History of Broadcasting in the Philippines Early Years of Broadcasting – installed the first Royal Telegraph Corps of Spain – installed telegraph line in the Philippines in 1867; this linked Manila to Corregidor – allowed “Eastern Extension” – allowed
in 1879 by Spain; pioneered communication in the Far East – was constructed, from Submarine telegraph cable – was Hong Kong to Manila (first company to link the PH to the outside world – first telephone system was inaugurated 1890 – first – the cable systems dominated until this period, 1920s – the when high frequency radio systems were exploited for competitive commercial purposes – birth of broadcasting in the December 10, 1930 – birth Philippines – first test broadcast of radio in the Philippines 1922 – first – American, one of the earliest pioneers Mrs. Redgrave – American, of broadcasting in the Philippines, from Nichols field in 1922 June, 1922 – Electrical Supply Company of Manila was given a temporary permit to operate radio stations
– owner of Electrical Supply Company , Henry Hermann – owner put up the stations mentioned above because he wanted to (1) broadcast music and (2) test the power of broadcasting – replaced the three stations mentioned above KZKZ – replaced – put up KZRQ and and aired on Far Eastern Radio, Inc. – put October, 1924 September 3, 1925 – Far Eastern Radio and Radio Corporation merged to form RPC; they maintained KZRQ
– establishment of the KZIB station November 9, 1925 – establishment by Isaac Beck (a businessman who wanted to advertise his goods) was September 3, 1927 – KZRM was opened, KZRQ was discontinued
– licenced under Radio Corporation of the KZRM – licenced Philippines – first provincial radio station (in Cebu); radio, KZRC – first from being experimental, became a business enterprise – another pioneer in field H. E. Heacock Company – another broadcasting; maintained the KZRH station Entertainment occupied most of the airwaves.
– alerted the people on events caused by war KZND – alerted Radio brought out all information for the public to take note.
PRE-MARTIAL LAW
-
Malpractices left and right o
Payola (bribing someone to use their
-
program broadcasted 24 hrs daily + nationwide -
influence or position to promote a particular product or interest.) o
Poor quality programs
o
Cut-throat competition
o
People who entered radio were self-
Vigilantes DZHP-Radio: only public service PBS: Public Service Broadcasting o
1946
o
Broadcasted during the war
o
PBS began airing educational programs
o
1962: Improving your English (radio + TV)
o
interested (PR, political) -
Some alleviated poor quality by allotting some airtime to public service radio progs/features
-
Religious stations propagated gospel
-
Soap operas flourished (cheap/low-quality
o
1965 – 1966: from 139 stations to 245
o
1969: from 245 293
o
Pol ads = much revenue for radio stations
-
o
-
Kuro-kuro ni Gerry Espina
Etc
Originaly 4 tel lines (Illarde, Mercado, Joseph, Guanzon, Crisostomo anchormen)
o
Public Service Broadcast
o
ABS CBN (leadning then)
o
Forum
o
Mobile radio unit
o
Provided much needed assistance (locating lost relatives, etc)
-
1969: Radyo Patrol reports earthquake o
-
Joseph on-the-spot reports to public
1972: Typhoon Didang: on-the-spot report
Feb 1963: Closed TV station, lack of
Today: 4 AM stations in Manila,
Absence of regulatory body allowed for “low quality programming” (due to advertising and ratings) MARTIAL LAW September 21, 1972
-
Instruction no.1: o
Allowed Dept of Natl Defense and Dept of Public Info to prevent use of radio and TV for “subversive” purposes
-
Closing down of media channels
-
Mass Media Council created o
Superceded all bodies that previously regulated radio
o
Laid out guidelines for media operations
-
MMC overtaken by Media Advisory Council 1973 o
-
Public & Private schools availed
6 provincial stations
1968: Radio Patrol o
Introduced on-location
analyse politicians) Kuro-kuro ni Soc Rodrigo
Radio
News commentaries (objectively
Reached many areas
funds + signal interferences. Focused on
Early 1950s: notable radio programs o
for educ uses
quality Radio stations increased during elections
“School on Air” for farmers
competition low prices low budget low
-
broadcast
Ill intentions overcrowdingstiff
Radio = politician’s personal book
Commended for on-air lessons
1963: Voice of the Philippines
People who enjoyed cheap
-
o
dramas -
Asian Broadcasting Union Prize
Females: Oras Pantahanan
“bakya crowd” formed
o
dramas) o
1966: Umaga na Po
Experiment for Broadcasting Industry to self-regulate
o
o
Closed some radio stations serving
o
invasion of privacy, national security,
broadcasting
etc.
Any radio/TV station/publication can’t
o
-
o
-
freedom)
TV broadcasts
Also dealt w/ sex & vulgarity, libel &
-
foundations for better programming.
national objectives
Responsibilities were watered down: external affairs
potentials
Realized that there must be solidarity
Acted as advisory body for MAC and
Objectives:
Help Bureau of Standards for Mass Media to set up Standards
Thresh out common problems of the industry with regard to advertising
Lay down policies + procedures to regulate activities of advertising agencies
First National Broadcaster’s Conference Attended by all media execs + station managers o
Marcos met w Board of Directors, expressed intention to create 2 separate bodies for broadcast + print media
-
Media should disseminate info about country’s potentials + efforts undertaken to harness
adopted by MAC
o
-
also took over advertising, telecomm,
drafted broadcast code of ethics
-
Objective: Awareness of devt perspective, motivate ppl to help attain
1973: Kapisanan ng Broadkaster ng Pilipinas
o
o
quality programming but didn’t lay
internal and external problems o
Must incorporate “development communication”
Short-lived: tried to put an end to low-
w/in the industry, addressing both -
Since conception of Council + KBP, news, public affairs and info programs are staple for radio &
Self-regulation did not work o
Does not accept prior censorhip by govt
Negatively received (censorship = no
commercialism o
Has thin line between this, libel,
political interests/didn’t follow ethics of
operate w/o cert of authority from MAC o
o
1974: President formally created Broadcast Media Council + Print Media Council
-
BMC as self-regulating body for discipline
-
BMC recognizes freedom of expression is a human right
Post EDSA Broadcast “The post-EDSA era was a period of transition-from decades of "guided newspapering" to free and responsible journalism.” “The media was divided between the so-called Marcos loyalists and the then alternative media. The former became the mouthpiece of antigovernment forces which launched a series of coup attempts against the Cory government. The Aquino government was in itself at a loss on how to deal with the media. Says then Press Secretary Teodoro Benigno, "if you move to control them (media), you are not practising democracy. If you don't move against them, the very democracy y ou want to protect might just crumble." ” 1980s · closing/retreat of pro-Marcos press · then “alternative press” became mainstream · pre-martial law media establishments were revived o Roces – Manila Times o Lopez – Manila Chronicle & ABS-CBN Radio Television Network o Elizaldez – Manila Standard & Manila Broadcasting Company (radio network) · ownership of revived newspapers changed hands either due to economic reasons or cross-media ownership policy o ownership remained in the hands of individuals and families engaged in diverse business interests § due to the capital intensive nature of media and § low return-on-investments of newspapers - Prietos – Philippine Daily Inquirer - Yap – Bulletin Corporation - Gokongweis – Manila Times - Go-Belmonte – Star Group of Publications - Coyuito – Manila Chronicle - Cabangon Chua – Graphic magazine - Locsin – Free Press - Jimenez & Duavit – GMA Radio Television Arts - Tan – ABC-5 1987 Philippine Constitution Contained 13 communication-related provisions o flagship provision is contained in the Declaration of Principles and State Policies which states that "The State recognizes the vital role of communication and information in nation-building." o Filipinization of mass media, advertising and telecommunication (ownership and content)
o democratization of ownership 100 percent ownership of mass media by Filipinos - 70:30 in favor of Filipinos in advertising entities - 60:40 in favor of Filipinos in telecommunication and new information technology joint ventures between local owners and transnational corporations o promotion of two way flow of information (within and outside the country) o application of communication in development such as health, education, science and technology o improved the constitutional provision on press freedom by including “expression” as an expansion of the more traditional speech and press freedom o right to information included the phrase “as well as government research data used as basis for policy development” o several communication and mass media-related bills and resolutions were filed freedom of information - public access - public broadcasting system - support for community media - privatization of sequestered media - telecommunications rationalization - slow media legislation cautious in introducing media-related bills as these are branded by some as restricting press freedom not as urgent as compared with eco nomic, social and political reforms communication strategies in social development was most successful o public health o child labor, street children, child abuse etc o national reconciliation and the peace process 1990s unprecedented growth and development of the communication sector o Philippine communication considered as one of the most well-developed in the Asian region - communication technology revolution promotion and protection of free enterprise system return of the democratic space after the EDSA revolution - liberalization and deregulation of the telecommunications sector - move towards decentralization resulting in the growth of provincial media
1992 - first commercial station to broadcast on the ultra high frequency channel was Southern Broadcasting Network (SBN Channel 23) · followed by Channel 23 – originally carried MTV · Rajah Broadcasting TV 29 · Radio Mindanao Network Channel 31 · phenomenal growth in cable television o first cable television introduced in 1969 was stunted during the Marcos regime because of a decree granting exclusive franchise to a business ally of the former president to install and operate cable TV nationwide. decree was abolished by Aquino in 1987 introduction of quality educational and children’s programs o PTV Channel 4 airs telecourses – elementary science, chemistry and physics o Technology and Livelihood Resource Center in cooperation with GMA Channel 7 – award winning Negosiete and Agrisiete o Philippine Children’s Television Foundation – award winning Batibot, Kalayaan 1896, Parental Guide o ABS-CBN Foundation produced Sine’skwela (1994) Hirayamanawari - Bayani - Math Tinik · August 1997 – Agila II the first Filipino-owned and managed international communications satellite was launched new information technology o desktop publishing o cable TV o low-powered radio - can be set up in remote communities with a capital of only P50,000 o lower investment costs making them more accessible multimedia convergence facilitated cross-media ownership by a single entity o Philippine laws prohibit print-broadcast media cross ownership o silent abut broadcast-telecommunication crossownership those who own media and those who wield political and economic power women in communication media o women’s issues have been broadened to refer to gender equity issues o role and status of women working in media
-
over the past years have been enhanced substantially o women’s image in media little improvement - stereotyped images of women as weaker sex, sex objects or commodities, fragile, passive even mindless individuals higher ethical standards and social responsibility o proliferation of tabloid journalism o applying crimes, sex and gossip in broadcasting incentives in the form of awards given to communicators and journalists to encourage them to strive for excellence and professionalism o Gawad CCP o KBP Golden Dove Awards o PMPC Star Awards popularity of communication program o return of democratic space o perceived as a powerful and glamorous profession - 1995-1996 – 15,000 students were enrolled in communication nationwide o development communication became an attractive option for schools outside Manila o with the information revolution, youth began to realize the power of media to shape and influence and individual’s attitudes, beliefs , values and lifestyles Contemporary Broadcasting Philippine media is among the most free in Asia o government rarely censors the media o only strict libel laws constrain coverage of controversial issues media is partisan o people with interest access to media reportage either through direct ownership, or ec onomic and political means. o media industry is owned by prominent families with powerful connections to broad sectors of society
radio and television enjoy a much wider circulation · radio o most extensive source of information o important role locally · television o main role is entertainment o except during critical periods/national disasters · culture of impunity o media killings - Philippines is one of the most dangerous countries for journalists
o lack of control of the national government over political warlords - Maguindanao massacre o although the Philippines has a free media, fear becomes a constraint for media practitioners · new media o highly interactive o free flow of opinions o interest in public opinion - facebook, youtube and twitter as indicators o cross media ownership - media websites - teleradyo - podcast live streaming