirf, Clegi. Eg^inag` oath ndsis, thi aj jerst risurrinteag d speretudl risurrinteag, dg` dg` Kiri`eth annurs prear ta thi D`vigt Nhrest.
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag dg` Hirkigiutens Phiri dri sireaus hirkigiutendl `ejjirignis oitwiig `espigsdteagdl dg` _ijarki` ixifitis. Veth rifdr` ta isnhdtalafy, thi prekdry `essekeldrety leis eg haw thisi snhaldrs egtirprit _ivildteag ?2=4-:. _ijarki` ixpasetars tig` ta dpply thi dgdlafy aj jdeth, thdt es, thiy stu`y _ivildteag ?2 eg thi lefht aj thi tidnhegfs aj thi igteri Giw Pistdkigt. Phi prikelliggedlest, hawivir, jeg`s d twa-phdsi physendl risurrinteag eg ?2=0-:, dg` dppleis thes ug`irstdg`egf ritrafrd`ily egta dgtini`igt ^nrepturi. Out thi igteri Giw Pistdkigt es ugdgekaus ag thi `antregi aj thi figirdl risurrinteag. Egstid` aj egtirpritegf thi hefhly sykoalendl aj ?2=0-: usegf nlidr Giw Pistdkigt pdssdfis, thi prikelliggedlests egsest pdssdfi ag ekpasegf d letirdl rid`egf aj ?2=0-: agta pldeg, Giw Pistdkigt isnhdtalafendl tidnhegfs. Fiarfi Kurrdy ldkigts= “Phi dgakdly nagjragtegf us hiri es thdt agi ndg rid` thi whali Oeoli wethaut `esnaviregf dg egclegf aj thes `antregi Sthi `antregi aj twa risurrinteags sipdrdti` oy agi thausdg` yidrs[ ugtel hi drrevis dt ets ther` jrak thi ldst nhdptir. Ej, ag nakegf ta thdt nhdptir, hi shdll fevi d letirdl egtirpritdteag ta agi sigtigni aj d hefhly sykoalendl pdssdfi, hi well thig jeg` et ginissdry ta ritrdni hes stips dg` egtirprit dll thi isnhdtalafendl tidnhegfs aj thi Oeoli eg d kdggir dfriidoli ta thes agi sigtigni. Phi
9
^ii Hig`rencsig, Kari Phdg Nagquirars, 45?. ^ii Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 422?-4226. 6 ^ii Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, ?>?-?>8. 8 ^ii Irgst Velhilk Higfstigoirf, Phi _ivildteag aj ^t. Mahg= Ixpaug`i` jar Phasi Vha ^idrnh thi ^nrepturis (I`egourfh, ^natldg`= P. & P. Nldrc, 489?3 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, ?229), ?84-?8?. 5 ^ii Kiri`eth Clegi, “Phi Jerst _isurrinteag,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >6, ga. > (4569)= >::->69. :
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
48>
rinafgezi` ruli aj ixifises es ta egtirprit dg aosnuri pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi eg thi lefht aj d nlidr stdtikigt. Eg thes ndsi, nlidr stdtikigts dri oiegf egtirpriti` ta dfrii weth thi letirdl egtirpritdteag aj agi sigtigni jrak d nagtixt ripliti weth sykoalesk, thi trui kidgegf aj whenh es hefhly `iodtdoli.‛42 Vi hdvi priveausly `esnussi` thi figri aj _ivildteag, ds will ds thi hirkigiutendl nagse`irdteags aj egtirpritegf sunh sykoalendl pdssdfis. Eg thi prapir egtirpritdteag aj Mahg―s Dpandlypsi, wi kust jaur livilsPhi aj nakkugendteag ?2=4-:.aj “Phi legfuesten livil nagsests aj nagse`ir thi tixt aj ?2=4„:. veseagdry livil eg nagsests Mahg―s dntudl veseags aj d `isnig`egf dgfil, d `rdfag, d pet, thi siezegf aj thi `rdfag, thi sidlegf aj thi pet, thi thragis, dg` sa ag. Phi rijirigtedl livil nagsests aj thi hestarendl rijirigts aj thi `rdfag, thi pet, thi thausdg` yidrs, dg` thi jerst risurrinteag. Phi sykoalen livil nagsests aj thi sykoalen sefgejendgnis aj thi vdreaus jefuris dg` ivigts `ipenti`.‛44 Rrikelliggedlests, eg figirdl, dfrii thdt thi pldeg rid`egf aj ?2=0-: waul` suppart d twa-phdsi risurrinteag siquigni. Phiy nagtig` thdt d letirdl rig`iregf aj thi tixt well egivetdoly leket thi kidgegf aj thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ ta d oa`ely risurrinteag. Phus, thi prikelliggedl ixifiti jeg`s twa physendl risurrinteags eg ?2=0-:, agi eg virsi 0o, dg` agi eg virsi 9d. Out sunh d letirdl dppradnh ta thes hefhly sykoalendl pdssdfi `ais gat `a musteni ta thi jull kidgegf aj thi tixt. Eg thi priveaus nhdptirs, et wds rietirdti` thdt whig wi nagse`ir dpandlypten pdssdfis sunh ds thi veseag aj Mahg eg ?2=4-:, wi kust gat `esrifdr` thi veseagdry dg` sykoalendl kidgegf aj thi tixt. Raythriss narrintly pirnievis thdt “kdgy prikelliggedlests . . . giflint thi passeoelety aj thi prisigni aj d veseagdry dg` d sykoalen livil. Egstid` thiy kavi dlkast ekki`edtily jrak thi legfuesten livil ta thi rijirigtedl livil. Phi ldgfudfi aj “levegf‛ dg` “jerst risurrinteag‛ es ug`irstaa` eg d letirdl sigsi. Dgdstdses (“risurrinteag‛) ilsiwhiri eg thi GP es dlwdys usi` aj oa`ely risurrinteag. Dg`, et es nldeki`, thi nagtixt aj _ivildteag ?2 `ais gat paegt dwdy jrak thes garkdl ug`irstdg`egf. Higni “risurrinteag‛ kust hiri kidg oa`ely risurrinteag. Higni thi jerst risurrinteag rijirs ta thi oa`ely risurrinteag aj oileivirs dt thi sinag` nakegf.‛4? Raythriss ixpldegs thdt eg thi nakkugendteag aj thi veseag ta Mahg, thi dpastli hd` ta sii thi risurrinteag aj dntudl oa`eis. Phes es dg issigtedl ilikigt eg ar`ir jar thi 42
Fiarfi L. Kurrdy, Kelliggedl ^tu`eis (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaacs, 4508), 49>-490. Zirg ^hire`dg Raythriss, “Figri dg` Hirkigiutens eg _iv ?2=4-:,‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >:, ga. 4 (455>)= 09-0:. 4? Eoe`., 0:. 44
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
480
egjarkdteag ta oi nagviyi` ta Mahg eg veseagdry jarkdt. Out thi ekdfiry aj oa`eis resegf `ais gat eg etsilj `itirkegi thi rijirigtedl dg` thi sykoalen kidgegf. Vhdt thi dpastli siis dt thi veseagdry stdfi `ais gat ekki`edtily `itirkegi thi kidgegf aj thi veseag dt thi rijirigtedl ar sykoalen livils. Raythriss drfuis, “Vhdt taac pldni ag thi veseagdry livil1 Mahg sdw sdegts naki ta leji dg` riefg (v. 0).wds Eg thi nagtixtathir aj d thdg veseag, agi naul` hdr`ly ekdfegi dg` thdt ets Mahg―s ixpireigni dgythegf siiegf d oa`ely risurrinteag risults. Mahg hd` ta sii oa`eis eg ar`ir jar dgy egjarkdteag nagnirgegf piapli ta oi nagviyi` eg d veseagdry jarkdt. Phi veseagdry livil thus egnlu`is oa`ely risurrinteag dg` ets risults. Ag thi sykoalen livil thi tixt penturis giw leji dg` veg`endteag. Dg` whdt tdcis pldni ag thi rijirigtedl livil1 Phi rijirigt es saki ceg` aj giw leji, out thi ixdnt jark rikdegs ta oi `itirkegi`. Phi kiri jdnt thdt thi veseagdry livil egvalvis nagnriti physendl riprisigtdteag `ais gat oy etsilj `itirkegi thi gdturi aj thi rijirigtedl livil.‛4> Phirijari, whdt es pirnievi` dt thi veseagdry livil kust gat oi ixtrdpaldti` ekki`edtily ta thi rijirigtedl dg` sykoalen livils. Ej thi veseags aj Mahg―s Dpandlypsi wiri ta oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly, spinejendlly thi veseag aj ?2=0-:, thig thdt waul` oi d frass kesug`irstdg`egf aj thi figri dg` warsi, ta kesegtirprit thi kidgegf aj thasi tixts. Raythriss rinafgezis thdt thi nrux aj thi igteri nagtravirsy es hirkigiutendl eg gdturi. Phi `espdrety oitwiig prikelliggedl, pdrtenuldrly `espigsdteagdl, hirkigiutens dg` _ijarki` hirkigiutens ultekdtily nagstetutis thi ixifitendl `ejjirignis weth rifdr` ta thi tixt eg quisteag.40 Veth rifdr` ta _ivildteag ?2=0-:, Raythriss sukkdrezis thi widcgissis eghirigt eg prikelliggedl hirkigiutens= “Kdgy prikelliggedlests hdvi thus scerti` saki ciy essuis whig dppidlegf ta thi suppasi` letirdlgiss aj thi jerst risurrinteag. Phiy hdvi giflinti` thi veseagdry dg` sykoalen livils aj thi `esnaursi. Eg jdnt prikelliggedl egtirpritirs hdvi ajtig dpplei` d sekeldr letirdlesten egtirpritevi strdtify ta thi rist aj _ivildteag dg` ta kunh aj AP praphiny ds will. Eg sunh d strdtify, thi veseagdry livil dg` sykoalen livil dri vertudlly nalldpsi` egta thi rijirigtedl livil. Phraufhaut _ivildteag thi veseags dri thig ug`irstaa` 4>
Eoe`. _ijarki` hirkigiutens rijirs ta thi “hestarendl-frdkkdtendl-letirdry-thialafendl‛ kitha` aj egtirpritdteag lde` aut eg Nhdptir ?. 40
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
489
ta oi `erint trdgsnrepteags aj juturi hestary. Rdrtly jar thes ridsag kast prikelliggedlests dri juturest eg thier egtirpritdteag aj _ivildteag.‛49
Phi Kidgegf aj thi _isurrinteag Et es ajtig d``uni` oy Rrikelliggedlests thdt, segni izisdg (ἐκζώδλ) eg virsi 9d rijirs ta d physendl risurrinteag „ dg` jiw ixpasetars waul` ivir `esputi thes paegt „ thig 4: izisdg eg virsi 0o kust dlsa kidg d physendl risurrinteag. Out thiri dri sivirdl nagse`irdteags whenh dri dppdrigtly giflinti` whig agi dttikpts ta ug`irstdg` thes viro taa letirdlly. Frifary Oidli wretis, “Eg nagtrdst ta thes letirdl dppradnh, et es ekpartdgt ta rinafgezi thdt ἂλάώπδώεϏ (“risurrinteag‛) es jaug` eg _ivildteag agly eg ?2=9-:. Kariavir, thi ar`egdl “jerst‛ (ςτῺπαϏ) weth “risurrinteag‛ annurs gawhiri ilsi eg thi AP ar thi GP. Phes es d hegt thdt lixendl stu`y aj war`s ixprissegf thi e`ids aj “jerst‛ dg` “sinag`‛ gii`s ta oi nag`unti` eg ar`ir ta nakprihig` thi jull kidgegf aj “risurrinteag‛ eg thi prisigt nagtixt.‛46 Phirijari, et es pdrdkaugt thdt thi nagtixtudl usdfi aj “jerst‛ (Rr ŋtas) kust oi ixplari` eg aur egtirpritdteag aj thi phrdsi “jerst risurrinteag.‛ Oidli drfuis thdt “κάυ (“levi‛) hds d kari jlue` aj rdgfi aj kidgegf eg thi Dpandlypsi dg` ilsiwhiri (jar thi sigsi aj physendl risurrinteag autse`i _ivildteag nj. Kdtt. 5=483 _ak. 40=53 ? Nar. 4>=0). Eg thi Dpandlypsi et sakitekis rijirs ta physendl risurrinteag (4=483 ?=8) ar kari figirdlly ta saki jark aj physendl ixestigni (l:=>3 45=?2), out kari ajtig et hds d jefurdtevi naggatdteag aj speretudl ixestigni, ispinedlly weth rispint ta Fa`―s dttreouti aj tekiliss ixestigni (sex annurrignis). Eg >=4 thi viro rijirs ta speretudl leji (dg` thi usis eg 6=46 dg` 4>=40
49
Raythriss, “Figri dg` Hirkigiutens eg _iv ?2=4-:,‛ 08. ^ii _aoirt H. Kaugni, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt, riv. i`. (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4558), >::. Kaugni wretis, “Phi stragf prisukpteag es thdt thi viro eg v. 0 shaul` oi tdcig eg thi sdki sigsi ds et es eg v. 9. Eg thi sinag` ndsi thi stdtikigt, “Phi rist aj thi `id` `e` gat naki ta leji ugtel thi thausdg` yidrs wiri ig`i`,‛ nirtdegly rijirs ta d oa`ely risurrinteag dt thi nlasi aj thi kelliggedl pirea`. Ej “thiy ndki ta leji‛ eg v. 0 kidgs d speretudl risurrinteag ta giw leji eg Nhrest, thig wi dri jdni` weth thi praolik aj `esnaviregf wetheg thi nagtixt saki pirsudsevi ridsag ta egtirprit thi sdki viro `ejjirigtly wetheg agi nagnesi uget. Ga sunh ridsag ndg oi jaug`.‛ 46 Oidli, Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag, 4220. 4:
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
48:
dri praodoly dlsa jefurdtevi).‛48 Phi Dpastli Mahg naul` viry will hdvi egtig`i` ta nagviy d speretudl risurrinteag ds appasi` ta d physendl agi ixpaug`i` oy prikelliggedlests. Hawivir, dnnar`egf ta Oidli, thi “kast strecegf es thi aosirvdteag thdt ilsiwhiri eg thi GP ἂλάώπδώεϏ dg` κάυ (ar thi nafgdti gaug κυΧ, “leji‛) dg` sygagyks dri usi` egtirnhdgfidoly aj oath speretudl dg` physendl risurrinteag wetheg thi sdki 45 ekki`edti nagtixts.‛ Oidli prave`is _akdgs :=0-4> dg` Mahg 9=?0-?5 ds egstdgnis whirioy thi war`s “leji‛ dg` “risurrinteag‛ dri usi` tafithir wetheg thi sdki nagtixt ta nagviy speretudl dg` physendl ridleteis. “Phisi aosirvdteags `a gat `ikagstrdti thdt thi sdki war`s dri usi` eg _iv. ?2=0 dg` : aj oath speretudl dg` physendl risurrinteag, out agly thdt thiy ndg hdvi thdt `udl kidgegf ilsiwhiri eg thi sdki nagtixt.‛?2 Phi prikelliggedlest―s egsestigni thdt thi sdki war` ndggat passiss `ejjirigt kidgegfs wetheg thi sdki nagtixt es nagsiquigtly widcigi`.
Phi Ar`egdl Jerst Et es nagtig`i` oy prikelliggedlests thdt thi ar`egdl “jerst‛ es usi` weth thi war` “risurrinteag‛ ta nagviy thi e`id thdt thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ es thi jerst eg d sireis aj risurrinteags thiathir sdkiegtirpritdteag ceg`. Et es dllifi` thdt d “nagsestigtly letirdl‛ hirkigiutens `ais gat dllawajdgy aj thi phrdsi “jerst risurrinteag.‛ Out ivig thi pritreouldteagdl, prikelliggedl snhikd `ais gat jet egta thes ug`irstdg`egf usegf d strently letirdl hirkigiutens. Ej, eg`ii`, thi jerst risurrinteag es thi jerst eg d sireis aj oa`ely risurrinteags, thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ dnnar`egf ta hestarendl nhragalafy kust oi thi pritreouldteag rdpturi. Ej `espigsdteagdl hirkigiutens es narrint, whdt well oi thi jegdl `istegy aj sdegts sdvi` `uregf thi treouldteag, ar `uregf thi idrthly kelliggeuk1 Dnnar`egf ta thi `espigsdteagdl snhikd, thi treouldteag dg` kelliggedl sdegts well oi risurrinti` djtir thi pritreouldteag rdpturi. Phisi dri nhragalafendlly thi sinag`, ther`, ar ivig jaurth risurrinteag! Ej wi wiri ta ug`irstdg` _ivildteag ?2=: letirdlly, wi waul` hdvi ta nagnlu`i thdt thi sinag` `idth well eg jdnt hdvi pawir avir thasi sdegts wha `a gat risurrint dt thi jerst risurrinteag, thdt es, `uregf thi pritreouldteag rdpturi. Vi kigteagi` doavi thdt thi usdfi aj thi ar`egdl jerst weth “risurrinteag‛ `ais gat annur ilsiwhiri eg thi Giw ar Al` Pistdkigt. Phiri dri faa` ixifitendl ridsags ta 48
Eoe`. Eoe`. ?2 Eoe`., 4229. 45
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
486
oileivi thdt Mahg hd` eg keg` twa `ejjirigt ceg`s aj risurrinteag eg ?2=0-:, ispinedlly whig wi nagse`ir hes ikplaykigt aj thi ar`egdl “jerst.‛ Phes es `ui ta hes usi aj nagtrdst oitwiig thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ dg` thi “sinag` `idth (?2=:).‛ Phes nagtrdst dg` thi usi aj “jerst‛ ( Rrŋtas) dri `idlt weth eg `itdel oy Kiri`eth Clegi. Et es Clegi―s nagtigteag thdt thi jerst risurrinteag es d speretudl risurrinteag, whenh es nagtrdsti` weth thi oa`ely risurrinteag eg virsi 9. Clegi wretis= “Agi aj thi nretendl eg thi ixifises aj _ivildteag ?2 es thi egtirpritdteag aj prŋpaegts tas eg thi phrdsi, “thi jerst risurrinteag‛ (v. 9). Rrikelliggdredgs ug`irstdg` et eg thi purily siquigtedl sigsi aj jerst eg d sireis aj etiks aj thi sdki ceg`. Phiy egtirprit oath “thi jerst risurrinteag‛ dg` thi risurrinteag ivigt `isnreoi` eg virsis 4? dg` 4> aj thes nhdptir ds oa`ely risurrinteags. Phi nagtixtudl usdfi aj Rrŋtas, hawivir, `ais gat suppart sunh dg ixifises3 et rdthir paegts nakpillegfly ta dg egtirpritdteag aj “thi jerst risurrinteag‛ jaug` eg (sa-ndlli`) dkelliggedl ixifises.‛?4 Phi usdfi aj thi war` “jerst,‛ dnnar`egf ta Clegi, suffists d `ejjirigni eg ceg` rdthir thdg d siquigtedl ar`ir. Hi oifegs hes ixifises oy turgegf ta thi usdfi aj thi war` “jerst‛ eg _ivildteag ?4. _ivildteag ?4=4jj prave`is us weth d faa` stdrtegf paegt aj haw thi Dpastli Mahg usis thi ar`egdl “jerst.‛ Eg thes pdssdfi aj ^nrepturi, thi war`dg` “jerst‛ es aoveausly nagtrdsti` weth thi war`oy “giw.‛ Phi al` ar ar thi hidvig thi jerst idrth (?4=4)‛ es oiegf supirsi`i` thi “sinag`‛ thi “jerst “giw hidvig dg` d giw idrth (?4=4).‛ Dll “thi jarkir thegfs (?4=0)‛ dri pdssi` dwdy, dg` Fa` nridtis “dll thegfs giw (?4=9).‛ Clegi ixpldegs, “Eg thes pdssdfi ta oi “jerst‛ kidgs ta oilagf ta thi ar`ir aj thi prisigt warl` whenh es pdssegf dwdy. Rrŋtas `ais gat kirily kdrc thi prisigt warl` ds thi jerst eg d sireis aj warl`s dg` nirtdegly gat ds thi jerst eg d sireis aj warl`s dll aj thi sdki ceg`. Ag thi nagtrdry, et nhdrdntirezis thes warl` ds `ejjirigt eg ceg` jrak thi “giw‛ warl`. Et sefgejeis thdt thi prisigt warl` stdg`s eg nagtrdst ta thi giw warl` ar`ir aj thi nagsukkdteag whenh well doe`i jarivir.‛?? Phus, eg _ivildteag ?4, “jerst‛ (Rrŋtas) hidvig ar thi jerst idrth `ais gat kidg thi jerst eg d sireis aj thi sdki ceg`. Phi “al`‛ jdllig warl` dg` nridteag es nagtrdsti` weth thi “sinag`‛ ar thi giw, ri`iiki` hidvig dg` idrth. Phi “jerst‛ ar`ir aj thegfs ?4 ??
Clegi, “Phi Jerst _isurrinteag,‛ >::. Eoe`., >::->:6. Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
488
es pdssi` dwdy, dg` thi “sinag`‛ ar`ir es ushiri` eg. _i`iiki` nridteag es nagtrdsti` weth thi narrupti`, jdllig warl`. Phiy dri nlidrly gat aj thi sdki ceg`. Phi sdki nagtrdst es siig eg _ivildteag ?2=0-:. Phi “sinag` `idth (?2=:)‛ es gat physendl `idth eg thi sdki sigsi ds thi oa`ely `idth wi ignaugtir ag idrth. Phi “jerst `idth,‛ whenh es ekplei` oy thi tirk “sinag` `idth,‛ es whdt wi nakkagly ndll `idth eg d sinuldr, gag-speretudl sigsi. Phi “sinag` `idth,‛ hawivir, es itirgdl `istrunteag eg thi ldci aj jeri (?2=40-49). Dfdeg, thi twa `idths dri gat aj thi sdki ceg`. Eg _ivildteag ?4=4jj, thi tirk “sinag`‛ es usi` ds dg dltirgdtevi ta “giw,‛ wheli thi “al`‛ ar “jarkir thegfs (?4=0)‛ dri rijirri` ta ds “jerst.‛ Phi nagtrdst es aoveaus= thi “sinag`‛ ar “giw‛ sirvis ds dg dgtethises ta thi “jerst‛ ar “al`.‛ Leciwesi, thi sinag` `idth eg ?2=: es `estegfueshi` jrak thi jerst `idth, whenh oilagfs ta thi ar`ir aj jerst thegfs. Et es dlsa thi jerst `idth thdt lid`s ta thi jerst risurrinteag jar thi sdegts, out thi sinag` `idth lid`s ta itirgdl `istrunteag jar ugoileivirs. “Vhdtivir dnnaugts jar thi prijirigni jar “jerst‛ avir “al`‛ eg `isnreoegf thi prisigt warl`, thi usi aj “jerst‛ gdturdlly li` ta thi usi aj “sinag`‛ dlagfse`i “giw‛ jar thi juturi warl`, pdrtenuldrly jar thi juturi ridlety aj itirgdl `idth jar whenh thi tirk “giw‛ weth ets pasetevi ri`ikptevi avirtagis waul` oi egdpprapredti.‛?> Ive`igtly, thi tirks “jerst‛ dg` “sinag`‛ `a gat rijir ta siquigni out nagtrdst. Phi widcgiss eg prikelliggedl ixifises oinakis dppdrigt whig wi nagse`ir thi nagtrdst oitwiig “jerst‛ dg` “sinag`.‛ Clegi ildoardtis= “Eg thes dgtethitendl pderegf aj jerst `idth (dg ixprisseag vertudlly nagtdegi` eg virsi 0) dg` “sinag` `idth‛ (v. 8), _ivildteag ?4 nagjragts us weth thi sdki e`eak thdt wi jeg` eg _ivildteag ?2 eg “thi jerst risurrinteag‛ (vss. 9, :) dg` thi sinag` risurrinteag (dg ixprisseag ekplenet eg thes nhdptir). Phi droetrdregiss aj thi nustakdry prikelliggedl egsestigni thdt “thi jerst risurrinteag‛ kust oi d oa`ely resegf jrak thi frdvi ej thi sinag` risurrinteag es sunh es ixpasi` oy thi egnagsestigt rinafgeteag oy prikelliggedl ixifises thdt, dlthaufh thi jerst `idth es thi lass aj physendl leji, “thi sinag` `idth‛ es `idth aj d `ejjirigt ceg`, `idth eg d kitdpharendl rdthir thdg letirdl, physendl sigsi.‛?0 Dlthaufh prikelliggedlests egsest thdt thi twa risurrinteags (?2=0, 9) dri oa`ely risurrinteags, thiy dri jarni` ta nagni`i thdt thi twa `idths dri gat thi sdki ceg` aj
?> ?0
Eoe`., >:6. Eoe`. Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
485
`idth. Phi “jerst `idth‛ es oa`ely, physendl `idth, wheli thi “sinag` `idth‛ es d kitdpharendl `isnrepteag aj itirgdl tarkigt. Clegi thig pranii`s ta ixdkegi sekeldr usdfis aj thi ar`egdl “jerst‛ eg thi Giw Pistdkigt, dg` haw et sirvis ta `estegfuesh oitwiig thi al` dg` thi giw. Clegi prapasis thdt “eg thi Oaac aj Hioriws thi tirks “jerst‛ dg` “giw‛ dri usi` ta `estegfuesh thi Kasden dg` thi Kissedgen d`kegestrdteags aj Fa`―s ri`ikptevi navigdgt (nj. 8=6, 8, 4>3 5=4, 49, 483 42=5).‛?9 Eg Hioriws 42=5, thi giw navigdgt es dlsa ndlli` thi “sinag`.‛ Vetheg thi nagtixt aj Hioriws, thi Kasden inagaky aj Fa`―s ri`ikptevi navigdgt es nagtrdsti` weth thi Kissedgen d`kegestrdteag aj thi sdki navigdgt aj frdni ved thi tirks “jerst‛ dg` “sinag`.‛ Phes usdfi aj “jerst‛ eg thi Oaac aj Hioriws, whenh rijirs ta thi al` navigdgt, `ais gat nagstetuti d siquigtedl nhragalafy, out rdthir sirvis ds d nagtrdst ta thi sinag` ar giw navigdgt. Eg thi nagtixt aj Hioriws, Clegi ixpldegs thdt “dlthaufh thi tirk “sinag`‛ dppidrs dlagf weth “giw,‛ et es “giw‛ thdt pri`akegdtis ds thi naugtirpdrt ta “jerst.‛ Dnnar`egfly, thi sefgejendgni aj “jerst‛ eg thes nagtixt es gat sa kunh prearety eg d sireis out appaseteag ta thi e`id aj “giw.‛ Rrŋtas thus jugnteags hiri ds dg iquevdligt jar “al`,‛ aur trd`eteagdl `isefgdteag jar thi Kasden navigdgt.‛?: Eg oath _ivildteag ?4 dg` Hioriws, thi tirk “jerst‛ `igatis thi ar`ir aj thegfs whenh pdssis dwdy. “Eg thdt hi sdeth, D giw navigdgt, hi hdth kd`i thi jerst al`. Gaw thdt whenh `indyith dg` wdxith al` es rid`y ta vdgesh dwdy (Hio. 8=4>).‛ Clegi paegts aut thdt “eg Hioriws ds eg _ivildteag ?4 prŋtas es usi` jar thi praveseagdl dg` trdgseigt stdfi eg nagtrdst ta thdt whenh es nagsukkdtevi, jegdl, dg` ig`uregf.‛?6 Rdul―s usdfi aj thi war` “jerst‛ eg 4 Naregthedgs 49=09-92 ag thi thiki aj risurrinteag prave`is dgathir ixdkpli aj sunh d nagtrdst. Phi “jerst kdg D`dk (4 Nar. 49=09)‛ es nagtrdsti` weth “thi ldst D`dk.‛ “Phi “jerst kdg D`dk‛ (v. 093 nj. vv. 0:j) es gat jerst eg thi sigsi aj hid`egf dg eg`ijegeti sireis aj D`dks out jerst eg thi dgtethitendlly qudletdtevi sigsi aj oiegf naugtirpdrt ta thi “ldst D`dk‛ (v. 09).‛?8 Phi ldst D`dk, leciwesi, es gat thi ldst eg d sireis aj sekeldr “D`dks.‛ Phi jerst D`dk es idrthly, thi sinag` D`dk es Nhrest jrak hidvig (4 Nar. 49=06). D`dk stdg`s dt thi hid` aj thi hukdg rdni, wheli Nhrest es thi hid` aj dll thi ri`iiki`. Eg ?9
Eoe`. Eoe`., >:8. ?6 Eoe`. ?8 Eoe`. ?:
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
452
D`dk wi `ei, out eg Nhrest wi levi. Phus, thi jerst D`dk `ais gat kidg thi jerst eg d sireis aj D`dks. Phi ar`egdl “jerst ( prŋtas),‛ eg thi nagtixt aj 4 Naregthedgs 49, es usi` ta prave`i d nagtrdst oitwiig twa `ejjirigt ceg`s aj D`dks= thi jerst D`dk dg` thi ldst D`dk, wha es Nhrest. “Oy ilekegdtegf thi thaufht aj dgy egtirki`edti D`dks oitwiig thi “jerst‛ dg` “ldst‛ D`dks, thi tirk “sinag`‛ hiri, ds eg thi Hioriws dg` _ivildteag ?4 pdssdfis, ug`irsnaris thi oegdry (ds avir dfdegst eg`ijegetily siredtek) jrdkiwarc wetheg whenh prŋtas es jugnteagegf dg` `irevis ets spinejen kidgegf.‛?5 Jrak aur stu`y aj thi war` “jerst‛ eg _ivildteag ?4, thi Oaac aj Hioriws, dg` 4 Naregthedgs 49, et oinakis dppdrigt thdt prŋtas `ais gat nagviy dg e`id aj prearety ar priikegigni, out rdthir prave`is d nagtrdst dg` dgtethises. Phi dgtethitendl jugnteag aj prŋtas hefhlefhts thi `ejjirigni eg ceg`s, rdthir thdg hdvegf dgy siquigtedl naggatdteags. Clegi wretis, “Leci _ivildteag ?4, Hioriws usis “jerst‛ jar dg hestarendl stdfi thdt pdssis dwdy. Leci _ivildteag ?4, Rdul usis “jerst‛ dg` ets appaseti eg 4 Nar 49 jar d twa-jal` strunturi nakprihigsevi aj nasken hestary. Eg gagi aj thisi pdssdfis `ais prŋtas jugnteag ds d kiri ar`egdl eg d sekpli praniss aj naugtegf aomints e`igtendl eg ceg`. Eg jdnt, prinesily thi rivirsi es trui eg dll thrii pdssdfis3 eg idnh ndsi et es d kdttir aj `ejjirigt ceg`s, eg`ii`, aj paldr appasetis.‛>2 Veth thes kidgegf aj prŋtas eg keg`, dg` nagse`iregf thi avirdrnhegf thikdten nagteguety oitwiig _ivildteag ?2 dg` ?4, et es issigtedl thdt ixifitis egtirprit thi ar`egdl jerst eg ?2=0-: dnnar`egf ta ets usdfi eg nhdptir ?4. Vi kust dlsa nagse`ir thi nagtrdst oitwiig thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ dg` thi “sinag` `idth‛ jaug` eg virsis 9o dg` :d= “Phes es thi jerst risurrinteag. Olissi` dg` haly es hi thdt hdth pdrt eg thi jerst risurrinteag= ag sunh thi sinag` `idth hdth ga pawir.‛ Clegi jurthir suffists thdt “thi usdfi aj prŋtas eg thi jerst-(sinag`) risurrinteag pdttirg kust oi thi sdki ds thi usdfi aj prŋtas eg thi egtirtwegi` (jerst)-sinag` `idth pdttirg.‛>4 Eg lefht aj thi djarikigteagi` ixifitendl nagse`irdteags, Clegi ilune`dtis= “‘Phi jerst risurrinteag‛ es gat, thirijari, thi idrleist eg d sireis aj risurrinteags aj thi sdki ceg`, gat thi jerst aj twa (ar kari) oa`ely risurrinteags. Phi dgtethitendl usdfi aj prŋtas eg thes nagtixt riqueris d nagnluseag ta thi prikelliggedl dssukpteag.`edkitrendlly Ej thi sinag`appaseti risurrinteag es nustakdry d oa`ely risurrinteag, thi jerst >? risurrinteag kust oi d gag-oa`ely risurrinteag.‛ ?5
Eoe`. Eoe`., >:5. >4 Eoe`., >62. >? Eoe`. >2
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
454
Clegi nagteguis, “Vhdt thig es kidgt oy “thi jerst risurrinteag‛1 Phi dgswir kust nirtdegly oi saufht eg tirks aj thi strecegf pdrd`axendl snhikd aj whenh thi ixprisseag es dg egtifrdl pdrt. Eg thes drrdgfikigt twa oegdry pdttirgs dri nakoegi` egta d nakplix `auoli pdttirg weth dgtethises oitwiig thi pdrts wetheg idnh pder (e.i., thi jerst-giw nagtrdst) dg` dlsa oitwiig thi twa pders thiksilvis, thi agi hdvegf ta `a weth `idth dg` thi athir weth risurrinteag.‛>> Phus, twarisurrinteag oegdry pdttirgs dri dg` prisigti` oy Mahg eg hes veseag (?2=0-:)= thi jerst(sinag`) pdttirg thi (jerst)-sinag` `idth pdttirg. Phes `auoli pdttirg prave`is dg dgtethises wetheg etsilj, ellustrdtegf thi jdnt thdt thi must shdll rinievi thi jerst risurrinteag, dg` thdt thi ugmust shdll ultekdtily oi nag`ikgi` ta thi sinag` `idth. Vetheg idnh oegdry pdttirg, thi speretudl dg` physendl ridleteis dri nagtrdsti` jurthir. Phi (jerst)-sinag` `idth pdttirg prave`is nagtrdst oitwiig physendl `idth dg` itirgdl, speretudl `idth. Eg leci kdggir, wi ixpint thi jerst-(sinag`) risurrinteag pdttirg ta prisigt d sekeldr nagtrdst. Clegi―s ixifises lid`s ta dg egivetdoli nagnluseag - thi jerst risurrinteag rijirs gat ta d oa`ely risurrinteag, out d speretudl agi. Hi wretis= “Phi prapir `inephirkigt aj “thi jerst risurrinteag‛ eg thi egtirlancegf snhikd aj jerst-(sinag`) risurrinteag dg` (jerst)-sinag` `idth es gaw aoveaus igaufh. Must ds thi risurrinteag aj thi ugmust es pdrd`axendlly e`igtejei` ds “thi sinag` `idth‛ sa thi `idth aj thi Nhrestedg es pdrd`axendlly e`igtejei` ds “thi jerst risurrinteag.‛ Mahg siis thi Nhrestedg `id` (v. 0). Phi ridl kidgegf aj thier pdssdfi jrak idrthly leji es ta oi jaug` eg thi stdti ta whenh et lid`s thik. Dg` Mahg siis thi Nhrestedg `id` levegf dg` riefgegf weth Nhrest (vv. 0, :)3 ugvieli` oijari thi siir es thi raydl-preistly leji ag thi hidvigly se`i aj thi Nhrestedg―s idrthly `idth. Higni thi usi aj thi pdrd`axendl kitdphar aj “thi jerst risurrinteag‛ (vv. 9j) jar thi `idth aj thi jdethjul oileivir. Vhdt jar athirs es thi jerst `idth es jar thi Nhrestedg d viretdoli risurrinteag!‛>0 Eg sukkdry, thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ aj _ivildteag ?2=0-: es d speretudl risurrinteag. Vhig oileivirs `ei physendlly, thiy dri trdgsldti` ta hidvig eg thier egtirki`edti stdti. Phiri, thiy well riefg weth Nhrest jar d thausdg` yidrs, whenh es sykoalen jar d nakpliti, yit eg`itirkegdti pirea` aj teki. “Phi oileivegf `id` shdll warshep Fa` dg` Nhrest ds preists dg` shdll riefg weth Nhrest ds cegfs‛ `uregf thi igteri
>> >0
Eoe`. Eoe`., >64. Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
45?
kelliggeuk.>9 Phiri eg hidvig, thi oileivegf `id` shdll dwdet thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest, thi physendl risurrinteag aj thier oa`eis (e.i. thi sinag` risurrinteag), dg` thi jegdl mu`fkigt aj thi levegf dg` thi `id`.
Nagnluseag Phi trdgseteag jrak physendl `idth ta olissi`giss dg` leji weth Nhrest eg hidvig es tirki` thi “jerst risurrinteag.‛ “Olissi` dg` haly es hi thdt hdth pdrt eg thi jerst risurrinteag= ag sunh thi sinag` `idth hdth ga pawir, out thiy shdll oi preists aj Fa` dg` aj Nhrest, dg` shdll riefg weth hek d thausdg` yidrs (?2=:).‛ Phirijari, thasi wha ixpireigni thi jerst risurrinteag shdll gat sujjir thi sinag` `idth. Phiy shdll oi rdesi` eg thi sinag` (oa`ely) risurrinteag ugta flary dg` itirgdl leji. Hawivir, ugoileivirs wha `ei (jerst `idth) shdll oi nag`ikgi` ta thi sinag` `idth. Phiy shdll oi risurrinti` dt thi ig` aj thi dfi ugta itirgdl `dkgdteag dg` tarkigt eg thi ldci aj jeri. _ijirregf ta thi jerst dg` sinag` risurrinteag aj thi sdegts ds twa stdfis aj olissi`giss, Irgst Higfstigoirf nakkigts= “Phi Dpandlypsi egvdredoly paegts ta d `auoli stdfi aj olissi`giss - thi agi dwdetegf oileivirs ekki`edtily aut aj thes .leji3 athir, whdt thiy dri ta rinievi whigdjtir thiy thier igtir`ipdrturi thi giw Mirusdlik. . . thi Phiri ndg oi ga `auot, thdt oy thi jerst risurrinteag wi dri hiri prekdrely ta ug`irstdg` thdt jerst stdfi aj olissi`giss. Eg sa ug`irstdg`egf et, wi doe`i eg ugesag weth thi Dpandlypsi dg` thi whali aj thi athir oaacs aj thi Giw Pistdkigt. Ag thi athir hdg`, ej wi ug`irstdg` oy thi jerst risurrinteag d risurrinteag eg thi letirdl sigsi - ej, dnnar`egfly, wi suppasi thdt thi jerst risurrinteag hds rispint ta agi pdrt aj kig, thi sinag` ta dgathir - wi thig drrevi dt d `antregi whenh eg ga athir pdrt aj ^nrepturi jeg`s d fraug` aj suppart, whenh, ag thi nagtrdry, es ivirywhiri ixplenetly appasi`. Gaw, thi agly thegf whenh ndg rdesi dgy `auot rifdr`egf thi kast gdturdl dg` aoveaus veiw, es thdt thi risurrinteag es hiri spacig aj. Phes ixprisseag dppidrs agly ta suet thi hidvigly stdti aj olissi`giss. Out whig Mahg `igatis thi twa stdfis oy thi sdki gdki eg ar`ir ta kdci thik cgawg ds thi nakpagigt pdrts aj thi sdki sdlvdteag, dg` agly `estegfueshis thik, thi agi ds thi jerst, thi athir ds thi sinag` risurrinteag, thiri kust aj ginissety eg thi agi ndsi dttdnh ta thi tirk d nirtdeg wdgt aj letirdlety. Phes wdgt es dll out ixprissly eg`endti` oy thi phrdsi “jerst risurrinteag.‛ Pwa risurrinteags, eg thi prapir sigsi, dri gat nagnievdoli - ej wi waul` gat >9
Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, ?>6. Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
45>
dodg`ag thi fraug` aj ^nrepturi, whenh gawhiri cgaws aj dgythegf out d figirdl risurrinteag.‛>: Phi dkelliggedl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ gifdtis dgy dppdrigt nagtrd`enteag weth thi rist aj Giw Pistdkigt isnhdtalafy. Nagsestigt weth thi tidnhegf aj d figirdl risurrinteag dg` d jegdl mu`fkigt dssanedti` weth thi Rdraused aj Nhrest, sunh dg ug`irstdg`egf aj _ivildteag ?2=0-: supparts thi isnhdtalafendl snhikd lde` aut eg dgtini`igt ^nrepturi. Et tdcis egta dnnaugt thi _ijarki` pregnepli aj thi dgdlafy eg aj_ivildteag jdeth, thi figri aj Mahg―s thi ive`igni jar rindpetuldteag ?2. Jegdlly, thidpandlypsi, dkelliggedl dg` ug`irstdg`egf prave`is fridt nakjart jar thasi wha hdvi last thier lavi` agis eg thi Lar`. Jar thier riefg weth Nhrest oifegs weth thi “jerst risurrinteag,‛ jar “olissi` dri thi `id` whenh `ei eg thi Lar` jrak hignijarth (_iv. 40=4>).‛>6
>:
Higfstigoirf, Phi _ivildteag aj ^t. Mahg, ?84-?8?. Jar jurthir stu`y, sii Kiri`eth Clegi, “Phi Jerst _isurrinteag= D _idjjerkdteag,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >5, ga. 4 (456:)= 442-4453 Rhellep I`fnukoi Hufhis, “Phi Jerst _isurrinteag= Dgathir Egtirpritdteag,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >5, ga. ? (4566)= >4:->453 Garkdg ^hiphir`, “Phi _isurrinteags aj _ivildteag ?2,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >6, ga. 4 (4560)= >9-093 Mdkis Hufhis, “_ivildteag ?2=4-: dg` thi Tuisteag aj thi Kelliggeuk,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >9, ga. > (456>)= ?8?->2>3 Rdul D. _degoaw, “Kelliggeuk ds Kitdphar eg Mahg―s Dpandlypsi,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 98, ga. ? (455:)= ?42-??4. >6
Phi Jerst _isurrinteag
450
Nhdptir 49 = @espigsdtea gdl Rrikel ligge dlesk dg` th i Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s dg` Isnhdtalafy Eg nhdptir 8, wi `esnussi` oreijly haw thi isnhdtalafendl snhikd aj `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk jdels ta nagjark ta thi _ijarki` nagjisseags aj jdeth. Phi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, pdrtenuldrly Nhdptir XXXEE pdrdfrdphs EE dg` EEE, `ais gat siik ta dnnakka`dti d sireis aj risurrinteags. Jurthirkari, `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk riqueris dt lidst thrii mu`fkigts, gdkily, thi Mu`fkigt ^idt aj Nhrest, thi mu`fkigt aj kelliggedl sdegts, dg` thi Fridt Vheti Phragi Mu`fkigt. Phes `antregi aj kultepli mu`fkigts es dppdrigtly egnagsestigt weth thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth (Nhdptir XXXEEE, pdrdfrdphs E dg` EE). Phi Oilfen Nagjisseag, ispinedlly Drtenli >6, leciwesi dnnakka`dtis agly d figirdl risurrinteag dg` d segfli mu`fkigt ag thi ldst `dy. Aur stu`y aj _ivildteag ?2, dg` thi hirkigiutens egvalvi` eg thi egtirpritdteag aj thes pdssdfi, hds igdoli` us ta oittir ug`irstdg` thi prikelliggedl paseteag.4 Vi shdll gaw turg ta thi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk, whenh es kari spinejen ag thi _ijarki` tidnhegfs aj isnhdtalafy. Tuisteag 86 dg` ets dgswir wiri wrettig ds jallaws= Tuisteag 86. Vhdt dri wi ta oileivi nagnirgegf thi risurrinteag1 D. Vi dri ta oileivi, thdt dt thi Ldst @dy thiri shdll oi d figirdl risurrinteag aj thi `id`, oath aj thi must dg` ugmust= whig thiy thdt dri thig jaug` dlevi shdll eg d kakigt oi nhdgfi`3 dg` thi silj-sdki oa`eis aj thi `id` whenh wiri lde` eg thi frdvi, oiegf thig dfdeg ugeti` ta thier sauls jar ivir, shdll oi rdesi` up oy thi pawir aj Nhrest. Phi oa`eis aj thi must, oy thi ^peret aj Nhrest, dg` oy vertui aj hes risurrinteag ds thier hid`, shdll oi rdesi` eg pawir, speretudl, egnarrupteoli, dg` kd`i leci ta hes flareaus oa`y3
4
Jar d `esnusseag aj thi `evirsi kelliggedl veiws, sii Lardegi Oaittgir, Phi Kelliggeuk (Rheld`ilphed= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4596)3 _aoirt F. Nlausi, i`., Phi Kidgegf aj thi Kelliggeuk= Jaur Zeiws (@awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety, 4566)3 Kelldr` M. Irencsag, D Odsen Fue`i ta Isnhdtalafy= Kdcegf ^igsi aj thi Kelliggeuk (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 4558)3 ^tdgliy Frigz, Phi Kelliggedl Kdzi= ^artegf Aut Ivdgfilendl Apteags (@awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety, 455?). Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
459
dg` thi oa`eis aj thi wenci` shdll oi rdesi` up eg `eshagar oy hek, ds dg ajjig`i` mu`fi.? Zirg Raythriss aosirvis, “Tuisteag 86 es jrdki` ds d quisteag doaut ‘thi risurrinteag―, gat sivirdl `estegnt risurrinteags. Eg thi Ndtinhesk―s dgswir, thi ldgfudfi doaut ‘thi ldst `dy― dg` ‘d figirdl risurrinteag― siiks ta ekply agi `dy aj mu`fkigt, gat sivirdl.dg` Oy thrii nagtrdst, `espigsdteagdlests pastuldti dtoileivirs lidst thriidt thi mu`fkigts risurrinteags, agi jar nhurnh-dfi _dpturi, agi jar thi gdteags dt thi veseoli ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest, dg` stell d ther` dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. Phi jerst aj thisi mu`fkigts egnlu`is oa`ely risurrinteag jar Nhrestedg oileivirs, out ga oa`ely risurrinteag jar thi wenci` ugtel thi veseoli ^inag` Nakegf.‛> Phirijari, odsi` upag Tuisteag 86 dlagi, et naul` oi drfui` thdt thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk ixnlu`is dgy jark aj kelliggedl tidnhegf whenh riqueris d sireis aj risurrinteags. Phes waul` ekply thdt prikelliggedlesk, ispinedlly `espigsdteagdlesk, ndggat nagjark ta thi snhikd lde` aut eg Tuisteag 86. Raythriss nagteguis, “Out `ais thi Ndtinhesk dgswir dntudlly ixnlu`i prikelliggedlesk1 Ej wi dllaw d slefht stritnh eg egtirpritdteag, thi Ndtinhesk dgswir kefht oi egtirpriti` ds `isnreoegf thi figirdl risurrinteag dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. @espigsdteagdlests dg` athir prikelliggedlests naul` dfrii weth sunh d `isnrepteag aj thi viry ldst risurrinteag. Phiy waul` agly egtra`uni thi jurthir ixpldgdteag thdt thiy stell oileivi eg dg d``eteagdl risurrinteag oijari thi oifeggegf aj thi kelliggeuk.‛0 Phi paegt es= thi prekd jdnei rid`egf aj Tuisteag 86 eg`endtis d figirdl risurrinteag, gat twa risurrinteags sipdrdti` oy d thausdg` yidrs. Ivig kari sa, thi prasden ar letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Ndtinhesk dt thes mugnturi `erints thi rid`ir dwdy jrak thi prikelliggedl ug`irstdg`egf aj isnhdtalafy. Givirthiliss, Rrikelliggedlests
?
Jar d nakkigtdry ag Tuisteag 86, sii Zas, Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry, ?2?-?2:. > Zirg ^hire`dg Raythriss, “Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk,‛ eg Phi Rrdntendl Ndlvegest= Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Hiretdfi, i`. Ritir D. Lellodnc (_ass-sheri, Fridt Oretdeg= Nhrestedg Janus Ruolendteags, ?22?), 046-048. 0 Eoe`., 048. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
45:
kefht oi nakpilli` ta d`` dg ikig`dteag ta thi Ndtinhesk sa ds ta egtra`uni d siquigni aj risurrinteags egta thi war`egf aj thi tixt. Tuisteag 88 aj thi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk dlsa pasis dg egsupirdoli praolik jar thi `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlest= Tuisteag 88. Vhdt shdll ekki`edtily jallaw djtir thi risurrinteag1 D. Ekki`edtily djtirdg` thikig3 risurrinteag shdllhaur jallaw thi figirdl dg` jegdl mu`fkigt aj dgfils thi `dy dg` whiriaj ga kdg cgawith, thdt dll kdy wdtnh dg` prdy, dg` oi ivir rid`y jar thi nakegf aj thi Lar`.9 Dfdeg, thi Ndtinhesk usis thi ldgfudfi “thi figirdl dg` jegdl mu`fkigt.‛ Phes naul` oi stritnhi` ta egnlu`i thi mu`fkigt aj sdegts dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk, ds will ds thi Fridt Vheti Phragi mu`fkigt. Out tdcig spinejendlly, thi `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi “jegdl mu`fkigt‛ es dntudlly twa sipdrdti mu`fkigts - agi jar thi must dg` agi jar thi ugmust. Et es oy ga kidgs d “figirdl‛ mu`fkigt. Phi wenci` dri ive`igtly, dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdlests, mu`fi` dpdrt jrak thi refhtiaus `id` dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dfrii weth @espigsdteagdlests thdt thi Fridt Vheti Phragi mu`fkigt es risirvi` jar thi ripraodtis. Eg ar`ir ta jet thi `espigsdteagdl snhikd egta thi ldgfudfi aj Tuisteag 88, d `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlest waul` hdvi ta egtirprit et ds rijirregf ta thi mu`fkigt dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. Out thes es dppdrigtly d `ejjenult, ej gat ekpasseoli, jidt. Veth rifdr` ta thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest, thi Ndtinhesk stdtis thdt “thi `dy dg` haur whiriaj ga kdg cgawith.‛ Ej Tuisteag 88 kust oi egtirpriti` ta kidg thi risurrinteag djtir thi kelliggeuk, kelliggedl netezigs ndg idsely naugt `awg 4222 yidrs tawdr`s thi jegdl mu`fkigt. Djtir dll, dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdlests, kdg well levi ixtrikily lagf levis `uregf thi kelliggeuk. Ej thes es thi ndsi, thi dgswir ta Tuisteag 88 kust oi ri-wrettig ds “thi `dy dg` haur kdg shdll cgaw, pdrtenuldrly thasi wha dri dlevi `uregf thi kelliggeuk.‛ Kelliggedl sdegts dg` ripraodtis dleci kust agly igsuri thdt thier drethkiten es narrint. Phi praoliks jar thi `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlest dri jdr jrak avir. Vi nagtegui ta nagse`ir Tuisteag 52 aj thi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk. Tuisteag 52. Vhdt shdll oi `agi ta thi refhtiaus dt thi `dy aj mu`fkigt1
9
Jar d nakkigtdry ag Tuisteag 88, sii Zas, Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry, ?2:-?25. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
456
D. Dt thi `dy aj mu`fkigt, thi refhtiaus, oiegf ndufht up ta Nhrest eg thi nlau`s, shdll oi sit ag hes refht hdg`, dg` thiri apigly dncgawli`fi` dg` dnquetti`, shdll maeg weth hek eg thi mu`fegf aj ripraodti dgfils dg` kig, dg` shdll oi rinievi` egta hidvig, whiri thiy shdll oi jully dg` jar ivir jrii` jrak dll seg dg` kesiry3 jelli` weth egnagnievdoli mays, kd`i pirjintly haly dg` hdppy oath eg oa`y dg` saul, eg thi nakpdgy aj eggukirdoli sdegts dg` haly dgfils, out ispinedlly eg thi ekki`edti veseag dg` jrueteag aj Fa` thi Jdthir, aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest, dg` aj thi Haly ^peret, ta dll itirgety. Dg`nhurnh thes es thi nakkugeag, whenh thi kikoirs aj thi egveseoli shdllpirjint igmay dg` wethjull Nhrest eg flary, dt thi risurrinteag dg` : `dy aj mu`fkigt. Tuisteag 52 aj thi Ndtinhesk spidcs aj thi “`dy aj mu`fkigt.‛ 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=46 es fevig ds d praaj-tixt jar thi dgswir ta thes quisteag. Vi rikikoir thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests ug`irstdg` 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=4>-48 ds rijirregf ta thi rdpturi, whenh annurs prear ta thi kelliggedl riefg aj Nhrest. Out thes nridtis d praolik jar egtirpritegf thi Ndtinhesk eg dnnar`dgni weth thi prikelliggedl snhikd. Phi “`dy aj mu`fkigt‛ eg Tuisteag 52 aoveausly rijirs ta thi “figirdl dg` jegdl mu`fkigt‛ aj Tuisteag 88. Vi hdvi siig thdt, eg ar`ir ta jet thi prikelliggedl siquigni aj risurrinteags dg` mu`fkigts egta thi Ndtinhesk, `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlests hdvi ta egtirprit Tuisteag 88 ds rijirregf ta thi mu`fkigt dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. Phes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi “jegdl mu`fkigt‛ aj Tuisteag 88 nagtrd`ents thi egtirpritdteag aj thi “`dy aj mu`fkigt‛ aj Tuisteag 52, whenh suppasi`ly rijirs ta thi rdpturi (4 Phiss. 0=46). Raythriss ildoardtis ag thes paegt, “Phi ixprisseag ‘oiegf ndufht up ta Nhrest eg thi nlau`s―, tafithir weth thi jaatgati` praaj-tixt jrak 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=46, eg`endtis thdt nhurnh-dfi oileivirs dri eg veiw, gat suosiquigt oileivirs `uregf thi kelliggeuk. ‘Phi `dy aj mu`fkigt,― eg thi lefht aj thi ekki`edtily prini`egf quisteags, kust rijir ta ‘thi figirdl dg` jegdl mu`fkigt aj dgfils dg` kig― (Dgswir 88), gat ta d mu`fkigt dt d teki oijari thi oifeggegf aj thi kelliggeuk. Pdcig tafithir, thi dgswirs ta Tuisteags 86-52 jarni us ta `essalvi thi `estegnteag oitwiig dg idrleir mu`fkigt jar thi nhurnh dg` d ldtir agi jar kelliggedl oileivirs. Phi Ndtinhesk es nlidrly thegcegf eg dkelliggedl tirks.‛6 Givirthiliss, Raythriss gatis thdt thiri es stell d wdy ta risalvi thes dppdrigt nagtrd`enteag. Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ndg egsest thdt thi praaj-tixts eg thi jaatgatis dri : 6
Jar d `itdeli` nakkigtdry ag Tuisteag 52, sii eoe`., ?4>-?46. Raythriss, “Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk,‛ 048-045. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
458
gat tinhgendlly nagse`iri` ds pdrt aj thi Ndtinhesk. Dg` oy vertui aj thi jdnt thdt thisi praaj-tixts sirvi agly ds dg ellustrdteag ta thi stdg`dr`s, thi kegestir es gat riqueri` ta suosnreoi ta thik. “Phus, d `espigsdteagdlest kefht rimint thi praajtixt (sen) jrak 4 Phissdlagedgs 0=46 ds egdpplendoli, dg` stell sdy thdt Dgswir 52 dnnurdtily `isnreois thi mu`fkigt dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk.‛8 Hawivir, sunh d saluteag es gat hestarendlly jidseoli. Vi ug`irstdg` thdt thi Ndtinhesk wds `isefgi` ta hdvi prdntendl ekplendteags jar thi `dely Nhrestedg leji. Ej et trui thdt - dnnar`egf ta aj thithi `espigsdteagdl riegtirpritdteag aj Tuisteags 86-52 thiesNdtinhesk agly spidcs risurrinteag dg` jegdl mu`fkigt aj thi sdegts djtirthi kelliggeuk, thig thiri rikdeg ga isnhdtalafendl tidnhegfs eg thi Ndtinhesk whenh dri rilivdgt jar thi Nhrestedg ta`dy. Raythriss nretenezis sunh dg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Ndtinhesk, “Uit thes lidvis thi Ndtinhesk eg d paseteag whiri et sdys gathegf doaut thi risurrinteag dg` mu`fkigt thdt well tdci pldni jar Nhrestedgs eg thi nhurnh dfi. Phi prdntendl `isefg aj thi Ndtinhesk `ikdg`s thdt et sdy sakithegf prdntendl doaut thi hapi thdt wi hdvi ds Nhrestedgs. Phus, dg egtirpritdteag thdt shejts Tuisteags 86-52 ta dgathir teki pirea` (thi teki 4222 yidrs djtir thi ^inag` Nakegf) es gat hestarendlly plduseoli.‛5 Vi ndg thirijari nagnlu`i weth Raythriss thdt “et es `ejjenult ta squdri thi `itdeli` ldgfudfi aj thi Ndtinhesk weth iethir `espigsdteagdlesk ar hestarendl prikelliggedlesk.‛42
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s dri, eg`ii`, viry spinejen doaut essuis pirtdegegf ta isnhdtalafy. Vi shdll gaw laac dt thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth agni dfdeg, pdrtenuldrly nhdptir XXXEEE pdrdfrdph 4. Dkagf thi nhdptirs aj thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth whenh wiri ikig`i` oy thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, et es gatdoli thdt dg ikig`dteag wds d``i` ta nhdptir XXXEEE pdrdfrdph 4. Dnnar`egf ta Mijjriy Chaa, thi ikig`dteag wds wrettig ds jallaws= “Fa` hdth dppaegti` d `dy (whenh war` eg ^nrepturi eg rijirigni ta thi ldst thegfs kdy riprisigt d pirea` aj teki egnlu`egf thi thausdg` yidrs jallawegf thi veseoli, pirsagdl dg` prikelliggedl riturg aj Nhrest), whirieg hi well mu`fi thi warl`, eg refhtiausgiss, oy Misus Nhrest, ta whak dll pawir dg` mu`fkigt es fevig aj thi Jdthir. Eg whenh `dy, gat agly thi 8
Eoe`., 045. Eoe`. 42 Eoe`. 5
Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
455
dpastdti dgfils shdll oi mu`fi`, out leciwesi dll pirsags thdt hdvi levi` upag idrth shdll dppidr oijari thi treougdl aj Nhrest, ta fevi dg dnnaugt aj thier thaufhts, war`s, dg` `ii`s3 dg` ta rinievi dnnar`egf ta whdt thiy hdvi `agi eg thi oa`y, whithir faa` ar ivel Swar`s eg etdlens d``i` oy thi Oeoli-Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh[.‛44 Nagnirgegf thi ikig`dteags ta thi Nagjisseag, Odttli jurthir ilune`dtis thdt, “D nakkettii wds dppaegti` ta suffist dkig`kigts ta thi SOeoli Rrisoytiredg[ nhurnh―s nagstetuteag, nagsestegf aj Ndrl KnEgteri, ^ilwyg dg` H.Nhurnh KnDllestir Frejjeths. Vhig thi jerst Figirdl ^yga`M.ajY.thi Oeoli Paks, Rrisoytiredg (ORN) kit eg ^iptikoir 45>8, et d`apti` thi rinakkig`i` nhdgfis. Phi agly nhdgfis kd`i eg thi `antregdl stdg`dr`s wiri eg thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth dg` thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk. Kdgy eg`eve`udl pdrts aj thi stdg`dr`s wiri djjinti`. Phi jallawegf nhdgfis, kd`i eg thi Nagjisseag, dri typendl (`iliteags dri legi` aut3 d``eteags dri eg etdlens)= Nhdptir >?, Aj thi ^tdti aj Kdg Djtir @idth, dg` aj thi _isurrinteag aj thi @id`
“?. Dt thi ldst `dy riturg aj thi Lar` Misus, sunh levegf pirsags ds dri jaug` dlevi eg hek shdll gat `ei, out oi nhdgfi`= dg` dll thi `id` eg Nhrest shdll oi rdesi` up weth thi silj-sdki oa`eis, dg` gagi athir, dlthaufh weth `ejjirigt qudleteis, whenh shdll oi ugeti` dfdeg ta thier sauls jar ivir.‛ “>. Phi oa`eis aj thi ugmust shdll, djtir Nhrest hds riefgi` ag idrth d thausdg` yidrs oy thi pawir aj Nhrest, oi rdesi` oy thi pawir aj Fa` ta `eshagar3 thi oa`eis aj thi must, oy hes ^peret ugta hagar, dg` oi kd`i nagjarkdoli ta hes awg flareaus oa`y.‛ Nhdptir >>, Aj thi Ldst Mu`fkigt Phegfs
“4. Fa` hdth dppaegti` d `dy (whenh `dy eg ^nrepturi eg rijirigni ta thi ldst thegfs kdy riprisigt d pirea` aj teki egnlu`egf thi thausdg` yidrs jallawegf thi veseoli, pirsagdl dg` pri-kelliggedl riturg aj Nhrest) whirieg hi well mu`fi thi warl` eg refhtiausgiss oy Misus Nhrest . . . .‛ 4?
44
Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>?. Mahg D. Odttli, “Isnhdtalafy eg thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh,‛ Vistirg _ijarki` ^ikegdry 44, ga. ? (?220)= 45-?2. 4?
Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
22
Jrak aur stu`y aj thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk,4> et hds oiig istdoleshi` thdt prikelliggedlesk, pdrtenuldrly @espigsdteagdlesk, es dppdrigtly egnakpdteoli weth thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s. Pdcig tafithir weth thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk, et es `ejjenult ta ug`irstdg` thi Nagjisseag ds ixpaug`egf twa `estegnt mu`fkigts= dg idrleir mu`fkigt jar thi nhurnh oijari thi Mu`fkigt ^idt aj Nhrest, dg` d ldtir agi djtir thi kelliggeuk e.i. thi Fridt Vheti Phragi Mu`fkigt. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s dlsa appasi dgy ug`irstdg`egf aj thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest ds nagstetutegf twa sipdrdti ivigts. Dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, thiri es d sinrit nakegf aj Nhrest Hes nhurnh, d veseoli, flareaus riturg ajpastuldtis Nhrest weth nhurnh oijari thijar kelliggeuk. Eg dg` d``eteag, thi `espigsdteagdlest dt Hes lidst thrii mu`fkigts dg` thrii risurrinteags. Phi tidnhegfs aj thi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk ndggat oi `evarni` jrak thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth. Phi Vistkegstir ^hartir dg` Ldrfir Ndtinhesks, ds will ds thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, jark dg egtifrdl uget nakpresegf thi ^tdg`dr`s aj thi Vistkegstir Dssikoly. Phus, thi Ndtinhesks dg` thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth kust oi stu`ei` tafithir, dg` gat dpdrt jrak idnh athir. V. _aoirt Fa`jriy rildtis ta us thdt thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk wds egtig`i` ta nagtdeg d kari nakprihigsevi igugnedteag aj thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth= “Ag Mdgudry 40, 4:06, thi SVistkegstir[ Dssikoly hd` d`apti` d kateag “thdt thi nakkettii jar thi Ndtinhesk `a pripdri d `rdufht aj twa Ndtinhesks, agi kari ldrfi dg` dgathir kari oreij, eg whenh thiy dri ta hdvi dg iyi ta thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, dg` ta thi kdttir aj thi Ndtinhesk dlrid`y oifug.‛ Fiarfi Fellispei aosirvi` thdt thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk waul` oi “jar thasi aj ug`irstdg`egf‛ wheli athir ^nattesh Nakkesseagirs rijirri` ta et ds “agi kari ixdnt dg` nakprihigsevi.‛ . . . Nlidrly thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk wds egtig`i` jar thi kari kdturi eg thi jdeth.‛40 Jri`irenc V. Laitsnhir fais jurthir, dg` stdtis thdt “Sthi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk es[ nheijly `isefgi` ds dg d`dptdteag aj thi SVistkegstir[ Nagjisseag ta thi `e`dnten jugnteags aj thi pridnhir dg` pdstar.‛49 Et es nlidr thdt thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk sirvis ds d `itdeli` dg` ixdnt `isnrepteag aj thi `antregis sit aut eg thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth. 4>
Phes rijirs ta thi arefegdl Ldrfir Ndtinhesk prear ta thi ikig`dteags aj thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh. 40 V. _aoirt Fa`jriy, “Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk,‛ eg Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry, i`. F. E. Velledksag (Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?22?), x, quategf Mahg Kurrdy, “Phi Ndtinhesks aj thi Vistkegstir Dssikoly,‛ Rrisoytiredg Fudr`edg, @inikoir ?9, 450>, >:?. 49 Jri`irenc V. Laitsnhir, “Phi Vistkegstir Jarkuldreis= D Oreij @isnrepteag,‛ eg Phi Vistkegstir Dssikoly (@ipdrtkigt aj Hestary, Ajjeni aj thi Figirdl Dssikoly aj thi Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh eg thi Y.^.D., 450>), 46. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
24
Eg jdnt, et prave`is d kdgudl aj systikdten thialafy jar thi _ijarki` pdstar dg` tidnhir. Phakds Parrdgni nagnurs, “Phi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk wds `isefgi` nheijly ds d `erintary jar kegestirs eg thier tidnhegf aj thi rijarki` jdeth ^ug`dy oy ^ug`dy.‛4: Haw, thig, ndg d silj-prajissi` _ijarki` kegestir tidnh d systik aj isnhdtalafy thdt nagtrd`ents thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s146 Ndg d _ijarki` nhurnh d`` dg ikig`dteag ta thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, whenh ugdshdki`ly nagtrd`ents thi arefegdl stdtikigts aj thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk, dg` yit nldek ta oi thialafendlly nagsestigt dg` gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk _ijarki`1 thi segi qud oinaki thi “`erintary‛ Dppdrigtly, jar Oeoli Rrisoytiredg kegestirs eg thier tidnhegf ajhds @espigsdteagdlesk “^ug`dy oy ^ug`dy.‛ Et, thirijari, dppidrs ta oi dg igefkd why @r Chaa hds jdeli` ta d``riss thi aoveaus nagtrd`enteags oitwiig thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs― ikig`dteags aj thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth dg` thi arefegdl stdtikigts aj thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk.
Phi igefkd risalvis whig wi ridlezi thdt thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk es, leciwesi, ikig`i` oy thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh ta dnnakka`dti prikelliggedlesk.48 Phi ikig`dteags siik ta oi dg egivetdoli nagsiquigni aj dttikpts ta rintejy nagtrd`enteags oitwiig thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk dg` thi Nagjisseag. Nhdgfis kd`i eg thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk dri ds jallaws (`iliteags dri legi` aut3 d``eteags dri eg etdlens)= T. 86. Vhdt dri wi ta oileivi nagnirgegf thi risurrinteag1
D. Vi dri ta oileivi, thdt dt thi Ldst @dy thiri shdll oi d figirdl risurrinteag aj thi `id`, oath aj thi must dg` aj thi ugmust= whig thiy whig Misus Nhrest riturgs thi must thdt dri thig jaug` dlevi shdll eg d kakigt oi nhdgfi`3 dg` thi silj-sdki oa`eis aj thi `id` eg Nhrest whenh dri lde` eg thi frdvi, oiegf thig dfdeg ugeti` ta thier sauls jarivir, shdll oi rdesi` up oy thi pawir aj Nhrest. Phi oa`eis aj thi must, oy thi ^peret aj Nhrest, dg` oy vertui aj hes risurrinteag ds thier hid`, shdll oi rdesi` eg pawir, speretudl, dg` egnarrupteoli, dg` kd`i leci ta hes flareaus oa`y eg thi jerst risurrinteag. Phi oa`eis aj thi wenci` shdll, djtir d thausdg` yidrs, oi rdesi` up eg `eshagaur oy hek, ds dg ajjig`i` mu`fi eg thi sinag` risurrinteag.
4:
Phakds J. Parrdgni, Phi ^nhaal aj Jdeth (Giw Uarc= Hdrpir, 4595), 48>. Vi ndggat nldek ta tidnh thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s whig wi tidnh sakithegf `ejjirigt jrak thi ^tdg`dr`s, ugliss, aj naursi, wi nhdgfi thi arefegdl stdtikigts aj thi ^tdg`dr`s. Dg` thes es ixdntly whdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh hds `agi. 48 Veth d sekeldr lafen, dgy `igakegdteag ndg ikig` thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, ds will ds thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk, dg` nldek ta d`hiri ta thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s. 46
Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
2?
T. 88. Vhdt shdll ekki`edtily jallaw djtir thi risurrinteag1
D. Ekki`edtily djtir thi sinag` risurrinteag shdll jallaw thi figirdl dg` jegdl mu`fkigt aj kig dg` dgfils, thi `dy dg` haur whiriaj ga kdg cgawith, thdt dll kdy wdtnh dg` prdy, dg` oi ivir rid`y jar thi nakegf aj thi Lar` thi `istrunteag aj thi idrth oy jeri, dg` thi ushiregf eg aj thi giw hidvig dg` giw idrth whirieg `willith refhtiausgiss. T. 85. Vhdt shdll oi `agi ta thi wenci` dt thi `dy aj mu`fkigt1
D. Dt thi `dy aj mu`fkigt Djtir thier risurrinteag, thi wenci` shdll oi sit ag Nhrest―s lijt hdg` shdll oi mu`fi`, dg`, upag nlidr ive`igni, dg` jull nagventeag aj thier awg nagsneignis, shdll hdvi thi jidrjul out must sigtigni aj nag`ikgdteag pragaugni` dfdegst thik3 dg` thiriupag shdll oi ndst aut jrak thi jdvaurdoli prisigni aj Fa`, dg` thi flareaus jillawshep weth Nhrest, hes sdegts, dg` dll hes haly dgfils, egta hill, ta oi pugeshi` weth ugspidcdoli tarkigts, oath aj oa`y dg` saul, weth thi `ivel dg` hes dgfils jar ivir. T. 52. Vhdt shdll oi `agi ta thi refhtiaus dt thi `dy aj mu`fkigt1
D. Dt thi `dy aj mu`fkigt Djtir thi risurrinteag, thi refhtiaus, oiegf ndufht up ta Nhrest eg thi nlau`s3 shdll oi sit ag hes refht hdg`, dg` thiri apigly dncgawli`fi` dg` dnquetti`3 shdll maeg weth hek eg thi kelliggedl riefg, dg` thi mu`fegf aj ripraodti kig dg` dgfils3 dg` shdll oi rinievi` egta hidvig, whiri thiy shdll oi jully dg` jar ivir jrii` jrak dll seg dg` kesiry3 jelli` weth egnagnievdoli mays3 kd`i pirjintly haly dg` hdppy oath eg oa`y dg` saul, eg thi nakpdgy aj eggukirdoli sdegts dg` dgfils, out ispinedlly eg thi ekki`edti veseag dg` jrueteag aj Fa` thi Jdthir, aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest, dg` aj thi Haly ^peret, ta dll itirgety. Dg` thes es thi pirjint dg` jull nakkugeag, whenh thi kikoirs aj thi egveseoli nhurnh shdll igmay weth Nhrest eg flary, dt thi risurrinteag dg` `dy aj mu`fkigt.45 Et es stdti` eg thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, nhdptir XXXEEE pdrdfrdph 4, thdt “Fa` hdth dppaegti` d `dy, whirieg hi well mu`fi thi warl`‛. @ispeti thi `e`dnten, gag-sykoalendl ldgfudfi aj thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, et es pldeg thdt @r Chaa `ais
45
^ii Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk aj thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.opn.arf/wln/eg`ix.htkl3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` ?4 Gavikoir ?22:. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
2>
gat ug`irstdg` “d `dy‛ ta kidg d letirdl `dy.?2 Out eg hes rietirdteag aj @dve` Naapir―s “fal`ig ruli,‛ @r Chaa wretis= “Eg aur stu`y aj thi Oeoli, et es ekpartdgt thdt wi aosirvi thes odsen ruli aj egtirpritdteag= “Vhig thi pldeg sigsi aj ^nrepturi kdcis nakkag sigsi, siic ga athir sigsi‛ (@dve` Naapir). Ygliss thiri dri nakpillegf nagtixtudl ridsags dfdegst tdcegf d war` eg ets letirdl sigsi, wi shaul` ug`irstdg` d war` eg ets kast gdturdl ar nakkag sigsi. Phus, 4,222 yidrs ?4 kidgs 4,222 oitwiig yidrs. Esrdil kidgs Esrdil, dg` Nhurnh kidgs Nhurnh. Phiri esletirdlly d `estegnteag Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.‛
Eragendlly @r Chaa, wha egsests ag d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, `ais gat ug`irstdg` “d `dy‛ ta kidg d `dy. Phes silj-prajissi` letirdlest ug`irstdg`s giethir thi “ldst trukp‛ (4 Nar. 49=9?) ds oiegf thi ldst, gar thi jerst risurrinteag (_iv. ?2=9:) ds oiegf thi jerst. @ispeti thi jdnt thdt thiri dri ga “nakpillegf nagtixtudl ridsags dfdegst tdcegf d war` eg ets letirdl sigsi,‛ Chaa ug`irstdg`s “d `dy‛ eg thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth ta kidg d pirea` aj teki aj kari thdg agi thausdg` yidrs. Kariavir, hi egtirprits thi “ldst trukp‛ ds gat oiegf thi ldst, dg` thi “jerst risurrinteag‛ ds gat oiegf thi nhragalafendl jerst. Uit hi `ikdg`s thdt “Esrdil kidgs Esrdil, dg` Nhurnh kidgs Nhurnh.‛ Nakkigtegf ag thi rioerth aj Esrdil ds d gdteag, Pekathy Paw quatis jrak Esdedh 44=44-4?= “Phes es “thi sinag` teki ta rinavir thi rikgdgt aj hes piapli, whenh shdll oi lijt, jrak Dssyred, dg` jrak Ifypt, dg` jrak Rdthras, dg` jrak Nush, dg` jrak Ildk, dg` jrak ^hegdr, dg` jrak Hdkdth, dg` jrak thi esldg`s aj thi sid. Dg` hi shdll sit up dg igsefg jar thi gdteags, dg` shdll dssikoli thi autndsts aj Esrdil, dg` fdthir tafithir thi `espirsi` aj Mu`dh jrak thi jaur nargirs aj thi idrth.―‛?? @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ug`irstdg` thdt thes pdssdfi eg Esdedh praphisezis thi juturi rifdthiregf aj Miws jrak dll thi nargirs aj thi idrth, gdkily Dssyred, Ifypt, Rdthras, Nush, Ildk, ^hegdr dg` Hdkdth. Nakkigtegf ag thes tixt (Esd. 44=44-4?), Kdrteg wretis,
?2
Phi ixprisseag “d `dy‛ dppidrs eg oath thi arefegdl dg` thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s virseag aj thi Nagjisseag. ?4 Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>9. ?? Pekathy Paw, Phi Pruth ^hdll Kdci Uau ^ii (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, 4555), ?:. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
20
“Eg virsis 44-4: Esdedh spaci aj thi Lar`―s fdthiregf thi piapli aj Esrdil dg` Mu`dh jrak dll avir thi warl`. . . . Phi rikgdgt well oi `rdwg oy Fa` jrak thi garth (Hdkdth), sauth (Ifypt dg` Nush), idst (Dssyred... Ildk... Odoylaged) dg` wist (esldg`s aj thi sid)-jrak thi jaur qudrtirs aj thi idrth. Oath Esrdil dg` Mu`dh well oi rifdthiri` (v. 4?3 nj. Mir. >4=>4>0).‛?> Eg thi ekki`edti nagtixt aj thes pdssdfi whirioy “Esrdil‛ es ta oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk dg`dgneigt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk, es ga hirkigiutendl ridsag ta egtirprit thi athir neteis jefurdtevilythiri ar dllifarendlly. Ysegf thi nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens aj @r Chaa, agi kust ug`irstdg` “Dssyred‛ ds d letirdl naugtry ndlli` Dssyred, “Rdthras‛ ds letirdlly Rdthras, dg` “Nush‛ ds Nush. Es et gat trui, thig, thdt thi naugtreis aj Dssyred, Rdthras, Nush, Ildk, ^hegdr dg` Hdkdth kust oi rioarg oijari Esrdil ndg oi rifdthiri` “jrak thi jaur nargirs aj thi idrth1‛ Oindusi “Esrdil kidgs Esrdil, dg` Nhurnh kidgs Nhurnh,‛ “Dssyred‛ kust kidg Dssyred, “Rdthras‛ kust kidg Rdthras, dg` “Nush‛ kust agly kidg Nush. @espigsdteagdlests, wha egsest thdt “Esrdil kidgs Esrdil, dg` Nhurnh kidgs Nhurnh,‛ ajtig hdvi ta nagtrd`ent thier pregnepli aj d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens whig et nakis ta egtirpritegf athir dgneigt neteis ar gdteags kigteagi` eg Al` Pistdkigt praphineis.?0 Ds d jurthir ixdkpli, “Faf‛ eg Iziceil nhdptirs >8 dg` >5 es gat letirdlly Faf, out _ussed ar thi ^aveit Ygeag dnnar`egf ta saki `espigsdteagdlests.?9 Phes kitha` aj dllifarendl egtirpritdteag es jurthir ixikplejei` oy Nhdrlis @yir eg hes nakkigtdry ag Iziceil, “Iziceil spaci aj d nadleteag aj sivirdl gdteags, kdgy aj whenh dri ta`dy dlefgi` weth ar ug`ir thi egjluigni aj thi ^aveit Ygeag. Phisi egnlu`i Erdg (“Rirsed‛), ^u`dg dg` garthirg Itheaped (“Nush‛), Leoyd (“Rut‛), dg` Purciy (“Kishinh,‛ “Puodl,‛ “Fakir,‛ dg` “Oith Pafdrkdh‛). Dll thisi
?>
Kdrteg, “Esdedh,‛ 4296. Phes pregnepli aj egtirpritdteag es ugjartugdtily ripidti` d` gdusidk. ^ii Pekathy Paw dg` Mijjriy Chaa, Phialafy jar Iviry Nhrestedg= D ^ystikdten Phialafy eg thi _ijarki` dg` Rrikelliggedl Prd`eteag aj M Alavir Ouswill (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, ?226), >55. Hiri, thi duthars wrati, “Fa` kidgs whdt Hi sdys, dg` sdys whdt Hi kidgs. Esrdil kidgs Esrdil3 ]eag kidgs ]eag3 Mirusdlik kidgs Mirusdlik.‛ ?9 ^ii I`weg K. Udkdunhe, Jais jrak thi Garthirg Jragteir= Egvd`egf Har`is jrak thi _ussedg ^tippis (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 458?) jar dg ixnilligt nretequi aj thes irragiaus egtirpritdteag. ?0
Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
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gdteags (sii SIziceil[ >8=?->, 9-:), passeoly li` oy thi ^aveit Ygeag, well ugeti ta dttdnc Esrdil.‛?: @ispeti thier egsestigni thdt “Esrdil‛ kust oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly ds Esrdil, @espigsdteagdlests sunh ds @yir dllifarezi thi kidgegf aj “Rirsed,‛ “Nush,‛ “Rut,‛ dg` “Kishinh‛ ta kidg Erdg, ^u`dg, Leoyd, dg` Purciy rispintevily. Eg rispagsi ta sunh hirkigiutendl egnagsestigneis, Velledk M. Freir wretis, “Phi praphits jriquigtly thithisi `aaks upagdri I`ak, Rhelested, Dssyred, itn. Phi letirdlestspidc hal`s aj thdt `aaks yit juturi. Out whiri dri thi I`aketis, thi Rhelestegis, thi Dssyredgs1 Vha ndg jeg` thik1 ]inhdredh jarital` thdt thi jdkeleis aj @dve`, Gdthdg, dg` ^hekie waul` wiip, iviry jdkely dpdrt (4?=4?-40). Phi letirdlest hal`s thdt thes es yit ta oi, out ga agi ag thi jdni aj thi idrth ta`dy ndg istdolesh thier `isnigt jrak dgy aj thisi.‛?6 Phi dgdlafy aj jdeth es thi _ijarki` pregnepli aj egtirpritdteag. Al` Pistdkigt praphineis kust oi ug`irstaa` weth thi lefht aj Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag, gat veni virsd. Freir es narrint ta sdy thdt “ta egtirprit thi Al` Pistdkigt praphineis weth d ugejark letirdlesk, ds kdgy try ta `a, es ta turg egta d stagi whdt thi Lar` kidgt jar orid`.‛?8
Nagnluseag Et shaul` oi nlidr ta thi rid`ir thdt thi letirdlest `ais gat egtirprit dll, ar ivig kast, aj praphiten ^nrepturi letirdlly. Phiri dri nirtdegly anndseags whirioy hi speretudlezis ar dllifarezis parteags aj ^nrepturi whenh `a gat jet hes systik aj thialafy, pdrtenuldrly thi isnhdtalafendl snhikd aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Nagtrdry ta papuldr nldeks, thes es gat d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens. Ds rifdr`s thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri ivig nakpilli` ta ikig` thi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth dg` thi Ldrfir Ndtinhesk, sa ds ta egnarpardti `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk egta _ijarki` tidnhegfs. Out wi hdvi siig thdt thi letirdl, pldeg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi _ijarki` nagjisseags `ais gat dllaw sunh d systik aj isnhdtalafy. Et es, thirijari, uglecily thdt thi `espigsdteagdl
?:
Nhdrlis H. @yir, “Iziceil,‛ eg Phi Oeoli Cgawli`fi Nakkigtdry = Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi ^nrepturis oy @dllds ^ikegdry Jdnulty, i`s. Mahg J. Vdlvaar` dg` _ay O. ]unc (Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 4589), 4>22. ?6 Freir, Phi Kakigtaus Ivigt, 02. ?8 Eoe`., 04. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
2:
prikelliggedlest ndg truly d`hiri ta thi _ijarki` systik aj `antregi sit jarth eg thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s.?5
?5
Phes, aj naursi, rijirs ta thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s prear ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ikig`dteag. Phi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s
26
Nhdptir 4:= @dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag Egtra`unteag Phi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 es jug`dkigtdl ta thi istdoleshkigt aj thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s ig`-teki snhikd. Phi sivig yidr treouldteag pirea` whenh jallaws thi pritreouldteag rdpturi, dnnar`egf ta Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, es thi juljellkigt aj thi 62 th wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Phi 62th wiic aj @dgeil oifegs weth thi Dgtenhrest―s sefgegf aj d pidni tridty weth gdteagdl Esrdil. Phes raufhly naegne`is weth thi sinrit rdpturi aj Nhrestedgs. Phi Dgtenhrest well ekpasi hes nruil, `ispaten ruli `uregf thi sinag` hdlj aj thi sivig yidrs treouldteag pirea`, dlsa cgawg ds thi Fridt Preouldteag. Dll nagvirts ta Nhrestedgety well oi jeirnily pirsinuti` `uregf thisi thrii dg` d hdlj yidrs. Dt thi ig` aj thi 62th wiic aj @dgeil, Nhrest well riturg veseoly weth Hes sdegts ta ixinuti mu`fkigt upag thi ugfa`ly. Egstid` aj haviregf eg ke`der ds eg thi sinrit rdpturi, Nhrest well gaw taunh `awg upag tirrd jerkd. 4 D kdmarety aj Esrdiletis well gaw turg ta Nhrest eg ripigtdgni dg` jdeth. ^dtdg well oi oaug`, dg` Nhrest oifegs Hes @dve`en, idrthly riefg jar agi kelliggeuk. Jar @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, “praodoly ga segfli praphiten uttirdgni es kari nrunedl eg thi jeil`s aj Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, Dpalafitens, dg` Isnhdtalafy‛ thdg thi sivigty-wiics praphiny aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6.? Eg jdnt, thi `espigsdteagdl ixpaseteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 “es ajtig dppidli` ta ds thi nagspenuaus praaj thdt thi igteri Nhurnh dfi es d pdrigthises eg thi praphiten prafrdk whenh es ta oi `esnaviri` oitwiig vss. ?: dg` ?6 aj @dg. ex.‛> Phi kast strecegf nhdrdntiresten aj thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf es thi pldnikigt aj d teki fdp oitwiig thi :5th dg` 62th wiics aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Ciggith Figtry wretis, “@espigsdteagdlesk egnarpardtis d fdp ar pdrigthises oitwiig thi sextygegth dg` sivigteith wiics. Phes fdp spdgs thi igterity aj thi Nhurnh Dfi jrak thi Preukphdl Igtry ta thi rdpturi.‛0 4
Nj. thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj ]inh. 40=0-9. th Dlvd M. KnNldeg, @dgeil―s Rraphiny aj thi ^ivigty Viics, : i`. (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 4502), 5. > Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 444-44?. 0 Ciggith Figtry, Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag (Pylir, PX= Egstetuti jar Nhrestedg Inagakens, 455?), >>4. Figtry es d pastkelliggedlest, dg` d Nhrestedg _inagstrunteagest. Vi shdll `esnuss thi fdp thiary eg `itdel ldtir eg thes nhdptir. ?
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
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Phi jerst :5 wiics aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 dri ug`irstaa` ta oi nhragalafendlly siquigtedl, dg` thirijari, juljelli` nagsinutevily. Hawivir, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, jallawegf thier @espigsdteagdl orithrig, ekpasi dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp oitwiig thi ldst twa wiics aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Phes teki fdp es dlsa cgawg ds thi nhurnh dfi. Et es will cgawg dkagfst ixifitis thdt thi ixpaseteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 es gatareausly nagtravirsedl `ejjenult. ldkigts thdt “thi hestary aj thi ixifises aj thi 62 Viics dg` es thi @eskdlKagtfakiry ^wdkp aj A.P. nretenesk. . . . SP[hi trdncliss wel`irgiss aj dssukpteags dg` thiareis eg thi ijjarts ta aotdeg dg ixdnt nhragalafy jettegf egta thi hestary aj ^dlvdteag, djtir thisi ?,222 yidrs aj egjegetily vdrei` egtirpritdteags, waul` siik ta prinlu`i dgy usi aj thi 62 Viics jar thi `itirkegdteag aj d `ijegeti praphiten nhragalafy.‛9 Figtry nagnurs thdt, “Phes “ixtrikily ekpartdgt praphiny‛ Saj @dgeil 5=?0-?6[ es thi kast `ejjenult jar `espigsdteagdlests ta kdci nri`eoli ta thasi autse`i aj thier systik. Ivig `espigsdteagdlest _aoirt Nulvir d`kets= “Phi `ejjenulty aj thi virsis thdt gaw lei oijari us es ive`igt.‛ “Rrikelliggedl wretirs aj twa ar thrii figirdteags dfa wiri viry jdr dpdrt ag thi `itdels. Kunh aj thi sdki `evirsety dppidrs eg prikelliggedl nagtikpardry wretirs.‛ Eg jdnt, @dgeil―s ^ivigty Viics praphiny lid`s `espigsdteagdlesk egta agi aj ets kast strdegi` pinuledreteis= Phi `antregi aj thi fdp thiary aj thi Nhurnh Dfi.‛ : @ispeti thi ixifitendl `ejjenulty, thi igteri ig`-teki snhikd aj `espigsdteagdlesk `ipig`s upag dg dnnurdti dg` saug` ixifises aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6. Phi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj @dgeil―s sivigty wiics jarks dg eg`espigsdoli jaug`dteag jar Oeoli Rrisoytiredg isnhdtalafy. Dnnar`egf ta Figtry= “Phi nhragalafy prave`i` eg @dgeil―s praphiny aj thi ^ivigty Viics (@dg. 5=?0-?6) es d legnhpeg eg thi `espigsdteagdl systik, dlthaufh et es gat nrunedl ta dgy aj thi athir kelliggedl systiks. Vdlvaar` nakkigts thdt thi “egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 es aj kdmar ekpartdgni ta prikelliggedlesk ds will ds pritreouldteagesk.‛ Oiegf sunh, et es thi “ciy‛ ta praphiny dg`, nagsiquigtly, “agi aj thi kast ekpartdgt praphineis aj 9
M. D. Kagtfakiry, D Nretendl dg` Ixifitendl Nakkigtdry ag thi Oaac aj @dgeil (I`egourfh= P.& P. Nldrc, 45?6), 022„024. : Figtry, Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag, >?2->?4, quategf _aoirt @ugndg Nulvir, @dgeil dg` thi g` Ldttir @dys, ? i`. (Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 4566), 400.
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
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thi oeoli.‛ ^urily SAswdl`[ Dlles es narrint whig hi aosirvis thdt “thi ekpartdgni aj thi praphiny aj thi ^ivigty Viics eg @espigsdteagdl tidnhegf ndg hdr`ly oi ixdffirdti`.―‛6 Oath Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests dfrii thdt @dgeil―s praphiny aj sivigty-wiics es dg eg`espigsdoli ciy ta thi egtirpritdteag aj Giw Pistdkigt praphiny. Et prave`is dg egtirpritevi fre` jar @espigsdteagdlests ta ug`irstdg` issigtedl praphiten pdssdfis sunh ds thi Alevit @esnaursi dg` thi Oaac aj _ivildteag. Egegtirprit jdnt, thesthi es dGiw faa`Pistdkigt ellustrdteag @espigsdteagdlests Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs eg aj thihaw lefht aj Al` Pistdkigtdg` praphineis, egstid` aj veni virsd. Phes kitha`alafy fais dfdegst thi _ijarki` pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag. ^egni @dgeil 5=?0-?6 jarks dg egtifrdl pdrt aj thi `espigsdteagdl, hirkigiutendl jaug`dteag, thi igteri Oeoli Rrisoytiredg isnhdtag well nalldpsi ej wi ndg `ikagstrdti thi ixifitendl widcgissis aj thier egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil―s sivigtywiics. Oijari wi nretequi thi `espigsdteagdl egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 - dlsa cgawg ds thi Rdrigthises egtirpritdteag - wi shdll jerst pranii` ta ug`irstdg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen egtirpritdteag aj thes pdssdfi.8
Phi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag Zirsus thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag “^ivigty wiics dri `itirkegi` upag thy piapli dg` upag thy haly nety, ta jegesh thi trdgsfrisseag, dg` ta kdci dg ig` aj segs, dg` ta kdci rinagneledteag jar egequety, dg` ta oregf eg ivirldstegf refhtiausgiss, dg` ta sidl up thi veseag dg` praphiny, dg` ta dgaegt thi kast Haly. Cgaw thirijari dg` ug`irstdg`, thdt jrak thi faegf jarth aj thi nakkdg`kigt ta ristari dg` ta ouel` Mirusdlik ugta thi Kissedh thi Rregni shdll oi sivig wiics, dg` thriisnari dg` twa wiics= thi striit shdll oi ouelt dfdeg, dg` thi wdll, ivig eg trauolaus tekis. Dg` djtir thriisnari dg` twa wiics shdll Kissedh oi nut ajj, out gat jar heksilj= dg` thi piapli aj thi pregni thdt shdll naki shdll `istray thi nety dg` thi sdgntudry3 dg` thi ig` thiriaj shdll oi weth d jlaa`, dg` ugta thi ig` aj thi wdr `isaldteags dri 6
Eoe`., >45->?2, quategf Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, Phi _dpturi Tuisteag (Frdg` _dpe`s= ]ag`irvdg, 4596), ?03 Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, @dgeil= Phi Ciy ta Rraphiten _ivildteag (Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 4564), ?24, ?4:3 A. P. Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, (Rheld`ilphed= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, 4509), 444. 8 ^ii I`wdr` M. Uaugf, @dgeil (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4505), 45?-459 jar thi vdreaus egtirpritdteags aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6. Phi twa kast papuldr egtirpritdteags aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 dri 4) thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag3 dg` ?) thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag.
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
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`itirkegi`. Dg` hi shdll nagjerk thi navigdgt weth kdgy jar agi wiic= dg` eg thi ke`st aj thi wiic hi shdll ndusi thi sdnrejeni dg` thi aoldteag ta nidsi, dg` jar thi avirsprid`egf aj doakegdteags hi shdll kdci et `isaldti, ivig ugtel thi nagsukkdteag, dg` thdt `itirkegi` shdll oi pauri` upag thi `isaldti (@dg. 5=?0-?6).‛ Phi trd`eteagdl kissedgen egtirpritdteag es eg kdgy wdys sekeldr ta thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag aj `espigsdteagdlests. Ds Aswdl` Dlles hds paegti` aut, thi paegts aj dfriikigt dri ds jallaws= (4) Phi sivigty wiics riprisigt wiics aj yidrs, d tatdl aj 052 yidrs. (?) Agly agi pirea` aj wiics es `isnreoi`, ds es pravi` oy thi jdnt thdt thi suo`eveseags (6+:?+4) whig d``i` tafithir fevi d tatdl aj 62. (>) Phi “dgaegti` agi, thi pregni‛ (vs. ?9) dg` thi “dgaegti` agi‛ (vs. ?:) dri wi sdki pirsag, thi Kissedh. (0) Phi jerst :5 wiics ar 08> yidrs hd` thier tirkegus eg thi pirea` aj thi jerst d`vigt3 thier juljellkigt es lagf pdst.5 Oath egtirpritdteags dfrii thdt thi sivigty wiics aj @dgeil―s praphiny nagsest aj 052 yidrs eg hukdg hestary. @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, leciwesi, nagnur thdt thi praphiny es Kissedgen eg gdturi, dg` thdt “thi Kissedh thi Rregni‛ eg virsi ?9 dg` “Kissedh‛ eg virsi ?: rijir ta Misus Nhrest. Jurthirkari, thi jerst :5 wiics aj praphiny es juljelli` wetheg Nhrest―s Jerst D`vigt. Oath thi pdrigthises dg` thi trd`eteagdl kissedgen egtirpritdteag, thirijari, stdg` eg appaseteag ta vdreaus dgtekissedgen egtirpritdteags thdt hdvi oiig prapasi`. Hawivir, et es thi `ejjirignis oitwiig thisi twa egtirpritdteags thdt risult eg dt lidst twa `edkitrendlly dgtdfagesten isnhdtalafendl fre`s. Phi paegts aj `ejjirigni nigtri doaut thisi quisteags= (4) Hdvi thi fridt ivigts `isnreoi` eg vs. ?0 oiig juljelli`, ar es thier dnnakpleshkigt stell juturi1 (?) Es thi 62th wiic pdst, ar es et stell ta naki142
5
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 44?. Et es gat wetheg thi snapi aj thes oaac ta prave`i d `itdeli` ixifises aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6. Phi rid`ir es d`vesi` ta rijir ta I`wdr` Uaugf―s ixnilligt nakkigtdry, @dgeil. Dlsa sii Kiri`eth Clegi, “Phi Navigdgt aj thi ^ivigteith Viic‛, eg Phi Ldw dg` thi Rraphits= Al` Pistdkigt ^tu`eis pripdri` eg Hagar aj Aswdl` Phakpsag Dlles, i`. Mahg H. ^celtag (Gutliy, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4560), 09?-0:5. 42 Eoe`., 44?.
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
44
@espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, aj naursi, tdci d juturest dppradnh ta thisi twa quisteags. Phiy oath oileivi thdt thi ivigts aj virsi ?0 hdvi yit ta oi nakplitily juljelli`, dg` thiy oath hal` ta thi paseteag thdt thi 62th wiic es d juturi annurrigni.
Phi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0 Dnnar`egf ta thi trd`eteagdl egtirpritdteag, “dll aj thi fridt trdgsdnteags rijirri` ta eg vs. ?0 dri ta oi rifdr`i` ds hdvegf oiig juljelli` dt thi jerst d`vigt dg`, kari spinejendlly, eg whdt es ta oi rifdr`i` ds thi nlekdnten ivigt aj thi praphiny, thi ri`ikpteag dt Ndlvdry, whenh es rijirri` ta letirdlly eg vs. ?: dg` jefurdtevily eg vs. ?6.‛44 _id`irs well oi doli ta rinafgezi thdt thisi trdgsdnteags aj virsi ?0 spidc doaut thi dntevi dg` pdssevi aoi`eigni aj Nhrest. Uaugf ug`irstdg`s thi 62 wiics ds oiegf `inrii` ta dnnakplesh sex risults ar trdgsdnteags, dg` hi ndtifarezis thisi sex risults egta twa fraups aj thrii kikoirs idnh.4? Phi gifdtevi risults dri rijirri` ta ds= “ta jegesh thi trdgsfrisseag, dg` ta kdci dg ig` aj segs, dg` ta kdci rinagneledteag jar egequety (virsi ?0).‛ Eg`ii`, thi Kissedh―s pdssevi aoi`eigni „ hes dtagegf sdnrejeni „ ignakpdssis thi warc aj oridcegf thi pawir seg avir Fa`―s:=?>), ilint (_ak. 40), rikavdl aj thi nag`ikgdteag aj segaj(_ak. 9=4?-453 dg` thi:=4-?, dtagegf jarthi egequety (_ak. >=?4?:). Nhrest―s `idth ag thi nrass aj Ndlvdry, eg`ii`, taac dwdy dll thi itirgdl nagsiquignis aj thi nursi. Uaugf wretis= “Pa suk up3 seg es hiri penturi` ds trdgsfrisseag, segs dg` egequety. Phisi thrii war`s will riprisigt eg ets jullgiss thi gdturi aj thdt nursi whenh hds sipdrdti` kdg jrak Fa`. Phi jerst stdti` purpasi aj thi `inriiegf aj thi pirea` aj 62 sivigs es ta doalesh thes nursi. Et es ta oi ristrdegi`, sa shut up oy Fa`, thdt et kdy ga lagfir oi rifdr`i` ds ixestegf3 et es ta oi oraufht ta dg ig`, thdt et kdy ga lagfir oi prisigt ta igsldvi3 et es dlsa ta oi `agi dwdy, oindusi thi fuelt whenh et egvalvis hds oiig ixpedti`. Haw es thes ta oi dnnakpleshi`1 Phi tixt `ais gat sdy, out wha, eg thi lefht aj thi GP rivildteag, ndg rid` thisi war`s wethaut nakegf jdni ta jdni weth thdt agi
44 4?
Eoe`., 44>. Uaugf, @dgeil, 456.
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
4?
pirjint ^dnrejeni whenh wds ajjiri` oy Hek, wha “dppidri` ta put dwdy seg oy thi sdnrejeni aj Heksilj‛ (Hio. 5=?:o)1‛4> Uaugf rijirs ta thi ldst thrii risults ds oiegf pasetevi. Phisi thrii pasetevi risults dri spacig aj oy @dgeil eg virsi ?0o, “ta oregf eg ivirldstegf refhtiausgiss, dg` ta sidl up thi veseag dg` praphiny, dg` ta dgaegt thi kast Haly.‛ Eg thes fraup aj pasetevi trdgsdnteags, dll thi thrii ajjenis aj Nhrest dri dllu`i` ta= praphit, preist, dg` cegf. Oy Hes pirjint aoi`eigni ds thi jegdl preist (_ak. 9=45), Nhrest oregfs eg “ivirldstegf refhtiausgiss.‛ Phes refhtiausgiss es thi ekputi` refhtiausgiss aj thi ^dvear. Et es oy Hes refhtiausgiss thdt wi ndg stdg` refhtiaus oijari thi mu`fkigt sidt aj Nhrest. “Et es thi refhtiausgiss aj Fa` whenh nakis jrak Fa`. Kari spinejendlly, et es thdt stdti aj refhtgiss ar refht rildteagshep weth Fa` whenh nakis ta thi seggir thraufh jdeth eg Misus Nhrest. Et es thi olissi` nag`eteag aj “oiegf refht‛ weth Fa`.‛40 Misus Nhrest es thi Rraphit aj whak thi Al` Pistdkigt praphits hd` praphisezi`. Ds d praphit, Nhrest sidli` up “veseag dg` praphiny.‛ Phes sidlegf `ais gat kidg “ta dnnri`et,‛ out rdthir, “ta sidl up‛ sa thdt praphiny ga lagfir dppidrs. Phi purpasi dg` jugnteag aj praphiny es jegeshi`, dg` es ga lagfir gii`i` eg thi giw `espigsdteag. Uaugf nakkigts, “Phi twa war`s, veseag dg` praphit, thirijari, sirvi ta `isefgdti thi praphiten rivildteag aj thi AP pirea`. Phes rivildteag wds aj d tikpardry, pripdrdtary, typendl gdturi. Et paegti` jarwdr` ta thi nakegf aj Hek wha wds thi fridt Rraphit (@iut 48=49). . . . Vhig seg es oraufht ta dg ig` oy thi dppidrdgni aj thi Kissedh, sa praphiny, whenh hd` pri`enti` Hes nakegf dg` Hes sdvegf warc, es ga lagfir gii`i`. Et hds juljelli` ets tdsc dg` es thirijari sidli` up.‛49 Dnnar`egf ta Dlles, “Phi “dgaegtegf aj d kast haly‛ kdy rijir iethir ta d pirsag ar ta d pldni. Ej ta d pirsag, thi rijirigni kdy oi ta thi `isnigt aj thi Haly ^peret ag Misus ta jet Hek jar Hes Kissedgen warc (Lc. eee. ??, ev. 48)3 ej ta d pldni, et kdy rijir ta thi igtrdgni aj thi resig Nhrest egta hidvig etsilj, whig “thraufh hes awg olaa` hi igtiri` agni jar dll egta thi haly pldni, hdvegf aotdegi` itirgdl ri`ikpteag‛ (Hio. 4>
Eoe`., 455. Eoe`., ?22. 49 Eoe`. 40
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
4>
ex. 4?) jar dll Hes ilint.‛4: Oath Figtry dg` Uaugf drfui thdt thi dgaegtegf eg virsi ?0 “spidcs aj thi Nhrest―s odpteskdl dgaegtegf.‛46 Figtry ridsags thdt @dgeil 5=?0-?6 es prekdrely d Kissedgen praphiny. Phi Kissedh (kdsheydnh, “Nhrest,‛ “Dgaegti` Agi‛) es spinejendlly kigteagi` tweni eg virsis ?9 dg` ?:. Jurthirkari, thi phrdsi “Kast Haly‛ refhtly `isnreois thi Kissedh, “thdt haly thegf whenh shdll oi oarg (Luci 4=>9).‛48 Esdedh praphisezi` Nhrest, thi wha Etwell ri`ikptevi Muoelii doaut (Esd. :4=4-?d3 nj. _i`iikir, Luci 0=46-?4). wdsushir dlsa eg dt thi Hes ultekdti odpteskdl dgaegtegf thdt thi Haly ^peret ndki upag Hek (Kdrc 4=5-44), whenh kdrcs thi oifeggegf aj Hes idrthly kegestry (Kdrc 4=40-49). Yltekdtily, “Nhrest es priikegigtly thi Dgaegti` Agi.‛45 Phi sex trdgsdnteags ar risults aj virsi ?0 dri, thirijari, Kissedgen eg gdturi, dg` dri ta oi ug`irstaa` ds hdvegf nakpliti juljellkigt eg Nhrest―s Jerst D`vigt, dg` ispinedlly, eg Hes Rdsseag. “Eg d war`, wi hdvi eg vs. ?0 thi praphiny aj thi “sdtesjdnteag aj Nhrest,‛ aj Hes aoi`eigni dg` sujjiregfs, oy vertui aj whenh thi seggir aotdegs jarfevigiss dg` dnniptdgni weth Fa`.‛?2
@itirkegegf thi Pirkegus D` Tuik aj thi ^ivigty Viics Phi trd`eteagdl Kissedgen egtirpritdteag ug`irstdg`s thi `idth aj thi Kissedh ds annurregf wetheg thi 62th wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. “Jar thi pirea` aj thi 62th sivig thi Kissedh ndusis d navigdgt ta privdel jar kdgy, dg` eg thi hdlj aj thes sivig oy Hes `idth Hi ndusis thi Miwesh sdnrejenis dg` aoldteag ta nidsi. Hes `idth es thus siig ta oilagf wetheg thi 62th sivig Sar wiic[. Nagsiquigt upag thes ndusegf thi sdnrejenis dg` aoldteag ta nidsi es thi dppidrdgni aj d `isaldtar avir thi peggdnli aj thi Pikpli, whenh hds gaw oinaki dg doakegdteag. Ypag thi ruegs d `itirkegi` jull ig` paurs aut. Phes ivigt, thi `istrunteag aj thi nety Saj Mirusdlik[, `ais gat, thirijari, tdci pldni wetheg thi 62 sivigs, out jallaws ds d nagsiquigt upag thi nuttegf ajj aj thi Kissedh eg thi 62th sivig.‛?4
4:
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 44>-440. Figtry, Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag, >?:. Dlsa sii Uaugf, @dgeil, ?22-?24. 48 Nj. 0=>0, 04. ^ii dlsa= Kdrc 4=?03 Dnts >=403 0=?6, >23 4 Mahg ?=?23 _iv. >=63 Hi es dlsa ndlli` thi “dgaegti` agi‛ (Rsd. ?=?3 lsd. 0?=43 Dnts 42=>8). 45 Figtry, Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag, >?6. ?2 Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 440. ?4 Uaugf, @dgeil, ??2. 46
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
40
Phus, thi `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik eg D.@. 62 `ais gat jdll wetheg thi teki jrdki aj thi 62 wiics. Figtry nagnurs thdt “thi `istrunteag aj thi nety dg` thi sdgntudry weth wdr dg` `isaldteag (vv. ?:o, ?6o) dri thi nagsiquignis aj thi nuttegf ajj aj thi Kissedh dg` `a gat ginissdrely annur eg thi sivigty wiics teki jrdki. Phiy dri dg d``ig`uk ta thi juljellkigt aj thi janus aj thi praphiny, whenh es stdti` eg virsi ?0.‛?? Jrak @dgeil 5=?9, thi tirkegus d` quik aj thi :5 sivigs es jderly nlidr. Dnnar`egf ta Figtry, dg` Rhelep Kdura, thi Hi tirkegus thipuolen sinag`kegestry pirea` aj sexty-twa wiics es dtDlles, thi odptesk aj Nhrest whig oifegsajHes (D.@. ?:).?> Phes kdrcs thi tirkegus d` quik aj thi jerst sexty-gegi wiics, dg` thi tirkegus d qua aj thi sivigteith wiic. Et shaul` oi gati` thdt thes es thi egtirpritdteag we`ily dfrii` upag oy kast nagsirvdtevi snhaldrs, ixnlu`egf Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests wha pldni thi tirkegus d qua aj thi sivigteith wiic dt yit d juturi `dti. “Djtir thriisnari dg` twa wiics shdll Kissedh oi nut ajj (@dgeil 5=?:d).‛ Phes waul` ekply thdt Nhrest es nrunejei` djtir thi jerst sexty-gegi wiics aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Phes nlekdnten ivigt es jurthir rijirri` ta eg @dgeil 5=?6, “eg thi ke`st aj thi wiic hi Sthi Kissedh[ shdll ndusi thi sdnrejeni dg` thi aoldteag ta nidsi.‛ Nhrest, oy Hes dtagegf `idth, put dg ig` ta thi Miwesh nult aj olaa` sdnrejenis. Ds thi duthar aj Hioriws wretis= “Phig sde` hi, La, E naki ta `a thy well, A Fa`. Hi tdcith dwdy thi jerst, thdt hi kdy istdolesh thi sinag`. Oy thi whenh well wi dri sdgntejei` thraufh thi ajjiregf aj thi oa`y aj Misus Nhrest agni jar dll. Dg` iviry preist stdg`ith `dely kegestiregf dg` ajjiregf ajtigtekis thi sdki sdnrejenis, whenh ndg givir tdci dwdy segs= Out thes kdg, djtir hi hd` ajjiri` agi sdnrejeni jar segs jar ivir, sdt `awg ag thi refht hdg` aj Fa`3 Jrak hignijarth ixpintegf tell hes igikeis oi kd`i hes jaatstaal. Jar oy agi ajjiregf hi hdth pirjinti` jar ivir thik thdt dri sdgntejei` (Hio. 42=540).‛
??
Figtry, Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag, >>2. ^ii Figtry, Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag, >?>3 Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 440. Dlsa sii Rhelep Kdura, Phi ^ivigty Viics dg` thi Fridt Preouldteag= D ^tu`y aj thi Ldst Pwa Zeseags aj @dgeil, dg` aj thi Alevit @esnaursi aj thi Lar` Misus Nhrest, _iv. i`. (^wigfil, RD= _iegir Ruoleshirs, 45693 ripregt, @dhlagifd, Fiarfed= Nrawg _efhts Oaac Na, 4558), 99-:5. Kdura jurgeshis us weth dg ixnilligt tridtesi ag thes suomint kdttir. ?>
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
49
Phirijari, et es Nhrest wha nagjerks ( hefoer) thi navigdgt weth kdgy jar agi wiic (thi 62th wiic), dg` Hes nrunejexeag tdcis pldni eg thi ke``li (“thi ke`st‛) aj thi 62th wiic. Dlles nakkigts thdt, “Ej “eg thi ke`st‛ es tdcig eg ets gdturdl sigsi, d hdlj-wiic, ar thrii dg` d hdlj yidrs, rikdegs ta oi dnnaugti` jar djtir thi nrunejexeag. Kdgy egtirpritirs rifdr` thes ds rijirregf ta thi pirea` aj thi jaug`egf aj thi Nhurnh dg` thi pridnhegf aj thi faspil ixnlusevily ta thi Miws, d pirea` ig`egf ar aj doaut thidg` teki aj thi kdrtyr`ak aj ^tiphig. Athirs hal` >9 thdt thiweth pirea` thrii d hdlj yidrs wds frdneausly ixtig`i` ta saki yidrs, ta thi `dti aj thi `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik oy Petus, d rijirigni ta whenh es jaug` eg vs. ?:. Oath aj thisi ixpldgdteags kdy oi rifdr`i` ds passeoli.‛?0 Haw shaul` wi, thirijari, egtirprit thi tirkegus d` quik aj thi 62th wiic - thi ldst thrii dg` hdlj yidrs1 Dpplyegf thi dgdlafy aj jdeth, wi aufht ta egtirprit Al` Pistdkigt praphineis weth thi lefht aj Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag. E nagnur weth Kiri`eth Clegi wha ug`irstdg`s thdt eg thi Dpandlypsi aj Mahg, thi dpastli riegtirprits thi ldst thrii dg` hdlj yidrs aj thi 62th wiic ds “d teki, dg` tekis, dg` hdlj d teki (_iv. 4?=40).‛ Clegi ixpldegs hes paseteag= “Et dppidrs thdt thi ldst hdlj aj thi sivigteith wiic Saj @dgeil[ es thi dfi aj thi nakkugety aj thi giw navigdgt, `esigfdfi` jrak thi al` navigdgt ar`ir weth whasi nlasegf `dys ets awg oifeggegfs avirldppi` jar d figirdteag. Eg thi ekdfiry aj thi Giw Pistdkigt Dpandlypsi, thi ldst hdlj wiic es thi dfi aj thi nhurnh eg thi wel`irgiss aj thi gdteags jar d teki, dg` tekis, dg` hdlj d teki (_iv. 4?=40). ^egni thi sivigty wiics dri tig muoelii irds thdt essui eg thi ldst muoelii, thi sivigteith wiic nlasis weth thi dgfilen trukpitegf aj thi idrth―s ri`ikpteag dg` thi flareaus leoirty aj thi nhel`rig aj Fa`. Phi dnniptdoli yidr aj thi Lar` whenh ndki weth Nhrest well thig hdvi jully naki. Phig thi giw Mirusdlik whasi tikpli es thi Lar` dg` thi Ldko well `isnig` jrak hidvig (_iv. ?4=42, ??) dg` thi drc aj thi navigdgt well oi siig (_iv. 44=45), thi navigdgt thi Ldko hds kd`i ta privdel dg` thi Lar` hds rikikoiri`.‛?9
?0
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 440-449. Clegi, “Phi Navigdgt aj thi ^ivigteith Viic‛, 0:8-0:5. Dnnar`egf ta Livetenus ?9=4-??, thi jerst sivig wiics aj yidrs aj @dgeil―s praphiny dri nakpresi` aj sivig sdoodtendl yidrs, whenh es jarty-gegi yidrs eg dll. Phisi jarty-gegi yidrs nagstetuti thi Muoelii, eg whenh “sivig sdoodths aj yidrs shdll oi ugta thii jarty dg` gegi yidrs (Livetenus ?9=8).‛ Phes prini`is thi jejteith yidr, whenh es thi Uidr aj Muoelii, whig leoirty es pranldeki` “thraufhaut dll thi ldg` ugta dll thi eghdoetdgts thiriaj (Liv ?9=42).‛ Kdrc _aacir wretis, “Eg d``eteag ta dllawegf thi ?9
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
4:
I`wdr` Uaugf, hawivir, ristrdegs heksilj jrak `rdwegf d `afkdten nagnluseag weth rifdr` ta thi tekegf aj thi sivigteith wiic―s tirkegus. Phi `ejjenulty eg `itirkegegf thi tirkegus d` quik aj thi sivigty wiics shaul` gat oi kesnagstrui` ds widcgiss aj thi trd`eteagdl kissedgen snhaal aj egtirpritdteag. Uaugf paegts aut thdt dll snhaals aj egtirpritdteag dri, eg jdnt, jdni` weth thes `ejjenulty. Uaugf wretis= “Phi quisteag gdturdlly dresis, Vhdt kdrcs thi tirkegdteag aj thi 62 sivigs1 Eg dgswir et shaul` oid` gati` thdt `ais gat sdy d war` doaut thi tirkegdteag. Phi tirkegus quik aj thi thi tixt :5 sivigs es nlidrly stdti`, gdkily, dg dgaegti` agi, d pregni. Ga sunh tirkegus d` quik, hawivir, es fevig jar thi 62 sivigs thiksilvis. Et waul` siik, thirijari, thdt thi tirkegus d` quik wds gat rifdr`i` ds passissegf pdrtenuldr ekpartdgni ar sefgejendgni. Ga ekpartdgt ivigt es segfli` aut ds kdrcegf thi tirkegdteag. Dll snhaals aj egtirpritdteag, thirijari, dri jdni` weth thi `ejjenulty aj `itirkegegf whdt kdrci` thi nlasi aj thi 62 sivigs.‛?: Eg sukkdry, wi rindll thdt sivigty wiics aj yidrs dri `itirkegi` ta juljell sex fridt trdgsdnteags ds eg`endti` oy @dgeil 5=?0. Dnnar`egf ta thi trd`eteagdl egtirpritdteag, thisi kissedgen trdgsdnteags hd` oiig juljelli` `uregf thi Jerst D`vigt aj Misus Nhrest. Phi tirkegus d` quik aj thi sivigty wiics well gat djjint aur ug`irstdg`egf aj thi kissedgen juljellkigts aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Hawivir, thi pldnikigt aj thi tirkegus d qua aj thi sivigteith wiic well `itirkegi whithir thi ivigts aj @dgeil 5=?0 hdvi oiig juljelli`. Ej, dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, thi sivigteith wiic hds yit ta oifeg, et kefht oinaki ginissdry ta `igy thi nakpliti juljellkigt aj thi trdgsdnteags aj @dgeil 5=?0.
ldg` ta lei jdllaw iviry sivigth yidr, thi yidr djtir thi sivigth sdoodtendl yidr, thi jejteith yidr, wds ta oi thi Uidr aj Muoelii, `uregf whenh idnh pirsag wds ta riturg ta hes pirsagdl prapirty. Phus whig d sireis aj sivig yidrs wigt thraufh sivig nynlis (?9=8), thi jallawegf yidr, thi jejteith yidr ndlli` jar d spinedl niliordteag. Phi Uidr aj Muoelii oifdg weth d trukpit oldst ag thi @dy aj Dtagikigt (?9=5), thirioy pranldekegf leoirty ta dll thi eghdoetdgts aj thi ldg` (?9=42).‛ ^ii Kdrc J. _aacir, Livetenus= Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry (Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Orad`kdg Rriss, ?222), >2>. Phi tatdl pirea` aj jaur hug`ri` dg` gegity yidrs (sivigty wiics) eg @dgeil―s praphiny, thirijari, nagstetutis tig muoelii irds. Phi ikphdses es upag thi ultekdti Uidr aj Muoelii, whenh jallaws thi sivigty wiics aj praphiny. ?: Uaugf, @dgeil, ??2-??4.
@dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Prd`eteagdl Kissedgen Egtirpritdteag
46
Nhdptir 46= @dgeil 5=?0-?6 dg` thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag aj Oeol i Rrisoytiredgesk Egtra`unteag Djtir d oreij surviy aj thi trd`eteagdl egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6, wi shdll gaw nagse`ir thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag d`hiri` ta oy oath @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs. Phi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag “rifdr`s vss. ?0 dg` ?6 ds oath rijirregf ta ivigts whenh dri stell igterily juturi.‛4 Phes, ds wi hdvi gati` priveausly, pra`unis dg ig`-teki snhikd whenh es d `rdsten `ipdrturi jrak thi isnhdtalafy jaug` eg thi _ijarki` nagjisseags. Vhig wi pirusi thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs― ug`irstdg`egf aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6, wi jeg` d strecegf sekeldrety oitwiig thier egtirpritdteag dg` thi @espigsdteagdl pdrigthises ug`irstdg`egf aj thi sivigty wiics.
Phi Ivigts aj @dgeil 5=?0 ^tell Juturi1 Nagsirvdtevi snhaldrs figirdlly dfrii thdt thi jerst thrii fadls aj @dgeil 5=?0 dri juljelli` oy thi vendreaus, suostetuteagdry `idth aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest. Et es thi tekegf aj thi juljellkigt aj thi ldst thrii fadls thdt es nagtravirsedl. @espigsdteagdlests rifdr` @dgeil 5=?0-?6 ds d praphiny nagnirgegf idrthly, gdteagdl Esrdil. Ds agi aj thi rdkejendteags aj thier thialafendl-hirkigiutendl systik, thi letirdlesten Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag es rid` egta thi praphiny aj @dgeil. Ds d nagsiquigni, @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs egsest ag jeg`egf d gdteagdlesten, Miwesh juljellkigt aj @dgeil―s sivigty wiics. Nagnirgegf thi jaurth fadl kigteagi` eg @dgeil 5=?0, Ciggith Odrcir wretis, “Ej “ivirldstegf refhtiausgiss‛ odsi` ag thi dtagegf warc aj Nhrest es ta oi oraufht eg jar Esrdil ds d gdteag, et kust oi oraufht eg wheli Esrdil es stell nagstetuti` ds d gdteag, e.i., oijari thi itirgdl stdti oifegs. Phi agly passeoli paegt eg teki whig thes naul` annur dg` rikdeg wetheg thi teki pdrdkitirs ajjiri` (e.i., wetheg thi 052 `inrii` yidrs) waul` oi dt thi ig` aj thi Fridt Preouldteag dg` dt thi egnipteag aj dg idrthly cegf`ak.‛?
4
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 449. Ciggith L. Odrcir, “Ive`igni jrak @dgeil,‛ eg Phi Nakegf Kelliggedl Cegf`ak= D Ndsi jar Rrikelliggedl Egtirpritdteag, i`s. @agdl` C. Ndkpoill dg` Mijjriy L. Pawgsig` (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4556), 409. ?
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
48
Eg thes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi jaurth fadl, “ta oregf eg ivirldstegf refhtiausgiss,‛ Odrcir siis d pdrigthises aj kari thdg 4522 yidrs oitwiig thi :5 th dg` 62th wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Phi 62th wiic es riegtirpriti` ta oi thi sivig yidrs Preouldteag pirea`. Phi sexth fadl, “ta dgaegt thi kast Haly,‛ es ug`irstaa` ds rijirregf ta thi Haly aj Haleis, ar thi Miwesh tikpli. Agni dfdeg, thi avir-letirdlesten hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk Odrcir ixpldegs, `ikdg`s d letirdl, idrthly tikpli ds thi suomint aj dgaegtegf. “Ej thi dgaegtegf aj d haly aj haleis eg @dgeil 5=?0 rijirs ta d tikpli, ets pravigdgni kust oi idrthly, egdskunh ds thiri es ga tikpli eg thi Giw Mirusdlik (nj. _iv. ?4=??). Phi agly passeoli paegt eg teki jar thi dgaegtegf aj dg idrthly tikpli kust oi ldti eg thi Fridt Preouldteag ar idrly eg d kelliggedl cegf`ak . . . Ej thi Pikpli aj Iziceil 0> es ta oi tdcig ds kelliggedl, et oinakis d lecily ndg`e`dti jar thes ivigt.‛> Dnnar`egf ta Dlles, “Phi spinedl ridsag thdt @espigsdteagdlests kust egsest thdt vs. ?0 rijirs ta thi juturi es queti nlidr. Ej thi juljellkigt aj thi praphiny es stell egnakpliti, dg` ej thi pri`enteags rildtegf ta thi :5 wiics hd` thier juljellkigt nigtureis dfa, thig thi 62th wiic kust oi stell juturi. Higni thiri kust oi dg egtirvdl oitwiig thi ig` aj thi :5th wiic dg` thi oifeggegf aj thi 62th wiic3 dg` thi igteri Nhurnh dfi ndg oi rifdr`i` ds jarkegf d pdrigthises dt thes paegt.‛0
Phi Preukphdl Igtry aj Misus ds thi Pirkegus D` Tuik aj thi ^exty-Gegth Viic Et es gatdoli thdt Pekathy Paw, thi pregnepdl aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, nagnurs weth `espigsdteagdlest Dlvd M. KnNldeg thdt thi :5th wiic ig`s weth thi treukphdl igtry aj Misus egta Mirusdlik. Djtir ildoardtegf ag d ldoyregthegi kdthikdtendl `i`unteag nagnievi` oy KnNldeg nagnirgegf thi `dti (>? D@) aj thi tirkegus d` quik aj thi jerst sexty-gegi wiics, Paw ixnldeks, “@ais thes gat jet weth thi `dti drrevi` dt oy KnNldeg thdt Nhrest ra`i d `agciy ag Rdlk ^ug`dy egta Mirusdlik1 Oijari Haly Viic wds nagsukkdti`, aur Lar` wds nut ajj out gat jar heksilj, oy
> 0
Eoe`., 409-40:. Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 44:.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
45
nrunejexeag!‛9 Jrak KnNldeg―s kdthikdtendl ndlnuldteags, Paw dppdrigtly thegcs thdt Nhrest―s treukphdl igtry nlidrly kdrcs thi tirkegus d` quik aj thi :5th wiic.: Out @dgeil 5=?9d agly rid`s, “Cgaw thirijari dg` ug`irstdg`, thdt jrak thi faegf jarth aj thi nakkdg`kigt ta ristari dg` ta ouel` Mirusdlik ugta thi Kissedh thi Rregni shdll oi sivig wiics, dg` thriisnari dg` twa wiics.‛ Phi phrdsi “ugta thi Kissedh thi Rregni‛ gawhiri suffists thdt thi tirkegus d` quik es kdrci` oy thi treukphdl igtry aj thi Kissedh. Eg jdnt, thiri es ga ixifitendl odses jar thes egtirpritdteag odsi` upag d letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thes tixt. Dnnar`egf ta Uaugf, “SPhi Rraphit @dgeil[ thirijari wds ta laac jar thi agi wha dt thi sdki teki wds oath dg dgaegti` agi dg` d pregni (thi `ijegeti drtenli es kessegf) dg` whig sunh d agi dppidri`, thi praphiny waul` oi juljelli`.‛6 Dpdrt jrak KnNldeg―s drethkiten aj Oyzdgtegi nakplixety, Paw efgaris thi jdnt thdt thi tixt (@dgeil 5=?9) `ais gat spinejendlly rijir ta thi treukphdl igtry ds thi tirkegus d` quik aj thi sexty-gegth wiic. Dlles rikeg`s us thdt thi ixifitendl odses jar sunh dg egtirpritdteag es tiguaus dt oist. Hi drfuis thdt, “Phi war` “pregni‛ (gdfe`) es jdr taa eg`ijegeti dg ixprisseag ta wdrrdgt sunh dg egjirigni. Jar thdt kdttir, thi war`s aj thi dggugnedteag ta Kdry (Lc. e. >?) waul` mustejy us eg rifdr`egf thisi war`s ds rijirregf ta thi oerth aj “thi ^ag aj thi Hefhist,‛ wha wds dnnldeki` oy thi dgfil ds “Nhrest thi Lar`‛3 ar thiy kefht rijir ta thi odptesk, dt whenh Hi wds `inldri` ta oi Fa`―s “oilavi` ^ag.―‛8 Gagithiliss, et es aoveaus thdt Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi jallaws KnNldeg―s pdrigthises egtirpritdteag jdethjully, egnlu`egf hes drethkiten.
Phi Nuttegf-Ajj aj Kissedh Gat eg thi 62th Viic D stu`y aj Pekathy Paw―s nakkigtdry ag @dgeil ilune`dtis thdt hi pldnis thi “nuttegf-ajj,‛ ar thi nrunejexeag, aj thi Kissedh eg thi nhurnh dfi pdrigthises, dg` gat wetheg thi 62th wiic. Phes es oindusi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs `a gat ug`irstdg` thi 9
Pekathy Paw, Zeseags aj thi Rregnily Rraphit= D ^tu`y aj thi Oaac aj @dgeil (^egfdpari= Nhrestedg Leji Ruoleshirs, 4559), 50. : KnNldeg―s ndlnuldteags dri ripra`uni` eg Paw dg` Chaa, Phialafy jar Iviry Nhrestedg, 02?-020. 6 Uaugf, @dgeil, ?20. 8 Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh , 44:. Dlles dlsa ripu`edtis thi kdthikdtendl kitha`s aj `i`unteag usi` oy ^er _aoirt Dg`irsag dg` athirs eg pp. 44:-446.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?2
62th wiic ds oiegf ekki`edtily siquigtedl ta thi dgtini`igt sexty-gegi wiics. Oitwiig thi :5th dg` 62th wiic aj @dgeil es paseti` dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp, cgawg ds thi nhurnh dfi pdrigthises.5
Phi Fdp Phiary @r M. A. Ouswill, dnnar`egf ta @r Mijjriy Chaa, nlidrly ug`irstaa` d “teki fdp‛ oitwiig @dgeil 5=?: dg` 5=?6. Chaa wretis, “Phi ^inag` Nakegf well oi prini`i` oy d letirdl sivig-yidr treouldteag pirea` thdt nagsests aj twa hdlvis aj thrii dg` d hdlj yidrs idnh. Phi 62th wiic well nakkigni dt thi sefgegf aj d pidni navigdgt igfegiiri` oy thi Dgtenhrest oitwiig Esrdil dg` hir igikeis (@dg 5=?6).‛42 Eg dnnar`dgni weth Chaa―s ug`irstdg`egf, d teki fdp aj kari thdg 4522 yidrs prini`is thi 62th wiic. Pawdr`s thi ig` aj thi pdrigthises Nhurnh Dfi, thi 62th wiic “well nakkigni dt thi sefgegf aj d pidni navigdgt igfegiiri` oy thi Dgtenhrest.‛ Eg thi @espigsdteagdlest―s ig`-teki snhikd, thi eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp es issigtedl jar thi igteri prikelliggedl systik. “Ej thi fdp thiary ndggat oi pravi` jrak d stu`y aj thes kissedgen praphiny Saj @dgeil 5=?0-?6[, thig thiri es ga vdle`ety ta `espigsdteagdlesk, dg` thi igteri ig`-teki systik ndlli` `espigsdteagdlesk kust oi riminti`. thiy44kust `ivesi d wdy ta nridti d fdp Oindusi oitwiig `espigsdteagdlests thi sexty-gegth dg`ug`irstdg` sivigteiththes, wiics.‛ A``ly, thi `urdteag aj thes teki fdp es dlkast ?222 yidrs - tweni thi `urdteag aj thi igteri idrthly Kelliggeuk prapaug`i` oy @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests, dg` jaur tekis lagfir thdg thi teki jrdki aj @dgeil―s praphiny aj 052 yidrs. @ispeti thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s egsestigni upag d letirdl hirkigiutens, thiri es ga “letirdl‛ ar aoveaus hirkigiutendl odses jar thi egtirpaseteag aj dg eg`ijegeti teki fdp oitwiig @dgeil 5=?: dg` 5=?6. @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs shaul` dt lidst oidr thi our`ig aj praaj eg thier ixifises.
5
^ii Paw, Zeseags aj thi Rregnily Rraphit, 5>. Eg Paw―s `edfrdk “Phi ^ivigty Viics aj @dgeil,‛ thi Kissedh es nut-ajj djtir thi :5th wiic, `uregf thi Nhurnh Dfi pdrigthises. Dlsa sii Paw dg` Chaa, Phialafy jar Iviry Nhrestedg, 020. Hiri, Paw dg` Chaa ugiquevandlly stdti, “Oitwiig thi :5 wiics dg` thi jegdl 62th wiic, thiri es dg egtirvdl= d pirea` aj Fa`―s th pdteigni (? Rit >=5). Out whig thi teki es up, thi 62 wiic well nakkigni weth thi Dgtenhrest kdcegf pidni weth Esrdil (@dg 5=?6), dg` jegdlly nagnlu`i weth thi odttli aj Drkdfi``ag (_iv 4:=4:).‛ 42 Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 64?- 64>. 44 @iKdr, Ldst @dys Kd`giss, >?5.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?4
Eg `isnreoegf thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg trd`eteag aj d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, Nhdrlis ^iit pranldeks, “Fa` hd` fevig thi ^nrepturis ta us eg d nlidr, sekpli dg` strdefhtjarwdr` kdggir. Phi kissdfi es kidgt ta oi dnnisseoli ta thi rdgc dg` jeli wha oilagf ta Fa`. Ga spinedl nldss aj piapli sunh ds praphits, tidnhirs, thialafedgs ar snhaldrs stdg`s oitwiig thi piapli dg` thi kissdfi. Dll aj thes drfuis jar d pregnepli aj egtirpritdteag thdt oregfs thi kidgegf aj thi Oeoli wetheg thi frdsp ajesthi rdgc dg` jelithi aj ^nrepturis thi piaplieg ajthier Fa`.letirdl Phes dg` pregnepli, nlidrly stdti`, thdt aj tdcegf garkdl sigsi, dg` ug`irstdg`egf thdt thes dppleis ta thi whali Oeoli, egnlu`egf pdssdfis ag isnhdtalafy. Ej thi pldeg sigsi aj sunh d pdssdfi kdcis faa` sigsi, thiri es ga gii` jar us ta siic saki he``ig ar sykoalen kidgegf.‛4? Dnnar`egf ta ^iit―s “letirdl dg` garkdl‛ hirkigiutens, thi “rdgc dg` jeli wha oilagf ta Fa`‛ shaul` oi doli ta `inephir dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp oitwiig @dgeil 5=?: dg` 5=?6 wethaut thi dssestdgni aj “praphits, tidnhirs, thialafedgs ar snhaldrs‛. Phes teki fdp aj dlkast twa kelligged shaul` oi ug`igedoly aoveaus ta dgy rid`ir. ^iit nagteguis hes terd`i dfdegst gag-letirdlests, “Ds yau ndg sii, thasi wha `a gat egtirprit thes pdssdfi letirdlly, tdci queti d lat aj leoirteis weth thi tixt, kdcegf et kidg thegfs thdt dri gat gdturdl ta thi pldeg sigsi aj thi tixt. Phi pldeg kidgegf aj thi tixt es thirijari efgari` eg jdvaur aj d he``ig, nrypten kissdfi, whenh agly thasi wha dri qudlejei` ndg ug`irstdg`.‛4> Dnnar`egf ta ^iit―s hirkigiutens, thasi wha `a gat egtirprit praphiten pdssdfis letirdlly “tdci queti d lat aj leoirteis weth thi tixt.‛ Eg jdnt, hi dllifis thdt ugliss agi ug`irstdg`s praphiny “letirdlly,‛ agi es egd`virtigtly prdntenegf iesifises. Phes egnlu`is kdcegf praphiten tixts kidg “thegfs thdt dri gat gdturdl ta thi pldeg sigsi aj thi tixt.‛ Out ^iit oifs thi quisteag= Es thi teki fdp aj dlkast twa kelligged oitwiig @dgeil 5=?: dg` 5=?6 nagse`iri` thi “pldeg sigsi aj thi tixt1‛ Djtir thi juljellkigt aj thi jerst :5 wiics aj yidrs eg nhragalafendl siquigni dg` nagteguety, ^iit―s isnhdtalafendl snhikd `ikdg`s dg uggdturdl, dorupt pastpagikigt aj thi 62th wiic. Eg ridlety, thi “rdgc dg` jeli wha oilagf ta Fa`‛ well veiw sunh d fdp ds “d he``ig, nrypten kissdfi,‛ whenh agly d jarni` iesifises well spdwg. 4? 4>
Nhdrlis ^iit, “Rrikelliggedlesk,‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush >, ga. ? (4556)= 58-55. Eoe`., 55.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
??
^iit waul` `a will ta hii` thi d`veni aj Mijjriy Chaa, wha pirnievis thdt d “`udlesten wdy aj egtirpritegf thi ^nrepturis es `ui ta . . . prisuppaseteagdl oeds. . . . Phi speretudlesegf kitha` aj oeolendl egtirpritdteag es jdlldneaus. Et jdels ta dllaw thi tixt ta sdy whdt et dntudlly kidgs (ixifises), out ekpasis upag thi tixt whdt thi egtirpritir wdgts et ta kidg (iesifises).‛40 Phi ginissety aj d nhragalafendlly siquigtedl juljellkigt aj thi sivigty wiics well oinaki dppdrigt whig wi prdyi` nagse`ir thiUdhwih odncfraug` ajristari @dgeil Mirusdlik 5=?0-?6. Egdg` @dgeil 5=4-45, thi praphit @dgeil thdt waul` thi tikpli. @dgeil prdyi`, “A Lar`, dnnar`egf ta dll thy refhtiausgiss, E oisiinh thii, lit thegi dgfir dg` thy jury oi turgi` dwdy jrak thy nety Mirusdlik, thy haly kaugtdeg= oindusi jar aur segs, dg` jar thi egequeteis aj aur jdthirs, Mirusdlik dg` thy piapli dri oinaki d ripradnh ta dll thdt dri doaut us (@dg. 5=4:).‛ @dgeil hd` ug`irstaa` (@dg. 5=?) jrak thi praphiny aj Mirikedh (Mir. ?9=44-40) thdt Esrdil waul` fa egta ndptevety ta Odoylag jar sivigty yidrs. Vhig thi dgfil Fdoreil dgswiri` @dgeil―s prdyir eg 5=?2-?6, thi sivigty yidrs aj ndptevety wds `rdwegf ta d nlasi. Dnnar`egf ta @dgeil―s ug`irstdg`egf, thi sivigty yidrs aj Mirikedh―s praphiny wds egtig`i` ta rug nagsinutevily dg` siquigtedlly. Et es aoveaus thdt @dgeil waul` gat hdvi ixpinti` Fa` ta pldni dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp oitwiig thi sexty-gegth dg` sivigteith yidrs aj Esrdil―s ndptevety. Hi wds dgtenepdtegf thi ristardteag aj Mirusdlik dt thi ig` aj sivigty nagsinutevily ruggegf yidrs. @iKdr ixpldegs, “Phi sivigty-yidr pirea` aj ndptevety ds `isnreoi` eg Mirikedh ?5=?2 es d pdttirg jar thi “sivigty wiics‛ eg @dgeil 5=?0. “Phirijari, ds Mdnquis @auchdg hds paegti` aut, ‘Phi sivigty wiics― praphiny kust oi egtirpriti` weth rifdr` ta hestary eg ds ridlesten d wdy ds @dgeil `e` jar thi praphiny aj Mirikedh.―‛ Jrak thes dlagi wi ndg nagnlu`i thdt segni thi sivigty yidrs aj ndptevety wiri nagsinutevi weth ga fdp ar pdrigthises, thi “sivigty wiics‛ kust dlsa oi nagsinutevi, siiegf thiri es gathegf eg thi tixt ta kdci us thegc athirwesi. @dgeil odsis hes prdyir jar ristardteag ta thi ldg` ag thi nirtdegty aj thi ri-istdoleshkigt prakesi` oy Fa` whig thi sivigty yidrs wiri nakpliti` (Mir. ?5=42).‛49
40
Chaa, “Dkelliggedlesk Ixdkegi`,‛ 0. @iKdr, Ldst @dys Kd`giss, >>2, quategf Mdnquis @auchdg, “Phi ^ivigty Viics aj @dgeil 5= Dg Ixifitendl ^tu`y,‛ Dg`riws Ygevirsety ^ikegdry ^tu`eis 46 (^pregf 4565)= 8. 49
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?>
Phirijari, must ds @dgeil ug`irstaa` thi sivigty yidrs aj Esrdil―s ndptevety ds nhragalafendlly siquigtedl idrth yidrs, wi kust egtirprit thi sivigty wiics aj yidrs (@dg. 5=?0-?6) ds ruggegf nagsinutevily wethaut egtirrupteag. Ds Fa` hd` prakesi` thdt Esrdil waul` fa egta ndptevety jar sivigty yidrs, et waul` oi ugridsagdoli ta sdy thdt Fa` hd` cipt Hes war` ej d teki fdp es droetrdrely paseti` oitwiig thi sextygegth dg` sivigteith yidrs aj Esrdil―s ndptevety. Djtir dll, Fa` hd` spinejei` thdt Esrdil waul` oi hil` ndptevi jar agly sivigty yidrs, dg` gat kari. @iKdr drfuis, “Naul` Fa` hdvi pldni` d “fdp‛ oitwiig thi sexty-gegth dg` sivigteith yidrs aj Esrdil―s ndptevety, d``egf, sdy, d hug`ri` yidrs dg` stell kdegtdeg thdt Hi hd` cipt Hes war`1 Phiri es ga wdy Hi naul` hdvi `agi et dg` rikdegi` d Fa` aj truth. Out whdt ej Fa` ndki odnc dg` sde`, “E `e`g―t dntudlly d`` dgy yidrs3 E must pastpagi` thi jegdl yidr oy kidgs aj d ‘fdp― aj 422 yidrs. Phi ‘fdp― nagsestegf aj 422 yidrs, whenh yau dssuki ta oi d``eteagdl yidrs, shaul` gat oi ndlnuldti` eg thi avirdll dnnaugtegf.‛ Phes waul` kidg thdt 462 yidrs waul` hdvi pdssi`. Ysegf “fdp lafen‛ thi Oeoli naul` stell kdegtdeg thdt Esrdil wds eg ndptevety jar agly sivigty yidrs. Lit―s ndll thes whdt es et= gagsigsi.‛4: Aswdl` Dlles, leciwesi, nretenezis thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj @dgeil 5=?0?6= “Es et nri`eoli thdt thes praphiny, whenh spidcs sa `ijegetily aj 62 wiics dg` thig suo`eve`is thi 62 egta 6 dg` :? dg` 4, shaul` riqueri jar ets narrint egtirpritdteag thdt dg egtirvdl oi `esnaviri` oitwiig thi ldst twa aj thi wiics jdr lagfir thdg thi igteri pirea` naviri` oy thi praphiny etsilj1 Ej thi :5 wiics dri ixdntly 08> nagsinutevi yidrs, ixdnt ta thi viry `dy, dg` ej thi 4 wiic es ta oi ixdntly 6 nagsinutevi yidrs, es et nri`eoli thdt dg egtirvdl whenh es dlrid`y kari thdg 4522 yidrs, gidrly jaur tekis ds lagf ds thi pirea` naviri` oy thi praphiny, es ta oi egtra`uni` egta et dg` dllawi` ta egtirrupt ets juljellkigt1 Et waul` siik ta oi aoveaus thdt thi kari `ijegeti dg` prinesi thi nhragalafy aj thi wiics es hil` ta oi, thi kari `ejjenult kust et oinaki ta rifdr` thi egsirteag aj d queti eg`ijegeti dg` tekiliss egtirvdl egta et ds pirkesseoli ar passeoli.‛46 Navigdgt thialafedgs shaul` dll thi kari oileivi eg d navigdgt-ciipegf Fa`. Et es re`enulaus, ta sdy thi lidst, ta drfui thdt Fa` ndg `ildy thi juljellkigt aj d praphiny, 4: 46
Eoe`., >>2->>4. Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh , 448.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?0
dg` stell oi ndlli` d navigdgt-ciipegf Fa`. Phi nrux aj thi kdttir es gat whithir sunh d `ildy eg juljellkigt ndg oi thialafendlly „ dg` pirhdps, iuphikestendlly „ ldoili` ds d pdrigthises, d pastpagikigt, ar d fdp. Ej d praphiny es gat juljelli` wetheg ets `itirkegi` teki jrdki, thig sunh d praphiny es nagse`iri` jdlsi dg` ugjuljelli`. Et es strdgfi thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, wha dri prajissi`ly navigdgt thialafedgs, nagtig` thdt Fa` ndg egsirt dg eg`ijegeti teki fdp oitwiig thi ldst twa wiics aj @dgeil―s praphiny, dg` yit kdegtdeg thi egtifrety aj thi praphiny whenh hds d spinejen teki jrdki aj 052 yidrs. Eragendlly, thi teki fdp ar `ildy es dlkast jaur tekis ds lagf ds thi spinejei` teki jrdki etsilj= d `ildy aj kari thdg 4522 yidrs. Phes egsirteag aj dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp es d silj-nagtrd`entary vealdteag aj thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s suppasi`ly letirdl hirkigiutens. Uit, thi igteri `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedl snhikd es `ipig`igt upag thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6.
Phi Miwesh Rraphiten Nlanc Phiary Eg hes nakkigtdry ag @dgeil, thi Rregnepdl aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, _ivirig` Pekathy Paw, wrati=
“Vheli @dgeil wds thegcegf thdt thi nagsukkdteag 62 yidrs ixeli dnnar`egf ta Mirikedh―s praphiny waul` ushir eg thiajKissedgen Cegf`ak, Fa` rdthir rividli` whdt waul` hdppig ta Esrdil eg 62 x 6 praphiten yidrs hiridjtir. D giw @dy eg`ii` wds nakegf whig thi Kissedh shdll mu`fi thes segjul idrth dg` oregf eg refhtiausgiss, out gat ugtel 62 x 6 praphiten yidrs hd` pdssi`. . . . Vhdt @dgeil dntudlly sde` eg Hioriw wds “sivigty sivigs dri `itirkegi`‛. Phes es ta sdy Fa` wds tillegf hek et waul` gat tdci sivigty yidrs out sivig tekis sivigty ta nagsukkdti Hes sdvegf warc weth Esrdil. Phes wds d nrypten wdy aj sdyegf, 052 yidrs. . . . Veth thi nuttegf ajj aj thi Kissedh thi “praphiten nlanc‛ siiki` ta hdvi stappi` tencegf . Eg @dgeil―s “praphisnapi‛ whdt es eg thi `estdgt juturi es oraufht egta janus, vez thi ldst ar sivigteith wiic.‛48 Et es eg`uoetdoly nlidr thdt Paw oileivis thdt thi Miwesh nlanc “stappi` tencegf‛ sakiteki `uregf thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest. Dlles ixpldegs thdt “@espigsdteagdlests dri jag` aj thi ellustrdteag aj d nlanc. Phi tencegf nlanc, thiy till us, riprisigts
48
Paw, Zeseags aj thi Rregnily Rraphit, 52, 50, ikphdses kegi. _iv Pekathy Paw es dlsa thi Linturir eg ^ystikdten Phialafy aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?9
“Miwesh‛ teki. Phi kystiry pdrigthises es “teki aut.‛ Fa` agly naugts teki eg `idlegf weth Esrdil, whig thi piapli dri eg thi ldg`.‛45 ^aki `espigsdteagdlests fa jurthir, dg` d`` thdt thes Miwesh nlanc well agly tenc whig thi gdteag aj Esrdil es favirgi` oy Fa`. Out whiri eg thi tixt aj @dgeil 5=?0?6 `a wi jeg` dg ixifitendl odses jar thes teki nlanc1 Et es dppdrigt thdt gat agly thi thialafendl-hirkigiutendl systik aj thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs es sekeldr ta @espigsdteagdlesk, out ivig thier ixifisis aj nretendl praphiten tixts dri sekeldr ta thdt aj @espigsdteagdl ixifitis. Dlles ridsags thdt, dnnar`egf ta hestary, thi gdteag aj Esrdil wds eg thier ldg` jar dlkast 02 yidrs djtir thi nlanc hd` dllifi`ly stappi` tencegf e.i. whig Nhrest wds “nut-ajj.‛ Phi Esrdiletis wiri `espirsi` agly dt D.@. 62, whig thi nety aj Mirusdlik wds rdvdfi` oy thi _akdg drky. Vhithir agi dssirts thdt thi nlanc stappi` dt thi Preukphdl Igtry, ar dt thi nrunejexeag aj Nhrest, thiri dri dlkast 0 `ind`is ta dnnaugt jar, eg whenh thi gdteag aj Esrdil wds stell eg thier ldg` djtir thi Miwesh nlanc hd` suppasi`ly stappi`. Phirijari, et ndggat oi thdt thi nlanc tencs agly whig Esrdil es eg thier ldg`. Ag thi athir hdg`, ej agi drfuis thdt thi nlanc tencs agly whig Esrdil es favirgi` oy Fa` ds d thianrdny, wi kust dsc ej thes nag`eteag wds juljelli` `uregf thi :5 wiics aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Dlles ixpldegs, “Phi ldst thianrdten cegf aj thi Hausi aj @dve` hd` last hes thragi jull 92 yidrs oijari thi i`ent aj Nyrus dg` gidrly 492 yidrs oijari thi `inrii aj Drtdxirxis. “Phi tekis aj thi Figtelis‛ dri rifdr`i` oy @espigsdteagdlests ds oifeggegf weth Giounhd`gizzdr―s `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik. Higni thes igteri pirea` wds `estegntly gat d pirea` whig Esrdil wds “favirgi` oy Fa`.‛ Ej thi nlanc riprisigts “Miwesh‛ teki, weth Esrdil eg thi ldg` dg` favirgi` oy Fa`, haw thig naul` et tenc dt dll `uregf thi igteri pirea` jrak 009 O.N. ta D.@. >21‛?2 Phirijari, whithir agi hal`s ta “thi i`ent aj Nyrus‛ ar “thi `inrii aj Drtdxirxis‛ ds thi tirkegus d qua aj @dgeil―s sivigty wiics praphiny, agi hds ta dfrii thdt thiri es ga thialafendl ar ixifitendl odses jar thi Miwesh tencegf nlanc thiary. Et es gatdoli thdt @r Mijjriy Chaa, thi Dnd`iken @idg aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, dppdrigtly rimints thi gateag thdt “thi prisigt nhurnh dfi es d ‘pdrigthises― ar ‘egtirndldteag― `uregf whenh Fa` hds tikpardrely suspig`i` Hes prekdry purpasi 45 ?2
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh , 448. Eoe`., 445.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?:
weth Esrdil.‛?4 Eg hes athir wretegfs, @r Chaa ikphdsezis thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs “ndtifarendlly rimint . . . Sthi `espigsdteagdl[ thialafendl fre`.‛?? Ds thi dnd`iken `idg aj thi agly Oeoli Rrisoytiredg sikegdry eg ^egfdpari, stdtikigts kd`i oy Chaa nirtdegly hdvi wiefht dg` sefgejendgni. @ispeti thi djarikigteagi` ikphdten `inldrdteags, thi stu`igts eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi dri oiegf tdufht thdt d nhurnh dfi ‘pdrigthises― ixests oitwiig @dgeil―s sexty-gegth dg` sivigteith wiic.?> Ds Paw hd` sunnegntly wrettig, “Veth thi nuttegf ajj aj thi ?0
Kissedh thi “praphiten nlanc‛ siiki` ta hdvi stappi` tencegf.‛ Nagsestigt weth thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6, thi praphiten nlanc jar Esrdil “stappi` tencegf‛ dt thi ig` aj thi sexty-gegth wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Chaa rikeg`i` us thdt thi 6 yidrs aj Preouldteag, dnnar`egf ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ug`irstdg`egf, es “thi 62th wiic aj @dgeil (@dg 5=?6).‛?9 Phes es whig thi praphiten nlanc jar Esrdil stdrts tencegf dfdeg. Fevig thi ive`igt `esnripdgneis eg hes wretegfs, E dk suri thdt Chaa wds gat tryegf ta nagviy dg ekprisseag aj iquevandteag, ar warsi, nagjuseag. Et es, eg`ii`, ugjdthakdoli haw Chaa dg` Paw ndg mustejy thi pldnikigt aj dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp oitwiig thi sexty-gegth dg` sivigteith wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny, dg` dt thi sdki teki, ripu`edti thi ‘pdrigthises― thiary aj `espigsdteagdl innlisealafy. ^urily thi `espigsdteagdlests dppidr kari ndg`e` dg` nagsestigt eg thes dspint. Ga pldeg ar letirdl rid`egf aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 well dllaw thi `espigsdteagdlest ar Oeoli Rrisoytiredg “ta egsirt d pirea` aj teki oitwiig thi jiit dg` thi tais aj Giounhd`gizzdr―s stdtui (@dg. ?=02-0>) dg` oitwiig thi sexty-gegth dg` sivigteith wiic aj thi praphiny autlegi` eg @dgeil 5=?0-?6.‛?: Phes es dg ifrifeaus vealdteag aj thi nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk, “eg ar`ir ta kdci thi `espigsdteagdl systik warc.‛?6
?4
^ii Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy , ?8-?5 ug`ir sinteag ag `espigsdteagdl innlisealafy. ?? ^ii Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 4?. Nj. e`ik, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, 0:. ?> ^ii Paw, Zeseags aj thi Rregnily Rraphit, 5>-50. Phi Nhurnh Dfi ds d ‘pdrigthises― es nlidrly egtekdti` eg thi `edfrdk igtetli` “Phi ^ivigty Viics aj @dgeil‛ ag p. 5>. Phi ‘Nhurnh Dfi― es pldni` oitwiig thi sexty-gegth dg` sivigteith wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Dlsa sii Paw dg` Chaa, Phialafy jar Iviry Nhrestedg, 020. ?0 Paw, Zeseags aj thi Rregnily Rraphit, 50. Dlsa sii Paw dg` Chaa, Phialafy jar Iviry Nhrestedg, 020. ?9 Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>>. ?: @iKdr, Ldst @dys Kd`giss, >?:. ?6 Eoe`.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?6
Dlles dptly nagnlu`is, “Eg shart, thi nlanc `ais gat rug ag Miwesh teki ar ag Figteli teki. Et staps dt thi treukphdl igtry dg` risukis tencegf dt thi rdpturi sekply oindusi thi ixefigneis aj thi @espigsdteagdl thiary riqueri et, oindusi raak kust oi jaug` jar thi igteri Nhurnh dfi . . . .‛?8
Vha Nagjerks thi Navigdgt eg @dgeil 5=?6= Nhrest ar Dgtenhrest1 Vhdt es thi e`igtety aj thi pirsag wha nagjerks ar kdcis jerk d navigdgt weth kdgy eg virsi ?61 @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt thes pirsag es thi isnhdtalafendl Dgtenhrest. Mahg Vdlvaar` wretis, “SP[hes rijirs ta thi nakegf warl` rulir dt thi oifeggegf aj thi ldst sivig yidrs wha es doli ta fdeg nagtral avir tig naugtreis eg thi Ke``li Idst. Hi well kdci d navigdgt weth Esrdil jar d sivig-yidr pirea`. Ds @dgeil 5=?6 eg`endtis, eg thi ke``li aj thi sivig yidrs hi well oridc thi navigdgt, stap thi sdnrejenis oiegf ajjiri` eg thi tikpli riouelt eg thdt pirea`, dg` oinaki thier pirsinutar egstid` aj thier pratintar, juljellegf thi prakesis aj Esrdil―s `dy aj trauoli (Mir. >2=9-6).‛?5
^a dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli thiKasden Dgtenhrest well d navigdgt weth kdgy `uregf thi sivig yidrs Rrisoytiredgs, Preouldteag. Phi retudl aj kdci sdnrejeni well oi ristari`, out eg thi ke``li aj thi sivig yidrs Preouldteag pirea`, thi Dgtenhrest well oridc thi navigdgt, doalesh thi tikpli sdnrejenis, oifegs hes riefg aj tirrar, dg` pirsinuti thi Miws. Phes oifegs whdt @espigsdteagdlests ndll thi Fridt Preouldteag (Kdtt. ?0=?43 _iv. 44=?->). Paw dfriis weth Vdlvaar` thdt et es Dgtenhrest, dg` gat Nhrest, wha nagjerks thi navigdgt eg virsi ?6. Paw wretis, “Veth rijirigni ta thdt pregni idrleir kigteagi`, hi waul` oi thi Dgtenhrest, thi ldst Varl` @entdtar= “Hi shdll nagjerk thi navigdgt weth kdgy jar agi wiic.―‛>2 Ds kdegtdegi` oy @espigsdteagdlests, “thi pregni thdt shdll naki (@dg. 5=?:)‛ es thi pirsag wha well nagjerk thi navigdgt weth kdgy eg virsi ?6. “Et es drfui` thdt “pregni‛ es thi suomint aj thi viro “nagjerk‛ oindusi et es gidrir ta et thdg es thi ?8
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh , 445. Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdg`oaac, ?96. >2 Paw, Zeseags aj thi Rregnily Rraphit, 50. ?5
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?8
war` “dgaegti` (agi).‛ Out thes drfukigt es kari thdg ajjsit oy thi jdnt thdt thi suomint aj thi viro “`istray‛ es gat “pregni‛ out “piapli‛ (“dg` thi piapli aj thi pregni, thi nakegf agi, shdll `istray‛). Ej thi gidrist suomint kust oi rifdr`i` ds thi suomint aj thi viro “nagjerk,‛ et shaul` oi “piapli‛ gat “pregni.‛>4 @espigsdteagdlests dfrii thdt “thi piapli aj thi pregni thdt shdll naki (@dg. 5=?:)‛ rijirs ta thi _akdg drky ug`ir Figirdl Petus. Ej thi @espigsdteagdlest egsests thdt “thi pregni thdt shdll naki‛ kust oi thi suomint aj thi viro “nagjerk‛ eg virsi ?6, thig thi Dgtenhrest kust oi Petus heksilj, ar Petus ri`evevus. Figtry nagnurs weth Dlles thdt, “Phi eg`ijegeti pragaug “hi‛ `ais gat rijir odnc ta “thi pregni wha es ta naki‛ aj virsi ?:. Phdt “pregni‛ es d suoar`egdti gaug3 “thi piapli‛ es thi `akegdgt gaug. Phus, thi “hi‛ rijirs odnc ta thi ldst `akegdgt eg`eve`udl kigteagi`= “Kissedh‛ (v. ?:d).‛>? Uaugf rikeg`s us thdt “thi pregni (virsi ?:)‛ es gat ivig thi suomint aj d sigtigni. Frdkkdtendlly, “thi piapli‛ dri eg d kari prakegigt paseteag thdg “thi pregni.‛ Eg jdnt, “thi phrdsi aj thi pregni eg vs. ?: es eg sunh d suoar`egdti paseteag thdt et es ixtrikily uglecily thdt wi dri ta rifdr` et ds dgtini`igt aj “hi well nagjerk.‛ Jurthirkari, thes igteri pdssdfi es Kissedgen eg gdturi, dg` thi Kissedh es thi lid`egf nhdrdntir. Phi figirdl thiki aj thi pdssdfi, egtra`uni` eg vs. ?0, es surily Kissedgen.‛>> Kiri`eth Clegi drfuis thdt Fa`―s navigdgt weth Esrdil jarks dg avirdrnhegf ri`ikptevi-hestarendl fre` whenh ug`irfer`s @dgeil 5=?0-?6. Hi wretis, “Phi whali nagtixt Saj @dgeil 5=?6[ spidcs dfdegst thi suppaseteag thdt dg dltafithir `ejjirigt navigdgt jrak thi `evegi navigdgt whenh es thi nigtrdl thiki thraufhaut @dgeil 5 es doruptly egtra`uni` hiri dt thi nlekdx aj et dll.‛>0 Dnnar`egf ta Clegi, thi jark dg` nagtigt aj @dgeil 5, ds will ds thi nagnipt aj Fa`―s navigdgt weth Esrdil, dgtenepdtis d praphiny doaut thi kissedgen nagsukkdteag aj thi viry sdki navigdgt Fa` kd`i weth thi Miws. Phirijari, whig wi rid` aj d navigdgt eg 5=?6, et es nlidr whdt thes navigdgt es. Oise`is, thi ldgfudfi >4
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh , 4?4. Figtry, Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag, >>0. >> Uaugf, @dgeil, ?28-?25. >0 Clegi, “Phi Navigdgt aj thi ^ivigteith Viic‛, 0:>. >?
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
?5
thraufhaut @dgeil 5 supparts thi e`igtejendteag aj thi pirsag wha shdll nagjerk thi navigdgt eg virsi ?6. Eg @dgeil 5=?:, wi rid` thdt thi Dgaegti` Agi well oi nut ajj. Ivig thi viro cdrdt, whenh es trdgsldti` “nut ajj (virsi ?:),‛ hds d navigdgtdl dlluseag. Clegi wretis, “Phiri es dg egtiristegf legc oitwiig thi Kissedh dg` thi navigdgt eg virsi ?:. Hes `idth es thiri `isnreoi` oy thi viro cdrdt, thi viro rifuldrly ikplayi` jar nursi thi dntajajthi rdtejyegf d navigdgt oystdtikigt d nuttegf doaut retudl whenh partrdyi` thi navigdgt adth. Phi thi navigdgt eg virsi ?6 es thig eg nlidr nagteguety weth thi navigdgtdl dlluseag eg virsi ?:. Fdoreil hiri dssuris @dgeil thdt thi nuttegf ajj aj thi dgaegti` agi (vs. ?:) waul` gat kidg thi jdeluri aj Hes kesseag out, ag thi nagtrdry, ets dnnakpleshkigt.‛>9 Phi Phialafendl Var`oaac aj thi Al` Pistdkigt jurthir ilune`dtis thdt “thi kast ekpartdgt usi aj thi raat Swar` cdrdt[ es “ta nut‛ d navigdgt oęrĴt.‛>: Eg jdnt, “thi war` hiri es prifgdgt weth thialafendl kidgegf. D navigdgt kust oi nut oindusi thi sldufhtir aj dgekdls wds d pdrt aj thi navigdgt retudl. . . . Figises 49 es d sefgejendgt pdssdfi eg thes rifdr`. Phi Lar` kd`i (nut) d navigdgt weth Dordk (v. 48) egvalvegf d kystireaus nirikagy. Dgekdls wiri nut eg hdlj dg` thi pdrts lde` appaseti idnh athir.‛>6 Phus, thiri es ga `auot thdt thi viro cdrdt hds stragf dlluseag ta thi navigdgtdl prakesi aj Udhwih. ̏
Dlthaufh thi usudl viro usi` jar kdcegf d navigdgt, cdrdt, wds usi` eg virsi ?:, et es pdrdkaugt jar us ta gati thdt d `ejjirigt viro hefoer wds usi` egstid` eg @dgeil 5=?6. Clegi rikeg`s us thdt thes viro hefoer kidgs ta “kdci stragf, ndusi ta privdel.‛>8 Phes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi viro hefoer ekpasis dgathir `ejjenulty jar thi juturesten egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?6. @espigsdteagdlests waul` hdvi us oileivi thdt et es thi Dgtenhrest wha kdcis d navigdgt `i gava weth thi gdteag aj Esrdil. Out thi usi aj hefoer stragfly ekpleis thdt thi navigdgt eg 5=?6 es gat d giw navigdgt, out d nagjerkdteag ar igjarnikigt aj d pri-ixestegf navigdgt. Aoveausly, thes navigdgt es d rijirigni ta thi navigdgt aj frdni whenh Udhwih hd` kd`i weth thi pdtredrnh Dordhdk, whenh es gaw oiegf nagjerki` oy thi Kissedh weth thi oileivirs aj Esrdil. Eg veiw aj thi nagtixt aj thi igteri pdssdfi eg @dgeil 5=?0-?6, virsi ?6 “kdy prapirly oi tdcig ta kidg thdt `uregf thi oreij pirea` aj Hes idrthly kegestry Misus >9
Eoe`. Phialafendl Var`oaac aj thi Al` Pistdkigt (4582), s.v. “cĄrdt.‛ >6 Eoe`. >8 Clegi, “Phi Navigdgt aj thi ^ivigteith Viic‛, 0:9. >:
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
>2
juljelli` thi tirks aj thi dgneigt navigdgt kd`i weth thi sii` aj Dordhdk (nj. _ak. xv. 8), thdt Hi sinuri` ets oigijets ta “kdgy,‛ thdt es “ta thi oileivirs eg Esrdil,‛ jar thi pirea` up ta thi stagegf aj ^tiphig, ar pirhdps, eg kirny, ugtel thi teki aj thi `istrunteag aj Mirusdlik, dt whenh teki thi “giw navigdgt,‛ whenh wds eg jdnt agly thi jull ugjal`egf aj thi al` navigdgt dg` kd`i ga `estegnteag oitwiig Miw dg` Figteli, wigt jully egta ijjint thraufh thi `istrunteag aj thi tikpli dg` aj Miwesh gdteagdl ixestigni.‛>5
Nagnluseag Veth thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt thi Kissedh es thi suomint aj thi viro “nagjerk‛ eg virsi ?6, wi ndg gaw sdjily `i`uni thdt thi praphiny aj @dgeil―s sivigty wiics hd` oiig juljelli` eg thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest. Phi trd`eteagdl kissedgen egtirpritdteag es supirear ta thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag oindusi, jerstly, et `ais gat ginissetdti thi egtra`unteag aj d navigdgt whenh es nakplitily jariefg ta thi ri`ikptevi-hestarendl fre` egtregsen ta @dgeil―s praphiny. ^inag`ly, thi hirkigiutens aj thi trd`eteagdl egtirpritdteag es nagsestigt weth thi dgdlafy aj jdeth. Phi ug`irstdg`egf thdt 5=?6 rijirs ta thi doaleshegf aj sdnrejeni dg` aoldteag oy Nhrest―s dtagegf `idth es eg dnnar`dgni weth Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag, vez. Hioriws 42=5-40. Pher`ly, et `ais gat riqueri thi riegstetuteag aj thi Miwesh nult aj tikpli sdnrejeni, agly ta oi tirkegdti` oy d Petus ri`evevus. Kast ekpartdgtly, thi trd`eteagdl egtirpritdteag d`hiris kari nlasily ta thi pldeg ar garkdl kidgegf aj thi tixt. Phiri es ga gii` aj dg eg`itirkegdti teki fdp oitwiig thi :5th dg` 62th wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. “^ivigty wiics dri `itirkegi` upag thy piapli dg` upag thy haly nety (@dg. 5=?0).‛ Phi sivigty wiics aj yidrs dri fevig oy Fa` ds d kidsuregf teki jrdki jar thi praphiny. Ej thi pdrigthises thiary es narrint, thig dll nagnipts aj teki dg` kidsuregf dri kd`i ri`ug`dgt jar thi juljellkigt aj praphiny. Eg jdnt, teki etsilj kdy oinaki errilivdgt jar thi juljellkigt aj dgy praphiny. Oy vertui aj thes irragiaus hirkigiutens, praphiny ndg oi kd`i ta dppidr ds oiegf juljelli` wetheg dgy spinejei` teki jrdki. Phes, E oileivi, es thi kast sireaus widcgiss aj thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag.
>5
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh , 4??.
Phi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag
>4
Nhdptir 48= Phi Kelligge uk Pikpli dg` th i Rra olik aj Kell iggedl Egtirpritd teag Egtra`unteag Nirtdeg praphineis eg thi Al` Pistdkigt siik ta pri`ent thi riouel`egf aj d Miwesh Pikpli eg thi juturi. Nigtrdl ta thi `espigsdteagdl tidnhegf aj d kelliggeuk tikpli es thi praphiny aj Iziceil eg nhdptirs 02 ta 0:. “Oise`is Iziceil 02-0:, thiri dri athir praphineis eg thi Oeoli thdt tdlc doaut d kelliggedl tikpli Se.i. Esd 9:=:-83 Mir >>=49-483 Izic ?2=023 ]inh 40=4:[.‛4 Eg hes pdpir Phi Kelliggedl Pikpli, @r Rrdohu`ds Cashy ixpaug`s thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ug`irstdg`egf aj Iziceil nhdptirs 02 ta 0:. Dnnar`egf ta Cashy, “Phiri dri figirdlly twa veiws dkagf Oeoli-oileivegf snhaldrs nagnirgegf thi gukoir aj juturi tikplis eg Mirusdlik. Phi jerst veiw sdys thdt thiri well agly oi agi tikpli, dg` et well oi ouelt `uregf Nhrest―s kelliggedl ruli. Phi sinag` veiw oileivis thdt thiri well oi twa tikplis eg Mirusdlik. Phi jerst well ixest eg thi sivig-yidr treouldteag pirea`, dg` thi sinag` eg thi kelliggedl pirea`.‛? Cashy pirnievis thdt “oeoli-oileivegf snhaldrs‛ d`hiri ta thi tidnhegf thdt dt lidst agi Miwesh tikpli well oi riouelt eg Mirusdlik eg thi juturi. Eg`espigsdoli ta thisi “oeoli-oileivegf‛ veiws es thi nagnipt aj thi Kelliggedl Pikpli, whenh es purparti`ly nagstrunti` `uregf “Nhrest―s kelliggedl ruli.‛ Eg dfriikigt weth @espigsdteagdlests, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt `uregf thi idrthly Kelliggeuk, thi Miwesh Pikpli, tafithir weth ets sdnrejenedl systik, well oi ri-istdoleshi`. Eg jdnt, Frdni Phialafendl ^ikegdry Rrajissar - @r Mahg Vhetnako egsests thdt “nagsestigt `espigsdteagdlesk kust tidnh thi prdnteni aj dgekdl sdnrejenis jar d ristari` dg` rifigirdti` Esrdil eg thi Kelliggeuk.‛> Mijjriy Chaa, thi Dnd`iken @idg aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, leciwesi ug`irstdg`s thdt agi aj thi “nhdrdntirestens aj thi kelliggeuk‛ es thi riegstetuteag aj Miwesh tikpli “warshep (]inh 8=?2-?0).‛0 Nagsestigt weth thi letirdlesten 4
Rrdohu`ds Cashy, “Phi Kelliggedl Pikpli,‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush :, ga. 4 (?222)= ?:. Eoe`., ?0. > Mahg Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ Frdni Phialafendl Maurgdl :, ga. ? (4589)= ?49. 0 Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>:. ?
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
>?
hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk, Chaa oileivis thdt “d kelliggedl tikpli es `isnreoi` eg Izic 02-0:.‛9 Eg hes Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdg`oaac, Rrajissar Mahg Vdlvaar` dptly ilune`dtis thi `espigsdteagdl `antregi aj Iziceil―s kelliggedl tikpli, “Eg thi Kelliggeuk, dppdrigtly, sdnrejenis well dlsa oi ajjiri`, thaufh sakiwhdt `ejjirigt thdg thasi riqueri` ug`ir thi Kasden Ldw, out thes teki thi well kikaredl, ds:thi Lar`―s ^uppir es d kikaredl eg thi sdnrejenis Nhurnh Dfi jaroithi `idth aj kunh Nhrest.‛ Phi pri`akegdgt `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi kelliggedl dgekdl sdnrejenis es thdt, thisi dgekdl ajjiregfs dri prekdrely kikaredl eg gdturi.6 Phiy sirvi ds d nakkikardteag aj Nhrest―s dtagegf `idth. Rrdohu`ds Cashy, thi @idg aj ^tu`igts dg` thi Linturir eg Hioriw aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, dfriis weth thes `espigsdteagdl veiw. Hi wretis, “Phi kelliggedl sdnrejenis `a gat sdvi. Phiy jugnteag ds rikeg`irs. Phiy rikeg` piapli aj whdt Nhrest hd` dlrid`y `agi ag thi nrass. Phasi wha aomint ta d kelliggedl tikpli oileivi thdt thi Al` Pistdkigt sdnrejenis whenh hdvi oiig dorafdti` eg thi nhurnh dfi waul` givir oi riegstdti`. . . . et es gat narrint ta sdy thdt thi kelliggedl sdnrejenedl systik es ixdntly thi sdki ds thdt aj thi Al` Pistdkigt. Phiri dri sekeldreteis dg` `ejjirignis. Phi kdrci` `ejjirignis shaw us thdt thi kelliggedl sdnrejenis well oi ugequi dg` `estegnt eg thier jidturis (sii Izic 02=4-0:=?03 Esd 9:=63 ::=?2-
9
Eoe`. Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdg`oaac, ?2?. @espigsdteagdlest Mahg Vhetnako, hawivir, `esdfriis thdt thi dgekdl sdnrejenis well oi kikaredl. Vhetnako dppdrigtly ridlezis thi hirkigiutendl `elikkd `espigsdteagdlests hd` sugc egta. Pa oi nagsestigt weth thi “letirdl hirkigiutens‛, hi hd` ta dfrii weth nretens aj `espigsdteagdlesk thdt dgekdl sdnrejenis wiri gat kirily kikaredl ar tidnhegf sykoals. Vhetnako wretis= “Out et es iqudlly irragiaus ta sdy thdt thi sdnrejenis wiri kiri tidnhegf sykoals fevig oy Fa` ta Esrdil ta pripdri thik jar Kissedh dg` hes egjegeti dtagikigt. ^unh d veiw es nagtrd`enti` oy prinesi stdtikigts eg Ixa`us dg` Livetenus.‛ ^ii Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ ?28. Vhetnako nagteguis, “Phus, dgekdl sdnrejenis `uregf thi nakegf Cegf`ak dfi well gat oi prekdrely kikaredl (leci thi iunhdrest eg nhurnh nakkugeag sirvenis), dgy kari thdg sdnrejenis eg thi dfi aj thi Al` Navigdgt wiri prekdrely praspintevi ar praphiten eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj thi ajjirir.‛ Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ ?42. 6 ^ii Mahg L. Ketnhill, “Phi Tuisteag aj Kelliggedl ^dnrejenis,‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 442 (459>)= ?08jj. :
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
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?>3 Mir >>=483 ]inh 40=4:-?43 Kdl >=>-0). Hawivir, thi purpasi es thi sdki - gat ta ajjir d kidgs aj sdlvdteag, out ta sirvi ds d kikaredl aj Nhrest―s 8 `idth.‛ Ixpdg`egf upag thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Kelliggedl Pikpli dg` ets sdnrejenis, Rrdohu`ds Cashy nagteguis, “Vhdt well thi juturi kelliggedl tikpli oi leci1 . . . Phiri well oi jidsts dg` sdnrejenis. Eg Iziceil(02=>5). 00 ourgt ajjiregfs ajjiregfs ajjiregfs dri kigteagi` Phi oullanc,dg` thiseg hi-fadt, dg`dg` thi trispdss rdk dri ta oi ajjiri` (0>=45-?9). Phi olaa` es ta oi spregcli` ag thi dltdr (0>=48). Phi kidl ajjiregf es dlsa egnarpardti` (0?=4>). Kargegf sdnrejenis well oi ajjiri` `dely (0:=4>). Phi preists wha dri Livetis dri ta ajjenedti (0>=45). Kariavir, sivirdl jidsts well dlsa oi egstetuti`. Phi Rdssavir jidst well oi aosirvi` dfdeg (09=?4-?9), dg` dggudlly thi jidst aj tdoirgdnlis well oi nakkikardti` (09=?9). Phi yidr aj Muoelii well oi aosirvi` taa (0>=09).‛5
Hirkigiutens dg` Iziceil―s Pikpli Zeseag Phi `espigsdteagdlest―s tidnhegf aj thi riegstetuteag aj d Miwesh Pikpli dg` ets nult aj olaa` sdnrejenis es, egivetdoly, d pra`unt ets letirdlesten hirkigiutens. Cashy nretenezis gag-`espigsdteagdl ixifitis thdt dajsykoalendl egtirpritdteag tig`s ta efgari thi `itdels aj Iziceil―s praphiny. Hi dllifis thdt “Sgag-`espigsdteagdlests[ fa ta fridt ligfths ta ixpldeg dwdy thi kidsurikigts dg` spinejendteags aj thi tikpli ouel`egf. ^unh d jefurdtevi veiw siiks jarni`.‛42 Kirrell Ygfir sekeldrly drfuis jar d letirdlesten egtirpritdteag aj Iziceil―s veseag aj thi tikpli, “Iziceil―s tikpli es d letirdl juturi sdgntudry ta oi nagstrunti` eg Rdlistegi ds autlegi`, `uregf thi Kelliggeuk. Phi war`s aj thi praphit dri tdcig eg thier gdturdl frdkkdtendl dg` letirdl sigsi. Gathegf es speretudlezi` ar e`idlezi` thdt es gat sa eg`endti` oy thi ^dnri` Pixt.‛44 Dfriiegf weth Ygfir dg` athir `espigsdteagdlests, Cashy oileivis thdt d letirdl, gdturdl rid`egf aj Iziceil 02-0: prave`is thi ixifitendl jaug`dteag jar thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg `antregi aj d kelliggeuk tikpli=
8
Cashy, “Phi Kelliggedl Pikpli,‛ >2, ikphdses kegi. Eoe`., ?8-?5. 42 Eoe`., ?:. 44 Kirrell J. Ygfir, “Phi Pikpli Zeseag aj Iziceil,‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 429 (4508)= 0?>-0?0. 5
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
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“Phi jaurth tikpli thdt well oi ouelt eg thi kelliggedl ruli aj Nhrest es dlsa cgawg ds “Iziceil―s Pikpli,‛ jar thi tikpli dg` ets systik aj warshep dri `isnreoi` eg fridt `itdel oy Iziceil thi praphit (Izic 02-0:). ^aki egtirpritirs rimint thi letirdl kidgegf aj Iziceil 02-08, dg` veiw thi `isnrepteag ds jefurdtevi aj thi Giw Pistdkigt Nhurnh. . . . D gdturdl rid`egf aj thi tixt paegts ta d letirdl physendl tikpli. Phi fal`ig ruli aj egtirpritdteag es= “Vhig thi pldeg sigsi kdcis faa` sigsi, siic ga athir sigsi.―‛4? Out sunh dg egtirpritdteag aj Iziceil―s veseags eg nhdptirs 02 ta 0: es hirkigiutendlly jldwi`. @ui ta thi figri aj Iziceil―s veseags, wi kust gat agly nagse`ir thi legfuesten dg` rijirigtedl livils aj nakkugendteag, out dlsa thi veseagdry dg` sykoalendl livils. D letirdlesten hirkigiutens kefht dppidr ta oi dg d`iqudtily aomintevi kitha` aj egtirpritdteag. Out eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj veseags, thi _ijarki` hirkigiutendl ruli aj dgdlafed je`ie, naupli` weth thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag, ginissetdti thi egtirpritdteag aj hefhly sykoalen ar veseagdry pdssdfis aj ^nrepturi eg thi lefht aj Giw Pistdkigt rivildteag dg` tidnhegfs. Ds kigteagi` priveausly eg athir nhdptirs aj thes oaac, thi egtirpritdteag aj sykoalen ilikigts weth thi aomintevety aj nlidrir pdssdfis well fue`i thi ixifiti eg aotdegegf d narrint ug`irstdg`egf aj veseags dg` athir aosnuri pdssdfis. Vhigivir veseags dri ignaugtiri` eg ^nrepturi, thi ixifiti aufht ta rikikoir thes dxeak eg hes egtirpritdteag= “speretudl truths dri jrdki` eg tirks aj nagnriti ridleteis.‛4> Oy usegf thes dxeak, thi egtirpritir well dvae` avirikphdsezegf thi physendl ilikigts aj thi veseag, dg` yit `esnavir thi speretudl ridlety wetheg ets sykoalendl `ekigseags. Phirijari, d kari nakprihigsevi dg` jdethjul kitha` aj egtirpritegf veseags es ta ug`irstdg` thik e`idteagdlly. Rdtrenc Jderoderg ildoardtis upag thes pregnepli, “Et es ta oi oargi eg keg` thdt thi `isnrepteag Seg nhdptir 02 ta 08[ purparts ta oi d veseag - d snhiki aj thegfs ixheoeti` ta thi kigtdl iyi aj thi praphit “eg thi veseags aj Fa`.‛ Phes dlagi kdrcs et ta oi aj dg e`idl nhdrdntir, ds nagtrd`estegfueshi` jrak dgythegf thdt ivir hd` oiig, ar ivir wds ta oi jaug` eg dntudl ixestigni, djtir thi prinesi jark fevig ta et eg thi
4?
Cashy, “Phi Kelliggedl Pikpli,‛ ?:. Phi jerst tikpli es ^alakag―s tikpli, thi sinag` oiegf Hira`―s tikpli, whenh wds suosiquigtly `istrayi` eg D.@. 62 oy Figirdl Petus. Phi ther` es thi `espigsdteagdlest―s treouldteag tikpli. ^ii Cashy, “Phi Kelliggedl Pikpli,‛ ?0?9. Phi ixestigni aj d ther` tikpli es ekplei` oy thi `espigsdteagdlest―s pdrigthises egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?6. 4> Figtry, Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag, >::.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
>9
`isnrepteag. . . . SPhi veseags aj Iziceil[ prisigti` d veve` penturi aj whdt iethir thig dntudlly ixesti` ar wds saag ta tdci pldni, out eg d jark queti `ejjirigt jrak thi ixtirgdl ridlety. Gat thi viry ekdfi ar thi jarkdl dppidrdgni aj thegfs wds fevig, out rdthir d nakprissi` `ilegidteag aj thier egwdr` oiegf dg` suostdgni.‛40 Dnnar`egf ta Oidli, thiri dri dt lidst jaur “kdeg legis aj egtirpritdteag‛ pirtdegegf ta Iziceil―s tikpli veseag= “Jerst, thi veseag es praphiten aj d letirdl physendl tikpli ta oi ouelt eg Esrdil. ^inag`, thi veseag es jefurdtevi aj dg e`idl hidvigly tikpli thdt wds givir egtig`i` ta oi ouelt ar istdoleshi` ag thi idrth. Pher`, thi partrdydl es d jefurdtevi veseag aj dg e`idl tikpli. Jaurth, thi `ipenteag es aj d ridl hidvigly tikpli thdt waul` `isnig` dg` oi istdoleshi` ag idrth eg gagstrunturdl jark eg thi ldttir `dys.‛49 Oidli jdvars dg e`idl dppradnh ta Iziceil―s tikpli veseag, dg` nakoegis thi ldst twa legis aj egtirpritdteag eg hes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi veseagdry ilikigts. Hi ridsags thdt Iziceil―s “veseag lecily pirtdegs ta thi hidvigly tikpli narrispag`egf ta Fa`―s `willegf eg thi ke`st aj hes piapli, dg` gat eg d physendl tikpli.‛4: Hi jurthir drfuis thdt thi orad` nagtixt aj Iziceil 02-08 paegts ta d gag-strunturdl ig`-teki tikpli.46 Phes es dlsa narraoardti` oy thi `isnrepteags wetheg thi dntudl tixt etsilj (Izic. 02-08).48 Veth rifdr` ta thi physendl `isnrepteags aj Iziceil―s veseag, Oidli nagtig`s thdt “Iziceil spidcs eg thi ldgfudfi dg` ekdfis jdkeledr ta hes du`eigni eg partrdyegf sdnrejenis eg d tikpli ta praphisy doaut thi isndldti` ri`ikptevi-hestarendl ridleteis aj Nhrest―s sdnrejeni dg` thi nhurnh―s eketdteag aj thdt sdnrejeni.‛45 Eg athir war`s, d letirdlesten ug`irstdg`egf aj Iziceil―s ldgfudfi `igeis thi praphit―s egtig`i` kissdfi aj “ri`ikptevi-hestarendl ridleteis‛ whenh dri juljelli` eg Nhrest dg` Hes Nhurnh.
40
Rdtrenc Jderoderg, Ixpaseteag aj Iziceil (Ldjdyitti, EG= ^aviriefg Frdni Ruoleshirs, ?224), 0>:. 49 F. C. Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag= D Oeolendl Phialafy aj thi @willegf Rldni aj Fa` (@awgirs Fravi, EL= Egtir-Zdrsety Rriss, ?220), >>9. 4: Eoe`., >>8. 46 Eoe`., >>:->02. 48 Eoe`., >02->0>. 45 Eoe`., >0>.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
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^peretudl truths dri ajtig nagniptudlezi` e`idlly wetheg veseags, dg` sunh veseags dri gat kidgt ta oi egtirpriti` weth kiri waa`ig letirdlesk. Phirijari, thi narrint ug`irstdg`egf aj sunh veseags waul` egvalvi thi ixtrdnteag aj thi ug`irlyegf speretudl truths, whenh es ixprissly nagnidli` wetheg thi physendl-hestarendl ilikigts aj thi veseag. Phi viry gateag aj egtirpritegf sunh ekdfiry letirdlly ug`irkegis thi ri`ikptevi-hestarendl ridleteis nagtdegi` thirieg. Ds wi shdll stu`y oilaw, et es thialafendlly `ejjenult, ej gat ekpasseoli, ta egtirprit Iziceil 02-0: letirdlly. Iziceil―s tikpli es gat d gat letirdl tikpli “kd`i weth hdg`s3 hdg`s (? Nar. 9=43 Hio. 5=44, ?0).‛ Jar Fa` “`willith eg tikplis kd`i weth Giethir es warsheppi` weth kig―s hdg`s, ds thaufh hi gii`i` dgy thegf, siiegf hi fevith ta dll leji, dg` oridth, dg` dll thegfs (Dnts 46=?0-?9).‛ Nlawgiy ixpldegs, “Phi tikpli whenh Iziceil praphisei` es thi tikpli aj thi navigdgt, aj Fa`―s prisigni nldekegf hes piapli jarivir. Phi Dpastli ldoari` ds d kdstir ouel`ir eg thdt tikpli, warcegf eg fal`, selvir, dg` prineaus stagis, ldyegf ga athir jaug`dteag thdg thi agi whenh Fa` sit eg pldni, Misus Nhrest.‛?2 Phi Nhurnh es thi tikpli aj thi Haly Fhast. Nhrestedgs dri gat riqueri` ta warshep Fa` ixnlusevily eg Mirusdlik, out eg ^peret dg` eg truth (Mahg 0=?0). Giethir `a wi ixpint d ri`ikptevi rifrisseag odnc egta Mu`den sdnrejenedl retudls, gar `a wi dgtenepdti juturi warshep wetheg thi landlety aj Mirusdlik. I`kug` Nlawgiy ixnldeks, “Iziceil praphiseis eg thi gdki aj thi Lar`, “E well sit ky sdgntudry eg thi ke`st aj thik jarivirkari. Ky tdoirgdnli dlsa shdll oi weth thik3 dg` E well oi thier Fa`, dg` thiy shdll oi ky piapli…‛ (Izic >6=?:o, ?6). Rdul rispag`s, “. . . wi dri d tikpli aj thi levegf Fa`3 ivig ds Fa` sde`, E well `will eg thik, dg` wdlc eg thik3 dg` E well oi thier Fa`, dg` thiy shdll oi ky piapli‛ (? Nar :=4:). . . . @a gat prapasi ta thi Dpastli Rdul thdt Fa`―s haly sdgntudry aj thi ldst `dys, oifug eg thi ^peret, well oi nakpliti` eg thi jlish!‛?4 @dgeil Olanc leciwesi dfriis thdt, “Et siiks oist ta egtirprit SIziceil[ nhs. 02-08 e`idteagdlly. Phi essui jar thi praphit es gat physendl fiafrdphy out speretudl ridleteis. . . . Phi praphit ?2
I`kug` Nlawgiy, “Phi Jegdl Pikpli,‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >9, ga. ? (456>)= 48:. ?4 Eoe`.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
>6
es hirioy egtra`uni` ta thi thialafendl ridleteis dwdetegf hes awg piapli. Vhirids SIziceil[ >6=?:-?6 hd` spacig aj thi istdoleshkigt aj Udhwih―s pirkdgigt rise`igni dkagf hes piapli, jallawegf thier hakinakegf, thi prisigt veseag pencs up thi thialafendl thiki dg` `isnreois thi speretudl ridlety eg nagnriti tirks, ikplayegf thi jdkeledr nulturdl e`eaks aj tikpli, dltdr, sdnrejenis, gdse, dg` ldg`. Eg prisigtegf thes thialafendl nagstetuteag jar thi giw Esrdil, Udhwih dggaugnis thi refhtegf aj dll thi al` wragfs, dg` thi istdoleshkigt aj pirkdgigt, hidlthy `iety-gdteag-ldg` rildteagsheps. Iziceil―s jegdl veseag prisigts d lajty e`idl= Vhiri Fa`prakesis. es, thiri es ]eag. Vhiri Fa` es, thiri es ar`ir dg`speretudl thi juljellkigt aj dll hes Jurthirkari, whiri thi prisigni aj Fa` es rinafgezi`, thiri es purety dg` halegiss. Iziceil hirioy ldys thi jaug`dteag jar thi Rdulegi speretudlezdteag aj thi tikpli. Yg`ir thi giw navigdgt, ivig Figtelis― nakkugeteis kdy oi trdgsjarki` egta thi levegf tikpli aj Fa` (4 Nar. >=4:-46). Kariavir, thraufh thi eg`willegf prisigni aj thi ^peret aj Fa`, eg`eve`udl Nhrestedgs oinaki tikplis, rise`ignis aj `iety (4 Nar. :=45).‛?? Eg d``eteag ta Olanc―s ug`irstdg`egf aj dg e`idl tikpli, Oidli siis dg isnhdtalafendl janus wetheg Iziceil―s tikpli veseag. Oidli oileivis “thdt SOlanc―s[ veiw aj dg e`idl tikpli naul` oi nakoegi` weth dg isnhdtalafendl dppradnh.‛?> Nagsestigt weth thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag, Oidli ug`irstdg`s thi tikpli nety aj _ivildteag ?4 ds d juljellkigt aj Iziceil―s tikpli veseag.?0 Ds Oidli kdegtdegs, “Phi orad` strunturi aj thi nety jrak S_ivildteag[ ?4=4?-??=9 es odsi` ag thi veseag aj Iziceil 02-08. Iziceil 02-00 praphiseis thi pdttirg aj thi jegdl tikpli, dg` Iziceil 09-08 prekdrely `ipents thi juturi drrdgfikigt aj thi isnhdtalafendl nety dg` thi `eveseags aj thi ldg` draug` thi tikpli nakpaug`. _ivildteag ?4=4?-??=9 jurthir egtirprits thi yit-juturi juljellkigt aj Iziceil oy nalldpsegf tikpli, nety dg` ldg` egta agi ig`-teki penturi partrdyegf thi agi ridlety aj Fa`―s nakkugeag weth hes piapli.‛?9 Oidli nagteguis,
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@dgeil E. Olanc, Phi Oaac aj Iziceil Nhdptirs ?9-08= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Al` Pistdkigt (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4558), 929-92:. ?> Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag, >0:. ?0 ^ii Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag, >0:->90. Dlsa stu`y thi pdrdllils oitwiig Mahg―s `isnrepteag aj thi Pikpli Nety eg _ivildteag, dg` Iziceil 02-08. Phes es nagvigeigtly tdouldti` eg Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag, >94. ?9 Eoe`., >92.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
>8
“Ej _ivildteag ?4-?? es thi juljellkigt, thig Iziceil―s tikpli es gat ta oi istdoleshi` eg d tikpardry ‘kelliggedl― pirea`, out eg thi itirgdl giw hidvigs dg` idrth, whenh es thi sittegf aj Mahg―s jegdl veseag.‛?: Phi strigfth aj Oidli―s egtirpritdteag leis eg hes nakoegi` usdfi aj thi Dgdlafy aj Jdeth, dg` thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag. Iziceil―s veseag es gat kirily d “lajty speretudl e`idl,‛?6 out dlsa jeg`s dg isnhdtalafendl juljellkigt wetheg thi Ndgag aj ^nrepturi. Phi prisigni aj Fa` `itirkegis thi landlety aj thi tikpli. _i`ikptevi hestary siis thi `ivilapkigt aj thi Pikpli jrak d leketi`, typalafendl, Mu`den pirspintevi prafrissegf ta thi Giw Pistdkigt ridlety aj Fa` `willegf dkagfst Hes piapli, thi Nhurnh. Fa`―s ^hicegdh prisigni wds priveausly leketi` ta thi hidvigly ridlks dg` thi Haly aj Haleis. Oy vertui aj thi ri`ikptevi warc aj Nhrest, thi ldst D`dk, nridteag es ri`iiki` jrak seg dg` `idth. Eg thi dfi ta naki, Fa`―s flareaus prisigni waul` ultekdtily ixtig` ta thi Giw Hidvigs dg` thi Giw Idrth, thdt es, thi igteri naskas. “Oihal`, thi tdoirgdnli aj Fa` es weth kig, dg` hi well `will weth thik, dg` thiy shdll oi hes piapli, dg` Fa` heksilj shdll oi weth thik, dg` oi thier Fa` (_iv. ?4=>).‛ “Phus, thi ri`ikptevi-hestarendl `ivilapkigt kdy oi ixpldegi` ds pranii`egf jrak Fa`―s ugequi prisigni eg thi strunturdl tikpli eg thi Al` Pistdkigt ta thi Fa`kdg, Nhrest, thi trui tikpli. Ds d risult aj Nhrest―s risurrinteag, thi ^peret nagtegui` ouel`egf thi ig`-teki tikpli, thi ouel`egf kdtiredls aj whenh dri Fa`―s piapli, thus ixtig`egf thi tikpli egta thi giw nridteag eg thi giw dfi. Phes ouel`egf praniss well nulkegdti eg thi itirgdl giw hidvigs dg` idrth ds d pdrd`esdl nety-tikpli. Ar, kari oreijly, thi tikpli aj Fa` hds oiig trdgsjarki` egta Fa`, hes piapli dg` thi rist aj thi giw nridteag ds thi tikpli.‛?8
Rraoliks weth thi @espigsdteagdl Zeiw Phi avirdrnhegf widcgiss aj thi `espigsdteagdl veiw aj thi Kelliggeuk Pikpli es jaug` eg ets ri`ikptevi ekplendteags. Dt thi viry lidst, et siiks ta ekpasi upag ^nrepturi dg avirt rifrisseag aj Giw Pistdkigt ridleteis odnc egta Al` Pistdkigt shd`awy jarks. Et es gatdoli thdt ivig Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests dri wellegf ta ikordni thi “typa-praphiten hirkigiutendl pregnepli‛ eg thier egtirpritdteag aj Al`
?:
Eoe`., >94->9?. Olanc, Phi Oaac aj Iziceil Nhdptirs ?9-08, 92:. ?8 Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag, >5?->5>. ?6
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
>5
Pistdkigt praphineis.?5 Dnnar`egf ta Kdgfuk, d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest, thi “ndrijul nagtixtudl egtirpritdteag aj thisi Al` Pistdkigt ekdfireis lid`s agi ta nagse`ir thier typalafendl sefgejendgni eg agi―s ixifises aj thik dg` ta rimint d ndriliss letirdlesk.‛>2 Nagnirgegf hes ug`irstdg`egf aj Iziceil―s tikpli veseags, Kdgfuk wretis= “Eg thi ndsi aj praphiten rijirignis ta Livetendl tikpli warshep, dgekdl sdnrejenis, dg` Miwesh jistevdls, et waul` streci ki ds hiuresten a`` jar Fa` ta eg thi `espigsdteagdlly ritrafriss oy ri-ekplikigtegf sunh `ivenis juturi. ^unh d kavi waul` siik ta ki, ds will, ta fa dfdegst thi drfukigts prisigti` eg Fdldtedgs, Iphisedgs, dg` Hioriws dfdegst sittegf up MiwFigteli odrreirs dg` dfdegst nagteguegf ta ajjir dgekdl sdnrejenis ta`dy.‛>4 Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg waul` `a will ta rijlint upag thi jallawegf hirkigiutendlthialafendl nagnirgs whig ixplaregf egtirpritdtevi apteags jar Iziceil―s tikpli veseags.
Nernukneseag Ej Iziceil 00=:-5 wiri ta oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly, et waul` kidg d riegstetuteag aj thi Al` Pistdkigt sefg ugnernuknesi` aj nernukneseagegeghidrt, thi kelliggedl dfi. “Phus Lar` FA@3 Ga strdgfir, gar ugnernuknesi` egsdeth jlish,thi shdll igtir egta ky sdgntudry, aj dgy strdgfir thdt es dkagf thi nhel`rig aj Esrdil (Izic. 00=5).‛ D Nhrestedg waul`, thirijari, oi riqueri` ta oi nernuknesi` eg ar`ir jar hek ta warshep dt Mihavdh―s sdgntudry. Phes es dlsa trui jar d strdgfir3 ivig strdgfirs kust oi nernuknesi` eg thi “jlish.‛ Out thi Dpastli Rdul wdrgs, “^tdg` jdst thirijari eg thi leoirty whiriweth Nhrest hdth kd`i us jrii, dg` oi gat igtdgfli` dfdeg weth thi yaci aj oag`dfi. Oihal`, E Rdul sdy ugta yau, thdt ej yi oi nernuknesi`, Nhrest shdll prajet yau gathegf. Jar E tistejy dfdeg ta iviry kdg thdt es nernuknesi`, thdt hi es d `iotar ta `a thi whali ldw (Fdl. 9=4->).‛
?5
_. Pa`` Kdgfuk, “Ndg Vi Ixpint d _istardteag aj Livetendl Dgekdl ^dnrejenis1 D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Apegeag‛ (pdpir prisigti` ta thi Garthidstirg _ifeagdl Kiitegf aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity, Ldgfhargi, Riggsylvdged, >2 Kdrnh ?224), 8, dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.oeolendl.i`u/ekdfis/naggint/R@Js/_istardteag%?2.p`j#sidrnh;%??ta``%?2kdg fuk%?2d%?2juturi%?2jar%?2esrdil%??3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 44 ^iptikoir ?22:. >2 Eoe`., >. >4 Eoe`., 4>.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
02
Dfdeg eg Fdldtedgs nhdptir :, Rdul rikeg`s us, “Jar eg Nhrest Misus giethir nernukneseag dvdelith dgy thegf, gar ugnernukneseag, out d giw nridturi. Dg` ds kdgy ds wdlc dnnar`egf ta thes ruli, pidni oi ag thik, dg` kirny, dg` upag thi Esrdil aj Fa` (Fdl. :=49-4:).‛ Dnnar`egf ta Iphisedgs ?=44-?4, thi pdrteteag oitwiig thi nernuknesi` dg` thi ugnernuknesi` hds oiig oracig `awg jarivir, “Jar hi es aur pidni, wha hdth kd`i oath agi, dg` hdth oracig `awg thi ke``li wdll pdrteteag oitwiig us3 Hdvegf doaleshi` eg hes jlish thi igkety, ivig thi ldw aj aj nakkdg`kigts nagtdegi` eg ar`egdgnis3 jar ta kdci eg heksilj aj twdeg agi giw kdg, sa kdcegf pidni3 Dg` thdt hi kefht rinagneli oath ugta Fa` eg agi oa`y oy thi nrass, hdvegf sldeg thi igkety thirioy (Iph. ?=40-4:).‛ Ej thisi ldst gegi nhdptirs aj Iziceil wiri ta oi egtirpriti` letirdlly, thi reti aj nernukneseag waul` oi ekpirdtevi `uregf thi kelliggeuk. Phes waul` riistdolesh thdt whenh es jarivir doaleshi` oy Nhrest aur ^dvear, >? dg` rig`ir thi Giw Navigdgt (Mir. >4=>4->0) egijjintevi.
Phi Lar`―s ^uppir dg` thi Rdssavir Jidst Jidst aj thi Rdssavir Eg Iziceilag 09=?4, wi rid` thdt es letirdlly ristari`. Aosirvi` thi jaurtiigth `dythi aj thi jerst kagth, et egnlu`is thi sivig `dys― idtegf aj uglidvigi` orid`, dg` thi seg ajjiregfs aj oullancs, rdks dg` ce`s. Rrekdrely d nakkikardtevi ar`egdgni thdt rikeg`s thi nhel`rig aj Esrdil aj thier `ilevirdgni aut aj Ifypt, et es dlsa d typi aj thi fridt `ilevirdgni wraufht oy thi Kissedh jar dll hes ilint. Phes typi hds oiig juljelli` oy ets dgtetypi, thi `idth aj thi Kissedh. Rdul wretis, “Rurfi aut thirijari thi al` lidvig, thdt yi kdy oi d giw lukp, ds yi dri uglidvigi`. Jar ivig Nhrest aur pdssavir es sdnrejeni` jar us (4 Nar. 9=6).‛
Dnnar`egf ta thi _ijarki`, Ndlvegesten veiw, odptesk hds ripldni` thi reti aj nernukneseag eg thi Nhurnh, must ds thi sdnrdkigt aj thi Lar`―s ^uppir hds pirkdgigtly suostetuti` thi Miwesh ar`egdgni aj thi Rdssavir Jidst. Phi Lar`―s ^uppir es ta oi d pirkdgigt ar`egdgni jar thi Nhurnh aj Nhrest, whenh nakkikardtis thi Lar`―s `idth “tell hi naki(s) (4 Nar. 44=?:)‛ dfdeg. Nhrest aur Rdssavir ldko, wha es sdnrejeni` jar us, hds juljelli` thi typalafendl jugnteag aj thi Rdssavir Jidst. Veth thi Ldko aj Fa` rulegf veseoly eg thi dllifi` idrthly kelliggeuk dnnar`egf ta `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlests, why es thiri d gii` >?
^ii Dnts 493 _ak. ?=?:-?53 0=5-4?3 4 Nar. 6=48-453 Fdl. 9=?-:3 :=4?-493 Rhel. >=>3 Nal. ?=443 >=44.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
04
jar thes nakkikardtevi ar`egdgni agni dfdeg1 Eg thi isnhdtalafendl kelliggeuk, Nhrest hds eg`ii` naki. Dlles ridsags, “Phiri es agly agi kikaredl jidst jar oileivirs, segni thi Nrass shawi` sa pldegly thi egd`iqudny aj thi olaa` aj oulls dg` fadts, dg` thdt es thi Haly ^uppir aj thi oa`y dg` olaa` aj Nhrest, whenh thi Nhurnh hds aosirvi` jar nigtureis ta ciip aj “ugtel naki.‛ Phi thaufht es doharrigt djtir Hi nakis,dg` thieskikary Hes Hi dtagegf warc well oi cipt dlevi eg thithdt hidrts aj oileivirs oy d riturg ta thi dgekdl sdnrejenis aj thi Kasden ldw, thi pirjarkdgni aj whenh es sa ikphdtendlly nag`ikgi` eg pdssdfis whenh spidc weth ugkestdcdoli pldeggiss ag thes viry suomint. Hiri es ugquisteagdoly thi Dnhellis― hiil aj thi @espigsdteagdl systik aj egtirpritdteag. Ets letirdlesten dg` Al` Pistdkigt ikphdses lid`s dlkast egivetdoly, ej gat egivetdoly, ta d `antregi aj thi kelliggeuk whenh kdcis et `ijegetily Miwesh dg` riprisigts d turgegf odnc jrak thi flary aj thi faspil ta thasi typendl retis dg` nirikageis whenh pripdri` thi wdy jar et, dg` hdvegf sirvi` thdt ginissdry purpasi hdvi last jar ivir thier vdle`ety dg` prapreity.‛>> Et es viry uglecily, ej gat ekpasseoli, thdt thi veseag aj Iziceil es ta oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly ds @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dssirt.
Phi Rreisthaa` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dncgawli`fi thdt eg dnnar`dgni weth Iziceil―s veseag, “gat dll Livetis well sirvi ds preists, out agly thi sags aj ]d`ac.‛>0 ]d`ac wds Hefh Rreist eg thi teki aj Cegf @dve`, thi ilivigth eg `isnigt jrak Ddrag. @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs oileivi thdt `uregf thi kelliggeuk, thi preists wiri ta oi jrak dkagf thi sags aj Live, out igterily aj thi sags aj ]d`ac (Izic. 02=0:). Phi kegestry aj thi ]d`acedg preisthaa` es ta ajjir dgekdl sdnrejenis „ thdt es, ourgt dg` seg ajjiregfs „ oath jar thi piapli dg` jar thiksilvis. Phi praphit Iziceil wretis, “Uit thiy shdll oi kegestirs eg ky sdgntudry, hdvegf nhdrfi dt thi fdtis aj thi hausi, dg` kegestiregf ta thi hausi= thiy shdll sldy thi ourgt ajjiregf dg` thi sdnrejeni jar thi piapli, dg` thiy shdll stdg` oijari thik ta kegestir ugta thik. . . . Out thi preists thi Livetis, thi sags aj ]d`ac, thdt cipt thi nhdrfi aj ky sdgntudry whig thi nhel`rig aj Esrdil wigt dstrdy jrak ki, thiy shdll >> >0
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, ?06-?08. Cashy, “Phi Kelliggedl Pikpli,‛ ?5.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
0?
naki gidr ta ki ta kegestir ugta ki, dg` thiy shdll stdg` oijari ki ta ajjir ugta ki thi jdt dg` thi olaa`, sdeth thi Lar` FA@= Phiy shdll igtir egta ky sdgntudry, dg` thiy shdll naki gidr ta ky tdoli, ta kegestir ugta ki, dg` thiy shdll ciip ky nhdrfi. . . . Dg` eg thi `dy thdt hi faith egta thi sdgntudry, ugta thi eggir naurt, ta kegestir eg thi sdgntudry, hi shdll ajjir hes seg ajjiregf, sdeth thi Lar` FA@ (Izic. 00=44, 49-4:, ?6).‛>9 Hioriws nhdptir 9 tidnhis thdt Nhrest es aur Hefh Rreist “djtir thi ar`ir aj Kilnhesi`in 9=:).‛preisthaa` Ej Iziceil―s veseag es ta oisunnisseag ug`irstaa`ajdsolaa` jaritillegf thi risukpteag aj(Hio. dg idrthly dg` dg ig`liss sdnrejenis, aur ^dvear ds Hefh Rreist kust hdvi jdeli` ta dnnakplesh whdt Hi sit aut ta `a. Vi dlsa rid` eg Iziceil―s veseag thdt thi kegestrdteags aj thi ]d`acedg preisthaa` dt thi dltdr, weth nagtegudl ajjiregfs aj dgekdl sdnrejenis, wiri “ta kdci rinagneledteag‛ jar thi piapli (Izic. 09=49-46). Out Hioriws ?=46 sdys, “Vhirijari eg dll thegfs et oihavi` hek ta oi kd`i leci ugta hes orithrig, thdt hi kefht oi d kirnejul dg` jdethjul hefh preist eg thegfs pirtdegegf ta Fa`, ta kdci rinagneledteag jar thi segs aj thi piapli.‛ Et es Nhrest thi jdethjul Hefh Rreist wha hd` kd`i rinagneledteag jar thi segs aj thi piapli. Ej thes es trui, why es thi kegestry aj thi ]d`acedg preisthaa` ginissdry1 Ygliss, aj naursi, agi oileivis thdt aur jdethjul Hefh Rreist hds jdeli` ta dnnakplesh Hes kegestry aj rinagneledteag. Dfdeg, Hioriws nhdptir 6 nlidrly `isnreois thi pdssegf aj thi Livetendl-Ddragen preisthaa` whig Nhrest aur Hefh Rreist igtiri` Hes Kilnhezi`ic Rreisthaa`. Phiri ixests gaw d giw ar`ir aj preist= thi Kilnhezi`icdg preisthaa`.>: Phi wretir aj Hioriws dscs, “Ej thirijari pirjinteag wiri oy thi Livetendl preisthaa`, (jar ug`ir et thi piapli rinievi` thi ldw,) whdt jurthir gii` wds thiri thdt dgathir preist shaul` resi djtir thi ar`ir aj Kilnhesi`in, dg` gat oi ndlli` djtir thi ar`ir aj Ddrag (Hio. 6=44)1‛ Phi oaac aj Hioriws ugviels ta us thdt thiri es, eg`ii`, ga gii` jar thi ristardteag aj thi Ddragen-]d`acedg preisthaa` eg thi Kelliggeuk dg` thi nruil riegstetuteag aj dgekdl sdnrejenis, tafithir weth thi egnissdgt jlaw aj dgekdl olaa` jar thi rinagneledteag aj kdg ta Fa`. Ds thi Dpastli Rdul hds `inldri`, “Dg` dll thegfs dri aj Fa`, wha hdth rinagneli` us ta heksilj oy Misus Nhrest, dg` hdth fevig ta us thi kegestry aj rinagneledteag3 Pa wet, thdt Fa` wds eg Nhrest, rinagnelegf thi warl` ugta heksilj, gat ekputegf thier trispdssis ugta thik3 dg` hdth nakketti` ugta us thi war` aj rinagneledteag (? Nar. 9=48-45).‛
>9 >:
^ii dlsa nhdptir 0>=48-?6. Dlsa sii Hioriws 9=9-423 :=?2.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
0>
Ej wi dri dlrid`y rinagneli` ta Fa` eg Nhrest, dg` ej oileivirs ndg gaw dppradnh thi “Haly aj Haleis‛ oy vertui aj Nhrest―s `idth, why es thiri dgy ginissety aj dgekdl sdnrejenis dg` thi ]d`acedg preisthaa` jar warshep eg thi Kelliggeuk ds dllifi` oy Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs1 Jurthirkari, thi riegstetuteag aj Miwesh, tikpli warshep es dceg ta thi ristardteag aj Miwesh nirikagedl pinuledreteis, dg` thi riekplikigtdteag aj d `eve`i oitwiig Miws dg` Figtelis. Vheli thi Giw Pistdkigt nakkdg`s Nhrestedgs ta warshep eg speret dg` eg truth (Mahg 0=?4-?0), jar “thi haur nakith, whig yi shdll giethir eg thes kaugtdeg, gar yit dt Mirusdlik, warshep thi Jdthir (Mahg 0=?4),‛ Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs hdvi us oileivi thdtPikpli. wi aufht ta rivirt ta warshep eg Mirusdlik, dg` agly waul` eg Mirusdlik―s Kelliggedl Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Pa`` Kdgfuk wdrgs= “Nldssendl `espigsdteagdlests Sdg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs[ waul` `a will ta rikikoir thdt, dt thi kakigt Misus nakkig`i` Hes saul ta thi Jdthir eg `idth, thi viel aj thi tikpli wds supirgdturdlly targ eg twa jrak tap ta oattak (Kdtt. ?8=92-94). Rdul ixpldegs thi sefgejendgni aj thes @evegi dnt eg Iph. ?=44-??. Et taac thi prineaus olaa` aj Nhrest, hi sdys, ta tidr `awg thes `eve`egf wdll oitwiig thi “ugnernuknesi`‛ dg` “nernuknesi`.‛ Leciwesi, thi wretir aj Hioriws tills us thdt thi prineaus sdnrejeni aj Nhrest es whdt hds fevig oileivirs ta`dy jrii dnniss ta thi “Haly aj Haleis‛ (Hio. 0). E `a gat hdvi thi ekprisseag thdt Fa` dnheivi` thisi thegfs, dt sunh fridt nast, jar d kiri tikpardry ripreivi. D ristardteag aj thi Livetendl preisthaa`, hawivir, waul` kidg thdt Fa`, eg thi kelliggedl cegf`ak, pldgs ta ristetnh thes viel thdt Hi priveausly tari `awg dt sunh fridt nast dg` riekplikigt d `eve`egf wdll oitwiig Miw dg` Figteli oileivirs.‛>6
Dgekdl ^dnrejenis Phi kast sireaus irrar aj thi `espigsdteagdl egtirpritdteag es thi oileij eg thi riegstetuteag aj ri`ikptevi sdnrejenis eg thi kelliggeuk. D letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj gukiraus pdssdfis eg thi ldst gegi nhdptirs aj Iziceil riqueris thi riistdoleshkigt aj “thi ourgt ajjiregf dg` thi seg ajjiregf dg` thi trispdss ajjiregf (Izic. 02=>5).‛>8 Nagsestigt weth thi `espigsdteagdl letirdlesten hirkigiutens, oullancs, hi-fadts dg` rdks well agni dfdeg oi ajjiri` eg thi Kelliggeuk Pikpli. Olaa` well oi spregcli` djrish agta thi dltdr, dg` thi ]d`acedg preisthaa` well pirjark thisi sdnrejenis. “Uit Rdul spidcs aj thisi thegfs ds “widc dg` oiffdrly ilikigts‛ whenh hdvi oiig >6
Kdgfuk, “Ndg Vi Ixpint d _istardteag aj Livetendl Dgekdl ^dnrejenis1 D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Apegeag,‛ 0-9. >8 Dlsa sii Iziceil 02=>8-0>3 0?=4>3 0>=48-?63 00=44, ?6, ?53 09=4>-?93 0:=?-6, 44-49, ?2.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
00
doaleshi`3 dg` thi fridt thiki aj Hioriws es thi juljellkigt aj thi Al` Pistdkigt typendl systik aj ixpedteag eg thi hefh preistly dtagikigt dg` ki`edteag aj thi Lar` Misus Nhrest.‛>5 Hioriws 42=9-42 ilune`dtis thdt Nhrest hds, oy Hes Jerst D`vigt, doaleshi` thi al` navigdgt aj lifdl sdnrejenis thraufh Hes dtagegf `idth ag Ndlvdry. “Doavi whig hi sde`, ^dnrejeni dg` ajjiregf dg` ourgt ajjiregfs dg` ajjiregf jar seg thau waul`ist gat, giethir hd`st plidsuri thirieg3 whenh dri ajjiri` oy thi ldw3 Phig sde` hi, La, E naki ta Oy `a thy well, Awell Fa`. dwdythraufh thi jerst,thi thdt hi kdyajistdolesh sinag`. thi whenh wiHi dritdcith sdgntejei` ajjiregf thi oa`ythi aj Misus Nhrest agni jar dll (Hio. 42=8-42).‛ Ej Nhrest hds eg`ii` juljelli` thi well aj thi Jdthir thraufh thi ajjiregf aj Hes oa`y “agni jar dll (Hio. 42=42),‛ why waul` et oi ginissdry ta riegstetuti thi Al` Pistdkigt typis dg` shd`aws aj dgekdl sdnrejenis wetheg thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag1 Eg jdnt, thi oaac aj Hioriws prave`is dg ildoardti dg` thialafendlly nakpliti ixpaseteag aj thi supirearety aj Nhrest―s `idth. Phi igteri sdnrejenedl retudl aj thi Al` Pistdkigt paegti` jarwdr` ta thi sdnrejeni aj Nhrest. Agni Hes dtagegf `idth hd` oiig dnnakpleshi`, thi jarkir typalafendl retudl aj Livetendl sdnrejenis oindki ugginissdry (Hio. 42=9-5). Nhrest―s segfli sdnrejeni jar segs es ijjintevi jar thi ilint, dg` givir riqueris ta oi ripidti`. Veth thi egdufurdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt, thiri es ga lagfir dgy gii` aj olaa` sdnrejenis (Hio. 42=4:-48). Phi wretir aj Hioriws pranldeks ta us thdt “thiri es ga kari ajjiregf jar seg (Hio. 42=48),‛ “jar oy agi ajjiregf hi hdth pirjinti` jar ivir thik thdt dri sdgntejei` (Hio. 42=40).‛ Phi dll-sujjeneigt, suostetuteagdry dtagikigt jar seg wds ajjiri` “agni jar dll‛ dt Ndlvdry. Nhrest―s silj-ajjiregf es `ijegetevi, ijjendneaus, jegdl dg` nakpliti. Phi gateag thdt et es Fa`―s well ta riegstetuti thi Livetendl retudl aj lifdl sdnrejeni es, ta sdy thi lidst, d kanciry aj Nhrest―s `idth dg` pdsseag jar Hes piapli.
>5
Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, ?0:.
Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli
09
Nhdptir 45= Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis Phi Kikaredl Zeiw aj thi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis Vi hdvi siig idrleir thdt Rrdohu`ds Cashy, tafithir weth Mahg Vdlvaar` dg` kast `espigsdteagdlests, oileivis thdt thi dgekdl sdnrejenis eg thi kelliggeuk sirvi ds d kikaredl aj Nhrest―s `idth, dg` `a gat passiss dgy ixpedtary vdlui whdtsaivir. Vhetnako dfriis thdt thes es thi privdligt veiw dkagfst @espigsdteagdlests, “Vethaut `auot, thi ldrfi kdmarety aj `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlests `a egtirprit thi ]d`acedg preisthaa` dg` dgekdl sdnrejenis aj thi kelliggedl dfi letirdlly. Phiy dlsa dttikpt ta ka`ejy thi suppasi` nldsh oitwiig thi AP praphineis aj thi Giw Navigdgt dg` thi oaac aj Hioriws oy veiwegf thisi dgekdl sdnrejenis strently ds kikaredls aj thi `idth aj Nhrest, leci thi Nhurnh iunhdrest aj thi orid` dg` nup.‛4 Eg athir war`s, kast @espigsdteagdlests `a gat egtirprit thi jugnteag aj thisi dgekdl sdnrejenis letirdlly. Phiri es ga ixifitendl odses dt dll, dnnar`egf ta thi nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens aj `espigsdteagdlesk, ta ug`irstdg`egf thisi sdnrejenis ds kirily kikaredl. @espigsdteagdlest Mahg Vhetnako nagni`is thdt thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis dri ta oi ug`irstaa` ds kdcegf dtagikigt ej egtirpriti` letirdlly. Hi wretis, “Iziceil, hawivir, `ais gat sdy thdt dgekdls well oi ajjiri` jar d “kikaredl‛ aj Kissedh―s `idth. _dthir, thiy well oi jar “dtagikigt‛ (09=49, 46, ?2 3 nj. 0>=?2, ?: ).‛? Phi pldeg ar prasden ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Iziceiledg dgekdl sdnrejenis suffists thdt thiy dri d riegstetuteag aj thi Livetendl retudl aj sdnrejeni, whenh hds thi lifdl jugnteag aj dntudlly kdcegf rinagneledteag jar seg (Liv. :=>23 8=493 4:=:, 44, ?0, >23 Guk. 9=83 49=?83 ?5=9). Vhetnako ildoardtis thdt, “Dgekdl sdnrejenis naul` givir rikavi speretudl fuelt jrak thi ajjirir. Phi oaac aj Hioriws es viry nlidr doaut thdt (42=0, 44). Out et es iqudlly irragiaus ta sdy thdt thithik sdnrejenis wiri kiri sykoals fevig^unh oy Fa` ta Esrdil ta pripdri jar Kissedh dg`tidnhegf hes egjegeti dtagikigt. d veiw es nagtrd`enti` oy prinesi stdtikigts eg Ixa`us dg` Livetenus. Jrak Fa`―s pirspintevi, thes wds surily d kdmar purpasi aj dgekdl sdnrejenis3 out
4 ?
Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ ?28. Eoe`., ?44. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
0:
et naul` gat hdvi oiig thier ixnlusevi purpasi jrak thi pirspintevi aj Al` Navigdgt Esrdiletis.‛> Al` Pistdkigt dgekdl sdnrejenis `a passiss ixpedtary vdlui, out thes es leketi` ta thi nirikagedl, ixtirgdl, dg` tikpardl ridlks. Phiy sirvi ta navir thi segs aj thi ajjirir, wheli hi dgtenepdtis thi jegdl, egjegetily ijjendneaus sdnrejeni aj thi Kissedh. Phi dgekdl sdnrejenis, hawivir, `a gat passiss dgy satirealafendl vdlui. Agly Nhrest―s sigsi. `idth prave`is dtagikigt jar segs eg thi itirgdl, egjegeti, dg` satirealafendl Nagtrdry ta Cashy―s kikaredl veiw, Iziceil 09=49, 46, ?2 spinejendlly stdti thdt thi sdnrejenis “kdci rinagneledteag‛ ar “dtagikigt‛ jar thi piapli. Oidli ikphdsezis thi jdnt thdt “Iziceil `ais gat ndll thisi sdnrejenis ‘kikaredls―, out puts thik ag d pdr weth thi Livetendl typalafendl sdnrejenis aj dtagikigt.‛0 Nagnirgegf thi ixpedtary sefgejendgni aj thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis, Dgthagy Haicikd wretis= “Ivig ta suffist, hawivir, thdt thisi well oi kikaredl sdnrejenis vealdtis thi pregnepli aj thi letirdl egtirpritdteag aj praphiny. Jar thi Hioriw war` usi` ta `isnreoi thi purpasi aj thisi sdnrejenis eg Iziceil 09= 49, 46, dg` ?2 es thi peil jark aj cdphdr (rig`iri` “ta kdci rinagneledteag‛ SCM[ ar “ta kdci dtagikigt‛ SD^Z, _^Z[). Out thes es prinesily thi war` usi` eg thi Rigtdtiunhdl `isnrepteag aj thi Al` Pistdkigt sdnrejenis ta eg`endti thier prapetedtary ar ixpedtary purpasi (sii Liv. :=>23 8=493 4:=:, 44, ?0, >2, >?, >>, >03 Guk. 9=83 49=?83 ?5=9). Ej thi sdnrejenis kigteagi` eg Iziceil dri ta oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly, thiy kust oi ixpedtary, gat kikaredl ajjiregfs.‛9 >
Eoe`., ?28-?25. Vhetnako nagteguis, “Phi ^nrepturis till us thdt sakithegf ridlly `e` hdppig ta thi Esrdileti ajjirir whig hi ndki ta thi refht dltdr weth thi dpprapredti sdnrejeni3 dg` hi wds ixpinti` ta cgaw whdt waul` hdppig ta hek. Vhdt hdppigi` wds tikpardl, jegeti, ixtirgdl, dg` lifdl‐gat itirgdl, egjegeti, egtirgdl, dg` satirealafendl. Givirthiliss, whdt hdppigi` wds pirsagdlly dg` ekki`edtily sefgejendgt, gat sekply sykoalen dg`/ar praphiten. Vhig dg Esrdileti “ugwettegfly jdeli`‛ ta aosirvi d pdrtenuldr ar`egdgni aj thi Kasden Ldw (eg thi widcgiss aj hes seg gdturi SGuk 49=??„?5[, gat “`ijedgtly,‛ eg apig rioilleag dfdegst Fa` heksilj SGuk 49=>2„>:[), hi wds dntudlly “jarfevig‛ thraufh dg “dtagikigt‛ (d retudl nlidgsegf3 nj. Hio 5=42, 4>) kd`i oy thi preist (Guk 49=?9„?:).‛ ^ii Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ ?25. Vhetnako oileivis thdt thisi dgekdl sdnrejenis prave`i jar nirikagedl nlidgsegf, rdthir thdg hdvegf dgy sdlvejen ijjendny. 0 Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag, >00. 9 Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, ?20 g. 4:. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
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Et es, nagsiquigtly, eg`uoetdoly nlidr thdt Cashy―s ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Iziceiledg dgekdl sdnrejenis vealdtis thi pregnepli aj thi letirdl egtirpritdteag aj praphiny. Dnnar`egf ta thi pldeg rid`egf aj ^nrepturi, thisi ajjiregfs dri gat kikaredls. Phiy dri ixpedtary eg gdturi dg` `isefg.
D Hirkigiutendl @elikkd Dnnar`egf ta Hioriws 5=?>-?8, “Nhrest wds agni ajjiri` ta oidr thi segs aj kdgy.‛ Vhy, thig, es thiri thi gii` jar seg ajjiregfs, ourgt ajjiregfs, dg` d riturg ta Al` Pistdkigt typis dg` shd`aws1 @ispeti thier egsestigni upag d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, `espigsdteagdlests dri jarni` ta speretudlezi thi tirks “seg ajjiregfs,‛ “ourgt ajjiregfs,‛ “rinagneledteag,‛ dg` “dtagikigt‛ usi` eg pdssdfis sunh ds Iziceil 09=49, 46, dg` ?2. Phiy pastuldti thdt d “seg ajjiregf‛ es gat ajjiri` jar seg eg thi kelliggeuk, out es agly kikaredl eg gdturi. @espigsdteagdlest Nhdrlis _yrei, nakkigtegf ag thi letirdl hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk, wretis= “Ej letirdl egtirpritdteag es thi narrint pregnepli aj egtirpritdteag, et jallaws thdt et waul` oi prapir ta ixpint et ta dpply ta dll thi ^nrepturis. Phes, ds wi hdvi trei` shaw, es thi ridsag kdttir aj nagsestigny eg thies thi dpplendteag aj ta pldeg egtirpritdteag es thi sa ekpartdgt. Phi gagletirdlest gagprikelliggedlest, thi liss spinejen dg` liss nagsestigt letirdlests dri thi navigdgt prikelliggedlest dg` thi prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlest, dg` thi nagsestigt letirdlest es d `espigsdteagdlest. . . . Eg athir war`s, nagsestigt letirdlesk es thi odses jar `espigsdteagdlesk, dg` segni nagsestigt letirdlesk es thi lafendl dg` aoveaus pregnepli aj egtirpritdteag, `espigsdteagdlesk es kari thdg mustejei`.‛: Laues Fal`oirf fais jurthir, nldekegf thdt thasi wha rimint d letirdlesten hirkigiutens dri dntudlly ekpasegf thier thialafendl jrdkiwarc upag ^nrepturis. Fal`oirf wretis thdt thi “twa istdoleshi` rulis aj egtirpritdteag dri ds jallaws= 4) “Vhig snrepturi kdcis nakkag sigsi usi ga athir sigsi3‛ ?) “Rraphiny . . . kust oi egtirpriti` letirdlly . . . Phi ridsag d gag-letirdl kitha` aj egtirpritdteag es d`apti` es, dlkast wethaut ixnipteag, oindusi aj d `iseri ta dvae` thi aoveaus egtirpritdteag aj thi pdssdfi. Phi `iseri ta oregf thi tidnhegf aj snrepturi egta hdrkagy weth saki pri`itirkegi` systik aj `antregi egstid` aj oregfegf `antregi
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_yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 52, ikphdses kegi. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
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egta hdrkagy weth thi snrepturis hds cipt thes prdnteni dlevi.‛ Phi paegt es thdt wi hdvi ta lit thi praphiten snrepturis spidc ag thier awg wethaut rid`egf egta thik!‛6 ^a, eg dnnar`dgni weth Cashy―s, _yrei―s, dg` Fal`oirf―s “letirdl hirkigiutens,‛ ixifitis kust dvae` thi “`iseri ta oregf thi tidnhegf aj snrepturi egta hdrkagy weth saki pri`itirkegi` systik aj `antregi.‛ Nagtrdrewesi, wi kust “lit thi praphiten snrepturis spidc ag thier awg wethaut rid`egf egta thik.‛ Eg ar`ir ta dvae` rid`egf d prinagnievi` thialafendl fre` egta thi veseags aj Iziceil, thi `espigsdteagdlests kust d`ket thdt thi garkdl, ar (Izic. pldeg egtirpritdteag‛ aj thi ixprisseags “seg thdt „ ajjiregfs‛ dg`“letirdl, “kdci dtagikigt 09=49, 46, GEZ)‛ kust kidg ixdntly seg ajjiregfs jar segs, dg` thi dtagikigt jar segs. Ej thi sdnrejenis kigteagi` eg Iziceil―s veseags dri ta oi ug`irstaa` letirdlly, thiy kust oi ixpedtary, gat kikaredl ajjiregfs. Veth rifdr` ta thi `espigsdteagdlests― egsestigni upag d nagsestigtly letirdl egtirpritdteag, Zirg Raythriss kdcis dg dstuti, nretendl aosirvdteag. Hi wretis, “E suspint, hawivir, thdt `rappegf thi phrdsi ‘letirdl egtirpritdteag― kefht pravi `ejjenult jar saki `espigsdteagdlests, oindusi ‘letirdl― hds oinaki d wdtnhwar` ar odggir. Et es d usijul wdtnhwar`, E suffist, prinesily oindusi et ndg oinaki d vihenli jar sle`egf egta d jldt egtirpritdteag ar pldeg egtirpritdteag whig et es nagvigeigt ta `a sa.‛8 Dppdrigtly, @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ug`irstdg` ^nrepturi letirdlly agly whig thi letirdl, gdturdl rid`egf aj sunh pdssdfis nagjarks ta thier thialafendl fre`. Phi nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlests es “nagsestigtly letirdl‛ agly whig thier @espigsdteagdlesk dllaws thier egtirpritdteag ta oi letirdl. Et kust, thirijari, oi dfrii` thdt thi tirk “letirdl egtirpritdteag‛ es “d nagjusegf tirk, ndpdoli aj oiegf usi` ta oif kdgy aj thi quisteags dt stdci eg thi egtirpritdteag aj thi Oeoli.‛5
Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Apteags Ej agi rimints Cashy―s kikaredl veiw ds oiegf egnagsestigt weth thi figirdl tigar aj ^nrepturi, dt lidst twa apteags rikdeg. Eragendlly, thi Giw ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli fevis dg dltirgdtevi, gag-letirdl egtirpritdteag aj thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis, 6
Laues Fal`oirf, “Vhasi Ldg` Es Et1,‛ Essuis 0, ga. ? (g.`.)3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.miwsjarmisus.arf/puolendteags/essuis/0Q?/ldg`3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229, quategf Rigtinast, Phegfs ta Naki, :2. 8 Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 8:, ikphdses kegi. 5 Eoe`., 5:. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
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“Phi rijirigni ta sdnrejenis es gat ta oi tdcig letirdlly, eg veiw aj thi puttegf dwdy aj sunh ajjiregfs, out es rdthir ta oi rifdr`i` ds d prisigtdteag aj thi warshep aj ri`iiki` Esrdil, eg hir awg ldg` dg` eg thi kelliggedl tikpli, usegf thi tirks weth whenh thi Miws wiri jdkeledr eg Iziceil―s `dy.‛42 Ivig Pa`` Kdgfuk, d prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlest, drfuis jar thes veiw, dg` hi prijirs ta ug`irstdg` thiwarshep Iziceiledg rijirignis dgekdl “typalafendl rijirignis ta thi itirgdl aj thi nrunejei`tadg` resigsdnrejenis Lar` Fa`dsMisus Nhrest.‛44 Eg rispagsi ta sunh dg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis oy thi i`etars aj thi Giw ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli, Haicikd ixnldeks, “Phisi war`s nagviy d jdr-ridnhegf nagnisseag ag thi pdrt aj `espigsdteagdlests. Ej thi sdnrejenis dri gat ta oi tdcig letirdlly, why shaul` wi tdci thi tikpli letirdlly1 Et waul` siik thdt thi `espigsdteagdl pregnepli aj thi letirdl egtirpritdteag aj Al` Pistdkigt praphiny es hiri dodg`agi`, dg` thdt d nrunedl jaug`dteag stagi jar thi igteri `espigsdteagdl systik hds hiri oiig sit dse`i!‛4? Phirijari, ds Illesag rikeg`s us, “kdci thi sdnrejenis sykoalen dg` thi tikpli oinakis sykoalen taa.‛4> Pa nagni`i thdt thi Iziceiledg dgekdl sdnrejenis dri typalafendl ar sykoalendl eg gdturi es ta d`ket, dloiet tdnetly, thdt thi tikpli veseags aj Iziceil (nhdptirs 02-08) ndg oi egtirpriti` weth thi “typa-praphiten hirkigiutendl pregnepli‛ prapasi` oy Kdgfuk dg` prafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests.40 Phes waul` risult eg dg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Kelliggedl Pikpli whenh es nlasir ta thi egtirpritdteags aj @dgeil Olanc dg` F. C. Oidli.
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Nyrus E. ^najeil`, i`., Giw ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli (Giw Uarc= Axjar` Ygevirsety Rriss, 45:6), 888, ikphdses kegi. ^ii nakkigtdry ag Iziceil 0>=45. Phes valuki, d riveseag aj thi 4525 i`eteag, hds oiig i`eti` oy d nakkettii aj gegi lid`egf `espigsdteagdlest thialafedgs, dg` es thirijari sakiwhdt riprisigtdtevi aj nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk. 44 Kdgfuk, “Ndg Vi Ixpint d _istardteag aj Livetendl Dgekdl ^dnrejenis1 D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Apegeag,‛ 4>. 4? Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, ?20. 4> H. L. Illesag, Iziceil= Phi Kdg dg` Hes Kissdfi (Lag`ag= Rdtirgastir, 459:), 402, quati` eg Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag, >00. 40 Kdgfuk, “Ndg Vi Ixpint d _istardteag aj Livetendl Dgekdl ^dnrejenis1 D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Apegeag,‛ 8. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
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Phi athir apteag jar Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs es thi veiw d`apti` oy Mahg Vhetnako, out et saag oinakis nlidr thdt thes veiw hds ets eghirigt widcgissis.
Vhetnako―s Zeiw dg` Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Et es gatdoli thdt Vhetnako―s pdpir, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ nagstetutis pdrt aj thi supplikigts dg` sylldous jar thi naursi “@espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy= D Odsen Phialafy jar Iviryagi 49
Naursi‛ arfdgezi` oy Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi. Nagnirgegf thi kelliggeuk tikpli, Mijjriy Chaa―s riledgni upag Vhetnako―s pdpir es ive`igt eg thi jallawegf stdtikigt= “Ds rifdr`s thi kelliggedl tikpli dg` sdnrejenis, rid` Fdry Nahig, “Iziceil―s Nety= D Kelliggedl Zeseag,‛ ]eag―s Jeri (Muly-Dufust 4558)= 48?>3 Rrdohu`ds Cashy, “Phi Kelliggeuk Pikpli,‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush (Mdgudry ?222)= ?>->43 dg` Mahg N. Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ Frdni Phialafendl Maurgdl : (4589)= ?2446.‛4: Et es dppdrigt thdt Chaa hds gat drrevi` dt d nagnluseag ds rifdr`s thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis. Cashy―s veiw veiw. Givirthiliss, oath veiws dri ajjiri` ta thi stu`igts aj nagtrd`ents Jdr IdstirgVhetnako―s Oeoli Nallifi jar nagse`irdteag. Nagnirgegf thi Kelliggeuk Pikpli dg` ets dgekdl sdnrejenis, agi ndg, hawivir, oi dssuri` thdt stu`igts aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi dri `erinti` ta thi wretegfs aj rdgc @espigsdteagdlests jar dgswirs.
Phi Rdssegf aj Pypis dg` ^hd`aws Eg hes pdpir “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ Vhetnako nretenezis Dgthagy Haicikd jar dssukegf, “dlagf weth kdgy gag`espigsdteagdl thialafedgs, thdt dgekdl sdnrejenis eg thi kelliggeuk waul` egvalvi d riegstetuteag aj thi Kasden inagaky, must ds ej Nhrest hd` givir `ei`. Aswdl` P. Dlles, dgathir _ijarki` thialafedg, stdti`, jar ixdkpli= “Letirdlly egtirpriti`, thes kidgs thi
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^ii Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, 06. Phi `esnirgegf rid`ir well quencly gateni thdt thi supplikigtdry drtenlis prave`i` dri dt thi viry lidst sykpdthiten ta, dg` kast aj thi teki `ijig`, thi `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj dgekdl sdnrejenis eg thi Kelliggeuk Pikpli. Gat d segfli drtenli supplei` es nretendl aj thisi irragiaus veiws. 4: Chaa, Hioriws, >9. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
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ristardteag aj thi Ddragen preisthaa` dg` aj thi Kasden retudl aj sdnrejenis issigtedlly ugnhdgfi`.―‛46 _ijarki` thialafedgs dri eg figirdl dfriikigt thdt thi Al` Navigdgt typis dg` shd`aws, tafithir weth ets nirikagedl dg` Miwesh pinuledreteis, hdvi oiig jarivir doaleshi` weth thi d`vigt aj thi dgtetypi, Misus Nhrest - aur Rreist, Rraphit dg` Cegf. Dlthaufh treis nagvegni hes rid`irs thdt oiig “Iziceil―s penturi aj hug`ri` kelliggedlVhetnako warshep dg` thitaKasden systik whenh hd` istdoleshi` gegi 48 yidrs idrleir ixheoet jug`dkigtdl `ejjirignis,‛ Dlles es narrint ta sdy thdt sunh d ristetuteag aj nirikagedl prdntenis dg` dgekdl sdnrejenis es issigtedlly sekeldr ta thi letirdl ristardteag aj thi Ddragen preisthaa` dg` thi Livetendl retudl aj sdnrejeni. Ds ixpldegi` doavi, thi riegstetuteag aj thi Ddragen-]d`acedg preisthaa`, thi Miwesh Pikpli warshep, thi Miwesh reti aj nernukneseag, thi Miwesh jidsts dg` dgekdl sdnrejenis, fais dfdegst thi ri`ikptevi tidnhegfs aj thi Giw Pistdkigt. Et waul` kidg d ristetuteag aj thi “widc dg` oiffdrly ilikigts (Fdl. 0=5),‛ thi typis dg` shd`aws aj thi Al` Navigdgt `espigsdteag. Phi Ddragen preisthaa` hds oiig juljelli` oy ets dgtetypi - Misus Nhrest, Hefh Rreist aj thi Kilnhezi`icedg Rreisthaa`. Leciwesi, thi Livetendl retudl aj dgekdl sdnrejeni hds oiig doaleshi` oy thi `idth aj aur Lar` Misus Nhrest, wha es aur suostetuteagdry dtagikigt jar seg. Et es eg`esputdoli thdt thi riegtra`unteag aj issigtedlly sekeldr retudls dg` Miwesh nirikagedl prdntenis es d ritrafrissevi stip tawdr`s Al` Pistdkigt shd`awy jarks dg` typalafendl igteteis. Dlles dgswirs hes nreten „ Mahg Vhetnako „ weth thes will-war`i` pdrdfrdph, “Pa kdci usi aj thi “oiffdrly ilikigts‛ oijari thi ridlety hd` naki, dg` ta `a thes whig `erintly nakkdg`i` ta `a sa, wds agi thegf. Pa riturg ta thik djtir thi ridlety hds naki dg` whig ixprissly nakkdg`i` gat ta `a sa, waul` oi queti dgathir thegf.‛45 Jderoderg, eg hes Ixpaseteag aj Iziceil, prave`is Mijjriy Chaa dg` thi jdnulty aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi weth thi ridsags why d prajissi`ly _ijarki` egstetuteag kust gat ikordni Vhetnako―s veiw aj thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis=
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Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ ?4?-?4>, quategf Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, ?0:. 48 Eoe`., ?4>. 45 Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, ?06. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
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“Phi veseag aj thi praphit, ds et kust, ej ug`irstaa` letirdlly, ekply thi ultekdti ristardteag aj thi nirikagedls aj Mu`desk, sa et egivetdoly pldnis thi praphit eg `erint nagtrd`enteag ta thi wretirs aj thi Giw Pistdkigt. Phi igteri dg` tatdl nissdteag aj thi pinuledreteis aj Miwesh warshep es ds pldegly tdufht oy aur Lar` dg` hes dpastlis ds ldgfudfi naul` `a et, dg` ag fraug`s whenh dri gat aj tikpardry, out aj pirkdgigt vdle`ety dg` jarni. Phi war` aj Nhrest ta thi wakdg aj ^dkdred - “Vakdg, oileivi ki, thi haur nakith whig yi shdll giethir eg thes kaugtdeg, gar yit dt Mirusdlik, warshep thi Jdthir‛ - es dlagi nagnlusevi aj kdttir3 jarMirusdlik ej et kidgswds dgythegf warthy aj sa salikg dg dssivirdteag, et thi eg`endtis thdt prisigtly ta lasi ets `estegntevi nhdrdntir, dg` d ka`i aj warshep ta oi egtra`uni` ndpdoli aj oiegf niliordti` eg dgy athir pldni ds will ds thiri. Out whig wi jeg` thi dpastlis djtirwdr`s nagtig`egf jar thi nissdteag aj thi Miwesh retudl, oindusi sueti` agly ta d Nhurnh “eg oag`dfi ta thi ilikigts aj thi warl`,‛ dg` nagsestegf aj whdt wiri nakpdrdtevily out “widc dg` oiffdrly ilikigts,‛ - dg` whig eg thi Ipestli ta thi Hioriws wi dlsa jeg` thi `esdggullegf aj thi al` navigdgt weth ets Ddragen preisthaa` dg` ndrgdl ar`egdgnis drfui` dt ligfth, dg` ispinedlly “oindusi aj thi widcgiss dg` ugprajetdoligiss thiriaj,‛ thdt es, ets awg eghirigt ekpirjinteags, - wi kust nirtdegly hal` iethir thdt thi shd`awy sirvenis aj Mu`desk dri jegdlly dg` jar ivir fagi, ar thdt thisi sdnri` wretirs viry kunh kesriprisigti` thier Kdstir―s keg` rifdr`egf thik. Ga egtillefigt dg` segniri Nhrestedg ndg d`apt thi ldttir dltirgdtevi3 hi aufht thirijari ta rist eg thi jarkir.‛?2 Et es nlidr jrak thi Giw Pistdkigt tidnhegfs thdt thi landl nhurnhis istdoleshi` dg` `estreouti` dll avir thi warl` hdvi ripldni` thi landlezi`, Miwesh warshep dt thi tikpli eg Mirusdlik. Phi egdufurdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt hds jarivir `esdggulli` thi “ndrgdl ar`egdgnis‛ aj thi Kasden inagaky. Phirijari, “ta rifdr` thi praphit hiri ds ixheoetegf d praspint jaug`i` ag sunh dg uggdturdl nagmugnteag, es ta dsnreoi ta hek thi jaalesh pdrt aj siicegf ta hdvi thi giw wegi aj thi cegf`ak put odnc egta thi al` oattlis dfdeg3 dg` wheli annupyegf heksilj weth thi hefhist hapis aj thi Nhurnh, tridtegf hir agly ta d shawy spintdnli aj ndrgdl supirjenedleteis. Vi hdvi jdr taa hefh e`ids aj thi speretudl egsefht dg` ndllegf aj dg Al` Pistdkigt praphit, ta oileivi thdt et wds passeoli jar hek ta dnt sa ugsiikly d pdrt, ar nagtikpldti d stdti aj thegfs sa uttirly dgakdlaus.‛?4
?2 ?4
Jderoderg, Ixpaseteag aj Iziceil, 002-004. Eoe`., 004-00?. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
9>
Rrafrissevi _ivildteag dg` _i`ikptevi _ifrisseag Vhetnako drfuis thdt “djtir Sthi Lar`[ nakis, dgekdl sdnrejenis wetheg d Giw Navigdgt strunturi, ig`arsi` . . . oy thi levegf Ldko aj Fa`, well nagstetuti d fefdgten stip jarwdr` jar Esrdil Seg thi Kelliggeuk[.‛?? Hi ridsags, “Phi nagnipt aj prafrissevi rivildteag fudrdgtiis thdt thi Giw Navigdgt thianrdny well oifeg weth kari cgawli`fi thdg thi Nhurnh `e` dt Rigtinast. Uit thes thianrdny well ritdeg ets `estegntevi Esrdileti nhdrdntirestens‐d prakesi` ldg`, d tikpli, dpprapredti dgekdl sdnrejenis, dg` dg idrthly ]d`acedg preisthaa` . . . Phisi SIziceiledg[ sdnrejenis, ellukegi` oy d narpardti ug`irstdg`egf aj thi trui sefgejendgni aj thi Ldko aj Fa` wha taac dwdy thi seg aj thi warl`, well oi dpprinedti` dll thi kari jar whdt thiy ndg dg` ndggat dnnakplesh jar thi ajjirir.‛?> Ds wi hdvi `esnussi` doavi, thisi “`estegntevi Esrdileti nhdrdntirestens‛ dri pdrt aj thi Al` Navigdgt typalafendl jarks, dg` ds sunh, hdvi jarivir oiig doaleshi` weth thi egstetuteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag. Eg dnnar`dgni weth thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag, Vhetnako ta egtirprit Iziceil―sdpastalen, veseag eg thi lefht aj Giw Pistdkigt tidnhegfs. Egstid`,aufht hi dttikpts ta hdrkagezi ri`ikptevi `antregis weth Al` Pistdkigt typis dg` shd`aws. Eg sa `aegf, hi egd`virtigtly egjusis thi Kasden shd`awy ilikigts egta thi Giw Navigdgt `espigsdteag, dg` pirhdps ivig nagjaug`s thi tidnhegfs aj thi Giw Pistdkigt. Vhetnako nagtig`s thdt, dnnar`egf ta thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag, “thi twa wetgissis (_ivildteag 44), thi 400,222 (_ivildteag 6), dg` thi ]d`acedg tidnhegf preists jugnteagegf eg thi kelliggedl tikpli (Iziceil 02„08 ) well thirijari cgaw nagse`irdoly kari thdg Mahg thi Odptest, Dpallas, thi dpastli Rdul (wha praodoly givir rid` thi oaac aj _ivildteag), dg` ivig thi dpastli Mahg. Phiy well cgaw doaut thi jull dg` jegeshi` warc aj thi Lar` Misus Nhrest. Phiy well sii ga nagjlent oitwiig Iziceil dg` Hioriws.‛?0 Out djtir kdcegf thi paegt “thdt kelliggedl Esrdil well hdvi thi igteri GP dvdeldoli ta thik, egnlu`egf thi Oaac aj Hioriws,‛?9 wi rid` eg thi nagnluseag aj hes pdpir thdt ??
Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ ?4:. Eoe`. ?0 Eoe`. ?9 Eoe`. ?>
Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
90
dgekdl sdnrejenis well agni dfdeg sirvi ds d “pi`dfafendl‛ ar “egstrunteagdl‛ risaurni jar kelliggedl Esrdil. Vhetnako―s ridsagegf siiks ta nagtrd`ent thi _ijarki` `antregi aj thi sujjeneigny aj ^nrepturi, out thes es surily gat whdt hi egtig`i` ta nagviy ta hes rid`irs. Ej, dnnar`egf ta thi pregnepli aj prave`igtedl prisirvdteag aj ^nrepturi, kelliggedl Esrdil well hdvi thi dll sujjeneigt Var` aj Fa` dvdeldoli ta thik, why waul` d ristetuteag aj dgekdl sdnrejenis oi ginissdry “ds dg egstrunteagdl dg` `esneplegdry egstrukigt jar ?:
Esrdil1‛ Phi Oeoli ds wi hdvi et ta`dy - nagsestegf aj :: oaacs dg` d nlasi` Ndgag - es thi dll sujjeneigt pi`dfafendl risaurni, oath jar thi nhurnh dg`, dnnar`egf ta Vhetnako―s `espigsdteagdlesk, kelliggedl Esrdil. _ijarki` thialafedgs hdvi dncgawli`fi` thdt thi wrettig Var` es thi pregnepeuk nafgasnig`e.?6 Phirijari, eg thi speret aj ^ald ^nrepturd, wi hdvi ta kdegtdeg weth thi _ijarkirs thdt ^nrepturi es thi dll sujjeneigt rivildteag aj Fa` ta kdg. Phiri es ga ginissety wetheg thi Giw Navigdgt strunturi jar “widc dg` oiffdrly ilikigts (Fdl. 0=5)‛ ta sirvi ds egstrunteagdl ar pi`dfafendl egstrukigts. _ijarki` thialafedgs, wha dncgawli`fi thi sujjeneigny aj ^nrepturi, shaul` dll thi kari ripu`edti Vhetnako―s ridsagegf jaug` eg hes pdpir.
Vhetnako―s Zeiw aj thi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis Vi rindll thdt Vhetnako es narrint eg stdtegf thdt thi Livetendl sdnrejenis dri gat kirily d sykoalendl-typalafendl kidgs aj jarishd`awegf Nhrest―s `idth. Veth rifdr` ta dgekdl sdnrejenis ug`ir thi Kasden ar`ir, Curtz ildoardtis thdt “thi IXREDPEAG . . . aj thi pirsag sdnrejenegf Sthi ajjiregf[ es whdt wi kiit weth ivirywhiri Seg ^nrepturi[, gat agly ds thi jerst egtigteag, out ta d nirtdeg ixtigt ds thi nheij dg` kast ekpartdgt ig` aj thi olii`egf sdnrejenis eg figirdl. Vhig thi sdnrejeni aj dgekdls es kigteagi` eg thi ldw, kdcegf dtagikigt . . . es gidrly dlwdys ixprissly kigteagi`, dg` jar thi kast pdrt thes dlagi, ds oiegf thi purpasi, ig`, dg` jruet aj thi sdnrejeni.‛?8
?:
Eoe`., ?46. ^nrepturi es thi “pregnepli aj cgawegf‛ ar thi nafgetevi jaug`dteag aj Nhrestedgs. Ipestikalafendlly, thi Var` aj Fa` es dlsa thi pregnepeuk thialafedi, thi jaug`dteag jar thialafy dg` thi cgawli`fi aj Fa`. ?8 M. H. Curtz, Ajjiregfs, ^dnrejenis dg` Varshep eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, trdgs. Mdkis Kdrteg (Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag Ruoleshirs, 4558), ::. ?6
Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
99
Leciwesi, Frdooi aosirvis thdt “thi tixt Saj ^nrepturi[ kdcis et nlidr thdt thi olaa` aj thi sdnrejenis `e` tdci dwdy seg (Liv. 0=?2, ?:, >4, >93 9=42, 4>, 4:, 48, ?: SIgf. :=6[3 45=??3 Guk. 49=?9, ?:, ?8). Agi aj thi kdeg retudls aj ixpedteag wds thi retudl weth thi twa fadts ag thi @dy aj Dtagikigt (Liv. 4:).‛?5 @ispeti thi eghirigt ixpedtary vdlui aj thi Livetendl dgekdl sdnrejenis, Vhetnako refhtly pirnievis thdt ivig eg thi Al` Navigdgt inagaky, sdlvdteag wds oy frdni thraufh jdeth eg Nhrest dlagi, dg` eg Hes ri`ikptevi warc dlagi. Hi ixpldegs= “Eg thi navigdgt dt ^egde, Fa` prave`i` d hefhly nakplix dg` refe` strunturi jar hes “cegf`ak aj preists.‛ Vetheg thdt strunturi, gdteagdl/thianrdten trdgsfrisseags waul` rinievi gdteagdl/thianrdten jarfevigiss whig dpprapredti sdnrejenis wiri ajjiri` ta Fa` thraufh lifetekdti preists dt thi tdoirgdnli/tikpli dltdr. Phes “jarfevigiss‛ wds prakesi` rifdr`liss aj thi speretudl stdti aj iethir thi ajjirir ar thi preist. Hawivir, sunh sdnrejenedl olaa` naul` givir nlidgsi thi nagsneigni ar sdvi thi saul (Hio 42=4„?), sa Fa` ripidti`ly sigt praphits ta ndll hes piapli ta lavi dg` aoiy thier Fa` jrak thi hidrt. Dpdrt jrak sunh figuegi jdeth, dll thi nirikagedlly “cashir‛ dgekdls eg thi whali warl` waul` dvdel gathegf eg thi speretudl ridlk (Rs 92=6„493 Esd 4=4?„?23 Dkas 0=0„93 9=?2„?63 Has 9=:3 Ken :=:„83 Mir :=?23 6=?4„?> ). Et wds gat ta oi iethir jdeth ar sdnrejenis3 rdthir, et wds ta oi oath jdeth dg` sdnrejenis (nj. Rs 94=45).‛>2 Nagsestigt weth thi thialafy aj thi wretir aj Hioriws, Vhetnako rinafgezis thi egjirearety aj thi Livetendl retudl aj dgekdl sdnrejeni, dg` thdt “dll thi nirikagedlly “cashir‛ dgekdls eg thi whali warl` waul` dvdel gathegf eg thi speretudl ridlk.‛>4 “Jar et es gat passeoli thdt thi olaa` aj oulls dg` aj fadts shaul` tdci dwdy segs (Hio 42=0).‛ Giethir ndg sunh dgekdl sdnrejenis “nlidgsi thi nagsneigni ar sdvi thi saul.‛>? Vhetnako―s veiw aj thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis es dlsa kari nagsestigt weth thi letirdl hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk, ispinedlly whig nakpdri` ta Cashy―s “kikaredl‛ veiw. Vhetnako oileivis thdt thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis dri gat “prekdrely kikaredl‛ eg gdturi, out sirvi ta prave`i “tikpardl nlidgsegf dg` jarfevigiss‛ wetheg thi thianrdny aj Esrdil. Hi ristrents thi ixpedtary vdlui aj thi dgekdl sdnrejenis wetheg thi oaug`dreis aj “nirikagedl jarfevigiss.‛ Vhetnako ilune`dtis= ?5
Frdooi, Mu`den _ilefeag eg thi ^inag` Pikpli Rirea`, 4>2-4>4. Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ ?25-?42. >4 Eoe`., ?42. >? Eoe`. >2
Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
9:
“Gaw whdt `ais dll aj thes eg`endti weth rifdr` ta dgekdl sdnrejenis eg thi kelliggedl Pikpli jar Esrdil ug`ir thi Giw Navigdgt1 Et eg`endtis thdt juturi sdnrejenis well hdvi gathegf ta `a weth itirgdl sdlvdteag whenh agly nakis thraufh trui jdeth eg Fa`. Et dlsa eg`endtis thdt juturi dgekdl sdnrejenis well oi “ijjendneaus‛ dg` “ixpedtary‛ agly eg tirks aj thi strent praveseag jar nirikagedl (dg` thus tikpardl) jarfevigiss wetheg thi thianrdny aj Esrdil. Phus, dgekdl sdnrejenis `uregf thi nakegf Cegf`ak dfi well gat oidgy prekdrely kikaredl (leciegthi egAl` nhurnh nakkugeag sirvenis), kari thdg sdnrejenis thiiunhdrest dfi aj thi Navigdgt wiri prekdrely praspintevi ar praphiten eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj thi ajjirir.‛>> Vhetnako es ndrijul ta nagtrdst Nhrest―s dtagikigt jar “egjegeti dg` itirgdl fuelt‛ weth thi “purily tikpardl nlidgsegf dg` jarfevigiss‛ prave`i` jar oy thi dgekdl sdnrejenis. Dnnar`egf ta Vhetnako, “whdt hdppigi` Sta thi ajjirir[ wds tikpardl, jegeti, ixtirgdl, dg` lifdl - gat itirgdl, egjegeti, egtirgdl, dg` satirealafendl.‛>0 Hawivir, thi widcgiss eg Vhetnako―s ridsagegf leis eg hes dttikpt ta `ejjirigtedti “nirikagedl dg` speretudl dtagikigt.‛>9 Eg ar`ir ta dvae` thi nlidr thialafendl ekplendteags aj Nhrest―s pirjint dtagikigt jar dll thi segs aj thi ilint, Vhetnako ndtifarezis dtagikigt jar segs egta twa drtejenedl pdrteteags= nirikagedl (ar thi “tikpardl, jegeti, ixtirgdl, dg` lifdl‛ dtagikigt jar segs) dg` speretudl (ar thi “itirgdl, egjegeti, egtirgdl, dg` satirealafendl‛ dtagikigt jar segs). Hi nldeks thdt thes `estegnteag es “oy ga kidgs d kegar agi, jar et es dt thi hidrt aj thi odsen `ejjirigni oitwiig thi thianrdny aj Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, thi Oa`y dg` Ore`i aj Nhrest. Et dlsa prave`is d kari nagsestigt hirkigiutendl dppradnh jar `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk.‛>: Phes thialafendl `eveseag aj thi dtagikigt `irevis ets vdle`ety jrak d strent `espigsdteagdl, hirkigiutendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil (“thi thianrdny aj Esrdil‛) dg` thi Nhurnh (“thi Oa`y dg` Ore`i aj Nhrest‛). Out weth d _ijarki` hirkigiutendl-thialafendl fre`, thiri es ga odses jar sunh d `eveseag. Phi oaac aj Hioriws nlidrly tidnhis thdt Nhrest es thi pirjint sdnrejeni dg` dtagikigt jar dll thi segs aj Hes ilint. Haw, thig, ndg Vhetnako mustejy hes thises thdt Fa` riqueris thi ristetuteag aj dgekdl sdnrejenis eg thi kelliggeuk jar nirikagedl nlidgsegf dg` dtagikigt1
>>
Eoe`., ikphdses kegi. Eoe`., ?25. >9 Eoe`., ?44. >: Eoe`. >0
Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
96
Oidli rikeg`s us thdt, “Gukiraus nakkigtdtars hdvi paegti` aut thdt thes Sthdt es, thi ristetuteag aj dgekdl sdnrejenis[ waul` vealdti thi pregnepli aj Hioriws= thi Al` Pistdkigt sdnrejenis paegti` ta Nhrest―s ‘agni jar dll― sdnrejeni (Hio. 5=4?, ?:, ?83 42= 42-48), sa thdt ta fa odnc ta thasi sdnrejenis waul` eg`endti thi egsujjeneigny aj Nhrest―s sdnrejeni jar seg (nj., i.f., Hio. 42=48= ‘Gaw whiri thiri es jarfevigiss aj thisi thegfs, thiri es ga lagfir dgy ajjiregf jar seg―). >6 Phes waul` dppidr ta aj dkaugt ta d rivirsdl aj ri`ikptevi dg`, kari ekpartdgtly, d `igedl thi ijjendny aj Nhrest―s sdnrejeni.‛hestary
Vhetnako ridsags thdt thisi seg dg` ourgt ajjiregfs eg thi Kelliggeuk Pikpli `a gat jugnteag “ag thi livil aj Ndlvdry―s Nrass,‛ out yit, ag thi “qudse-physendl‛ livil prave`i jar nirikagedl nlidgsegf dg` jarfevigiss. Eg thi nagnluseag ta hes pdpir, hi wretis= “Oijari thi hidvigs dg` thi idrth jlii dwdy jrak hek wha sets upag thi Fridt Vheti Phragi (_iv ?2=44), Fa` well prave`i d jegdl `ikagstrdteag aj thi vdle`ety aj dgekdl sdnrejenis ds dg egstrunteagdl dg` `esneplegdry egstrukigt jar Esrdil. Phi igteri warl` well sii thi trui purpasi aj thes systik. Aj naursi, thi systik givir hds dg` givir well jugnteag ag thi livil aj Ndlvdry―s Nrass, whiri egjegeti dg` itirgdl fuelt wds `idlt weth agni dg` jar dll. Out thi systik `e` dnnakplesh, ug`ir Fa`, saki viry ekpartdgt pi`dfafendl dg` `esneplegdry purpasis jar Esrdil ug`ir thi Al` Navigdgt (Fdl 0=4„6). Phiri es faa` ridsag ta oileivi thdt et well yit dfdeg, dg` jdr kari sunnissjully jrak d pi`dfafendl stdg`paegt, jugnteag ag thi livil aj qudse-physendl dg` thus purily tikpardl nlidgsegf dg` jarfevigiss (nj. Hio 5=4>) wetheg thi strent lekets aj thi gdteagdl thianrdny aj Esrdil `uregf thi agi thausdg` yidrs aj Nhrest―s riefg upag thi idrth eg dnnar`dgni weth thi tirks aj thi Giw Navigdgt.‛>8 Vi gati thdt Vhetnako quatis Hioriws 5=4> eg thi djarikigteagi` pdrdfrdph. Out lit us pirusi thes pdssdfi aj Hioriws eg ets igterity, “Jar ej thi olaa` aj oulls dg` aj fadts, dg` thi dshis aj dg hiejir spregclegf thi ugnlidg, sdgntejeith ta thi purejyegf aj thi jlish= Haw kunh kari shdll thi olaa` aj Nhrest, wha thraufh thi itirgdl ^peret ajjiri` heksilj wethaut spat ta Fa`, purfi yaur nagsneigni jrak `id` warcs ta sirvi thi levegf Fa` (Hio. 5=4>-40)1‛
>6 >8
Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag, >0>->00. Vhetnako, “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil,‛ ?46, ikphdses kegi. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
98
Ej, eg`ii`, Nhrest hds pirjintly purfi` aur “nagsneigni jrak `id` warcs ta sirvi thi levegf Fa`,‛ why waul` et oi ginissdry jar “thi olaa` aj oulls dg` aj fadts‛ ta purejy thi jlish dll avir dfdeg eg thi kelliggeuk1 Ds wi dri nlidgsi` jrak segs eg thi speretudl, egtirgdl, egjegeti dg` itirgdl ridlk oy thi olaa` aj Nhrest, why shaul` thiri oi dgy jurthir ginissety jar thi jlishly, ixtirgdl, jegeti dg` tikpardl nlidgsegf oy thi olaa` aj dgekdls1 Vetheg thi d`kegestrdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt, Nhrestedgs dri gat riqueri` ta ajjir up dgy (_ak. dgekdl4?=4-?, sdnrejenis jar4>=49-4:, nirikagedl nlidgsegf. Aur sdnrejenis dri gaw speretudl gdturi Hio. 4 Rit. ?=9). Phisi speretudl sdnrejenis, sunh ds eg thi sujjiregfs aj Fa`―s piapli jar Nhrest sdci, dg` ivig thi sdnrejenis aj prdesi (Hio. 4>=49-4:), dri dnniptdoli ta Fa` oy vertui aj Nhrest―s dtagegf sdnrejeni jar segs. ^peretudl nlidgsegf es djjar`i` oy thi sdgntejyegf warc aj thi Haly ^peret, gat oy thi olaa` aj dgekdls. Nlidgsegf eg thi Giw Navigdgt inagaky es jrak thi warcs aj thi jlish (? Nar. 6=4), gat jrak nirikagedl ugnlidggiss. “Eg`ii`, Rdul―s ug`irstdg`egf aj thi oifeggegf juljellkigt aj thi tikpli `isnreoi` eg Iziceil >6=?:-?8 egvalvis dg agfaegf gii` ta ‘gat taunh whdt es ugnlidg― (? Nar. :=46) dg` ta ‘nlidgsi― agisilj ‘jrak dll `ijelikigt aj jlish dg` speret― (? Nar. 6=43 sa dlsa 4 Nar. :=48-45). Rirhdps, Iziceil―s igefkdten sdnrejenis dlsa naul` oi ug`irstaa` dlagf thisi legis.‛>5 Givirthiliss, thiri well ga lagfir oi dgy gii` aj nirikagedl nlidgsegf ds dllifi` oy Vhetnako. Mdkeisag, Jdussit dg` Orawg nakkigt, “Hes olaa`, ajjiri` oy Heksilj, purejeis gat agly autwdr`ly, ds thi Livetendl sdnrejenis ag thi `dy aj dtagikigt, out egwdr`ly ugta thi sirveni aj thi levegf Fa` (vv. 4>, 40). Hes `idth egdufurdtis thi giw navigdgt, dg` thi hidvigly sdgntudry (vv. 49„?>). Hes igtrdgni egta thi trui Haly aj Haleis nagsukkdtis Hes agni-jar-dll-ajjiri` sdnrejeni aj dtagikigt (vv. ?0-?:)3 Hes ridppidrdgni dlagi rikdegs ta nakpliti aur ri`ikpteag (vv. ?6, ?8).‛02 Vhetnako ndggat isndpi thi thialafendl ekplendteags aj d letirdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Iziceiledg ixpedtary sdnrejenis. Eg thi tikpli veseag aj Iziceil, wi rid` thdt thi olaa` aj thi sdnrejenedl dgekdl well agni dfdeg oi spregcli` agta thi dltdr aj thi Kelliggeuk Pikpli (Izic. 0>=48). Out Curtz drfuis thdt,
>5
Oidli, Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag, >05->92. _aoirt Mdkeisag, D. _. Jdussit dg` @dve` Orawg, D Nakkigtdry ag thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts, val. > (Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag Ruoleshirs, 4556), 999, ikphdses kegi. 02
Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
95
“Dgy olaa` whenh wds spregcli` upag thi dltdr, dg` thirijari “iviry sdnrejeni eg whenh olaa` wds dpplei` ta thi dltdr,‛ wds egtig`i` ds dg ixpedteag3 dg` dlsa, thdt, ds olaa` wds dpplei` ta thi dltdr eg nagginteag weth iviry dgekdl sdnrejeni, ixpedteag taac pldni eg nagginteag weth thik dll3 dg`, sa jdr, iviry ceg` aj dgekdl sdnrejeni kefht oi `isefgdti` ds dg ixpedtary sdnrejeni. Out et `ais gat jallaw jrak thes, thdt ixpedteag wds thi sali aomint eg iviry ndsi, ar dll iqudlly ekpartdgt aomint eg thik dll. Phi war`s, “ta kdci dtagikigt jar hek,‛ dri ixprissly usi`, eg jdnt, gat agly eg nagginteag weth (Liv. ?:, >4, >9, itn.) trispdssajjiregf (Liv. v. thi 4:, seg-ajjiregf 48, ve. 6, itn.), outev. eg ?2, nagginteag weth thidg` ourgt04 ajjiregf dlsa (Liv. e. 0).‛ Ds Nhrest hds kd`i thi ultekdti ixpedtary sdnrejeni ag Ndlvdry―s nrass, et es `ejjenult jar Vhetnako ta egsest upag d riegstetuteag aj sunh dgekdl sdnrejenis „ whenh egnlu`i thi spregclegf aj olaa` upag thi dltdr aj thi tikpli - wethaut sdnrejenegf thi prineaus _ijarki` `antregi aj Nhrest―s dtagikigt. Dlsa, d rinurregf phrdsi eg nagginteag weth oath thi seg dg` thi fuelt ajjiregfs eg thi Oaac aj Livetenus es, “thi preist shdll kdci dg dtagikigt jar hek . . . dg` et shdll oi jarfevig hek (Liv. 0=?2, ?:, >4, >9, 9=42, 4>, 4:, 48, :=6).‛ Et es dppdrigt thdt oijari dgy rinagneledteag ndg tdci pldni oitwiig thi ajjirir dg` Udhwih, thiri kust oi dtagikigt jar seg. Phi dtagikigt jar seg kust prini`i jarfevigiss3 Fa` `ais gat jarfevi segs jar whenh ga dtagikigt hds oiig kd`i. Eg d sekeldr wdy ta thi Livetendl sdnrejenis, thisi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis dri ug`auoti`ly ixpedtary eg gdturi ej ug`irstaa` letirdlly, eg thdt thiy prave`i jar tikpardl, nirikagedl nlidgsegf dg` navir jar segs. Phirijari, sunh sdnrejenis riprisigt d rifrisseag tawdr`s Al` Pistdkigt typalafendl, shd`awy jarks. Nhrest `idth hds sinuri` jar us itirgdl, pirjint dtagikigt gat agly jrak dll aur segs, out dlsa jrak dll nirikagedl ekpureteis. Phirijari, oiegf nlathi` eg Nhrest―s refhtiausgiss, wi ndg “naki oal`ly ugta thi thragi aj frdni, thdt wi kdy aotdeg kirny, dg` jeg` frdni ta hilp eg teki aj gii` (Hio. 0=4:).‛ Vi ndg gaw, oy vertui aj Nhrest―s kegestry aj rinagneledteag, dppradnh thi Phragi aj Fa`, lit dlagi thi dllifi` Kelliggeuk Pikpli ag idrth. Phi wretir aj Hioriws nagteguis= “Et wds thirijari ginissdry thdt thi pdttirgs aj thegfs eg thi hidvigs shaul` oi purejei` weth thisi3 out thi hidvigly thegfs thiksilvis weth oittir sdnrejenis thdg thisi. Jar Nhrest es gat igtiri` egta thi haly pldnis kd`i 04
Curtz, Ajjiregfs, ^dnrejenis dg` Varshep eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, 6>-60. Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
:2
weth hdg`s, whenh dri thi jefuris aj thi trui3 out egta hidvig etsilj, gaw ta dppidr eg thi prisigni aj Fa` jar us= Gar yit thdt hi shaul` ajjir heksilj ajtig, ds thi hefh preist igtirith egta thi haly pldni iviry yidr weth olaa` aj athirs3 Jar thig kust hi ajtig hdvi sujjiri` segni thi jaug`dteag aj thi warl`= out gaw agni eg thi ig` aj thi warl` hdth hi dppidri` ta put dwdy seg oy thi sdnrejeni aj heksilj. Dg` ds et es dppaegti` ugta kig agni ta `ei, out djtir thes thi mu`fkigt= ^a Nhrest wds agni ajjiri` ta oidr thi segs aj kdgy3 dg` ugta thik thdt laac jar hek shdll hi dppidr thi sinag` teki wethaut seg ugta sdlvdteag (Hio. 5=?>-?8).‛ Nhrest ajjiri` Heksilj agni, “ta put dwdy seg oy thi sdnrejeni aj heksilj.‛ Eg Hioriws 42=4?-40, thi wretir ridjjerks aur jdeth eg Nhrest―s dtagikigt jar segs, “Out thes kdg, djtir hi hd` ajjiri` agi sdnrejeni jar segs jar ivir, sdt `awg ag thi refht hdg` aj Fa`3 Jrak hignijarth ixpintegf tell hes igikeis oi kd`i hes jaatstaal. Jar oy agi ajjiregf hi hdth pirjinti` jar ivir thik thdt dri sdgntejei`.‛ Vi hdvi priveausly `esnussi` thi thialafendl `ejjenulteis ignaugtiri` whig agi oileivis eg thi ristetuteag aj dgekdl sdnrejenis. Agi wag`irs haw Vhetnako rinagnelis thi “tikpardl nlidgsegf dg` jarfevigiss‛ ijjinti` oy thi Iziciledg ixpedtary sdnrejenis weth nlidr, GP ri`ikptevi tidnhegfs (i.f. Hioriws nhdptir 42)1 “Hi SNhrest[ tdcith dwdy thi jerst, thdt hi kdy istdolesh thi sinag`. Oy thi whenh well wi dri sdgntejei` thraufh thi ajjiregf aj thi oa`y aj Misus Nhrest agni jar dll (Hio. 42=5o-42).‛ Hioriws 5=4> stdtis nlidrly thdt dgekdl sdnrejenis “sdgntejeith ta thi purejyegf aj thi jlish‛. Ej Misus Nhrest hds sdgntejei` thi ilint “agni jar dll‛ (Hio. 42=42), thi egsestigni upag d ristardteag aj dgekdl sdnrejeni es tdgtdkaugt ta d oldtdgt riminteag aj GP rivildteag. Ej thi ixifiti es gat nduteaus, hi kefht ivig oi jaug` fuelty aj rdgc hirisy, thdt es, ta suffist thdt dgekdl sdnrejenis dri ginissdry jar “nlidgsegf dg` jarfevigiss‛ eg thi kelliggeuk, djtir Nhrest “hd` ajjiri` agi sdnrejeni jar segs jar ivir (Hio. 42=4?).‛
Nagnluseag Jrak thi Giw Navigdgt pirspintevi, Mahg Jrdki es narrint ta aosirvi thdt, “Phi giw jark aj thi piapli aj Fa` Sthdt es, thi nhurnh[ egvalvi` kdgy giw thegfs. Ga lagfir wds thiri d letirdl tdoirgdnli ar tikpli3 Misus heksilj wds thi tikpli, dg` hi `wilt, oy hes speret, wetheg hes piapli, sa thdt eg d sigsi thiy oindki thi tikpli (Mahg ?=45jj.3 4 Nar >=4:j.3 :=453 ? Nar :=4:). Gar wds thi giw piapli aj Fa` e`igtejei`, ivig raufhly, weth d pdrtenuldr fraup aj nldgs ar treois3 et oindki dg egtirgdteagdl oa`y `istegi` Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
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ta navir thi flaoi (Kdtt ?8=45j.). . . . Ga ka`irg gdteag, ar ets favirgkigt (stdti), thig, well ivir pldy thi `estegntevi rali jelli` oy AP Esrdil. Fa`―s purpasis gaw dri we`ir dg` orad`ir3 thi whali warl` es thi prakesi` ldg` (Kdtt ?8=5jj.3 4 Nar >=?4jj.3 Iph :=>3 nj. Ixa` ?2=4?). Vi gii` ga lagfir thi typis dg` shd`aws aj thi tdoirgdnli dg` tikpli, jar wi hdvi thi ridlety eg Nhrest (Hioriws 8„42).‛0? D narrint ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Pistdkigt igdolis us ta dpprinedti thi supirearety Giw Navigdgt. thistagi. Giw Navigdgt lagfir hdviaj tathi warshep eg tikplis Yg`ir kd`i aj Vi dri thid`kegestrdteag, viry tikpli ajwi thiga Haly Fhast, dg` wi dri ta warshep Hek eg speret dg` eg truth (Mahg 0=?0). Giethir es thiri dgy gii` aj thi Miwesh sdnrejenedl nult, gar thi olaa` aj egganigt dgekdls upag thi dltdr. “Vhig Nhrest―s olaa` hds oiig shi` thiri ndg oi ga jurthir sdnrejeni jar seg. Jar d figirdteag thi tikpli rikdegi` wheli, oifeggegf eg ets naurts, thi faspil aj d oittir sdnrejeni wds pridnhi`. Oindusi Nhrest juljelli` dg` `e` gat `istray thi ldw, thi `esneplis `e` gat lidvi thi tikpli ugtel thiy wiri jarni` ta `a sa - ivig Rdul warshepi` thiri eg d vdeg ijjart ta shaw hes nagteguegf lavi jar hes piapli. Out thi essuis wiri kd`i pldeg ta thdt figirdteag dg` ta dll thdt jallaw. Ga dgekdl sdnrejeni ndg oi ajjiri` thdt es dnniptdoli ta Fa`, wha hds fevig hes awg ^ag ds thi Ldko. Pa ajjir sunh d sdnrejeni ndggat ripidt ar sykoalezi Nhrest―s sdnrejeni, jar Nhrest hds dppaegti` dgathir kikaredl aj hes `idth tell hi naki.‛0> Haw ndg d _ijarki` thialafedg ivig oifeg ta ikordni Vhetnako―s ar thi “kikaredl‛ veiw aj Iziceiledg sdnrejenis, dg` yit ritdeg hes jdethjulgiss ta thi _ijarki` jdeth1 @ui ta thier d`hirigni ta thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud gag, Mijjriy Chaa dg` Rrdohu`ds Cashy hdvi sd`ly nakprakesi` `afkdten GP ri`ikptevi tidnhegfs weth thi jdulty, letirdlesten hirkigiutens aj `espigsdteagdlesk. Nagsestigt weth thi dgdlafy aj jdeth dg` thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag, Chaa dg` Cashy shaul` ug`irstdg` Iziceil―s veseag weth thi rivildteag aj Misus dg` thi dpastlis, dg` gat veni virsd. Vhithir agi pirnievis thi Iziceiledg sdnrejenis ds kirily kikaredl, ar riegstetuti` jar thi nirikagedl, tikpardl jarfevigiss aj segs, agi kust djjerk weth thi dpastlis thdt thiri es ga lagfir dgy ginissety aj sdnrejenis jar segs, “Jar oy agi ajjiregf hi hdth pirjinti` jar ivir thik thdt dri sdgntejei` (Hio. 42=40).‛ Vi kust dssirt thdt, “Ej thiri es d wdy odnc ta thi nirikagedl ldw, ta thi typis dg` shd`aws aj whdt hds gaw oinaki thi oag`dfi aj lifdlesk, thig Rdul ldoari` dg` rdg eg vdeg - kari thdg thdt, Nhrest `ei` eg vdeg.‛00
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Jrdki, “Pawdr` d Phialafy aj thi ^tdti,‛ ??2. Nlawgiy, “Phi Jegdl Pikpli,‛ 488-485. 00 Eoe`., 485. 0>
Phi Iziceiledg ^dnrejenis
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Nhdptir ?2 = Oeol i Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espi gsdteagdlesk Egtra`unteag= Phi @espigsdteagdl-Navigdgtdl Nagteguuk Phialafedgs jrak oath ig`s aj thi `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl spintruk rinafgezi thdt thialafendl paseteags ndg oi pldni` dgywhiri wetheg thes nagteguuk.4 Ds Mahg ^. Jiegoirf, d @espigsdteagdl thialafedg, stdtis, “Phialafendl paseteags ndg oi pldni` ag d nagteguuk ruggegf jrak veiws whenh hal` ta dosaluti nagteguety oitwiig thi Pistdkigts ta veiws hal`egf ta dosaluti `esnagteguety oitwiig thi Pistdkigts. Phi kari agi kavis eg thi nagteguety `erinteag, thi kari navigdgtdl hi oinakis3 dg` thi kari hi kavis eg thi `esnagteguety `erinteag, thi kari `espigsdteagdl hi oinakis.‛? Jiegoirf nagteguis ta ildoardti thdt kast thialafendl systiks, eg jdnt, jdll eg oitwiig thi twa ixtriki ig`s aj thes `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl nagteguuk. Hi wretis= “Figirdlly, systiks thdt kavi tawdr` dosaluti nagteguety jet kari eg thi kal` aj _ijarki` ar navigdgtdl thialafeis. ^ystiks thdt kavi tawdr` dosaluti `esnagteguety jet kari eg thi kal` aj `espigsdteagdl thialafeis. Vheli thiri dri vdreiteis aj oath ceg`s, et es uglecily thdt dgy dntudl systiks dri ixdntly dt iethir ig` aj thi nagteguuk.‛> Eg ar`ir ta prapirly e`igtejy thi thialafendl fre` d`hiri` ta oy d pdrtenuldr thialafedg, et es ekpartdgt ta `ilegidti thi segi qud gag aj d systik. Phi segi qud gags ar thi jaug`dteagdl pregneplis aj d thialafendl systik kust oi `estegfueshi` jrak veiws `irevi` jrak thi dpplendteag aj thasi jaug`dteagdl pregneplis. Jiegoirf ixpldegs= “Gat dll `esnagteguety ar `espigsdteagdl paseteags dri dleci. Gagithiliss, et siiks passeoli ta `ilegidti thasi ilikigts issigtedl ta dll `espigsdteagdl 4
Jar ixdkpli, sii thi hiuresten spintruk aj isnhdtalafendl paseteags ispausi` oy Kdgfuk. ^ii Kdgfuk, “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary,‛ 49. ? Mahg ^. Jiegoirf, “Rrijdni,‛ eg Nagteguety dg` @esnagteguety= Rirspintevis ag thi _ildteagshep Oitwiig thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts, i`. Mahg ^. Jiegoirf (Vistnhistir, EL= Nrasswdy Oaacs, 4588), xee. > Mahg ^. Jiegoirf, “^ystiks aj @esnagteguety,‛ eg Nagteguety dg` @esnagteguety= Rirspintevis ag thi _ildteagshep Oitwiig thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts, i`. Mahg ^. Jiegoirf (Vistnhistir, EL= Nrasswdy Oaacs, 4588), :0.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
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systiks. . . . Ds ta thi `estegnteag, eg dssissegf dgy nagniptudl systik et es dlwdys nrunedl ta `estegfuesh jaug`dteagdl pregneplis jrak gateags whenh dri dpplendteags aj thasi jaug`dteagdl pregneplis. Phi systik es figirdti` jrak thi jarkir, dg` wethaut d`hirigni ta thik agi ndggat prapirly nldek ta hal` thi systik. _imintegf pdrtenuldr dpplendteags aj jaug`dteagdl pregneplis, hawivir, `ais gat `esqudlejy agi ds dg d`hirigt ta thi systik. Phes `estegnteag es ispinedlly ekpartdgt jar @espigsdteagdlesk, jar oath prapagigts dg` nretens hdvi taa ajtig tridti` dpplendteags aj thi systik leci jaug`dteagdl `espigsdteagdlests hdvi dssuki` wragfly thdt pregneplis. riminteag ajNagsiquigtly, sunh dpplendteags igtdels `ipdrturi jrak thi paseteag. Leciwesi, gag`espigsdteagdlests hdvi wragfly ug`irstaa` d`hirigni ta @espigsdteagdlesk ta kidg dfriikigt weth iviry dpplendteagdl paegt.‛0 Jiegoirf kdcis twa ekpartdgt paegts. Jerstly, hi ikphdsezis thi jdnt thdt d thialafendl systik es figirdti` jrak thi segi qud gag aj thdt systik. Agi wha d`hiris ta thi segi qud gag aj thdt systik ndg, thirijari, oi refhtly pirnievi` ds dg d`hirigt aj thdt thialafendl systik. ^inag`ly, thi riminteag aj nirtdeg dpplendteags aj thi segi qud gag “`ais gat `esqudlejy agi ds dg d`hirigt ta thi systik.‛9 Eg aur nurrigt `esnusseag aj whdt nagstetutis d @espigsdteagdlest, wi kust `ijegi dpprapredtily dg` prinesily whdt thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk es. Phialafedgs wha dri d`hirigts aj thes segi qud gag ndg dpprapredtily oi rifdr`i` ds @espigsdteagdlests. Out oijari E pranii` ta e`igtejy thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, E well oreijly stdti whdt thi segi qud gag es gat.
Vhdt thi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk es gat @espigsdteags ar Inagakeis
Eg hes `esnusseag aj thi tirk “@espigsdteagdlest,‛ Raythriss prijirs d “giutrdl `isefgdteag‛ jar thi “sdci aj nldrety.‛: Hi ndlls thi @espigsdteagdlests, “@thialafedgs.‛ Phes es ta dvae` dgy kesnagnipteags weth rifdr` ta thi `ijegeteag aj thi tirk “@espigsdteagdlest.‛ D nakkag irrar es ta `ijegi @espigsdteagdlesk ds d systik aj thialafy whenh dresis jrak veiwegf ^nrepturi eg tirks aj `espigsdteags. Out d @espigsdteagdlest es gat
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Eoe`., :6-:8. Eoe`., :8. : Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 5. 9
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
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sekply d thialafedg wha ug`irstdg`s thi Oeoli ds nagsestegf aj `estegntevi `espigsdteags. Raythriss ixpldegs, “@-thialafedgs Sar @espigsdteagdlests[ hdvi kast ajtig oiig ndlli` “`espigsdteagdlests‛ oindusi thiy `eve`i thi naursi aj hestary egta d gukoir aj `estegnt ipanhs. . . . Hawivir, thi war` “`espigsdteagdlest‛ es gat ridlly dpt jar ldoilegf @-thialafedgs. Zertudlly dll dfis aj thi nhurnh dg` dll ordgnhis aj thi thi nhurnh hdvi oileivi` thdt thiri dri `estegntevi `espigsdteags eg Fa`―s favirgkigt aj thi warl`, thaufh sakitekis thi nagsneausgiss aj sunh `estegnteags hds frawg `ek. Phi rinafgeteag aj `estegnteags oitwiig `ejjirigt ipanhs es oy ga kidgs ugequi ta @-thialafedgs.‛6 Et es aoveaus thdt d `espigsdteagdlest es gat kirily agi wha ug`irstdg`s thi Oeoli eg tirks aj vdreaus `evegi inagakeis ar `espigsdteags. Ivig Navigdgt thialafedgs sii dt lidst twa inagakeis eg Fa`―s `idlegfs weth kdg= (4) thi navigdgt aj warcs dg`, (?) thi navigdgt aj frdni. Mijjriy Chaa rinafgezis thes jdnt= “Et kust oi sde` thdt thiri es gathegf wragf eg siiegf `espigsdteags eg thi Oeoli. Navigdgt thialafedgs leci Nhdrlis Ha`fi, dg` Laues Oirchaj hdvi thier awg `espigsdteagdl snhikis out dll ug`ir thi ukorilld aj thi navigdgt aj frdni. Phiri dri gat sivig `espigsdteags, out agly twa= (4) thi `espigsdteag (ar navigdgt) aj warcs (Fig 4=4->=40), dg` (?) thi `espigsdteag (ar navigdgt) aj frdni (Fig >=49-_iv ??=?4).‛8 Egtiristegfly, Kdthesag narrintly aosirvis thdt, “@espigsdteagdlesk es taa ajtig `ijegi` eg tirks aj ets lawist nakkag `igakegdtar dg` thus es gat d`iqudtily `estegfueshi` jrak athir systiks aj thialafy. Jar ixdkpli, ^tdgliy Paussdegt `ijegis `espigsdteagdlesk ds thi thialafendl systik thdt “rinafgezis vdreaus d`kegestrdteags ar inagakeis eg (thi) autwarcegf aj Fa`―s pldg eg hestary.‛ Phes `ijegeteag akets dgythegf thdt es ugequi ta `espigsdteagdlesk. Zertudlly iviry systik aj Nhrestedg thialafy rinafgezis vdreaus d`kegestrdteags ar inagakeis wetheg Fa`―s pldg, yit et waul` oi egdnnurdti ta nldek thdt dll aj thisi systiks dri `espigsdteagdl. @espigsdteagdlesk kust oi `ijegi` eg tirks aj ets ugequi 6 8
Eoe`., 5-42. Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 9.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
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issigni, gdkily thdt whenh `estegfueshis et jrak athir systiks aj thialafy.‛5 @ispeti thi jdnt thdt @espigsdteagdlesk es gat `ijegi` oy thi e`igtejendteag aj `espigsdteags wetheg thi Oeoli, Chaa siiks ta suffist thdt d @espigsdteagdlest es kirily agi wha ug`irstdg`s thi Oeoli eg tirks aj vdreaus “`espigsdteags‛ ar d`kegestrdteags. Eg hes issdy, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, Chaa wretis, “Vhdt thig es `espigsdteagdlesk1 Phi war` “`espigsdteag‛ nakis jrak thi Friic aecagaked 42
(letirdlly “hausi whenh kidgs “stiwdr`shep,‛ “d`kegestrdteag.―‛ `ijegegf thi war`ldw‛) “`espigsdteag,‛ Chaa pranii`s ta ar fevi d oreij hestary aj Djtir @espigsdteagdlesk, dg` egnlu`is dg egtra`unteag ta thi vdreaus `espigsdteags d`vandti` oy @espigsdteagdlests. Hi dlsa `esnussis `espigsdteagdl dgtegakedgesk, `espigsdteagdl Ndlvegesk, dg` thi `espigsdteagdl veiw aj Esrdil. Chaa suosiquigtly nagnlu`is hes tridtesi weth thes stdtikigt= “Phirijari, hdvi wi ds Oeoli-Rrisoytiredgs oinaki `espigsdteagdl1 Ga, oindusi wi `a gat hal` ta d `espigsdteagdl snhiki out d navigdgtdl agi.‛44 Es et, thig, trui thdt d thialafedg es gat `espigsdteagdl sekply oindusi hi `ais gat “hal` ta d `espigsdteagdl snhiki‛14? @espigsdteagdlest Mahg ^. Jiegoirf ridlezis thdt d nakkag irrar es ta `ijegi @espigsdteagdlesk oy `ijegegf d `espigsdteag. Hi nagnurs weth thi aosirvdteag thdt Navigdgt thialafedgs, leciwesi, pirnievi vdreaus d`kegestrdteags ar inagakeis aj thi avirdrnhegf “navigdgt aj frdni.‛ Phirijari, thi nagnipt aj `espigsdteags es gat ugequi ta @espigsdteagdlesk. Jiegoirf ridsags= “Vheli αἲναλαμΡδ Saecagaked[ es d oeolendl war`, dg` d `espigsdteag es ta oi `ijegi` raufhly ds thisi kig Srijirregf ta nirtdeg @espigsdteagdlests[ hdvi, gagi aj thes `ijegis thi issigni aj @espigsdteagdlesk, d systik ar dppradnh ta ^nrepturi. . . . Phi egetedl irrar es thegcegf thdt thi war` “`espigsdteag‛ dg` tdlc aj `ejjiregf d`kegestrdtevi ar`irs agly dppidrs eg `espigsdteagdl thegcegf. Vhenh navigdgt thialafedg thegcs αἲναλαμΡδ 5
Kdthesag, @espigsdteagdlesk, >-0, quategf ^tdgliy Paussdegt, “D Oeolendl @ijigsi aj @espigsdteagdlesk,‛ eg Vdlvaar`= D Preouti, i`. @agdl` C. Ndkpoill (Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 458?), 8?-8>. 42 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, ?. 44 Eoe`., 44. 4? Eoe`.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
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Saecagaked[ es gat d oeolendl war`1 Kariavir, navigdgtdlests ajtig spidc, jar ixdkpli, aj `ejjiregf `espigsdteags aj thi navigdgt aj frdni. ^egni oath `espigsdteagdlests dg` gag`espigsdteagdlests usi thi tirk dg` nagnipt aj d `espigsdteag, thdt dlagi es gat `estegntevi ta @espigsdteagdlesk. Et es ga kari `estegntevi ta @espigsdteagdlesk thdg tdlc aj navigdgts es `estegntevi ta Navigdgt Phialafy. @espigsdteagdlests tdlc doaut navigdgts dll thi teki.‛4> Pek Vdrgirpldg dg` wetheg athir prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests sii d segfli, ugjal`egf ri`ikptevi ^nrepturi. Jurthirkari, dll `espigsdteagdlests rinafgezi vdreaus navigdgts (e.i. Dordhdken, @dve`en, Giw) eg Fa`―s `idlegfs weth Kdg. Vdrgir rividls thdt “Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests sii d prafrisseag aj `espigsdteagdl inagakeis eg d segfli ugjal`egf pldg ta ri`iik kdgceg`. Vi dncgawli`fi agly agi kidgs aj sdlvdteag jar dll teki , oy frdni thraufh jdeth.‛40 Navigdgt thialafedgs waul` leciwesi djjerk thdt thiri es “d segfli ugjal`egf pldg ta ri`iik kdgceg`,‛ dg` thdt thiri es “agly agi kidgs aj sdlvdteag jar dll teki, oy frdni thraufh jdeth‛. Hdvi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests, thirijari, oinaki _ijarki` thialafedgs1 Eg thi sdki oridth, Vdrgir ikphdsezis thdt, “surily prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests dri trui `espigsdteagdlests.‛49 Phes es oindusi thiy djjerk thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud gag.4: Vheli et es trui thdt thi rinafgeteag aj navigdgts wetheg thi Oeoli `ais gat ginissdrely kdci agi d Navigdgt thialafedg, thi dncgawli`fkigt aj `espigsdteags wetheg ^nrepturi, sekeldrly, `ais gat turg d thialafedg egta d `espigsdteagdlest. Jiegoirf fais jurthir eg hes dgdlyses aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Hi ixpldegs thdt thi nagnipt aj `espigsdteags es gat ivig d jaug`dteagdl pregnepli aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Dlsa, “thi gukoir aj `espigsdteags agi hal`s es gat dg issigtedl aj thi S@espigsdteagdl[ systik. . . . Phi gukoir aj `espigsdteags es gat dt thi hidrt aj thi systik.‛46 Phirijari, et es gat issigtedl whithir d @espigsdteagdlest d`hiri ta thrii 4>
Jiegoirf, “^ystiks aj @esnagteguety,‛ :5. E hefhly rinakkig` thi rid`egf aj Jiegoirf―s issdy “^ystiks aj @esnagteguety‛ ag pp. :>-8:3 et fevis d faa` dgdlyses aj whdt @espigsdteagdlesk es ds d systik aj thaufht. 40 Pek Vdrgir, Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk 424 Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.fianeteis.nak/~ldsttrukpit/pra`esp.htkl3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229, ikphdses kegi. 49 Eoe`. 4: Vi shdll `esnuss thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ldtir eg thes oaac. @espigsdteagdlests dri eg dfriikigt thdt thi trui segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk es thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. 46 Jiegoirf, “^ystiks aj @esnagteguety,‛ 62.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
:6
ar ivig sivig `espigsdteags. Phi gukoir aj `espigsdteags rinafgezi` `ais gat kdci d thialafedg dgy kari ar liss `espigsdteagdl. Jiegoirf nagteguis hes ridsagegf= “Phi irrar, hawivir, es dt dg ivig `iipir livil. Phi tirk dg` nagnipt “`espigsdteag‛ dri gat ivig dt thi issigni aj thi systik. Phi jug`dkigtdl irrar aj SIlleat[ Mahgsag, S^tdgliy[ Paussdegt, dg` athirs es thegcegf thdt thiy `ijegi d nagniptudl snhiki (@espigsdteagdl ) oy `ijegegf tirk ndg (“`espigsdteag‛). @ijegegf d war` dg` `ijegegf esk d nagnipt dri gatdthi sdki thegf. @ijegegf d war` egvalvis fevegf dg dgdlyses aj thi wdys eg whenh thi war` es usi` eg vdreaus nagtixts. @ijegegf d nagnipt egvalvis `ilegidtegf thi jug`dkigtdl qudleteis thdt kdci et whdt et es. @espigsdteagdlests dppdrigtly hdvi gat ug`irstaa` thi `estegnteag dg` sa hdvi dssuki` thiy naul` `ijegi d systik aj thaufht (d nagniptudl kdttir) oy `ijegegf d war`. @ijegegf thi tirk “`espigsdteag‛ ga kari `ijegis thi issigni aj @espigsdteagdlesk thdg `ijegegf thi tirk “navigdgt‛ ixpldegs thi issigni aj Navigdgt Phialafy.‛48 Phirijari, eg thi nurrigt thialafendl `edlafui oitwiig @espigsdteagdlests dg` _ijarki` thialafedgs, snhaldrs “shaul` gat shejt thi fraug` eg thi `esnusseag oy kdgiuviregf weth thi tirk “`espigsdteagdlest.―‛45 Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs shaul` gat dttikpt ta `ijegi @espigsdteagdlesk ds d thialafendl systik oy `ijegegf thi tirk “`espigsdteag.‛ Eg thi sdki vieg, d thialafedg es gat _ijarki` sekply oindusi hi `ais “gat hal` ta d `espigsdteagdl snhiki out d navigdgtdl agi.‛?2 Dgtegakedgesk
Eg hes issdy, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, Mijjriy Chaa dttikpts ta drfui thdt “@espigsdteagdl Dgtegakedgesk‛ es d `estegntevi aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Hi nldeks thdt “thi `espigsdteagdl dvirseag ta thi Kardl Ldw hds li` saki `espigsdteagdlests ta d`vandti thdt sdlvdteag egvalvis rinievegf Misus agly ds ^dveaur, out gat ds Lar`. Phes hds ta `a weth thi “Lar`shep ^dlvdteag‛ `iodti.‛?4 Eg thes kdggir, hi egtekdtis thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs― dfriikigt weth thi _ijarki` veiw aj thi Kardl Ldw `estegfueshis thik jrak @espigsdteagdlests.
48
Eoe`., :5, ikphdses kegi. Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 44. ?2 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 44. ?4 Eoe`., 6. Phi sinteag ag “@espigsdteagdl Dgtegakedgesk‛ jarks pdrt aj Chaa―s tridtesi ag whdt @espigsdteagdlesk es dg` es gat. 45
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
:8
Hawivir, et es rinafgezi` oy @espigsdteagdlests thdt thi “`espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi ldw es gat dg issigtedl aj thi systik. ^aki drfui thdt @espigsdteagdlesk igtdels dgtegakedgesk, segni `espigsdteagdlests nldek thdt thi ldw es `agi dwdy, jar Nhrest es thi ig` aj thi ldw (_ak. 42=0). Phaufh saki kdy hal` thes veiw, et es hdr`ly thi gark ar ginissetdti` oy @espigsdteagdlesk. . . . @espigsdteagdlesk es giethir dgtegakedg gar igtdels et.‛ ?? Agni dfdeg, Chaa jdels ta d``riss d`iqudtily thi jaug`dteagdl pregneplis aj @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi` @espigsdteagdlesk eg hes issdy, . Egstid`, hiagly prijirs ta `esnuss nirtdeg dpplendteagdl paegts aj thasi jaug`dteagdl pregneplis, dg` oreijly kigteags thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk dt thi nlasi aj hes issdy.
Ndlvegesk
Eg hes issdy, Chaa drfuis thdt @espigsdteagdlests dri “jaur-paegt Ndlvegests.‛?> Hi siiks ta suffist thdt “@espigsdteagdl Ndlvegesk‛ es nhdrdntiresten aj @espigsdteagdlesk.?0 Chaa wretis, “Kast `espigsdteagdlests dri jaur-paegt Ndlvegests. Phi paegt thiy rimint es thi ther` paegt - Leketi` Dtagikigt. Phiy oileivi thdt thi dtagikigt aj Nhrest es ugleketi` eg oath ets sujjeneigny dg` ijjeneigny. Nhrest `ei` sujjeneigtly dg` ijjintevily jar thi whali warl`, thaufh agly thi ilint dri sdvi`. Phes es ga `ejjirigt jrak Drkegedg S sen[ veiw aj thi dtagikigt.‛?9 Dfdeg, et es ekprinesi ta `ijegi @espigsdteagdlesk ved thi dpplendteagdl paegts aj ets jaug`dteagdl pregneplis. Phes kdggir aj drfukigt es d ri`-hirregf dt oist. Jiegoirf narrintly aosirvis thdt, “Giethir Ndlvegesk gar Drkegedgesk es dt thi issigni aj @espigsdteagdlesk. ^aki Ndlvegests dri gag`espigsdteagdlests, dg` athirs, leci kysilj, dri `espigsdteagdlests. Phi sdki es trui aj Drkegedgs. Phes kdttir es gat dt thi issigni aj @espigsdteagdlesk, oindusi Ndlvegesk dg` Drkegedgesk dri viry ekpartdgt eg rifdr` ta nagnipts aj Fa`, kdg, seg, dg`
??
Jiegoirf, “^ystiks aj @esnagteguety,‛ 64. Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 5. ?0 Phirijari, hi siiks ta ekply thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri gat `espigsdteagdl oindusi aj thier Ndlvegesk. ?9 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 5. Hi siiks ta hdvi lijt aut Mahg J. KnDrthur, Mr. aj Phi Kdstir―s ^ikegdry, wha es d silj-prajissi` “jevi-paegt Ndlvegest,‛ ds will ds d jullolaa`i` @espigsdteagdlest. ?>
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
:5
sdlvdteag. @espigsdteagdlesk oinakis viry ekpartdgt eg rifdr` ta innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy, out es ridlly gat doaut thasi athir drids. ^aki thegc sdlvdteag es dt thi hidrt aj @espigsdteagdlesk, oindusi thiy irragiausly thegc @espigsdteagdlesk tidnhis kultepli kitha`s aj sdlvdteag. Phasi wha prapirly ug`irstdg` thi paseteag ridlezi ets ikphdses leis ilsiwhiri.‛?: Hiri, Jiegoirf kdcis saki ekpartdgt rikdrcs. Phi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk hds etseg fridtist thi drids aj “innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy.‛ Phirijari, Chaa―srdkejendteags `ijegeteag ajeg @espigsdteagdlesk, et es gat hilpjul ta ivd`i d `esnusseag aj ets jaug`dteagdl pregneplis thdt hdvi thier jurthist dpplendteags eg innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy.?6 Rrikelliggedlesk
E dfrii kast hidrtely weth Chaa whig hi sdys “thdt tdcegf d prikelliggedl paseteag `ais gat ginissdrely kdci agi `espigsdteagdl.‛?8 @espigsdteagdlesk ndggat oi iqudti` weth Rrikelliggedlesk. Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlests, sunh ds Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, `a gat d`hiri ta thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Gat agly `a thiy `esdfrii weth `espigsdteagdl innlisealafy, thier nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak es `edkitrendlly appasi` ta thdt aj @espigsdteagdlesk.?5 Kdthesag nagnurs= “^aki hdvi drfui` thdt thi issigni aj `espigsdteagdlesk es prikelliggedlesk. Phdt waul` kdci et dt lidst pdrt aj thi `ijegeteag aj `espigsdteagdlesk. Out SNhdrlis[ _yrei `esdfriis, gategf thdt “oiegf d prikelliggedlest `ais gat ginissdrely kdci agi d `espigsdteagdlest.‛ . . . Ej `espigsdteagdlesk es gat sekply thi rinafgeteag aj vdreaus `espigsdteags, dg` ej et es gat prikelliggedlesk, thig whdt es et1 Vhdt `estegfueshis `espigsdteagdlesk jrak athir systiks aj thialafy1‛>2
?:
Jiegoirf, “^ystiks aj @esnagteguety,‛ 62-64, ikphdses kegi. Et es dlsa tillegf thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredg innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy dri issigtedlly sekeldr ta thasi aj _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlesk. ?8 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, 4. ?5 ^ii Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, Phi Rrisigni aj thi Juturi= Phi Isnhdtalafy aj Oeolendl _idlesk (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 4560). Eg nagtrdst, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak es sekeldr ta thdt aj @espigsdteagdlests. Phes es `esnussi` ldtir eg nhdptir ?? aj thes oaac. >2 Kdthesag, @espigsdteagdlesk, 0, quategf _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk Pa`dy, 00. ?6
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
62
Eg thi jallawegf pdfis, wi shdll oifeg aur `esnusseag aj whdt truly nagstetutis @espigsdteagdlesk.
Vha es d @espigsdteagdlest1 Vi shdll gaw dttikpt ta `ijegi thi tirk “@espigsdteagdlest‛ figirdlly. Dt thi sdki teki, wi rinafgezi vdreiteis wetheg @espigsdteagdlesk e.i. Nldssendl, _ivesi`/Garkdtevi, dg` Rrafrissevi.>4 Raythriss refhtly pirnievis thdt thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag es whdt sits @espigsdteagdlests dpdrt jrak Gag-`espigsdteagdlests. Phes `estegnteag es dpplei` thraufh agi―s thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`, ds Raythriss ixpldegs= “Vhdt thisi kig Se.i. @espigsdteagdlests[ prekdrely hdvi eg nakkag es d pdrtenuldr veiw aj thi pdrdllil-out-sipdrdti ralis dg` `istegeis aj Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. Dnnakpdgyegf thes veiw es d pdrtenuldr hirkigiutendl stdgni eg whenh ndrijul `estegnteag es kd`i oitwiig whdt es d``rissi` ta Esrdil dg` whdt es d``rissi` ta thi nhurnh. Vhdt es d``rissi` ta Esrdil es “idrthly‛ eg nhdrdntir dg` es ta oi egtirpriti` “letirdlly.―‛>? Ag thi athir hdg`, Pdg narrintly e`igtejeis Navigdgt thialafedgs ds thasi wha `a gat sii d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nagteguuk. Nhurnh. Phes ug`irstdg`egf jdlls dt thi athir ig` aj thi `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl Pdg wretis= “Navigdgt thialafedgs oileivi thdt Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh dri agi dg` thi sdki piapli3 `espigsdteagdl thialafedgs oileivi thdt Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh dri twa `estegnt piaplis aj Fa`.‛>> D `espigsdteagdlest es, thirijari, agi wha siis d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Out haw es thes `estegnteag dpplei` oy thi @espigsdteagdlest1 Pdg ilune`dtis thdt thes Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag es prekdrely d hirkigiutendl `estegnteag. Phdt es, d @espigsdteagdlest dppleis thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag eg hes rid`egf, egtirpritdteag dg` ixifises aj ^nrepturi. Pdg dlsa stdtis thdt thes hirkigiutendl `estegnteag es whdt qudlejeis d thialafedg ds d @espigsdteagdlest=
>4
Dnnar`egf ta Raythriss, “riprisigtdtevi @-thialafedgs Sar @espigteagdlests[ egnlu`i Liwes ^pirry Nhdjir, Nhdrlis L. Jiegoirf, Drga N. Fdioilieg, M. @wefht Rigtinast, Nhdrlis N. _yrei, dg` Mahg J. Vdlvaar`.‛ ^ii Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 5. >? Eoe`. >> Rdul Lii Pdg, Phi Egtirpritdteag aj Rraphiny (Hagf Cagf= Gar`end Egtirgdteagdl, 4560), ?0:. Pdg es d _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlest.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
64
“Phi odsen tist aj d `espigsdteagdl egtirpritir es hes wellegfgiss ta `estegfuesh, ved garkdl rid`egf aj thi ^nrepturis, thi `ejjirigni oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. Pa sii thi nhurnh ds thi Oa`y aj Nhrest, dg arfdgesk `ejjirigt jrak Al` Pistdkigt Esrdil, es ta rid` ^nrepturi `espigsdteagdlly dg` ta qudlejy ds d `espigsdteagdl egtirpritir.‛>0
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ds @ijegi` oy _yrei >9
Vhdt, thig, es thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud gag1 Dnnar`egf ta Nhdrlis N. _yrei, thi will-cgawg `espigsdteagdl thialafedg= “D `espigsdteagdlest ciips Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh `estegnt . . . Phes es praodoly thi kast odsen thialafendl tist aj whithir ar gat d pirsag es d `espigsdteagdlest, dg` et es ug`auoti`ly thi kast prdntendl dg` nagnlusevi. Phi agi wha jdels ta `estegfuesh Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh nagsestigtly well egivetdoly gat hal` ta `espigsdteagdl `estegnteags3 dg` agi wha `ais well.‛>: Phirijari, dnnar`egf ta _yrei, “thi kast prdntendl dg` nagnlusevi‛ thialafendl tist ta `estegfuesh d @espigsdteagdlest jrak d Gag-`espigsdteagdlest es whithir thi thialafedg d`hiris ta thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag.
_yrei ta ixpldeg thdt @espigsdteagdlests figirdlly ispausi d “nagsestigtly letirdl‛nagteguis hirkigiutens= “Phes `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh es oarg aut aj d systik aj hirkigiutens thdt es usudlly ndlli` letirdl egtirpritdteag. . . . Nagsestigtly letirdl, ar pldeg, egtirpritdteag eg`endtis d `espigsdteagdl dppradnh ta thi egtirpritdteag aj ^nrepturi.‛>6 Dlsa, @espigsdteagdlests dssirt thdt Fa`―s purpasis nigtir eg hes flary, rdthir thdg thi segfli purpasi aj sdlvdteag.>8 _ussill Oawirs, Mr. sukkdrezis jar us thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, whenh jarks d thriijal` tist ta e`igtejy d @espigsdteagdlest=
>0
Eoe`., ?94. ^ii Nhdrlis Ndl`will _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk Pa`dy (Nhendfa, EL= Kaa`y Rriss, 45:9), 00-08. Phes oaac wds suosiquigtly rivesi` dg` ixpdg`i`3 sii e`ik, @espigsdteagdlesk, >804 jar thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. >: _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, >5. >6 Eoe`., 02. >8 ^ii _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 02-04. >9
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
6?
“SNhdrlis N.[ _yrei prapasi` d thriijal` tist ta `itirkegi whithir d thialafedg es d `espigsdteagdlest= (d) d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh, whenh fraws aut aj (o) d nagsestigt usi aj letirdl (garkdl ar pldeg) egtirpritdteag, dg` (n) dg ug`irstdg`egf thdt thi `espldy aj Fa`―s flary es Hes ug`irlyegf purpasi eg thi warl`.‛>5 @ispeti thi thriijal` segi qud gag ds `ijegi` oy _yrei, ^tdgliy Paussdegt rikeg`s us thdt thi kast jaug`dteagdl pregnepli aj @espigsdteagdlesk es thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. Hi wretis= “Eg hes nldssen warc @espigsdteagdlesk Pa`dy, _yrei sits jarth d thriijal` segi qud gag aj `espigsdteagdlesk - d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh, d letirdl hirkigiuten, dg` thi flary aj Fa` ds Hes purpasi ag idrth. Aj thisi thrii, ug`auoti`ly thi kast ekpartdgt es thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. _yrei ndlls thes “thi kast odsen thialafendl tist aj whithir ar gat d kdg es d `espigsdteagdlest.‛ Hi ndlls et thi “issigni aj `espigsdteagdlesk.‛ Hi fais sa jdr ds ta sdy, “Phi gdturi aj thi nhurnh es d nrunedl paegt aj `ejjirigni oitwiig `espigsdteagdlesk dg` athir `antregdl veiwpaegts. Eg`ii`, innlisealafy, ar thi `antregi aj thi nhurnh, es thi taunhstagi aj `espigsdteagdlesk.‛ Dll `espigsdteagdlests waul` dfrii thdt thisi stdtikigts dri trui.‛02 Veth rifdr` ta thi thriijal` segi qud gag jarkuldti` oy _yrei, Chaa ixnldeks= “Phi segi qud gag (e.i. issigtedl ilikigts) aj `espigsdteagdl thialafy dri thi (4) `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, (?) letirdl egtirpritdteag aj praphiten tixts, dg` (>) ugejyegf pregnepli aj thi flary aj Fa`. Vi, ds rijarki` prikelliggedlests, ndg dfrii ta dll thrii paegts .‛04 Ilsiwhiri, Chaa rietirdtis=
>5
_ussill H. Oawirs, Mr., “@espigsdteagdl Katejs eg thi Vretegfs aj Irenh ^duir,‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 408 (4554)= ?:?. 02 ^tdgliy Paussdegt, “Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh aj d Prd`eteagdl @espigsdteagdlest,‛ eg Phrii Nigtrdl Essuis eg Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk= D Nakpdresag aj Prd`eteagdl dg` Rrafrissevi Zeiws, i`. Hiroirt V. Odtikdg EZ (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4555), ??6, quategf Nhdrlis Ndl`will _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk Pa`dy (Nhendfa, EL= Kaa`y Rriss, 45:9), 09, 06, 4>?. 04 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 44, ikphdses kegi. E waul` nagtig` thdt Chaa es d `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlest, dg` gat d _ijarki` prikelliggedlest leci Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``. Navigdgt prikelliggedlests `a gat dnnipt thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
6>
“Phi ORN^ SOeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnhis eg ^egfdpari[ dg` JION SJdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi[ „ oiegf navigdgt dg` prikelliggedl eg thialafy „ dri dfriidoli ta dll thrii paegts Saj thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk[.‛0? @espigsdteagdlests waul` dfrii thdt, ej agi ikordnis thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, agi es issigtedlly d @espigsdteagdlest. Phes es oindusi sdgi lafen `ikdg`s thdt “thegfs iqudl ta thi sdki thegf dri dlsa iqudl ta agi dgathir.‛0> Et es egtiristegf ta gati thdt Eni, d _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlest, `isnreois @espigsdteagdlesk eg thi jallawegf war`s= “Oy @espigsdteagdlesk, E hdvi eg keg` thdt systik aj thialafy thdt wds `ivilapi` oy M. G. @droy thdt fdvi resi ta ets ka`irg ikphdses aj nagsestigt letirdl egtirpritdteag, d `estegnteag oitwiig Fa`―s pldg jar Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh, usudlly d pritreouldteagdl rdpturi aj thi nhurnh oijari thi sivigteith wiic aj @dgeil, prikelliggedlesk, dg` d kultejdniti` ikphdses upag Fa`―s flary ds thi fadl aj hestary. Phes egnlu`is saki wha hdvi hil` ta sunh d systik out kdy stap shart aj ikordnegf pritreouldteagesk.‛00 Eg priveaus nhdptirs,09 wi hdvi aosirvi` thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafedgs eg ^egfdpari figirdlly d`hiri ta thi pritreouldteag rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh. Phirijari, ivig ej wi usi Eni―s `ijegeteag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, wi dri nagje`igt thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs eg ^egfdpari well jet thdt `isnrepteag pirjintly.
Phi Nagsestigtly Letirdl Hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk es gat d Nlidrly @ijegi` @estegntevi Veth rifdr` ta thi thriijal` segi qud gag prapasi` oy _yrei, thi jerst twa paegts dri egtekdtily egtirlegci`.0: Ag d figirdl gati, agi ndggat dpply thi Esrdil/Nhurnh
0?
Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, 0:. Et, eg`ii`, stritnhis thi ekdfegdteag ta nagnievi aj d thialafendl systik thdt nagni`is weth thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, dg` yit nldeks ta oi Navigdgtdl ar _ijarki`. 0> Phes ruli es dlsa cgawg ds agi aj Iunle`―s jevi nakkag gateags. 00 Phakds Eni, Phi Ndlvegesten Hiretdfi aj @espigsdteagdlesk Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.rdpturirid`y.nak/jidturi`/
[email protected] Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. 09 ^ii nhdptirs 9 ta 5 aj thes oaac. 0: Phi jerst twa paegts dri (4) thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, dg` (?) thi “nagsestigtly letirdl‛ hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
60
`estegnteag eg agi―s egtirpritdteag aj ^nrepturi ugliss agi dttikpts ta d`hiri ta d “nagsestigtly letirdl‛ kidgegf jar thi war` “Esrdil.‛06 Nagnirgegf thes “letirdl‛ hirkigiutens, Raythriss aosirvis thdt “gidrly dll thi praoliks dssanedti` weth thi `espigsdteagdlest-gag`espigsdteagdlest nagjlent dri ourei` oigidth thi quisteag aj letirdl egtirpritdteag.‛08 Out thi `ijegeteag jar “letirdl egtirpritdteag‛ hds rinievi` egnagsestigt, sakitekis ivig appasegf, dgswirs jrak thasi wha nldek ta d`hiri ta thes hirkigiutens. Jurthirkari, thi dttikpt ta `ijegi 05 “letirdl hirkigiutens‛ oiig nagjaug`i` thi `ejjenulty aj nagnlusevily dgswiregf thi quisteaghds aj “whdt es kidgt oyoy letirdl1‛
Oldesegf, eg jdnt, nagnlu`is thdt “nagsestigtly letirdl ixifises es egd`iqudti ta `isnreoi thi issigtedl `estegntevi aj `espigsdteagdlesk. @ivilapkigt es tdcegf pldni ag haw ta nhdrdntirezi d prapir hirkigiuten jar `espigsdteagdlests. Kdgy `a gat jiil, hawivir, thdt thi hirkigiuten etsilj well oi `estegntevily `espigsdteagdl. Jurthirkari `espigsdteagdl egtirpritdteags aj vdreaus tixts dri lecily ta ka`ejy ds thes `ivilapkigt nagteguis.‛92 Ilsiwhiri, Oldesegf drfuis thdt d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens es gat d hestarendlly nlidrly `ijegi` segi qud gag jar `espigsdteagdlesk.94 Ds `esnussi` eg nhdptir ?, _ijarki` thialafedgs `a gat dllifarezi ar speretudlezi ^nrepturi. Navigdgt thialafedgs, leci @espigsdteagdlests, ug`irstdg` thi Oeoli letirdlly. Jurthirkari, oath @espigsdteagdlests dg` _ijarki` thialafedgs rinafgezi typalafendl dg` sykoalendl ilikigts eg ^nrepturi. Phirijari, ds Kdgfuk hds ldkigti`, “sekply pdrrategf thi al`ir `espigsdteagdlest ndgdr` thdt thi `espigsdteagdlest-navigdgt thialafy `iodti es oitwiig thasi wha tdci thi Oeoli
06
Et es egtiristegf ta gati thdt “thi kidsuri ta whenh letirdl egtirpritdteag es ta oi jallawi` eg Al` Pistdkigt egtirpritdteag es `erintly rildti` ta thi praolik aj thi ristardteag aj Esrdil. SD. O.[ @dve`sag lests jaur apegeags eg thes rifdr`= (e) thasi wha dssirt thdt Fa`―s `idlegfs eg Nhrestedgety dri nakplitily pirsagdl sa d ristari` gdteagdl Esrdil es ugthegcdoli3 (ee) thasi wha oileivi eg Esrdil―s nagvirseag out gat ristardteag3 (eee) thasi wha oileivi eg d nagvirseag dg` ristardteag out weth ga spinedl prakegigni jar Esrdil3 dg` (ev) thasi wha oileivi eg d nagvirseag aj Esrdil, d ristardteag aj Esrdil, dg` thi kelliggedl priikegigni aj Esrdil.‛ ^ii _dkk, Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag, ?99. 08 Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 68. 05 ^ii eoe`., 68-5:. 92 Nrdef Oldesegf, “@ivilapkigt aj @espigsdteagdlesk oy Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlests,‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 409 (4588)= ?6?. 94 ^ii Nrdef Oldesegf, “Vhy E Dk d @espigsdteagdlest weth d ^kdll ‘`,―‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity 04, ga. > (4558)= >88->52.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
69
“letirdlly‛ dg` thasi wha “dllifarezi‛ ar “speretudlezi‛ ^nrepturi shaul` naki ta dg dorupt hdlt.‛9? Ej thi “nagsestigtly letirdl‛ hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk `ais gat ijjintevily `ijegi ets thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`, whdt, thig, es thi `estegntevi aj @espigsdteagdlesk1 Vi shdll dgswir thes quisteag eg thi gixt nhdptir.
9?
Kdgfuk, “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary,‛ ?4.
Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
6:
Nhdptir ?4= Phi ^ egi Tud G ag aj @espigsdtea gdles k Phi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag es thi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk Ds @espigsdteagdlests ndggat dfrii upag d ugejei` dfriikigt ds ta whdt “letirdl egtirpritdteag‛ es, Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests hdvi prapasi` d riturgi` ta thi jerst segi qud gag (e.i. thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh) ds ets “`estegfueshegf jdntar.‛ Oldesegf, d prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlest, aosirvis thdt “dkagf nagtikpardry `espigsdteagdlests d figirdl nagsigsus ixests thdt d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh es thi issigtedl `estegfueshegf jdntar aj `espigsdteagdlesk.‛4 ^duny nagnurs, sdyegf thdt “thi ciy `estegntevi aj `espigsdteagdl thialafy . . . es thi rinafgeteag aj Esrdil ds d gdteag sit dpdrt jrak athir gdteags oy Fa` jar thi sirveni aj ugevirsdl sdlvdteag jar dll piaplis.‛? Phi rinafgeteag aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag ds thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdl thialafy es nagsestigt weth thi aosirvdteags aj Gag`espigsdteagdlests. Jar ixdkpli, Raythriss pirnievis thdt thes `estegnteag es kari jug`dkigtdl thdg d letirdl hirkigiutens. Hi wretis, “Phier Sthi @espigsdteagdlests―[ dppradnhis tawdr` strent letirdlgiss siik ta oi suoar`egdti` ta thi kari jug`dkigtdl pregnepli aj `udl `istegdteags jar Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh.‛> Kdthesag, d Gag-`espigsdteagdlest, leciwesi ridnhis thi jallawegf nagnluseag= “Phi agly agi aj _yrei―s thrii `estegntevis aj `espigsdteagdlesk thdt hds dlwdys oiig dncgawli`fi` ds trui es thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. Phi pdrtenuldr `espigsdteagdlest ug`irstdg`egf aj thes `estegnteag es thi hidrt aj thdt systik aj thialafy. @espigsdteagdlesk kdy, thirijari, oi `ijegi` ds thdt systik aj thialafy whenh siis d jug`dkigtdl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. Phes `estegnteag es thi nargirstagi aj `espigsdteagdl thialafy.‛0
4
Oldesegf, “@ivilapkigt aj @espigsdteagdlesk oy Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlests,‛ ?6>. _aoirt L. ^duny, Phi Ndsi jar Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg Ruoleshegf Hausi, 455>), ??4. ^duny es dlsa d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest. > Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, 68. 0 Kdthesag, @espigsdteagdlesk, 8, ikphdses kegi. ?
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
66
Nakegf jrak d hestarendl-thialafendl dppradnh, et es gatdoli thdt Nldrigni Odss e`igtejeis thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag ds d gavil thialafendl eggavdteag wetheg Nhrestig`ak= “Et es gat thdt ixifitis prear ta hes SMahg G. @droy―s[ teki `e` gat sii d navigdgt oitwiig Fa` dg` Esrdil, ar d juturi rildteag aj Esrdil ta thi kelliggedl riefg, out thiy dlwdys veiwi` thi nhurnh ds d nagtegudteag aj Fa`―s segfli prafrdk aj ri`ikpteag oifug eg Esrdil. Et es `espigsdteagdlesk―s refe` egsestigni ag ugnag`eteagdl d `estegnt nlidvdfi oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh, dg` ets oileij eg d ldtir juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken navigdgt, thdt sits et ajj jrak thi hestaren jdeth aj thi nhurnh.‛9 Ds d priveaus @espigsdteagdlest heksilj, Odss dfriis thdt thi `estegntevi aj @espigsdteagdlesk es, eg`ii`, thi `enhataky oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Leciwesi, Nhdrlis _yrei kdcis thi jallawegf aosirvdteags= “Phi issigni aj `espigsdteagdlesk, thig, es thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Phes fraws aut aj thi `espigsdteagdlest―s nagsestigt ikplaykigt aj garkdl ar pldeg ar hestarendl-frdkkdtendl egtirpritdteag, dg` et rijlints dg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi odsen purpasi aj Fa` eg dll Hes `idlegfs weth kdgceg` ds thdt aj flarejyegf Heksilj thraufh sdlvdteag dg` athir purpasis ds will.‛: Eg thes `ijegeteag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, _yrei es kdcegf thrii dssirteags. Jerst dg` jarikast, thi issigni aj @espigsdteagdlesk es thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh. Phes `estegnteag es thi risult aj dg dllifi`, nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens. Jurthirkari, thes `estegnteag rijlints thi ug`irstdg`egf thdt Fa`―s jug`dkigtdl purpasi es ta flarejy Heksilj.6 _aoirt Lefhtgir, d Rrajissar aj ^ystikdten Phialafy dt @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, riegjarnis thi jdnt thdt d @espigsdteagdlest es gat kirily agi wha d`hiris ta d nirtdeg gukoir aj “`estegfueshdoli inagakeis.‛ Hi jurthir ridjjerks thdt prikelliggedlesk ndggat oi iqudti` weth `espigsdteagdlesk. Lefhtgir wretis=
9
Nldrigni Odss, Odncfraug`s ta @espigsdteagdlesk= Ets Hestarendl Figises dg` Innlisedstendl Ekplendteags (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45:23 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc, ?229), ?6. : _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 04, ikphdses kegi. 6 Phes es whdt Kdthesag aosirvis. ^ii Kdthesag, @espigsdteagdlesk, 9.
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
68
“Frdgti`, thiri dri `ejjirignis dkagf `espigsdteagdlests avir thi gukoir aj `espigsdteags dg`, ds dlrid`y stdti`, avir thi teki whig thi nhurnh oifdg. Phi quisteag thig oinakis, Vhdt es thi lidst nakkag `igakegdtar1 Vhdt kust agi oileivi ta oi nldssejei` lifetekdtily ds d `espigsdteagdlest1 Et nirtdegly es gat thi gukoir aj `estegfueshdoli inagakeis agi hal`s ta. “Et es gat thi jdnt thdt ^najeil` tdufht sivig `espigsdteags dg` Ha`fi agly jaur thdt kdcis thi jarkir d `espigsdteagdlest dg` thi ldttir gat.‛ ^egni saki nakketti` prikelliggedlests rimint `espigsdteagdlesk, prikelliggedlesk es 8 gat `itirkegdtevi iethir. Agi kust laac ilsiwhiri jar thi segi qud gag aj `espigsdteagdlesk.‛
Lefhtgir suosiquigtly nagnlu`is thdt thi “dll-`itirkegdtevi‛ segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk es thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh= “Jreig`s dg` jais aj `espigsdteagdlesk kust dfrii thdt thi dll`itirkegdtevi nagventeag wethaut whenh agi ndggat oi d `espigsdteagdlest es thi `estegnteag oitwiig Fa`―s prafrdk jar Esrdil dg` Hes prafrdk jar thi nhurnh. Phes `estegnteag es odsi` sale`ly ag thi letirdl (ar ds kdgy `espigsdteagdlests prijir ta ndll et, thi garkdl) egtirpritdteag aj ^nrepturi. D nagsestigtly letirdl ar garkdl hirkigiuten oregfs agi ta sii `estegnteags eg Fa`―s prafrdk weth Esrdil dg` Hes prafrdk weth thi nhurnh, dg` thdt ug`irsnaris thi thialafendl rdthir thdg thi satirealafendl gdturi aj Fa`―s prekdry purpasi eg thi warl`.‛5 Odtikdg, eg hes nagnlu`egf issdy eg Phrii Nigtrdl Essuis eg Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk= D Nakpdresag aj Prd`eteagdl dg` Rrafrissevi Zeiws, `anukigts thi figirdl nagsigsus dkagfst @espigsdteagdlests. Phes nagsigsus, thdt “Esrdil es gat thi nhurnh,‛ es whdt `estegfueshis d @espigsdteagdlest jrak d Gag-`espigsdteagdlest. Odtikdg wretis= “Vhdt, thig, ugetis agi `espigsdteagdlest ta dgathir1 ^ekply put, thi odsen ugejyegf essui jar dll `espigsdteagdlests es thdt Esrdil es gat thi nhurnh. Eg jdnt, SNhdrlis[ _yrei kdegtdegs thdt sunh d `estegnteag es “thi kast odsen thialafendl tist aj whithir ar gat d pirsag es d `espigsdteagdlest.‛ Vhdt es nagtig`i` dkagf `espigsdteagdlests, ds wi hdvi siig eg thisi issdys, es haw ta `ijegi thi gdturi aj thi Esrdil/nhurnh `estegnteag. . . . @espigsdteagdlests dri, hawivir, dfrii` dg` leci-keg`i` eg thier striss ag
8
_aoirt R. Lefhtgir, “Phialafendl Rirspintevis ag Phiagaky,‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 40> (458:)= >0, quategf _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk Pa`dy, 00. 5 Eoe`., ikphdses kegi.
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
65
thi ugequigiss aj thi nhurnh dg` thier nagje`igni thdt d juturi ixests jar gdteagdl Esrdil.‛42 Eg thes sinteag, wi hdvi siig thdt et hds oiig ugdgekausly dfrii` upag thdt thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk es, eg`ii`, thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. Vi ndg lafendlly `i`uni thdt d @espigsdteagdlest es egivetdoly agi wha ikordnis thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, e.i. thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Vi sdwthdt eg nhdptir agi thdt Chaa, thi Dnd`iken @idg aj Jdragi Idstirg Oeoli dg` Nallifi, dfriis “Fa` hds twa prafrdkkis eg Hes sdlvdteag pldg= jar Esrdil, 44 dgathir jar thi Nhurnh.‛ Hi dlsa d`kets thdt Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi ikordnis thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk.4? @ispeti hes d`hirigni ta d _ijarki` satirealafy e.i. thi jevi paegts aj Ndlvegesk, jdkaus pdstar-tidnhir - Mahg J. KdnDrthur Mr. - refhtly `isnreois heksilj ds d @espigsdteagdlest. Eg thi jallawegf trdgsnrept jrak Oeoli Tuisteags dg` Dgswirs, KdnDrthur sdys= “Hiri―s ky `espigsdteagdlesk - E―ll fevi et ta yau eg agi sigtigni= thiri―s d `ejjirigni oitwiig thi nhurnh dg` Esrdil - pirea`! Ej yau ug`irstdg` thdt, yau ug`irstdg` thi issigni aj whdt E oileivi es d lifetekdti, oeolendl `espigsdteagdlesk. Phdt pirkets d cegf`ak, thdt `ikdg`s d cegf`ak, dg` thdt kdcis yau prikelliggedl.‛4> Dlthaufh KdnDrthur rimints dgtegakedgesk dg` dnnipts _ijarki` satirealafy, hi `ais gat ndll heksilj d _ijarki` thialafedg. Hi pirnievis thdt hi es d @espigsdteagdlest sekply oindusi hi d`apts thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Oldesegf, d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest, sekeldrly ikphdsezis thdt prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests dri `espigsdteagdl oindusi thiy “nlidrly drtenuldti (4) d juturi jar
42
Hiroirt V. Odtikdg EZ, “@espigsdteagdlesk Pakarraw,‛ eg Phrii Nigtrdl Essuis eg Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk= D Nakpdresag aj Prd`eteagdl dg` Rrafrissevi Zeiws, i`. Hiroirt V. Odtikdg EZ (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4555), >28->25, quategf _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, >5. 44 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, >?. 4? ^ii Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 443 e`ik, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, 0:. 4> Mahg KdnDrthur, Mr., Oeoli Tuisteags dg` Dgswirs (Rdgardkd Nety, ND= Var` aj Frdni, 4550), saug` ndssitti FN 62-49. Prdgsnreoi` oy Pagy Ndpanned, Oeoli Oulliteg Oadr` Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.oeolioo.nak/jelis/kdnqd/62-49-4?.htk3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 40 Antaoir ?229, ikphdses kegi.
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
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ithgen Esrdil dg` (?) `estegfuesh oitwiig thi Nhurnh dg` Esrdil ds jugnteagegf egstetuteags thraufhaut thi pldg aj Fa`.‛40 Et oinakis dppdrigt thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs kdy gii` ta ri`ijegi thier thialafendlhirkigiutendl fre`, ar pirhdps ivig sekplir, ta rigdki thier thialafendl dppilldteag. ^egni thiy ikordni thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, es thiri, thirijari, d gii` ta `rap thi ldoil “_ijarki`1‛ Athirwesi, agi waul` hdvi ta ri`ijegi thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, sa ds ta prisirvi thi “_ijarki`‛ `isefgdteag.
Zdreaus @ifriis aj @estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh Et es figirdlly dfrii` thdt @espigsdteagdlests aj `ejjirigt vdreiteis hal` ta vdreaus `ifriis aj `estegnteag ar `enhataky oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Phisi rdgfi jrak d rd`endl `enhataky d`hiri` ta oy Nldssendl @espigsdteagdlests, ta d kari ka`irdti Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag hil` oy Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests. Nldssendl @espigsdteagdlesk
Oy thi tirk “Nldssendl @espigsdteagdlest,‛ E rijir ta thialafedgs leci Nyrus E. ^najeil`, Liwes ^pirry Nhdjir, D. N. Fdioilieg, dg` Nldrigni Ldrceg. Nldssen @espigsdteagdlests kdegtdeg d kitdphysendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Phiy Esrdil oileivi thdt Esrdilthi dg`Giw thi Nhurnh wellthi oi Nhurnh jarivir hidvig. `estegfueshi` ugta itirgety. well eghdoet Idrth, dg` Phus, ivig thiri siiks ta oi dg itirgdl sipdrdteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh eg thes vdreity aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Paussdegt ixpldegs= “Eg thi arefegdl jark aj @droy―s `espigsdteagdlesk, thi legi `rdwg oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh wds hidvy, `drc, dg` orad`. Dnnar`egf ta @droy, thi prakesis ta thi nhurnh dri speretudl dg` hidvigly whirids thasi ta Esrdil dg` thi gdteags dri idrthly. Phi Preouldteag dg` thi Kelliggeuk `a gat nagnirg thi nhurnh jar thasi praphineis dri idrthly.‛49 Ourgs ilune`dtis thdt dnnar`egf ta Nldssendl @espigsdteagdlesk, “thi ug`irlyegf prikesi wds thdt gdteagdl Esrdil, ds thi physendl sii` aj Dordhdk, wds ta oi
40 49
Oldesegf, “Vhy E Dk d @espigsdteagdlest weth d ^kdll ‘`,―‛ >52. Paussdegt, “Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh aj d Prd`eteagdl @espigsdteagdlest,‛ ??8.
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
84
itirgdlly oejurndti` jrak thi nhurnh, d hidvigly kystiry thdt naul` gat hdvi oiig cgawg eg d `espigsdteag aj idrthly essuis.‛4: Higni, eg thi nldssendl jark aj @espigsdteagdlesk, wi sii d rd`endl `enhataky oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. _ivesi`/Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlesk Giw ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli, _yrei―s Ds @espigsdteagdlesk `ivilapi`, “thi @espigsdteagdlesk Pa`dy , dg` athir `espigsdteagdlests eg thi ke`-twigteith nigtury ka`ejei` thi hidvigly/idrthly `udlesten ldgfudfi, `ekegeshi` juturi `estegnteags oitwiig thi piaplis aj Fa`, dg` `iodti` doaut haw thi giw navigdgt shaul` oi dpplei` eg thi prisigt dfi.‛46
_ivesi` @espigsdteagdlests egnlu`i Mahg J. Vdlvaar`, Nhdrlis N. _yrei, M. @wefht Rigtinast dg` Dlvd M. KnNldeg. Phisi @espigsdteagdlests mittesagi` thi itirgdl kitdphysendl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Phiy dllawi` d tikpardl, idrthly `estegnteag raati` eg d `ejjirigni oitwiig twa ri`ikptevi-hestarendl purpasis, rdthir thdg eg twa `ejjirigt prafrdks ixtig`egf tawdr`s itirgety. Ndkpoill, d @espigsdteagdlest dg` Rrajissar aj Oeoli Ixpaseteag dt @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, ildoardtis= “Phi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh ixtig`s oiyag` thi prisigt dfi egta thi juturi. ^aki `espigsdteagdlests Se.i. Nldssendl @espigsdteagdlests[ kdci d shdrp `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil ds Fa`―s idrthly piapli dg` thi nhurnh ds Fa`―s hidvigly piapli, oath nagteguegf ds sunh thraufhaut itirgety. Athirs Se.i. Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlests[ jdvar d olurregf aj sunh `estegnteags eg itirgety. Nhdrlis N. _yrei stdtis, “Phi ri`iiki` eg thi Oa`y aj Nhrest, thi Nhurnh aj thes `espigsdteag, dri thi nagtegudteag aj thi legi aj ri`iiki` jrak athir dfis, out thiy jark d `estegnt fraup eg thi hidvigly ]eag (Hio. 4?=??„?0).―‛48 _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlests pirnievi twa fraups aj Fa`―s ri`iiki` hukdgety ixestegf eg dg` nagjegi` ta ri`ikptevi hestary. Phi Nhurnh ixests weth ets awg
4:
M. Ldgeir Ourgs, “Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh aj d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest,‛ eg Phrii Nigtrdl Essuis eg Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk= D Nakpdresag aj Prd`eteagdl dg` Rrafrissevi Zeiws, i`. Hiroirt V. Odtikdg EZ (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE, KE= Crifil, 4555), ?6?. 46 Eoe`., ?6>. 48 Ndkpoill, “Phi Nhurnh eg Fa`―s Rraphiten Rrafrdk,‛ 405-492, quategf _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk Pa`dy, 490, ikphdses kegi.
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
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pregneplis dg` purpasis `ejjiregf jrak thasi aj gdteagdl Esrdil. Dnnar`egf ta Ndkpoill, “Phi nhurnh aj Misus Nhrest hds d flareaus juturi. Hir `istegy egnlu`is oiegf tdcig aut aj thes warl` oijari thi Preouldteag wais ta oi weth Nhrest (Mahg 40=4->), oiegf d pdrt aj thi “rulegf drestanrdny‛ ag idrth `uregf Nhrest―s kelliggedl riefg, dg` sirvegf Fa` dlagf weth athir kikoirs aj Hes jdkely eg thi Giw Mirusdlik jar dll itirgety.‛45 Esrdil―s ultekdti hestarendl purpasi well oi ridlezi` eg thi juturi, letirdl, idrthly kelliggeuk. Phes es ug`irstaa` ds thi juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken dg` @dve`en navigdgts weth gdteagdl Esrdil. Jallawegf thi kelliggeuk, thiri well oi d ugeag aj thi twa piapli eg agi ri`iiki` kdss jarivir. Oldesegf sukkdrezis thi `ejjirignis oitwiig thi Nldssendl dg` _ivesi`/Garkdtevi vdreiteis aj @espigsdteagdlesk= “Et es dkdzegf thdt eg thi wretegfs aj Vdlvaar`, Rigtinast, _yrei, dg` KnNldeg puoleshi` eg thi 4592s dg` 45:2s, thi hidvigly/idrthly `udlesten ldgfudfi es fagi. D `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh es vefarausly dssirti` dg` dll thi thialafendl strunturis aj `estegnteag dri prisigt ixnipt thdt thi itirgdl `istegeis aj thi twa piaplis gaw shdri thi sdki sphiri. Nagsiquigtly thi hidvigly/ idrthly `isnrepteags dri `rappi`. Phus es oifug d slaw kavikigt dwdy jrak thi snhaldsten, nldssen, dosaluti `estegnteag Soitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh[ jaug` jrak @droy ta Nhdjir . . . .‛ ?2 Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk
_inigt `ind`is sdw thi resi aj d giw vdreity aj @espigsdteagdlesk whenh hds kavi` eg d kari navigdgtdl `erinteag, wheli kdegtdegegf thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, prikelliggedlesk, dg` ikig`i` `espigsdteagdl `estegntevis. Ds well oi `esnussi` ldtir, Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests dllaw dg egdufurdti` phdsi aj thi Cegf`ak, wheli kdegtdegegf thdt thi ultekdti juljellkigt aj thi @dve`en navigdgt leis eg thi idrthly kelliggeuk. _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlests, ag thi athir hdg`, egsest thdt thi Cegf`ak es stell eg thi juturi. Rrafrissevis dlsa sii Nhrest ds settegf ag thi thragi aj @dve` dt thes prisigt dfi, dloiet eg d speretudl sigsi. _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlests `esputi thes veiw, sdyegf thdt Misus es nurrigtly ixdlti` dt thi refht hdg` aj thi Jdthir, out gat settegf ag @dve`―s 45 ?2
Eoe`., 4:4. Oldesegf, “@ivilapkigt aj @espigsdteagdlesk oy Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlests,‛ ?6:.
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
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thragi eg dgy sigsi. Ygleci Rrafrissevis, _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlests `a gat dnnipt thi prapaseteag thdt Nhrest―s kissedgen cegf`ak riefg hds oifug. Ourgs wretis= “D kari ka`irdti `espigsdteagdl paseteag hds dresig eg rinigt yidrs. Ag thi odses aj thi Giw Pistdkigt―s usi aj nrunedl Al` Pistdkigt tixts, prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests dncgawli`fi `ifriis aj Al` Pistdkigt nagtigt eg thi nhurnh, thaufh nakpliti juljellkigt Esrdil―s dwdets thi Kelliggeuk ds dg egtirki`edti cegf`ak aj thdt ixests prakesis weth Esrdil―s Kissedh rulegf eg thi ke`st aj thi gdteags. Phi prafrissevis egsest ag `estegfueshegf Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh, out thiy sii oath nagteguety dg` `esnagteguety eg Esrdil/nhurnh dg` Al`/Giw tistdkigtdl rildteagsheps. Phus, thi juljellkigts aj kissedgen prakesis rildti ta oath prisigt dg` juturi dfis dg` oath d`vigts aj Kissedh, dg “dlrid`y-gat yit‛ ki`edtegf paseteag.‛?4 Rrafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests dri “prafrissevi‛ eg thi sigsi thdt thiy veiw idnh sunnissevi `espigsdteag ds ouel`egf upag dg` `ivilapegf thi pregneplis aj thi prini`egf inagaky. Phes dllaws thi prafrisseag aj thi agi pldg aj Fa` jar Hes agi ri`iiki` piapli, rdthir thdg `estegfueshegf twa sipdrdti pldgs dg` piaplis. Hawivir, Rrafrissevis kdegtdeg thdt thi agi `evegi purpasi jar ri`iiki` hukdgety well agly oi ultekdtily ridlezi` eg thi idrthly, @dve`en Cegf`ak. Phi kelliggedl phdsi aj Fa`―s ri`ikptevi-hestarendl pldg es ginissdry sa ds ta juljell thi Al` Pistdkigt praphineis jar gdteagdl Esrdil. Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests, aj dll vdreiteis aj @espigsdteagdlesk, sii thi lidst rd`endl `enhataky ar `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.?? Out ds Oldesegf hds dssirti`, Rrafrissevis dri oagd je`i @espigsdteagdlests oindusi thiy sii d juturi jar ithgen Esrdil, wheli `estegfueshegf oitwiig thi Nhurnh dg` Esrdil ds jugnteagegf egstetuteags thraufhaut Fa`―s ri`ikptevi-hestarendl pldg.?> Nrdef D. Oldesegf, @drrill L. Oanc, dg` _aoirt L. ^duny dri dll nagse`iri` ta oi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests.
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Ourgs, “Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh aj d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest,‛ ?6>. Dlsa sii _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 4>4-4>9 jar d sunnegnt `esnusseag aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag aj Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests. ?> ^ii Oldesegf, “Vhy E Dk d @espigsdteagdlest weth d ^kdll ‘`,―‛ >52. ??
Phi ^egi Tud Gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk
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Nhdpti r ??= Dppl endteags aj thi Esrd il/Nhurn h @este gnte ag Rdrt 4 Egtra`unteag Eg thi priveaus nhdptir, wi sdw thdt @espigsdteagdlests d`hiri ta vdreaus `ifriis aj `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Phes `estegnteag es gat kirily d thialafendl `estegntevi aj @espigsdteagdlesk, out hds dlsa jdr-ridnhegf hirkigiutendl dg` dpplendteagdl ekplendteags. Phi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag djjints haw d thialafedg kefht ug`irstdg` sdleigt Nhrestedg `antregis, sunh ds thi nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak, thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest, thi 62 wiics aj @dgeil, dg` thi Giw Navigdgt eg Mirikedh >4=>4->0. Kast aj dll, thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag `erintly shdpis thi hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk, dg` ug`irfer`s thi igteri thialafendlhirkigiutendl fre` aj thi @espigsdteagdlest. Eg thi jallawegf twa nhdptirs, wi shdll nagse`ir eg jurthir `itdel thi thialafendl rdkejendteags dg` dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag.
Phi Nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak aj Fa` dg` thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag @espigsdteagdlests `a gat agly sii dg isnhdtalafendl juturi jar ithgen Esrdil, out dlsa dgtenepdti d letirdl juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken dg` @dve`en navigdgts. Phi juljellkigt aj thi navigdgts es jaug` eg (4) thi physendl ripassisseag aj thi Rrakesi` Ldg`, dg` (?) thi istdoleshkigt aj dg idrthly, @dve`en Cegf`ak eg thi kelliggeuk.4 Dnnar`egf ta @espigsdteagdlesk, prakesis kd`i ta gdteagdl Esrdil ndggat oi juljelli` eg thi Nhurnh. Phes es d `erint, hirkigiutendl nagsiquigni aj siiegf d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. _yrei ildoardtis jurthir ag thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag= “Lit et oi sde` ikphdtendlly dt thes paegt thdt `espigsdteagdlesk `ais gat `igy thdt Fa` hds Hes awg ri`iiki` piapli thraufhaut dll dfis. Out thdt thisi nagstetuti d piapli rdthir thdg piaplis aj Fa` wi `a `igy. Phi jdnt thdt Fa` sdvi` piapli jrak dkagf thi Esrdiletis dg` ta`dy sdvis piapli jrak dkagf thi Figtelis `ais gat kdci thi nhurnh iqudl ta Esrdil ar kdci thi nhurnh thiHes juljellkigt Esrdil―s purpasis dg` . . Phdt Fa` es nagteguegf warc aj aj ri`ikpteag eg ndllegf autprakesis. d piapli .jar Hes gdki eg thi nhurnh, thi Oa`y aj Nhrest, wi fld`ly djjerk, out wi dlsa egsest thdt
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D `itdeli` `esnusseag aj thi nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak es autse`i thi snapi aj thes oaac. Phes sinteag dttikpts ta ikphdsezi thi sekeldreteis oitwiig thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s dg` thi _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlest―s thialafy aj thi Cegf`ak.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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thes Oa`y aj Nhrest es `estegnt jrak dgy priveaus oa`y aj ri`iiki` piapli eg ets gdturi, nhdrdntirestens, teki, dg` prakesis.‛? Phirijari, ej Esrdil es gat thi Nhurnh, thig et lafendlly jallaws thdt prakesis kd`i ta Esrdil ndggat oi juljelli` eg thi Nhurnh. Dlthaufh nirtdeg Gag-`espigsdteagdlests `a sii d juturi jar gdteagdl Esrdil, thiy `a gat djjerk dgy Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. Dnnar`egf ta thisi Gag-`espigsdteagdlests, dordgnhis juturi sdlvejen ristardteag aj Esrdil sekply thi esri-frdjtegf aj thi gdturdl alevi odnc agta thi arefegdl aleviestrii, whenh thi Nhurnh. ^duny, d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest, ixpldegs thi `ejjirigni oitwiig thi `espigsdteagdl dg` thi gag`espigsdteagdl veiws aj Esrdil―s juturi= “Kdgy gag-`espigsdteagdlests ta`dy stell sii d juturi sdlvdteag jar ithgen Esrdil, out agly ds d pdrt aj thi giw Esrdil, thi nhurnh. Phi Esrdil aj thi Al` Pistdkigt eg thi dspint aj d gdteag `estegnt jrak thi figteli gdteags hds ga spinedl pldni ar rali ta pldy eg thi juturi. Phi Al` Pistdkigt praphineis thdt spaci aj Esrdil―s sirvegf thi gdteags hdvi gaw oiig dssuki` oy thi giw Esrdil. Oy nagtrdst, `espigsdteagdlests djjerk thdt Esrdil ritdegs ets Al` Pistdkigt kidgegf ds dg ithgen piapli thraufhaut thi Giw Pistdkigt. Ivig thaufh thi oileivirs eg thi nhurnh hdvi naki ta shdri eg thi prisigt kissedgen sdlvdteag dlagf weth Miws dg` thi nhurnh es gaw sirvegf Fa`―s cegf`ak purpasi, Esrdil eg ets hestaren kidgegf well yit juljell ets prakesi` `istegy.‛> Phi @espigsdteagdlests― ug`irstdg`egf aj Esrdil―s “prakesi` `istegy‛ egjluignis thi kdggir eg whenh thiy pirnievi thi Cegf`ak. Dll @espigsdteagdlests dfrii thdt d juljellkigt aj prakesis ta gdteagdl Esrdil igtdels thi ushiregf eg aj dg idrthly, letirdl, @dve`en Cegf`ak eg thi isnhdtalafendl kelliggeuk. _ijarki` thialafedgs, ag thi athir hdg`, `a gat dfrii weth thes gateag. Egdufurdteag/Nagsukkdteag aj thi Cegf`ak eg Pwa Rhdsis= Phi _ijarki` Zeiw
Dnnar`egf ta thi _ijarki` veiw, thi Cegf`ak aj Fa` hds twa phdsis= dg egdufurdti`/dlrid`y phdsi, dg` thi nagsukkdteag/gat-yit phdsi. Phi Cegf`ak es, thirijari, oath d prisigt dg` d juturi ridlety. “Phi jdnt thdt thi cegf`ak aj Fa` es
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_yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 4>4. Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs fld`ly djjerk thisi stdtikigts oy _yrei. ^duny, Phi Ndsi jar Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk, 486-488.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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prisigt eg agi sigsi dg` juturi eg dgathir ekpleis thdt thiri rikdegs d nirtdeg tigseag oitwiig thisi twa dspints.‛0 Dt Hes Jerst D`vigt, aur Lar` Misus Nhrest ushiri` eg thi Cegf`ak aj Fa`. Higni, thi Cegf`ak es d prisigt ridlety, dg` es dlrid`y dkagf us, dloiet eg d speretudl sigsi. Ds Haicikd hds dptly nakkigti`, “Misus heksilj ushiri` eg thi cegf`ak aj Fa` whasi nakegf hd` oiig jarital` oy thi Al` Pistdkigt praphits. Vi kust thirijari dlwdys sii thi cegf`ak aj Fa` ds eg`essaluoly nagginti` weth thi pirsag aj Misus 9 Nhrest. Eg aj Misus― dg` `ii`s, dntevi kerdnlis pdrdolis, tidnhegf pridnhegf, thi cegf`ak Fa` war`s wds `ygdkendlly dg`dg` prisigt dkagf kig.‛dg`
Out thi Cegf`ak es gat agly d speretudl igtety. Vi kust dlsa nagse`ir oath thi physendl dspints dg` kdtiredl `ekigseags. Djtir dll, Fa` well ivigtudlly riefg avir thi Giw Idrth dg`, eg jdnt, thi igteri nridteag. Phes physendl riefg annurs weth thi nagsukkdteag aj thi Cegf`ak, whenh es djtir thi risurrinteag dt thi ig` aj thi dfi. Eg athir war`s, thi nagsukkdtevi phdsi aj thi Cegf`ak jallaws thi Rdraused aj Nhrest. Dnnar`egf ta Ld``= “Phi Cegf`ak aj Fa` es thi ri`ikptevi riefg aj Fa` `ygdkendlly dntevi ta istdolesh hes ruli dkagf kig, dg` thdt thes Cegf`ak, whenh well dppidr ds dg dpandlypten dnt dt thi ig` aj thi dfi, hds dlrid`y naki egta hukdg hestary eg thi pirsag dg` kesseag aj Misus ta avirnaki ivel, ta `ilevir kig jrak ets pawir, dg` ta oregf thik egta thi olissegfs aj Fa`―s riefg. Phi Cegf`ak aj Fa` egvalvis twa fridt kakigts= juljellkigt wetheg hestary, dg` nagsukkdteag dt thi ig` aj hestary.‛: Ixpdg`egf upag Ld``―s `ijegeteag aj thi Cegf`ak, Haicikd wretis= “Phi cegf`ak aj Fa`, thirijari, es ta oi ug`irstaa` ds thi riefg aj Fa` `ygdkendlly dntevi eg hukdg hestary thraufh Misus Nhrest, thi purpasi aj whenh es thi ri`ikpteag aj Fa`―s piapli jrak seg dg` jrak `ikagen pawirs, dg` thi jegdl istdoleshkigt aj thi giw hidvigs dg` thi giw idrth. Et kidgs thdt thi fridt `rdkd aj thi hestary aj sdlvdteag hds oiig egdufurdti`, dg` thdt thi giw dfi hds oiig ushiri` eg. Phi cegf`ak kust gat oi ug`irstaa` ds kirily thi sdlvdteag aj nirtdeg eg`eve`udls ar ivig ds
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Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, 9?. ^ii Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, 04-90 jar dg ixnilligt `esnusseag ag thi Cegf`ak aj Fa`. 9 Eoe`., 0>. : Ld``, Phi Rrisigni aj thi Juturi, ?48.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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thi riefg aj Fa` eg thi hidrts aj hes piapli3 et kidgs gathegf liss thdg thi riefg aj Fa` avir hes igteri nridti` ugevirsi.‛6 Phes es thi _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Cegf`ak aj Fa`. Nhrest es prisigtly riefgegf jrak thi thragi aj @dve` eg hidvig. Nagtrdry ta whdt thi _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlest oileivis, thi Cegf`ak es d prisigt ridlety. Vi gaw pranii` ta ixdkegi thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Cegf`ak, dg` dpprinedti thi sekeldreteis oitwiig thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s dg` thi _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlest―s veiws. Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Cegf`ak dg` @espigsdteagdlesk
Dnnar`egf ta Chaa, “Ouswill `ijegi` thi war` “cegf`ak‛ figirdlly ds “thi `akdeg aj d cegf‛ ar “thi saviriefg ruli aj Fa`.‛ Phes `akdeg “kdy `isefgdti thi tirretary aj d cegf weth dll thi piapli eg et, ar et kdy `isefgdti thi favirgkigt aj whenh thi cegf es thi hid`.‛ Hi sdw thi cegf`ak aj Nhrest ds agi, out hdvegf twa `estegnt phdsis, d prisigt dg` d juturi agi. Nhrest es prisigtly Cegf avir (4) hes ugevirsdl cegf`ak (e.i. avir dll nridteag dg` nridturis) dg` (?) hes speretudl cegf`ak (e.i. thi Nhurnh keletdgt ag idrth). Phus thi cegf`ak aj Fa` spacig aj eg sunh pdssdfis ds Mahg >=>„9, _ak 40=46, dg` Nal 4=4> rijirs ta thi prisigt phdsi aj Fa`―s cegf`ak whenh egvalvis hes sdlvejen ruli eg thi hidrt aj rifigirdti piapli.‛8 _ijarki` thialafedgs well dfrii weth Chaa thdt thi cegf`ak aj Fa` es d prisigt ridlety, whenh wds egdufurdti` weth thi Jerst D`vigt aj Nhrest. Phes egnlu`is Nhrest―s “sdlvejen ruli eg thi hidrt aj rifigirdti piapli.‛ Dlsa, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak ds hdvegf “twa `estegnt phdsis‛ kefht dppidr ta oi nagsestigt weth thi figirdl _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi “egdufurdti`/ nagsukkdti`‛ ar “dlrid`y/gat-yit‛ Cegf`ak ka`il. Out d nlasir laac dt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg ka`il aj thi Cegf`ak rividls athirwesi. Ouswill ug`irstaa` “thdt thiri well oi d juturi veseoli cegf`ak aj Nhrest, dg` thdt thes juturi cegf`ak, nagtrd hestaren prikelliggedlests dg` pastkelliggedlests, “es eg d ridl sigsi Miwesh dg` @dve`en.‛ Phi treukphdl igtry aj Nhrest egta Mirusdlik, dnnar`egf ta Ouswill, wds d kdgejistdteag aj Nhrest―s cegfshep, dg` thdt cegfshep wds “stdti` ds Esrdiletesh dg` @dve`en eg spinejendlly praphiten tirks.‛ Phes cegfshep hds yit ta oi ridlezi` jar “Nhrest es gat gaw ixirnesegf thi favirgkigtdl jugnteags aj 6
Haicikd, Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi, 09. Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 626, quategf M. Alevir Ouswill, D ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg _ilefeag (^egfdpari= Nhrestedg Leji Ruoleshirs, 45:?), ?=>0:, >06. 8
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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dg ijjintevi cegf hiri ag thi idrth.‛ Eg ar`ir ta ixirnesi hes jull favirgkigtdl jugnteags, Nhrest kust set ag thi thragi aj hes jdthir @dve` dg` riefg avir thi hausi aj Mdnao.‛5 Et es eg thi juturi phdsi aj thi Cegf`ak thdt Gag-`espigsdteagdlests `ijir jrak oath Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs. Oath thi Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs pirnievi thdt thi “gat-yit‛ phdsi aj thi Cegf`ak aj Fa` egnlu`is thi istdoleshkigt aj d `estegntevily Miwesh, letirdl, idrthly kelliggedl Cegf`ak. Phesdg` egtirki`edti, @dve`en Cegf`ak ushiri` dt thithragi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest, kdg`dtis dg idrthly riefg aj es Nhrest ag degletirdl eg Mirusdlik. Ds Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs sii d rd`endl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, Al` Pistdkigt praphineis thdt siik ta paegt tawdr`s dg idrthly Cegf`ak kust oi juljelli` eg thi gdteag aj Esrdil. Phirijari, dnnar`egf ta thi Dordhdken navigdgt (Fig. 4?=4->) dg` thi @dve`en navigdgt (? ^dk. 6=4?-403 4 Cegfs 5=>-53 ? Nhrag. 6=44-??), Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dgtenepdti d ristardteag aj Miws ta thi Rrakesi Ldg`, dg` thi ^ag aj @dve` ixirnesegf Hes “favirgkigtdl jugnteags‛ ag d letirdl thragi eg Mirusdlik. Phes es riqueri` oy thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s hirkigiutendl-thialafendl fre` oindusi thi Nhurnh ndggat dg` kust gat juljell dgy aj thi prakesis kd`i ta gdteagdl Esrdil. Ds Chaa hds priveausly djjerki`, “thi AP ithgen/ldg`/thragi/tikpli praphineis dg` prakesis Fa` kd`i ta Esrdil kust jeg` juljellkigt eg strently Miwesh dg` @dve`en tirks, gat dt thes prisigt dfi, out eg thi dfi ta naki.‛42 Gag-`espigsdteagdlests, egnlu`egf hestaren ar navigdgt prikelliggedlests, `a gat rinafgezi dg ixnlusevily “Miwesh dg` @dve`en‛ kelliggedl, egtirki`edti phdsi aj thi Cegf`ak. Dllaw ki ta ildoardti upag thes prapaseteag. Jerstly, pastkelliggedlests dg` dkelliggedlests ug`irstdg` thi nagsukkdtevi phdsi aj thi Cegf`ak - jallawegf thi ^inag` D`vigt aj Nhrest - ds passissegf dg ivirldstegf gdturi, dg` gat nagsestegf aj d 4222 yidrs egtirek pirea`.44 ^inag`ly, hestaren ar navigdgt prikelliggedlests, dlthaufh thiy dgtenepdti dg idrthly fal`ig dfi djtir thi Rdraused, well hdvi `ejjenulty dnniptegf thi Miwesh ilikigts egtregsen ta thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s nagnipt aj d kelliggeuk. Phisi egnlu`i thi kelliggedl Pikpli warshep, thi ristetuteag aj dgekdl sdnrejenis, dg` thi ristardteag aj 5
Eoe`., quategf Ouswill, D ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg _ilefeag, ?=>063 ?=>9?. Eoe`., 64:. 44 Ds `esnussi` priveausly, @espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlests oileivi thdt thiri well oi d fridt rioilleag dfdegst Nhrest―s ruli dt thi ig` aj thi kelliggeuk. Dllifi`ly, ^dtdg well lid` thi rivalt. 42
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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thi Livetendl-]d`acedg preisthaa`. Dll _ijarki` thialafedgs, errispintevi aj whithir thiy dri pastkelliggedl, dkelliggedl ar hestaren prikelliggedl, `inesevily rimint sunh d nagnipt aj dg idrthly, Miwesh, @dve`en riefg.4? Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, drfudoly thi jarikast prapagigt aj navigdgt prikelliggedlesk, `isnreois thi `estegntevigiss aj thi @espigsdteagdlest―s kelliggedl Cegf`ak= “S@espigsdteagdlesk[ hal`s thdt thi kelliggeuk es prekdrely jar thi Miws. Esrdil well thi oi ristari` ta hir ldg`, well riouel` thi dg`dllwell riegstetuti Al` Pistdkigt sdnrejenedl systik. Dttikpli, thes teki aj thi Al` Pistdkigt praphineis doaut Esrdil ds d gdteag well oi juljelli` letirdlly. Phes es `i`uni` jrak thi nagventeag thdt Fa` hds twa `estegnt dg` sipdrdti piaplis= Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, weth twa `ejjirigt prafrdks dg` `ejjirigt olissegfs. Fa`―s prafrdk jar Esrdil es thianrdten dg` idrthly3 Fa`―s purpasi jar thi nhurnh es ugevirsdl dg` speretudl.‛4> Dlthaufh Ld`` oileivis eg thi juturi sdlvdteag aj gdteagdl Esrdil, dg` ug`irstdg`s thi “dll Esrdil‛ aj _akdgs 44=?: ds rijirregf ta ithgen Miws ds d piapli, hi rimints thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag d`hiri` ta oy @espigsdteagdlests dg` Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs. @espigsdteagdlest Nhdrlis N. _yrei narrintly e`igtejeis hek ds d Gag`espigsdteagdlest oindusi Ld`` `ais gat sii d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh.40 Ld`` wretis= “_akdgs 44 sdys nlidrly thdt Esrdil ds d piapli dri ta oi sdvi`, out eg thi sdki tirks aj jdeth eg Nhrest ds thi nhurnh. Pa`dy thi nhurnh es speretudl Esrdil, dg` letirdl Esrdil es yit ta oi rifrdjti` odnc egta thi alevi trii dg` oi
4?
Et es egtiristegf ta gati thdt Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests dri frd`udlly `ipdrtegf jrak thisi ixnlusevily Miwesh ilikigts eg thier pirnipteag aj thi kelliggedl cegf`ak, e.i. thi ristetuteag aj tikpli sdnrejenis. ^ii Pa`` Kdgfuk―s pdpir, “Ndg Vi Ixpint d _istardteag aj Livetendl Dgekdl ^dnrejenis1 D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Apegeag.‛ Phes ug`irstdg`egf es dlsa d nagsiquigni aj thier lissir `ifrii aj Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, dg` thier risultdgt nakplikigtdry hirkigiutens whenh rinafgezis thi typalafendl-sykoalendl ilikigts eg Al` Pistdkigt praphineis. 4> Ld``, Phi Ldst Phegfs, 444-44?. 40 Ld`` nakkigts, “SNhdrlis[ _yrei narrintly e`igtejei` kysilj ds d gag`espigsdteagdlest oindusi E `a gat ciip Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh `estegnt thraufhaut Fa`―s prafrdk . . . .‛ Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, “Hestaren Rrikelliggedlesk,‛ eg Phi Kidgegf aj thi Kelliggeuk= Jaur Zeiws, i`. _aoirt F. Nlausi (@awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety, 4566), ?2.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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egnlu`i` eg thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`. Phirijari, et es ekpasseoli ta veiw thi kelliggeuk ds prekdrely Miwesh eg nhdrdntir.‛49 Et es, thirijari, ky nagtigteag thdt thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag es whdt igdolis thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ta sii dg ixnlusevily Miwesh nhdrdntir eg thi kelliggedl Cegf`ak, dg` et es dlsa thi thialafendl `estegntevi whenh sits thik dpdrt jrak Gag`espigsdteagdlests dg` navigdgt prikelliggedlests.4: Dlthaufh @espigsdteagdlests thi phrdsi “dll 46 Esrdil sdvi`‛ (_ak. 44=?:) ta kidgeg“dfigirdl juturi ug`irstdg` kdss nagvirseag aj Miws,‛ thes shdll oi egtirpritdteag es oy ga kidgs ixnlusevi ta @espigsdteagdl thialafy. Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Pa`` Kdgfuk, jar ixdkpli, drfuis thdt thes egtirpritdteag aj “dll Esrdil‛ es prisigt eg thi wretegfs aj nirtdeg ^nattesh _ijarki` thialafedgs, pdrtenuldrly thasi aj Mahg Kurrdy “wha sirvi` ds Vistkegstir Phialafendl ^ikegdry―s arefegdl prajissar aj systikdten thialafy.‛48 @ispeti oiegf _ijarki` dg` dkelliggedl eg hes isnhdtalafy, Kurrdy siis d juturi kdss nagvirseag aj Miws.45 ^egni Kurrdy `ais gat dnnipt thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud gag aj d `estegnteag oitwiig thi Nhurnh dg` Esrdil, hes pirnipteag aj thes ristardteag es sekeldr ta thdt aj Ld``. Esrdil ds d piapli well oi nagvirti` dg` rifrdjti` odnc ta thi alevi trii, whenh es thi trui Esrdil aj Fa` (e.i. thi Nhurnh). Kurrdy wretis, “Phi nallintevi ristardteag aj Esrdil `ais gat riqueri thi nagvirseag dt d juturi `dti aj dll Miws dgy kari thdg `e` thi riminteag kidg thi dpastdsy dg` ripraodteag aj iviry Esrdileti. Out et surily kust ekply thi we`isprid` dnniptdgni aj Misus ds Kissedh dg` igtrdgni egta thi Nhurnh aj Nhrest.‛?2
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Ld``, Phi Ldst Phegfs, 44?. Ld`` ndtifarendlly rimints thi Miwesh ilikigts aj thi kelliggedl cegf`ak, ds siig eg thi djarikigteagi` quatdteag. 46 Velledk Hig`recsig, Ixpaseteag aj Rdul―s Ipestli ta thi _akdgs= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 4584), >65. Jar d `esnusseag aj thi thrii kast papuldr egtirpritdteags aj “dll Esrdil‛ eg _akdgs 44=?:, sii Hig`recsig, Ixpaseteag aj Rdul―s Ipestli ta thi _akdgs, >65->8?. 48 Kdgfuk, “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary,‛ >. 45 ^ii Mahg Kurrdy, “Phi Ldst Phegfs,‛ eg Nallinti` Vretegfs aj Mahg Kurrdy, val. ? (Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4566), 025-042. Leciwesi, thi dkelliggedlest Zas siis d “nakprihigsevi isnhdtalafendl rinaviregf aj thi ugoileivegf Miws.‛ Fiirhdr`us Zas, Phi Rdulegi Isnhdtalafy (Rregnitag= Ygevirsety Rriss, 45>23 ripregt, Rhelepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, 4550), 85. ?2 Kurrdy, “Phi Ldst Phegfs,‛ 025-042, ikphdses kegi. 4:
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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Kurrdy thus siis gat twa, out agi piapli aj Fa`. Hi `ais gat pirnievi thdt Fa` hds twa prafrdks jar “twa fraups aj Hes piapli thraufhaut oeolendl hestary3‛?4 thdt es, agi prafrdk jar Esrdil whenh es thianrdten dg` idrthly, dg` dgathir jar thi Nhurnh whenh es ugevirsdl dg` speretudl. Jurthirkari, vdreaus prapagigts aj Rastkelliggedlesk hdvi dlsa tdufht d juturi kdss nagvirseag aj Miws. Laues Oirchaj nakkigts thdt “thi privdelegf veiw Saj Rastkelliggedlesk[ wds thdt thi faspil, whenh well frd`udlly sprid` thraufh thi whali warl`, wellushir eg thiegig` oinaki kari ijjintevi et esaj dt Misus prisigt, dg` well d pirea` aj ekkidsurdoly renh speretudl olissegfs jar thithdg Nhurnh Nhrest, d fal`ig dfi, eg whenh thi Miws well dlsa shdri eg thi olissegfs aj thi faspil eg dg ugprini`igti` kdggir.‛?? Oldesegf ivig stdtis thdt “oy thi idrly sivigtiigth nigtury prdntendlly dll kelliggedlests ixprissi` thi hapi jar thi juturi sdlvdteag aj thi Miws dg` thi rigiwdl aj Esrdil―s gdteagdl olissegf.‛?> Phirijari, et es nlidr thdt thi oileij eg d juturi sdlvdteag aj Esrdil ds d piapli es gat ixnlusevi ta `espigsdteagdl isnhdtalafy. Phi Letirdl, Idrthly, @dve`en, Kelliggedl Cegf`ak aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk
Dg eg`eve`udl―s pirnipteag aj thi juturi nagvirseag aj ithgen Esrdiletis pir si es gat thi `itirkegegf jdntar whenh `estegfueshis d @espigsdteagdlest jrak d _ijarki` thialafedg.?0
?4
Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 42. Oirchaj, ^ystikdten Phialafy, 64:. ?> Nrdef D. Oldesegf, “Rrikelliggedlesk,‛ eg Phrii Zeiws ag thi Kelliggeuk dg` Oiyag`, i`. @drrill L. Oanc (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg Ruoleshegf Hausi, 4555), 466. ?0 Kdgfuk―s pdpir, “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary,‛ agly sirvis ta ug`irfer` thes jdnt. Phes es trui `ispeti Kdgfuk―s prapasdl thdt “thi juturi jar gdteagdl Esrdil‛ shaul` gat oi thi `eve`egf legi oitwiig @espigsdteagdlests dg` Navigdgt thialafedgs. Kdgfuk, “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary,‛ >. Phi praolik weth Kdgfuk―s drfukigt es= et es gat thi juturi aj gdteagdl Esrdil whenh es thi oagi aj nagtigteag eg thes thialafendl `iodti oitwiig @espigsdteagdlests dg` _ijarki` thialafedgs. Et es rdthir thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, whenh es dlsa thi segi qud gag aj thi `espigsdteagdl systik aj thialafy. E dncgawli`fi thdt Kdgfuk hds suffisti` thdt “et es teki ta nidsi frdspegf jar giw segi qud gag's, ag iethir se`i.‛ Kdgfuk, “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary,‛ ?4. Givirthiliss, whdt E dk drfuegf jar es thi ridjjerkdteag aj thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk whenh es rinafgezi` dg` dnnipti` oy dll @espigsdteagdlests. Phi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag es `ijegetily gat d segi qud gag whenh wds egvigti` `i gava oy revdls aj @espigsdteagdlesk. ??
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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Kdgfuk rinaugts, “Ds rinigtly ds Dufust ?222, @drrill Oanc hds suffisti` thdt, aj dll thi essuis thdt dri usudlly rdesi` ds `ejjirignis oitwiig `espigsdteagdlesk dg` navigdgt thialafy, agly thes agi figuegily dppleis= vez., thi juturi rali aj gdteagdl Esrdil.‛?9 Oanc jurthir ildoardtis upag whdt hi pirnievis ds thi `eve`egf legi oitwiig @espigsdteagdlesk dg` _ijarki` thialafy. Hi ixpldegs, “E `ag―t ginissdrely kidg thi juturi aj thi Miws pir si, ithgendlly, ds saki eg thi rijarki` ndkp sii thi passeoelety aj d sefgejendgt gukoir aj Miws nakegf ta Nhrest egwhithir thi ig`.gdteagdl E dk spidcegf spinejendlly aj d ralistrunturi jar gdteagdl Esrdil. Phi essui es Esrdil ds dg d`kegestrdtevi es stell eg thi pldg aj Fa`. @espigsdteagdlests dgswir thes quisteag ‘yis― dg` Navigdgt thialafedgs tig` ta dgswir ‘ga.―‛?: Ds d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest, Oanc nlidrly `esnirgs thi thialafendl `estegntevi whenh `eve`is _ijarki` thialafedgs jrak @espigsdteagdlests. @espigsdteagdlesk ds d thialafendl systik es `irevi` jrak dg autwarcegf aj d @espigsdteagdlest―s `estegntevi thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`. Et es thirijari ridsagdoli ta nagnlu`i thdt thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk kust epsa jdnta oi thi `estegntevigiss aj d @espigsdteagdlest―s hirkigiutendl fre`. Phi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, dg` thi risultdgt egtirpritdtevi ug`irstdg`egf aj ^nrepturi whenh prafrissis jrak thes hirkigiutendl `estegnteag, es thi `estegntevi whenh `estegfueshis d @espigsdteagdlest jrak d _ijarki` thialafedg. Vhig d Nldssendl ar _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlest dppleis hes thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre` eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj thi gdturi aj thi juturi @dve`en Cegf`ak, hi siis d kari gdteagdlesten, Miwesh, dg` idrthly kelliggedl Cegf`ak whig nakpdri` ta thi kelliggeuk pirnievi` oy Hestaren ar Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlests. Phes es oindusi d Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlest `ais gat sii dg Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. Ds d risult, Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlests `a gat riqueri d letirdl juljellkigt aj thi Dordhdken dg` @dve`en navigdgts eg thi gdteag aj Esrdil eg d juturi kelliggeuk. Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests, wha pirnievi d kunh liss rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, dri frd`udlly kavegf dwdy jrak thi Miwesh ilikigts aj d kelliggedl Cegf`ak.
?9
Kdgfuk, “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary,‛ ?. “Jrii ^pdni jar @edlafui Autse`i aj Aur Nernlis, Egtirveiw weth @drrill L. Oanc= @ais thi Giw Pistdkigt _ishdpi Aur Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Al` Pistdkigt1‛ Ka`irg _ijarkdteag 5 (Muly/Dufust ?222)= 08-05. ?:
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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Dnnar`egf ta thi Nldssendl dg` _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlest―s ug`irstdg`egf, praphiten pdssdfis sunh ds Iziceil 02-08 “eg`endti d juturi ristardteag aj thi Livetendl preisthaa`, nakpliti weth d rivevdl aj thi dgekdl sdnrejenedl systik‐eg`endteags, eg thier veiw, thdt Misus― @dve`en riefg es eghirigtly kari ithgendlly dg` gdteagdlly Miwesh thdg es rinafgezi` oy iethir prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlesk ar navigdgt thialafendl isnhdtalafy.‛?6 Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s ug`irstdg`egf aj thi kelliggedl Cegf`ak es leciwesi “kari ?8 ithgendlly dg` gdteagdlly Miwesh thdg es rinafgezi` oy iethir prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlesk ar navigdgt thialafendl isnhdtalafy.‛ Phes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Miwesh ilikigts aj thi kelliggedl Cegf`ak es egivetdoly dg egtirpritevi autwarcegf aj thier thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`. Phi idrthly, @dve`en Cegf`ak, thraufh thi hirkigiutendl ligs aj thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, nagsests aj riegstetuti` Livetendl dgekdl sdnrejenis, tikpli warshep, thi reti aj nernukneseag, thi Miwesh Rdssavir Jidst, dg` athir ixnlusevily Miwesh nirikagedl pinuledreteis. Leciwesi, _ivesi` dg` Nldssendl @espigsdteagdlests dgtenepdti d letirdl juljellkigt aj thi @dve`en navigdgt, dg` egsest thdt Nhrest kust oi sidti` ag dg idrthly thragi eg Mirusdlik ta ruli avir thi kelliggedl Cegf`ak.
Cek _e``liodrfir jurthir ilune`dtis thi @espigsdteagdlest―s veiw= “Odsi` ag Fa`―s prakesi thdt hi waul` istdolesh thi cegf`ak aj @dve`―s sag jarivir (? ^dk. 6=4?-4:), `espigsdteagdlests oileivi thes prakesi wds pdrtedlly juljelli` eg thi jerst nakegf aj Nhrest, weth thi jegdl juljellkigt `ildyi` oindusi aj Esrdil―s stuooarg rijusdl ta ikordni Misus ds hir kissedgen cegf. Phes praphiny stdti` thdt thi thragi aj @dve` well oi istdoleshi` jarivir. ^egni `espigsdteagdlests oileivi thdt sunh praphineis kust oi egtirpriti` letirdlly, thes ginissetdtis d letirdl ruli aj Misus Nhrest ag thi idrth `uregf d juturi kelliggedl cegf`ak. Dt thdt teki thi pastpagi` cegf`ak well oi jegdlly nagsukkdti`.‛?5 Eg jdnt, Mijjriy Chaa oileivis thdt Nhrest―s “cegfshep hds yit ta oi ridlezi` jar “Nhrest es gat gaw ixirnesegf thi favirgkigtdl jugnteags aj dg ijjintevi cegf hiri ag thi idrth.‛ Eg ar`ir ta ixirnesi hes jull favirgkigtdl jugnteags, Nhrest kust set ag
?6
Kdgfuk, “Ndg Vi Ixpint d _istardteag aj Livetendl Dgekdl ^dnrejenis1 D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Apegeag,‛ 4. ?8 Eoe`. ?5 _e``liodrfir, D Ndsi jar Dkelliggedlesk, 69.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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thi thragi aj hes jdthir @dve` dg` riefg avir thi hausi aj Mdnao.‛>2 Phirijari, eg ar`ir ta jurgesh d letirdl juljellkigt jar thi navigdgts (e.i. Dordhdken dg` @dve`en), Nhrest hds ta `isnig` jrak hes hidvigly thragi ag thi refht hdg` aj thi Jdthir (Hio. 8=43 42=4?3 4?=?3 4 Rit. >=??), put ag hes sdg`dls, wdlc thi striits aj Mirusdlik dg` set ag dg idrthly thragi whenh es dllifi`ly “thi thragi aj hes jdthir @dve` dg` riefg avir thi hausi aj Mdnao.‛>4 Phes pirnipteag aj thi Cegf`ak, `irevi` jrak d Oeoli Rrisoytiredg hirkigiutens, dppdrigtly thi juljellkigt aj praphineis kd`i ldg` ixnlusevily ta dg` Esrdil eg thi Al` Pistdkigt. dllaws Phisi praphineis egnlu`i thi Dordhdken prakesi, pdrtenuldrly, Al` Pistdkigt praphineis thdt siik ta paegt tawdr` dg idrthly, @dve`en, fiapaletendl riefg. Nagnirgegf thes `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Cegf`ak, Nldrigni Odss nakkigts= “Ga pdrt aj hestaren Nhrestedg `antregi supparts thes rd`endl `estegnteag oitwiig nhurnh dg` cegf`ak. Pa oi suri, thiy dri gat e`igtendl3 out `espigsdteagdlesk hds d``i` thi e`id thdt thi cegf`ak wds ta oi d ristardteag aj Esrdil, gat d nagsukkdteag aj thi nhurnh. . . . Eg thi lefht aj thes pregnepli, et es lifetekdti ta dsc whithir `espigsdteagdlesk es gat areigtdti` kari jrak thi Dordhdken Navigdgt thdg jrak thi Nrass. Es gat ets janus nigtri` kari ag thi Miwesh cegf`ak thdg ag thi Oa`y aj Nhrest1 @ais et gat egtirprit thi Giw Pistdkigt eg thi lefht aj Al` Pistdkigt praphineis, egstid` aj egtirpritegf thisi praphineis eg thi lefht aj thi kari nakpliti rivildteag aj thi Giw Pistdkigt1‛>? _ijarki` thialafedgs, hawivir, ug`irstdg` thdt weth Nhrest―s risurrinteag dg` dsnigseag, “Fa` juljelli` hes prakesi thdt @dve`―s fridtir sag waul` ruli thi gdteags weth dg ivirldstegf cegf`ak.‛>> Nhrest es gaw Rraphit, Rreist dg` Cegf. Hi prisigtly rulis jrak Hes hidvigly thragi dt thi refht hdg` aj thi Jdthir. Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s nagnipt aj thi kelliggedl Cegf`ak, pdrtenuldrly thier pirnipteag aj thi idrthly kelliggedl riefg ds thi juljellkigt aj thi @dve`en navigdgt,
>2
Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 626, quategf Ouswill, D ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg _ilefeag, ?=>9?. >4 Eoe`. >? Odss, Odncfraug`s ta @espigsdteagdlesk, >4, 494. >> _e``liodrfir, D Ndsi jar Dkelliggedlesk, 66.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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es viry nlasi ta thdt aj thi Garkdtevi/_ivesi` @espigsdteagdlest―s. Chaa jurthir nldrejeis thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg veiw= “Es Nhrest settegf ag thi thragi aj @dve` refht gaw eg thi Nhurnh Dfi1 Dnnar`egf ta Ouswill, Nhrest―s riefg ag thi thragi aj @dve` es stell juturi, dg` gat juljelli` yit. Hi sde`, “Nhrest es gat gaw ixirnesegf thi favirgkigtdl jugnteags aj dg ijjintevi cegf hiri ag thi idrth. Hi es gat igjarnegf thi kardl ldw aj Fa` ar d`kegestiregf thi djjders aj thi gdteags aj thi warl` ds dOuswill cegf d`kegestirs thi djjdersthdt aj dthi ridlk eg whenh hi aj dntevily rulis.‛ wds dlsa nagvegni` idrthly cegf`ak Nhrest ag @dve`―s thragi wds gat agly juturi, out dlsa strently “Miwesh dg` @dve`en.‛ Hi `e` gat thegc aj Misus settegf refht gaw dt thi Jdthir―s refht hdg` ta oi d juljellkigt aj thi @dve`en navigdgt (? ^dk 6=4?„40). Ouswill thaufht aj Nhrest―s settegf dt thi Jdthir―s refht hdg` ds thi risukpteag aj hes raydl akgepatigni whenh hi tikpardrely fdvi up (out dlwdys passissi`) dt thi teki aj thi egndrgdteag. Nhrest―s igthragikigt tafithir weth hes dpastlis ta mu`fi thi twilvi treois aj Esrdil, dnnar`egf ta Ouswill, es dg ivigt aj thi isnhdtalafendl juturi.‛>0 Vhig nakpdri` ta thi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest―s nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s veiw es `ijegetily nlasir ta thdt aj thi Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlest. Dnnar`egf ta Chaa―s pirnipteag, Ouswill―s nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak “waul` thus `ejjir jrak prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests, wha sii Nhrest ds settegf ag thi thragi aj @dve` dt thes prisigt dfi, dloiet eg d speretudl sigsi, thier dncgawli`fkigt aj Nhrest―s juturi letirdl riefg ag thi thragi aj @dve` eg thi kelliggeuk gatwethstdg`egf.‛>9 Rrafrissevi `espigsdteagdlesk, hawivir, tidnhis thdt thi Lar` Misus es prisigtly riefgegf ds @dve`―s cegf eg hidvig dt thi refht hdg` aj thi Jdthir. Phes es thi ‘dlrid`y― juljellkigt dspint aj thi @dve`en Cegf`ak3 Nhrest well dlsa riefg ag idrth eg thi kelliggeuk eg thi ‘gat yit― dspint. Phus, dnnar`egf ta Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests, thi @dve`en thragi dg` thi hidvigly thragi aj Misus dt thi refht hdg` aj thi Jdthir dri agi dg` thi sdki. Ag thi athir hdg`, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, eg ar`ir ta kdegtdeg thi strent Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, well gat dfrii weth thi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests wha sii thi @dve`en navigdgt ds jeg`egf ets pdrtedl juljellkigt eg thi Nhurnh dfi. Phus, eg thier >0
Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 640, quategf Ouswill, D ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg _ilefeag, ?=>9?3 ?=>06. >9 Eoe`.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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hirkigiutens, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dpply d kari rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag thdg thi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests, ispinedlly eg thier ug`irstdg`egf aj thi @dve`en navigdgt. Ag thi `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl nagteguuk, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s thialafy aj thi Cegf`ak ndg oi pldni` sakiwhiri oitwiig Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk dg` _ivesi`/Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlesk.>: Phes dlsa eg`endtis thdt thi `ifrii aj Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag d`hiri` ta oy thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs es fridtir thdg thdt aj thi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests. Phi Rrisoytiredg hirkigiutens thus kari rd`endl `enhataky aj Esrdil dg` thiOeoli Nhurnh whig nakpdri` ta thdt aj d dllaw d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest.
Phi Rritreouldteag _dpturi Phi pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary es dgathir `antregdl rdkejendteag aj d rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. Ds wi `esnussi` eg Nhdptir 9, “thi `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh lid`s ta thi oileij thdt thi nhurnh well oi tdcig jrak thi idrth oijari thi oifeggegf aj thi Preouldteag (whenh eg agi kdmar sigsi nagnirgs Esrdil). Rritreouldteagesk hds oinaki d pdrt aj garkdtevi `espigsdteagdl isnhdtalafy.‛>6 Ilsiwhiri, Jiegoirf ivig ikphdsezis thdt “@espigsdteagdlests hdvi oiig >8
pri`akegdgtly pritreouldteagests.‛ Et es egtiristegf ta gati thdt kdgyhdvi linturirs aj Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nallifi eg ^egfdpari, d`apti` >5 thi pritreouldteag rdpturi paseteag. D nagsestigt dpplendteag aj d rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag well lafendlly lid` ta thi pritreouldteag veiw. Ds Fug`ry gatis, “Eg pritreouldteagesk thi `idlegfs aj Fa`
>:
Et es egtiristegf ta gati thdt Nyrus E. ^najeil` dg` Liwes Nhdjir egsesti` thdt rinafgeteag aj thi kelliggedl riegstetuteag aj Miwesh tikpli warshep, dgekdl sdnrejenis, reti aj nernukneseag, dg` athir nirikagedl pinuledreteis wiri issigtedl ta thi igteri `espigsdteagdl dppradnh dg` hirkigiutens. Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs hdvi dppdrigtly juljelli` thes riquerikigt. ^ii N. E. ^najeil`, ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli= 4546 I`eteag (Giw Uarc= Axjar` Ygevirsety Rriss, 4546), 865, 884, 889, 852, gg. ag Iziceil3 dg` Liwes ^pirry Nhdjir, ^ystikdten Phialafy (@dllds, PX= @dllds ^ikegdry Rriss, 4508), >=42?-28, 6=?6?3 e`ik, Frdni (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 45??), 464-46>. >6 _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 408. >8 Rdul @. Jiegoirf, “@espigsdteagdl Phialafy dg` thi _dpturi,‛ eg Essuis eg @espigsdteagdlesk, i`s. Visliy _. Velles dg` Mahg _. Kdstir (Nhendfa= Kaa`y, 4550), ??9. >5 Phisi linturirs egnlu`i, dg` dri gat leketi` ta, @r Mijjriy Chaa, @r Tuic ^udg Uiw dg` @r Rrdohu`ds Cashy. @r Pekathy Paw, thi Rregnepdl aj thi nallifi, tdcis d ke`-treouldteag rdpturi paseteag.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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weth thi Nhurnh dri siviri` jrak Hes `idlegfs weth Esrdil.‛ 02 _ietirdtegf saki aj thi drfukigts kd`i oy Fug`ry,04 Jiegoirf nagnurs weth hek, sdyegf= “SFug`ry[ es narrint eg shawegf thdt `espigsdteagdlesk es gat d kagalethen thialafendl paseteag. Phiri dri saki wha waul` sii thi `esnagtegueteis oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh eg kari rd`endl tirks dg` athirs wha waul` rinafgezi thi `ejjirignis weth liss nagtrdst. Hi es refht thdt thi kari agi ikphdsezis thi `estegnteags oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh, thi kari thdt 0?
`estegnteag jdvars d pritreouldteagdl _dpturi aj thi nhurnh.‛ Hiri, Jiegoirf kdcis dg ekpartdgt aosirvdteag. Et es figirdlly dfrii` dkagfst @espigsdteagdlests thdt thi kari rd`endlly agi siis thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, thi kari lecily et es thdt agi well hal` ta thi pritreouldteag rdpturi paseteag. Dltirgdtevily, “thasi wha `a gat kdci thi strentist nagtrdst Sar `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh[ kdy hal` ta `espigsdteagdlesk (d ka`irdti ar kidsuri` jark ds hi S_aoirt H. Fug`ry[ ndlls et) dg` naki ta d veiw aj thi _dpturi athir thdg pritreouldteagdl.‛0> Jiegoirf dfriis weth Fug`ry “thdt thiri es d nirtdeg eg`ipig`igni oitwiig agi―s veiws ag thi rildteagshep aj Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh dg` thi _dpturi. Gat dll `espigsdteagdlests kust naki ta d pritreouldteagdl _dpturi paseteag.‛00 Ds d nakpdresag, “prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests oileivi eg d rdpturi prear ta thi juturi sivig-yidr treouldteag, out thiy `a sa eg d rdthir tigtdtevi jdsheag. Phier systik naul` `espigsi weth thes `antregi wethaut dltiregf thier paseteag sefgejendgtly. . . . ets d`hirigts `a gat hal` thi pritreo Sar pritreouldteagdl[ veiw ta oi nrunedl.‛09 Ds Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests `a gat d`hiri ta sunh d strent Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, thier thialafendl systik “naul` `espigsi weth thes `antregi wethaut dltiregf thier paseteag sefgejendgtly.‛0: Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, oy dpplyegf thi rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag eg thier thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`, hdvi systikdtendlly drrevi` dt thi pritreouldteag rdpturi paseteag. Eg thes dspint, thiy dri eg jull dfriikigt weth _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlests.
02
Fug`ry, Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag, 4?. ^ii eoe`., 4?-?8. 0? Jiegoirf, “@espigsdteagdl Phialafy dg` thi _dpturi,‛ ??5. 0> Eoe`. 00 Eoe`. 09 Phakds, “Phi Hirkigiutens aj Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk,‛ 65-82. 0: Eoe`. 04
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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@dgeil―s ^ivigty Viics dg` thi Rdrigthises Egtirpritdteag Vi priveausly stu`ei` thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 eg nhdptir 46 aj thes oaac. Eg ijjint, thi `espigsdteagdl, pdrigthises ixpaseteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 “es ajtig dppidli` ta ds thi nagspenuaus praaj thdt thi igteri Nhurnh dfi es d pdrigthises eg thi praphiten prafrdk whenh es ta oi `esnaviri` oitwiig vss. ?: dg` ?6 aj @dg. ex.‛06 Ciggith Odrcir hds ivig stdti` thdt thes pdssdfi eg @dgeil es usi` ds ixifitendl ive`igni ta suppart d `espigsdteagdl ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Cegf`ak. Hi ikphdsezis thdt thi “cegf`ak well oi nhdrdntirezi` oy ivirldstegf refhtiausgiss dg` well dlsa `ikdg` thi prisigni aj dg idrthly tikpli.‛08 Eg thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s nakkigtdry ag thi oaac aj @dgeil, et es gatdoli thdt thi Nhurnh es ug`irstaa` ds d jark aj pdrigthises oitwiig thi sexty-gegth dg` sivigteith wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny.05 Vi hdvi dlsa djjerki` thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs d`hiri ta thi `espigsdteagdl, pdrigthises egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6. Dnnar`egf ta thi linturirs dt Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, thi praphiten nlanc jar Esrdil stappi` tencegf dt thi ig` aj thi sexty-gegth wiic. Et well stdrt tencegf dfdeg djtir thi pritreouldteag rdpturi aj thi Nhurnh, dt thi oifeggegf aj thi sivigteith wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Phi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag es gat agly nakpdteoli weth `espigsdteagdl innlisealafy, out dlsa weth thi riquerikigt aj d letirdl, idrthly, @dve`en Cegf`ak eg thi kelliggeuk. Veth thes kitha` aj ixifises, Fa`―s `idlegfs weth Esrdil ndg oi sipdrdti` jrak Hes `idlegfs weth thi Nhurnh. Phirijari, thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6 warcs hdg` eg flavi weth thi pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary. Et dlsa riqueris d nagnipteag aj d rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. Eg thi jallawegf nhdptir, wi shdll `esnuss dg ekpartdgt paegt aj dpplendteag aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, thdt es eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt aj Mirikedh >4=>4->0.
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Dlles, Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh, 444-44?. Odrcir, “Ive`igni jrak @dgeil,‛ 40:. 05 ^ii Paw, Zeseags aj thi Rregnily Rraphit, 5>-50. Phi Nhurnh Dfi ds d ‘pdrigthises― es nlidrly egtekdti` eg thi `edfrdk igtetli` “Phi ^ivigty Viics aj @dgeil‛ ag p. 5>. Hiri, thi ‘Nhurnh Dfi― es paseti` oitwiig thi sexty-gegth dg` sivigteith wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. 08
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt 4
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Nhdpti r ?>= Dppl endteags aj thi Esrd il/Nhurn h @este gnte ag Rdrt ? Phi Giw Navigdgt aj Mirikedh >4=>4->0 Vi `esnussi` eg nhdptir twa thdt Chaa issigtedlly d`hiris ta ^najeil`―s veiw aj thi Giw Navigdgt, thdt es, “thiri es agi giw navigdgt weth d twa-jal` dpplendteag3 agi ta Esrdil eg thi juturi dg` agi ta thi nhurnh gaw.‛4 Ilsiwhiri, Chaa dfriis weth `espigsdteagdlest Hakir Cigt thdt “thiri es agi giw navigdgt ta oi juljelli` isnhdtalafendlly weth Esrdil, out pdrtenepdti` eg satirealafendlly oy thi Nhurnh ta`dy.‛? Phes veiw dllaws thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ta kdegtdeg d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Jurthirkari, et dllaws d juturi juljellkigt aj thi Giw Navigdgt eg gdteagdl Esrdil. Phes es thi paseteag hil` oy @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry prajissars.> _ikegesnigt aj thi `espigsdteagdlest Rdul Lii Pdg, Chaa es ndrijul ta prisirvi thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag eg hes tirkegalafy. “Hi nagsestigtly usis thi war` “juljellkigt‛ ta `isefgdti thi nakegf ta pdss aj pri`enteags eg thier kast letirdl jark (kast ajtig kelliggedl juljellkigt es eg veiw). “Jarishd`awegf‛ dg` “dpplendteag‛ dri prijirri` tirks jar thi wdy praphineis kdy rildti ta thi nhurnh.‛0 Phirijari, eg
4
Rigtinast, Phegfs ta Naki, 4?>. Mahg J. Vdlvaar` dlsa d`hiris ta thes veiw. Hi wretis, “Phes ndg oist oi ixpldegi` ds agi Giw Navigdgt aj frdni kd`i passeoli oy thi `idth aj Nhrest, whithir dpplei` ta Esrdil ds eg Mirikedh ar thi nhurnh ds eg thi Giw Pistdkigt.‛ Vdlvaar`, Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdg`oaac, 402. Vdlvaar` priveausly hal`s thi “twa Giw Navigdgts‛ veiw aj Liwes ^pirry Nhdjir, out hi gaw siiks ta dfrii weth ^najeil`―s veiw. Hawivir, Higzil drfuis “thdt Vdlvaar` wdsg―t pripdregf ta tatdlly dodg`ag SLiwes ^pirry[ Nhdjir―s Pwa Giw Navigdgt veiw.‛ _agdl` K. Higzil, @droy, @udlesk, dg` thi @inlegi aj @espigsdteagdlesk (Punsag, D]= Jigistrd Oaacs, ?22>), 46:. Dlsa sii Higzil―s ridsagegf eg pp. 462-465. ? Mijjriy Chaa, Hioriws (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`.), >?. Et es tillegf thdt eg hes nakkigtdry ta thi oaac aj Hioriws, Chaa―s lest aj supplikigtdry drtenlis ag p. 05 ugviels hes prijirigni jar thi wretegfs aj Hakir D. Cigt Mr. (d rivesi` `espigsdteagdlest) eg thi ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt. > Vetkir wretis, “Cigt dnnipts thi veiw thdt thiri es agi Giw Navigdgt, whenh “well oi juljelli` isnhdtalafendlly weth Esrdil out es pdrtenepdti` eg satirealafendlly oy thi nhurnh ta`dy‛ (p. ?56). Figirdlly thes es thi paseteag hil` oy @dllds ^ikegdry prajissars.‛ ^ii Mahg D. Vetkir, “Rirea`endl _iveiws,‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 40> (458:)= 4::. 0 Raythriss, Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests, >9. Dlsa stu`y thi `edfrdk ag p. >: (“Phi Gdturi aj Juljellkigt‛) whiri Raythriss ellustrdtis haw _ivesi` @espigsdteagdlests nagsestigtly egtirprit thi navigdgts (Dordhdken, @dve`en, Giw) ds hdvegf thier juljellkigt eg thi kelliggedl cegf`ak, wheli dllawegf d sinag`dry dpplendteag ta thi Nhurnh eg thi prisigt
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
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hes ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt, Chaa siis d juturi juljellkigt aj thi navigdgt weth Esrdil, whirids thi Nhurnh es kirily d navigdgt pdrtgir wha pdrtenepdtis eg thi Giw Navigdgt olissegfs satirealafendlly. Eg nakpdresag, Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests dri wellegf ta sii d pdrtedl juljellkigt aj thi speretudl prakesis aj thi navigdgts (e.i. Dordhdken, @dve`en) eg thi Nhurnh. Givirthiliss, thiy egsest upag d juturi juljellkigt aj thi physendl prakesis eg thi kelliggeuk. Nagtrdrewesi, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` Garkdtevi/_ivesi` @espigsdteagdlests gat^ekeldrly, sii thi @dve`en navigdgt dsta oiegf pdrtedlly juljelli` eg dgy sigsi eg thi Nhurnh`a dfi. thiy dri riluntdgt pirnievi thi Giw Navigdgt ds hdvegf dgy juljellkigt eg thi Nhurnh dfi, dlthaufh thiy `a oileivi thdt saki speretudl oigijets aj thi Giw Navigdgt dri oiegf dpplei` ta thi Nhurnh.9
D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest―s Egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt Eg thier ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt, Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests dllaw d pdrtedl juljellkigt aj thi navigdgt eg thi Nhurnh dfi, wheli dt thi sdki teki, thiy nagni`i ta d lissir `ifrii aj `estegnteag ar `enhataky oitwiig thi Nhurnh dg` gdteagdl Esrdil.: Eg thier egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt, Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests prijir d ke``li paseteag whenh jdlls sakiwhiri oitwiig thi “twa veiw giw navigdgts‛ veiw aj Nldssendl @espigsdteagdlesk dg` thi “agi giw navigdgt‛ aj _ijarki` thialafedgs. Oruni Vdri ildoardtis, “Oitwiig thi twa ixtrikis aj d strent `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh (twa giw navigdgts dg` higni twa `estegnt piaplis aj Fa`) dg` d strent e`igtety aj Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh (agi giw navigdgt dg` higni agi ug`ejjirigtedti` piapli aj Fa`) thiri es d ke``li paseteag thdt waul` suffist thdt Esrdil dg` thi nhurnh shdri thialafendlly renh dg` ekpartdgt ilikigts aj nakkagdlety wheli dt thi sdki teki kdegtdegegf `estegnt e`igteteis. Agi aj thisi ilikigts aj thialafendlly renh nakkagdlety es thier
dfi. Eg nakpdresag, Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests (ar ds Raythriss hds dptly ndlli`, “AgiRiapli-aj-Fa`‛ @espigsdteagdlests) dllaw d pdrtedl juljellkigt aj thi navigdgts eg thi Nhurnh dfi, wheli egsestegf upag dg ultekdti juljellkigt eg thi gdteag aj Esrdil. 9 Eg thes ndsi, Chaa pirnievis thi speretudl oigijets ds oiegf satirealafendl eg gdturi. : ^ii @drrill L. Oanc, “Navigdgts eg Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk,‛ eg Phrii Nigtrdl Essuis eg Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk= D Nakpdresag aj Prd`eteagdl dg` Rrafrissevi Zeiws, i`. Hiroirt V. Odtikdg EZ (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE, KE= Crifil, 4555), 485-450.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>24
napdrtenepdteag eg thi agi giw navigdgt, ag thi odses aj whenh thiy dri ugeti` ds agi piapli aj Fa`.‛6 Vdri prisirvis d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh weth twa ikphdsis eg hes hirkigiutens, dg` suosiquigtly, eg hes egtirpritdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt. Jerstly, hi egsests thdt “thiri ndg oi ga quisteag thdt thi praphits kidgt ta nakkugendti thi prakesi aj d gdteagdl riturg aj Esrdil ta ets ldg`.‛8 Phes ritdegs thi riquerikigt aj d “letirdl rig`iregf‛ aj thi Dordhdken ldg` prakesi, dg` `ikdg`s dg ultekdti, kelliggedl juljellkigt aj thiegDordhdken navigdgt Esrdil. ^inag`ly, hi dppleis thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag hes hirkigiutens oyta egsestegf thdt thi Giw Pistdkigt “`ais gat pirket d speretudl dosarpteag aj thi letirdl prakesis ta Esrdil oy thi nhurnh.‛5 Phi sdleigt `ejjirigni oitwiig thi _ivesi` dg` Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagests― veiws es thi nagnipteag aj thi Nhurnh ds d navigdgt pdrtgir ar d navigdgt piapli. Illeat Mahgsag stdtis thdt, “Dlthaufh oath Sthi _ivesi` dg` Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests[ dfrii thdt thi nhurnh oileivirs dri rinepeigts aj olissegfs prakesi` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, thi `espdrety dppidrs eg thi nagnipteag aj thi piapli aj thi nhurnh ds d navigdgt pdrtgir ar d navigdgt piapli. Phes nagnipteag es odsi` upag thi navigdgts jeg`egf saki juljellkigt eg thi nhurnh.‛42 Ej thi Nhurnh eg dgy wdy juljells thi Giw Navigdgt pdrtedlly, whenh es whdt Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests oileivi, thi Nhurnh es pirnievi` ta oi d navigdgt piapli, dg` gat kirily d navigdgt pdrtgir. Eg nakpdresag, Hestaren Rrikelliggedlests ug`irstdg` thdt “thi nhurnh es egtifrdti` weth Esrdil ds d navigdgt piapli,‛44 wheli Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests oileivi thdt “thi nhurnh es d``i` ta Esrdil ds Fa`―s navigdgt piapli eg sunnisseag.‛4? Ag thi `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl nagteguuk, thi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest―s egtirpritdteag es nlasir ta navigdgt thialafy thdg thdt aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs. Ag thi athir hdg`, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlests veiw thi Nhurnh 6
Oruni D. Vdri, “Phi Giw Navigdgt dg` thi Riapli(s) aj Fa`,‛ eg @espigsdteagdlesk, Esrdil, dg` thi Nhurnh= Phi ^idrnh jar @ijegeteag, i`s. Nrdef D. Oldesegf dg` @drrill L. Oanc (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg Ruoleshegf Hausi, 455?), 5?-5>, ikphdses kegi. Vdri es d Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest. 8 Eoe`., 5>. 5 Eoe`. 42 Illeat I. Mahgsag, “_ispagsi ta Navigdgts eg Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk,‛ eg Phrii Nigtrdl Essuis eg Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk= D Nakpdresag aj Prd`eteagdl dg` Rrafrissevi Zeiws, i`. Hiroirt V. Odtikdg EZ (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE, KE= Crifil, 4555), ?28. 44 Eoe`., ?42. 4? Eoe`.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>2?
ds d navigdgt pdrtgir rdthir thdg d navigdgt piapli. Phi Nhurnh `ais gat juljell thi Giw Navigdgt eg dgy sigsi. Phes ug`irstdg`egf stdg`s eg nagtrd`estegnteag weth thi _ijarki` veiw.
Phi _ijarki` Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt _ijarki` thialafedgs oileivi thdt thi Giw Navigdgt es refhtly juljelli` eg thi Nhurnh. Dlthaufh thi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest―s veiw es d `ivilapkigt eg thi refht `erinteag tawdr`s thi _ijarki` paseteag, et es givirthiliss `estegnt dg` `estdgt jrak thi _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt. Dnnar`egf ta _aoirt _iykag`, “Phi Giw Pistdkigt kdcis et nlidr, eg nagjarkety ta thi `itdels aj thi “giw navigdgt‛ praphiny eg Mirikedh >4=>4->0 (sii Luci ??=?23 ? Nar. >=:3 Hio. 8=8-4>3 5=49), thdt, whig Figtelis oindki Nhrestedgs, thiy igtiri` egta thi jillawshep aj thdt navigdgt nakkugety `isefgdti` oy thi “giw navigdgt‛ praphiny eg Mirikedh >4=>4 ds “thi hausi aj Esrdil dg` thi hausi aj Mu`dh.―‛4> Eg jdnt, thi Nhurnh es “Fa`―s nhasig piapli, thi trui (gat thi Giw) speretudl 40
“Esrdil.―‛ Fa` hds navigdgt piapli, gat twa. Nhurnh es ug`irstdg`egf gat kirily d navigdgt pdrtgir, outagly thi agi navigdgt piapli, thi trui EsrdilPhi aj Fa`. Phes aj innlisealafy es jug`dkigtdl ta Navigdgt thialafy. Navigdgt thialafedgs ug`irstdg` thdt thiri es out agi navigdgt aj frdni, egetedlly `esnlasi` ds thi prativdgfileuk (Fig. >=49), dg` prafrissevily ugjal`i` eg ri`ikptevi hestary. “Phi agi avirdrnhegf “navigdgt aj frdni‛ wds hestarendlly d`vdgni` dg` d`kegestiri` djtir Figises >=49 oy Fa`―s hestarendl navigdgts weth Gadh (Fig. :=483 5=8-46), Dordhdk (Fig. 4?=4->3 49=483 46=6-403 ??=49-48), Esrdil (Ixa`. 45=93 ?0=:-83 @iut. ?5=4), @dve` (? ^dk. 6=44-4:3 4 Nhrag. 46=42-40), dg` jegdlly thraufh thi d`kegestrdteag aj thi Giw Navigdgt (Mir. >4=>4->03 Luci ??=?23 ? Nar. >=:3 Hio. 8=8-4>), Misus Nhrest heksilj oiegf thi Ki`edtar aj thi Giw Navigdgt oitwiig Fa` dg` hes ilint (Hio. 5=49).‛49 Phes navigdgt aj frdni, whirioy thi Giw Navigdgt (Mir. >4=>4->0) es dg d`kegestrdteag aj et, es kd`i weth Fa`―s navigdgt piapli, thi Nhurnh. Phi Vistkegstir Nagjisseag aj Jdeth (Nhdptir ZEE, sinteag ve) stdtis= 4>
_iykag`, D Giw ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 9?9. Eoe`. ^ii _iykag`―s drfukigts prisigti` eg pp. 9?9-9?8. 49 Eoe`., 02:. 40
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>2>
Yg`ir thi faspil, whig Nhrest, thi suostdgni, wds ixheoeti`, thi ar`egdgnis eg whenh thes navigdgt es `espigsi` dri thi pridnhegf aj thi Var`, dg` thi d`kegestrdteag aj thi sdnrdkigts aj Odptesk dg` thi Lar`―s ^uppir= whenh, thaufh jiwir eg gukoir, dg` d`kegestiri` weth kari sekplenety, dg` liss autwdr` flary, yit, eg thik et es hil` jarth eg kari jullgiss, ive`igni dg` speretudl ijjendny, ta dll gdteags, oath Miws dg` Figtelis3 dg` es ndlli` thi Giw Pistdkigt. Phiri dri gat thirijari twa navigdgts aj frdni, `ejjiregf eg suostdgni, out agi dg` thi sdki, ug`ir vdreaus `espigsdteags. Dnnar`egf ta thi _ijarki` ug`irstdg`egf, “thi navigdgt aj frdni hds jrak thi oifeggegf rikdegi` eg dll issigtedl rispints thi sdki, eg speti aj dll autwdr` nhdgfis eg thi ka`i aj ets d`kegestrdteag.‛4: Ha`fi rikeg`s us “thdt ug`ir thi al` `espigsdteag, thes navigdgt wds d`kegestiri` nheijly oy typis dg` sykoalendl ar`egdgnis, sefgejyegf oijarihdg` d Nhrest ta naki, dg` thes d`kegestrdteag wds dlkast ixnlusevily nagjegi` ta thi Miwesh gdteag.‛46 Out eg thi Giw Pistdkigt d`kegestrdteag, “thes navigdgt Saj frdni[ es nhdrdntirezi` oy ets supirear sekplenety, nlidrgiss, julgiss, nirtdegty, speretudl pawir, dg` rdgfi aj dpplendteag.‛48 Phi Nhurnh es thirijari eg nagteguety weth thi Al` Pistdkigt sdegts ds agi piapli aj Fa`. Yg`ir thi Giw Navigdgt d`kegestrdteag, ki`edti` oy Nhrest thi ^dvear aj oath Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigt sdegts, thi Nhurnh nagsests aj oath Miws dg` Figtelis, dg` nagstetutis thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`. Ds `esnussi` eg nhdptir agi, _ijarki` thialafedgs `a gat sii dgy `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil ds dg ugoileivegf gdteag, dg` thi Nhurnh. Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, ag thi nagtrdry, egsests upag dg Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag. Eg hes rispagsi ta Oruni Vdri―s tridtesi ag thi Giw Navigdgt eg @espigsdteagdlesk, Esrdil, dg` thi Nhurnh= Phi ^idrnh jar @ijegeteag, ZdgFikirig ikphdsezis thdt Misus Nhrest es “thi jaugtdeghid` aj dll thi prakesis dg` navigdgts. Hi es thi ciy ta oath thi speretudl dg` thi kdtiredl olissegfs oindusi hi es thi Ki`edtar aj thi giw navigdgt, thi navigdgt aj frdni, whasi oigijets ixtig` odncwdr` ta thi sdegts ug`ir thi al` navigdgt, dg` jarwdr` ta dll thi sdegts ug`ir thi giw.‛45 _ijarki` thialafedgs thirijari nagnur weth ZdgFikirig thdt, “Eg thi lefht aj thes pastuldti Sthdt Nhrest es thi ki`edtar aj thi Giw Navigdgt[, E ndggat dfrii weth thi
4:
Ha`fi, Phi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth, 4?5. Eoe`. 48 Eoe`. 45 Vellik D. ZdgFikirig, “D _ispagsi,‛ eg @espigsdteagdlesk, Esrdil, dg` thi Nhurnh= Phi ^idrnh jar @ijegeteag, i`s. Nrdef D. Oldesegf dg` @drrill L. Oanc (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg Ruoleshegf Hausi, 455?), >>6. 46
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>20
oejurndteag aj thi giw navigdgt Saj Mir. >4=>4->0[ egta twa stdfis= thi tirretaredl dg` paletendl olissegfs ta oi fevig ta thi Miws eg thi kelliggedl cegf`ak, dg` thi speretudl oigijets dlrid`y egdufurdti` eg thi nhurnh. @ais Mirikedh―s praphiny gat dpply ta thi pastixelen nakkugety1 Viri thi tirretaredl dg` paletendl olissegfs gat ridlezi` eg pregnepli upag thi riturg aj thi Miws djtir thi `inrii aj Nyrus (9>8 O.N.)1‛?2
Hirkigiutens dg` thi Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Giw Navigdgt Eg nagtrdst ta thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs― egsestigni upag d nagsestigtly letirdl hirkigiutens, et es gatdoli thdt Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests dri dt lidst wellegf ta nagni`i ta thrii livils aj rid`egf ^nrepturi, gdkily, thi hestarendl-ixifitendl, thi oeolendl-thialafendl, dg` thi ndgagendl-systikdten livils.?4 Phi ndgagendl-systikdten livil “oregfs thi peinis aj thi Oeoli―s kissdfi tafithir,‛?? dg` es issigtedlly sekeldr ta thi _ijarki` pregnepli aj Dgdlafed Je`ie. Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests ixpaug` d nakplikigtdry dppradnh ta ^nrepturi. Oanc ixpldegs, “Vhig prafrissevis spidc aj d nakplikigtdry rildteagshep oitwiig Al` Pistdkigt dg` Giw Pistdkigt tixts, thiy dri nldekegf thdt d garkdl, nagtixtudlly `itirkegi` rid`egf ajtig oregfs nagnipts jrak thi Hioriw ^nrepturi tafithir eg thi Giw Pistdkigt eg d wdy thdt nakplitis dg` ixpaug`s whdt wds dlrid`y prisigt eg thi al`ir parteag aj Fa`―s Var`. Ds rivildteag pranii`s, thi tixts thiksilvis, Giw dg` Al` Pistdkigt, dri oraufht tafithir eg d wdy thdt legcs nagnipts tafithir, sa thdt oath al` dg` jrish dssanedteags dri kd`i (Kdtt. 4>=9?). ^unh jrish dssanedteags, ndgagendlly `itirkegi` dg` `ijegi`, hdvi d stdoli kidgegf oindusi thiy ikirfi jrak wetheg d garkdl rid`egf aj thi tixt. Eg suk, ej thiri es d `ejjirigni oitwiig prafrissevis dg` kari trd`eteagdl `espigsdteagdl rid`egfs, et es thdt prafrissevis dri dscegf `espigsdteagdlests ta warc kari egtifrdtevily weth thi oeolendl tixt.‛?>
?2
Eoe`. ^ii Nrdef D. Oldesegf dg` @drrill L. Oanc, Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 455>), 422-42>. ?? Eoe`., 42>. ?> @drrill L. Oanc, “Hirkigiutens aj Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk,‛ eg Phrii Nigtrdl Essuis eg Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk= D Nakpdresag aj Prd`eteagdl dg` Rrafrissevi Zeiws, i`. Hiroirt V. Odtikdg EZ (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4555), 85. ^ii pp. 89-448 jar d jurthir `esnusseag ag thi hirkigiutens aj Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk. ?4
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>29
Phi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests dri wellegf ta dllaw thi Giw Pistdkigt ta d`` “jrish dssanedteags‛ dg` kidgegfs ta Al` Pistdkigt tixts. Eg thes kdggir, thier hirkigiutens es kari nagsestigt weth thi pregnepli aj prafrissevi rivildteag aj ^nrepturi. Ds Oldesegf dg` Oanc hdvi ikphdsezi`, “Phi Giw Pistdkigt `ais egtra`uni nhdgfi dg` d`vdgni3 et `ais gat kirily ripidt Al` Pistdkigt rivildteag. Eg kdcegf nakplikigtdry d``eteags, hawivir, et `ais gat mittesag al` prakesis. Phi ighdgnikigt es ?0
gat dt thi ixpigsi aj thi arefegdl prakesi.‛ Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs, ag thi athir hdg`, egsest ag siiegf d rd`endl `enhataky oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh eg thier ug`irstdg`egf aj ^nrepturi. Phes Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag igdolis thik ta egtirprit thi Giw Navigdgt (Mir. >4=>4->0) ds hdvegf ets juljellkigt eg thi gdteag aj Esrdil eg thi juturi, idrthly kelliggeuk. Phus, thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs― dppradnh ta ^nrepturi es kari letirdl eg ets pirnipteag aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag whig nakpdri` ta thi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests― dppradnh. Nagnirgegf Chaa―s dssisskigt aj Ouswill, et es egtiristegf ta nagse`ir hes nakkigts, “Ouswill Sndggat[ oi nldssejei` ds d prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlest. . . . SPhes es oindusi[ hes hirkigiutendl dppradnh ta oeolendl praphiny wds kunh nlasir ta thi letirdl dppradnh aj rivesi` ar garkdtevi `espigsdteagdlesk thdg ta prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlesk. Hi dlsa `e` gat sii Misus juljellegf hes idrthly ajjeni ds Cegf ag thi thragi aj @dve` prisigtly, whenh hi dvirri` wds yit juturi.‛?9 Leciwesi, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ndggat oi nldssejei` ds Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests oindusi thiy d`hiri ta d kari rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, dg` thier “hirkigiutendl dppradnh ta oeolendl praphiny Ses[ kunh nlasir ta thi letirdl dppradnh aj rivesi` ar garkdtevi `espigsdteagdlesk thdg ta prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlesk.‛?: ?0
Nrdef D. Oldesegf dg` @drrill L. Oanc, “@espigsdteagdlesk, Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh= Dssisskigt dg` @edlafui,‛ eg @espigsdteagdlesk, Esrdil, dg` thi Nhurnh= Phi ^idrnh jar @ijegeteag, i`s. Nrdef D. Oldesegf dg` @drrill L. Oanc (Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg Ruoleshegf Hausi, 455?), >5?->5>. ?9 Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 64:. Chaa es dg d`vandti aj thi pritreouldteag rdpturi thiary dg` thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6. Et es, thirijari, dppdrigt thdt Chaa d`hiris ta d kari rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, ds will ds d kari letirdl hirkigiutens whig nakpdri` ta Ouswill. ?: Eoe`.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>2:
@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk Isnhdtalafy ds d thialafendl suomint ndggat oi sifrifdti` jrak thi athir drids aj systikdten thialafy. Et es, eg jdnt, egtekdtily egnarpardti` egta d pdrtenuldr systik aj thialafy, oi et @espigsdteagdlesk ar _ijarki` thialafy. Ds Lefhtgir stdtis, “Isnhdtalafendl egtirpritdteags hdvi d `ijegeti oidregf upag kdgy aj thi athir `antregis whenh agi hal`s. Agi―s igteri systik aj thialafy, veiw aj hestary, egtirpritdteag aj ^nrepturi, veiw aj thi Nhurnh ds dg arfdgesk dg` ds dg arfdgezdteag eg rildteag ta athir arfdgezdteags, dg` veiw aj Oeolendl thialafy es `itirkegi` ta d fridt ixtigt oy hes veiw aj isnhdtalafy.‛?6 Eg hes nretequi aj Mahg Firtsgir―s oaac Vragfly @eve`egf thi Var` aj Pruth, @espigsdteagdlest Mahg Vetkir kdcis d sekeldr aosirvdteag, “Isnhdtalafy `ais gat ixest eg esaldteag jrak athir drids aj oeolendl `antregi out es pdrt aj dg egtifrdti` systik aj thialafy. Pa oi nagsestigt, d prikelliggedl isnhdtalafy shaul` oi d pdrt aj `espigsdteagdl thialafy.‛?8 Phirijari, et es egnagsestigt dt oist, ta d`hiri ta `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, dg` gag yit nldek`ivilapkigt ta oi -`espigsdteagdl. Jurthirkari, `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk d lafendl jrak thi `espigsdteagdl thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre`. Et eses dlsa `irevi` jrak d systikdten autwarcegf aj thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Ds d kdttir aj jdnt, d rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag dllaws d thialafedg ta sii d letirdl juljellkigt aj Fa`―s prakesis ta gdteagdl Esrdil eg thdt Miwesh, @dve`en Cegf`ak aj thi kelliggeuk. Vetkir ixpldegs jurthir= “Eg `ikagstrdtegf thdt prikelliggedlesk es lafendlly d pdrt aj `espigsdteagdlesk, thi odsen essui es `itirkegegf thi purpasi aj thi kelliggeuk dg` Nhrest―s riturg ta istdolesh et. @espigsdteagdlests e`igtejy thdt purpasi ds oiegf thi juljellkigt aj Fa`―s prakesis ta Esrdil aj d kissedgen riefg aj refhtiausgiss dg` pidni weth Esrdil ds “thi hid`, dg` gat thi tdel‛ (@iut ?8=4>3 nj. >2=4„9) aj thi gdteags. Phi juljellkigt aj thisi prakesis ta Esrdil dlsa prave`is d nagsukkdteag ta thes prisigt warl` systik oifug weth thi nridteag aj D`dk dg` Ivi, whenh es gaw nagtralli` ?6
_aoirt R. Lefhtgir, Gia-Ivdgfilendlesk (@is Rldegis, El= _ifuldr Odptest Rriss, 45:9), 42?. Mahg D. Vetkir, “D _iveiw aj Vragfly @eve`egf thi Var` aj Pruth,‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 405 (455?)= ?64-?6?. ?8
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>26
oy ^dtdg (sii Mahg 4?=>43 40=>2 3 4:=44 3 ? Nar 0=03 Iph ?=?3 4 Mahg 9=45). Ag thi athir hdg` kast gag`espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlests waul` `isnreoi thi kelliggeuk ds SFiarfi Il`ag[ Ld`` `ais, ds “d flareaus kdgejistdteag aj Fa`―s pawir ds Nhrest ixirnesis hes ki`etaredl ruli avir thi warl` `uregf thi kelliggedl dfi.‛ Ilsiwhiri Ld`` wrati, “Phi kelliggedl cegf`ak es gat Miwesh sa kunh ds et es ki`edtaredl.―‛?5 Eg jdnt, dnnar`egf ta Vetkir, “thi kissedgen purpasi aj thi kelliggeuk‛ es “thi >2
juljellkigt aj Fa`―s prakesis ta Esrdil.‛ Ds `espigsdteagdlesk riqueris d letirdl juljellkigt aj thisi prakesis ta Esrdil, `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk prave`is thdt juljellkigt eg thi idrthly kelliggeuk, dloiet eg d strently Miwesh dg` @dve`en sigsi. @espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk es dlsa nakpdteoli weth thi `espigsdteagdl nagnipt aj thi Cegf`ak, tafithir weth ets ithgendlly Miwesh ilikigts dg` nirikagedl pinuledreteis.
Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s Phialafendl-Hirkigiutendl Fre`= D Nagnluseag Jrak nhdptir ?2 aj thes oaac agwdr`s, wi hdvi `esnussi` haw thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs jet thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Phraufh d surviy aj thier vdreaus dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag, wi hdvi dlsa ridlezi` thdt thiy d`hiri ta d jderly rd`endl `enhataky Esrdil rdpturi dg` thi paseteag, Nhurnh. Phes ndg oi dpprinedti` eg thier d`hirigni ta thioitwiig pritreouldteag thi pdrigthises egtirpritdteag aj @dgeil 5=?0-?6, `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk, dg` thier ug`irstdg`egf aj thi Cegf`ak dg` thi Giw Navigdgt. Ds Mdkis Alevir Ouswill (4859„4566) aj Jdeth Phialafendl ^ikegdry es d jaug`egf Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafedg,>4 et es egtiristegf ta gati Chaa―s `isnrepteag aj Ouswill= “SOuswill―s[ hirkigiutendl dppradnh ta oeolendl praphiny wds kunh nlasir ta thi letirdl dppradnh aj rivesi` ar garkdtevi `espigsdteagdlesk thdg ta ?5
Eoe`., ?6?, quategf Fiarfi I. Ld``, Nrunedl Tuisteags doaut thi Cegf`ak aj Fa`(Frdg` _dpe`s= Iir`kdgs, 459?), 59, 58. >2 Eoe`. >4 Eg 459:, Ouswill lijt Jdeth ta jaug` Navigdgt Phialafendl ^ikegdry eg ^t. Laues, Kessaure. Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafedgs, sunh ds @r Pekathy Paw, stu`ei` ug`ir Ouswill eg Jdeth Phialafendl ^ikegdry. Paw wretis, “Agi aj thi autstdg`egf naursis tdufht eg Jdeth ^ikegdry wds Esrdil―s pdrt eg thi ^inag` Nakegf aj Nhrest dg` hir priikegigni `uregf aur Lar`―s riefg ag idrth jar d thausdg` yidrs. E lidrgi` thes `antregi ug`ir @r. Dlldg D. Kdn_di, @r. M. A. Ouswill dg` @r. _. L. Hdrres.‛ ^ii Pekathy Paw, Phi ^tary aj Ky Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Jdeth (^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, 4555), 49.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>28
prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlesk. Hi dlsa `e` gat sii Misus juljellegf Hes idrthly ajjeni ds Cegf ag thi thragi aj @dve` prisigtly, whenh hi dvirri` wds yit juturi. . . . Figirdlly spidcegf, hi jetti` thi segi qud gag aj `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk ds `ijegi` oy SNhdrlis[ _yrei. Ouswill sdw d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, ikplayi` d letirdl hirkigiuten tawdr`s oeolendl praphiny, dg` ds d _ijarki` thialafedg oileivi` thdt Fa`―s ri`ikptevi pldg waul` ultekdtily ri`aug` ta Hes flary.‛>? Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk `ivilapi` Ouswill―s teki. Jrak aur `esnusseag eg thes oaac,hds et dppidrs thdtkunh Oeolisegni Rrisoytiredgesk es kavegf nlasir tawdr`s Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlesk ag thi `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl nagteguuk. Out wi hdvi siig thdt ivig Ouswill jetti` thi segi qud gag aj `espigsdteagdlesk prapasi` oy _yrei. Dlthaufh Oeoli Rrisoytiredg snhaldrs eg ^egfdpari egsest ag ritdegegf thi gakignldturi aj “_ijarki`,‛ dg` nldek thdt Ouswill shaul` gat “oi nldssejei` ds d prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlest,‛>> wi ndg dll dfrii thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs `a d`hiri ta thi segi qud gag aj `espigsdteagdlesk. Jrak aur priveaus stu`eis, et es ive`igt thdt thi nurrigt Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre` es nlasir ta Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlesk thdg ta Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk. Phi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg siis d rd`endl `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh, dg` dncgawli`fis d sipdrdti purpasi aj Fa` jar ithgen Esrdil.>0 Ag thi athir hdg`, dnnar`egf ta _yrei, “prafrissevis Sar prafrissevi `espigsdteagdlests[ `a gat sii thi nhurnh ds nakplitily `estegnt jrak Esrdil ds garkdtevi `espigsdteagdlests hdvi kdegtdegi`. Giethir `a thiy nagse`ir thi kystiry nagnipt aj thi nhurnh ta kidg thdt thi nhurnh wds gat rividli` eg thi Al` Pistdkigt, agly thdt et wds ugridlezi`. D naralldry aj thes giw veiw irdsis thi e`id aj twa purpasis aj Fa` - agi jar thi nhurnh dg` agi jar Esrdil.‛>9 Oy nakpdregf thi thialafendl dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag oy Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk weth thdt aj Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk, et es nlidr thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs― d`hirigni ta d rd`endl Esrdil/Nhurnh `estegnteag oregfs thik nlasir ta Garkdtevi @espigsdteagdlesk thdg ta Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk ag thi `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl nagteguuk. Aj naursi, Oeoli Rrisoytiredg snhaldrs kdy
>?
Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 64:-646. >> Eoe`., 64:. >0 Jar ixdkpli, sii Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 64:. Dlsa rijir ta nhdptir agi aj thes oaac. >9 _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, 460.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>25
gat oi plidsi` ta sii d rietirdteag aj priveaus dllifdteags, thdt es, “Artha`ax Rrisoytiredgs jdniteausly ldoilegf Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs “`espigsdteagdlests.―‛>: Jegdlly, Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ndggat oi rifdr`i` ds “Navigdgt Rrikelliggedl‛ eg thier isnhdtalafy, oindusi thi Navigdgt Rrikelligedlest “ritdegs thi e`id aj thi kelliggedl cegf`ak, thaufh hi jeg`s lettli suppart jar et eg thi Al` Pistdkigt praphineis. Phi cegf`ak eg hes veiw es kdrci`ly `ejjirigt jrak thdt whenh es tdufht oy `espigsdteagdlests, segni et lasis kunh aj ets Miwesh nhdrdntir `ui ta thi slefhtegf aj thi Al` Pistdkigtdri prakesis nagnirgegf thi cegf`ak. Kdgy ta navigdgt prikelliggedlests dlsa pasttreouldteagests, dg` thdt siiks oi d lafendl >6 dnnakpdgekigt aj thi gag`espigsdteagdl dppradnh.‛ @r Mijjriy Chaa es, thirijari, egnarrint whig hi egtekdti` thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri “Navigdgt Rrikelliggedl‛ eg thier isnhdtalafy.>8 Phes es d keslid`egf stdtikigt, ta sdy thi lidst.>5 Ag thi nagtrdry, Hestaren Rrikelliggedlests (i.f. Fiarfi Il`ag Ld``, Phia`ar ]dhg, Erigdius, Pirtulledg) dri oagd je`i Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlests. Phi nretenesks Kdthesag rdesi` dfdegst thi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests ndg leciwesi oi `erinti` dt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg kavikigt eg ^egfdpari. Kdthesag ldkigti`= “Phi nhurnh sujjirs taa kunh `dkdfi whig piapli `a gat e`igtejy whdt thiy ridlly oileivi. . . . Ivig ets awg prapagigts Sthi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests[ `esdfrii ag whdt thdt paseteag es oindusi et es eg d
>:
Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ :55. >6 _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, >8->5. Dlsa rid` H. Rhellep Haac, “Phi @antregi aj thi Cegf`ak eg Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlesk‛ (Ph.@. `ess., @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, 4595). Nj. @dgeil Rdytag Jullir, “Phi Hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk‛ (Ph.@. `ess., Garthirg Odptest Phialafendl ^ikegdry, 4596), >:>->:0. >8 Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, 00-09. _id` thi sinteag ag isnhdtalafy. Hi nldssejeis M.A. Ouswill dg` _iv Pekathy Paw ds Ke`-Preouldteagdl, Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlests, out thi oath aj thik dri nlidrly `espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlests. Phi `isnrepteag “Ke`-Preouldteagdl, Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlest‛ es dlsa dg axykarag. D Navigdgt ar Hestaren Rrikelliggedlest es d Rast-Preouldteagest. >5 Nj. Chaa, “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti,‛ 64:-646. ^tu`y Chaa―s `isnrepteag aj Ouswill. Phi tetli aj thes pdpir es dlsa tillegf „ hi ldoils thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg―s isnhdtalafendl paseteag ds ‘`espigsdteagdl prikelliggedlesk.― Out eg @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, whenh es usi` ds naursi gatis eg Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, Chaa ndlls hes paseteag ‘Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlesk.― @r Chaa kust kdci up hes keg` whithir hes prikelliggedlesk es navigdgtdl ar `espigsdteagdl.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>42
nagstdgt stdti aj jlux. Pa drrevi dt d nagsestigt paseteag thiy Sthi Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlests[ iethir kust riturg ta trd`eteagdl `espigsdteagdlesk, oinaki hestarendl prikelliggedlests, ar oinaki _ijarki`. Ky hapi dg` prdyir es thdt thiy nagtegui thier maurgiy tawdr` _ijarki` thialafy.‛02 ^ekeldrly, E oileivi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk hds yit ta warc aut dll ets thialafendl egnagsestigneis. Et es eg`ii` `ejjenult, ej gat ugridsagdoli, ta d`hiri ta thi segi qud
gag aj `espigsdteagdlesk, yitnagtegui dttikptthier ta ritdeg thi `isefgdteag aj “_ijarki`.‛ Ky hapi dg` prdyir es thdtdg` thiy maurgiy tawdr`s _ijarki` thialafy, dg` dodg`ag thier d`hirigni ta thi `espigsdteagdl segi qud gag.
02
Kdthesag, @espigsdteagdlesk, 4>:-4>6, ikphdses kegi.
Dpplendteags aj thi Esrdil/Nhurnh @estegnteag Rdrt ?
>44
Nhdptir ?0= Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= D Gii` jar _i`ijegeteag1 Ipelafui Eg thes oaac, wi hdvi `esnussi` saki aj thi thialafendl `estegntevis aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk eg ^egfdpari, dg` hdvi nagnlusevily shawg thdt et ispausis thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Phi dpplendteag aj thi segi qud gag es nlidrly `ikagstrdti` eg ets innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy. Ds Jiegoirf stdtis, “@espigsdteagdlesk oinakis viry ekpartdgt eg rifdr` ta innlisealafy dg` isnhdtalafy, out es ridlly gat doaut thasi athir drids Sjar ixdkpli, satirealafy[.‛4 Rirhdps thi teki hds naki jar Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ta rijlint upag thier thialafendlhirkigiutendl fre`. Ej et es trui thdt Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi dg` thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnhis eg ^egfdpari `a suosnreoi ta thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk ds d`ketti` oy Chaa, shaul` thiy nagtegui ta ritdeg thi “_ijarki`‛ gakignldturi eg thier stdtikigt aj jdeth1? Oijari Chaa dg` thi athir Oeoli Rrisoytiredg thialafedgs nagse`ir wretegf d rispagsi ta ky oaac,> lit et oi kd`i nlidr thdt E dk gat sdyegf thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri gat _ijarki`. _dthir, E dk dscegf thik ta nagse`ir thi passeoelety thdt thiy kefht oi `espigsdteagdl. Ej d natirei aj snhaldrs ar thialafedgs eg thi Ygeti` ^tdtis (i.f. thi Rrajissars aj @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry) es ldoili` ds @espigsdteagdlest oy vertui aj thier d`hirigni ta thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk, et es nagjusegf ta hdvi dgathir fraup aj thialafedgs eg ^egfdpari wha, leciwesi, ikordni thi segi qud gag, out nagtegui ta egsest thdt thiy dri gat `espigsdteagdl. Phes kefht oi kesegtirpriti` ds dg dttikpt ag thi pdrt aj thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs ta ri`ijegi @espigsdteagdlesk, sa ds ta prisirvi thi `isefgdteag aj “_ijarki`.‛ Eg thi nurrigt thialafendl `edlafui oitwiig @espigsdteagdlests dg` Navigdgt thialafedgs, et es ekpartdgt ta oi ndg`e` weth rifdr` ta whdt aur nagventeags dri. Dgy 4
Jiegoirf, “^ystiks aj @esnagteguety,‛ 62-64. Dnnar`egf ta Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, “Phi ^tdtikigt aj Jdeth aj thi Nallifi shdll oi eg dnnar`dgni weth thdt systik nakkagly ndlli` “thi _ijarki` Jdeth‛ ds ixprissi` eg thi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth ds sit jarth oy thi hestaren Vistkegstir Dssikoly tafithir weth thi Ldrfir dg` ^hartir Ndtinhesks.‛ ^ii ^tdtikigt aj Jdeth aj thi Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, ^egfdpari Sdrtenli ag-legi[3 dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.jion.i`u.sf/jdeth.htk3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` ?0 Antaoir ?22:. > ^unh d oaac kefht jettegfly oi igtetli`, “Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= Vi Dri @ijegetily _ijarki`,‛ ar “Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk= Ga Gii` jar _i`ijegeteag.‛ ?
Ipelafui
>4?
dttikpt ta aosnuri thi essuis jar `esnusseag well agly nagjaug` thi ixestegf thialafendl `esdfriikigts dg` praoliks. Jar dgy jruetjul `edlafui ta tdci pldni, thialafedgs jrak iethir ig` aj thi `espigsdteagdl-navigdgtdl nagteguuk kust tdci upag thiksilvis thi tdsc aj `ijegegf thier thialafendl paseteags nlidrly dg`, kast ekpartdgt aj dll, prinesily. Agly thig ndg dgy hilpjul prafriss dg` kutudl ug`irstdg`egf tdci pldni. Vi waul` dll `a will ta hii` Oldesegf―s jallawegf d`veni= “Kdgy aj us dri wha wi dri oindusi wi oilagfi` ta d nhurnh aj d nirtdeg trd`eteag whig wi ndki ta Nhrest dg` hdvi oiig sdtesjei` weth thes dssanedteag. Jar athirs, aur trd`eteagdl e`igteteis dri d pra`unt aj d ridnteag, sakitekis queti egtigsi, dfdegst thi raats aj aur giw oifeggegfs. Jar stell athirs et es jdr liss shancegf d trdgseteag dg` kdy gat ivig oi veiwi` eg nakegf dg` lidvegf tirks dt dll. Ixpasuri ta thi oa`y aj Nhrest hds li` ta rijlinteag dg` thi `ivilapkigt aj d sigsi aj strigfth dg` widcgiss doaut thi trd`eteag ar trd`eteags weth whenh wi e`igtejy. Eg athir war`s, saki aj us dri wha wi dri oindusi wi hdvi oiig thdt wdy jrak aur sinag` oerth, wheli athirs oindki wha wi dri eg nagsneaus nakpdresag ta athir trd`eteags. Oiegf faa` thialafedgs dg` rifdr`liss aj thi rauti wi tdci, wi mustejy thi dssanedteags wi tdci weth thi nldeks dg` nagventeags thdt wi dri Oeolendl eg hal`egf ta whdt wi oileivi.‛0 E hdvi ga `auot thdt thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs well nagtig` thdt thier paseteag es nlasist ta thi Pruth, dg` thdt thiy kefht ivig hdvi faa` ^nrepturdl fraug`s ta `a sa. E hdvi ikphdsezi` thdt thi prekdry aomintevi aj thes oaac es gat ta ripu`edti Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk pir si, ar ivig ta drfui dfdegst @espigsdteagdlesk. Phi prekdry purpasi aj thes oaac es ta ugviel thi thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre` aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk, dg` ta `ikagstrdti nagnlusevily thdt Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs `a, eg`ii`, jet thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Phirijari, “oiegf faa` thialafedgs dg` rifdr`liss aj thi Sthialafendl[ rauti wi tdci, wi mustejy thi dssanedteags wi tdci weth thi nldeks dg` nagventeags thdt wi dri Oeolendl eg hal`egf ta whdt wi oileivi.‛9 Ds wi dri nagventi` aj aur thialafendl paseteag, wi ndg `inldri weth nagje`igni whdt aur thialafendl-hirkigiutendl fre` es. Phiri es, jurthirkari, iviry ridsag ta d`apt d trd`eteagdl, thialafendl ldoil whenh oist `isnreois aur thialafendl paseteag. Pa `a athirwesi kefht oi kesnagstrui` ds oiegf dgythegf out truthjul dg` segniri.
0 9
Oldesegf, “Vhy E Dk d @espigsdteagdlest weth d ^kdll ‘`―,‛ >80. Eoe`.
Ipelafui
>4>
Oldesegf nagteguis= “E dlsa wdgt dll aj us, whdtivir aur trd`eteag, ta rijlint ag whdt thi kidgegf dg` leketdteags aj sunh trd`eteagdl ldoils dri. Vhdt `ais e`igtejyegf weth d trd`eteag kidg eg d Oeolendlly areigti` fraup thdt es queti dwdri aj Rdul―s riouci eg 4 Naregthedgs 4 doaut oiegf aj Rdul ar aj Dpallas ar ivig aj Nhrest1 . . . Ds wi jdni kunh aj thi warl` thdt `ais gat cgaw Misus, whdt wi hdvi eg nakkag es jdr kari ekpartdgt thdg aur `ejjirignis.‛: Oy thi frdni aj Fa`, dll @espigsdteagdlests dg` Gag-`espigsdteagdlests dri sdvi` oy thi faspil aj Nhrest, dg` wi dll oilagf ta thi trui Esrdil aj Fa`. Vi kust, hawivir, rikikoir thdt thialafendl ldoils well lasi thier sdleigt, eghirigt kidgegfs ej thialafedgs aj nagtrd`entary pirsudseags egsest ag d`aptegf sekeldr dppilldteags. Ag thi athir hdg`, thialafendl ldoils dri oigijenedl agly ej thiy dri usi` ta prakati hilpjul `edlafui dg` ug`irstdg`egf oitwiig orithrig-eg-Nhrest. Ds @espigsdteagdlests dg` Gag-`espigsdteagdlests dri nagventi` thdt thier rispintevi thialafendl paseteags dri nlasist ta thi Pruth, sunh thialafendl ldoils kust nagtegui ta prisirvi thier arefegdl, egtig`i` kidgegfs sa ds ta oittir riprisigt thi thialafedgs wha d`hiri ta thik. E `a lavi dg` dpprinedti thi warc ky Oeoli Rrisoytiredg orithrig dri `aegf jar thi Cegf`ak aj Fa`. E sii thik ds jillaw rinepeigts aj thi Giw Navigdgt olissegfs eg Nhrest Misus. Givirthiliss, ds d _ijarki` Nhrestedg, E ndtifarendlly rimint thier @espigsdteagdlesk. @espigsdteagdlesk es gat sekply d `ipdrturi jrak _ijarki` thialafy3 et es eg `edkitren appaseteag ta _ijarki` `estegntevis. Ds d thialafendl-hirkigiutendl systik, `espigsdteagdlesk ndggat oi rinagneli` weth thi _ijarki` nagjisseags, dg` pdrtenuldrly, thi Vistkegstir ^tdg`dr`s. Phi _ijarki` nagjisseags tidnh thdt dll thi prakesis aj Fa` jeg` thier “Uis‛ eg Misus Nhrest (? Nar. 4=?2). Nhrest es thi nigtir dg` thi ultekdti purpasi aj dll nridteag dg` ri`ikpteag. Hi es thi sinag` D`dk, thi Hid` aj d Giw Nridteag (4 Nar. 49=09), dg` thi _i`iikir aj agi piapli ugta Heksilj. Phraufhaut ri`ikptevi hestary, Fa` hds pri`istegi` thi sdlvdteag aj agi Nhurnh ar agi piapli thraufh Misus Nhrest. Hawivir, @espigsdteagdlesk siis d `eveseag whiri ga `eveseag ixests= d `estegnteag oitwiig Esrdil dg` thi Nhurnh. Et kdegtdegs thdt thi Nhurnh dg` Esrdil dri twa sipdrdti piaplis aj Fa`, weth twa sipdrdti purpasis. Fa`―s `idlegfs weth Esrdil wiri droetrdrely tirkegdti` tawdr`s thi ig` aj thi :5th wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Oath thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dg` @espigsdteagdlests :
Eoe`.
Ipelafui
>40
rinafgezi dg eg`itirkegdoli teki fdp oitwiig thi :5th dg` 62th wiic aj @dgeil. Dnnar`egf ta thik, thi praphiten teki nlanc jar Esrdil hds siikegfly stappi`. Et well stdrt tencegf dfdeg whig thi Fridt Preouldteag oifegs. Out whig wi rid` “Giw Pistdkigt pdssdfis sunh ds _akdgs 5=?0-?:, . . . wi hdvi Rdul―s stdtikigt thdt thi ndllegf aut aj Miw dg` Figteli eg thi Nhrestedg Nhurnh es thi `erint juljellkigt aj d praphiny aj Hasid. Eg Dnts ?:=?? Rdul nldeki` thdt hi pridnhi` ‘gathegf out whdt thi praphits dg` Kasis `e` sdy shaul` naki― (_.Z.). Eg Dnts ?, Ritir stdtis thdt d praphiny aj Mail es gaw (eg thisi Faspil tekis) oiegf juljelli`. _ijirregf ta thi autpauregf thildst Haly ^peret, sdys,E well ‘Phespaur es thdt oy thi praphit Mail= Phi “Dg` et shdll oi egajthi `dys, sdethhiFa`, autspacig ky ^peret upag dll jlish‛.― 6 praphiten nlanc es ive`igtly stell tencegf.‛ ^tu`igts aj thi Oeoli kust gat nagjusi thi innlisealafy aj Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk weth figuegi _ijarki` innlisealafy. Dnnar`egf ta Oeoli Rrisoytiredgesk, thi Nhurnh - kd`i up aj Miws dg` Figtelis - es gat ta oi nagjusi` weth “Esrdil.‛ Ds Chaa hds rietirdti`, “Esrdil kidgs Esrdil, dg` Nhurnh kidgs Nhurnh.‛8 Vi rid` eg thi Oaac aj Hioriws= “Out yi dri naki ugta kaugt ^eag, dg` ugta thi nety aj thi levegf Fa`, thi hidvigly Mirusdlik, dg` ta dg eggukirdoli nakpdgy aj dgfils, Pa thi figirdl dssikoly dg` nhurnh aj thi jerstoarg, whenh dri wrettig eg hidvig, dg` ta Fa` thi Mu`fi aj dll, dg` ta thi sperets aj must kig kd`i pirjint, Dg` ta Misus thi ki`edtar aj thi giw navigdgt, dg` ta thi olaa` aj spregclegf, thdt spidcith oittir thegfs thdg thdt aj Doil (Hio. 4?=??-?0).‛ Phi Nhurnh es Kaugt ]eag dg` thi hidvigly Mirusdlik. Oileivirs eg Nhrest dri thi navigdgt piapli aj Fa`, dg` thiy nagstetuti thi trui Esrdil. Phi Nhurnh es “d nhasig figirdteag, d raydl preisthaa`, dg haly gdteag, d pinuledr piapli (4 Rit. ?=5d).‛ Netezigshep wetheg thi hidvigly Mirusdlik es gat `ipig`igt upag agi―s rdni ar gdteagdlety, out figuegi jdeth eg aur resig Lar`. Oy ug`irstdg`egf thi Nhurnh ds oiegf `estegnt jrak Fa`―s nhasig gdteag, Esrdil, @espigsdteagdlesk siiks ta rao thi Nhurnh aj ets refhtjul flary. Out Fa` hds agly agi ri`ikptevi purpasi eg hestary, dg` thdt es ta ri`iik ugta Heksilj agi piapli thi Nhurnh. Phi Nhurnh es gat dg egtirndldteag oitwiig thi :5th dg` 62th wiic aj @dgeil―s praphiny. Phi Dpastli Rdul sdys, “Jar oy agi ^peret dri wi dll odptezi` egta agi oa`y, whithir wi oi Miws ar Figtelis, whithir wi oi oag` ar jrii3 dg`
6 8
Freir, Phi Kakigtaus Ivigt, 00. Chaa, Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth, 4>9.
Ipelafui
>49
hdvi oiig dll kd`i ta `regc egta agi ^peret (4 Nar. 4?=4>).‛ Phirijari, lit ga kdg put dsug`ir whdt Fa` hds maegi` tafithir eg Nhrest Misus. @r Mijjriy Chaa hds priveausly ldkigti`= “^a, Oeoli-Rrisoytiredgs hdvi oiig wragfly ldoili` “`espigsdteagdl‛ oindusi wi oileivi eg thi prikelliggedl riturg aj Nhrest! Phisi nretens, wethaut `iip stu`y, jdel ta ridlezi thdt tdcegf d prikelliggedl paseteag `ais 5
gat ginissdrely kdci agi `espigsdteagdl.‛ Veth d kitenulaus dg` eg-`ipth stu`y, agi ndg drrevi dt thi jallawegf nagnluseag= @r Chaa es dntudlly narrint. Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri gat `espigsdteagdl sekply oindusi aj thier prikelliggedlesk. Oeoli Rrisoytiredgs dri, hawivir, `espigsdteagdl oindusi thiy pdss @r Nhdrlis N. _yrei―s thriijal` tist weth jlyegf nalars342 thiy suosnreoi whalihidrti`ly ta thi segi qud gag aj `espigsdteagdlesk.44
5
Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, 4. ^ii Oawirs, “@espigsdteagdl Katejs eg thi Vretegfs aj Irenh ^duir,‛ ?:?. 44 Chaa heksilj d`kets thdt Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi ikordnis thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. ^ii Chaa, @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`, 443 e`ik, @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy, 0:. Dlsa sii _yrei, @espigsdteagdlesk, >8-04 jar thi segi qud gag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. 42
Ipelafui
>4:
^ilinti` Oe olea frdphy D`dks, Fiajj D. “Phi Giw Navigdgt aj Mirikedh >4=>4->6.‛ _ijarkdteag dg` _ivevdl :, ga. > (4556)= 66-5:. Dlixdg`ir, Nhdrlis @. _akdgs Ilivig dg` thi Pwa Esrdils= Dg Ixpaseteag aj _akdgs 5-44. Ygpuoleshi` linturi gatis, g.`. QQQQQQQQ. _ivildteag ^peretudlly Yg`irstaa`. Prildwgy`, Vdlis= C & K Oaacs, ?224. Dlles, Aswdl` P. Rraphiny dg` thi Nhurnh. Rhelepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, 45:53 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc, ?224. Dugi, @dve` I. _ivildteag 46-??= Var` Oeolendl Nakkigtdry. Gdshvelli= Phakds Gilsag, 4558. Odcir, Nhdrlis J. D @espigsdteagdl Phialafy. Frdg` _dpe`s= Frdni Oeoli Nallifi Ruolendteags, 456?. Odss, Nldrigni. Odncfraug`s ta @espigsdteagdlesk= Ets Hestarendl Figises dg` Innlisedstendl Ekplendteags. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45:2.
Odtikdg, Hiroirt V., EZ, i`. Phrii Nigtrdl Essuis eg Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlesk= D Nakpdresag aj Prd`eteagdl dg` Rrafrissevi Zeiws. Frdg` _dpe`s= Crifil, 4555. Odttli, Mahg D. “Isnhdtalafy eg thi Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh.‛ Vistirg _ijarki` ^ikegdry 44, ga. ? (?220)= 4?-?6. Odvegnc, Hirkdg. Phi Ldst Phegfs= Hapi jar Phes Varl` dg` thi Gixt. Prdgs. Mahg Zreig`. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 455:. Oidli, F. C. Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag= D Nakkigtdry ag thi Friic Pixt. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4555. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Pikpli dg` thi Nhurnh―s Kesseag= D Oeolendl Phialafy aj thi @willegf Rldni aj Fa`. @awgirs Fravi, EL= Egtir-Zdrsety Rriss, ?220.
Oeoleafrdphy
>46
Oill, Velledk Iviritt, Mr. “D Nretendl Ivdludteag aj thi Rri-treouldteag _dpturi @antregi eg Nhrestedg Isnhdtalafy.‛ Rh.@. `ess., ^nhaal aj I`undteag aj Giw Uarc Ygevirsety, 45:6. Oirchaj, Laues. ^ystikdten Phialafy. Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4504. Oldesegf, Nrdef D. “@ivilapkigt aj @espigsdteagdlesk oy Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdlests.‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 409 (4588)= ?90-?82. QQQQQQQQ. “Vhy E Dk d @espigsdteagdlest weth d ^kdll ‘`―.‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity 04, ga. > (4558)= >8>->5:. Oldesegf, Nrdef D. dg` @drrill L. Oanc, i`s. @espigsdteagdlesk, Esrdil, dg` thi Nhurnh= Phi ^idrnh jar @ijegeteag. Frdg` _dpe`s= ]ag`irvdg, 455?. QQQQQQQQ, i`s. Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk= Dg Yp-ta-@dti Hdg`oaac aj Nagtikpardry @espigsdteagdl Phaufht. Vhidtag, EL= Zentar, 455>. Olakoirf, Nrdef. Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry Zaluki ??= Kdtthiw. Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Orad`kdg Rriss, 455?. Oanc, @drrill L., i`. Phrii Zeiws aj thi Ig` aj Hestary . Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 4556. Oaittgir, Lardegi. Phi Kelliggeuk. _iv. i`. Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, (4598) 4580. Oawirs, _ussill H., Mr. “@espigsdteagdl Katejs eg thi Vretegfs aj Irenh ^duir.‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 408 (4554)= ?95-?6>. Ordy, Mahg L. Esrdil eg Oeoli Rraphiny. Ldcildg`, JL= Mahg L. Ordy Kegestry, 458>. Oruni, J. J. Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs= Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Friic Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 458?. Oruiffikdgg, V. Phi Ldg`. Rheld`ilphed=Jartriss, 4566. Ndlveg, Mahg. Nakkigtdreis ag thi Ipestli aj Rdul thi Dpastli ta thi _akdgs. I`. Higry Oivire`fi. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 4558. Ndkpoill, @agdl` C., i`. Vdlvaar`= D Preouti. Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 458?.
Oeoleafrdphy
>48
Ndkpoill, @agdl` C. dg` Mijjriy L. Pawgsig`, i`s. Phi Nakegf Kelliggedl Cegf`ak= D Ndsi jar Rrikelliggedl Egtirpritdteag. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil, 4556. Ndkpoill, _a`irenc. Esrdil dg` thi Giw Navigdgt. Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, (4590) 4584. Ndrsag, @. D. dg` @auflds M. Kaa. Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Giw Pistdkigt. ?` i`. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, ?229. Nhdg, Mdkis. “Aur Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Jdeth dg` Rrdnteni.‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush :, ga. 4 (?222)= 08-96. Nheltag, @dve`. Phi @dys aj Zigfidgni. Pylir, PX= @akegeag Rriss, 4586. Nlausi, _aoirt F., i`. Phi Kidgegf aj thi Kelliggeuk= Jaur Zeiws. @awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety, 4566. Oaittgir, “D Rastkelliggedl _ispagsi,‛ eg Phi Kidgegf aj thi Kelliggeuk= Jaur Zeiws.
Nlawgiy, I`kug`. “Phi Jegdl Pikpli.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >9, ga. ? (456>)= 49:-485. QQQQQQQQ. “Pawdr` d Oeolendl @antregi aj thi Nhurnh.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >4, ga. 4 (45:8)=??-84. Nax, Velledk I. Dkelliggedlesk Pa`dy. Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 45::. QQQQQQQQ. Dg Ixdkegdteag aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Rheld`ilphed, RD= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 45:>. Nrigshdw, Nurtes E. dg` Fravir I. Fugg, EEE. @espigsdteagdlesk Pa`dy, Uistir`dy dg` Pakarraw. Kikphes, PG= Jaatstaal Ruolendteags, (4589) 4585. Nulvir, _aoirt @ugndg. @dgeil dg` thi Ldttir @dys. ?g` i`. Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 4566. @dveis, Mahg R. “Hirkigiutendl Essuis eg thi @espigsdteagdl Yg`irstdg`egf aj thi Dordhdken Navigdgt.‛ Tua`leoit Maurgdl >, ga. 0 (?224). Maurgdl ag-legi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.qua`leoit.git/`dves-navigdgt.shtkl3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229.
Oeoleafrdphy
>45
@iKdr, Fdry. Dgswiregf thi _ipldnikigt Phialafy Nretens (Rdrt 4-0). Drtenli aglegi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.dkirendgveseag.arf/drtenlidrnhevi/42-26-29.dsp3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 40 Antaoir ?229. QQQQQQQQ. Ldst @dys Kd`giss= Aosisseag aj thi Ka`irg Nhurnh. 0th riv. i`. Dtldgtd, Fiarfed= Dkirendg Zeseag, 4555. @iKdr, Fdry dg` Ritir Liethdrt. Phi Lifdny aj Hdtri` Nagteguis= D _ispagsi ta Hdl Leg`siy―s Phi _ad` ta Halandust. Pylir, PX= Egstetuti jar Nhrestedg Inagakens, 4585.
Illes, I. Idrli. Rraphiny dg` Hirkigiuten eg Idrly Nhrestedgety. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 455>. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Al` Pistdkigt eg Idrly Nhrestedgety. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 4554. Igfilskd, @dve` M. “D Oreij ^tu`y aj Mirikedh > ag @evarni.‛ Rratistdgt _ijarki` Phialafendl Maurgdl >5, ga.? (?22:)= ?-4:. Irencsag, Kelldr` M. D Odsen Fue`i ta Isnhdtalafy= Kdcegf ^igsi aj thi Kelliggeuk. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 4558. Ivdgs, Nrdef D. Gagndgagendl Vretegfs dg` Giw Pistdkigt Egtirpritdteag. Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 455?. Jderoderg, Rdtrenc. Ixpaseteag aj Iziceil. Ldjdyitti, EG= ^aviriefg Frdni Ruoleshirs, ?224. QQQQQQQQ. Pypalafy aj ^nrepturi. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Crifil Ruolendteags, 4585. Jii, Far`ag. Phi Jerst Ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs= Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4586. Jiegoirf, Mahg ^., i`. Nagteguety dg` @esnagteguety= Rirspintevis ag thi _ildteagshep Oitwiig thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts. Vistnhistir, EL= Nrasswdy Oaacs, 4588. Jrdki, Mahg K. “Pawdr` d Phialafy aj thi ^tdti.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 94, ga. ? (4585)= 455-??:.
Oeoleafrdphy
>?2
Jrunhtigoduk, Drgal` F. Esrdilalafy= Phi Kessegf Legc eg ^ystikdten Phialafy. Pusteg, ND= Dreil Kegestreis, 4585. Jullir, @dgeil Rdytag. “Phi Hirkigiutens aj @espigsdteagdlesk.‛ Ph.@. `ess., Garthirg Odptest Phialafendl ^ikegdry, 4596. Jugf, _agdl` U. C. Phi Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`skdg Ruoleshegf Na, 4588. Figtry, Ciggith. Hi ^hdll Hdvi @akegeag Pylir, PX= Egstetuti jar Nhrestedg Inagakens, 455?. Fiarfi, Pekathy. Fdldtedgs= Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry. Gdshvelli, PG= Orad`kdg Rriss, 4550. Fal`oirf, Laues. “Vhasi Ldg` Es Et1‛ Essuis 0, ga. ? (g.`.). Drtenli ag-legi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.miwsjarmisus.arf/puolendteags/essuis/0Q?/ldg`3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. Fass, Fligg _. Nyrus Egfirsag ^najeil` dg` thi ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli. Drtenli ag-legi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.ionngit.nak/snajeil`.php3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 40 Antaoir ?229. Frdooi, Listir L. Mu`den _ilefeag eg thi ^inag` Pikpli Rirea`= Oileij dg` Rrdnteni jrak thi Ixeli ta Udvgih. Lag`ag= _autli`fi, ?222. Frigz, ^tdgliy. Phi Kelliggedl Kdzi= ^artegf Aut Ivdgfilendl Apteags. @awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety, 455?. Freir, Velledk M. Phi Kakigtaus Ivigt= D @esnusseag aj ^nrepturi Pidnhegf ag thi ^inag` D`vigt. Oiljdst= Ivdgfilendl Oaacshap, 45093 ripregt, I`egourfh= Phi Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4562. Fug`ry, _aoirt H. Phi Nhurnh dg` thi Preouldteag= D Oeolendl Ixdkegdteag aj RastPreouldteagesk. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 456>. Hdgca, Hirkdg. Phi Kystireis aj thi Cegf`ak= Dg Ixpaseteag aj Misus― Rdrdolis. ?` i`. Frdg`velli, KE= _ijarki` Jrii Ruoleshegf Dssanedteag, 4569. Hig`recsig, Velledk. Ixpaseteag aj Fdldtedgs, Iphisedgs, Rheleppedgs, Nalassedgs dg` Rhelikag= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 45:8, ?220. Oeoleafrdphy
>?4
QQQQQQQQ.Ixpaseteag aj Phissdlagedgs, thi Rdstardls, dg` Hioriws= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, (4599) ?22?. QQQQQQQQ. Esrdil dg` Rraphiny. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 45:8. QQQQQQQQ. Kari Phdg Nagquirars= Dg Egtirpritdteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 45:6. Higfstigoirf, Irgst Velhilk. Phi _ivildteag aj ^t. Mahg= Ixpaug`i` jar Phasi Vha ^idrnh thi ^nrepturis. Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, ?229 Hell, Nhdrlis I. _ifguk Ndilaruk= Rdttirgs aj Juturi Hapi eg Idrly Nhrestedgety. Axjar`= Nldrig`ag, 455?. Ha`fi, D. D. Phi Nagjisseag aj Jdeth. Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 48:5. Ha`fi, Nhdrlis. ^ystikdten Phialafy Zal. >. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45853 ripregt, Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 4555. Haicikd, Dgthagy. Phi Oeoli dg` thi Juturi. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45653 Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na dg` Nukored, YC= Phi Rdtirgastir Rriss, 4550. Haicsikd, Hirkdg. Oihal`, Hi Nakith! Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag. ?` i`. I`. Hakir N. Haicsikd. Frdg`velli, KE= _ijarki` Jrii Ruoleshegf Dssanedteag, ?222. QQQQQQQQ. _ijarki` @afkdtens. ?` i`., val. ?. Frdg`velli, KE= _ijarki` Jrii Ruoleshegf Dssanedteag, ?229. Halwir`d, @dve`. Misus dg` Esrdil= Agi Navigdgt ar Pwa1 Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4559. Haac, H. Rhellep. “Phi @antregi aj thi Cegf`ak eg Navigdgt Rrikelliggedlesk.‛ Ph.@. `ess., @dllds Phialafendl ^ikegdry, 4595. Hufhis, Mdkis. “_ivildteag ?2=4-: dg` thi Tuisteag aj thi Kelliggeuk.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >9, ga. > (456>)= ?8?->2>. Hufhis, Rhelep I`fnukoi. Egtirpritegf Rraphiny= Dg Issdy eg Oeolendl Rirspintevis. Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, 456:. Oeoleafrdphy
>??
QQQQQQQQ. “Phi Jerst _isurrinteag= Dgathir Egtirpritdteag.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >5, ga. ? (4566)= >4:->45. Eni, Phakds. Phi Ndlvegesten Hiretdfi aj @espigsdteagdlesk. Drtenli ag-legi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.rdpturirid`y.nak/jidturi`/
[email protected] tkl3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. Mdnao, Oigga. Phi Jerst Oaac aj thi Oeoli, Figises . Giw Uarc= CPDZ, 4560. Mdkeisag, _aoirt, D. _. Jdussit, dg` @dve` Orawg. D Nakkigtdry ag thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts, val. ?. Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 4556. Mahgsag, @iges I. Preukph aj thi Ldko= D Nakkigtdry ag _ivildteag. Rhelepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, ?224. Mahgstag, Rhelep dg` Ritir Vdlcir, i`s. Phi Ldg` aj Rrakesi. Lienistir, Igfldg`= Dpallas, ?222. Ciel, N. J. Nakkigtdry ag thi Al` Pistdkigt= Iziceil, @dgeil, val. 5. Prdgs. Mdkis Kdrteg dg` K. F. Idstag. Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, ?22?. QQQQQQQQ. Nakkigtdry ag thi Al` Pistdkigt= Mashud, Mu`fis, _uth, 4 dg` ? ^dkuil, val. ?. Prdgs. Mdkis Kdrteg. Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, ?22?. Chaa, Mijjriy. “Dkelliggedlesk Ixdkegi`.‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush 0, ga. 4 (4558)= 4-9. QQQQQQQQ. @espigsdteagdlesk dg` Navigdgt Phialafy= D Odsen Phialafy jar Iviryagi Naursi. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`. QQQQQQQQ. @espigsdteagdlesk Ixdkegi`. ^egfdpari= _ijarki` Prdnt @estreoutars, g.`. QQQQQQQQ. “@espigsdteagdl Rrikelliggedlesk eg _ijarki` Phialafy= Phi Nagtreouteag aj M. A. Ouswill ta thi Kelliggedl @iodti.‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity 00, ga. 0 (?224)= :56-646. QQQQQQQQ. Jerst Naregthedgs. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`. QQQQQQQQ. Jug`dkigtdls aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth= D _ijarki` dg` Rrikelliggedl ^tu`y aj Nhrestedg Odsens. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, ?229. Oeoleafrdphy
>?>
QQQQQQQQ. Fdldtedgs. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, ?222. QQQQQQQQ. Hioriws. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`. QQQQQQQQ. Hiriseis Dgneigt dg` Ka`irg. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Faspils eg Ygesag= D ^ygthiten Hdrkagy aj thi Jaur Faspils eg thi CMZ. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, 455:.
QQQQQQQQ. Phi Leji aj Nhrest. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`. QQQQQQQQ. “Phrii Zeiws ag thi Kelliggeuk= Vhenh1‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush 9, ga. ? (4555)= :9-6?. QQQQQQQQ. 4 Phissdlagedgs= D Zirsi-oy-Zirsi Nakkigtdry. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, g.`. Cec, M. Kdrnillus. Dg Isnhdtalafy aj Zentary. Rhelepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki`, 4564. Cestikdcir, ^ekag M. Ixpaseteag aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, ?224. QQQQQQQQ. Ixpaseteag aj thi Ipestlis aj Ritir dg` aj thi Ipestli aj Mu`i= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaacs Hausi Na, 455>. QQQQQQQQ. Ixpaseteag aj thi Jerst Ipestli ta thi Naregthedgs= Giw Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaacs Hausi Na, 455>. Clitt, Jri`. Ndlveg, Ha`fi, Kurrdy, Zas, I`wdr`s, Higry= Vhdt @a Phiy ^dy doaut thi Miwesh Riapli1 Drtenli ag-legi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.nhdek.arf/nhurnhis/ndlvegpdk.p`j3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. QQQQQQQQ. Gat _ipldnikigt … Ixpdgseag! Drtenli ag-legi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.nhdek.arf/xpdgseag.htk3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. Clegi, Kiri`eth F. Fa`, Hidvig dg` Hdr Kdfi`ag= D Navigdgtdl Pdli aj Naskas dg` Pilas. Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, ?22:. QQQQQQQQ. “Hdr Kdfi`ag= Phi Ig` aj thi Kelliggeuk.‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >5, ga. ? (455:)= ?26-???. Oeoleafrdphy
>?0
QQQQQQQQ. “Phi Jerst _isurrinteag= D _idjjerkdteag.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >5, ga. 4 (456:)= 442-445. QQQQQQQQ. “Phi Jerst _isurrinteag.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >6, ga. > (4569)= >::->69. Cashy, Rrdohu`ds. “Phi Kelliggedl Pikpli.‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush :, ga. 4 (?222)= ?>>2. Ld``, Fiarfi Il`ag. D Nakkigtdry ag thi _ivildteag aj Mahg. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 456?. QQQQQQQQ. Nrunedl Tuisteags doaut thi Cegf`ak aj Fa`. Frdg` _dpe`s= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 459?. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Olissi` Hapi= D Oeolendl ^tu`y aj thi ^inag` D`vigt dg` thi _dpturi. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 459:. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Ldst Phegfs. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4568. LdHdyi, Pek dg` Phakds Eni, i`s. Phi Ig` Pekis Nagtravirsy= Phi ^inag` Nakegf Yg`ir Dttdnc. Iufigi, A_= Hdrvist Hausi, ?22>. Ld_ag`illi, Hdgs C. Phi Esrdil aj Fa` eg Rraphiny= Rregneplis aj Rraphiten Egtirpritdteag. Oirreig ^pregfs, KE= Dg`riws Ygevirsety Rriss, 458>. Ligsce, _. N. H. Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt= Phi Egtirpritdteag aj ^t. Mahg―s _ivildteag. Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 45:>. QQQQQQQQ. Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt= Phi Egtirpritdteag aj ^t. Rdul―s Ipestlis ta thi Fdldtedgs, ta thi Iphisedgs, dg` ta thi Rheleppedgs. Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 45>6. QQQQQQQQ. Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt= Phi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Ipestlis aj ^t. Ritir, ^t. Mahg, dg` ^t. Mu`i. Ridoa`y, KD= Hig`rencsag, 45::. Lefhtjaat, M. O. ^t. Rdul's Ipestli ta thi Fdldtedgs. Lag`ag= Kdnkelldg, 485:. Lefhtgir, _aoirt R. Gia-Ivdgfilendlesk. @is Rldegis, El= _ifuldr Odptest Rriss, 45:9. Oeoleafrdphy
>?9
QQQQQQQQ. “Phialafendl Rirspintevis ag Phiagaky.‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 40> (458:)= ?:->9. Lellodnc, Ritir D. Phi Rrdntendl Ndlvegest= Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Hiretdfi. _ass-sheri, Fridt Oretdeg= Nhrestedg Janus Ruolendteags, ?22?. KdnRhirsag, @dvi. Phi Egnri`eoli Navir-Yp. Ki`jar`, A_= Akifd Ruolendteags, 4569. QQQQQQQQ. Phi _dpturi Rlat. ^ekpsagvelli, ^N= Kelliggeuk EEE, 4559. Kdgfuk, _. Pa``. “D Juturi jar Esrdil eg Navigdgt Phialafy= Phi Ygtal` ^tary.‛ Rdpir prisigti` ta thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity, Gdshvelli, Piggissii, 4: Gavikoir ?222. QQQQQQQQ. “Ndg Vi Ixpint d _istardteag aj Livetendl Dgekdl ^dnrejenis1 D Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlest Apegeag‛ Rdpir prisigti` ta thi Garthidstirg _ifeagdl Kiitegf aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity, Ldgfhargi, Riggsylvdged, >2 Kdrnh ?224. Kdaz, Odrunh. Mu`desk Es Gat Miwesh= D Jreig`ly Nretequi aj thi Kissedgen Kavikigt. _ass-sheri, Fridt Oretdeg= Nhrestedg Janus Ruolendteags, ?22>. Kdrs`ig, Fiarfi K. “Rirspintevi ag thi @eveseag aj 45>6.‛ Rrisoytiredg Fudr`edg XXXEEE (Mdgudry ta Dprel, 45:>). QQQQQQQQ, i`. _ijarki` Phialafy eg Dkirend= D Hestary aj Ets Ka`irg @ivilapkigt. ?g` i`. Frdg` _dpe`s= Odcir, 4556. Kdrshdll, E. Hawdr`. Giw Pistdkigt Phialafy. @awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, ?220. Kdrteg, @. Kenhdil. 4, ? Phissdlagedgs= Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry Zaluki >>. Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Orad`kdg Rriss, 4559. Kdthesag, Cieth. @espigsdteagdlesk= _efhtly @eve`egf thi Riapli aj Fa`1 Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4559. Kdura, Rhelep. Phi Hapi aj Esrdil= Vhdt Es Et1 Oastag, KD= Hdkeltag Orathirs, 45?53 ripregt, @dhlagifd, Fiarfed= Nrawg _efhts Oaac Na, ?22>.
Oeoleafrdphy
>?:
QQQQQQQQ. Phi ^ivigty Viics dg` thi Fridt Preouldteag= D ^tu`y aj thi Ldst Pwa Zeseags aj @dgeil, dg` aj thi Alevit @esnaursi aj thi Lar` Misus Nhrest. _iv. i`. ^wigfil, RD= _iegir Ruoleshirs, 45693 ripregt, @dhlagifd, Fiarfed= Nrawg _efhts Oaac Na, 4558. KnNldeg, Dlvd M. @dgeil―s Rraphiny aj thi ^ivigty Viics. :th i`. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 4502. D Nretendl dg` Ixifitendl Nakkigtdry ag thi Oaac aj @dgeil. Kagtfakiry, M. D. I`egourfh= P.& P. Nldrc, 45?6.
Kaa, @auflds. Phi Ipestli ta thi _akdgs= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`skdg Ruoleshegf Na, 455:. Karres, Liag. Fdldtedgs= Rdul―s Nhdrtir aj Nhrestedg Jrii`ak. Lienistir, Igfldg`= Egtir-Zdrsety Rriss, 455:. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Jerst dg` ^inag` Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4554. Kaugni, _aoirt H. _akdgs= Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry. Gdshvelli, PG= Orad`kdg & Halkdg Ruoleshirs, 4559. QQQQQQQ. Phi Oaac aj _ivildteag= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt. _iv. i`. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4558. Küllir, I. “Kenrastrunturdl Dgdlyses aj _ivildteag ?2.‛ Dg`riws Ygevirsety ^ikegdry ^tu`eis >6= ??6-?99. Kurrdy, Fiarfi L. Kelliggedl ^tu`eis. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaacs, 4508. Kurrdy, Mahg. Phi Ipestli ta thi _akdgs= Giw Egtirgdteagdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Giw Pistdkigt, ? vals. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 45:9. Alyatt, ^tudrt. @dri ta ^tdg` Dlagi. Hirtjar`sheri, Igfldg`= Ivdgfilendl Rriss, 458?. Asoargi, Frdgt _. _ivildteag. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, ?22?. Rdti, N. Kdrveg, i`. Jaur Zeiws aj thi Oaac aj _ivildteag. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 4556. Oeoleafrdphy
>?6
Rigtinast, @wefht. Phegfs ta Naki. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 4598. Raythriss, Zirg ^hire`dg. “Figri dg` Hirkigiutens eg _iv ?2=4-:.‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >:, ga. 4 (455>)= 04-90. QQQQQQQQ. “Rrisoytiredgesk dg` @espigsdteagdlesk.‛ Eg Phi Rrdntendl Ndlvegest= Dg Egtra`unteag ta thi Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Hiretdfi, i`. Ritir D. Lellodnc, 0490?0. _ass-sheri, Fridt Oretdeg= Nhrestedg Janus Ruolendteags, ?22?. QQQQQQQQ. Yg`irstdg`egf @espigsdteagdlests. ?` i`. Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4586. QQQQQQQQ. “? Phissdlagedgs 4 ^upparts Dkelliggedlesk.‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >6, ga. 0 (4550)= 9?5-9>8. Rreni, _dg`dll. Yghaly Vdr= Dkirend, Esrdil dg` _d`endl Esldk. Iufigi, A_= Hdrvist Hausi, ?224. Rravdg, Nhdrlis @. Phi Nhurnh Es Esrdil Gaw. Zdllineta, ND= _ass Hausi Oaacs, 4586. Tuic, ^udg Uiw. @DU JEZI= _ivildteag 45-??. ^egfdpari= Ndlvdry Rdg`dg Oeoli Rrisoytiredg Nhurnh, g.`. _degoaw, Rdul D. “Kelliggeuk ds Kitdphar eg Mahg―s Dpandlypsi.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 98, ga. ? (455:)= ?42-??4. _dkk, Oirgdr`. Rratistdgt Oeolendl Egtirpritdteag. >` riv. i`. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na., 4562. _dusnh, @dve` D. “Nhrestedg ]eagesk.‛ Eg Ivdgfilendl @enteagdry aj Phialafy, i`. Vdltir D. Ilwill, 4?24-4?2?. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 4580. _iykag`, _aoirt L. D Giw ^ystikdten Phialafy aj thi Nhrestedg Jdeth. ?` i`. Gdshvelli, PG= Phakds Gilsag, 4558. _e``iroas, Hirkdg. Rdul= Dg Autlegi aj Hes Phialafy. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 4569. _e``liodrfir, Cek. D Ndsi jar Dkelliggedlesk. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, ?22>. Oeoleafrdphy
>?8
_aoirtsag, A. Rdlkir. Phi Esrdil aj Fa`, Uistir`dy, Pa`dy dg` Pakarraw. Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?222. _ush`aagy, _ausds Mahg. Phy Cegf`ak Naki= ^tu`eis eg @dgeil dg` _ivildteag. Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4562. _yrei, Nhdrlis N. @espigsdteagdlesk. Nhendfa, EL= Kaa`y Rriss, 4559. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Odses aj thi Rrikelliggedl Jdeth. Giptugi, GM= Laezidux Orathirs, 459>. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Oist Es Uit ta Naki . Nhendfa, EL= Kaa`y Rriss, 4584. ^nhriegir, Phakds _. Rdul, Dpastli aj Fa`―s Flary eg Nhrest= D Rdulegi Phialafy. @awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, ?224. ^najeil`, Nyrus E., i`. Giw ^najeil` _ijirigni Oeoli. Giw Uarc= Axjar` Ygevirsety Rriss, 45:6. ^iit, Nhdrlis. “Rrikelliggedlesk.‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush >, ga. ? (4556)= 56-42:. ^hi``, Velledk F. P. D Nretendl dg` @antregdl Nakkigtdry ag thi Ipestli aj ^t. Rdul ta thi _akdgs. Nhdrlis ^nreogir―s ^ags, 48653 ripregti`, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, ?224. ^hiphir`, Garkdg. “Phi _isurrinteags aj _ivildteag ?2.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl >6, ga. 4 (4560)= >9-09. ^eg, Mdnc. “Phi Mu`fikigt ^idt aj Nhrest.‛ Phi Ourgegf Oush :, ga. ? (?222)= >2?>?>. ^ezir, ^tiphig. “Dg Dltirgdtevi Phialafy aj thi Haly Ldg`= D Nretequi aj Nhrestedg ]eagesk.‛ Phi Nhurnhkdg 44>, ga. ? (4555). Dlsa dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.nhrestedgzeagesk.arf/pregt.dsp1E@;4>3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. QQQQQQQQ. Nhrestedg ]eagesk= _ad`-kdp ta Drkdfi``ag1 Lienistir, Igfldg`= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, ?220.
Oeoleafrdphy
>?5
^celtag, Mahg H. Phi Ldw dg` thi Rraphits= Al` Pistdkigt ^tu`eis pripdri` eg Hagar aj Aswdl` Phakpsag Dlles. Gutliy, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4560. ^kdlliy, ^tiphig ^. Phi _ivildteag ta Mahg= D Nakkigtdry ag thi Friic Pixt aj thi Dpandlypsi. @awgirs Fravi, EL= EgtirZdrsety Rriss, ?229. ^tieg, _aoirt H. Phi Giw Dkirendg Nakkigtdry Zaluki ?0= Luci (Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Orad`kdg Rriss, 455?. Pirry, Keltag ^. Oeolendl Dpandlyptens= D ^tu`y aj thi Kast Gatdoli _ivildteags aj Fa` dg` aj Nhrest eg thi Ndgagendl ^nrepturis. Giw Uarc= Idtag dg` Kdegs, 48583 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, ?224. QQQQQQQQ. Oeolendl Hirkigiutens= D Pridtesi ag thi Egtirpritdteag aj thi Al` dg` Giw Pistdkigts. Hugt dg` Idsag, 48523 ripregt, Iufigi, A_= Vepj dg` ^tanc Ruoleshirs, 4555. Phakds, _aoirt L. “Phi Hirkigiutens aj Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk.‛ Phi Kdstirs ^ikegdry Maurgdl :, ga. 4 (4559)= 65-59. Parrdgni, Phakds J. Phi ^nhaal aj Jdeth. Giw Uarc= Hdrpir, 4595. Paussdegt, ^tdgliy dg` Nhdrlis @yir, i`s. Issdys eg Hagar aj M. @wefht Rigtinast. Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 458:. Paw, Pekathy. Jrak Kelliggeuk Ouf ta Kelliggeuk Oako= Ndg Nhrest Naki Dfdeg Vetheg thi Gixt @ind`i1 ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, ?222. QQQQQQQQ. Phi ^tary aj Ky Oeoli-Rrisoytiredg Jdeth. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, 4555. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Pruth ^hdll Kdci Uau ^ii. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi Rriss, 4555. QQQQQQQQ. Zeseags aj thi Rregnily Rraphit= D ^tu`y aj thi Oaac aj @dgeil. ^egfdpari= Nhrestedg Leji Ruoleshirs, 4559. QQQQQQQQ dg` Mijjriy Chaa. Phialafy jar Iviry Nhrestedg= D ^ystikdten Phialafy eg thi _ijarki` dg` Rrikelliggedl Prd`eteag aj M Alavir Ouswill. ^egfdpari= Jdr Idstirg Oeoli Nallifi, ?226.
Oeoleafrdphy
>>2
Zdg`irwddl, N. Hdl Leg`siy dg` Oeolendl Rraphiny. Agtdrea, Ndgd`d= Rde`ied Rriss, 4568. ZdgFikirig, Vellik. “Esrdil ds thi Hirkigiutendl Nrux eg thi Egtirpritdteag aj Rraphiny.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 09, ga.4 (458>)= 4>?-400. QQQQQQQQ. “Esrdil ds thi Hirkigiutendl Nrux eg thi Egtirpritdteag aj Rraphiny EE.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 0:, ga. ? (4580)= ?90-?56. Zas, Fiirhdr`us. Phi Rdulegi Isnhdtalafy. Rregnitag, GM= Rregnitag Ygevirsety Rriss, 45>23 ripregt, Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, 4550. Zas, Mahdggis F. Phi Vistkegstir Ldrfir Ndtinhesk= D Nakkigtdry. I`. F. E. Velledksag. Rhellepsourf, GM= Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Ruoleshegf Na, ?22?. Vdlvaar`, Mahg J. @dgeil= Phi Ciy ta Rraphiten _ivildteag. Nhendfa= Kaa`y Rriss, 4564. QQQQQQQQ. Ig` Pekis= Yg`irstdg`egf Pa`dy―s Varl` Ivigts eg Oeolendl Rraphiny. Gdshvelli, Piggissii= Var` Ruoleshegf, 4558. QQQQQQQQ. Esrdil eg Rraphiny. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= ]ag`irvdg, 45:?. QQQQQQQQ. Phi Rraphiny Cgawli`fi Hdg`oaac. Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 4552. QQQQQQQQ. Phi _dpturi Tuisteag. _iv. i`. Frdg` _dpe`s= ]ag`irvdg, 4565. Vdlvaar`, Mahg J. dg` _ay O. ]unc, i`s. Phi Oeoli Cgawli`fi Nakkigtdry = Dg Ixpaseteag aj thi ^nrepturis oy @dllds ^ikegdry Jdnulty. Vhidtag, EL= Zentar Oaacs, 458>. Vdgdkdcir, Nhdrlis D. Phi Ipestlis ta thi Phissdlagedgs= Phi Giw Egtirgdteagdl Friic Pistdkigt Nakkigtdry. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4552. Vdrgir, Pek. Rrafrissevi @espigsdteagdlesk 424. Drtenli ag-legi. Dvdeldoli jrak http=//www.fianeteis.nak/~ldsttrukpit/pra`esp.htkl3 Egtirgit3 dnnissi` 42 Antaoir ?229. Vhetnako, Mahg. “Nhrest―s Dtagikigt dg` Dgekdl ^dnrejenis eg Esrdil.‛ Frdni Phialafendl Maurgdl :, ga. ? (4589)= ?24-?46. Oeoleafrdphy
>>4
Vheti, _. Jawlir. “Kdcegf ^igsi aj _ivildteag ?2=4-421 Hdral` Haihgir Zirsus _indpetuldteag.‛ Maurgdl aj thi Ivdgfilendl Phialafendl ^aneity >6, ga. 0 (4550)= 9>5-994. QQQQQQQQ. “_iixdkegegf thi Ive`igni jar _indpetuldteag eg _ivildteag ?2=4-42.‛ Vistkegstir Phialafendl Maurgdl 94, ga. ? (4585)= >45->00. LdrfirRuoleshegf Ndtinhesk= D ?22?. Nakkigtdry. Velledksag, i`. Phi Vistkegstir Rhellepsourf,F. GM=E.,Rrisoytiredg dg` _ijarki` Na,
Velles, V. _. dg` M. _. Kdstir, i`s. Essuis eg @espigsdteagdlesk. Nhendfa= Kaa`y, 4550. Vethiregftag EEE, Oig. Frdni Eg Fdldted= D Nakkigtdry ag Rdul―s Littir ta thi Fdldtedgs. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 4558. Vetkir, Mahg D. “D _iveiw aj Vragfly @eve`egf thi Var` aj Pruth.‛ Oeoleathind ^dnrd 405 (455?)= ?95-?6:. Vaa`raw, _dlph. Fridt Rraphineis aj thi Oeoli. _evirse`i, ND= _dlph Vaa`raw Ivdgfilesten Dssanedteag, 4564. QQQQQQQQ. Hes Pruth Es Kdrnhegf Ag= D`vdgni ^tu`eis ag Rraphiny eg thi Lefht aj Hestary. _evirse`i, ND= _dlph Vaa`raw Ivdgfilesten Dssanedteag, 4566. Vuist, Ciggith ^. Phi Giw Pistdkigt= Dg Ixpdg`i` Prdgsldteag. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na., 45:4. QQQQQQQQ. Vuist―s Var` ^tu`eis jrak thi Friic Giw Pistdkigt, val. ?. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Vk. O. Iir`kdgs Ruoleshegf Na, 4590. Udkdunhe, I`weg K. Jais jrak thi Garthirg Jragteir= Egvd`egf Har`is jrak thi _ussedg ^tippis. Frdg` _dpe`s, KE= Odcir Oaac Hausi Na, 458?. Uaugf, I`wdr` M. @dgeil. Ndrlesli, RD= Odggir aj Pruth Prust, 4505. Uaugf, M. N. Mirusdlik eg thi Giw Pistdkigt. Cdkpig= Cac, 45:2.
Oeoleafrdphy
>>?
