BASIC PLANNING CONCEPTS
Garden City Movement- Sir Ebenezer Howard
Neighbourhood Planning- C A Perry
Satellite Town
City Beautiful Movement
Geddisain Triad- Patrick Geddes
Radburn Theory
Ribbon Development
Broad Acre City- Frank Lloyd Wright
1. GARDEN CITY- Sir Ebenezer Howard
Most potent planning model in Western urban planning
Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems
Source of many key planning ideas during 20th century
He analysed the reasons for people to move to city or country side.
The Garden City consists for different zones, street types and garden
The core Core in centre is about 4 sq. km and contains central park, surrounded by a commercial, cultural and administrative zone.
‘Garden City’
An impressive diagram of the three magnets namely the town magnet, country magnet with their advantages and disadvatages and the third magnet with attractive features of both town and country life. Naturally people preferred the third one namely Garden City.
Core Garden City Principles
Strong community
Ordered development
Environmental quality
These were to be achieved by:
Unified ownwership of land to prevent individual land
Speculation and maximize community benefit
Careful planning to provide generous living and
Working Space while maintaining natural qualities
Social Mix and good community facilities
Limits to growth of each garden city
Local participation in decisions about development
2. NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT- Clarence Arthur Perry
Clarence Arthur Perry -a New York planner. Perry’s neighborhood unit concept began as a means of insulating the community from the ill-effects of burgeoning sea of vehicular traffic. Evolved due to the advent of industrial revolution and degradation of the city environment caused due to:
High congestion
Heavy traffic movement through the city
Insecurity to school going children
Distant location of shopping and recreation activities; etc.
NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT -To create a safely healthy physical environment in which:
Children will have no traffic streets to cross on their way to school, schools which are within walking distance from home;
An environment in which women may have an easy walk to a shopping centre where they may get the daily household goods.
Employed people may find convenient transportation to and from work
Well equipped playground is located near the house where children may play in safety with their friends for healthy development of their mind and spirit.
PRINCIPLES OF NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT
Unit of Urban Planning
Street System
Facilities
Population
Sector
Size and Density
Neighborhood Walkways
Protective Strips
UPDATED NEIGHBURHOOD UNIT:
Compact in Size
Mix of Uses
Network of Streets
Public Open Space
Building Typologies
Parking Strategies
Transit Opportunities
Compatibility
3. SATTELITE TOWNS A Satellite town or satellite city is a concept in urban planning that refers essentially to smaller metropolitan areas which are located somewhat near to, but are mostly independent of larger metropolitan areas. Characteristics:
Predate the metropolis' suburban expansion
Are at least partially independent from that met ropolis economically and socially
Are physically separated from the metropolis by rural te rritory or by a major geographic barrier such as a large river; satellite cities should have their own independent urbanized area, or equivalent
Have their own bedroom communities
Have a traditional downtown surrounded by traditional "inner city" neighborhoods
May or may not be counted as part of the large metropolis' Combined Statistical Area
4. CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT- Daniel Burnham
The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent o f introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in c ities.
The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations.
Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life, while critics would complain that the movement was overly concerned with aesthetics at the expense of social reform.
Burnham believed that a city needed a grand entrance and that was the railway depot. The grand boulevard was justified as a solution to traffic problems e ncountered by suburban commuters and a way to provide housing for higher people in the city. Burnham also wanted all the bridges over the rivers rebuilt to be more attrac tive.
Goals and Objectives
To introduce beautification and monumental grandeur in cities.
To sweep away social ills.
To have a cultural resemblance with their European compet itors through the use of Beaux-Arts Idioms.
To prevent upper classes back to live, but to work and spend money in the urban zone.
City Beautiful Movement superimposed a system of diagonals and rotundas over the basic rectangular grid street patterns of American cities City Beautiful" planning concentrated on public buildings as focal points of wide and grandiose avenues
5. GEDDISIAN TRIAD- Patrick Geddes
Patrick Geddes:
Father of Modern Town planning
First to link sociological concepts into town planning
“Survey before plan”
Geddisian Triad Concept
Gave new approach to the development of existing towns and new techniques of planning.
A town is integration of ‘folk, work and place’
This means that in preparing a plan we must take into consideration: -The no. and the kind of people -Their needs for work -And place (housing, education recreation and amenities)
All data must be analysed and then developed.
His technique of planning were a) Survey before plan b) Plan Before Development c) Observe to understand and understand to foresee.
Patrick Geddes Planning Concepts
Rural development, Urban Planning and City Design are not the same and adopting a common planning process is disastrous.
Conurbation- Waves of population inflow to large cities, followed by overcrowding and slum formation, and then the wave of backflow- the wholw process resulting in amorphous sprawl, waste, and unnecessary obsolescence.
The Sequence of Planning is to be:
Regional Survey
Rural development
Town Planning
City Design
6. RADBURN THEORY Radburn was going to meet the problems of "modern society" is b est illustrated in architect Henry Wright's "Six Planks for a Housing Platform". These ideas formed the basic philosophy that he followed in designing Radburn. His planks were:
RADBURN’S PLANNING INS PIRATION Henry Wright’s “Six Planks for a Housing Platform”
1. Plan simply, but comprehensively. Don't stop at the individual property line. Adjust paving, sidewalks, sewers and the like to the particular needs of the property dealt with not to a conventional pattern. Arrange buildings and grounds so as to give sunlight, air and a tolerable outlook to even the smallest and cheapest house. 2. Provide ample sites in the right places for community use: i.e., playgrounds, school gardens, schools, theatres, churches, public buildings and stores. 3. Put factories and other industrial buildings where they can be used without wasteful transportation of goods or people. 4. Cars must be parked and stored, deliveries made, waste collected - plan for such services with a minimum of danger, noise and confusion. 5. Bring private and public land into relationship and plan buildings and groups of buildings with relation to each other. Develop collectively such services as will add to the comfort of the individual, at lower cost than is possible under individual operation. 6. Arrange for the occupancy of houses on a fair basis of cost and service, including the cost of what needs to be done in organizing, building and maintaining the community.
