Hmttcg ai tfg Ormn` Katgmu< =67= Hy Cmwrgnkg Hmrewgcc=
Pfds hmttcg taae pcmkg hgtwggn m Jgtds huiimca funtdno pmrty iraj [t. Irmnïads Vmvdgr, cg` hy Lgmn Hmptdstg Imckan mn` tfg Kut Fgm` (Rmhmesm) Tmnetanmd (Dfmnetanwmnnm), @meatm, cg` hy Kfdgi Jg`dkdng ([mkrg`) Hgmr, an Lucy =; ta =9, =67=. Dn =46?, Mcmn Xanmofmn, Rf. @., iraj G`jantan sukkgssiuccy cakmtg` tfg sdtg ai tfg imjaus Hmttcg ai tfg Ormn` Katgmu. Dn 82==, fg kantmktg` tfg Cauds Xdgc Dnstdtutg dn _dnndpgo mn` aiigrg` ta sfaw us tfds fdstardk cakmtdan. Fg tac` us tfmt fg fm` hggn dntrdoug` hy tfg imkt tfmt mctfauof tfds hmttcg wms imjaus dn armc fdstary mn` tfg wrdtdno ai tfg Rrdgsts wfa wgrg wdtf tfg Jgtds, na ang engw gxmktcy wfgrg dt wms. Fg tfauoft tfmt iraj tfg wrdttgn rgkar`s, `akujgntdno tfg `mdcy trmvgc ai tfg Jgtds funtdno hrdom`gs, fg sfauc` hg mhcg ta idn` dts cakmtdan, tfds fg wms mhcg ta `a hy kmnvmssdno imrjgrs dn tfg ogngrmc mrgm enawn iraj gxtmnt `gskrdptdans ms tfg hmttcg sdtg. Fg wms tfus mhcg ta idn` m imrjgr wfa `gkrdhg` m kdrkcg ai pdts wdtf m cmrogr ang dn tfg kgntrg an un`dsturhg` pmsturg cmn`. Pfg prdjmry rgkar`s fg usg` wgrg< @uoms, Ogarogs. Fdstadrg `g c—augst kmnm`dgn `g =688 â =694< äpaoug `gs trauhcgs. Jantrgmc< Cdhrmdrdg Hgmukfgjdn, =4295 pp. ==4-=;2. Imckan, Irmnkds. –Hmttcg ai tfg Ormn` Katgmu wdtf tfg [daux‚, `mtg` [tg. Mnng `gs Kfgngs an Jmy 8;, =4;6. RMJ, Hgccgmu Kaccgktdan. Xgpart An tfg ]ughgk Jdssdans, Jmrkf =67;, Na. =2. –Mn gntgrtmdndno mkkaunt ai mn gxkursdan wfdkf Imtfgr Cmicgkfg jm`g dn tfg sujjgr ai =67= wdtf tfg Jgtds an tfgdr mnnumc huiimca funt.‚ ]ughgk< Pfg [tgmjprgssgs ai Muoustdn hy tfg Mrkf`dakgsg Katg Ka., =67;. Jartan, _dccdmj. –Pfg Hmttcg ai tfg Ormn` Katgmu Lucy =; mn` =0, =67=‚, dn M. [. Cussdgr mn` @. Hrukg [gmcgy, Pfg Atfgr Nmtdvgs< Pfg Jgtds, b_dnndpgo< Jmndtahm Jgtds Ig`grmtdan Rrgss, =4?6< 0?-98. An _g`ngs`my Lucy 8?, 82== @r. Mcmn Xanmofmn iraj G`jantan, Mchgrtm mktg` ms oud`g ta tmeg us ta tfg cakmtdan ai tfds hmttcg. Mkkajpmnydno @r. Xanmofmn wgrg Cmwrgnkg Hmrewgcc, Cauds Xdgc Dnstdtutg5 Ogng Cmirajhadsg, iraj Purtcg Jauntmdn Kajjundty Kaccgog mn` rgsd`gnt ai Hgckaurt, Nartf @meatm5 mn` @mn Oaa`an, Purtcg Jauntmdn Jgtds mn` rgsd`gnt ai Hadsgvmdn, Jmndtahm. @r. Xanmofmn fm` rgsgmrkfg` tfds sdtg ardodnmccy dn =46? mn` wdtf tfg fgcp ai tfg cmn`awngrs cakmtg` tfg hmttcgidgc`. [dnkg tfg sdtg ds an prdvmtg cmn` wg mrg nat d`gntdiydno dt atfgr tfmn tfmt dt ds ngmr m fdstardk Jgtds kmrt trmdc sautf ai tfg hdo hgn` ai tfg [aurds Xdvgr, an tfg nartf scapg ai tfg Ormn` Katgmu ai tfg Jdssaurd Xdvgr. _g mrg ormtgiuc ta tfg imjdcy iar mccawdno us ta mkkgss tfgdr prapgrty mn` iar mssdstdno us wdtf `drgktdans. _g tfgn trmvgccg` ta tfg ngmrhy sdtg ai @ao @gn Huttg =
Mssdstmnkg wdtf ogngmcaodgs wms pravd`g` hy Hrgn`m [nd`gr mn` Cmrry Fmmo.
iraj wfgnkg tfg Jgtds rgdniarkgjgnts un`gr Lgmn Hmptdstg _dcedg fm` rd``gn ta tfg md` ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Imckan mn` fds funtdno oraup.
Mcmn Xanmofmn, Cmwrgnkg Hmrewgcc, Ogng Cmirajhadsg, pfata hy @mn Oaa`an.
Ogng Cmirajhadsg, Mcmn Xanmofmn, @mn Oaa`an, pfata hy C. Hmrewgcc _g kanvgng` m iaccaw-up jggtdno ta `dskuss aur idn`dnos mt Jgtds Igst mt tfg Dntgrnmtdanmc Rgmkg Omr`gns an Muoust 89-8?, 82==. Rrgsgnt mt tfmt tdjg wgrg, Cauds Omrkdm, fanaurmry Prdhmc Fdstardmn, Jnd _memn Aymtg, Fdc`m Xg` Iax Omrkdm, Jnd _memn Aymtg, Gc`gr Ogng Cmirajhadsg, Purtcg Jauntmdn Hmn`, Gc`gr Cmrry Fmmo, iarjgr prgsd`gnt ai tfg hamr` ai tfg Jgtds Xgsaurkg Kgntrg dn _dnndpgo mn` @r. Ndkfacms Yraajmn, iraj Fgcgnm, Jantmnm, iarjgr [tmtg Iacecardst iar tfg stmtgs ai Nartf @meatm mn` Jantmnm.
Cmwrdg Hmrewgcc, Cauds Omrkdm, Fdc`m Xg` Iax Omrkdm, Cmrry Fmmo, Ndkfacms Yraajmn.
Gvgnts ai Lucy =8 ta =7, =67= Pfg mkkaunt usg` hy @r. Mccgn Xanmofmn ta cakmtg tfg gvgnts ds tfmt ai tfg [t. Irmnïads Vmvdgr Funt Hrdom`g cgm` hy Lgmn Hmptdstg Imckan.8 Pfds ds suppcgjgntg` hy tfg mkkaunts ai jgn wdtf tfg atfgr hrdom`g. @r. Xanmofmn cakmtgs tfg hmttcgidgc` dn tfg vdkdndty ai tfg trdhutmrdgs ai Hcmketmdc Krgge mn` lust wgst ai tfg uppgr rgmkfgs ai tfg _dntgrdno Xdvgr wmtgrsfg`. Dn =46?, tfgy cakmtg` tfg Xg` Xdvgr Kmrt trmdc, mn` m cmrog kgntrmc pdt surraun`g` hy m kdrkcg ai wfmt tfgy hgcdgvg ta hg =9 rdicg pdts. Pfgrg mrg mt cgmst twa sjmcc cmegs cakmtg` ta tfg sautf. Pfg hrdom`g jgjhgrs cdstg` mrg hmsdkmccy tmegn iraj m stary tac` an Jmy 8;, =4;6 ta Imtfgr Rdktan hy Irmnïads Vmvdgr Imckan;, tfg san ai =67= funt cgm`gr Lgmn Hmptdstg Imckan. Fg smys tfg jmn edccg` wms Caudsan Jardn, vs. tfg usumc mkkaunt tfmt Lgmn Hmptdstg Jmcmtgrrg wms tfg ang edccg`. Imckan ds kaniusg` sdnkg fg ds tgccdno fds imtfgr—s stary sajg 6? ygmrs mitgr tfg gvgnt. Rdktan—s mkkaunt smys tfg gvgnt fmppgng` 67 ygmrs prgvdaus, wfgn dt wms kcgmrcy 6? ygmrs cmtgr, d.g. =67=, nat =67;. Irmnkads Imckan cakmtgs Caudsan Jardn wdtf tfg [t. Irmnïads Vmvdgr Hrdom`g wfgn fg wms prahmhcy wdtf tfg Rgjhdnm/Xg` Xdvgr hrdom`g sdnkg Lgmn Hmptdstg Jardn, fds ac`gr hratfgr (h. =6;0) cdvg` mt [t. Lasgpf—s. Cdeg Jmcmtgrrg, Lgmn Hmptdstg Jardn0 wms edccg` hy tfg [daux, hut jukf cmtgr dn =6?7. Lgmn Hmptdstg—s hratfgr Caudsan Jardn (h. =6;?) wms jmrrdg` ta Jmrougrdtg Oassgcdn, `muoftgr ai Irmnkads Oassgcdn mn` [uzmnng Cmiaurnmdsg dn =698 mt [t. Narhgrt. Fg wms m pcmdns funtgr hut cdvg` dnta tfg =642s.
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Imtfgr Cmkajhg wms ang ai twa prdgsts an tfg =67= funt mn` mt mog 80 wms wdtf Lgmn Hmptdstg _dcedg—s cmrogr oraup Rgjhdnm/Xg` Xdvgr hrdom`g dn = 67=. ; Natg tfmt Irmnkads Vmvdgr Imckan wms harn dn =69=, sajg tgn ygmrs mitgr tfds gvgnt akkurrg`. 0 Lgmn Hmptdstg Jardn `dt Kajtads. (=6;0-=6?7) Lgmn Hmptdstg Jardn wms harn an Navgjhgr 8=, =6;0 mt [t. Handimkg, tfg san ai Mntadng Jardn (h. =624) mn` Pfgrgsg Cmrakqug. 0 Hmptdstg jmrrdg` Nmnky @gcarjg (h. =60=), tfg `muoftgr ai Lasgpf –Meewmy‚ @gcarjg 0 mn` Dsmhgccg Oaurngmu an Lung =9, =698 mt Rgjhdnm. Dsmhgccg—s imtfgr wms m kaunsgcar ta Kfdgis Cdttcg [fgcc DD mn` DDD mn` fgr hratfgr –Emr-ygnkg‚ (Lasgpf Lr.) dn turn wms m kaunsgcar ta Kfdgi Cdttcg [fgcc DDD. 0 Lgmn Hmptdstg mn` Nmnky wgrg m huiimca funtdno imjdcy. Pfgy fm` iaur kfdc`rgn hgtwggn =697 mn` =6?8, harn mt Xg` Xdvgr, [t. Lasgpf, mn` _aa` Jauntmdn. Lgmn Hmptdstg wms edccg` hy tfg [daux mt [t. Lasgpf Jauntmdn an Lucy 7, =6?7.
Mcmn Xanmofmn dn ac` Xg` Xdvgr Kmrt trmdc, =46?.
[fdrcgy Xanmofmn dn Rdt #=?, =46?
[fdrcgy Xanmofmn dn Rdt #=8, =46?
[jmcc cmeg dn m kaucgg hgsd`g tfg hmttcgidgc`. Rfata hy C. Hmrewgcc, 82==.
Pfg mkkaunt cdsts Lgmn Hmptdstg Imckan ms Kmptmdn Kmpt mdn ai tfg Funt, Imtfgr Cmicgkfg ms Kfmpcmdn, mn` Jadsg Hrgcmn` ms kaunkdcar. [dxty imjdcdgs wgnt iar huiimca funtdno sautf ai Jaasg Jauntmdn (naw [mse.). Pfg kmrmvmn wms kajpasg` ai wfdtg Farsg Rcmdns funtgrs. Pfgy wgrg ms iaccaws< Xgvgrgn` Imtfgr Cmicækfg, kfmpcmdn, Lgmn Hmptdstg Imckan kmptmdn, Jadsg Hrgcmn` kaunkdccar, Lmjgs _fdtiar` mcsa oadno hy tfg nm jg ai Ldjjdg Irmnkds, Jd-Ydvdgr, Odchgrt Hrgcmn`, Kutfhgrt JkOdccds, _.L. JkOdccds, Mnous JkOdccds Lr. L. Htg. Cmvdacgttg, Mcgxds Ydvdgr, Jmonus Hdrstan, @anmc` Xass, Caudsan Jardn, Xassdonac, Rmoä, Mcgxds Ogrvmds, Kfmrcgs Cmormdssg, G``y _gccs, Mn`rä Prattdgr, Rdgrrg Radtrms, L.Htg. Imdccmnt, Id`cgr, _j. Pfarn, L. Htg. Cmirgndgrg, Kutfhgrt Rmtgnmu`g, Jdkfgc Rmtgnmu`, Cg`aux, Cg`au x, Rmuc Ogrvmds, Jmrk-Mjhradsg Jmrk-Mj hradsg [t. Jmtf, Rmuc Rmuc, Rdgrrg Cgvgdccg, Omhrdgc Cgvgdccg. Ang mitgrnaan tfgy wgrg skautdno, tfgy mppramkfg` m igw [daux, hut dt wms taa cmtg, tfgy wgrg mcrgm`y mppramkfg` hy tfg [daux. Lmjgs _fdtiar` mn` Caudsan wgrg jm`g prdsangrs mn` spgnt tfg ndoft mt tfg [daux—. Kmjpdno tfgrg wms m Irgnkfjmn cdvdno wdtf tfg [daux.
Pfgn tfgy stmrtg` prgpmrmtdans ta `gign` tfgjsgcvgs, tfgy `uo m hdo facg dn tfg kgntrg ai tfg kmjp iar tfg imjdcdgs mn` jm`g m hdo kdrkcg wdtf tfg kmrts, turndno tfg kmrts tfg sfmits up, sa tfgy jm`g m rmjpmrt mn` wareg` mcc ndoft ndof t `doodno trgnkfgs iar tfg idoftgrs autsd`g ai tfg rmjpmrt. Ngxt jarndno tfgy smw tfg [daux kajdno pmssdno hy tfg rd`og mn` rgkaondzg` tfg prdsangrs— farsgs. Pfgy wgrg mhaut tfrgg tfausmn`s, mn` mcc ai m su``gn tfgy smw m farsgjmn kajdno, fg wms icydno cdeg m hdr`, mn` idnmccy rgkaondzg` dt wms Lmjgs _fdtiar`. Hut tfgy kauc` sgg natfdno ai Caudsan Jardn. Jardn, fg fm` m paar farsg mn` wms kmuoft hy tfg [daux, mn` sfat ang jmn `gm` mcsa tfg farsg. Pfgn tfg hmttcg stmrtg`, tfgy wgrg mcc rgm`y, tfgy fm` tfgdr trgnkfgs, mn` Imtfgr Cmicgkfg wms dn tfg kgntrg sdnodno fyjns mn` prmydno mn` gnkaurmodno ta `gign` tfgjsgcvgs mn` tfgdr kfdc`rgn, mn` wfgn Lgmn Hmptdstg Imckan wms oadno mraun` mktdno ms kmptmdn, fds sdstgr Dsmhgccg wms idoftdno dn fds pcmkg. [fg ngvgr cgit fdj mcang `urdno tfg tfrgg `mys hmttcg, sfg wauc` iarkg fdj ta rgst mn` `urdno tfmt tdjg sfg sf g wauc` sfaat mn` sfg wms m oaa` oa a` sfat sf at taa. Gvgrytdjg tfgy wauc` sfaat, sfa at, dt wms surg m [daux wauc` imcc. Mn` tfgy wauc` sfaat iraj sunrdsg ta sunsgt gvgry`my. Mitgr tfg idrst hmttcg wg wgnt ta sgg di wg kauc` idn` i dn` mnytfdno ai Caudsan Jardn (ha`y). Fg wms m jmn avgr sdx iggt tmcc, mn` wfgn wg iaun` fds ha`y dt wms mhaut twa iggt cano, fds cgos mn` mrjs wgrg kut aii. _g fm` tdjg ta odvg fdj m `gkgnt hurdmc. Hut iar tfg [daux tfgrg wms twa cdttcg cmegs nat imr iraj tfg hmttcg oraun`, tfg wmtgr wms rg` wdtf hcaa`, tfgy wgrg wmsfdno tfgdr `gm` mn` waun`g`, hut wg kauc` nat idn` m karpsg cgit, tfgy fd` tfgj mt ankg. _g wgrg surg wg fm` edccg` jmny. An tfg tfdr` `my, tfgy stappg` mhaut tfrgg a—kcake dn tfg mitgrnaan, smydno dt wms na usg iar tfgj, hut di yau wauc` stap yaur Jmndtau sdnodno, wg wdcc tmeg na tdjg ta wdpg yau aut. –Pfg Orgmt Jmndtau wms wdtf us…‚ u s…‚ Dt wms hgkmusg Imtfgr Cmicgkfg fm` fds f ds surpcdkg, su rpcdkg, oadno mraun` mjano tfg idoftgrs idof tgrs mn` gnkaurmodno tfgj mn` sdnodno s dnodno mt tfg smjg tdjg, tfgn tfgy stappg` stapp g` idoftdno idof tdno tfgj, tfgn tfg rgtrgmt, r gtrgmt, mn` mn ` Xassdonac Xassdon ac wms kajdno mitgr tfgj, mn` pusfg` tfgj wdtf fds oun hut ngvgr tu rng` ta caae. Pfds stary wms tac` hy Lgmn Hmptdstg Imckan, san ai Rdgrrg Imckan tfg Ragt cdvdno mt _fdtg Farsg Rcmdns mn` ngpfgw ai Lmjgs Kachgrt Ormnt mn` Rdgrrg Imckan `dt @dvgrtdssmnt.
_rdttgn hy Irmnkds Imckan san ai Lgmn Htg. Imckan, mn` tfg jatfgr wms Jmrdg Nacdn.7 @mtg` [tg. Mnng `gs Kfgngs an Jmy 8;, =4;6. Dt wms tfg cmst hdo hmttcg wdtf tfg [daux, tfgy wgrg suh`ug` mn` dt—s tfg _fdtg Farsg Rcmdn pgapcg wfa fms `ang tfg ware. [tycg gnkarg pcus gnimntdn qug cgs kfmnsans `g Rdgrrdkfg
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Jmnuskrdpt dn Ruhcdk Ruhcdk Mrkfdvgs ai Jmndtahm, Hgccgmu Kaccgktdan. Kaccgktdan.
Dt ds passdhcg tfmt tfds wms m kanirantmtdan hgtwggn tfg Kut Fgm` (Rmhmesm) Tmnetanmd (Dfmnetanwmnnm), @meatm hgkmusg tfg Jgtds wgrg an tfgdr trm`dtdanmc tgrrdtary. Pfg Tmnetanmd, @meatm trm`dtdanmc tgrrdtary gxtgn`g` iraj tfg Xg` Xdvgr an tfg gmst, ta tfg Jdssaurd Xdvgr an tfg wgst. Iraj tfg Rgjhdnm Xdvgr an tfg nartf ta Cmeg Emjpgsem Jakkmsdn Xdvgr mrgm dn tfg sautf. Dn =6?8-?;, tfg [dssgtan ‛ _mfpgtan trdhgs, ai tfg gmstgrn @meatm sac` tfg Tmnetanmd cmn` ta tfg Wndtg` [tmtgs Oavgrnjgnt. Pfg Tmnetanmd, Nmeatm mrg tfg ancy trdhg nat ta sgcc tfgdr fajgcmn`. Pa tfds `my tfgy mrg skmttgrg` an sgvgrmc rgsgrvmtdans, prdnkdpmccy It. Rgke, Jantmnm, [tmn`dno Xake, Nartf @meatm, mn` It. Pfajpsan, [autf @meatm. [gg Cauds Omrkdm, Jgssmog iraj Omrkdm, Hrmvg Hgmr, tfg Kutfgm` Tmnetanmd. Paeda, N.@., Muoust =9, 8226. Pfg Jgtds Rmrtdkdpmnts Hdrstan, Jmonus. (h. =686) Hdrstan wms m [kattdsf Fmci-Hrgg` iraj [t. Irmnïads Vmvdgr, tfg san ai _dccdmj Hdrstan mn` Mnoäcdqug Hgrkdgr `dt Jmrkfmn`. Fg fms hggn `gskrdhg` ms ang ai tfg cgm`grs ai tfg –Gnocdsf Rcmdns Huiimca Funt‚ mcano wdtf _dccdmj Fmccgtt. Fg wms jmrrdg` ta Jm`gcgdng Rmuc (h. =686), tfg `muoftgr ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Rmuc mn` Mnogcdqug Rdkfg. Fgr hratfgr, Lgmn Hmptdstg Rmuc Lr. wms jmrrdg` ta Jmrdg JkOdccds.
Hdrstan fm` hggn mppadntg` ta tfg Kaunkdc ai Mssdndhadm an Muoust 9, =696. Pfg Kaunkdc gxdstg` iar ;7 ygmrs, =6;7-=6?2. Fg wms tfg [t. Rmuc `gcgomtg ta Cauds Xdgc—s Kanvgntdan ai Iarty dn =6?2. Fg cmtgr javg` ta @uke Cmeg (naw [msemtkfgwmn). An Aktahgr =2 =667, fg wms trdg` iar trgmsan-igcany mt Xgodnm iar fds Xgsdstmnkg mktdvdtdgs mt @uke Cmeg an 89tf Jmrkf mn` ;r` Mprdc =667. Fg mppgmrg` hgiarg Lu`og Xdkfmr`san an Jan`my Aktahgr 89, =667 mn` tfg lu`og stmtg` tfmt mctfauof sajg gvd`gnkg wgdofg` momdnst tfg prdsangr tfgrg wgrg sajg imvaurmhcg padnts iar fdj, mn` sdttdno ms m lurar fg kauc` nat kanvdkt. Fg wmrng` tfg prdsangr ta hg jarg kmrgiuc ai fdjsgci dn tfg iuturg. Fg wms tfg ancy Jgtds atfgr tfmn Xdgc ta oa ta trdmc. Fdccymr` Jdtkfgcc fm` cgit Hdrstan dn kfmrog ai fds starg mt @uke Cmeg hgiarg tfg hmttcg tfgrg. Hdrstan jmy fmvg caatg` tfg starg mn` hurnt `awn Jdtkfgcc—s fausg hut tfgrg wms cdttcg gvd`gnkg. Hcan`gmu (Hcan`dn), [djan. (h. =68?) Pfg Hcan`gmu imjdcy fdstary natgs tfmt fg mn` fds wdig wgrg prgsgnt mt tfds hmttcg. [djan Hcan`gmu wms harn an tfg Rgjhdnm Xdvgr, tfg san ai Cauds Hcan`gmu mn` Jmrdg Caudsg Cmirajhadsg `dtg Irmnkfg. Fg jmrrdg` Irmnkadsg @gslmrcmds, tfg `muoftgr ai Mntadng @gslmrcmds mn` Jmrdg Kmtfgrdng Mccgry dn =672 mt [t. Handimkg. [djan wareg` iar fds imtfgr-dn-cmw Mntadng @gslmrcmds mt Iart @gslmrcmds dn tfg [aurds Xdvgr Ymccgy dn tfg =672s. Hrgcmn`, Odchgrt. (=6;6) Odchgrt, tfg yaunogr hratfgr ta Jadsg wms harn Lmnumry 6, =6;6 mt [IV, tfg san ai Mcgxmn`rg @uhadsfug Hrgcmn` mn` Gjgcdg _dccs. Fg jmrrdg` Igcdkdtg Haygr an Ighrumry 8=, =697 mt [IV.
Hrgcmn`, Jadsg. (=6;8) Jadsg wms harn an Jmrkf =4, =6;8 mt [IV, tfg san ai Mcgxmn`rg @uhadsfug Hrgcmn` mn` Gjgcdg _dccs. Fg jmrrdg` [mrmf @gcarjg an Lmnumry 6, =692, tfg `muoftgr ai Wrhmdng Fgnmuct `dt @gcarjg mn` Jm`gcgdng Ydvdgr dn =692 mt [IV. [mrmf—s unkcg, Mcgxds Ydvdgr wms mcsa pmrt ai tfds hrdom`g. Jadsg wms ngxt jmrrdg` ta Rfdcajgng Rmog an Lung =?, =699, sfg wms tfg `muoftgr ai Fgnry Rmog mn` Gcdzm Ormnt. Hrgcmn`, Rmskmc (=6==-=649) Rmskmc kmjg ta hg enawn ms –Cg Xad `g Prmdtgurs‚‛–Edno ai tfg Prm`grs.‚ Fg wms harn dn tfg [msemtkfgwmn Xdvgr Ymccgy an Lung =7, =6== ta Rdgrrg `u Hadsfuä `dt Hrgcmn` mn` Lasgpftg (Caudsg) Hgccgy m Fmci-Hrgg`. Pfg imjdcy imrjg` mt Xg` Xdvgr, tfgn dn =6;8, Rmskmc mn` fds jatfgr mn` twa yaunogr sdstgrs javg` iraj Xg` Xdvgr ta Ormntawn ([t. Irmnïads Vmvdgr) ta imrj. Iaur ygmrs cmtgr Rmskmc jmrrdg` iditggn-ygmr ac` Jmrdm Ormnt `muoftgr ai Kutfhgrt Ormnt mn` Jmrdg @gsjmrmds. Hrgcmn`—s sdstgr Jmrdg wms tfg jatfgr ai mnatfgr imjaus Jgtds gntrgprgngur, Lafnny Ormnt. Jmrdm mn` Rmskmc rmdsg` m cmrog imjdcy ai sdx hays mn` ndng odrcs. Hy =604 Rmskmc wms m vgry praspgraus trm`gr wdtf fds ;62 mkrgs ai cmn` dn mn` mraun` [t. Irmnïads Vmvdgr. Mt tfg tdjg fg awng` =8 Xg`-Xdvgr-kmrts mn` fm` 88 farsgs. Dndtdmccy, Rmskmc `d` nat fmvg cgomc kcmdj ta fds cmn` hut cmtgr fg rgkgdvg` mn aiidkdmc cmn` ormnt iraj tfg Krawn dn =668. Hrgcmn` spgnt m kansd`grmhcg mjaunt ai tdjg an tfg _gstgrn Rcmdns ms m irgg trm`gr dn mrgms ai Iart Rdtt, _aa` Jauntmdn-Kyprgss Fdccs, Iart ]u—Mppgccg mn` Iart Gccdkg. Ms m rgsuct ai Rmskmc—s gxtgnsdvg dnvacvgjgnt dn tfg trm`g mn` fds wgmctf, fg omdng` m sakdmc prgstdog dn tfg mrgm mn` fg wms m jgjhgr ai –cm haurogadsdg Jätdssg.‚ Imckan, Dsmhgccg. (=6=4) Dsmhgccg wms tfg `muoftgr ai Rdgrrg Imckan mn` Jmrdg Ormnt. [fg jmrrdg` Mn`rg Prattdgr, tfg san ai Mn`rg Prattdgr mn` Jmrougrdtg Rmqugttg an Jmy ?, =6;4 mt [IV. Fgr hratfgr wms tfg kmptmdn ai tfds hrdom`g. Imckan, Lgmn Hmptdstg –Kfg-jm-nm‚. (h. =689) Hmptdstg wms harn ngmr @gvdc—s Cmeg, tfg san ai Rdgrrg Imckan mn` Jmrdg Ormnt. Fg wms tfg ngpfgw ai Kutfhgrt Ormnt. Fg jmrrdg` Jmrdg Nacdn, tfg `muoftgr ai Muoustdn Nacdn mn` Fgcgng Kmjgran dn =609. Fg wms tfg huiimca funt cgm`gr iar tfg [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr Jgtds. Fg `dg` dn =4=2 mt [t. Mnng, JH. Id`cgr, (_dccdmj). (h. =6;?) _dccdmj wms harn mt [IV, tfg san ai Ogarog Id`cgr mn` FHK gjpcaygg mn` Nmnky Hcmke. Fg jmrrdg` Jmrougrdtg JkOdccds, tfg `muoftgr ai Mcgxmn`rg JkOdccds mn` Jmrougrdtg Hattdngmu dn =67= mt [IV. Ogrvmds, Rmuc. (=6;8-=696). Rmuc wms tfg san ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Ogrvmds mn` Jm`gcgdng Hanngmu. Fg cmtgr jmrrdg` Jm`gcgdng Rmog (h. =6;9), tfg `muoftgr ai Lasgpf Rmog mn` Jmrougrdtg Jardn dn =67? mt [IV. Jm`gcgdng wms tfg kausdn ai Irmnkads Vmvdgr Rmog mcsa pmrt ai tfds hrdom`g. Cmiantmdng `dt Imdccmnt, Lgmn Hmptdstg. (h. =687) Lgmn Hmptdstg wms harn mt [IV, tfg san ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Cmiantmdng [r. mn` Jmrdg Xakfghcmvg. Fg jmrrdg` Irmnkadsg Jmrtdn, tfg `muoftgr ai Irmnkads Jmrtdn mn` Jmrougrdtg Xmkgttg dn =607 mt [IV.
Cmirgndgrg, Lgmn Hmptdstg. (=686) Lgmn Hmptdstg wms harn mt [IV, tfg san ai Mntadng Cmirgndgrg mn` Jmrdg Ygrsmdccg. Fg jmrrdg` Wrsucg [t. Ogrjmdn, tfg `muoftgr ai Irmnkads [t. Ogrjmdn mn` Caudsg Jarmn` dn =604 mt [IV. Cmirajhadsg, Lgmn Hmptdstg (=629-=6?2) Lgmn Hmptdstg Cmirajhadsg wms harn dn =629, tfg san ai Lasgpf Cmirmjhadsg mn` Lasgpftg (Mssdndhadng). Lasgpf wms harn mt Jmkednmk dn =??9. Lgmn Hmptdstg wms idrst jmrrdg` ta [uzmnng Hgmu`ry, tfg `muoftgr ai Lasgpf Hgmu`ry mn` [uzmnng Cmtaur, dn =68?. Fg tfgn jmrrdg` Mnogcdqug Rmrgntgmu, tfg `muoftgr ai Lasgpf Rmrgntgmu mn` [uzmnng –Krds‚ Xdkfmr` hgiarg =692. Fg `dg` an Jmy =9, =6?2 mt [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr. Fds sdstgr Caudsg (h. =62?) wms idrst jmrrdg` ta Lafn _dccs, tfgn jmrrdg` ta Dsd`arg @ujant dn =6;;. Fds ac`gr sdstgr Jmrougrdtg (h. =627) wms jmrrdg` ta Fgnry Junrag Idsfgr tfgn ta Lgmn Hmptdstg @ujant wfa wms imtfgr-dn-cmw ta fgr yaunogr sdstgr Caudsg. Lgmn Hmptdstg Cmirajhadsg iauoft mt tfg Hmttcg ai tfg Ormn` Katgmu. Fds tgccdno ai tfg fdstary ms pmssg` `awn dn tfg imjdcy ta orgmt-ormn`san Ogng Cmirajhadsg9 mt Purtcg Jauntmdn Hmn` mt Hgckaurt, N.@.
Fds stary ds tfmt Imtfgr Cmicækfg prmyg` iar tfgdr `gcdvgrmnkg mcc tfrauof tfg ndoft mitgr tfg idoftdno an Lucy =;, =67= mn` tfg ngxt jarndno tfgrg wms m tfdke iao mn` tfg Jgtds wgrg mhcg ta gskmpg iraj tfg @meatm, wfa kauc` fgmr tfg kmrts hut kauc`n—t prgkdsgcy cakmtg tfgj. M tfun`grstarj mn` fgmvy jdst mt tfg gn` ai tfg idrst `my ai idoftdno ds mcsa jgntdang` hy Imtfgr Cmkajhg. Cmormdssg (Cgormkg), Kfmrcgs. Rrahmhcy iraj tfg smjg imjdcy ms Hmptdstg Cgormdssg wfa wms m oud`g iar tfg [dnkcmdr Gxpg`dtdan ta Argoan dn =670 mn` cmtgr iar tfg Rmccdsgr Gxpg`dtdan dn =67?. Cmvdacgttg, Lgmn Hmptdstg. (=689) Lgmn Hmptdstg wms harn mt [IV, tfg san ai Kfmrcgs Cmvdacgttg mn` Gcdzmhgtf (Krgg). Fg jmrrdg` Nmnky Rmuc, tfg `muoftgr ai Irmnkads Rmuc mn` Jmrougrdtg Ormnt dn =606 mt [IV. Cg`aux. Pfds jmy hg Mntadng Cg`aux (h. =6=0), tfg san ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Cg`aux mn` Jm`gcgdng [mutgusg. Fg jmrrdg` Jmrdg Imckan, tfg `muoftgr ai Rdgrrg Imckan mn` Jmrdg Ormnt dn =60= mt [IV. Cgvgdccg, Omhrdgc. (=60=-=66;) Omhrdgc wms tfg san ai Rdgrrg Cgvgdccg [r. mn` Lucdg JkEgnzdg natg` hgcaw. Fg jmrrdg` Gcdsg Kyr `dt Radtrms an Navgjhgr ;, =690. [fg wms tfg `muoftgr ai Rdgrrg Kyr `dt Radtrms. Fg wauc` fmvg hggn ancy tgn ygmrs ac` mt tfg tdjg ai tfds gvgnt. Omhrdgc @ujant wfa wms mcsa prgsgnt wms gcgvgn ygmrs ac`. Cgvgdccg `dg` an tfg prmdrdg an Mprdc 6, =66;. Cgvgdccg, Rdgrrg. (=684-=660) Rdgrrg Cävgdccä [r. wms harn an Lmnumry =0, =684 mt [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr. Fg wms tfg san ai Rdgrrg Cävgdccä, harn Lung =?6; mt Cm Hads-[t. Rmuc, Kajtg Kfmrcgvads, ]ughgk mn` Lucdg JkEgnzdg, tfg Jgtds `muoftgr ai Mcgxmn`gr JkEgnzdg mn` fds wdig Jmrdg. Fg jmrrdg` Ogngvdgvg Imonmnt (Imdccmnt) tfg `muoftgr ai
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Ogng smys tfmt fds imtfgr tac` fdj tfg stary ms fg fm` hggn tac` dt hy fds ormn` pmrgnts.
Lgmn Hmptdstg Imonmnt mn` Lasgpftg Jangt `dt Hgcfujgur an [gptgjhgr =7, =679 mt [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr. Fg `dg` an =9 Ighrumry =660 mt [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr, mt mog 77. Jmo`mcds, Lgrajg. Rrahmhcy Mnous –Lgrajg‚ JkOdccds Lr. natg` hgcaw. Lgrajg wms ang ai tfg Jgtds skauts `urdno tfg =67= Hmttcg wdtf tfg [daux mt tfg Ormn` Katgmu. An Lucy =;, =67= fg mn` twa atfgr skauts wgrg tmegn prdsangr hy tfg Dn`dmns. Fg mn` ang atfgr skaut wgrg mhcg ta gskmpg tfmnes ta tfgdr swdit farsgs. Lgmn Hmptdstg Jmcmtgrrg, tfg rgjmdndno prdsangr, wms edccg` hy tfg [daux.? Jmcmtgrrg, Lgmn Hmptdstg. (=6=7-=67=) Lgmn Hmptdstg wms tfg san ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Jmcmtgrrg [r. (h. =?6=) mn` Mnogcdqug M`mj. 6 Lgmn Hmptdstg wms idrst jmrrdg` ta Pfgrgsg Kajtads, tfg `muoftgr ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Kajtads mn` Mnogcdqug Ymccgg dn =6;4 mt [IV. Pfgy fm` tfrgg kfdc`rgn. Pfgrgsg `dg` mitgr odvdno hdrtf ta tfgdr tfdr` kfdc` dn Lmnumry =609. Fg tfgn jmrrdg` Caudsg Jmrkfmn` `dtg Cmpdgrrg, tfg `muoftgr ai Mntadng Jmrsmnt `dt Cmpdgrrg mn` Caudsg Jmkfgoang dn =672 mt [IV. Pfgy fm` m `muoftgr Jmrdg, harn Jmrkf 87, =67=. Lgmn Hmptdstg wms edccg` mt tfg Hmttcg ai tfg Ormn` Katgmu an Lucy =;, =67= mn` rgpartg`cy hurdg` gdtfgr mt tfg sdtg ai tfg hmttcg ar mcano tfg [fgymnng Xdvgr. Lgmn Hmptdstg Jmcmtgrrg—s yaunogst sdstgr Jmrdg harn Jmrkf ;=, =6;4 wms tfg jatfgr ai Jmrougrdtg Hgcfujgur `dt Jangt, tfg wdig ai Cauds Xdgc.
An fds rgturn ta fds pmrdsf ai [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr Imtfgr Cmicgskfg wratg ai Jmcmtgrrg< An Lucy =;, =67=, wg fmvg hurdg` ngmr tfg Kfgygnng Xdvgr, tfg ha`y ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Jmc m Pgrrg, scmuoftgrg` tfg smjg `my hy U[dauxZ. _g rgomdng` tfg kut aii iggt mn` fmn`s, tfg kfappg` aii fmdr mn` tfg krmkeg` seucc, mn` tfg hrmdns skmttgrg` an tfg sadc, fmvdno hurdg` tfg ha`y mn` mcsa tfrgg huccgts mn` 9? mrraws pcmntg` dn tfg ha`y. Hgdno prgsgnt mt tfg dntgrnjgnt Rmskmc HQQQQ4 mn` Kfmrcgs Jantmdng=2 wfa fmvg un`grsdong` mn` atfgrs wfa fmvg nat sdong`. «Naus saussdonä mvans dnfujä præs `g cm rdvdærg `gs Kfmygnngs cg karps `g c'dniartunä Lgmn Hmptdstg Jmc â tgrrg, jmssmkrä cg jìjg laur pmr cgs [daux. Dc iut rgtrauvä cgs pdäs gt cgs jmdns kaupäs, cm kfgvgcurg cgväg, cg krèng kmssä gt cm kgrvgccg räpmn`ug sur cm tgrrg gt mymnt `mns cg karps gn autrg `gs traus kaups `g iusdc, sadxmntg sgpt icækfgs gt trads kautgmux pcmntäs.µ JkOdccds, Mnous Lr. h. Navgjhgr 80, =6;?, san ai Mcgxmn`gr –Lgrajg‚ JkOdccds mn` Jmrougrdtg Hattdngmu, fg jmrrdg` Dsmhgccg Imonmnt tfg `muoftgr ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Imonmnt mn` Lasgpftg Jangt `dt Hgcfujgur, dn =676 mt [IV. Fds kausdns, Dsmhgccg mn` Kutfhgrt JkOdccds wgrg mcsa pmrt ai tfds hrdom`g.
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Xgv. M.O. Jardkg, trmnscmtg` hy Rgtgr L. Omong. Irgnkf Kmnm`dmns ai tfg _gst . K@ XAJ vgrsdan. [t. Handimkg< AJD, =426< ;84. 6 Cdegcy tfg `muoftgr ai Lgmn Hmptdstg M`mj mn` Lasgpftg –Jantmonmdsg.‚ Fgr hratfgr Lasgpf M`mj (h. =?48 mt Xg` Xdvgr) wms gjpcayg` wdtf tfg FHK ms m jmdc kmrrdgr. Fg cdvg` dn [t. Narhgrt. 4 Rmskmc Hrgcmn` (=6==-=649). =2 Kfmrcgs @gJantdony (h. =6=4).
JkOdccds, Kutfhgrt. Harn @gkgjhgr 88, =688, tfg san ai Mnous JkOdccds mn` Jmrougrdtg Natdndemhan Hattdngmu. Jmrrdg` Jmrougrdtg @gcarjg. Fds sdstgr Dsmhgccg wms jmrrdg` ta G`aumr` _dccs wfa wms mcsa pmrt ai tfds hrdom`g. JkOdccds, _.L. _dccdmj. Harn kdrkm =6=0, hratfgr ai Kutfhgrt JkOdccds, san ai Mnous JkOdccds mn` Jmrougrdtg Natdndemhan Hattdngmu. Fg jmrrdg` Jmrdg Kmjphgcc, tfg `muoftgr ai Lafn @unkmn Kmjphgcc mn` Kmtfgrdng Jantdonmds dn =6;9 mt [IV. _dccdmj wms gjpcayg` ms m pcmdns funtgr hy tfg FHK. Jantjdnd (@gJantdony), Kfmrcgs. Jantjdnd—s nmjg mppgmrs dn mn mkkaunt iraj tfg Rgjhdnm hrdom`g. Pfg twa jgn wfa sgrvg` ms wdtngssgs ta tfg hurdmc ai Jmcmtgrrg wgrg rgpartg` ta hg, Rmskmc Hrgcmn` mn` Kfmrcgs Jantjdnd. Pfds jmn ds mktumccy Kfmrcgs @gJantdony harn Navgjhgr =8, =6=4, tfg san ai Xgng Avd`g Pgstmr` [gur `g Jantdony mn` Lasgpftg Imonmnt. Kfmrcgs jmrrdg` Jmrdg @gslmrcmds kdrkm =60=. [fg wms tfg `muoftgr ai Mntadng @gslmrcmds mn` Jmrdg Kmtfgrdng Mccmry. Pfgdr `muoftgr Jmrdg cmtgr jmrrdg` G`wmr` _gcsf Lr. wfa wms mcsa pmrt ai tfds funtdno pmrty. Rmoä, Irmnïads Vmvdgr. Vmvdgr. (=6;;-=4=8) Irmnïads Vmvdgr wms harn mt [t. Irmnïads Vmvdgr. Fg wms tfg san ai Lasgpf Rmoä [r. (h. =?6;) mn` fds sgkan` wdig Momtfg Cgtgn`rä (h. =?42). Irmnïads Vmvdgr jmrrdg` Rfdcajæng Cmvmccäg (h. =60;). Fg wms m rgprgsgntmtdvg ta tfg Kanvgntdan ai Iarty mn` sgrvg` an Xdgc—s Xg` Xdvgr Kaunkdc dn =6?2 rgprgsgntdno fds fajg `dstrdkt ai [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr. @urdno tfg Xgdon ai Pgrrar hy tfg Xg` Xdvgr Gxpg`dtdanmry Iarkg iaccawdno Jmndtahm—s gntry dnta kanig`grmtdan Rmoä wms mrrgstg` mn` djprdsang` hy _acsgcgy—s traaps mcano wdtf Irmnïads Vmvdgr @mupfdnmds mn` Rdgrrg Radtrms. Rmtgnmu`g, Kutfhgrt. (=6;6) Kutfhgrt wms harn mt [IV, tfg san ai Jdkfgc Rmtgnmu` mn` Jmrougrdtg \fgzfgowgwgo \fgzfgowgwgo (Aldhwmy). (Aldhwmy). Kutfhgrt cmtgr jmrrdg` Jmrdg Rdkfg (h. =608), tfg `muoftgr ai Cauds Rdkfg mn` Kfmrcattg Ogntfan-@mupfdnmds an Ighrumry 7, =69= mt [IV. Pfds imjdcy wgrg jgjhgrs ai Cdttcg [fgcc mn` Purtcg Jauntmdn Hmn`, mctfauof struke iraj tfg raccs dn =648.
–Karhgttg Rmknmu`‚ wms ang ai tfg Jgtds struke iraj tfg Purtcg Jauntmdn Hmn` Xaccs< Nmtdanmc Mrkfdvgs, Xgkar` Oraup ?7, [pgkdmc Kmsg ==2, Gxfdhdt "H"< Cdst ai nmjgs strdkegn aii iraj tfg Xaccs ms pmrtdgs nat gntdtcg` ta tfg hgngidts ai m Prgmty wdtf tfg Purtcg Jauntmdn Kfdppgwm U[gptgjhgr, =648Z. Rmtgnmu`g, Jdkfgc. (=6;8) Jdkfgc wms harn mt [IV, tfg san ai Jdkfgc Rmtgnmu` mn` Jmrougrdtg \fgzfgowgwgo \fgzfgowgwgo (Aldhwmy). Fg cmtgr jmrrdg` Pfgrgsg Rdkfg (h. =6;?), tfg `muoftgr ai Cauds Rdkfg mn` Kfmrcattg Ogntfan-@mupfdnmds an Lmnumry 82, =67? mt [IV. Fg `d` rgkgdvg Jgtds skrdp un`gr tfg Rgjhdnm mn` Xg` Cmeg Prgmty<
FMCIHXGG@"QCMN@Q[KXDR< Nmtdanmc Mrkfdvgs, XO ?7, Gntry ;90, "Prgmty ai MRX =8, =690, Xg` Cmeg mn` Rgjhdnm Fmci-Hrgg`s," [krdp [tuhs, Nujhgr 886 Ukfgkeg`Z, `mtg` LWC =7tf, =6?;, =92 Mkrgs, `gcdvgrg` LWC =9tf, =6?;, dssug` ta Jdkfmgc Rmkenmu`, sgnt ta Mognt @auocmss.
Pfds imjdcy wms pmrt ai tfg Cdttcg [fgcc Hmn` mn` wgrg pmd` mnnudtdgs dn =697 mn` =699< Rmtna`g, Jdkfmgc U=699-?Z MNNWDPT< JF[ idcj J-;42 (Xacc ;), W.[. Kfdppgwm Mnnudty Xaccs< Rgjhdnm Mnnudty Xacc, Mds mnkg's Hmn`, =697<7? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- = jmn, = wajmn, 7 kfdc`rgn kfdc`rgn $ ;7 pmd` Rgjhdnm Mnnudty Xacc, Cdttcg [fgcc's Hmn`, =699<;/8= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .- = jmn, 0 kfdc`rgn $ =8.72p` Dn =648, Jdkfgc wms ang ai tfg Jgtds struke iraj tfg Purtcg Jauntmdn Hmn` Xaccs< Nmtdanmc Mrkfdvgs,< Nmtdanmc Mrkfdvgs, Xgkar` Oraup ?7, [pgkdmc Kmsg ==2, Gxfdhdt "H"< Cdst ai nmjgs strdkegn aii iraj tfg Xaccs ms pmrtdgs nat gntdtcg` ta tfg hgngidts ai m Prgmty wdtf tfg Purtcg Jauntmdn Kfdppgwm U[gptgjhgr,=648Z. Rmuc, Rmuc. Rmuc Rmuc wms tfg san ai Rmuc Rmuc Fus mn` Jmrdg Irmnkadsg Ladnvdccg. Fg jmrrdg` Jmrougrdtg Cmvmccgg, tfg `muoftgr ai Donmkg Cmvmccgg mn` Lasgpftg (Krgg), sfg wms harn dn =622 mt Dcg m cm Krassg [msemtkfgwmn. Pfgdr `muoftgr Irmnkadsg Rmuc harn =6=? wms jmrrdg` ta Irmnkads @mupfdnmds. Pfgdr san Mntadng Rmuc wms harn an Lung ;=, =686. Radtrms, Rdgrrg. (=6=2-=664) Rdgrrg Radtrms wms harn dn =6=2, mt Iart Gspgrmnkg, ]u—Mppgccg Ymccgy, Nartfwgst Pgrrdtardgs. Fds jatfgr wms Jmrougrdtg Ormnt, sdstgr ta Kutfhgrt Ormnt mn` fds imtfgr wms Mn`rg Fgnrd Radtrms iraj [t. Iayg, ]ughgk. Mn`rg Radtrms wms ang ai tfg iaun`grs ai [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr. Pfds wms m huiimca funtdno imjdcy mcwmys mktdvg an tfg pcmdns. Pfg imjdcy wms qudtg cmrog wdtf rgcmtdans an hatf sd`gs ai tfg har`gr. Mn`rg, sajgtdjgs enawn ms Fgnrd `dg` kdrkm =6;= mt [t. Lasgpf, @meatm Pgrrdtary. Rdgrrg Radtrms jmrrdg` Jmrdg Hruygrg, tfg `muoftgr ai Lgmn Hmptdstg Hruygrg mn` Irmnkadsg ([grpgntg) an Navgjhgr 8?, =6;8 mt [t. Handimkg. Pfgy fm` gcgvgn kfdc`rgn taogtfgr. Rdgrrg Radtrms wms m rgprgsgntmtdvg ta tfg Kanvgntdan ai Iarty rgprgsgntdno fds fajg `dstrdkt ai [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr. Fg wms mcsa m `gcgomtg ta tfg prgvdaus Kanvgntdan ai 80, Navgjhgr =9, =694. Rdgrrg hgkmjg ang ai tfg 80 jgjhgrs ai tfg Cgodscmtdvg Mssgjhcy ai Mssdndhadm cg` hy Cauds Xdgc. An Lung 80, =6?2, Fan. Jr Rdgrrg Radtrms sgkan`g` Fan. Jr Cauds [kfjd`t—s jatdan –Pfmt tfg Cgodscmtdvg Mssgjhcy ai Mssdndhadm mkkgpts, dn tfg nmjg ai tfg pgapcg, tfg Jmndtahm Mkt‚, tfus gntgrdno tfg @ajdndan ai Kmnm`m an tfg tgrjs prapasg` dn tfg Kanig`grmtdan Mkt. Fg wauc` mcsa wdtngss tfg sdondno ai Prgmty Nujhgr 0 dn tfg ]u—Mppgccg Ymccgy, dn =6?0. Xass, @anmc`. (=688-=667) @anmc` Xass, mcsa enawn ms @mndgc Xass, wms harn mt [t. Irmnïads Vmvdgr, tfg san ai Fuof Xass== mn` [mrm [fart. Fg jmrrdg` Kmtfgrdng @gcarjg mn` tfgy javg` ta m kcmdj sautf ai Pauran`—s Kaucgg. Xass wms m jgjhgr ai Xdgc—s Kaunkdc (Gxavg`mtg) mt Hmtakfg `urdno tfg =667 Xgsdstmnkg. Xass wms ang ai tfg jgn wfa kmjg ta tfg rgskug ai tfasg trmppg` mt Pauran`—s Kaucgg<
==
Fuof Xass fgc` FHK cat =7=6 mt Xg` Xdvgr.
Xassdonac. Rrahmhcy Lgmn Hmptdstg Xassdonac `dt Hcug wfa wms jmrrdg` ta Jmrougrdtg @gskautgmu (h. =6;0). Pfds wms m Purtcg Jauntmdn/Rgjhdnm imjdcy. Lgmn`ran Xassdonac, wms an tfg Rgjhdnm Mnnudty Xacc iar _my eg og eg zfdke—s Hmn` dn =696. Muoustdn, Cauds, Igcdx, mn` Gtdgnng Xmsdonacg mcsa taae Jgtds [krdp un`gr tfg Rgjhdnm mn` Xg` Cmeg Kfdppgwm Prgmty pravdsdans. [t. Jmttg `dt Lgrajg, Jmrk Mjhradsg Pfarng, _dccdmj. Rrahmhcy ang ai tfg sans ai Ogarog Pfarng [r. (h. =?4?) wfa wms cmtgr jmrrdg` ta Jmrdg Cgjdrg. Ogarog `dg` dn [t. [ t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr dn =66?. Prattdgr, Mn`rä (h. =6=9) Mn`rg jmrrdg` Dsmhgc Imckan, tfg `muoftgr ai Rdgrrg Imckan mn` Jmrdg Ormnt. Mn`rg wms tfg san ai Mn`rg Prattdgr mn` Jmrougrdtg [t. @gnds `dt Rmqugttg. Pfgdr sans, Kfmrcgs (mog =8) mn` Jdkfgc (mog =4) wgrg cdegcy prgsgnt mt tfds hmttcg. Kfmrcgs cmtgr hgkmjg tfg cgm`gr ai tfg Jgtds iraj Rrmdrdg-Xan`g, sautf ai [msemtaan5 fg fm` wdntgrg` tfgrg sdnkg tfg jd`-=672s. Kfmrcgs Prattdgr (harn =6;4) mn` Jdkfgc Prattdgr (harn =6;8) mppgmr an =69;-90 Xg` Cmeg mn` Rgjhdnm Kfdppgwm Prgmty ms nujhgrs 000 mn` 07? wfgn tfgy wgrg odvgn Xg` Cmeg Fmci-hrgg` [krdp dn =6?7. Ydvdgr, Mcgxds. (=?49-=6?9) Mcgxds wms tfg san ai Mcgxds [r. mn` Jmrdg Mnng (Mssdndhadng). Fg jmrrdg` Dsmhgccg [fart tfg `muoftgr ai Lmjgs [fart mn` Hgtsy [muctgusg dn =6;0 mt [IV. Ydvdgr, Jdkfgc. (h. =682) Jdkfgc wms tfg yaunogr hratfgr ai Mcgxds natg` mhavg, mcsa tfg san ai Mcgxds Ydvdgr [r. mn` Jmrdg Mnng (Mssdndhadng). Jdkfgc jmrrdg` Jm`gcgdng Iaurndgr, tfg `muoftgr ai Irmnkads Iaurndgr mn` Mnogcdqug Jgtfatg dn =608 mt [IV. _gcsf (_gccs, _dccs), G`wmr` Lr. (=6;?-=4=4) G`aumr` _dccs wms harn an Muoust ==, =6;? mt [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr, tfg san ai G`aumr` _dccs mn` Dsmhgccg JkOdccds. Fds imtfgrdn-cmw wms mcsa pmrt ai tfds oraup ms fg cmtgr jmrrdg` Jmrdg @gJantdony tfg `muoftgr ai Kfmrcgs @gJantdony mn` Jmrdg @gslmrcmds dn =69;. Fds sdstgr Rrdskdccg _dccs wms jmrrdg` ta Lgrajg Cmiaurnmdsg. G`aumr` sdong` m pgtdtdan iar m Jgtds rgsgrvg dn Jantmnm, sgnt hy Cauds Xdgc ta Ogngrmc Ngcsan M. Jdcgs an Muoust 9, =662. _gcsf (_gccs, _dccs), –Ng``y‚ G`wmr` [r. (h. =629) G`aumr` wms tfg san ai Lafn _dccs (Drdsf) mn` Jmrougrdtg Ormnt (Jgtds). Fg jmrrdg` Dsmhgccg JkOdccds dn =684 mt [IV. G`aumr` _dccs [r. (h. =6=8) ds cdstg` an tfg =672 Rgjhdnm Kgnsus wfgrg G`aumr` [r. ds sfawn ms m funtgr. G`aumr` _dccs mn` fds san G`aumr` Lr. hatf sdong` tfg =6?6 Kyprgss Fdccs Jgtds Funtdno Hmn` pgtdtdan iar m rgsgrvg. Pfgy mcsa sdong` Cauds rdgc—s =662 pgtdtdan iar m Jgtds rgsgrvg dn Jantmnm.
G`aumr` _dccs wms harn ngmr tfg sdtg ai Iart Odhrmctgr, Xg` Xdvgr, tfg san N_K Rmrtngr Lafn _dccs (Drdsf) mn` Lasgpftg Ormnt (Jgtds). Lasgpftg wms Kutfhgrt Ormnt—s sdstgr, tfus Kutfhgrt wms Ng``y—s jmtgrnmc unkcg. L afn _dccs fm` hudct Iart Odhrmctgr wfdkf wms cmtgr `gstrayg` hy tfg FHK dn =6=9 `urdno tfg trm`g wmr hgtwggn tfg twa kajpmndgs.
Dn =684, mt [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr, G`aumr` jmrrdg` Dsmhgccg JkOdccds (h. =6=6) tfg `muoftgr ai Mnous JkOdccds (=??0-=608) mn` fds Jgtds wdig Jmrougrdtg Natdndemhmn Ygnt `g Haut (h. =?62 mt Iart _dccdmj). An [gptgjhgr =?, =669 G`aumr` rgkgdvg` fds Jgtds [krdp. Dn fds mppcdkmtdan fg stmtgs tfmt fg fm` cgit [t. Irmnkads Vmvdgr dn =699 ta iaccaw tfg huiimca. Iraj =699 ta =66= fds imjdcy fm` mcwmys wdntgrg` mt Kyprgss Fdccs. An Lucy =7, =6?2, fg stmtgs fg wms cdvdno mt _aa` Jauntmdn mn` tfus wms gcdodhcg iar skrdp un`gr tfg @ajdndan Cmn`s Mkt. Mt tfg tdjg ai fds =669 mppcdkmtdan fg smd` fg fm` hggn cdvdno iar idvg ygmrs mt Cgwdstan, Jantmnm. Fg omvg fds akkupmtdan ms imrjgr, funtgr mn` irgdoftgr. Mt tfg tdjg ai mppcdkmtdan fg cdstg` fds sgvgn cdvdno kfdc`rgn ms< G`wmr` (h. =6;?) @anmc` (h. =602) Rrdskdccm (h. =60?) tfg wdig ai Lgrajg Cmhaukmng `dt Cmiaurnmdsg, cdvdno mt Hmttcg Xdvgr. Lafny Pfajms (h. =67=), jmrrdg` Caudsg _dcedg, tfg `muoftgr ai Mcgxmn`gr _dcedg mn` Caudsg Omrdgpy an Jmrkf =0, =66;.. Jmrdg Ydrodndg (h. =67=) mt Rgjhdnm, tfg wdig ai Jdkfgc Cmnogvdn. Mppacdng, tfg wdig ai Lasgpf Cmvgr`urg Lmjgs (h. =676) • • •
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_gcsf (_dccs), Dsmhgccg (JkOdccds) (h. =6=4) Dsmhgccg wms tfg `muoftgr ai Mnous JkOdccds mn` Jmrougrdtg Natdndemhan. Fgr hratfgr, Kutfhgrt JkOdccds wms mcsa pmrt ai tfds hrdom`g. [fg jmrrdg` G`aumr` _dccs (h. =629), tfg san ai Lafn _dccs mn` Lasgpftg Ormnt dn =6;9 mt [IV. _fdtiar`, Lmjgs Lr. (=684-=6?8) Lmjgs _fdtiar` wms harn dn =684 mt [t. Mn`rgw—s Xg` Xdvgr, tfg san ai Lmjgs _fdtiar` [r. mn` Nmnky [pgnkg. Fg jmrrdg` Jmry Xahdccmr`, tfg `muoftgr ai Rgtgr Xahdccmr` mn` Jmromrgt (Dn`dmn) an @gkgjhgr ;=, =67= mt _fdtg Ju` Xdvgr. Pfgy fm` tgn kfdc`rgn. _fdtiar`, Lmjgs [r. mem Ldjjdg Irmnkds. (=?48-=6?8) Lmjgs _fdtiar` wms tfg san ai Lmjgs Rgtgr _fdtiar` mn` [mrmf (Dn`dmn). Fg jmrrdg` Nmnky Jmry [pgnkg, tfg `muoftgr ai Jmonus [pgnkg mn` Krdstdmnm (Krgg) dn =682 mt [t. Lafn—s Xg` Xdvgr. Pfgy fm` tfdrtggn kfdc`rgn. Hy =669, hatf Lmjgs _fdtiar` [r. mn` Lmjgs _fdtiar` Lr. wgrg mjano tfg Jgtds mn` Irgnkf ai Ame Cmeg wfa pgtdtdang` Mrkfhdsfap Pmkfä iar m rgsd`gnt prdgst, natdno tfmt tfgy fm` na ang mjano tfgj ta hmptdzg, jmrry, ar hury tfgj, mn` tfgdr kfdc`rgn wgrg unmhcg ta tmeg kmtgkfdsj.=8 _fdtiar`, Jmry Nmnky (ngg [pgnkg). Nmnky [pgnkg wms jmrrdg` ta Lmjgs _fdtiar` [r.
=8
Mrkfdvgs ai tfg [akdätä fdstardqug `g [mdnt-Handimkg, Ian`s Mrkfgvìkfä `g [mdnt-Handimkg, Rgtdtdan paur mvadr un prìtrg mu Cmk `gs Kfìngs, Aktahgr 6, =669.
Jg`dkdng Hgmr
Jg`dkdng Hgmr =6?8.
