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Political law and Public International law
POLITICAL LAW DOCTRINES POLI POLITI TICA CAL L AND AND CONS CONSTI TITU TUTI TION ONAL AL LAW LAW Archipelago Doctrine Doctrine Doctrine of Constittional Spre!ac" Doctrine of #$icial Spre!ac" Doctrine of Ripeness for #$icial Re&ie' Doctrine of Parens Patriae Doctrine of Proper S*!ission Doctrine of Separation of Po'ers Doctrine of Separation of Chrch an an$ State Doctrine of State Continit" Act of State Doctrine Doctrine of State I!!nit" Doctrine of Restricti&e So&ereign I!!nit nit" Doctrine of E+ecti&e I!!nit" Doctrine of So&ereign E)alit" of States Political %estion Doctrine Doctrine of Inappropriate Pro&ision Doctrine of Ag!entation Ste'ar$ship Doctrine Doctrine of -air Co!!ent Enrolle$ Bill Doctrine Regalian Doctrine ,iran$a Doctrine S"!*iotic Relation Doctrine Doctrine of In$eli*le Allegiance Doctrine of I!plie$ Election Doctrine of -rit of Poisonos Tree Plain .ie' Doctrine Doctrine of Sper&ening E&ent O&er*rea$th Doctrine
PUBL PUBLIC IC INTE INTERN RNAT ATIO IONA NAL L LAW LAW Doctrine of Incorporation Incorporation Doctrine of Transfor!ation Doctrine of %alifie$ I!!nit" Doctrine of (ot Prsit Doctrine of Une)al Treaties Doctrine of #s Cogens Doctrine of State Responsi*ilit" Doctrine of of Effecti&e Na Nationalit" Pacta Snt Ser&an$a Re*s Sic Stanti*s Stanti*s Pacta Tertiis Doctrine of I!!e!orial Prescription ,onroe Doctrine Asiatic ,onroe Doctrine Balance of Po'er Doctrine Tr!an Doctrine (interlan$ Doctrine Wilson or To*ar Doctrine Sti!son Doctrine Estra$a Doctrine Thal'eg Doctrine ,i$$le of the Bri$ge Doctrine Cal&o Doctrine Drago Doctrine Ulti!ate Destination Doctrine of Infection Doctrine of Ulti!ate Cons!ption Doctrine of Continos &o"age Doctrine of Reciprocit" Principle of Ato li!itation
ELECTION LAW Doctrine of Statistical I!pro*a*ilit" I!pro*a*ilit"
LAW ON PUBLIC CORPORATIONS/ LOCAL 0O.ERN,ENT Doctrine of I!plie$ ,nicipal Lia*ilit"
LAW O- PUBLIC O--ICERS Doctrine of Necessar" I!plication Doctrine of Co!!an$ Responsi*ilit" Lego Doctrine Doctrine of -orgi&eness or Con$onation (ol$ O&er Doctrine
AD,INISTRATI.E AD,INISTRATI.E LAW Doctrine of Res #$icata in A$!inistrati&e A$!inistrati&e La' Doctrine of Prior Resort or Doctrine of Pri!ar" A$!inistrati&e #ris$iction #ris$iction Doctrine of E+hastion of A$!inistrati&e A$!inistrati&e Re!e$ies Doctrine of -inalit" of A$!inistrati&e A$!inistrati&e Action Doctrine of S*or$inate Legislation Doctrine of Legislati&e Appro&al *" ReEnact!ent Bran$eis Doctrine of Assi!ilation of -acts Doctrine of %alifie$ Political Agenc" or Alter Ego Doctrine
Political law and Public International law
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Archipelago Doctrine It e!phasi3es the nit" of lan$ an$ 'aters *" $efining an archipelago either as a grop of islan$s srron$e$ *" 'aters or a *o$" of 'aters st$$e$ 'ith islan$s4 -or this prpose5 it re)ires that *aselines *e $ra'n *" connecting the appropriate points of the oter!ost islan$s to encircle the islan$s 'ithin the archipelago4 The 'aters on the lan$ 'ar$ si$e of the *aselines regar$less of their *rea$th or $i!ensions are internal 'aters4
Doctrine of Constitutional Supremacy The Constittion is the *asic an$ para!ont la' of the lan$ to 'hich all other la's !st confor! an$ to 'hich all persons5 incl$ing the highest officials of the lan$5 !st $efer4 No la' or act shall *e &ali$ if it conflicts 'ith the Constittion4
Doctrine of u!icial Supremacy The po'er of the 6$iciar" to annl the acts of either the legislati&e or the e+ecti&e *ranches of go&ern!ent5 or of *oth5 'hen not confor!a*le to the fn$a!ental la'4 (Assn. of Small Landowners v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343
Doctrine of Ripeness for u!icial Re"ie# The *asic principle of ripeness is that the 6$icial !achiner" shol$ *e conser&e$ for pro*le!s 'hich are real an$ present an$ i!!inent5 an$ shol$ not *e s)an$ere$ on pro*le!s 'hich are ftre5 i!aginar" or re!ote4 An isse is nor!all" ripe for 6$icial $eter!ination 'hen the interests of the plaintiff are5 in fact s*6ecte$ to or i!!inentl" threatene$ 'ith s*stantial in6r" (!e Leon, Administrative Law, ". 3#$%3#1
Doctrine of Parens Patriae Literall"5 parent of the people4 It refers to the State po'er to 7enforce all charities of a p*lic natre48 It li9e'ise incl$es the po'er of the State to pro&i$e ai$5 legal5 !aterial5 or other'ise to the less fortnate or those 'hose social stats is econo!icall" lo' in a $e!ocratic societ"4 (&olledo, Constit'tion Annotated, ". 5$
Doctrine of Proper Su$mission Ple*iscite !a" *e hel$ on the sa!e $a" of the reglar election *t onl" in one ple*iscite :on)ales v. Comelec, *1 SCRA 774
Doctrine of Separation of Po#ers The !a6or po'ers of go&ern!ent are actall" $istri*te$ *" the Constittion a!ong the se&eral $epart!ents na!el" the legislati&e5 e+ecti&e an$ the 6$iciar"5 an$ the Constittional Co!!issions for their proper e+ercise4 It precl$es one *ranch of the go&ern!ent fro! e+ercising or in&a$ing the po'ers of another4
Doctrine of Separation of Church an! State E+presse$ in sec. +, Art of the Constittion 'hich states that -/e se"aration of C/'rc/ and State s/all 0e inviola0le an$ reinforce$ *" the Nonesta*lish!ent Clase an$ -ree E+ercise Clase containe$ in sec. 5, Art. of the Bill of Rights4
Political law and Public International law
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Doctrine of State Continuity The State contines as a 6ristic *eing not'ithstan$ing changes in its circ!stances "rovided that the" $o not reslt in the loss of an" of its essential ele!ents4
Act of State Doctrine n 2olitical Law < It is an act $one *" the political $epart!ents of the go&ern!ent an$ not s*6ect to 6$icial re&ie'4 •
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n nternational Law It !eans that e&er" so&ereign state is *on$ to respect the in$epen$ence of e&er" other state an$ the corts of one contr" 'ill not sit in 6$g!ent on the acts of the go&ern!ent of another $one 'ithin its territor"4
Doctrine of State Immunity The State !a" not *e se$ 'ithot its consent :sec.3, Art. 1+, Constit'tion.
Doctrine of Restricti"e So"ereign Immunity When a State enters into a contract5 it $oes not follo' that there is an i!plie$ consent to se4 It !st ta9e into accont 'hether the state entere$ in 's im"erii :so&ereign acts= 'here sit 'ill not lie *t not 'here 's gestionis :proprietar" acts= is in&ol&e$4 (S v. R'i), 13+ SCRA 4#7
Doctrine of E%ecuti"e Immunity Originall" fon$e$ pon the i$ea in ,e$ie&al Englan$ that the 7King can do no wrong .8 In the Philippine setting5 it is the i!!nit" fro! sit of the inc!*ent Presi$ent4 In n Re Sat'rnino 6erm'de) (145 SCRA 1$, it 'as rle$ that 7inc!*ent Presi$ents are i!!ne fro! sit or fro! *eing *roght to cort $ring the perio$ of their inc!*enc" an$ tenre8 but not beyond .
Doctrine of So"ereign E&uality of States An e)al cannot e+ercise 6ris$iction against another e)al for it 'ill n$l" &e+ the peace of nations5 in &iolation of the !a+i! 7 "ar in "arem non /a0et im"eri'm. (Sy'ia v. Almeda%Lo"e), #4 2/ils. 31*
Political 'uestion Doctrine Refers to those )estions 'hich n$er the Constittion< :1= are to *e $eci$e$ *" the people in their so&ereign capacit"5 :2= or in regar$ to 'hich fll $iscretionar" athorit" has *een $elegate$ to the Legislati&e or E+ecti&e *ranch of go&ern!ent4 It is concerne$ 'ith isses $epen$ent pon the 'is$o!5 not legalit" of a particlar !easre4 (8strada v. 9A, R. &o.14+71$%15
Doctrine of Inappropriate Pro"ision An" pro&ision 'hich $oes not relate to an" particlar ite!5 or 'hich e+ten$s in its operation *e"on$ an ite! of appropriation is consi$ere$ an 7inappropriate pro&ision8 'hich can *e &etoe$ separatel" fro! an ite!4 Also to *e incl$e$ in the categor" of 7inappropriate pro&isions8 are nconstittional pro&isions an$ pro&isions 'hich are inten$e$ to a!en$ other la's *ecase clearl"5 these 9in$ of la's ha&e no place in an appropriation la'4 >2/ilconsa v. 8nri'e) *35 SCRA 5$7 (1::4;
Political law and Public International law
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Doctrine of Augmentation A prohi*ition against transfer of appropriations (see sec. *5, Art. < Constit'tion. (o'e&er5 the Presi$ent@ Senate Presi$ent@ Spea9er of the (ose@ Chief #stice@ an$ (ea$s of Constittional Co!!issions !a"5 *" la'5 *e athori3e$ to ag!ent an" ite! in the general appropriations la' for their respecti&e offices fro! sa&ings in other ite!s of their respecti&e appropriations4 (arcia, 2re%=ee> 9emory Aid, ".4*
Ste#ar!ship Doctrine Pri&ate propert" is sppose$ to *e hel$ *" the in$i&i$al onl" as a trstee for the people 'ho are its real o'ners4
Doctrine of (air Comment -air co!!entaries on !atters of p*lic interest are pri&ilege$ an$ constitte a &ali$ $efense in an action for li*el or slan$er4 It !eans that 'hile in general5 e&er" $iscre$ita*le i!ptation p*licl" !a$e is $ee!e$ false5 *ecase e&er" !an is pres!e$ innocent ntil his gilt is 6$iciall" pro&e$5 an$ e&er" false i!ptation is $ee!e$ !alicios5 ne&ertheless5 'hen the $iscre$ita*le i!ptation is $irecte$ against a p*lic person in his p*lic capacit"5 it is not necessaril" actiona*le unless it *e false allegations of fact or co!!ent *ase$ on a false spposition4 If the co!!ent is an e+pression of opinion5 *ase$ on facts5 then it is i!!aterial that the opinion happens to *e !ista9en as long as it !ight reasona*l" *e inferre$ fro! the facts4 (6oral v. CA, 5$1 SCRA 1
Enrolle! )ill Doctrine* The enrolle$ *ill is conclsi&e pon the corts not onl" as regar$s the pro&isions thereof *t also its $e enact!ent in o*ser&ance of the principle of separation of po'ers4
ENROLLED BILL5 $efine$< one 'hich has *een $l" intro$ce$5 finall" passe$ *" *oth hoses of Congress5 signe$ *" the proper offices of each5 appro&e$ *" the Presi$ent an$ file$ *" the Secretar" of the State4
Regalian Doctrine In p*lic la'5 a $istinction is !a$e *et'een im"eri'm an$ domini'm4 m"eri'm is the go&ern!ent athorit" possesse$ *" the State e+presse$ in the concept of so&ereignt"4 !omini'm is the capacit" of the State to o'n or ac)ire propert"4 !omini'm5 'hich 'as the fon$ation for the earl" Spanish $ecrees e!*racing the fe$al theor" of +ura regalia that all lan$s 'ere hel$ fro! the Cro'n5 is also the fon$ation of the first sentence of section 24 As a$opte$ in a rep*lican s"ste!5 ho'e&er5 the !e$ie&al concept of 'ra regalia has *een strippe$ of regalian o&ertones@ o'nership is &este$ in the State5 not in the hea$ of State*e he Presi$ent or Pri!e ,inister4 (6ernas Reviewer citing Lee ?ong @o> v. !avid, 4# SCRA 37*,377 Art. , sec. * of the Constittion states< 7All lan$s of the p*lic $o!ain5 'aters5 !inerals5 coal5 petrole!5 an$ other !ineral oils5 all forces of potential energ"5 fisheries5 forests or ti!*er5 'il$life5 flora an$ fana5 an$ other natral resorces are o'ne$ *" the State4 With the e+ception of agricltral lan$s5 all other natral resorces shall not *e alienate$4 8
Political law and Public International law
,iran!a Doctrine Rights a&aila*le $ring csto$ial in&estigation or incsto$" interrogation of an accse$ person5 'hich has *een $efine$ as an" )estioning initiate$ *" la' enforce!ent officers after a person has *een ta9en into csto$" or other'ise $epri&e$ of his free$o! of action in an" significant 'a"4
The rle *egins to operate as soon as the in&estigation ceases to *e a general in)ir" into an nsol&e$ cri!e an$ $irection is then ai!e$ pon a particlar sspect 'ho has *een ta9en into csto$" an$ to 'ho! the police 'ol$ then $irect interrogator" )estions 'hich ten$ to elicit incri!inating state!ents4 RI0(TS A.AILABLE n$er the ,IRANDA DOCTRINE< :1= The right to re!ain silent :2= The right to a co!petent an$ in$epen$ent consel prefera*l" of his o'n choice at all stages of the in&estigation4 :;= The right to *e infor!e$ of sch rights4 /ese rig/ts cannot 0e waived eBce"t in writing and signed 0y t/e "erson in t/e "resence of /is co'nsel. :?= No tortre5 force5 &iolence5 threat5 inti!i$ation5 or an" other !eans 'hich &itiates the free 'ill shall *e se$ against hi!4 := Secret $etention places5 solitar"5 inco!!nica$o5 or other si!ilar for!s of $etention are prohi*ite$4 := An" confession or a$!ission o*taine$ in &iolation of this or section 1 hereof shall *e ina$!issi*le in e&i$ence against hi!4 := The la' shall pro&i$e for penal an$ ci&il sanctions for &iolations of this section5 as 'ell as co!pensation to an$ reha*ilitation of &icti!s of tortre or si!ilar practices5 as 'ell as their fa!ilies48 (see sec. 1*, Art. , 1:#7 Constit'tion
Sym$iotic Relation Doctrine The i!portance of ta+ation is $e to the na&oi$a*le o*ligation of the go&ern!ent to protect the people an$ e+ten$ the! *enefits in the for! of p*lic pro6ects an$ ser&ices5 an$ in retrn5 the citi3ens ha&e the reciprocal $t" of sharing the e+penses to *e incrre$ in carr"ing sch o*ligation throgh the pa"!ent of ta+es4
Doctrine of In!eli$le Allegiance An in$i&i$al !a" *e co!pelle$ to retain his original nationalit" e&en if he has alrea$" renonce$ or forfeite$ it n$er the la's of the secon$ state 'hose nationalit" he has ac)ire$4
Doctrine of Implie! Election The e+ercise of the right of sffrage an$ participation in election e+ercise constitte a positi&e act of election of Philippine citi3enship4 (n re lorencio 9allari D Co v. ?R8, 1:: SCRA +:*
Doctrine of (ruit of a Poisonous Tree Once the pri!ar" sorce :tree= is sho'n to ha&e *een nla'fll" o*taine$5 an" secon$ar" or $eri&ati&e e&i$ence :frit= $eri&e$ fro! it is also ina$!issi*le4 The rle is *ase$ on the principle that e&i$ence illegall" o*taine$ *" the state shol$ not *e se$ to gain other e&i$ence5 *ecase the originall" illegall" o*taine$ e&i$ence taints all e&i$ence s*se)entl" o*taine$4
Political law and Public International law
Plain "ie# !octrine O*6ects falling in plain &ie' of an officer 'ho has a right to *e in the position to ha&e that &ie' are s*6ect to sei3re e&en 'ithot search 'arrant an$ sch o*6ects !a" *e intro$ce$ in e&i$ence4
Doctrine of Super"ening E"ent The accse$ !a" *e prosecte$ for another offense if a s*se)ent $e&elop!ent changes the character of the first in$ict!ent n$er 'hich he !a" alrea$" ha&e *een charge$ or con&icte$4
O"er$rea!th Doctrine E&en thogh the go&ern!entFs prposes are legiti!ate an$ s*stantial5 the" cannot *e prse$ *" !eans that *roa$l" stiffle fn$a!ental personal li*erties5 'hen the en$ can *e !ore narro'l" achie&e$4 (A6S%C6& v. Comelec, 3*3 SCRA #11E Lect'res of Atty. Sandoval, SSC%R Law, 6ar Review Center
ELECTION LAW
Doctrine of Statistical Impro$a$ility a-.-a- Lagum$ay Doctrine This rle states that< a4 'here there e+ists nifor!it" in the tallies of can$i$ates *elonging to one part"@ *4 the s"ste!atic *lan9ing ot of the opposing can$i$ates5 as 'hen all the can$i$ates of one part" recei&e$ all the &otes5 each of 'ho! got e+actl" the sa!e n!*er5 an$ the opposing can$i$ates got 3ero &otes the election retrns are o*&iosl" !anfactre$5 contrar" to all statistical pro*a*ilities an$ tterl" i!pro*a*le an$ clearl" incre$i*le4 (Lag'm0ay v. Comelec, 1+ SCRA 175
LAW O- PUBLIC O--ICERS
Doctrine of Necessary Implication All po'ers necessar" for the effecti&e e+ercise of the e+press po'ers of a p*lic officer are $ee!e$ i!plie$l" grante$4
Doctrine of Comman! Responsi$ility A sperior officer is lia*le for acts of his s*or$inates 'hen he negligentl" or 'illfll" e!plo"s or retains nfit or inco!petent s*or$inates4 (arcia, 2re%=ee> Reviewer
A hea$ of a $epart!ent or a sperior officer shall not *e ci&ill" lia*le for the 'rongfl acts5 o!issions of $t"5 negligence or !isfeasance of his s*or$inates nless he has actall" athori3e$ *" 'ritten or$er the specific act or !iscon$ct co!plaine$ of4 FSec. 3#, (3, C/a"ter :, 6oo> , Administrative Code;
Political law and Public International law
Luego Doctrine The $octrine lai$ $o'n the rle that appoint!ent is $iscretionar"4 It is a political )estion in&ol&ing consi$erations of 'is$o! that onl" the appointing athorit" !a" $eter!ine4 So that for as long as the appointee to a gi&en office !eets the !ini!! )alifications prescri*e$5 the Ci&il Ser&ice Co!!ission5 e&en the Spre!e Cort itself5 is po'erless to nllif" the appoint!ent on the gron$ that so!e*o$" else is *etter )alifie$4 FL'ego v. CSC, 143 SCRA 3*7 (1:#+;
Doctrine of (orgi"eness or Con!onation A p*lic official cannot *e re!o&e$ for a$!inistrati&e !iscon$ct co!!itte$ $ring a prior ter!5 since his reelection to office operates as a con$onation of the officerFs pre&ios !iscon$ct to the e+tent of ctting off the right to re!o&e hi! therefor4 The foregoing rle5 ho'e&er5 fin$s no application to cri!inal cases pen$ing against petitioner4 FAg'inaldo v. Santos, *1* SCRA 7+# (1::*;
/ol!0O"er Doctrine :also (ol$O&er Principle= The concept of hol$o&er 'hen applie$ to a p*lic officer i!plies that the office has a fi+e$ ter! an$ the inc!*ent is hol$ing onto the sccee$ing ter!4 It is sall" pro&i$e$ *" la' that officers electe$ or appointe$ for a fi+e$ ter! shall re!ain in office not onl" for the ter! *t ntil their sccessors ha&e *een electe$ an$ )alifie$4 Where this pro&ision is fon$5 the office $oes not *eco!e &acant pon the e+piration of the ter! if there is no sccessor electe$ an$ )alifie$ to ass!e it5 *t the present inc!*ent 'ill carr" o&er ntil his sccessor is electe$ an$ )alifie$5 e&en thogh it *e *e"on$ the ter! fi+e$ *" la'4 FLecaro) v. Sandigan0ayan, 3$5 SCRA 3:7 (1:::;
AD,INISTRATI.E LAW
Doctrine of Res u!icata in A!ministrati"e La# Decisions an$ or$ers of a$!inistrati&e agencies5 ren$ere$ prsant to their )asi6$icial athorit" ha&e5 pon their finalit"5 the force an$ *in$ing effect of a final 6$g!ent 'ithin the pr&ie' of res 6$icata4 (&A v. 9ainit L'm0er !evt. Co. 1:* SCRA 5:#
Doctrine of Prior Resort or Doctrine of Primary A!ministrati"e uris!iction In nd'strial 8nter"rises v. CA (1#4 SCRA 4*+ 5 the SC rle$ that it !a" occr that the cort has 6ris$iction to ta9e cogni3ance of a particlar case concrrentl" 'ith an a$!inistrati&e agenc"4 ?owever 5 if the case is sch that its $eter!ination re)ires the e+pertise5 speciali3e$ s9ills an$ 9no'le$ge of the proper a$!inistrati&e *o$ies *ecase technical !atters or intricate )estions of facts are in&ol&e$5 then relief !st first *e o*taine$ in a$!inistrati&e procee$ings4
Doctrine of (inality of A!ministrati"e Action No resort to the corts 'ill *e allo'e$ nless the a$!inistrati&e action has *een co!plete$ an$ there is nothing left to *e $one in the a$!inistrati&e strctre4
Doctrine of Su$or!inate Legislation The po'er of a$!inistrati&e agenc" to pro!lgate rles an$ reglations on !atters of their o'n speciali3ation4
Political law and Public International law
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Doctrine of Legislati"e Appro"al $y Re0Enactment The rles an$ reglations pro!lgate$ *" the proper a$!inistrati&e agenc" i!ple!enting the la' are $ee!e$ confir!e$ an$ appro&e$ *" the Legislatre 'hen sai$ la' 'as reenacte$ *" later legislation or throgh co$ification4 The Legislatre is pres!e$ to ha&e fll 9no'le$ge of the contents of the reglations then at the ti!e of the reenact!ent4
)ran!eis Doctrine of Assimilation of (acts One prports to *e fin$ing of fact *t is so in&ol&e$ 'ith an$ $epen$ent pon a )estion of la' as to *e in s*stance an$ effect a $ecision on the latter5 corts 'ill re&ie' the entire case incl$ing the latter4
Doctrine of E%haustion of A!ministrati"e Reme!ies A rle that *efore a part" is allo'e$ to see9 the inter&ention of the cort5 it is a precon$ition that he shol$ ha&e a&aile$ of all the !eans of a$!inistrati&e processes affor$e$ hi!4 (nion 6an> v. CA, *:$ SCRA 1:# This $octrine is $isregar$e$ 'hen< 14 there is &iolation of $e process@ 24 the isse in&ol&e$ is prel" a legal )estion@ ;4 there is estoppel on the part of the a$!inistrati&e agenc" concerne$@ ?4 the a$!inistrati&e action is patentl" illegal a!onting to lac9 or e+cess of 6ris$iction@ 4 there is irrepara*le in6r"@ 4 the respon$ent is a $epart!ent secretar" 'hose acts as an alter ego of the Presi$ent *ears the i!plie$ an$ ass!e$ a ppro&al of the latter@ 4 to re)ire e+hastion of a$!inistrati&e re!e$ies 'ol$ *e nreasona*le G4 it 'ol$ a!ont to nllification of a clai!@ H4 the s*6ect !atter is pri&ate lan$ in lan$ case procee$ing@ 14 the rle $oes not pro&i$e a plain5 spee$" an$ a$e)ate re!e$"@ an$5 114 there are circ!stances in$icating the rgenc" of 6$icial inter&ention F2aat vs. CA, *++ SCRA 1+7, (1::7;
Doctrine of 'ualifie! Political Agency or Alter Ego Doctrine All e+ecti&e an$ a$!inistrati&e organi3ations are a$6ncts of the EJECUTI.E DEPART,ENT4 The hea$s of the &arios e+ecti&e $epart!ents are assistants an$ agents of the Chief E+ecti&e5 an$ eBce"t in cases w/ere t/e C/ief 8Bec'tive is re'ired 0y t/e Constit'tion or law to act "ersonally 5 the !ltifarios e+ecti&e an$ a$!inistrati&e fnctions of the Chief E+ecti&e are perfor!e$ *" an$ throgh the e+ecti&e $epart!ents5 an$ the acts of the Secretaries of sch $epart!ents5 perfor!e$ an$ pro!lgate$ in the reglar corse of *siness5 are5 'nless disa""roved or re"ro0ated 0y t/e C/ief 8Bec'tive are presumpti"ely the acts of the Chief E+ecti&e4 FGoson v. orres, *:$ SCRA *7: (1::#;
LOCAL 0O.ERN,ENT
Doctrine of Implie! ,unicipal Lia$ility A !nicipalit" !a" *eco!e o*ligate$ pon an i!plie$ contract to pa" the reasona*le &ale of the *enefits accepte$ or appropriate$ *" it as to 'hich it has the general po'er to contract (2rovince of Ce0' v. AC, 147 SCRA 4474 The $octrine applies to all cases 'here !one" or other propert" of a part" is recei&e$ n$er sch circ!stances that the general la'5 in$epen$ent of an e+press contract5 i!plies an o*ligation to $o 6stice 'ith respect to the sa!e4 (&ac/'ra, Reviewer, *$$$, ". 431
Political law and Public International law
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PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
Doctrine of Incorporation Rles of international la' for! part of the la' of the lan$ an$ no frther legislati&e action is nee$e$ to !a9e sch rles applica*le in the $o!estic sphere4 The $octrine is recogni3e$ in the Philippines throgh sec. *, Art. of t/e Constit'tion as the Philippines 7a$opts the generall" accepte$ principles of international la' as part of the la' of the lan$48 Rles of international la' are gi&en e)al stan$ing 'ith5 *t are not sperior to5 national legislati&e enact!ents4 Ths5 the Constittion as the highest la' of the lan$ !a" in&ali$ate a treat" in conflict 'ith it4 (Sec. of G'stice v. ?on. Lantion, Gan. 1#, *$$$
Doctrine of Transformation International la' is not "er se *in$ing pon the State4 Sch !st first *e e!*o$ie$ in legislation enacte$ *" the la'!a9ing *o$" an$ so transfor!e$ into !nicipal la'4 Onl" 'hen so transfor!e$ 'ill the international la' *eco!e *in$ing pon the State as part of its !nicipal la'4 The $octrine of transfor!ation is fon$ in the Philippines throgh the Treaty Clause5 sec. *1, Art. < of the Constittion4 No treat" or international agree!ent shall *e &ali$ an$ effecti&e nless concrre$ in *" at least 2/; of all the !e!*ers of the Senate4
Doctrine of 'ualifie! Immunity I!!nit" is grante$ to foreign states onl" in respect of their go&ern!ental acts : acts 're im"erii =5 not in respect of their co!!ercial acts :acts 're gestionis4 -or acts 're gestionis, a foreign state !a" *e se$ in the national cort of another state4 The Philippines a$heres to the $octrine of )alifie$ i!!nit"5 *oth as a principle of international la' incorporate$ as Philippine la'5 an$ as an a$6nct of the principle of state i!!nit" fro! sit4
Doctrine of /ot Pursuit Un$er this $octrine if an offense is co!!itte$ *" a foreign !erchant &essel 'ithin the territorial 'aters of the coastal State or if the coastal State has goo$ reasons to *elie&e that sch an offense ha$ *een co!!itte$5 the sai$ state &essel !a" prse the offen$ing &essel an$ pon captre *ring it *ac9 to its territor" for pnish!ent4
Doctrine of 1ne&ual Treaties Treaties 'hich ha&e *een i!pose$ :throgh coercion or $ress= *" a State of ne)al character is &oi$4
Doctrine of us Cogens States that csto!ar" international la' has the stats of pere!ptor" nor! of international la'5 accepte$ an$ recogni3e$ *" the international co!!nit" of states as a rle fro! 'hich no $erogation is per!itte$4 Accor$ingl"5 a treat" 'hose pro&isions contra&ene sch international nor!s or rles !a" *e in&ali$ate$4
Political law and Public International law
Doctrine of State Responsi$ility for In+ury to aliens A state is n$er the o*ligation to !a9e reparations to the other state for the failre to flfill its pri!ar" o*ligation to affor$ in accor$ance 'ith international la'5 the proper protection $e to the alien national of the latter state4 The state !a" therefore *e hel$ lia*le for the in6ries an$ $a!ages sstaine$ *" the alien 'hile in the territor" of the state if@
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the act or o!ission constittes an international $elin)enc" the act or o!ission is $irectl" or in$irectl" i!pta*le to the state in6r" to the clai!ant state in$irectl" *ecase of $a!ages to its nationals4
Doctrine of Effecti"e Nationality This principle is e+presse$ in Art4 5 of the (age Con&ention of 1H; on the Conflict of Nationalit" La's as follo's< Art44 Within a thir$ State5 a person ha&ing !ore than one nationalit" shall *e treate$ as if he ha$ onl" one4 Withot pre6$ice to the application of its la' in !atters of personal stats an$ of an" con&ention in force5 a thir$ State shall5 of the nationalities 'hich an" sch person possesses5 recogni3e e+clsi&el" in its territor" either the nationalit" of the contr" 'ith 'hich in the circ!stances he appears to *e in fact !ost closel" connecte$4
Pacta Sunt Ser"an!a E&er" treat" in force is *in$ing pon the parties an$ !st *e perfor!e$ *" the! in goo$ faith4 This applies $espite har$ships on the contracting State5 sch as conflict *et'een the treat" an$ its Constittion4
Re$us Sic Stanti$us A part" is not *on$ to perfor! a treat" if there has *een a fn$a!ental change of circ!stances since the treat" 'as concl$e$4 t /as 0een descri0ed as t/e eBce"tion to t/e r'le on "acta s'nt servanda. The principle 6stifies the nonperfor!ance of a treat" o*ligation if the s*se)ent con$ition in relation to 'hich the parties contracte$ has change$ so !ateriall" an$ ne+pecte$l" as to create a sitation in 'hich the e+action of perfor!ance 'ol$ *e nreasona*le4
Re*s Sic Stanti*s !a" not *e in&o9e$ as a gron$ for ter!inating or 'ith$ra'ing fro! a treat"< 14 if the treat" esta*lishes a *on$ar"@ 24 if the 7fn$a!ental change8 is the reslt of a *reach *" the part" in&o9ing it5 of an o*ligation n$er a treat" or of an" other o*ligation o'e$ to an" part" to the treat"4
Pacta Tertiis A state is not *on$ to act in accor$ance 'ith a treat" if it is not a part" to that treat"4 The e+ception is that if that treat" co$ifies csto!ar" international la'5 in 'hich case5 the state re!ains *on$4
Political law and Public International law
11
2rotius Doctrine of Immemorial Prescription Territor" !a" also *e ac)ire$ throgh continos an$ ninterrpte$ possession o&er a long perio$ of ti!e4 In international la'5 ho'e&er5 there is no rle of th!* as to the length of ti!e nee$e$ for the ac)isition of territor" throgh prescription4 In this connection5 consi$er the roti's !octrine of mmemorial 2rescri"tion 5 'hich spea9s of ninterrpte$ possession going *e"on$ !e!or"4 (&ac/'ra, ". 47:
,onroe Doctrine Ennciate$ *" US Presi$ent ,onroe4 The $octrine pro&i$e$< :1= That there shol$ *e no frther coloni3ation *" Eropean po'ers in the A!erican continents@ :2= That there shol$ *e no e+tension of the Eropean political s"ste! to an" portion of the he!isphere@ an$ :;= That there shol$ *e no Eropean interposition in the affairs of e+isting go&ern!ents in the A!ericas for the prpose of oppressing the!5 or controlling in an" !anner their $estin"4 (Ar'ego, ". 73
Asiatic ,onroe Doctrine In effect5 the Asiatic ,onroe Doctrine 'ol$ !ean that the -ar East *e preser&e$ for the -ar East 'ith Occi$ental po'ers 9eeping off their han$s@ an$ that as the Unite$ States gar$e$ the contries of the A!erican he!isphere against foreign encroach!ents5 so !st #apan gar$ those of the -ar East4 (Ar'ego, ". 74
)alance of Po#er Doctrine The principle n$erl"ing the $octrine of the *alance of po'er see!s to *e that the increase in the po'er of a state or of a grop of states or the change in relations of states !a" en$anger the e+istence of others@ hence5 it is necessar" that states in sch geographical pro+i!it" as to *e en$angere$ !st ta9e !easres for their preser&ation4 (Ar'ego, ". 74
Truman Doctrine It 'as a proposal !a$e *" Presi$ent Tr!an in a !essage to Congress on ,arch 125 1H?5 in 'hich he pointe$ to the nee$ of econo!ic an$ !ilitar" ai$ *" the Unite$ States to 0reece an$ Tr9e" it 'as later *roa$ene$ to incl$e Erope *ecase 7 it !st *e the polic" of the Unite$ States to spport free people 'ho are resisting atte!pte$ s*6gation *" ar!e$ !inorities or *" otsi$e pressres48 (Ar'ego, ". 75
/interlan! Doctrine A $octrine a$opte$ in the partition of Africa $eli!iting the territorial 3ones contigos to the initial settle!ent set p along the coasts5 as spheres of inflence *ase$ on the coastal settle!ent 4
Wilson or To$ar Doctrine
12 Precl$es recognition of go&ern!ent esta*lishe$ *" re&oltion5 ci&il 'ar5 co'" dH etat 5 or other for!s of internal &iolence ntil the freel" electe$ representati&es of the people ha&e organi3e$ a constittional go&ern!ent4
Political law and Public International law
Stimson Doctrine Precl$es recognition of an" go&ern!ent esta*lishe$ as a reslt of e+ternal aggression
Estra!a Doctrine Diplo!atic representati&es of a contr" 'here political phea&al has ta9en place 'ill $eal or 'ill not $eal 'ith 'hate&er go&ern!ent is in control therein at ti!e an$ either action shall not *e ta9en as 6$g!ent on legiti!ac" of sai$ go&ern!ent4
Thal#eg Doctrine -or *on$ar" ri&ers5 in the a*sence of an agree!ent *et'een the riparian states5 the *on$ar" line is lai$ on the !i$$le of the na&iga*le channel4
,i!!le of the )ri!ge Doctrine Where there is a *ri$ge o&er a *on$ar" ri&er5 the *on$ar" line is the !i$$le or center of the *ri$ge4
Cal"o Doctrine No state is responsi*le for losses sffere$ as a reslt of insrrection or ci&il 'ar4
Drago Doctrine A p*lic $e*t cannot gi&e rise to the right of inter&ention4
Doctrine of 1ltimate Destination Athori3es confiscation of contra*an$s *ase$ on lti!ate $estination of goo$s4 E&en if the &essel stops at an inter!e$iate port5 it 'ill still *e consi$ere$ as one continos &o"age pro&i$e$ it can *e sho'n that its cargo 'ill lti!atel" *e $eli&ere$ to a hostile $estination4
Doctrine of Infection Contra*an$s that are shippe$ together 'ith innocent goo$s *elonging to the sa!e person !a" *e confiscate$
Doctrine of 1ltimate Consumption 0oo$s inten$e$ for ci&ilian se5 'hich !a" lti!atel" fin$ their 'a" to an$ *e cons!e$ *" *elligerent forces !a" *e sei3e$ on the 'a"4
Doctrine of Continuous 3oyage 0oo$s reloa$e$ at an inter!e$iate port on the sa!e &essel5 or reloa$e$ on another &essel or other for!s of transportation !a" also *e sei3e$ on the *asis of the $octrine of Ulti!ate Cons!ption4
Doctrine of Reciprocity
1; If the re)esting state is sho'n to *e 'illing to srren$er its o'n national for trial *" the corts of another contr"5 the $etaining state !st also srren$er its o'n citi3ens for trial4
Political law and Public International law
Principle of A1TO0LI,ITATION4 7It is to *e a$!itte$ that an" state !a"5 *" its consent5 e+press or i!plie$5 s*!it to a restriction of its so&ereign rights4 There !a" ths *e a crtail!ent of 'hat other'ise is a po'er plenar" in character4 That is the concept of so&ereignt" as ato li!itation5 'hich5 in the sccinct langage of #elline95 Kis the propert" of a stateforce $e to 'hich it has the e+clsi&e capacit" of legal self$eter!ination an$ selfrestriction4F :Reagan &4 CIR5 ; SCRA H; )ote$ in Nolle$o5 p4 ?=
