There’s a lot of talk about of fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, coal, lignite and whether they should be replaced by biomass briquettes as the source of renewable energy- energy that w…Full description
3 . Av i a t i o n T u r b i n e F u e l S p e c i f i c a t i o n s
and Test Methods
Figure 3.4
ASTM Test Methods Used for Jet Fuel Specification Testing
Property
Standard Test Method
Description
Distillation
ASTM D 86 – Dist Distilla illatio tion n of
A 100 mL sample is placed in a round-bottom flask and heated at a rate specified for a sample with its vapor pressure characteristics. characteristics. Vapor temperatures temperatures are recorded when the the first drop of conde condensat nsatee is collected ( initial recovered ered volumes volumes of 5 mL, 10 mL, boiling point) point ) and at recov 15 mL, 20 mL, and every every subsequent subsequent 10-m 10-m L interval to 80 mL, 85 mL, 90 mL, 95 mL, and at the end of the tes testt
Petroleum Products
( end point). point ). The amount amount of sampl samplee remainin remaining g in the flask at the end of the test and the amount lost during the test – both in percent by volume – are, are, respectively respectively,, recorded and calculated. Thermal Stability
ASTM D 3241 – Thermal Oxidation
Stability of Aviatio Stability viation n Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure)
Fuel is pumped over a heated aluminum alloy tube at a constant flow rate rate for 2.5 hours. hours. After contacting the tube, the fuel is filtered to to collect any solid decomposition products products.. The pressure pressure drop across across the the filter is monitored monit ored durin during g the the test. test. At the the end end of the test, test, the tube is removed and visually examined for any stain or discoloration, discolora tion, which is rated by by comparing it to a standard color scale. scale. This visual tube rating rating and the pressure drop across across the filter at the end of the test are reported as the test result.
Density
ASTM D 1298 – Densit Density y, Relat Relative ive Density (Specific Gravity), or API
Gravity of Crude Petro Gravity Petroleum leum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
Fuel is transferred to a cylindrical container and a hydrometer hy drometer is carefully lowered into the cylinder and allowed allo wed to settle settle.. After the the temperature temperature of the sample sample has equilibrated, the value on the hydrometer hydrometer scale positioned at at the surface of the sample and and the sample temperature are are recorded. The hydrometer hydrometer value value is converted to density at 15.6°C or API gravity at 60°F using standard tables.
ASTM D 4052 – Density and
Relative Density Relative Density of Liquids by by Digital Density Meter
A small volume volume of a sample is introduced into into an oscillating tube held at at constant temperature. temperature. The change in oscillation frequency caused by the change in the mass of the tube tube is relate related d to the the density density of the sample sample..
Viscosity
ASTM D 445 – Kinematic Viscosity
of Tr Transpar ansparent ent and Opaque Opaque Liquids
A sample is placed in a calibrated glass viscometer and held at a closely controlled temperature. temperature. The time required forr a specific fo specific vol volume ume of of the sample sample to flow flow thr through ough the capillary under gravity gravity is measured. This time is proporproportional to the kinematic viscosity of the sample. sample.
