American Water Works Association
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.A
ANSI/AWWA 8100..96 (Revision of ANSI/AWWA 810()..89)
AWWA STANDARD fOR
FILTERING MATERIAL
SECTION t:
GENERAL
Sec. 1.1 Scop e
sand. high-density media, in filters for water supials anthracite filter materials, and the placement of the mater Stand ard for Granu lar B604 ply service application. A planned revision to ANSJJAWWA m and as an adsorbent. Activated Carbon will address the use of GAC as a filter mediu This standa rd covers gravel, high-density gravel, silica
c
Sec. 1.2 Purp ose
rd for purchasThe purpose of this standa rd is to provide purchasers with a standa for filter design. ing and installing filtration materials; it is not intended as a guide
...
Sec. 1.3 Appl icatio n
asing and receiving This stand ard can be referenced in specifications for purch al and chemical physic the filtering mater ial and qm be used as a guide for testin g stand ard apply this of properties of filteri ng mater ial samples. The stipul ations used in the ials ng mater when: this docum ent has been referenced and only to filteri treatm ent .of drink ing water supplies.
SECfiON 2:.
REfERENCES
editions, stand ard references the within ied this stand ard to the exten t specif these documents form a part l. prevai ard shall standa rd. In any case of conflict, the ;requirements of this stand
2
AWWA Bl00- 96
nic Impu ritie s in Fine Aggregates ASTM* C40 -Sta ndar d Thst Meth od for Orga for Concrete. rials Fine r Than 75-J.UD (No. 200) ASTM Cll7 -Sta ndar d Thst Method for Mate Sieve in Mine ral Aggregates by Washing. ght Pieces in Aggregate. ASTM C12 3-St anda rd Thst Meth od for Ligh twei ific Grav ity and Absorption of ASTM C12 7-St anda rd Thst Method for Spec Coar se Aggregate. ific Grav ity and Absorption of ASTM C12 8-St anda rd Thst Meth od for Spec Fine Aggregate. e Anal ysis of Fine and Coar se ASTM C13 6-St anda rd Test Meth od for Siev Aggregates. Sam ples of Aggregate to Test ing ASTM C70 2-St anda rd Practice for Reducing Size.
egates. ASTM 075 -Sta ndar d Practice for Sam pling Aggr h and Siev es for Test ing Clot Wire ASTM Ell- -Sta ndar d Spec ifica tion for Purp oses . ectio n by Attri bute s. MIL -STD -105 0-Sa mpli ng Proc edur es for Insp of Wate r Trea tmen t Plan ts. ANSIJAWWA C65 3-St anda rd for Disinfection
SECTION 3:
DEFINmONS
stan dard : The following definitions shall appl y in this
r gene rally cont ainin g approxi1. Bag: A plastic, paper, or woven cont aine mate ly 1 ft3 or less of filter mate rial. work and mate rials for place2. Constructor: The party that furn ishes the men t or insta llatio n. just pass 10 perc ent (by dry 3. Effective size: The size open ing that will mate rial; that is, if the size distr ibuweight) of a repre senta tive samp le of the filter dry weight) of a samp le is finer than tion of the parti cles is such that 10 perc ent (by of 0.45 mm. 0.45 mm, the filter mate rial has an effective size fabricates, or produces mate rials res, factu manu 4. Manufacturer: The party that or products. ion that purchases any materi5. Purchaser: 'J.1le person, company, or organizat als or work to be performed. n bulk cont aine r gene rally con6. Semibulk contail'U!r: A large plast ic or wove mate rial. It is commonly refer red to as taini ng appr oxim ately 1 ton or more of filter a sack . services. A supp lier may or Supplier: The party that supp lies mate rials or may not be the man ufac turer . rnitnr ntitv cilef/icient: A dry weight) perc ent pass ipg that open divided by the
same sample.
100 Barr Harb or Dr., West Conshohocken, PA • Ame rican Society for 'Thsting and Mate rials, 19428-2959.
FILTERING MATERIAL
SECTION 4:
3
REQUIREMENTS
Sec. 4.1 Physical Requirem ents 4.1.1 Filter Filter media of anthracite, silica sand, and high-densit y sand shall conform to the following :requirements. 4.1.1.1 Jlnthracite. 1. Filter anthracite shall consist of hard, durable anthracite coal particles of various sizes. Blending of non-anthracite material to meet any portion of this standard is not acceptable. 2. The anthracite shall have specific gravity, Mohs' scale of hardness, and acid solubility levels as indicated in Table 1. 3. The anthracite shall be visibly free"'of shale, clay, and other extraneous debris. 4.1.1.2 Silica sand. 1. Silica sand shall consist of hard, durable, and dense grains of predominantly siliceous material that will resist degradation during handling and use. 2. The silica sand shall have specific gravity and acid solubility levels as indicated in Table 1. 3. The silica sand shall be visibly free of clay, dust, and micaceous and organic matter. 4.1.1.3 High-densi ty sand. 1. High-densi ty sand shall consist of hard, durable, and dense grain garnet, ilmenite, hematite, magnetite, or associated minerals of those ores that will resist degradation during handling and use. 2. The high-densit y sand shall have specific gravity, Mohs' scale of hardness, and acid solubility levels as indicated in Table 1. 3. The high-densit y sand shall be visibly free of clay, dust, and micaceous and organic matter. NOTE: 'Thsting for clay, dust, and micaceous and organic matter is normally not necessary, but if deleterious materials are noticeable, the media shall be within the following limits: (1) a maximum of 2 percent minus No. 200 (0.074 mm) ·materiel by washing, as determined by ASTM C117; and (2) a color not darker than the standard color in ASTM C40 for organic impurities in fine aggregate. · 4.1.1.4 Media size: 1. The media size is commonly specified in terms of effective size (ES) and uniformity coefficient (UC) or in terms of particle size range. Only one of the following shall be used:
Table t
filter Characteristics
Filter Media
Specific Gravity
Hardness
(Mobs' Scale)
Acid Solubility %
Anthracite*
>1.4
>2.7
<5
Silica Sand
>2.5
NA
<5
High-Density Sand
>3.8
>5
<5
•See foreword for suggestions on additional anthracite tests.
4
AWWA 8100.96
and the uniformity coefficient, as a. The effective size, as defined in Sec. described in Sec. 3.8, shall be as specified by the purchaser. b. The particle size range, includin g allowab le percenta ge, by weight, of undersiz e and oversize particles, shall be as specified by the purchaser. The size range shall state the 90 percent, 60 percent, and 10 percent sizes passing by dry . weight, or other infonnat ion pertinen t to special applications. sity filter high-den and 4.1.2 Filter gravel. Filter gravel, including silica gravel gravel, shall meet the following requirements. 4.1.2.1 Silica gravel. 1. Silica gravel shall consist of coarse aggrega te in which a high proportion of the particles are round or equidimensional in shape. It shall possess sufficient strength and hardness to resist degradation during handling and use, be substantially free of deleterious material s, and exceed the minimu m specific gravity requirement. 2. Silica gravel shall have a saturate d-surfac e-dry specific gravity of not less than 2.5, unless a higher minimum specific gravity requirem ent is specified to meet a design requirem ent for a particul ar layer or filter. 3. Not more than 25 percent, by dry weight, of the particles shall have more than one fracture d face (Sec. 5.3.2). 4. Not more than 2 percent, by dry weight, of the particles shall be flat or elongate d to the extent that the longest axis of a circumscribing rectangu lar prism exceeds five times the shortest axis (Sec. 5.3.2). 5. The silica gravel shall be visibly free of clay, shale, or organic impurities. NOTE: 'Thsting for clay, shale, or organic impuriti es is not normally necessary, but if deleterious material s are noticeable, the gravel shall be within the following limits: (1) a maximum of 1.0 percent minus No. 200 (0.074 mm) material by washing, as determin ed by ASTM Cl17; and (2) a maximu m of 0.5 percent coal, lignite, and other organic impuriti es, such as roots or twigs, as determi ned by ASTM C 123 for lightwei ght pieces in aggrega te using a liquid with a 2.0 specific gravity. 4.1.2.2 High-density filter gravel. 1. High-de nsity filter gravel shall be a coarse aggrega te consisting of garnet, ilmenite, hematite , magneti te, or associated minerals of those ores in which a high proportion of the particles are either round or equidim ensional in shape. It shall possess sufficient strength and hardnes s to resist degrada tion during handling and use, be substant ially free of deleterious material s, and exceed the minimum density requirem ent. 2. High-de nsity filter gravel shall have a specific gravity of not less than 3.8, meaning that at least 95 percent of the material shall have a specific gravity of 3.8 or higher. Not more than 2 percent, by dry weight, of the particles shall be flat or elongate d to the extent that the longest axis of a circumscribing rectangu lar prism times the shortest axis exceeds or organic imJ:mri1tiea high-densitY gravel shall be 4. particle size ranges the in d furnishe be shall gravel Filter specified, not gravel of range each For the purchas er's ~cation. stated ed size designat lowest the than finer more than 8 percent by dry weight shall be highest the than finer be limit, and a minimum of 92 percent by dry weight shall designat ed size limit. 4.1.2.4 Acid solubility. Acid solubility shall not exceed 5 percent for sizes smaller than No.8 {2.36 mm), 17.5 percent for sizes larger than No.8 (2.36 mm) but smaller than 25.4 mm (1 in.), and 25 percent for sizes 25.4 mm ( 1 in.) and larger. If
FILTERING MATERIAL
5
the specified size, and if the total gravels contain materials larg er or smaller than limit for the smal ler material, the sample does not meet the specified solubility the acid solubility of each portion gravel shal l be separated into two portions and ility. mus t mee t the appropriate designated percent solub
Sec . 4.2 Che mic al Req uire men ts
this section. This stan dard has no applicable information for
Sec . 4.3 Imp urit ies
ord. Refer to acceptance section (Sec. l.C) in the forew
Sec . 4.4 Plac ing Filt er Mat eria ls
prep ared according to the fol4.4.1 Preparing filter cell.* Filte r cells sl)all be lowing procedure. be cleaned thoroughly before 4.4.1.1 Cleaning filter cells. Each fllter cell shall de the unde rdra in plenum, which any filter materials are placed. Cleaning shall inclu kept clean thro ugho ut plac eme nt may need to be vacuumed. Each cell shal l be operations. are placed, the top elevation 4.4.1.2 Mark ing each layer. Before any materials the inside of the filte r cell. of each laye r shall be marked by a level line on materials shal l be kept clean. If 4.4.1.3 Storing and hand ling materials. Filte r fllter, the bulk mate rials shall be mate rial cannot be placed immediately into the at the wate r utili ty site to prevent stored on a clean, hard , dry surface and covered bulk containers shal l be covered contamination. Materials shipped in bags or semi ight and to provide protection from with a dura ble opaque mate rial to block sunl stored on palle ts or dunnage. Each weather. Bags and semibulk containers shall be separately. Mate rials shipped in bags size and type of filter mate rial shal l be stored the bags or semi bulk containers or semibulk containers shall not be removed from nce, except for sampling. before placement in the filter unde r any circu msta 4.4.2 Placing materials. be carefully placed to avoid 4.4.2.1 Caution. The bottom laye r of gravel shall rials smal ler than ~in., workers damaging the filter unde rdrai n system. For mate rial. They shal l walk on boarils or shall not stan d or walk directly on the filter mate displacing the mate rial. The same plywood that will support their weight without is installed above the gravel. care should be take n when an air wash system leted before the laye r above it 4.4.2.2 Placing layers. Each laye r shall be comp be deposited in a uniform thickness. is start ed. Each laye r of filter mate rial shall avoid distu rbing the integ rity of the Care shal l be exercised in placing each layer to level. laye r bene ath. The top surface shal l be screeded materials may be placed dry by Bulk . 4.4.2.3 Alternate method of placement mate rials onto a platform from which to discharge a chute or may may
media should follow operational testing *In new filter construction, the placement of filter the filter box is wate rtigh t. See Table 2 for of the backwash system and assur ance that maximum backwash rates.
6
AWWA Bl00-9 6 For filter sand or anthra cite placed using the wet method, the mater ials shall be added throu gh the water and then backwashed for levelin g. Pneum atic handl ing of anthra cite is not recommended. 4.4.2.4 Placing material from bags or semibulk containers. When filter material is shipp ed in bags or semibulk containers and hydraulic placement is not used, the bags or semibulk containers shall be placed in the fllter and the mater ial distrib uted directly from them. (CAUTION: Do not disturb any layers alread y in place.) For the top media layer, only 90 percent of its intend ed depth should be added, then the initial backwashing shall proceed. Following this, the additional 10 percent or whate ver is necessary to reach the finished elevation shall be added. 4.4.2.5 Layer elevation. The elevation of the top surface of each layer shall be checked by filling the fllter with water to the level line previo usly marke d on the inside of the fllter cell. 4.4.2.6 Washing gravel layer. After all t:Llter gravel is placed , and before any fllter sand or anthra cite is placed, the fllter should be washe d for 5 min at the maximum available rate, not to exceed 25 gpmlft2 of fllter area. Care shall be taken not to distur b the graded gravel, especially if air is prese nt in the underdrain. Any gravel that becomes disturbed by the wash shall be removed and replaced with clean mater ial of the proper type and size. 4.4.2. 7 Washing other material. With a dual- or multiple-me dia f:Llter bed, each mater ial shall be washed and scraped or skimmed as the purch aser requir es to remove excess fine materials before the next mater ial is install ed. 4.4.3 1bp Surface Elevation. The top surface of the fllter mater ial after initial washi ng (Sec. 4.5.1.1) shall have an elevation equal to the finished elevation plus the thickn ess of material to be removed by scraping. 4.4.4 Contamination. Any f:Llter media that becomes contam inated after placement shall be removed and replaced with clean mater ial of the proper type and size.
Sec. 4.5 Prep aring Filte r for Serv ice
,
·'
1
4.5.1 Washing. 4.5.1.1 Initial wash. After all f:Llter mater ials have been placed , wash water shall be admit ted slowly upward throu gh the under drain system until the entire bed is flooded. The bed shall be allowed to stand for as long a period as the purch aser requir es to satura te the media before the initial wash. This period shall not be less than 12 h if the bed has been instal led dry or allowed to stand dry. The wash rate shall be increased gradually durin g the initial wash to remov e air from the bed. 4.5.1.2 Backwash rate. Durin g each backwash, the water shall be applied at an initial rate of not more than 2 gpmlft2 of f:Llter area. The backwash rate shall then be fucreased gradu ally over a period of 3 min to the maxim um rate indicated in Table 2, and maint ained at the maxim um rate for not less than 5 min. 4.5.2 Scraping. After the initial wash, the filter shall be partia lly draine d and a layer of tine material approximately removed from filter scraping. Repetitions. scrapi ng shall repeated as many times as necessary to remove all'fine mater ial (these fines will be visible, giving a smooth appearance rather than the desi:re4 .rough surface textur e) and, in the case of anthra cite, to remove all flat particles. 4.5.2.2 Numb er of washes. The f:Llter shall be washed at least three times between scrapings. Each wash shall last at least 5 min and shall be at an appropriate rate as listed in Table 2.
l
FILTERING MATERIAL
Table 2
7
Maxi mum backwash rates Water Thmperature
Maximum Backwash Rate*
50 or less
15
51-55
16
56-60
17
61-65
18.5
66-70
20
71-75
21
Above 75
22.5
OF
should mm to 0.65 mm sand and 1.0 mm anthracite. The rates •These maximum backwash rates are a guideline for 0.45 be that which fluidizes the should rate ash backw um maxim lowest The be adjusted as necessary for other filter materi als. the surface. bed and attains sufficient velocities to bring fines to
requi red to bring the top 4.5.2.3 Additional mate rial If addit ional mate rial is ient material shall be added surface of the filter to the specified finished elevation, suffic shall be added to antic ipate before the fmal scrap ing operation. Adeq uate mate rial the final scraping. of medi a are requi red by 4.5.2.4 In-place medi a sampling. If in-place samp les a minim um of four filters the purchaser, composite samp les shall be prepa red from shall be taken using a les samp Core ed. after they have been backw ashed and drain the eleva tion just above the 2-in. diam eter core sampler. It shall be inser ted to d it in order to extra ct a aroun grave l interface, and then removed by excav ating samp les from each filter osite complete profile of mate rial above that elevation. Comp cores distri buted over each shall consist of equal portions from a minim um of five medi a surface. labor atory shall pre1. Samp le prepa ration . Upon receipt of the samp les, the pare them in the following mann er: bottle. · a. Place 0.25 L to 0.5 L of medi a samp le in a 1-L or 1-gal . b. Fill the bottle to withi n 1 in. of the top with clean water forward and three or two using min 2 c. Place cap on bottle and shake for backw ard motions per second. t liquid into a clean d. Allow the medi a to settle , then decan t the super natan container. . e. ~Repeat steps b throu gh d until super natan t is clean layer, then separ ate f. If coal or granu lar activa ted carbo n is used as the top ibed in ASTM D4371. that medi a from the sand by using the technique descr sap1ples in accordance with Sec: 2. comto place ment After all work 4.5.3 be disinf ected entire filter filter is placed pleted, and before specified wise other s unles , C653 by chlor inatio n in accordance with ANSIIAWWA activa ted lar granu of ection the purch aser's specifications. The procedure for disinf . B604 A JAWW carbo n will be stipu lated in a pla.nned. revision to ANSI
...
8
AWWA 8100-96
SECTION 5:
VERIFICATION
Sec. 5.1 Approval Samples When specified, a representative sample of each size of filter material shall be submitted for approval before shipment. The sample shall be sub~tted in clean, dust-tight containers plainly marked with the name and address of the supplier and the size or grade of the contents. After approval of the samples, shipments shall be of a quality equal to the sample. Approval samples shall meet the requirements of Sec. 5.2.
Sec. 5.2 Sampling Sampling of filter materials shall be peiformed in accordance with ASTM D75 as modified and supplemented herein. The size of the composite samples shall be as indicated in Table 3. 5.2.1 Bulk shipments. Bulk shipments are not recommended (see foreword, Sec. II.F). Representative media samples in a bulk shipment are obtained most easily at either the production or loading point. When a truck or railcar is filled at the production site, sampling across the cross section of flow of the material being loaded is recommended. The composite sample shall be prepared in accordance with Sec. 5.2.4, with the weight of the sample as given in Table 3. A composite sample shall be taken as each railcar or truck is filled. It is not recommended that filter materials be sampled on receipt at the jobsite. However, if the purchaser specifies sampling on receipt, samples shall be taken from 10 locations in the railcar or truck. The railcar or truck shall be sampled near, but not in, each corner, at the center, and at five other random locations. 5.2.2 Bag shipments. When material is shipped to the jobsite in bags, representative samples shall be collected using a core sampler. The representative samples from each bag shall be combined to produce the required composite sample. The minimum size of the composite sample is provided in Table 3. The number of bags to be sampled is indicated in Table 4. 5.2.3 Semibulk container shipments. While semibulk containers are filled at the production site, sampling across the cross section of the material being loaded is recommended. The composite sample shall be prepared in accordance with Sec. 5.2.4, with the weight of the sample as indicated .in Table 3. The number of semibulk containers tO be sampled during filling shall be as indicated in Table 4. At
Table 3
]"
Minimum size of composite sample Maximum Size of Particle mm 63.0 37.5 25.4 19.0 12.5 9.5
{llt2) (1)
(%) ( 1,12) (%)
and smaller
45.0 32.0 23.0 14.0 9.0 4.5
(100)
(70) (50)
(30) (20) (10)
J
FILTERING MATERIAL
Table 4
9
Sampling of bagged media· Lot Size (numb er of bags shipped)
2-8 9-15 16-25 26-50 51-90 91-150 151-280 281-500 501-1,200 1,201-3,200 3,201-10,000 10,001-35,000 35,001-150,000
Minim um Sampl e Sizes (numb er of bags)
2 3 5
8 13 20 32 50 80
125 200 315 500
"Refer to Militar y Standa rd MIL-STD-105D (1963).
and type of mater ial per least one composite sample shall be gener ated for each size railca r load or truckload. reduced to repre5.2.4 Composite sample. The composite sampl e shall be Samp les shall be C702. ASTM with sentat ive samples for testin g in accordance tested by the methods indicated in Sec. 5.3.
Sec. 5.3 'lest Proc edur es-G ener al point by the purIf filter mater ials testin g is not witne ssed at the shipp ing be sampl ed in shall ial chaser, the mater ial should be tested at the jobsite. The mater accordance with ASTM accordance with ASTM D75 and reduc ed to testin g size in for possible indep enden t C702. A portio n of the reduced sampl e should be retain ed ... analys is. b.Y imme rsing a 5.3.1 Acid solubility. The acid-solubility test is perfon ned by combining equal know n weight of mater ial in 1:1 hydrochloric acid (HCl) (made mater ials are oluble acid-s the until volumes of 1.18 specifiC' gravit y HCl and H20) um sampl e minim The ial mater the dissolved, then deten nining the weigh t loss of distill ed with -one one-to d size and the minim um quant ity of conce ntrate d HCl dilute water are indica ted in Table 5. shall includ e the 5.3.1.1 Procedure. The proce dure for testin g acid-solubility following: to const ant weight. 1. Wash neare st sampl e to in a 2. perce nt of the weight the sampl e. rse the sampl e 3. Place sampl e in beake r and add enoug h 1:1 HCI to imme 5. Table in completely, but not less than the quant ity indica ted rature for 30 min 4. Allow to stand , with occa:sional stirrin g, at room tempe after effervescence ceases. at l10°C ± 5°C to 5. Wash sampl e severa l times in distilled water and dry const ant weight.
10
AWWA 8100-96
Table 5
Minim um sample and acid quanti ties for acid-solubility tests Maxim wn Size of Particle in Sample
Minimu m Sample Weight
mL
mm 63.0 37.5 25.4 19.0 12.5
9.5
(1~)
(1) (%)
(l/2)
{3/s) and smalle r
Mi.nimwn Quanti ty 1:1 HCl
4,000 250 250 250 250 100
7,000 800 800
800 800 320
percent 6. Allow sample to cool in a desiccator and weigh to the neares t 0.1 of the weight of the sample. 7. Report the loss in weight as acid-soluble material. 5.3.1.2 Calculation. used: '1b calculate acid-soluble materi al, the following equati on shall be of weight = loss 'd 1 bili'ty ("') 100 . 'nal 7o aCl sou we1'ght x ong:J.
(Eq 1)
two results averDuplicate tests shall be made on each size of the materi al and the weight, then sample total the aged. If the two results do not agree within 2 percent of ed. averag s two additional tests shall be made and the four determination in identi5.3.2 Gravel shape. The following definitions and tests shall be used flat, or ed, fractur fying fractured, flat, or elongated pieces of graveL Identification of elongated particles is to be done by visual separation. surface sur5.3.2.1 Fractu red face definition. A fractured face is defined as a more than rounded by sharp edges, such as those produced by crushing, that occupy is intend ed to approximately 10 percen t of the total surface area of the particle. This ed face. fractur a as ication classif from exclude a surface with small nicks and chips st axis shorte the to axis t longes 5.3.2.2 Shape determination. The ratio of the ined determ be shall gravel of of the circumscribing rectan gular prism for a piece d checke be can pieces ted using a caliper or a proportional divider. Suspected elonga iapprox its at red by comparing the m:inlmum thickness of the particle, as measu mate midpoint, with the maxim um length dimension. be deter5.3.g Specific gravity. The specific gravity of filter silica gravel shall satura ted-su rface-d ry mined in accordance with ASTM Cl27 and shall be reporte d as of high-density specific gravity or the Noble Large Aggregate 'Thst. The specific gravity determ ined in be shall cite anthra filter gravel, high-density sand, silica sand, and Anthraspecific nt appare as ASTM Cl2S and sball be reported accordanoo ASTM m.ay also be tested for float/sink in accordance with 1 Noble Large Aggregate Test Procedure. for 24 1. Soak the sample in water at room tempe rature (approx. closed. 2. Set the water reservoir on a level surface with the cylinder valve the valve where depth a to water rature tempe 3. Fill the reservoir with room opening is totally submerged. Close the 4. After 5 min, open the valve and allow the excess water to drain. valve after the last drop has drained.
FILTERING MATERIAL
11
Tygon Tubing
Water Reservoir
Agure 1
10Q-mL Graduated Buret (2/m-mL increments)
Specific gravity test appa ratus
r and pat the samp le dry with 5. Remove the preso aked samp le from the wate ce dry (SSD) condition. a dry cloth or pape r towels to a satu rated surfa near est 0.1 g. the 6. Imm ediat ely weigh the samp le to the prew eigh ed samp le into the drop 7. With a funnel, or by hand, carefully e the samp le subm erge d for 15 min wate r reser voir as indic ated in Figu re 1. Leav stirr ing to free the entra pped air. while tapp ing on the sides of the reser voir and d) unde r the trah spar ent vinyl 8. Plac e the grad uate d bure t (with valve close to allow the displace,:l wate r to drain plast ic (tygon) tubing. Open the cylin der valve the bure t tip to fill 'before takin g a into the grad uate d bure1t to its last drop. Allow final volume reading. 9. Read the wate r volume in millilitres. 10. Perf orm calculation. dry) = Item 6/Ite m 9 Bulk~specific grav ity (satu rated surfa ce mate rials shal l be performed in 5.3.4 Sieve analyses. Sieve anal yses for filter supp leme nted here in. accordance with ASTM C136, as modified and scree ning thro ugh dete rmin ed Principle. Parti cle sizes shall ed in term s defin Parti cle conforming ASTM stan dard parti cle pass es. the smal lest sieve opening thro ugh whic h the anal yses shall be as for le samp mum 5.3.4.2 Sam ple size. The mini indic ated in 'Th.ble 6. shal l be in accordance with 5.3.4.3 Procedure. The sievi ng procedure brea king anth racit e parti cles whe n ASTM C136. Care shal l be take n to avoi d ing time s of 10 min ± 0.5 min for sievi ng. Generally, sieves requ ire mach ine shak e. All standard sieves used for testing sand or gravel and 5 min ± 0.5 min for anthracit required in ASTM Ell. If questions of filter mate rials shall conform to the tolerances
12
AWWA Bl00-96
Table 6
Minimum sample size for sieve analyses Maximum Size of Particle in Sample
Minimum Sample Weight
]
mm 63.0 37.5 25.4 19.0 12.5 9.5 No.4 (4.75) No.8 (2.36)
(1) (112)
Ws>
23.0 16.0 11.0 6.8 4.5 2.3 500.0 g 100.0 g
(50) (25) (15) (10) (5)
compliance to specifications arise when nominal standard sieve openings are used, standard reference materials (glass spheres) certified by the National Bureau of Standards should be used in accordance with their calibration procedure to accurately determine the effective opening size of each sieve. If standard reference material for calibration is not used, then the data shall be replotted using both the maximum and minimum permissible variation of average opening from the standard sieve designation as shown in Thble 1, column 4 of ASTM Ell. (Sections of ASTM Ell, column 4, are reprinted in Appendix B, Thble B.l.) The materials shall be in compliance if either of the plots agrees with the specifications. 'lb avoid excessive interpolation when determining the effective size (the size opening that 10 percent of the particles can pass) and the D60 (the size opening that 60 percent of the particles can pass), the sieves used on a particular sieve analysis shall have openings such that the ratio between adjacent sizes is the fourth root of 2, or 1.1892. The sieves shall be chosen so that the nominal opening of only one sieve is smaller than the smallest allowable effective size so that the greatest range of particle size distribution can be measured in one standard nest of six sieves. If the media specification limits the quantity of fines, an additional sieve shall be added for a total of seven sieves, so that there are two sieve measurements taken below the effective size. 5.3.4.4 Calculatiqn. The cumulative percent passing each sieve shall be calcu~ lated and plotted on log-probability paper or semilog paper, with the sieve opening on the log scale and the cumulative percent passing on the probability scale or linear scale. A smooth curve shall be drawn through the points plotted. Unifonnity coefficient. Read from the curve the sieve size COlTesponding to the 10 percent size, which is the effective size in millimetres. Read the 60 percent size and divide this by the 10 percent size. This ratio is uniformity coefficient. Mobs' standard test lll!::l'I..LRiu however, all commercial laboratories follow the same procedure. 5.3.5 Rejection. If the filter materials do not meet the applicable requirements of this standard, they shall be removed from the site. An independent laboratoey deemed acceptable by the purchaser may be employed by the constructor, manufacturer, or supplier to sample and test the disputed material before its removal. Once media has been placed in filters, eveey filter must meet the size specifications.
]
J
FILTERING MATERIAL
13
5.3.5.1 Additional field tests. At the option of the purchaser, constructor, manufacturer, or supplier, two additional tests shall be conducted using two additional represent ative samples and a mutually acceptable independ ent laboratory. Unless otherwise agreed on between the purchaser and constructor, the results of all tests shall be averaged arithmetically. If the independent laboratory reports that the material complies with the applicable requirements of this standard, the purchaser shall accept the material. If the material does not meet the requirem ents of this standard, the construct or shall promptly remove the material from the jobsite. 5.3.5.2 Alternative to removal As an alternative to removing the rejected material, the constructor may, with the purchaser's approval and control, reprocess the material at the jobsite to meet the applicable requireme nts.
SECTION 6:
DELMRY
Sec. 6.1 Markin g
(
6.1.1 Required. Each package and container shall have marked legibly on it the name of the material, the gradation, the filling date, the net weight of the contents, the name of the manufact urer, the lot number, and the brand name, if any, and shall bear such other markings as are required by the US Departme nt of Transpor tation and other applicable regulation s and laws. When shipped in bulk, this informati on shall accompany the bill of lading. 6.1.2 Optional. Packages may also bear the statemen t, "This material meets the requirem ents of AWWA B100, Standard for Filtering Materials ," provided that the requirem ents of this standard are met and the material is not of a different quality in separate agreemen t between the supplier or construct or and purchaser .
Sec. 6.2 Packagi ng and Shippin g Shipmen t shall be made in bags or semibulk container s or in clean railcars or trucks with tight closures to avoid loss or contamin ation of material in transit. 6.2.1 Bags. When specified, shipment shall be made in suitable new and umtsed' heavy-duty cloth, paper, woven polypropylene, or polyethylene bags that contain ultra3 violet (UV) light inhibitors and shall contain not more than 1 ft of material. Each bag shall be marked in an appropria te manner so that its contents are identified. 6.2.2 Semibulk containers. When specified, shipment shall be made in suitable new, unused, heavy-duty, woven, polypropylene semibulk container s, treated with UV light irlhibitors, and having a safety factor of at least 5:1. Each container shall hold one or more tons of material. 'Th aid in handling, semibulk containers should have attached straps or sleeves strong enough to support their entire weight when full. semibulk container shall be marked so that its contents are identified.
6.2.3
1. Bulk shipment is not recommended for reasons described in
2. When truck shipment is specified, and where a liner is not used, shipment shall be made in clean truck contaii;lers. Truck container s shall be cleaned before loading by washing with water that is lSO"F or hotter. Provisions for tight covering shall be made to avoid loss and to prevent contamin ation. The trucks shall be exclusively dedicated to hauling potable water filtering materials . 3. When railroad hopper car shipment is specified, shipment shall be made in clean cars lined with an impermea ble plastic liner and tight closures to avoid loss
14
AWWA 8100..96
tightly covered. The and contamination. If open-top cars are used, they shall be product is possible purchaser is cautioned that potential contamination of the ials. because of the absence of hopper cars dedicated solely to filter mater loaded, the conbeing is ial mater 6.2.4 Shipping notice. When a shipment of of shipment. date the and structor shall notify the purchaser of the railcar number ution of distrib size particle The shipping notice shall contain a certification of the · the mater ial in the shipment.
]
Sec. 6.3 Affidavit of Compliance
or constructor When specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer, supplier, ials furnished mater shall provide an affidavit of compliance statin g that the filter comply with the applicable provisions of this standard.
]
APPENDIX A
ru
Bibliography This appendix is
information only and is not a part of AWWA BlOO.
Adin, A., and M. Rebhun. 1974. High-Rate Contact Flocculation-F iltration With Cationic Polyelectrolytes, Jour: AWWA, 66(2):109. American Water Works Association. 1990. Water Quality and T'rr!atment, A Handbook of Public Water Supplies. 4th ed. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Book Company. - - . 1990. Water T'rr!atment Plant Design. 2nd ed. Denver, Colo.: ASCE, AWWA, CSSE. Amirtharajah, A. 1978. Optimum Backwashing of Sand Filters, Jour: Envir: Engrg. Div., ASCE, 104(0ct):917. Amirtharajah, A., and J.L. Cleasby. 1972. Predicting Expansion of Filters During Backwash, Jour. AWWA, 64(1):52. Arboleda, V.J., and J.L. Cleasby. 1979. Velocity Gradients in Granular Filter Backwashing, Jour: AWWA, 71(12):732. Baylis, J.R. 1950. Experience With High-Rate Filtration, Jour: AWWA, 42(7):687. - - . 1959. Review of Filter Bed Design and Methods of Washing, Jour: AWWA, 51(11):1433 - - . 1960. Two--Layer Filter Media, Jour: AWWA, 52(2):215. Bellamy, W.D., et al. 1985. Removing Giardia Cysts with Slow Sand Filtration, Jour. AWWA, 77(2):52. Berkeley, W.H. 1952. Experience With Filter Underdrains at Lewiston, Idaho, Jour. AWWA, 44(6):491. Bishop, S.L. 1981. Methods for Evaluating Performance of Filter Media, Jour. NEWWA, 95(9):193. Black, A.P. 1966. Better Tools for Treatment, Jour. AWWA, 58(2):137. Braidech, T.E., and R.J. Karlin. 1985. Causes of a Waterborne Giardiasis Outbreak, Jour. AWWA, 77(2):48. Cleasby, J.L. 1981. Filtration-Ba ck to the Basics, AWWA Seminar Proc: 20155. •• ' - - . 1982. Unconventional Filtration Rates, Media, and Back.~ashing Thchniques, Proc. Public Water Supply Engineers Conference. - - . 1984. Unconventional Filtration Rates, Media and Backwashing Thchniques, Innovations in Water & Wastewater Fields. Stoneham, Mass.: Butterworths. Proc. Seminar on Innovations in the Water and Wastewater FieldB; Univ. of Michigan, Feb. 2-4, 1983. Cleasby, J.L., and R.E. Baumann. 1962. Selection of Sand Filtration Rates, Jour. AWWA, 54(5):579. Granular Filters, AWWA, Predicting Fluidization and Expansion of ASCE, 107(June):455. Cleasby, J .L., Hilmoe, and Dimitracopoulos. 1984. Slow Sand and Direct In-line Filtration of a Surface Water. Jour. AWWA, 76( 12):44. Cleasby, J.L., and J.C. Lorence. 1978. Effectiveness of Backwashing of Wastewater Filters, Jour. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 104(Aug):749. Cleasby, J.L., and G.D. Sejkora. 1975. Effect of Media Intermixing on Dual Media Filtration, Jour. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 101(Aug):503.
16
AWWA Bl00-96
Cleasby, J.L., E.W. Stangl, and G.A. Rice. 1975. Developments in the Backwashing of Granular Filters, Jour. Envir. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 101(0ct):713. Cleasby, J.L., M.M. Williamson, and R.E. Baumann. 1963. Effect of Filtration Rate Changes on Quality, Jour. AWWA, 55(7):869. Cleasby, J.L., and C.F. Woods. 1975. Intermixing of Dual Media and Multi-Media Granular Filters, Jour. AWWA, 67(4):197. Conley, W.R. 1961. Experience With Anthracite-Sa nd Filter, Jour. AWWA, 53(12):1473. Conley, W.R. 1965. Integration of the Clarification Process, Jour. AWWA, 57(10):1333. Cosens, K.W. 1956. Design and Operation Data on Large Rapid Sand Filtration Plants in the United States and Canada, Jour. AWWA, 48(7):819. Cra.ft, T.F. 1971. Comparison of Sand and Anthracite for Rapid Filtration, Jour. AWWA, 63(1):10. Culbreath, M.C. 1967. Experience With a Multimedia Filter, Jour. AWWA, 59(8):1014. Culp, G.L., and R.L. Culp. 1974. New Concepts in Water Purification. New York, N.Y.: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. Dostal, K.A., and G. G. Robeck. 1966. Studies of Modifications in Treatment of Lake Erie Water, Jour. AWWA, 58(11):1489. Eliassen, R., and E.A. CasselL 1957. How 'lb Design and Operate Rapid Sand Filter Facilities, Wtr. Works Engrg., 110(Dec):1196. Feben, D. 1960. Theory of Flow in Filter Media, Jour: AWWA, 52(7):940. Fox, K.R., et al. 1984. Pilot-Plant Studies of Slow-Rate Filtration, Jour. AWWA, 76(12):62. Ghosh, G. 1958. Mechanism of Rapid Sand Filtration, Wtr. & Wtr. Engrg., 62:147. Grover, K. 1980. Water Filter Design-What to Look For in the 80s, Amer. City & Country, 95(June):39. Hall, W.R. 1957. An Analysis of Sand Filtration, Paper 1276-1-9, Jour. San. Engrg.
Div.,ASCE.
Hamann, C.L., and R.E. McKinney. 1968. Upflow Filtration Process, Jour. AWWA, 60(9):1034. Haney, B.J., and S.E. Steimle. 1974. Potable Water Supply By Means of Upflow Filtration (L'Eau Claire Process), Jour. AWWA, 66(2):117. Healy, G.D. Jr. 1965.,.Rapid Sand Filtration, S. W: Wtr. Works Jour., 46(Jan):23. Heiple, L.R. 1959. Effectiveness of Coarse-Graine d Media for Filtration, Jour. AWWA, 51(6):749. Hess, A.F. III, et al. 1982. Pilot-Scale Studies of the Treatment of the Susquehanna River for Baltimore, Maryland. Proc. AWWA Annual Conference. Hsiung, A.K. 1975. The Effect of Chemical Treatment and Filtration Variables on EIDuent Quality. . Proc. AWWA WQTC. 1959. Declining-Rat e - - . 1956. Factors Affecting Filtration Rates, AWWA, ~-··-,·- - . 1958. Factors Affecting Filtration Rates, - - . 1959. Operating Characteristic s of Rapid Sand Filters. Wtr. & Sewage · Works, 106(9):R-261. of Filters, Jour. AWWA, 40(8):868. Functioning the of Theory A 1948. --. Prnctical Design and Evaluation. New Processes: - - . 1981. Water Clarification Company. York, N.Y.: Van Nostrand Reinhold
J
J.
FILTERING MATERIAL
17
Hutchison, W.R. 1975. Operation al Variables and Limitations of Direct Filtration , Res. Rept. W54. Toronto, Ont.: Ontario Ministry of the Environm ent. Hutchison, W., and P.D. Foley. 1974. Operational and Experimental Results of Direct Filtration , Jour. AWWA, 66{2):79. Ives, K.J. 1964. Progress in Filtration , Jour. AWWA, 56(9):1225. lves, K.J., and I. Sholji. 1965. Research of Variables Affecting Filtration , Jour. San. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 91:SA4, 1. Jung, H., and E.S. Savage. 1974. Deep-Bed Filtration , Jour. AWWA, 66{2):73. Kawamur a, S. 1975. Design and Operation of High-Rate Filters, Part 1, Jour. AWWA, 67(10):535. - - . 1975. Design and Operation of High-Rate Filters, Part 2, Jour. AWWA, 67(11}:653. - - . 1975. Design and Operation of High~Rate Filters, Part ~ Jour. AWWA, 67(12):705. Kenigan, J.E., and L.B. Polkowski. 1965. Experiments With Plastic Prefilter Media, Jour: AWWA, 57(1):85. Laughlin, J.E., and T.E. Duvall. 1968. Simultane ous Plant Scale Tests of Mixed Media and Rapid Sand Filters, Jour: AWWA, 60(9):1015. Logsdon, G.S. 1979. Water Filtration for Asbestos Fiber Removal. EPA 60012-79-206. Logsdon, G.S., et al. 1985. Evaluatin g Sediment ation and Various Filter Media for Removal of Giardia Cysts, Jour: AWWA, 77(2):61. Logsdon, G.S., and J.M. Symons. 1977. Removal of Asbestiform Fibers by Water Filtration , Jour. AWWA. 69(9):9, 499. McBride, D.G., et al. 1977. Pilot Plant Investigations for Treatmen t of Owens River Water, Proc. AWWA Annual Conference. McCormick, R.F., and P.H. King. 1982. Factors That Affect Use of Direct Filtration in Treating Sw:face Waters, Jour. AWWA, 74(5):234. O'Melia, C.R., and D.K Crapps. 1964. Some Chemical Aspects of Rapid Sand Filtration, Jour: AWWA, 56{10):1326. Oeben, R.W., H.P. Haines, and KJ. Ives. 1968. Comparison of Normal and Reverse Graded Filtration , Jour. AWWA, 60(4):429. Palmer, C.E. 1951. Anthrafi.lt and Rotary Sw:face Wash for Filters, Wtr: & Sewoge · Works, 98(June):258. . --.Pitm an, R.W. 1960. Test Program for Filter Evaluatio n at Hanford, Jour. AWWA, 52(2):205. ( Prindeville, P. 1983. Upgradin g Water Filtration Plants, Civil Engrg., 53(0ct):64. Qureshi, N. 1982. The Effect of Backwashing Rate on Filter Performance, Jour. AWWA, 74(5):234. Rae, F.C. 1958. Porous Plate Filter Bottoms- Are Now of Age. Wtr. & Sewage Works, 105(Apr):157. 1956. Co:q1bination Runs, Wtr. Works Engrg., - - . 1982. Recomme nded Stanclard s for Water Albany, LakesUpper Mississippi Board of State Sanitary Engineers. Health Educ. Service. - - . 1953. Revision of Filtering Material Standard , Jour. AWWA, 45(8):872. Robeck, G.G., K.A. Dostal, and R.i.: WoodWard. 1964. Studies of Modifications in Water Filtration , Jour. AWWA, 56(2):198. Sanks, R.L., ed. 1979. Water Treatmen t Plant Design For the Practicin g Engineer. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.
18
AWWA Bl00-96
Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection by Attributes. 1963. Military Standard MIL-STD-105D. Segall, B.A., and D.A. Okun. 1966. Effect of Filtration Rate on Filtrate Quality, Jour. AWWA, 58(3):368. Shepherd, H.H. 1965. Sand and Gravel Filter Media, Filtration and Separation, . 2(Nov/Dec):476. 57(3):314. AWWA, Jour. Filters, Bed Multiple With s Shull, KE. 1965. Experience Slow Sand of ss Effectivene and Application Slezak, L.A., and R.C. Sims. 1984. The Filtration in the United States, Jour. AWWA, 76(12):38. Stolarik, G. 1983. Ozonation and Direct Filtration of Los Angeles Drinking Water. Proc. Sixth Ozone World Congress, Internation al Ozone Association. Stuppy, M.L., et al 1954. Types of Filter Bottoms, Jour. AWWA, 46(6):548. Tate, C.H., and R.R. Trussell. 1978. Use of Particle Counting in Developing Plant Design Criteria, Jour. AWWA. 70(12):691. Tentative Standard Specifications for Filtering Material-5C-T. 1949. Jour. AWWA, 41(3):289. Thregas, G. 1983. Using Backwash Kinetics to Evaluate Attachmen t Mechanism s and Forces During Filtration, Jour. AWWA, 75(1983):254. Trussell R.R., et al. 1980. Recent Development in Filtration System Design, Jour. AWWA, 72(12):705. Tuepker, J.L., and CA Buescher Jr. 1969. Operation and Maintenanc e of Rapid Sand Mixed-Media Filters in a Lime Softening Plant, Jour. AWWA, 60:1377. Turner, H.G. 1943. Pennsylvania Anthracite as a Filter Medium, Indust. & Eng. Chon., 35(Feb). Ullrich, A.H. 1949. Rapid Sand Filter Design and Maintenanc e, Wtr. & Sewage Works, 96(0ct):381 . Weber, W.J. Jr. 1972. Physiochemical Processes For Water Quality Control/871. New York, N.Y.: W'lley Inter-Science.
J
APPENDIX I Calibration of Sieves This appendix is for informati on only and is not a part of AWWA BlOO.
Section B. 1 Precision of Sieves Although sieves are made from carefully selected brass wire cloth with meshes that are as square and even-sized as possible, it is rare that they will have exactly the same size openings, even when made from the same piece of material. For precise work, all sieves should be calibrate d according to the procedu res·in ASTM* Ell, Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes. (For nominal dimensions for wire cloth of standard test sieves, see Table B.1).
Section 8.2 Glass Spheres For routine checking of sieves and for determin ing the effective sieve openings, a method that employs glass spheres is recommended. The glass spheres should not be used to determine conformity to specifications. Glass spheres for use in sieve calibration may be obtained from the Nationa l Institute of Standar ds.t Four of these standard reference material s are now available, including SRM 1019a for calibrati ng sieves No. 8 to No. 35; SRM 1018a for calibrati ng sieves No. 20 to No. 70; SRM 1017a for calibrati ng sieves No. 50 to No. 170; and SRM 1004 for calibrating sieves No. 140 to No. 400. Detailed instructions on the use of the glass spheres for calibrating sieves are furnished with each sample.
"American Society for Thsting and Materials , 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. "tNational Institute of Standard s and Technology, Supply Division, Bldg. 301, Gaithersb urg, MD20899.
20
AWWA B100-96
Table B. 1 Nominal dimensions, permissible variations for wire cloth of standard test sieves (USA Standard Series)·
Sieve Designation Standardt Alternative 125rom 106mm 100 rom•• 90rom 75mm
5 in. 4.24 in. 4.m.•• 3~in.
3 in.
Nominal Sieve Opening
in.+
Permissible Maximum Variation of Average Opening Opening Size for Not More Than From the 5 Percent of Standard Sieve Openings Designation
Maximum Individual Opening
Nominal Wire Diameter mm§
5 4.24 4 3.5 3
±3.7 rom ±3.2rom ±3.0rom ±2.7 rom ±2.2 rom
130.0rom 110.2rom 104.0rom 93,6 rom 78.1 rom
130.9 rom 111.1rom 104.8rom 94.4rom 78.7 rom
8.0 6.40 6.30 6.08 5.80
±1.9rom ±1.6rom ±1.5rom ±1.4 rom ±1.1 rom
65.6rom 55.2rom 52.1 rom 46.9rom 39.1 rom
66.2rom 55.7 rom 52.6 rom 47.4rom 39.5rom
5.50 5.15 5.05 4.85 4.59
63rom 53 rom 50 rom•• 45rom 37.5rom
2.12 in. 2 in. 1% in. 1~in.
2.5 2.12 2 175 1.5
31.5rom 26.5rom 25.0rom•• 22.4rom 19.0mm
11!• in. 1.06 in. . •• 1 m. %in. :v. in.
1.25 1.06 1 0.875 0.750
±1.0rom ±O.Srom ±0.8rom ±0.7rom ±0.6rom
32.9rom 27.7rom 26.1rom 23.4rom 19.9rom
33.2rom 28.0rom 26.4 rom 23.7 rom 20.1rom
4.23 3.90 3.80 3.50 3.30
16.0rom 13.2rom 12.5 rom•• 11.2mm 9.5rom
!Vs in. 0.530 in.
0.625 0.530 0.500 0.438 0.375
±0.5rom ±0.41 rom ±0.39rom ±0.35rom ±0.30rom
16.7 rom 13.83rom 13.10rom 11.75rom 9.97rom
17.0rom 14.05rom 13.31rom 11.94rom 10.16rom
3.00 2.75 2.67 2.45 2.27
8.0rom 6.7mm 6.3mm•• 5.6mm 4.75rom
5116 in. 0.265 in.
0.312 0.265 0.250 0.223 0.187
±0.25mm ±0.21rom ±0.20mm ±0.18mm ±0.15mm
8.41mm 7.05mm 6.64mm 5.90rom 5.02mm
8.58rom 7.20rom 6.78rom 6.04rom 6.14rom
2.07 1.87 1.82 1.68 1.54
2~in.
~
m.••
1ft6in. o/sin.
. •• v..m.
No. 3li2tt No.4 ~
~~
*From ASTM Ell (Reprinted, with permission) !These standard designations correspond to the value for test sieve apertures recommended by the International for Standardi.zation (ISO), in column approzimately equivalent to the metric rrhe average diameter of the warp and of the shoot wires, taken separetely, of the cloth of any sieve shall not deviate from the nominal values by more than the following: 5 percent Sieves ooaner than 600 p:m 7.5 percent Sieves 600-125 p:m 10 percent Sieves finer than 125 p:m ""These sieves are not in the standard series, but they have been included because they are in common usage. HThese numbers (3~) are the appros:imate number of openings per linear inch, but it is preferred that the sieve be identified by the standard designation in millimetre~ or micrometres. ~1.000 p:m = 1 mm.
Table continued next page.
'.j ~,
FILTERING MATERIAL
21
for wire cloth of standard test sieves Table B. 1 Nominal dimensions, permissible variations (USA Standard Series)· (continued)
Sieve Designation Altern ative Standa rdt No.5 4.00 mm No.6 3.35m m No.7 2.80m m No.8 2.36m m No. 10 2.00m m
Permis sible Maximum Variation of Nominal Average Openi ng Opening Size for Not More Than From the Sieve 5 Percen t of Sieve rd Standa g Openin Openings Designation in.~ 4.23m m ±0.13 mm 0.157 3.55 rnm ±O.llm m 0.132 2.975m m ±0.095 mm 0.111 2.5J,5m m ±0.080 mm 0.0937 2.135m m mm ±0.070 0.0787
1.70 mm 1.40m m 1.18 mm l.OOmm 850 J.llllH
No. 12 No. 14 No.16 No. 18 No. 20
0.0661 0.0555 0.0469 0.0394 0.0331
±0.060 mm ±0.050 mm ±0.045 mm ±0.040 mm ±35 J.llll
710 J.llll 600 J.llll 500 J.llll 425 J.llll 355 J.llll
No. 25 No. 30 No. 35 No. 40 No. 45
0.0273 0.0234 0.0197 0.0165 0.0139
±30 J.llll ±25 J.llll ±20 J.llll ±19 J.llll ±16 J.llll
1.820m m 1.505 mm 1.270m m 1.080m m 925 J.llll 774 660 550 471 396
J.llll J.llll J.llll J.llll J.llll
Maximum Individual Openi ng
Nominal Wire Diame ter mm§
4.35m m 3.66m m 3.070m m 2.600m m 2.215m m
1.37 1.23 1.10 1.00 0.900
1.890 mm 1.565m m 1.330m m 1.135m m 970 J.llll
0.810 0.725 0.650 0.580 0.510
815 695 585 502 425
J.llll J.llll J.llll J.llll J.llll
0.450 0.390 0.340 0.290 0.247
•From ASTM Ell (Reprinted, with permission). test sieve apertur es recommended by the Interna tional tThese standa rd designa tions correspond to the value for land. Organization for Standa rdizatio n GSO), Geneva, Switzer 1. ;Only appl'OJ:imately equival ent to the metric values in column taken separately, of the cloth of any sieve shall not deviate fThe average diamet er of the warp and of the shoot wires, from the nominal values by more than the following: "'• 5 percent Sieves coarser than 600 j.IM 7.5 percent Sieves 600-12 5 j.IM 10 percen t j.IM 125 than Sieves finer been included because they are in common usage. ••These sieves are not in the standar d series, bnt they have openings per linear inch, but it is preferred that the sieve be ttThese number s (3112-400) are the appl'OJ:imate number of etres. identified by the standa rd designation in millimetre& or microm ttl,OOO j.IM = 1 mm.