1
Band and ƒr VLF 3-30 KHz LF 30-300 KHz MF 300-3000 KHz
HF 3-30 MHz Usable 2-22 MHz VHF 30-300 MHz
λ
Radio Aid
Freq of Ops
Principle
Range
Accuracy & Coverage
Errors
How errors Overcome
100-10 Km 10000-1000 m
ADF
190-1750 KHz
NDB
190-450 KHz
Bearing by loop theory
Locators 10-25 Nms Homing & Holding 50 Nms LR>100 Nm T-Tx Pwr F-Freq N-Ni Eff Eff ect ect T-Terrain
LOS Used for company specif specif ic ic communicat communications
1000-100 m D-50-100 (75) Km E-100-150(125)K F-150-250(225)K 100-10 m
HF Communi cat cation
10-1 m
ACARS
136.9 – 136.975
Datalink
VHF Comn
117. 117.975-137. 975-137.000 Mhz
AM Mod, 8.33 KHz spacing above FL245, Below that hat it is 25 KHz. KHz. Vertically Polarised. Polarised. Virtually free f rom rom static. FM UHF comn can be used if no static desired Bearing by phase comparison
VOR
DVOR
ILS ILS (Lo (Loc) c) ILS Marker Beacon at at
108-117.95 MHz All even f irst irst decimals 110.2, 110. 110.4, 109. 109.8 LOVE Frm 112-118 Mhz exclusive for VOR
108108-11 112 2 MHz MHz All odd decimals 110.7, 110. 110.35, 35, 110.55 et etc
Ref sig 30 Hz FM Variable sig 30 Hz AM CDI-±10º Horizont Horizontally Polarised
Bearing by lobe comparison or DDM – BAW Marker – BAW
70 Nm by night night DOC by night not enf enf orced. orced.
Coastal Effect Loop Misalign Interference Quadrantal Night Effect Static Interf
C L I Q N S
±3º ±3º 95% 95% of time for grd eqpt ±4º for 2 VORs ±5º 95% of of time for bot both grd and aircraft aircraft ±6º for A/ A/B eqpt 1.35º to 5.25º for 3º GSlope Or 0.45xθ to
Site S Airborne Eqpt A Propagation P Pilot Pilotage The above three are called aggregate error
QE-Callibration card CE-90º to coast, hi pwr NE-Bcn wtn 70 nm, low freq, hi pwr For interference, DOC is promulgat promulgated
LOS R=1.25√Ht Tx+1.25√Ht Tx Rx Where R=Nm Hts are in f eet eet
LOS R=12√FL R=1.25√Ht Tx+1.25√Ht Tx Rx Where R=Nm Hts are in f eet eet
Rangeα√Tx Pwr
±10º upto 25 Nm ±35º upto 17 Nm ±90º upto 10 Nm 7º upto 25 Nm(Vert)
No site error. Rest all same as above. above.
50 antennas are used
Sit Site Propagat Propagation False G/ G/Slope Outer marker-3.5 -6Nm Mid- 3500 f t
DH RVR Cat I 100 ft 550m II 100 350m IIIA <100 >200m IIIB <50 200-50m
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2 UHF 3003000Mhz
100-10 cm
ILS (Glide slope)
329.3-335 MHz
Am be ber . .-.-..(Middle) Whit White..........(Inner) ..........(Inner)
±8º upto 10 Nm
L Ba nd
DME
962-1213 MHz
Random PRF technique
200 Nm Scan-150 PPS Lock- 24-30 (27) No reply- 60 Max-2700
1-2 GHz
Tx after 50μs ILS/DME f req req paired with VOR If not co-located but but within 7 Nm, the
LOC & GS -300 mtrs Threshold- 300 mt mtrs 35-50 ft high
±0.5Nm or 3% whichever is higher.
Left & Top =90 Hz Right & Bottom-150 Hz 90 Hz=Yellow Sector & 150 Hz Blue On the instr, indicat indications are opposit opposite
Fruit Fruiting Garbling
letter „Z‟ is added to SSR
1030-1090 MHz
TCAS
1030-1090 MHz
GPS
L1-1575 MHz L2-1228 MHz
its code. code. Mode & code pulse Mode A-8 μs Mode-B-17 μs Md- C-21 μs (100ft) Md-S- 25 f eet eet SSR Principle Short PRF Mode A & C
Pseudo-Random Noise code of 1 millisec millisec in UHF
TCAS-I – TA Only TCAS-II – RA in vert plane onl y y Corrective- Mon Mon vert sp Preventive – Climb/Cl
Max code-4096
30 Nm No RA below 1000 ft RA in vert plane only Generated 40 Secs before collision
3 Sat for 2D Fix 4 Sat for 3D Fix 5 Sat for Remot Remote
Hollow ◊ (White/Blue)- No threat Other Tf Tf k Solid
♦
(White/Blue) – Within 6 Nm 1200 ft
Descent/Dec
↑Climb/Dec
Yellow ● – Traffic advisory (Traff (Traff ic/Traff ic/Traff ic) ic) Red ■ – Res Advisory (Climb/Climb et etc)
RA VSI- Fly to eyebrow either way
SPS (C/ (C/A) code for civil use (Std Posn
Grd Based Aug Syst Systm A/B Based Aug Sys Space Based Aug Sys
Sat ephemeris error-±2m Sat clock-±1.5 m Ionos prop err-±5 m
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3 C
4-8 GHz
MLS
5030-5090 MHz Coverage-±40º frm the centre & 20 Nm Back beam-±20º & 10 Nm
SATC SATCO OM
6 GHz GHz (Tx) (Tx) 4 GHz(Rx Gnd) 1.5 GHz (Rx ac) 4.2 GHz-4. GHz-4.4 4 GHz
Rad Alt
X
Ku
EHF
8-12.5 GHz
12.5-16 GHz 100-10 mm
Doppler Radar
8.8-13.5 GH z
AWR
10 GHz
Radar
Time Ref Scan Beam LOC & GS by beam Range by precision DME
GSlope beam Hor±10º upto 20 Nm Ver-0.9º-7.5º upt upto 20 Nm Ht 20000ft at 20º & back20º/ 20º/10000/ 10000/10Nm
±20 feet Hor ±2 feet Vert
Measur Measureme ement nt of time shift by Freq Mod Cont Contineous Wave Doppler Fr Freq Sh Shift cont wave moving tgt freq shift btn Tx & Rx Searchlight and Echo Cone of 3º (±1. (±1.5º) For ground 2 mapping, Cosec beam Res by beam widt width
Upto 2500 feet in steps of 5 f eet eet
5 ft ±3% of of indicated ht in ldg conf conf ig ig
Searchlight & Echo principle
G/S ±0. ±0.1% Drift ±0.1 º
Interference of vehicles or Scan time -40. -40.5 ac close to the elevations scan f or or Transmitt Transmitter er every 14.5 Hor Scan
Sea Movement Movement Sea Bias Aerial Alignment Alignment Mushing error
70 Nm for Wx Radar For mapping Pencil Beam 70150 Nm
Weather avoidance technique From Grd Level to 20,000 ft – 5 Nm 20,000-25,000 ft – 10 Nm 25,000-30,000 – 15 Nm ↑30,000 ft – 20 Nm
Max Range on PRI PRI Min Range on PW Azimuth res
Range= Range = _ C_ 2PRF
,
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4 Flaps – 200 G – Glide Slope D – Decision Ht Ht
500 ft
“GEAR”
(a)
Ldg Gear up
↓
(b) (c) EGPWS Only Less than half half full def def lection lection =0. =0.35º 5.
Flaps up Alert if Rad Alt ↓ after T /O
↓ 200 ft
“FLAPS”
Below Glide Slope
100 – 200 200 ft
GLID GLIDE E SLOP SLOPE E
6
Decision Ht
Selected ht
MINIMA
7 For EGPWS Only
Excess bank on finals below 150 ft Wind Shear
NO WARN WARNIING NO WARNING
BANK ANGLE Ht Below 1500 Ft
WIND SH EA EAR
INSTRUME RUMEN NTS
AH
TYPE
PRINCIPLE
CONTROL
RPM
ACCURAC Y
ERRORS
Vertical
Gyro Rigidity
Precision
22,000-22,500
±85º in Pitch 180º in Roll
Accn- Cl, Turn to Rt Rt Deccn – Dec, Turn to Lt Lt
For Air Dr iven ±55º in Pitch ±90º in Roll DG
Horizontal AXIS
Tied Gyro To N-S Axis
Rigidity to show indication
12,000
TOT DR=REAL DR+EARTH RATE+TPT WANDER NH
Hdg E, reading ↓at faster rate Hdg W , reading ↓ at slow rate Hdg N, reading ↓ at faster rate
NH=ER + E+ W-
TpT Dr=G/S Dr=G/S x tan ta n lat lat 60 App Dr= 15xSin lat lat
SH= ER – E –
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5
Important formulas 1.
True True Alt Alt = Pr Alt Alt + [ 4x (Act (Act TºC TºC – ISA Temp ºC) x Pr Alt or 4% of PA for every 10 º deviation 1000
2.
Dens Densit ity y alt alt = PA PA +11 +118 8 (Ac (Actt-IS ISA A Tem Temp p in in ºC ºC
3.
TAS = RAS + (1.75% of RAS x Al t ) 1000
4.
TATK = SATK x (1+0.2 K M ) K=ºKelvin
5.
M. No= TAS LSS
6.
LSS=39√T T is in ºKelvin
7.
QNH= QNH= QFE QFE + Ele Elev/ v/30 30,, QFE= QFE=10 1013 13.2 .255-El Elev ev/3 /30 0
8.
TATC TATC = SATC SATC +Ram +Ram Rise Rise,, Ram Ram Rise Rise = [Ta [Tas s÷100]
CONVERSIONS DCP=(DH)/(O+H) DPN=EOH/(O+H) FC=FOB/ Endurance SAR=FOBxTAS/FC
2
Ltrs x Sp Gr=Kgs Imp Gal x Sp Gr x 10=lbs Kg x 2.2=lbs Imp Gal x 1.2 = US Gals 100 ltrs=22 Imp Gal = 26.4 US Gal
2
